Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

N O V A EStudies and Materials III

Edited byANDRZEJ B. BIERNACKI

ANDRZEJ B. BIERNACKI, KAMEN D. DIMITROV

SKARBZ ŁAŹNI LEGIONOWEJ

A OBRÓT MONETARNY W NOVAE W LATACH 330-348 N.E.

BOŻENA STAWOSKA – JUNDZIŁŁ

GLINIANE LAMPY OLIWNE

z badań Międzynarodowej Interdyscyplinarnej Ekspedycji Archeologicznej Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza

w Novae /Moesia Inferior/. Sezony ���������Sezony ���������

Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza Poznań-Sevastopol 2008

ANDRZEJ B. BIERNACKI, KAMEN D. DIMITROV

THE COIN HOARD FROM THE THERMAE LEGIONIS AND

THE MONETARY CIRCULATIONIN NOVAE 330-348 AD

BOŻENA STAWOSKA – JUNDZIŁŁ

TERRACOTTA OIL LAMPS

from the еxcavations of the Adam Mickiewicz University, International Interdisciplinary Archaeological Expedition

at Novae /Moesia Inferior/. Seasons 1960 – 1997

Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza Poznań-Sevastopol 2008

Redakcja wydania i korekta: Elena Klenina i Iwona Zych Tłumaczenia na angielski: K.D. Dimitrov, Iwona Zych, Przemysław Znaniecki

Publikacja powstała w ramach realizacji wieloletniej, międzynarodowej polsko-bułgarskiej umowy za�wartej między Uniwersytetem im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu i Instytutem Archeologii Bułgarskiej Akademii Nauk

Grant naukowo-badawczy Komitetu Badań Naukowych RP: 2 HO1G 082 25

Wydanie publikacji finansowane przez Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

ISBN 83-89407-43-4

Instytut HistoriiUniwersytetu im. A. Mickiewicza w Poznaniuul. Św. Marcin 7861-809 PoznańTel./faks: 0(prefiks)61 829-47-26/829-47-25e-mail: history@amu.edu.plhttp://historia.amu.edu.pl

© Copyright by Instytut Historii UAM, 2008

ANDRZEJ B. BIERNACKI, KAMEN D. DIMITROV

THE COIN HOARD FROM THE THERMAE LEGIONIS

AND THE MONETARY CIRCULATIONIN NOVAE 330-348 AD

SKARB Z ŁAŹNI LEGIONOWEJ

A OBRÓT MONETARNY W NOVAE W LATACH 330-348 N.E.

SPIS TREŚCI

Wstęp ..................................................................................................................................................................9

Wprowadzenie ..................................................................................................................................................15

Rozdział I. Wielka łaźnia legionowa w Novae w świetle badań archeologicznych (�.�.�.)...................17archeologicznych (�.�.�.)...................17

Rozdział II. Skarb (1994) a obrót monetarny (K.D.D.)

1. Typy monet z lat 330-348 n.e..............................................................................................33

2. Skarb monet z thermae legionis w Novae (1994) ..............................................................34

3. Inne skarby monet z Novae ................................................................................................36

4. Pojedyncze monety z Novae ..............................................................................................37

5. Pojedyncze monety z Iatrus, Nicopolis ad Istrum i Oescus ..............................................39

6. Zaopatrzenie i obieg monet ................................................................................................40

7. Interpretacje historyczne (�.�.�.; K.D.D.)........................................................................41

Katalog (K.D.D.)...............................................................................................................................................43

Tablice ..............................................................................................................................................................65

Bibliografia .......................................................................................................................................................73

Ilustracje ...........................................................................................................................................................75

CONTENTS

Acknowledgement ..............................................................................................................................................9

Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................15

Chapter I. The large legionary bath in Novae in the light of archaeological research (A.B.B.) .............17

Chapter II. The hoard (1994) and the coin circulation (K.D.D.)

