ERciYES Uxivsnsitpsitxrisapi ve irleni sir,iMr-,un

rexUr.,rnsi on,noisi

AN EMPIRICAI" TEST OF COMPEfiTiVNNNSSFOR AN INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTR,Y : CANADA

Dr.Ekrelll DONEK

(AYRI BASIM)

SAYI:11

ARALIK 1994

AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF COMPETITIVENESSFOR AN INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRY : CANADA*

Dr. Ekrem Donek*t

l. Introduction

A new economic ordel is taking place. It surted in the 1970s and has accelerated in

the l9g0s, more so with the demise of the Soviet economies. During this period,

economies in the Far East generally, and Japan especially, have witnesscd unprecedented

rates of ccononric growth, while the old, established indusuial countries in the West have,

by comparison, stagnated. The old mass production Echno-economic paradigm has alre-

aiy Ueen started to ue replaced wirh the new informadon technotogy in some high-

teChnology sectors such as computers and microelecUonics.

Canadiarn economy has been one of the most rapidly grolving cconomy during the

last a couple of decades although the relertive manutacturing competitiveness of the co-

unrry decreased vis-a-vis all iountries including the United States since 1982183-

Because, relativc unit labor costs unexpectedly rose between 1980-1983. This reflccted a

s6ong appreciation of the Canadian currency against non-dollar cu,rencies even though

it cteprcciateO against the U.S dollar, which resulted a small loss of competitiveness

vis -a- vis other iountries including the United States. From 1983 to early 1986' this

developmcn[ was partially reversed and thercfore relative labor costs started falling with

the improvements in .o*p"titiveness, but continuoing loss of the third countries in the U-

nited Stut", rnarket still Confinued. From 1986 since the Canadian dollar began to rise a-

gainst the U.S. dollar, the loss of competitivcncss against.the Unitcd Statcs (not the other

tradc panners)- again continuedI

Canadian cost competitiveness has deteriorated since the mid of 1980s, relative u-

nit labor costs and relative export, prices have bcgun to rise. It resulted an apprcciation of

the Canadian dollar with a slower productivity growth ancl relatively more wage

increases.

Thc prarctical problem is that almost 40 percent of (manufacturing) export of the

country are automobile or auto piuts and 90 percent of which are cxported to the United.

* This paper has becn partially presentecl at a confcrencc spoirsored by thc Society for the Acl-

vanccment <lf Bchavioral Economics (SABE) devotecl to unclcrstanding and dovcloping 'The

Human Capacities of thc Global E"on.,rny: Bchiwioral Econonric Pcrspcctivg;" August 13-15'

1993 ar rhe Rcrrssela erville Confercnce Centcr Rcrrssela crvillc, NY 12147, USA'

Thc au[rrcr w.ould likc ro express his thanks to ljrofessrlr R"K. Diwan for his constructive sug-

gestiolu during the srtrdY.** Erciyes tjnivcisity,, F,.*tty o[ Econonrics and Adrainistrative Scier,ces Dc1>artntent of Econo-

ntics.

SLatcs.As thc unitcd sぬ tes dcmand fOr thcCanadian c01nlnoditics fOr expOrt、 ″ill incr(

TRni棚鳴織枷 守11攪お2

騰瀾 Ⅲ∬mtOn aぬngerousに va f

繍 1珊 鷲彙i鸞肥攪WW躙 鑑 麒1需概∬

1置鳥留Tl娯i翼器イ』温:

胤梶11耀器鳳」躊rギ

:蹴IFT毬IhabranyccOnOmyЮsucccedhme回

npctc wcll in this iargc u.s.market.The

器 潮 :∬[よiiFlll:Ъざ 骰 ″靴 lT継 :ltぶぽ :緊 諄'‖

∫器 :LttrenCW

2.rθ c力′′θ_どοο′′θ″た rprlrrrdigmsf θrrr a″′″θ″

事:λ]:1lI誹|::憲lギ

1:[:醤

::?li:」liSit顎署:lll:IStlll』IIIξlh:ll』I驚:i::l:T群11C VeS緻 l htccs撻 01p∞ メ c WhO gain k)m its grOwth."“ )

(1) Tofflcr (1980), The'f hird lVave, Ncw york, William Morrow and Co.(2) Piorc and sabcl (1984), I'he secontl Indust.lri ni"ia", p"*tii-irit'i". for llr.sperity, NewYork, Basi-c Books.(3) Frceman and Perez (19{18), ".srructural crisis of Adjusrmenq Busincss cyclc an4 InvestnrentBchaviour", Technicar change and Economic ciotrttr, nosi ct. ar. eds., London, printer

