An effective dietary survey framework for the assessment of total dietary arsenic intake in...

ORIGINAL PAPER

An effective dietary survey framework for the assessmentof total dietary arsenic intake in Bangladesh: Part-A—FFQdesign

Nasreen Islam Khan Æ Gary Owens ÆDavid Bruce Æ Ravi Naidu

Received: 7 March 2008 / Accepted: 17 September 2008 / Published online: 27 January 2009

� Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009

Abstract The accurate assessment of dietary intake

patterns is important for the determination of total

dietary arsenic (As) exposure in As-contaminated

regions of Bangladesh. Food intake questionnaires are

a common means of assessing food intake. A food

frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was designed to assess

the daily intake of frequently consumed food items

and was successfully implemented to assess dietary

patterns and intake of the rural populations in 18

villages from three Districts of Bangladesh (Comilla,

Manikganj Sadar, and Munshiganj). The FFQ pre-

sented in this paper comprises a complete set of tools

which allowed not only collection of information on

dietary patterns but also information on the spatial

characteristics of the landscape, socio-demographic

indicators, and geographic locations of the identified

environmental media of the contaminants, which

resulted in As exposure to humans. The FFQ was

designed in three sections: (1) general household

information, (2) household water and rice information,

and (3) individual dietary intake of other foods. The

dietary intake of other food was then further subdi-

vided into five different food subgroups: (i) grain

intake, (ii) protein intake, (iii) fruit intake (iv),

vegetable intake, and (v) dal (pulse) intake. During

the design and development of the FFQ, emphasis was

given to the source of food, the frequency (day/week/

month) of consumption, and the daily amount of food

consumed by each adult male, adult female, and child

to accurately determine the dietary pattern and intake

of arsenic in the rural population of Bangladesh.

Keywords Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) �Dietary intake � Dietary pattern � Bangladesh �Arsenic

Introduction

The presence of significant concentrations of arsenic

(As) in groundwater and in the crops grown using this

contaminated water poses major health risks to an

estimated 30 million people in Bangladesh (Chow-

dhury et al. 2001). It is now well recognized that

people in Bangladesh are exposed to As mainly

through the food ingestion pathway, that is through

N. I. Khan (&) � G. Owens � R. Naidu

Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and

Remediation (CERAR), University of South Australia,

Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095,

Australia

e-mail: [email protected];

[email protected]

N. I. Khan

Department of Geography and Environment,

Dhaka University, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh

D. Bruce

The Barbara Hardy Centre for Sustainable Urban

Environments, School of Natural and Built Environments,

University of South Australia, City East Campus,

Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia

123

Environ Geochem Health (2009) 31:207–220

DOI 10.1007/s10653-008-9234-1

the consumption of contaminated drinking water and

large amounts of rice and other foods (vegetables,

dal, fish, milk, chicken, and other meats). However,

the As content in food depends on several factors

including, (i) the As concentration in soil and water,

(ii) the amount of water used during washing and

cooking food, (iii) irrigation of crops, and (iv)

pesticide use (Roychowdhury et al. 2002). Therefore,

the dietary assessment of As is a complex process

(Chen et al. 2004).

For many centuries, villages in Bangladesh had

sourced drinking water from nearby surface waters

rivers, canals, and ponds. However, due to poor

sanitary conditions, this often led to outbreaks of

gastrointestinal diseases. In the early 1980s, tubewell

water was promoted as a safe and environmentally

acceptable alternative source of drinking water

because it was potentially free from microbial con-

tamination (Miller et al. 2002). Consequently, in rural

areas of Bangladesh today, drinking water is almost

exclusively obtained from tubewells. However, it is

now estimated that about 30% of these tubewells

contain arsenic concentrations that exceed the

Bangladeshi (50 lg L-1) and WHO (10 lg L-1) rec-

ommended guideline values (BGS 1999). In rural

areas, groundwater is also extensively used for irrigat-

ing crops, especially during the dry winter months.

Many researchers have attempted to investigate

the various pathways of human exposure to As (Bae

et al. 2002; Naidu et al. 2002; Roychowdhury et al.

