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AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF PERVIOUS

CONCRETE USING FLY ASH AND NANO SILICA

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirementFor the degree

of

Bachelor of Engineering By

SARZEEL HUSSAIN (16CE28)

RAJESH PAL (16CE30)

BASIT SAIKH (16CE40)

SAIKH HAMZA (16DCE83)

Under the guidance of

Prof. DADA PATIL

Department of Civil Engineering School of Engineering and Technology

Anjuman-I-Islam’s Kalsekar Technical Campus New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410206

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI 2019-2020

Internal Examiner Project co-ordinator

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “ AN EXPERIMENTAL

INVESTIGATION ON PERVIOUS CONCRETE USING FLY ASH AND

NANOSILICA” is a bonafide work of SarzeelHussain(16CE28), Rajesh

pal(16CE30), Basit Saikh(16CE40) & Saikh Hamza(16DCE83), submitted to the

University of Mumbai in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of

the degree of “Undergraduate” in “Civil engineering”.

Prof. Dada Patil

(Guide)

Dr. R. B. Magar Dr. Abdul Razak Honnutagi

(Head of Department) (Director, AIKTC)

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PROJECT REPORT APPROVAL FOR B. E.

This dissertation report entitled “AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

ON PERVIOUS CONCRETE USING FLY ASH AND NANO SILICA” is a

bonafide work of Sarzeel Hussain(16EC28), Rajesh pal(16CE30), Basit

Saikh(16CE40) & Saikh Hamza(16DCE83), is approved for the degree of

“Civil Engineering”.

Examiners:

1………………………..

2………………………..

Supervisors:

1………………………

2………………………

Date:

Place: Panvel

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Declaration We declare that this written submission represents my ideas in our own words

and where others ideas or words have been included, we have adequately cited

and referenced the original sources. We also declare that, we have adhered to

all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or

fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in our submission. I understand

that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the

Institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not

been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when

needed.

Sarzeel Hussain (16CE28)……………

Pal Rajesh (16CE30) ……………......

Basit Saikh (16CE40)…………………

Saikh Hamza (16DCE83) ......................

DATE

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria on the successful completion of any task would

be incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose

constant guidance and encouragement crowned our effort with success. We are

grateful to the Department of Civil Engineering, AIKTC, for giving us the

opportunity to execute this project, which is an integral part of the curriculum

in B.E programme at the AIKTC, New Panvel. We would like to take this

opportunity to express heartfelt gratitude to our project guide Prof. DADA

PATIL who provided us valuable inputs at each and every moment of this

project execution. Our special thanks to DR. R.B. MAGAR, Head of the Civil

Engineering Department, for all the facilities provided for successful

completion of this work. We are very much thankful to Prof. Shafi Mujawar,

Mr. Gulab and Mr. Sarfaraz from civil engineering department. Submitting this

thesis would have been a Herculean job, without the constant help,

encouragement, support and suggestions from friends. Last but not the least we

would like to thank all the non-teaching staff of the AIKTC.

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ABSTRACT

Pervious concrete (no fines concrete) is a concrete containing little or no fine

aggregate; it consists of coarse aggregate and cement paste. It seems pervious

concrete would be a natural choice for use in structural applications in this age

of green building. It consumes less raw materials than normal concrete (no sand),

it provides superior insulation values when used in walls, and through the direct

drainage of rainwater, it helps recharge groundwater in pavement applications.

The first pervious concrete was used in Europe and the united kingdom since

1930s for the building of single and multi storeyed houses, but had found little

acceptance in rest of the world. Even though it is not yet widely used, pervious

concrete is generally used for light duty applications, such as residential streets,

parking lots, driveways, sidewalks, channel lining, retaining walls and sound

walls.

The aim of this study is to investigate compressive strength of pervious concrete

by eliminating the fine aggregate; additionally investigate infiltration rate of

pervious concrete.

Referring to the available literature, it was attempted to mix cement & coarse

aggregates at two different water-cement ratios. As the pervious concrete finds

its wide application in parking areas, footpaths, garden paving, etc., higher

compressive strength was not an objective. The focus of the current work was on

providing adequate permeability to the concrete mass so that the water can easily

pass through it. The slump required for the pavement work is exceptionally low.

Therefore, production of zero slump concrete was aimed at.

The wide use of the pervious concrete for the various applications mentioned

above is the need of the hour. The water infiltrated through the pervious concrete

would also contribute towards enhancing the ground water level i.e. it would

facilitate ground water recharge.