Publishcrs, pp. '38-66; Diwan and. D3s! (1990), :'ll,tarkcr Clobalizatirrn and Internarionalconrpcritivcncss: Lnplicalions for u.s.B,,;i;;r;", rssues in lnternatir,nai iluliness, vot. o,N'.2 (Spring), irp. l-7: Djwan antr chakraborry irgtrl, Higr, T".h;i;il;u;jfnrernational

competitiveness, Ncrv york,-.r)rircgcr. oit"rn itggc), "snra Busincss and Economics ofFlcxiblc l\'l anu{.cturin.q", snraI I]usines. Ii.,rrumi"i vol. r, No. 2, pp. 10r -109, anaryscs theimplications of flcxiblc manufacruring, on "t.'ni"rt or tnis pairiig,,,,- f*- Lnnr"ntion"roconotnics.

(4) Diwan anrJ Chakraborry (1991). p. 6.

００

６●Ｊ

It is noЧ′recognizcd that the clectronic and serniconductor‐ based techn61ogies

satisfy all ttcse three conditions.Thc price of chips has bccn continuously falling、〃hile

its proCessing speed and scale of intOgration htt becn increasing. GeneraHy,the supply

Of these chips is l額 gely available as dcsired,and they are now embeddcd in virtually

every COnsumer and producer goods. This condition also ensures continuous cost

reductions of goods and proccsses in Which these tcch■ ologies are embodied.Their

pcrvasiVcness enlarges old and esttblishcs new markrCtS for products.Cost reductions and

enlargcd markets make theFn COmpetitive and are the neccssaり conditions for a self‐

pcrpetllating process.

one can disccrn■ ow two different, old and new・ techno‐cconomiC paradigms

Which may also be considered as two differcnt paths to cconomic development and

growth:(5)(i)the 01d,travcrsod by tte Westem countries in the past 50 years whosc most

succcSsful cxamplc has becn the Uos.,and(li)the new,ぼ avcrsed by thc Pacific and East

Asian countries in the last 20 years,■lith Japan being the inost successful case。

Thc old techno‐ cconomic Paradigm has becn defined by oil energy,product

sttndardization and inass scalc production.The features of standardization and mass

production has cnstlrcd cost reluctiOn thコ ough cconolnics oF scale.Thcsc techniqucs have

bcen pcrvasivc indeed,and as a result,onc has witncssed ttc growth of inass lnarkets,

such as mass media,mass transit systems,mass education and mass consumption.勁 e

mass production t∝ 1lniqucs are btted on massiVe capital invesment and large unskilled

labOr inputs.Underdevclopment,in this paradigrll,is considered analogous to lack of

capi松 1.

The new techno― ccononlic paradignl,on thc odler hand,is detelHIined by informa―

tion tcchnologics that involve segnlcnted inttkets,custornized pro(luction and economies

of scope.Thc co,tinuously changing technologics are science― based and rcquirc both

R`LE)and skillcd ltlbor in addition to capital in iⅣ hich thesc tcchnologies are cmbodied.

FurthOrmorc,thcse technologies are international in the scnsc that the production process

can be carricd on in difFerent p`rts of the world in the facc oF globalizing rnttets.Such

"markct scgmenultion and g10balization 30 tOgether and set a dynarnic process,f self―

prOpttation.“ (6)There are Jso more cntry points in the new paradigm,and maly newly‐

industrializing countries can,and do enter。

Thc world market is, at prescnt, c(,■ pOsed of thc pr6ducts from both ttese

pandigms.Howcver,the stalldttdizёd products from the old paradigm areね cing a

shrinkage i,tlernand,both froin thc change in consuinption patterns and the competition

(5)Diwan(1991),"RI Has to Choose Path for lndustFial Growth",Jakarta Post,June 5th,p.4,has conlparcd thcsc two patts to two CSCalators. DcvcloPin3 thC ncccssacy infrastructure is

撫It∬rnwttmu常:‰r需l∬ЪiぶlWli鵬∬:家FピllTTh¶produ9tiOn rClati6孫 bctwccn capital and labor.「irms also haVC diffcrこ nt paths;Sec IDiwan

‐ (1989). .J(6)Piwan ⅢI ChalCttorty(1991),p.6.