2002; Alam et al. 2003; Duxbury et al. 2003; Meharg

and Rahman 2003; Owens et al. 2004; Al Rmalli

et al. 2005; Huq et al. 2006). However, almost all

papers published to date on As exposure pathways in

Bangladesh lack detailed consideration of multiple

exposure media of As and dietary patterns of the local

community. Accurate quantification of exposure

requires a detailed understanding of the type of food

ingested, frequency of food and water ingestion, the

amount ingested and whether the food is from

backyard gardens or local markets. Most of the

published work on Bangladesh As exposure is based

on limited sampling and almost exclusively uses

water as the major source of As exposure. In this

study, we conducted a detailed household survey

using an interviewer-administered semi-quantitative

food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to collect accu-

rate and representative information on the variables

mentioned above. When assessing dietary intake

using a FFQ, the collected information should include

a villager’s dietary pattern, food type, amount of food

consumed, and the frequency of food consumption.

This information would additionally be affected by

age and gender. All of this information is vital for the

accurate estimation of the total daily intake of As and

for quantifying the consequential risk associated with

human exposure to As.

The FFQ design presented here extends the initial

work conducted by Naidu and his co-researchers on

an Australian Centre for International Agricultural

Research (ACIAR) and AusAID funded project

(Owens et al. 2004). These researchers conducted

household surveys in 30 villages, from five thanas

(Munshiganj, Manikganj Sadar, Ghior, Comilla, and

BrahmanBariya) during 2003–2004 to collect infor-

mation related to the household level dietary patterns

of the villagers and to identify the contributions of

food and water to human exposure to As. While this

detailed survey provided substantial information on

dietary patterns and total daily intake of As at the

household level, the short duration of the project

meant eliminating certain parameters that could have

provided significant new insight to exposure. In their

survey, the focus was on water, with some informa-

tion on rice and vegetables. However, these previous

studies did not consider the potential effect of gender-

and age-specific dietary intake and the consequent

exposure to As. In addition, some other important

parameters for quantifying daily intake of As and risk

including body weight, individual daily water, rice

and food consumption, frequency (per day) of rice,

water and other food consumption, amount of cook-

ing water used for rice, and dal preparation were not

considered then, and were included in the current

FFQ.

The earlier version of the questionnaire was

designed to collect the total household information

on a weekly basis. However, the estimation of daily

dietary intake requires person-, gender- and age-

specific information for obtaining a clear picture of

human health risk. Thus, another survey was con-

ducted in the same villages in Munshiganj,

Manikganj Sadar, and Comilla districts during

2005–2006 to collect information for the above-

mentioned missing parameters using the revised and

extended FFQ presented here.

This paper (Part A) reports on the detailed design

and development of a semi-quantitative FFQ. The

208 Environ Geochem Health (2009) 31:207–220

123

companion paper (Part B) addresses application of

FFQ as a dietary survey tool to collect a realistic

estimation of As exposure from the rural Bangladeshi

communities.

Study areas

An FFQ was designed for implementation in 18

different villages from Laksham, Sirajdikhan, and

Manikganj Sadar thanas in Bangladesh. The Laksham

thana is located in the Comilla district with an area of

429 km2 bounded by Dakatia and the Little Feni River.

The geographical location extends between 23�040 and

23�220 latitude and 90�590 and 91�140 longitude. The

Sirajdikhan thana is situated in the Munshiganj district

with an area of 180 km2 bounded by the Ichamati and

Dhaleshwari Rivers in the north. The geographical

extent of the thana is 23�300 and 23�410 latitude and

90�140 and 90�270 longitude. The Manikganj Sadar

thana is located in the Manikganj district and the total

land area is 215 km2 bounded by the Kaliganga,

Dhaleswari, Ichamati, and Gazikhali Rivers. The

geographic location of this thana extends between

23�420 and 23�560 latitude and 89�570 and 90�080

longitude. Table 1 summarizes the major socio-demo-

graphic and landuse characteristics of the three thanas

where the FFQ was implemented. The population is

evenly distributed between males and females, with

females being generally less literate than their male

counterparts. The main occupations of almost half the

population were related to agriculture, which is the

predominant landuse in the regions studied.