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CONTENTS

Certificate 1

Approval Sheet 2

Declaration 3

Acknowledgement 4

Abstract 5

Content 6

List of figures 7

List of table 8

List of Graphs

CHAPTER 1-

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 10-15

1.1- General 10

1.2- History 12

1.3- Applications of pervious concrete pavements 13

1.4-Need of study 14

1.5- Objectives of the study 15

1.6- Scope of the study 15

CHAPTER 2-

LITERATURESURVEY .......................................................................... 16-20

2.1- Mix proportions of pervious concrete 16

CHAPTER 3- MATERIALS AND TOTAL COSTING OF THE THESIS.21-27

3.1- Selection of Material 21

3.1.1-Cement Material 22

3.1.2-Aggregates 23

3.1.3-Nano_silica 24

3.1.4-water 25

3.1.5- Mixing 25

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3.2-Shape test 26

3.3- Preparation of specimen 26

3.3.1-Casting of cubes, beams 27

3.3.2-Curing of cubes, beams 27

CHAPTER 4-

METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………… 28-31

4.1- Testing of specimen 28

4.1.1- Compressive strength test 28

4.1.2- Falling head Permeability test 30

4.1.3- Flexure strength test 30

4.1.3.1- Costing of beam specimens for flexural test 31

41.3.2- Testing of beams specimens for flexural strength of concrete 31

CHAPTER 5- ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES & MAINTENANCE OF

PERVIOUS

CONCRETES ......................................................................................... 32-35

5.1- Advantages of the pervious concrete 32

5.2- Disadvantages of the pervious concrete 33

5.3- Maintenance requirements 33

5.3.1- Types of maintenance 34

5.4- Problems in pervious concrete 35

5.5- Limitation of pervious concrete 35

CHAPTER 6-

RESULT AND DISCUSSION’S….......................................................... 36-37

CHAPTER 7-

CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 38

CHAPTER 8-

FUTURESCOPE......................................................................................... 39

CHAPTER 9-

REFRENCE .................................................................................................. 41

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LIST OF FIGURE

FIGURE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

Fig.1 Pervious Concrete 10

Fig.2 Cement 22

Fig.3 Aggregates 23

Fig.4 silica sand 24

Fig.5 Mixing of Pervious Concrete 26

Fig.6 Compressive Test 29

Fig.7 Fall head Permeability 30

Fig.8 Flexural strength test 30

LIST OF TABLE

Table Description Page no.

Table 1 Physical properties of cement 22

Table 2 Properties of 12.5mm aggregates 23

Table 3 Properties of 20mm aggregates 24

Table 4 Gradation of coarse aggregates 26

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1.1 General

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Pervious concrete which is also known as no fines, porous, gap graded, and

permeable concrete and enhance porosity concrete has been found to be as a

reliable storm water management tool. By definition, pervious concrete is a

mixture of gravel or granite stone, cement, water, little to no sand (fine

aggregate).When Pervious concrete is used for paving, the open cell structures

allow storm water to filter through the pavement and into the underlying soils. In

other words, pervious concrete helps in protecting the surface of the pavement

and its environment.The lack of sand in pervious concrete results in a very harsh

mix that negatively affects mixing, delivery and placement.

Pervious concrete pavement structre

Although pervious concrete is widely used throughout the world, there is

nowhere accepted mix design similar to normal weight aggregate concrete (ACI

211.1) of ACI and DOE method of UK. Guidelines have been prepared and

published by Portland cement Association (PCA) limited of US, Natural Ready

Mix Concrete Association (NRMCA) of Canada.The guidelines are too general

and there is no specific methodology recommended for design. The study is

conducted to give a rational mix design for pervious concrete. The high porosity,

unlike conventional concrete, which has a void anywhere from 3-8%, it has a

water cement ratio ranging from 0.2 to 0.4, cement content from 275 kg/m3 to

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550kg/m3, sand content 0% to 35%, and aggregate size from 4.75 mm to 30

mm.Also, due to high void content pervious concrete is light in weight (about

1600 to 1900 kg/m3). Pervious concrete void structure provides pollutant

captures which also add significant structural strength as well. It also results in

very high permeable concrete that drains quickly. Pervious concrete can be used

in a wide range of applications, although its primary use in pavements which are

in: residual roads, alleys and driveways, low volume pavements, low water

crossings, side-walks and pathways, parking areas, tennis courts, slope

stabilization, sub-base for conventional concrete pavements etc.

Figure 1: PERVIOUS CONCRET

Fig.3 Pervious Concrete Pavemen

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1.2 HISTORY The initial use of porous concrete was in the United Kingdom in 1852 with the

Construction of two residential houses. Cost efficiency seems to have been the

primary reason for its earliest usage due to the limited amount of cement used. It

was not until 1923 when porous concrete resurfaced as a viable construction

material. This time it was limited to the construction of 2-story homes in areas

such as Scotland, Liverpool, London and Manchester. Use of porous concrete in

Europe increased steadily, especially in the World War II era. Since porous

Concrete useless cement than conventional concrete and cement was scare at that

time. It seemed that porous concrete was the best material for that period. Porous

concrete continued to gain popularity and its use spread to areas such as

Venezuela, West Africa, Australia, Russia and the Middle East (Wani Elista et

al. 2007).

Pervious concrete was first used in the 1800s in Europe as pavement surfacing

and load bearing walls. Cost efficiency was the main motive due to a decreased

amount of cement. It became popular again in the 1920s for two storey homes in

Scotland and England. It became increasingly viable in Europe after WWII due

to the scarcity of cement.