1‐1 1 ‐i

,1::‐. : 1.::■

i

:■ |■=三

塁|==‐1 1■ 369

lrom products of the new paradigm. It is, thus, no accident that major U.S. corporationswhich has been establishccl ovcr so rnany decerdcs, such zrs Gencral Moiors, IBM andWcrstinghouse arc losing profits as wcll as merkct sharcs. On thc othcr hancl, p:roductsfrom lhe ncw paratligrns e]re growing at a rapid ra[e. Major Japanese firrns such asMitsubishi, ToyoLa, I$atsushiu and Nippon have now bcc:ome large corporations in theworld. As world tradc grows, products from thc. new paracligm are also increasinglyforming it^s larger part.

3. Hypatheses

. If thc abovc hypothe.sis is acceptcd, thc qucstion about Canada's competitivenessneeds furthcr claboration. The qucstion becomes: can Canada compcte in the ncwparadigm? For this to happen, it is necessary that Canada produces goods in thisparadigrn and exports lhcrn. In turn, to bc ablc to producc thcsc goods, lhc cconorny hasto devclop lltc neccssary and rclatcd inlra-struclurcs. tn thc initial stagc.s, many of the.segoods have to be irnported to bc uscd for production purposcs, ancl cventually over time,lltc country will be capable of producing and cxporting thesc goods. In addition, sinccthe markct lor tticse goods aro expanding,'exports lvill grow at a faslcr rate than imports,so lhat it will gcnerate a traclc surplus in these goods, as illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Exoorts and lmports Pattern- New Technology Goods

Exports

Thcsc argutncnts can be furthcr rcl'ined in thc lonn of thc lbllowing hypotheses:

(i) Thc irnporl.s of ncw technology gocxls increasc at a decreasing rare rvith a non-lineitr growth path, such that,

clMy/dr > 0 and tl2M*/ilr2 < 0

370

|

1

|

whcre M stands for impons, subscript N for new technology goods and t for time.

ii) Thc developrnent of production capacity in Canada means thar ir will be able toexport these goods eventually leading to a positive trade balance in new tcchnology go-ods. This implies rhar export elasticity is greater than import elasticity, i.e.,

eyr\; > gMN

whcrc e stands for ela.sticity and X for cxports.

iii) Thc argumcnr that trade in new technology goods should be growing at a fasterratc, implies that the cxport and import clasticities of income for the niw technology go-ods should also be grcater than the economy's total export and impon elasticities of inco-me. Mathcrnatically, this car be written as,

ey; > e;q1, and eMN > cMT

whcre subscripr T stands lbr the total cconomy.

iv) The argunlent thal ncw tcchnology goo<ls are sold in segmcnted markets wherequality of thc product is an important consideration l.ranslates into thc proposition that ex-ports and imports ol ncw technology goocts are <letcrmined by income rathcr than by pri-cc. Mathcmatically,

aXN/aP and }N{N/DP arc small and nor significant,

whcrc P rclbrs to the pricc o[ these goods.

Thus, rhc qucstion pcrtaining to the Canada's competilivencss reduces to testing thefol lowirrg hypothcscs:

(i) dMN/dr > 0, d2Ml\y'dr2 < 0;

(ii) ey;1 > eMN-i

(iii) eay > e;.1and eyy > ep11i

(iv) dxlr /dP and aMN/aP are small and nor significant.

4. Theory

To to.:t thc above hypotheses, one has to define economic relationships thatdescribe and cxplain: (i) The time prolilc of imports ol'ncw lcchnology goods, MN. Thisis rather straightlbrward since all it involves are the data on thc relevant imports over ti-

つ71

me. (ii) What determines the growth and decline of imports and exports of new lechno-logy goocls as well as of the country- as a whole so that the various elasticities canbe cierivrd.

Economic theory explains exports and imports crf comrnodities and their aggregatesin ferrns of their demand and supply. Since our interest is in the demand elasticities of in-come and price,'we can, lherstbre., forrnulate a standard demandrelation, which is,

D=f(Y,P) with tyr0 and fp.0

where D, Y, P, fy and fp refcr to demand, income, price and partial dcrivatives with res-

pec:t to income and price, respectively.