Potential As exposure pathways

Identification of the potential exposure pathways and

exposure media in a landscape is an important first

step in assessing the intake of As that may pose a

potential human health risk. The potential exposure

pathways in the study areas considered were ground-

water, food, and soil (Fig. 1). As the main interest in

this study was to quantify human health risk associ-

ated with direct ingestion of drinking water and

consumption of rice and other foods, indirect expo-

sure pathways such as soil ingestion and inhalation of

dust were not considered in the risk assessment.

These indirect exposure pathways are not generally

significant in the study areas considered. Likewise,

secondary exposure pathways, such as the ingestion

of animals ingesting As-contaminated foods/grasses

was not considered in detail due to the potentially low

contribution of meat in total dietary intake. Rainwater

intake was not considered because it was not

commonly used in the studied villages and rainwater

is considered to be arsenic-free (Owens et al. 2004).

Thus after consideration of the major exposure

pathways, the direct food ingestion pathways, were

considered to be the most critical. Likewise, water,

rice, and other food (vegetables, dal) were considered

as the most important environmental media through

which a population experienced exposure to As in the

study areas. Therefore, in designing the survey, it was

considered essential to focus on water and rice intake

in detail and to support this by information on other

edible foods.

Questionnaire design

Inadequate dietary assessment of various foods can

produce negative or inconsistent association between

dietary exposure of various metals and health effects

(Chen et al. 2004). The design of the questionnaire for

the measurement of dietary pattern and daily intake of

As was based on an interviewer-administrated FFQ

method. Chen et al. (2004), has illustrated the applica-

bility of this method for the assessment of dietary intake

of rural Bangladeshi populations. The semi-quantita-

tive FFQ developed for this study was a substantially

modified version of an earlier questionnaire originally

developed for an ACIAR funded project. This ques-

tionnaire was subsequently revised by the AusAID

project team (Owens et al. 2004). The current ques-

tionnaire was designed to obtain information related to

dietary pattern and daily intake of As through direct

ingestion of food and water with the aim of developing a

Geographical Information System (GIS) based land-

scape level human health risk model. During the design

and development of the current FFQ, the AusAID

(Owens et al. 2004) questionnaire was critically

reviewed and missing variables identified and addi-

tional questions added to the questionnaire to enable

development of a GIS-based landscape level As

exposure risk scenario. In the current version of the

questionnaire, emphasis was given to the collection of

individual daily intake of water, rice, and other food

Environ Geochem Health (2009) 31:207–220 209

123

from each study household. The daily intake of water

and rice was determined by field measurement and the

body weight of each member in the household was also

measured in the field. Unlike the previous version of the

questionnaire, in this version, other food intake infor-

mation was collected based on the consumption amount

and rate for the adult male, adult female, and child.

Moreover, in this survey, emphasis was given to the dal

(pulse) consumption and the amount of water used in

the dal and rice cooking process. During the FFQ design

and development stage, it was identified that the

information regarding dietary intake and pattern was

crucial for the development of a human exposure As

model. In this questionnaire the local name of the food

along with the English name was included to make it

easier and more convenient for both the interviewer

and respondent to identify foods correctly. Full details

regarding the field implementation of the developed

FFQ in 18 villages of Bangladesh will be discussed in

our next paper, (Part B) (Khan et al. 2009).

The structure of the questionnaire

To make the survey easy and more effective for the

measurement of dietary intake and other input data

Table 1 Geographic,

socio-demographic and

landuse information for

Laksham, Sirajdikhan, and

Manikganj Sadar thanas

Source Banglapedia:

National Encyclopedia of

Bangladesh

Thana Laksham Sirajdikhan Manikganj Sadar

Administration

Municipality 1 – 1

Union Parishad 25 14 13

Mauzas 479 124 311

Villages 504 177 308

Total population 513,119 229,085 237,771

Density per sq. km 1,022 1,273 1,105

Male (%) 49.4 51.0 50.2

Female (%) 50.6 49.0 49.8

Literacy

Average literacy 34.4 33.7 56.0

Male (%) 40.7 38.7 57.2

Female (%) 28.4 28.8 54.8

Occupation (%)

Agriculture 34.1 28.7 33.8

Agriculture laborer 19.1 27.5 17.8

Fishing – 1.9 1.7

Wage laborer 3.8 2.1 4.8

Industry – 1.6 1.1

Commerce 11.2 13.7 13.5

Service 13.6 8.9 11.4

Transport 3.3 – 3.3

Construction 1.2 2.5 1.4

Others 13.9 11.7 11.3

Landuse (ha)