It did not become as popular in the US until the 1970s.After World War II, porous

concrete became wide spread for applications such As cast-in-place load-bearing

walls of single and multi-storey houses and, in some instances in high-rise

buildings, prefabricated panels, and stem-cured blocks (Ghafoori et al.1995).

Also applications include walls for two-story houses, load bearing walls for high-

Rise buildings (up to 10 stories) and in fill panels for high-rise buildings (Tennise

et al.2004).

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1.3 APPLICATION OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE PAVEMENT:

Pervious concrete is traditionally used in parking areas, areas with light traffic,

pedestrian walkways, and greenhouses. It is an important application for

sustainable construction. Pervious pavement roadways have been seen wider

application in Europe and Japan than in the U.S. properly installed and

maintained pervious pavement has a significant life span, and existing systems

that are more than twenty years in age continue to function, because water drains

through the surface course and into the sub surface bed. Following are the uses

of pervious concrete.

1. Low volume pavements

2. Residential roads, alleys, and driveways

3. Low water crossings

4. Sidewalks and pathways

5. Patios

6. Tennis courts

7. Swimming pool decks

8. Pavement edge drains

9. Foundations /floors for greenhouses

10. Fish hatcheries

11. Aquatic amusement centres

12. Sub base conventional concrete pavement

13. Slope stabilization

14. Artificial reefs

15. Well linings

16. Hydraulic structures

17. Trees grates in sidewalks .

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1.4 NEED OF THE STUDY :

As urbanization increases in India and many parts of the world, the problem of

water logging and requirement of drainage has also increased.This is partly due

to impervious nature of the bituminous and concrete pavement. Pervious

concrete which has an open cell helps significantly to provide high permeability

due to its interconnected pores.

Pervious concrete (also called porous concrete, permeable concrete and no fines

concrete) is a special type of concrete with a high porosity used for concrete flat

work applications that allow water from precipitation and other sources to pass

directly through it, thereby reducing the run-off from a site and allowing ground

water recharge. It is made using large aggregates with little to no fine aggregates.

So, the vast usage of pervious concrete should be encouraged across the world.

Such concrete should be used on a large scale due to its advantages. The rain

water comes over in 4-5 months to be stored for summer season to full fill water

demand it’s one of the best ways is to provide pervious concrete.The

conventional mix design cannot be directly implied for mix pro-portioning and

design based on experiments seems to be the only recourse.

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1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY :

To prepare pervious concrete suitable for pavement applications by using

different W/C ratios, 20 mm coarse aggregate & 12.5 mm coarse aggregates.

To reduce the effect of cement on the environment by reduced some amount

cement to fly ash.

To study the compressive strength of the low-strength pervious concrete.

To check whether the concrete produced is permeable enough to allow the

passage of water.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study was aimed at developing a low-strength concrete in the laboratory,

which would have sufficient porosity in order to allow adequate amount of water,

thereby resulting into a highly permeable system. As it is evident that pavements,

parking systems, etc. are prone to flexural stresses, the study was also extended

to find the tensile strength of pervious concretes.

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CHAPTER 2:

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Mix proportions of pervious concrete

Pro. M.Neamitha & Pro. T.M.Supraja in “IJERT Journal of Civil

Engineering” concluded that: With enhanced urban infrastructure growth,

the natural available earth surface or the top soil strata has been covered with

buildings roads along with footpath parking lots. As a result there is no scope

for the precipitation of water to get into the substrata. Hence ground water

table in urban areas is depleting at an alarming rate. Pervious concrete when

used in such application would allow, the precipitated water to percolate

thereby not only reduces the burden on road side drains but also improve the

level of ground water table. In the present work porous concrete with fly ash

as a blended material is tested for its strength and permeability for assessing

the adaptability of fly ash as a substitute material to cement. From the results

of considered parameters, it is observed that 20% replacement of cement with

fly ash showed better performance compared to Pervious concrete without

fly ash.

K.Rajasekhar & K.Spandana in “IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil

Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)” concluded that: Pervious concrete is a

concrete which consists of coarse aggregate and cement paste with little fine

aggregate or without fine aggregate. The pervious concrete also termed as

no-fine aggregate is a natural choice for use in structural applications, and it

is treated as “green binding”. It requires less raw material than the

conventional concrete. Pervious concrete helps in recharge the ground water

in pavement applications, direct drainage of water and also have superior

insulation properties when used in walls. Pervious concrete has a tailored-

property concrete with higher water permeability which allow the passage of

water to flow through the inter connected large pore structure. This paper

reports the results of an experimental investigation in the development of

pervious concrete with reduced cement content and coarse aggregate for

sustainable permeable pavement construction. In this research, we used a

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super plasticizer conplast SP430 to reduce the amount of water content. The

compressive strength properties of pervious concrete were determined by the

age of 3, 7 and 28days. This paper gives the results about the properties like

void ratio and compressive strength of concrete.