What is important hcre, is the precise detinitions of demand, income and price.Standard trade theory argues that thc dornestic income and the international purchasingporver of the local currency determincs the demand for imports of either a single commo-dity, or of the aggrcgatc. Mathcmatically, this argument amounts to:

Dvi=f(Ycu,Pn) with fycu >0 and tbr:<0; i=N,・T

wherc DN.I, Ycu amd Po rc.fer to irnport demand,Canada's GNP and purchase price. of t-

he Canadian dollar (Canaclian real cxchange ratc) respectively. N is the aggregate of newtechnology goods irnports, and T of total imporls of which N is a part.

Similarly, classical trade theory argues that exports are determined by income ofthe irnporting counuies and the purchasing price ol tire local currency. Since the U.S.forms a large part of the global markel as a whole ancl in terms of new tcchnology goods,the U.S. GNP is takeri to detcrrninc tourl exports antl exports of these ncw technologygoods as well. This argument can be cxpressed mathcrnatically as:

Sxi = f( Yus , Pu ) with f1's* > 0 antl tn6 > 0; i=N,T

where Sx,Yus rcfё r to export supply and UoS.GNP.Once again,N and T stands for the

new technology goods cxp6rts and totai cxpoFtS,respectively. _

Fo■ o、ving our logic and convention,thc time pFOfile and the import and cxport

func」 ons can be furdler sp∝ ined as follow鋭

(1)MN=dO+dl_t+dゴ ∴ dlン 0,d2<0

〔りMN=勺 +al Yca+鼈 PE; al>0,a2く 0

(3)XN=bO+bl Yus+b2Pが bl'0,b2>0(4)MT=A。 +Al Yci+A2PE; Al>0「 A2く ゛

(5)XT=B()+Bl Yus+B2PE; Bl>0,B2>0

・ 7つ

Coefficicnls A;, 81 refer to the econorny as a wholc, whilc ai, bi and di relate to the

ncw tcchnology gocxls scctor.

5.Dα ra

Variablcs MT and XPI.refer to the∝ onOmy tt a Wholc CanaFstOm imports and

totttlexportsfTonlallisinterFLanOnalpartncriヒ1「1語[1::rilll:∬:]11111lIよ :III[騨

and exlorts i“ Very str■ g11わⅣard.How響

'Ch:尋鷲穏(1緊FllS」itir£露I・ t『朧ri猟

:llil1111 iIIli・ilil:

ll富漱誓ゝ翼ll:盤:1螢IIは

誕: 卜も」野

〕3∫:置:講:III嘉:l譜盤

塾鷲 墓硬懇=I‖

ふ脚襟精Ⅲ懲肌beCauIIISiIIII:lliliIlitilll`li1lIIllIII:llTI1lllililods,

鷲藤蛸螂孔事職停暴撥It灘職il掛還種榊 欄 撤欄 I

l―nlix based dettnitions and develop a defiili‐

3d■om tlle(1)ratiO OF"chno10gy‐ Oriented

workers to to線 l WOよc応,and(li)prOpOrtiOn of R&D expendituК 10 Sales.On that basis,

they havc dcterttined 29,tilК c―diLit SIC induSFies that form tile U.St high‐ tech■ology

scctor。)

We have fo1lowecI Diwan ttd Chahaborり (1991)and Diw漁 l and FilpO(199幼 帥d

detined tte new t∝ hnology sector to comprise of four Sttlldttd lnにmational Tr配にClas―

sificatioFl(SITC)。 F indtistricsb they are rallely:

(i)SITC Section 5:chemicJs and related products:

(li)SITC SCction 6:manutttured gα寃s;

(五りSITC Seclon 7:m“ hinery and transport equipment:and

(市)SITC Section 8:miscellallcЮ us l,anuLCtured arttclcs.

(7)Diwan an(l Cllakraborり (1991)alS()c()mpare and andya diffcrcnt nlcthodo10gies to classify

thc high-tcchnologY soctors.

373

since all industrics arc undergoing conrinuous change, any kind of aggregation wiltbe composed of some old and some new technologics. Short of going o".i"r".y productindividually, whatever classification adopted will certainly contain some kind of errorsince this is the nature of quantification and classification. Our hope is that some of theexcluded new technologies operative in other lhan thesc three industries will compcnsarefor some of the old technologies included here, so that. the aggregatc still represents a me-aning[ul proxy to the nqw technology goods scctor.