Cultivated land 32,707 12,191 16,659

Fallow land 9,584 5,938 138

Khas land 1,960 – –

Single crop (%) – 13.3 9.4

Double crop (%) – 83.7 61.3

Triple crop (%) – 3.1 29.4

Cultivated land under irrigation (%) 46.1 80.0 48.0


123

for GIS application, the questionnaire was divided

into three broad sections: (1) general household

information, (2) household water and rice informa-

tion, and (3) dietary intake of other foods per adult

male, adult female, and child (Appendix A). Each

of these sections was further divided into a number

of sub-sections to ensure the effective collection of

information relating to exposure pathways and intake

of water, rice, and food. The main objective of the

questionnaire’s different sections is discussed briefly

below.

General household information

The aim of this section was to collect information

about the geographic/spatial location of each house-

hold, family structure, socio-economic, demographic,

and arsenic patient information (Appendix A). Thus,

this section was divided into the following sub-

sections for the effective and accurate collection of

information:

a. Identification of household

b. Spatial location of household

c. Demographic, economic information of house-

hold members

Household water and rice information

In this section, the main emphasis was given to the

collection of information about the source of water

and rice, the amount of water used in rice and dal

(pulse) cooking, the ingestion of water and rice

expressed as per person per meal per day and sample

collection. To accomplish the aims of both collection

and measurement of appropriate information, this

section was divided into the following sub-sections:

a. Source of cooking, drinking, and irrigation water

b. Information on water sources and samples

c. Household water, rice consumption, and usage of

cooking water information

i. Amount of water and rice consumed by each

person

ii. Amount of water used in cooking

iii. Water and rice sample collection information

Dietary intake of other food

The design and development of this section was

aimed at the collection of information about the

dietary pattern and intake of grain, protein, fruits,

Ground water in rural landscape

Water extraction through tubewell

Water extraction through deep

tubewell

As in water

Water consumption by human

Irrigating crop field

As in soil

As uptake throughplant root

As translocation to edible crops

Food consumption by human

As uptake by human through water and

food

Human at As

Fig. 1 Human As exposure

pathways in the study area


123

vegetables and dal (pulses) of rural adult males, adult

females, and children. The selection of food items for

inclusion in the FFQ were based on As total

concentrations and whether the item was frequently

consumed and commonly available in the rural areas

in Bangladesh. The decision on final food item

selection was based on the arsenic concentrations in

food samples (Owens et al. 2004) and preliminary

dietary patterns identified by analyzing the AusAID

survey dataset. In this FFQ, we included various

types of dal and excluded some vegetables that had

shown very low or zero frequency of consumption as

well as food items having very low total As content

based on previous studies (Owens et al. 2004). This

section was divided into five different sub-section

based on food types (i) other grain intake, (ii) protein

intake, (iii) fruits intake, (iv) vegetable intake, and (v)

dal (pulse) intake. Each section included a number of

frequently eaten food items. The emphasis was

placed on the source of food, the frequency (day/

week/month) of consumption, and the daily amount

of food consumed by each adult male, adult female,

and child to obtain an accurate picture of the dietary

pattern. Information regarding sample collection for

laboratory analysis was included in this section.

Implementation of the FFQ

The semi-quantitative FFQ was successfully imple-

mented in 18 villages located in three different

districts (Comilla, Manikganj Sadar, and Munshiganj)

and different physiographic units of Bangladesh

during 2005–2006. FFQ techniques are often preferred

in highly literate communities because they can be

conducted as self-administrated surveys instead of

interviewer-administrated ones. This was not applica-

ble to rural Bangladeshi communities where the

literacy was low (Table 1) and therefore the FFQ

was conducted by trained interviewers. The main

disadvantage of this method of implementing a FFQ is

that it is time consuming and costs are involved in

processing data as well as the need for a well trained

interviewer to collect information effectively and

accurately. It took approximately 2 hours per house-

hold to complete the collection of dietary and other

information using the FFQ together with the collection

and labeling of water, food, and soil samples.