Vikrant P. Kothari & Sharvari M. Rath concluded that: To determine the

different shapes and size of aggregates on permeability and compressive

strength of pervious concrete. Shape of aggregate is measured in terms of

their angularity number. Angularity or absence of rounding of the particles

of an aggregate is an important property because it affects the porosity,

surface area in contact with each other in the matrix of ingredients and ease

of handling of a mixture of aggregate and binder. It is seen that permeability

of pervious concrete varies with function of angularity number of aggregates

used and also strength is affected by replacement of cement with fly ash. The

results of this study would lead to a better understanding of the manner in

which aggregate gradation can be used to optimize a pervious concrete

mixture depending on project or site-specific requirements.

Pro. Usha K N & Pro. B K Smitha in “International Journal of

Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) of Civil Engineering”

concluded that: With enhanced urban infrastructure growth, the natural

available earth surface or the top soil strata has been covered with buildings

roads along with footpath parking lots. As a result there is no scope for the

precipitation of water to get into the substrata. Hence ground water table in

urban areas is depleting at an alarming rate. Pervious concrete when used in

such application would allow, the precipitated water to percolate there by not

only reduces the burden on road side drains but also improve the level of

ground water table. In the present work porous concrete with fly ash as a

blended material is tested for its strength and permeability for assessing the

adaptability of fly ash as a substitute material to cement. From the results of

considered parameters, it is observed that 20% replacement of cement with

fly ash showed better performance compared to pervious concrete without

fly ash.

R.Patil, A.K.Gupta & D.B.Desai in “IOSR Journal of Mechanical and

Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)” concluded that: Our cities are being

covered with building. And the air-proof concrete road more and more. In

addition, the environment of city is far from natural. Because of the lack of

water permeability and air permeability of the common concrete pavement,

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the rain water is not filtered underground. Without constant supply of water

to the soil, plants are difficult to grow normally. In addition, it is difficult for

soil to exchange heat and moisture with air; therefore, the temperature and

humidity of the Earth's surface in large cities cannot be adjusted. This brings

the phenomenon of hot island in city. At the same time, the splash on the

road during a rainy day reduces the safety of traffic of vehicle and foot

passenger. The research on pervious pavement materials has begun in

developed countries such as the US and Japan since 1980s. Pervious concrete

pavement has been used for over 30 years in England and the United States.

Pervious concrete is also widely used in Europe and Japan for roadway

applications as a surface course to improve skid resistance and reduce traffic

noise. However, the strength of the material is relatively low because of its

porosity. The compressive strength of the material can only reach about 20-

30MPa. Such materials cannot be used as pavement due to low strength. The

pervious concrete can only be applied to squares, footpaths, parking lots, and

paths in parks. Using Selected aggregates, fine mineral, admixtures, organic

intensifiers and by adjusting the concrete mix proportion, strength and

abrasion resistance can improve the pervious Concrete greatly.

John T. Kevern, Vernon R. Schaefer, and Kejin Wang in “ACI Material

Journal/ july august 2011”concluded that this paper describes the results of

studies to develop pervious concrete for use as an overlay material over

traditional concrete to reduce noise, minimizes ash and spray, and improve

friction as a surface wearing course. Workability and compaction density

testing methods were developed to ensure construct ability and placement

consistency. The mixture testing matrix consisted of evaluating aggregate

type and gradation, cementations material amounts and composition, and

various admixtures. Selected mixtures were tested for permeability, strength,

workability, overlay bond strength, and freezing-and-thawing durability. The

selected mixture was self-consolidating and slip- formable and was placed at

the MNROAD testing facility during late October 2008. The test results

indicate that pervious concrete mixtures can be designed to be highly

workable, sufficiently strong, permeable, and have excellent freezing-and-

thawing durability, thus being suitable for pavement.

Chetanzade, Shubhangi Turukmare, Karan Sawant & Mr. Mithun K.

Sawant in “Imperial journal of interdisciplinary Research” concluded

that Pervious concrete is a Special type of concrete with high porosity used

for concrete flat work applications that allow water from precipitation and

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other sources to pass directly through, thereby reducing the runoff from a site

and allowing ground water recharge. This porosity is attained highly

interconnected void content. Concrete as a construction material with added

self-cleaning characteristics and the ability to remove pollutants is the need

of the day. Self-cleaning and air-purifying pervious concrete functionality is

a promising technology that can be constructed using naturally air-cleaning

agents such as photo catalyst Titanium dioxide. The paper highlights the

application of titanium dioxide as partial replacement with cement in

pervious concrete so as to achieve eco-friendly pervious concrete

Muhannad T. Suleiman, Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan, and John T.

Kevern, concluded that although pervious concrete material properties, mix

design, and storm water applications are well documented in the literature,

the structural behaviour of Pervious concrete pavement systems has not been

investigated. A parking lot was constructed in which traditional impervious

concrete was used on half of the parking lot and pervious concrete was used

on the other half. The traditional concrete layer was placed on natural sub

grade. The pervious concrete portion was divided into two sections with two

pervious concrete mixtures and aggregate base thicknesses of 300 and

450mm.