1. The coin types 330-348 AD ...............................................................................................33

2. The hoard from the thermae legionis of Novae (1994) ......................................................34

3. The other hoard from Novae ..............................................................................................36

4. The single coins from Novae .............................................................................................37

5. The single coins from Iatrus, Nicopolis ad Istrum and Oescus ..........................................39

6. Coin supply and circulation ...............................................................................................40

7. Historical probabilities (�.�.�.; K.D.D.) ..........................................................................41

Catalogue (K.D.D.)...........................................................................................................................................43

Tables ...............................................................................................................................................................65

Bibliography .....................................................................................................................................................73

Illustrations .......................................................................................................................................................75

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The extensive interdisciplinary archeological exploration of the Roman legionary camp and the late Roman and early Byzantine city of Novae (Svištov, Bulgaria) is conducted pursuant to the long-term international agreement concluded between the Adam Mickiewicz University (Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza, UAM) in Poznań on the one hand and the Institute of Archeology and the Museum of the Bulgarian Academy of Science in Sofia on the other, currently covering the period up to the year 2010.

Regular excavation work at Novae was started in 1960 by the Archeological Expedition of the Warsaw University, headed by Prof. Kazimierz Majewski, Ph.D., D.Hist. Since the very beginning of the exploration of Novae, Prof. Stefan Parnicki-Pudełko, Ph.D., of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań held the post of deputy head of the Expedition of the Warsaw University. In 1961, the Expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the Bulgarian Academy of Science, headed by Member of the Academy Dimitr Dimitrov joined in the excavation work at Novae. After the latter scholar’s death, the work of the Bulgarian mission was headed during many years by Prof. Marija Čičikova, followed by Prof. Aleksandra Milčeva, and currently by Dr. Evgenija Genčeva. After Professor Majewski’s death, the Expedition of the Warsaw University was headed by Prof. Ludwika Press, Ph.D., D.Hist., and its current head is Prof. Piotr Dyczek, Ph.D., D.Hist.

Before the establishment of the Archeological Expedition of the UAM, the layout of the defensive walls was ascertained in considerable detail, and the defensive towers and the western gateway were partly unearthed, the latter project being headed by Prof. S. Parnicki-Pudełko.

In 1970, the Archeological Expedition of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań began its work at Novae. Prof. Stefan Parnicki-Pudełko, Ph.D., organized it and was its head in the years 1970–1988. He was certainly one of the most devoted researchers of Novae, a city to which a considerable part of his scholarly work pertained. Since 1990, the International Interdisciplinary Archeological Expedition of the UAM to Novae has been headed by Dr. Andrzej B. Biernacki.

The independent archeological exploration conducted by the Archeological Expedition of the UAM focused in the years 1970–1974 on the fortification system of Novae. The remnants of the

western, southern and northern gateways were entirely unearthed, and fragments of the western defensive wall and defensive towers, partly unearthed.

The Western Gateway: Three stages of its construction and operation are distinguished: Stage 1: late 1st and early 2nd cent. A.D.; stage 2: late 3rd and early 4th cent. A.D.; stage 3: the reign of Anastasius and the beginning of the reign of Justinian I. In stage 1, the gateway probably consisted of one passageway of the width of 8.15 m, was flanked by two quadrangular towers and featured stairs providing access to the defensive walls. In stage 2, it probably consisted of two passageways and was closed by a dual gate. In stage 3, it still consisted of two passageways, the towers were extended toward the west and had double rooms inside; the western parts of the towers were apparently taller, of a height of app. 18–20 m.

The Southern Gateway: Based on the discovered remnants of the gateway, two stages of its construction are distinguished: Stage 1: late 1st and early 2nd cent. A.D.; and stage 2: late 3rd and early 4th cent. A.D. In stage 1, two roughly square towers defined the two passageways of the gateway; it was probably closed with two suspended cataracts (portcullises) in the south, and with a dual gate in the north. In stage 2, the western and eastern walls of the two towers were thickened, and now the towers had a U-shaped floor projection; the gateway consisted of one passageway only and was probably closed with a gate.

The Northern Gateway: The discovered vestiges suggest a foot passage (poterna) rather than a gateway proper; its width was reduced in view of its disadvantageous location (on a steep scarp on the Danube). This structure is dated to the mid-4th cent. A.D.