The FFQ was applied to collect information from a

total of 1,023 participants including 386 adult males,

397 adult females, and 240 children from 180 rural

households. Person-gender- and age-specific dietary

patterns and intakes of water, rice, and other food for

the estimation of total daily intake (TDI) of As and

risk of As exposure were collected. Apart from the

dietary pattern and intake of food related information

of the rural population, samples of environmental

exposure media (water, food, and soil) for later

laboratory analysis were also collected during the

FFQ survey. Spatial information relating to exposure

sources, household location, and village boundaries

were also collected for developing the input dataset

for the GIS-based risk model. Additional details

about the implementation and preliminary results

obtained from this interviewer administrated semi-

quantitative FFQ for rural Bangladeshi households

are discussed in a companion paper in this journal

(Part-B) (Khan et al. 2009).

Conclusions

The developed FFQ illustrates effective methods for

collecting dietary intake of rural populations together

with demographic, socio-economic, spatial, and field

samples-related data. The simple and homogeneous

nature of diet in rural areas in Bangladesh made it

possible to successfully implement the FFQ in three

different regions of Bangladesh without difficulty. Data

collected through the FFQ shows a promising means of

obtaining input data for the assessment of daily intake

of As which can provide the basis for the measurement

of human health risk associated with As exposure.

Acknowledgements The authors extend their thanks to DCH

for their support and assistance during field surveys and for

supplying laboratory facilities for sample pre-processing. The

authors also gratefully acknowledge the financial support

provided for this project by AusAID. The Centre for

Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR),

and the University of South Australia provided financial

support and the University of Dhaka provided study leave for

Nasreen Islam Khan while she pursued her PhD studies.


123

Appendix: A

Survey of Bangladesh Households To Estimate Total Daily Intake of Arsenic

Arsenic exposure pathwaysin water-soil-crop-human health of rural Bangladeshi population

This Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) is designed to collect information related to Arsenic exposure which has potential for human health risk in the rural Bangladeshi population as part of the PhD project “GIS based human health risk model: Arsenic contaminated landscape” conducted by Nasreen Islam Khan during December 2005 – February 2006.

a) Although the basic sampling unit is a person, food and water samples will be taken based on households. This will simplify the chemical analyses, as food and water sources are common to households.

b) All household members may not be present at the time of the survey. As much information as possible about these absent members will need to be collected.

c) ‘General information about Household’ should include a list of all members in the household. The use of these names is imperative for subsequent questions about diet and health.

d) ‘Household Water’ source – provision is made in the questionnaire for the water source to change during the year (for example, pond water may be used during the wet season). Samples of each water type are required for each source. The samples in this question should be the same as in the ‘Samples Collected for Analysis’ section.

This survey is part of a PhD project funded by the University of South Australia and the Centre for Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR).

Questionnaire number:_________ Household code:_______ Day/Month/Year:________ Time: AM/PM

GENERAL HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION

1.1 Identification of household

Name of familyhead

Age

Village Person interviewed

Union Post

Mauza Thana

District Date

Name of interviewer

Signature

1.2 Spatial location of household

GPS Coordinates

X-Coordinate (longitude) e.g. E: 90o 55.691 Y-Coordinate (latitude) e.g. N: 23o 48.448 Z-Coordinate (height above sea level) e.g. 18 m Datume.g. WGS84GPS Unit Noe.g. DCH Unit#1

Additional Notes:



123

1.3 Demographic, economic information of household members (start with Head of Household):

Diagnosed with Arsenicosis?

Person ID

Full Name Gender (M/F)

Age(years)

Relationship to

Head of Household

OccupationAIncome

(Tk / month)

Body Weight

(kg) (Y/N) When?

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

A Use the following Occupation Codes for each household member:

1 – housewife 2 – farm owner 3 – farm day worker 4 – other day labourer 5 – store owner 6 – store worker 7 – driver 8 - teacher 9 - doctor 10 – engineer11 – lawyer 12 – student 12a – primary student 12b – secondary

student 12c – tertiary student

13 – unemployed 14 – rickshaw puller

15 – other (please specify)



123

2. HOUSEHOLD WATER and RICE INFORMATION

2.1 Source of cooking, drinking and irrigation water:

Water Usage Deep

Tube Well Shallow

Tube WellRiver Pond Canal Dug Well Rain

Other (pleasespecify)

Drinking Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N % water from this source over past year Is the water boiled or treated before drinking? (details) Cooking Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N % water from this source over past year