To better understand the behaviour of traditional and pervious concrete

pavement systems of the parking lot, the sub grade soil properties were

characterized by using plate load testing and nuclear density gauge.

Furthermore, the aggregate base layers used in the previous concrete systems

were characterized by using plate load testing. After constructing the parking

lot, falling weight deflect meter (FWD) testing was performed on the

traditional concrete and the two previous concrete pavement systems. In

addition to summarizing the sub-grade and base material properties, this paper

compares the response of the three pavement systems during FWD tests.

Furthermore, artificial neural network-based back calculation models were

used to better understand the response of the three pavement systems. FWD

results show that a pervious concrete pavement system with 450-mm

aggregate base experiences smaller measured deflections and better uniform

support than the traditional concrete pavement system.

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CHAPTER 3:

MATERIALS AND TOTAL COSTING OF THE THESIS

Pervious concrete uses the same materials as conventional concrete, with the

exceptions that the fine aggregate typically is eliminated entirely, and the size

distribution (grading) of the coarse aggregate is kept narrow, allowing for

relatively little particle packing. This provides the useful hardened properties,

but also results in a mix that requires different considerations in mixing, placing,

compaction, and curing.

The mix proportions are somewhat less for giving than conventional concrete

mixtures—tight control son batching fall of the ingredients are necessary to

provide the desired results. Often, local concrete producers will be able to best

Determine the mix proportions for locally available materials based on trial

batching and experience.

3.1 Selection of Material:

3.1.1 CEMENT MATERIAL

Figure No. 2 CEMENT

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In the present experimental work, cement of 53 grade was used and the cement

sample was tested as per IS-4031-1968 to obtain the following properties:

Physical Properties Specifications according to IS:12269-1987

Fineness (%) Not more than 10% as per IS 4013 part 1

Standard Consistency (%) Not more than 30% as per IS 4031 part 4

Initial setting time in min Not less than 30 minutes as per IS 4031 part 5

Final setting time in min Not more than 600 minutes

3.1.2 Aggregates

Table 1: Physical properties of cement

In pervious concrete, the fine aggregate typically is eliminated entirely, and the

size distribution (grading) of the coarse aggregate is kept narrow, allowing for

relatively little particle packing. In this experiment aggregates of size 12.5 &

20mm are used.

Figure No. 3: Aggregates

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This provides the useful hardened properties, but Also results in a mix that

requires different considerations in mixing, placing, compaction, and curing.

Proportioning of pervious concrete mixtures is different compared to procedures

used for conventional concrete mixture proportions tight control son batching

fall of the ingredients are necessary to provide the desired results.

In the present experimental work, 12.5mm & 20mm size of aggregates are used

and aggregates of the properties are following:

Properties Values

Specific gravity 2.6-2.64

Bulk density (Kg/m3) 1638-1726

Water absorption (%) 1

Table No. 2 Properties of 12.5mm aggregates:

Properties Values

Specific gravity 2.7

Bulk density (Kg/m3) 1640

Water absorption (%) 0.4

Table No. 3 Properties of 20mm aggregates.

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3.1.3 Nano silica Powder

Silica is the most abundant mineral in the earth's crust, but you might not know

much about it. Quartz, sand, and glass are all made of silica. Learn more about

the properties and uses of this plentiful mineral.

Figure No. Nano Silica Powder

Industrial sand is a term normally applied to high purity silica sand products with

closely controlled sizing. It is a more precise product than common concrete and

asphalt gravels.

3.1.4 Water

Water to cement material ratio between 0.30 to 0.33 are used routinely with

proper inclusion of chemical admixtures, and those as high as 0.34 and 0.40 have

been used successfully. The relation between strength and water to cement

material ratio is not clear for pervious concrete because unlike conventional

concrete, the total paste content is less than the voids content between the

aggregates. Therefore, making the paste stronger may not always lead to

increased overall strength. Water content should be tightly controlled. The

correct water content has been described as giving the mixture as been, without

flowing off of the aggregate. A handful of pervious concrete formed in to a ball

will not crumble or lose its void structure as the paste flows in to the spaces

between the aggregates. S. Pervious concrete is made with a narrow aggregate

different maximum sizes. The concrete in the box contained a 1⁄4-in. (6.5-mm)

top size, while that be low used a larger top size, 3/4 in. (20mm). As a general

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rule, water that is drink able is suitable for use in concrete recycled water from

concrete production operations may be used as well. If there is a question as to

the suitability of a water source, trial batching with job materials is

recommended.

3.1.5 Mixing

Fresh pervious concrete mixtures were produced by hand-mixing. Two water-

cement ratios of 0.28 & 0.31 were used.

Figure No. 5 Mixing of Pervious Concrete.

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3.3 Preparation of Test Specimens

3.3.1 Casting of cubes

Cube specimens of size (150 mm ×150 mm×150mm) were cast using steel cube

moulds after oiling the inner surface and were placed on vibrating table. 9 cubes

were prepared for each mix. Concrete was poured in to the moulds in three layers

and compacted using table vibrator. The top surface was finished using trowel.