In this paper, however, P1: is defined as the canaila's tcrms of trade as a proxy tothe purchasing price of local currency, and is obuained fronr the International Financiaisatistics Yearbook (IMF). our analysis, therefore, involvcs rhe following variables: Mr,MN, Xr, Xx, Ycu, Yus, Pt and t. The data for Mr., X.land ps are collccted from variousissues of Intemational l"'inancial Statistics QMF). The My and Xp data are collecred fromvarious issues o[ Foreign Trade by Commodities ancl Direction of Trade Staristics(OECD). Finally, the data for Y6u and Pgs ar€ collccrcd li.om various issues ofStatistical Abstracr of rhe Unircd Starcs and official Economic Survcys of OECD lbrCanada. Annual data arc used from 1970 to 1990 and all the variablcs ire measured in1980 constant U.S. dollars.

Table I gives the ratios of Mx./M1 and Xy/X1. (in percentagc) over time.

'l able l: Sh:ue of New Technology Goorts in Total Trade (Za)

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

MN/ル年 39.82 47.50 45.77 62.00 62.68

XN/X・1

3.19 5.31 9.27 11.48 12.44

S..lurcc: Calculatecl fiom thc estimat.ion rcsull,s.

Table I confirms <.rur gencral idea that Canada has been developing its exporrpotential by inrporring ncw.technology gocds. Thus, the ilnpors of riew"rechnol,ogygoods as a percenugc of total imports have increased fuom 1977 to lS80 and declinedfrom 1980 to 1985 and again very sharply increascd berwecn 19g5 and 1990 while therate has dccrcasod towards the 1990s. on the <lrher hand, the ralio of new technologyexports to tourl cxporls have grown by virtually 4 times liorn 1977.

374

6。 ■ sri′2g rrt′ HPpο rflttθs

Wc havc argued thatthc q● esdon oFcanadざ S COmI)CtidVelless can be brmulatd in

the folloM♂ ing hypoulescs:

(i)dl>O ancl ct2く 0;

(li)bl>al:

(lil)al>Al and bl>Bl. ‐

In order to t∝ t thesc hypothcses,wc havc fcDHowcd the sttndtt practice of estima‐

ting runctions(1)10(5)br thC Canadats tilllc serics data by lhc(Э rdinary Lcast,quares

(OLS)methOd,using thc l‐ Iildrcth‐ Lu prOcedure for corrcction of first ёrdcr serial core―

lation whcrc ncccssary,and tlζ suming all thc ncctsStty and rclcvant assumptions about

the mndom terl■ .An thc vanablcs arc ttcasurcd in natumHogarithms and the Кsults Of

the cstilnation:re glvcn as rcDl10ws,、′ith thc tisレltiStics givcn in parcnttescs:

oMす澱脇十ぉ。濫プ沼

′

R22L=0。 9876; DoW.=2.118()

O MN=認陶卜1鶏務;古跳場ル

R2ti=().9858; DoW.=2.1569

(31)XN=|∬翼;1・ソllttSIIttRPER2tl=0。 8337: D.W。 =1.95“

F)YT=冨蠍0,そ穆l進;ごt脇:ト

R2a=0.9063: DoW.=1.8428

6)XTtt Li獅 Q冒醜おS[:慨

:「E

R2a=0.8111: DoW.=1.5292

Sttlistically,all thcsc rcsults lrC SatishctcDry.t‐ smtistics,in parcnthesis,show tte

漱驚::浩∵譲:器ぎ淵鼻瀾蠍轟y調 職ゞtr群胤朧 慧

375

wing a rathergood fit of the data to the theory. Also, Durbin-\Yauon (D.W.) srarisrics arein acceptable range.

All these rcsul$ are consistent with the hypotheses. (i) Howcvcr, the imports ofCanada's new technology goods increase at a decreasing rate by time; i.e., d, (31.0024) >0 and d2 (0.7779) < 0; both coclficicnts are highly significnnt. (ii) Export elasticity ofincome is less ilran import clasticity of income for Canada's new technology goods; i.e.,bt (1.0781) < a, (1.1945); both coefticients are signilicant, but this is not an expectedresult by the theory. (iii) Lnport elasticity oi income for nerv te,uhnology goods is greaterthan import elasticity of ihcome for the economy's roral import; i.e., a1 (1.1945) > Ar(0.7223); both are significant. (iv) Expon elasticity of income for new technology goodsis greater than export elasticity of income for the economy's total import; i.e., b, (1.0?81)> Bl (0.5874): borh coefficients are again significant.