Irrigation of crops Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N % water from this source over past year

Watering of household garden

Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N

% water from this source over past year

2.1.1 Information on water sources and samples:

GPS Coordinates of SampleWater Source Depth (ft) Year sunk

Yearabandoned

Sample collected

(Y/N)

Sample ID Number X_Coord Y_Coord

Old Shallow tube well

New Shallow tube well

Deep tube well Dug well Pond - - River - - Canal - - Other - -

Comments:



123

2.2 Household water, rice consumption and usage of cooking water information

2.2.1 Amount of water and rice consumed by each person (start with Head of Household):

PersonID

Name Source of Drinking

water

Amount consumed

(L/day)

Amount of rice

(cooked) (g/plate)

No. of plate of rice

(cooked) (plate/meal)

Riceconsumed

(times/day)

Amount of rice

consumed(cooked) (g/day)

Source of rice

(market / cultivated)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

2.2.2 Amount of water used in cooking:

Cooked food type

Amount Kg/day (dry weight)*

Source of Water Amount used (L/Kg of food item)**

Total amount of water used (L)

Rice

Other Food (Curry and Dal)

Note: *Amount cooked per meal (morning + lunch + evening) **How much water is used to cook 1 kg of rice?

2.2.3 Water and rice sample collection information:

Sample Type Sample

collected(Y/N)

Sample ID Comments

Water - Drinking

Water - Cooking

Rice - Cooked

Rice - Uncooked (grain)



123

3. DIETARY INTAKE of OTHER FOOD (weigh amount consumed if possible)

Amount consumed (g/day)

Food Type TotalHouseHold

/Child /AdultMale

/AdultFemale

Number of times

consumed

/Day

Number days

consumed

/Week

Number weeks

consumed

/Month

Source

Market/ Cultivated

Sample Collected

(Y/N)

Sample ID Number

Other grains Intake

Wheat Flour (Ata)

Protein Intake

Egg / Milk Eggs

(Dim)

Milk (Doodh)

Meats/Fish Fish

(Machh)

Chicken Meat (Murgi)

Goat Meat (Khashi)

Beef Meat (Goru)

FruitsIntake

Banana (Kola)

Coconut (Narikel)

Mango (Aam)

Papaya(Pepe)

Jack Fruit (Kanthal)



123



/Child /AdultMale

/AdultFemale

Numberof times

consumed

/Day

Numberdays

consumed

/Week

Numberweeks

consumed

/Month

Source

Market/ Cultivated

SampleCollected

(Y/N)

Sample ID Number

Vegetables IntakeRedAmaranthus

(Lal Shak) Green Amaranthus

(Data Shak)Arum

(Kochu) Leaf (Shak) Stem (Data) RootNodules

(Muhki)Creeper

(Loti) Brinjal

(Begun) Gourd

(Lao)Gourd Shak

(Lao Shak)Radish

(Mula)Radish leaf (Mula Shak)

IndianSpinach

(Pui Shak)Spinach (Palong Shak)

RedPumpkin (Misti Kumra)Broadbeans

(Sim)Plantain(Katcha Kola)

Kalmi Shak TomatoPotato

(Alu) Tuber (Alu) Leaf (Alu Shak)Sweet Potato

(Mishti Alu)

Tuber (Alu) Leaf (Alu Shak)



123

B – Identify the dal type from the list below

1. Lentil (Mushor Dal)

2. Yellow Split (Moto Dal)

3. Chana (Cholar / Buter Dal)

4. Mung (Mug Dal)

5. Urad (Mashkalai Dal)

6. Kalai (Kheshari Kalai Dal)



/Child /AdultMale

/AdultFemale

Number of times

consumed

/Day

Number days

consumed

/Week

Number weeks

consumed

/Month

Source

Market/ Cultivated

Sample Collected

(Y/N)

Sample ID Number

Vegetables Intake

Peas(Motorshuti)

Bitter Gourd (Korolla)

Sanke Gourd (Chicinga)

Jhinga Cabbage (Badhakopi)

Carrots (Gajor)

Cauliflower (Phulkopi)

Okra (dherash /

bhendi)

Green Papaya(Kancha Pepe)

Coriander leaf

(Dhania pata)

Green Chilli (Katcha Morich)

PulsesIntake (Dal)B



123

References

Alam, M. G. M., Snow, E. T., & Tanaka, A. (2003). Arsenic

and heavy metal contamination of vegetables grown in

Samta village, Bangladesh. Science of the Total Envi-ronment, 308, 83–96.