The Compacted specimen were kept in the laboratory and allowed to cure within

the moulds for 24 hours. After 24 hours concrete cubes were demoulded and the

specimens were kept for curing under water.

Fig 0:Our Remoudeled Pervious Concrete Cubes after casting

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Casting of beams

Beams specimens of size (150 mm ×150 mm×750mm) were cast using steel cube

moulds after oiling the inner surface and were placed on vibrating table. 3 beams

were prepared for each mix. Concrete was poured in to the moulds in three layers

and compacted using table vibrator. The top surface was finished using trowel.

The Compacted specimen were kept in the laboratory and allowed to cure within

the moulds for 24 hours. After 24 hours concrete beams were demoulded and the

specimens were kept for curing under water

3.3.2 Curing of cubes and beams

On completion of 24 hours after casting, all the specimens were cured for 7 and

28 days as per standard procedure. After 24 hr’s., concrete specimens were

removed from the moulds and kept for curing in water for the required days of

curing.

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CHAPTER 4:

METHODOLOGY

4.1- Testing of specimen

This chapter gives a detailed account of the various materials used in the present

study along with physical properties. It also gives the details of various

experiments that have been conducted in the present study.

The specimens were tested for compressive strength, flexural strength,

permeability & water absorption. The strength tests were done for 7 & 28 days.

4.1.1 Compressive Strength Test (IS: 516 – 1959)

This test is carried to determine the compressive strength of concrete at 7 and 28

days. At each desired curing period’s specimens were taken out of water and kept

for surface drying. After surface drying, the cubes were turned by 90 degrees

from casting position to have smooth surface contact on the cleaned bearing

surface of the testing machine. The axis of the specimen was carefully aligned

with the centre of the thrust of spherically seated plate. The load was applied

without shock and increased continuously until the resistance of specimen to the

increasing loads decreases and no greater load could be sustained.

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Figure No. 6 Compressive Test

PROCEDURE FOR COMPRESSIVE TEST:

1. Remove the specimen from water after specified curing time and wipe out

excess water from the surface.

2. Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.2m.

3. Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine.

4. Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be

applied to the opposite sides of the cube cast.

5. Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine.

6. Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface of

the specimen.

7. Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the certain rate of

till the specimen fails.

8. Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure.

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4.1.2 Falling Head Permeability test

Permeability test is done after 28 days of curing of the specimen. The rate of

discharge of water under laminar-flow conditions through a unit cross-sectional

area of a porous medium under a unit hydraulic gradient and standard

temperature conditions is defined as Coefficient of permeability.

Figure No. 7: Falling Head Permeability

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4.1.3 Flexural strength Test (IS: 10086-1982)

Figure No. 8: Flexural strength test

4.1.3.1 Casting of beam specimens for flexural strength test

Beam specimens of size (150 mm×150 mm×750 mm) were cast using steel beam

moulds after oiling the inner surface and were placed on vibrating table. 3 beams

were prepared for each mix. Concrete was poured in to the moulds in three layers

and compacted using table vibrator. The top surface was finished using trowel.

The Compacted specimens were kept in the laboratory and allowed to cure within

the moulds for 24 hours. After 24 hours, beams were demoulded and the

specimens were kept for curing under water.

4.1.3.2 Testing of beams for flexural strength of concrete:

Flexural strength of beam size (150 mm×150 mm×750 mm) was determined

using modulus of rupture of the beam tested at 28 days according to (IS: 10086-

1982). The flexural strength was measured with the centre-point Method.

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CHAPTER 5:

Advantages, Disadvantages & Maintenance of

Pervious Concrete

5.1 Advantages of The Pervious Concrete

Helps in keeping earth below wetter, greener and cooler. Eliminates the use

of asphalt which normally causes environmental pollution. Use of fly ash thus

reducing pollution

It reduces the rainfall runoff.

Eliminates the need for detention ponds, gutter, storm drains and other rain

water management practices

Replenishes the aquifers and water-table.

Reduces total amount of impervious cover.

Reduces peak velocity and volume of storm water runoff delivered to storm

sewer system

Alleviates flooding and erosion downstream

Applicable to all types of sites (residential/commercial/industrial)

Recharges groundwater supply

Noise reduction

Skid resistance

Mitigates “first flush” pollution.

Protects streams, watersheds, and ecosystems.

Mimics the drainage and filtration of bio swales and natural soils.

Reduces surface temperatures and heat island effects

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5.2 Disadvantages of The Pervious Concrete

Under drain system needed for low permeability soils.

Higher cost compared to conventional pavements.

Increased maintenance requirements over standard PCC.

Potential for groundwater contamination, when non-degradable materials

passes through it.

Non-conventional practices.

Its applicability being limited to the Coastal Plain and Sand hills regions.

The potential for clogging of porous media by sediment, which could lead to

reduced effectiveness without proper maintenance.

It’s not applicable for high-traffic areas or for use by heavy vehicles.