Our current knowledge of the development of the fortifications of the legionary camp in Novae warrants the conclusion that in terms of the proportions of its layout, the design of the camp followed the classic concepts of the arrangement of a Roman military camp. It had a rectangular shape with rounded corners. Its length inside the defensive walls, measured along the axis “North–South,” amounted to 486 m, or 1620 Roman feet, and its width, to 365 m, or 1216 Roman feet. Its total area was 17.75 ha. The southern and the northern gate were in the middle of the shorter sides of the camp, while the axes of the western and the eastern gate were at �/3 of the length of the longer sides. Based on the results of the studies conducted so

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far, we assume that the earlier stone defensive walls date to the late 1st and the early 2nd cent. A.D. The fortified area of Novae probably was not extended to the east, and a new eastern wall was not built before the end of the 3rd or the beginning of the 4th cent. A.D. The original legionary camp in Novae was undoubtedly defended by earthwork fortifications, whose remnants, constituting a system of moats and towers, were discovered outside the western defensive wall of the camp.

Since 1970, the Archeological Expedition of the UAM also investigated the area where the prin­cipia, or the headquarters of the camp, were expected to be found based on the assumed layout of the two main roads inside the camp, the via principalis and the via praetoria; since 1976, this project was taken over by the Archeological Expedition of the Warsaw University, headed by Prof. Tadeusz Sarnowski, Ph.D., D.Hist. A dozen years of excavation work entirely confirmed the postulated location of this complex of buildings.

In the subsequent period of 1974–2000, the research of the Archeological Expedition of the UAM focused on the area of the center of the city, which at that time was prefatorily referred to as “the forum.” Excavation work west of the complex of the principia (in an area referred to as Section 10) unearthed the temple complex of the early Christian basilica and episcopal residence from the 5th–6th cent. A.D., the building of the bath from the turn of the 4th cent., situated under the latter, and the vestiges of an earlier complex of legionary bath from the second half of the 2nd cent. A.D.

The bishopric complex in Novae, ranking among the largest in the Balkan Peninsula and the most thoroughly studied, includes:

• an early Christian basilica, one of the largest in the Balkans;

• the episcopal residence with its own bath;• the so-called minor basilica;• a complex of buildings south of the basilica,

identified as the very rare establishment of the ptochotrophium (a shelter for the poor), comprising a skeuophylakion;

• a detached large baptistery in the northern part of the yard, in front of the basilica, with a baptismal tank in a good condition of preservation;

Each building or structure has its own characteristic features, nature and style.

Ancient written sources, the process of the construction of the episcopal complex in Novae has been divided into the following chronological stages:

Stage I, between the late 4th and the 1st quarter of the 5th cent.: the construction of the basilica including the narthex and the atrium, the entrance

structure, the episcopal residence and the complex of the ptochotrophium.

Stage II, the 2nd half of the 5th cent.: the construction of the detached building of the baptistery.

Stage III, the 5th–6th cent. (between the earthquakes of 488 and 518): the construction of the martyrium at the basilica and of the private bath at the episcopal residence, and the demolition of the baptistery.

Stage IV, the 2nd half of the 6th cent. (after the earthquake of 518): the construction of a second, smaller basilica, and the reconstruction of the complex of the ptochotrophium.

Stage V, the 2nd half of the 6th cent. (between the earthquakes of 518 and 557): the reconstruction of the eastern section and the narthex of the large basilica, and the demolition of the martyrium.

Stage VI, the third quarter of the 6th cent. (after the earthquake of 557): the construction of a baptistery inside the large basilica, the destruction of the small basilica and the demolition of most buildings of the ptochotrophium.

The episcopal basilica is among the largest early-Christian basilicas on the middle and lower Danube. Its maximum external length is 46.26 m, and its width is 24.30 m. The interior features a semicircular central apse and Corinthian colonnades between the nave and the aisles. In the center of the nave, along the axis of the building, there was an impressive ambo with two staircases, made of Proconnesos marble in Constantinople in the early 6th cent., apparently at the emperor’s special order. The dimensions of the irregular quadrangular court in front of the basilica were 22.63 × 14.40 × 13.57 m.