For case of comparison, thc income and price elasticiries lbr both thc import andexport sectors and their respective t-statistics are reproduced below:

Table 2 : Trade Elasticities

Sector Type Income Elasticities Price Elasticities

Imports N●1)

T(へ )

1.19

(28.80)

0.72

(12.88)

-1.82

(・4.94)

0.98

(‐3.20)

Exports No♪

T(聡p

1.08

(7.44)

0.59

(8.44)

-0.85

(-0.62)

‐1.1

(-2.72)

Sourct. : From the estimmation results. N antl T, as inclicated in the text, refere tonew technology goods and totiil economy, rcspectivcly.

7. Cottclusion

A dcvclopmcnt pah may be considcred as an escaiator. In the past, this escalatorwas dsfined by the methods of mass production socisty exemplified by the U.S.

17ム

辮酬由is e“alator m町 晩 considercdお 卸 Asian

are sCiencc‐bas`d and chttge continuously.I

R&D intensitb7 aS Well as skilled labr ttld a

and not a cost。 ■ is is tt faster lnoving escali

havこ 由c best cllancesね FinCOme and export grow山,

F酒献 1翻構 I寮麟 :朧盤靱 電壼謝導臨為

面 uゝぶげぽ"∝

t hКb島中S.棚IⅧ盤‖VIT:織鵠等vcncss of Canada,whiCh is Of Course nOt ex‐

捕鮮職i墨懸鮒 :

The薫〕sults suggest thttt Canada is CO

Ouぶly so thatinvestmelt in ttese technolo増 li,S

and the inhsructure ttr ttC行 development shOuld bC a consdous and alsO a■01‐301ng

l‖1lliilЛl謝lI:醤J譜:hIな1ll」貧ilill;r comC froh mttor investFnentS in the newCanada is alrcady On0 0F thc・ scVCn dcvdl

驚乱 I:nltttttTh鷲ポ 盟1,ぶ1富。面c md劇配Jm宙ЮnmmL.

377

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379

OZET

Kanada, ge9en yirmi otuz yllllk s3rede dOnyanin en hizll bじ yOyenekonomilerinden biridir Bu ttlkenin en ёnemli ekonomik oze‖ iklerinden biri,

ihracatinin ortalama %40'lnl uluslararasi plyasalarda en buylk paya sahip

olan A B D'ne yapmasl ve bunun da hemen hemen%9o'Inln otomObil veya

otopar9asi nite‖ oinde Olmasidir Bu 9a11,mada,dunyanln sayIIl sanay‖ e,mi,|lkelerinden biri olarak Kanada'nin yeni teknololi ma‖ arlndaki rekabetgOcttnむ n anla,llabilmesi 19in, belirlenen hipotezler dOorultuSunda

ekonometrik birtest yapllmasl ama91anmi,tir

Bnindigi gibi, 1970'lerin ortalarinda itibaren mikroelektronik, bilgisayar

ve habene,me gibi anahtar endttstnlerden ba,layarak hlzla dioer endostttlere

yayIlma egilirni gOsteren yeni bir tekno― ekonomik paradigma gOzlenmektedir

Bu yeni paradigma,u09 oZe‖ ioe Sahiptir:(1)yeni ma‖ arin fiyatl slrekli olarak

dO,mektedir,(il)mallarin arzl 。lduk9a geni,tir,ve(Hi)yeni teknoloiinin etkisi

kapsamlldir

Kanada'nln rekabet gOcontt test etmek i9in, o9ё nemli hipotez ortaya

konulmu,tu ri(1)Yeni teknoloji ma‖ arinln ithalatl, azalan bir oranda

artmaktadlr,(iり yeni tekooloii mallan ihracatlnln gelir esneklioi,bu maIla‖ n

thalatlnin gelir esnekl:oinden daha yttkseklr,ve(11り yeni teknololi mallannin

hem ithalat ve hem de ihracat gelir esneklikleri, toplam ithalat ve ihracatln

gelir esnek‖ klerinden daha yttksektir Bu hipOtezler, 1970‐ 1 990 dOnemi yllllk

verilerini esas alarak, Kanadan'ln ihracat ve ithalatl i9in ekOnometrik

metodlaria test edilmi,tir.

Bizirn analizimiz ve ampirik bulgularimlz, zaten daha ёncedendOnyanln saylll sanayile,mi, |lkelerinden biri olan Kanada'nin burada

bahsedilen hipotezler a91sindan da uluslararasi rekabet gocune sahip

OlduOunu ve yeni teknoloii mallan ihracat kapaslesini artirdlё l SOnucunavarml,tlr