Completed permeable pavement installation must have a slope less than 0.5%

and the top 3-ft of soil must have no finer texture than “Loamy Very Fine

Sand” as determined by a soil analysis done by the NC Division of Water

Quality.

5.3 Maintenance requirements

Vacuum sweeping permeable pavement surface annually.

Ensuring that permeable pavement is free of sediment monthly.

Verifying monthly that the permeable pavement system dewaters between

storms.

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5.3.1 Types of Maintenance

1. Routine Maintenance:

Should include visual inspection of the pervious pavement to ensure that it is

clean of debris and sediments, and that it will dewater between storms. Routine

maintenance cleaning procedures would include blowing (with leaf blower or

similar equipment), truck-sweeping and/or dry vacuuming. Routine structure.

This routine maintenance should be performed as needed (at least monthly) to

keep the entire pervious concrete area clean. Visually inspect the pavement

periodically during or immediately following a rain event. Ponding or puddles

are signs that it is time to clean the pavement. In some areas, moss growth can

be an issue. Moss can be controlled by sprinkling baking soda on the surface,

followed by a dry vacuuming within a few weeks. Additionally, moss growth

can be retarded/eliminated with lime water applications. Since this pavement is

designed to infiltrate water, any surface treatment must be evaluated for

environmental impacts to ground water.

2. Periodic Maintenance:

In areas that see freezing temperatures, it is a good practice to perform periodic

maintenance just before winter to insure that the pervious concrete voids are

clean and free of non -compressible materials that may inhibit draining and,

therefore, could contribute to freeze-thaw damage. Additionally, periodic

maintenance may be required following winter to remove any anti-skid materials

that may have been used. Proper cleaning procedures would include pressure

washing and/or vacuuming the area with either a dry vacuum or a regenerative

vacuum sweeper. Care should be taken to avoid extremely high pressures with a

pressure washer, as this can degrade the bonding cement paste and increase

raveling. Cleaning equipment should allow for the debris to be bagged and

removed from the unit so it can be weighed.

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5.4 PROBLEMS IN PERVIOUS CONCRETE

Compressive strength of pervious concrete is relatively low as compared to

conventional concrete since it has high void ratio.

Due to negligible amount of fine aggregates, it has slow workability.

Segregation of its constituents takes place at the time of placing.

5.5 Limitations

Low flexural strength due to high porosity.

Loading areas with heavy trucks is still not advised.

Once paste is hardened, durability of aggregate influences final strength.

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CHAPTER 6

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The result of our research is presented in this chapter &

relationships among density , compressive strength and

permeability of our specimen are discussed bellow.

6.1. Compressive Strength:

We have performed compressive strength test of our pervious

concrete cube .The results obtained from the test are as given bellow

6.1.1. Batch-1:-

1) w/c ratio= 0.33

2) Aggregate:Cement ratio=3.5:1

Table 6.1.1.1 Result for Batch-1,Compressive Strength Test.

Sr.

No

Time

(In

Days)

Cube1

N/mm2

Cube 2

N/mm2

Cube 3

N/mm2

Average

Stregth

N/mm2

1 7 12 13.5 14.5 13.64

2 14 15 15.5 16 15.5

3 28 18 18.5 19.2 18.56

The bar chart for specimen of ( Batch-1) Compressive Strength Test

are shown below.

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Fig 6.1.1.2 Compressive Strength of Batch-1

At an interval of 7days,14 days & 28 days of curing

In this batch ,the cube no 3 had achieved higher compressive strength as

compared to cube 1and 2 after the same time interval.

28Days 14Days 7 Days

0

5

10

Cube 1

Cube 2

Cube 3

15

20

25

Compressive Strength Test S

tren

gth

n/m

m2

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6.1.2. Batch-2:

1) W/c ratio=0.35

2) Aggregate : Cement ratio=3.5:1

Table 6.1.2.1 Result for Batch-2,Compressive Strength

Test.

Sr.

No

Days Cube1

N/mm2

Cube 2

N/mm2

Cube 3

N/mm2

Average

Stregth

N/mm2

1 7 23 21.5 22 22.167

2 14 25.1 26.5 30 27.20

3 28 32.6 34 36.1 34.23

The bar graph for( Batch-2) Compressive Strength Test are shown

below.

28Days 14Days 7 Days

10

5

0

Cube 3 15

Cube 1

Cube 2

40 35 30

25

20

Compressive Strength Test

Str

en

gth

N/m

m2

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2

Fig 6.1.2.2 Compressive Strength of Batch-2

I. The compressive strength obtained in batch2 is better than batch 1.

(example:-cube-3 compressive strength is 22Mpa,30Mpa and 36.1Mpa at

the end of 7,14 and 28 days curing).

II. In Batch-2 the water content is more as compared to Batch-1.

6.2. Flexure Strength Test.

The Calculation for flexure test.

6.2.1.Batch-1 Flexure Test.

P=7000N l=700mm b=150mm d=150mm

Because a>200mm

Fb

P l

b.d

7000 700

(1501502) 1.451N / mm

2

Sr.