The external baptistery have been discovered in the northern part of the court of the episcopal basilica. Inside, the length of the building is 7.40 m, and its width, 5.05 m. The main entrance to the baptistery, 1.60 m wide, is in the western wall. There were two other entrances in the eastern and the western wall. The floor of the baptistery is made of ceramic tiles. Inside the building, there is a baptismal tank (piscina), laid with marble slabs, of the dimensions of 1.08 × 0.99 × 0.27 m. Access to the tank was provided by dual stone steps in the east and the west. The buttresses might have held small columns, which at other hexagonal baptismal tanks supported the ciborium. A more likely reconstruction is that there were six small columns holding simple architraves. Based on the available stratigraphic data and archeological material, the baptistery in the court of the episcopal basilica in Novae should be dated to the last quarter of the 5th cent., or to a period following the invasion of the Huns. It was most probably erected to accommodate

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the numerous non-Christians who appeared in this area after the invasion, when Moesia Secunda and Dacia Ripensis were inhabited by the Ostrogoths led by Theodoric the Great, and Novae constituted the capital of this king’s territory and apparently also his personal residence in the summer of 476 and in the years 486–488.

The martyrium. The early episcopal basilica featured one apse only. The apse was built later than the main body of the basilica, as testifies a noticeable joint between the northern wall of the chapel and the eastern wall of the southern aisle of the church. Below the floor of the apse of the chapel, which was made large stone slabs of irregular shapes, a badly damaged chamber has been identified. The location and the floor layout of the chapel, as well as the underground chamber, suggest that it was a martyrium. The conducted research dates the construction of the supposed martyrium to the late 5th cent.

On the northern side of the bishop’s basilica were revealed rooms that were part of the bath, which together with the adjacent living quarters were an element of the bishop’s residence. Excavations revealed rooms with pools with warm and cold water (respectively caldarium, tepidarium, and frigidarium), as well as a cloakroom (apodytherium), and the furnaces heating the bath (praefurnium). The building was probably erected in the mid-6th century. It was discovered that part of the wall of the baths building were in fact earlier wall of buildings erected in the 3rd and 4th century,

The minor basilica is located directly north-west of the episcopal basilica. It is of a two-aisle design, with a central apse and a vestibule. The maximum external length of the minor basilica, including the apse and the vestibule, is 16.70 m. The bases, shafts and capitals of columns, mostly preserved in situ, evidence that the interior decoration of the temple was in the Ionic-Roman order. In front of the apse, the rectangular foundation slab of the altar has been discovered in situ. A limestone reliquary box has been found under the slab, also in situ. The reliquary contained a small piece of bone. A DNA test of the bone conducted in Simferopol by Ukrainian anthropologists and specialists in forensic medicine has definitely determined that it is the bone of an animal, although not of a bird or a pig. This fact constitutes another instance of such a practice, which was particularly widespread in the 6th cent. The minor basilica was probably erected between the second half of the 5th and the first half of the 6th cent.

The internal baptistery. The earthquake of 557 seriously damaged the complex of the episcopal basilica in Novae. Almost immediately afterward, as the damages were repaired in the third quarter of

the 6th cent., a new baptistery of a unique design and form was constructed. It was located in the eastern part of the southern aisle of the basilica. In the southern apse of the basilica, a tetraconch font has been discovered. Its dimensions are app. 6.90 × 5.90 m. Direct access to the baptistery was provided by a dedicated entrance in the southern wall of the basilica. Most probably, another entrance was located in the western wall of the baptistery, through which the baptized catechumens could enter the aisle of the basilica. A typological and stratigraphic study of the font and the baptistery evidently relate these items to Phase V of the construction of the basilica in the third quarter of the 6th century. The font is similarly located in the apse of the aisle of the basilica in Syvritou in Crete.