Al Rmalli, S. W., Haris, P. I., Harrington, C. F., & Ayub, M.

(2005). A survey of arsenic in foodstuffs on sale in the

United Kingdom and imported from Bangladesh. Scienceof the Total Environment, 337(1–3), 23–30.

Bae, M., Wantanabe, C., Inaoka, T., Sekiyama, M., Sudo, N.,

Bokul, M. H., et al. (2002). Arsenic in cooked rice in

Bangladesh. The LANCET, 360(9348), 1839–1840.

BGS. (1999). Groundwater studies for arsenic contamination in

Bangladesh (Final Report). British Geological Survey and

Mott MacDonald Ltd (UK).

Chen, Y., Ahsan, H., Parvez, F., & Howe, G. R. (2004).

Validity of a food-frequency questionnaire for a large

prospective cohort study in Bangladesh. British Journal ofNutrition, 92, 851–859.

Chowdhury, U. K., Rahman, M. M., Mondal, B. K., Paul, K.,

Lodh, D., Biswas, B. K., et al. (2001). Groundwater

arsenic contamination and human suffering in West

Bengal, India and Bangladesh. Environmental Sciences,8(5), 393–415.

Duxbury, J. M., Mayer, A. B., Lauren, J. G., & Hassan, N.

(2003). Food chain aspects of arsenic contamination in

Bangladesh: Effects on quality and productivity of rice.

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, A38(1),

61–69.

Huq, S. I., Correll, R., & Naidu, R. (2006). Arsenic accumu-

lation in food sources in Bangladesh. In R. Naidu, E.

Smith, G. Owens, P. Bhattacharya, & P. Nadebaum

(Eds.), Managing arsenic in the environment: From soilto human health (pp. 283–293). Australia: CSIRO

Publishing.

Khan, N. I., Bruce, D., Naidu, R., & Owens, G. (2009).

Implementation of food frequency questionnaire for the

assessment of total dietary arsenic intake in Bangladesh:

Part-B—Preliminary findings. Environmental Geochem-istry and Health. doi:10.1007/s10653-008-9232-3.

Meharg, A. A., & Rahman, M. M. (2003). Arsenic contami-

nation of Bangladesh paddy field soils: Implications for

rice contribution to arsenic consumption. EnvironmentalScience Technology, 37(2), 229–234.

Miller, R., Correll, R., Dillon, P., & Kookana, R. (2002).

ASRRI: A predictive index of contaminant attenuation

during aquifer storage and recovery. In P. Dillon (Ed.),

Management of aquifer recharge for sustainability (pp.

69–76). Balkema Publishers: Australia.

Naidu, R., Huq, I., Smith, E., Correll, R., Smith, L., Smith, J.,

et al. (2002). Assessing potential arsenic exposure

pathways in Bangladesh. Paper presented at the 5th

International Conference on Arsenic Exposure and Health

Effects, San Diego, California, USA.

Owens G., Rahman M. M., Heinrich T. & Naidu R. (2004).

Bangladesh-Australia Centre for Arsenic Mitigation Pro-

gram (BACAMP): Program 3: Safe food, Section 1:

Arsenic food chain assessment, University of South

Australia, Consultancy report for GHD Pty Ltd.

Roychowdhury, T., Uchino, T., Tokunaga, H., & Ando, M.

(2002). Survey of arsenic in food composites from as

arsenic-affected area of West Bengal, India. FoodChemical Toxicology, 40, 1611–1621.

Measurement conversion:

1 bottle = 500 ml 1 foot = 0.3048 m

Abbreviation:

Deep Tube Well = DTW Shallow Tube Well = STD Dug Well = DW Pond Water = PW River Water = RW Canal Water = CW Rain Water = R

Market = M Cultivated = C


123

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10653-008-9232-3

An effective dietary survey framework for the assessment of total dietary arsenic intake in...

Documents

Transcript of An effective dietary survey framework for the assessment of total dietary arsenic intake in...