No

Time

(in Days)

Flexure Test

(N/mm2)

1 7 1.10

2 14 1.14

3 28 1.451

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6.2.2.Batch-2 Flexure Test.

Sr.

No

Time

(inDays)

FlexureTest

(N/mm2)

1 7 1.472

2 14 1.493

3 28 1.607

The bar graph for flexural strength test are given below:

Fig 6.2.2. Flexure Strength Bar Chart

Flexure Strength Test 1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1

0.8

Batch1

Batch 2

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

7 Days 14Days 28Days

Str

en

gth

N/m

m2

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1. The flexure strength of Batch-1 and Batch-2 lies between 1N/mm2 to

2N/mm2 .

2. The flexure strength of pervious concrete range is 1-3.8N/mm2 (150-550

psi), so the both batches are passed in flexure test.

3. As compared to Batch-1 the Batch-2 achieved good strength after

completion of 7, 14, 28 days curing.

6.3 Permeability Test

The calculation for the permeability by falling head test are as given below.

6.3.1 Batch-1 Permeability test.

Sample Calculation:

𝑟 𝑟1+𝑟2 2.25+7.5 𝑒𝑓𝑓 =

2 =

2 =4.875𝑐𝑚

𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝜋𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓2 = 𝜋4.8752 = 74.66𝑐𝑚2

𝑉 = 𝜋

× (5.5)2 4

× 30 = 712.74 𝑐𝑚3

𝑘𝑝 = 𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓

𝑉

× (𝑡2 − 𝑡1) =

712.74

74.66(16.1)

𝑘𝑝 = 0.592𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐

The 6.3.1 result for 28 Days permeability test

Sr.

No

Batch Permeability Test (28 days)

Cm/sec

Average

Cm/sec

1 Batch-1 0.638 0.612 0.592 0.726

2 Batch-2 0.0227 0.01988 0.0176 0.02018

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The bar chart for 28days permeability test is given below:

Fig 6.3.2.Permeability Test Bar Chart

The Batch-1 has greater permeability than Batch-2.

The difference of permeability value between Batch-1 and

Batch-2 is very high.

Batch-2 Batch-1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

Cube 1

Cube 2

Cube 3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Permeability Test

cm/s

ec

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CHAPTER 7:

CONCLUSION

Proper gradation of aggregates is required to attain higher strength in

concrete.

optimum vibration/tamping is required for best results.

Pervious concrete slabs can be used, in parking lots, driveways, gullies,

sidewalks, roads, platforms, etc with the proper addition of fly ash & nano

silica.

The test proved that the water passed through body of the concrete. This

depicts that the concrete is adequately permeable.

Low-strength concrete is sufficient for sustaining light to moderate loads.

The pavements, paver blocks, footpaths are also subjected to bending

stresses, hence split tensile tests were carried out on our specimen & the

values obtained where good enough to be used on site.

The pervious concrete has the dual advantage of supporting the light loads

as well as passing water through it’s body. The water seeped through the

concrete would recharge the ground-water reserves.

In future, with increased urbanization, diminishing groundwater levels focus

on pervious concrete is likely to become more popular in India & across the

globe.

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CHAPTER 8

SCOPE

In the past due to scarcity of cement & high cost of sand

the pervious concrete has been used extensively

The pervious concete has lost its its importance after large

production of cement

But now a days the use of pervious concrete has again

popularity due to its advantages

The urban areas all over the world have become concrete

jungles and so discharge of storm water is very difficult &

hence there is water logging problem

By use of pervious concrete ground water table can be

recharged to a very large extent

So to prevent & tackle afforested problem in near future

ie flood & water logging pervious concrete is an effective

solution

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CHAPTER:9

REFRENCE

• M.Neamitha1, T.M.Supraja2 an “Influence of Water Cement Ratio and

the Size of Aggregate on the Properties of Pervious Concrete”.

• Vikrant P. Kothari & Sharvari M. Rath an “Experimental Study on

Pervious Concrete by Varying Size and Shape of Aggregate”.

• K.Rajasekhar & K.Spandana in “Strength Properties of Pervious Concrete

Compared with Conventional Concrete”.

• Usha K N1 B K Smitha2 an “Suitability of Fly Ash in Replacement of

Cement in Pervious Concrete”.

• R.Patil, A.K.Gupta, D.B.Desai in “IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil

Engineering (IOSR-JMCE).

• Chetanzade, Shubhangi Turukmare, Karan Sawant & Mr. Mithun K.

Sawant in “Imperial journal of interdisciplinary Research”.

• Darshan.S.Shah, Jayeshkumar Pitroda conducted an “Experimental Study

on Durability and Water Absorption properties of Pervious Concrete”.

• Mohammed K. Ali, Qays M. Sh. Kareem conducted an “Experimental

Study on Hydrological Properties with Different Water Cement Ratio”.

• IS 516-1959 “Method of test for strength of concrete” By BIS New

Delhi

• Geog & MC clain TRB 2009 “Strength & Permeablity of Porous

concrete pavement”

• MS Shetty book on concrete technology

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