The complex of rooms south of the basilica has been thoroughly investigated by the expedition of the Adam Mickiewicz University during the nine years (1998–2006). In the course of exploration work directly south-west of the episcopal basilica, the large rectangular rooms surrounded the court had been encountered. In the south-western corner room which are functionally related to the basilica and its auxiliary rooms, numerous fragments of two early Christian mensas were discovered in situ; one of these is sigma-shaped and has relief on its edges. The relief scenes represent a wide variety of subjects and symbols: images of boar hunting with hounds, fights of a bear with a horse, a bear with a griffin, a lioness with a unicorn and a lion with a bull, a scratching donkey, two tritons, dolphins (including an image of Eros riding on a dolphin’s back), and two women’s profiles, one of them wearing a corona muralis (this is probably Tyche). The results of our investigations suggest that the sigma-shaped mensa from Novae was imported from Asia Minor or Constantinople and made in the late 4th or early 5th cent. A.D. Apparently, the room was originally a skeuophylakion.

Another rooms were interpreted as the ptochotrophium. Each room also had a separate entrance from the portico in the north; the largest one, the fourth from the west, had two entrances. The total internal length of the building was 44.10 m. These four rooms, which constituted the main section of the complex, were apparently used as refectories and dormitories. A corpus of iron helmets has been discovered in the biggest, south-eastern room of the area of 117 sq. m. at the eastern wall of the room, near its south-eastern corner, directly at the entrance. The helmets themselves have been found in a layer of débris produced by a large-scale fire. It is assumed that the find amounts to about 30 helmets. The helmets of Novae are unique because of two reasons: they are the first numerous find of early-Byzantine helmets,

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and also their detailed stratigraphical context allows it to date them to mid-6th cent., and explain their damages by the earthquake of 557. Last but not least, the discovery of such a large corpus of helmets in the refectory of the ptochotrophium of the episcopal residence confirms the importance of the bishop as a chief administrator of the city, and in particular of its military affairs and defense at a time when Novae had already begun to decline before its eventual collapse in the 620s.

The third room in the complex south of the court was discovered in 2002, of the dimensions of 8.20 × 8.15 × 7.80 × 7.20 m. At its northern wall, a stone platform (a tarapan) has been preserved, of the size 2.10 × 2.30 m, elevated 1.00 m above the floor of the room; it was apparently used for pressing grape juice. Apparently wine was made in this room, both for liturgical purposes and for ordinary consumption.

In the southern portico of the court at room C, the remnants of two oblong kitchen stoves have been identified. The dimensions, design and location of the stoves indicate that they were used for cooking food for a large number of people. Both are tentatively dated to the late 5th cent.

The Bath: North of the basilica, we discovered rooms belonging to the complex of the bath of the episcopal residence. These are: the rooms housing the pools with hot, warm and cool water (caldarium, tepidarium and frigidarium), the cloakrooms (apodytheria) and two furnaces heating the bath (praefurnia). The external length of the bath building is 20.76 m, and the width, 16.70 m. It was probably erected in the mid-6th cent. as a part of the episcopal residence, supplementing the accommodations east and west of the residence. Parts of the walls of the bath building are made up of the walls of the earlier large complex of the legionary bath, dated to the late 2nd cent. A.D. Its northern part consisted of three rooms of similar layouts and parallel to one another, extending to the north (the caldarium, the sudatorium, i.e. a hot and dry room, and the tepidarium) and communicating through a large rectangular cloakroom (apodytherium). South of the complex, an impressively large palestra or basilica discoperta was located, which provided a place of rest and recreation for the legionaries after their baths. North of the caldarium, a huge praefurnium has been discovered, which heated the caldarium and supplied very hot water to the two small rectangular bathing pools (alvei). Another room in the complex of the legionary bath was the frigidarium with a rectangular swimming pool (natatio), situated in the south-east of the complex. It must be pointed out that most rooms in the building of the legionary bath were provided with under floor central heating by means of hot air,

using a system of hypocaust basements. The complex of the legionary bath in Novae probably took up one building insula of the camp. Among the smaller items discovered by the Polish and Bulgarian excavation teams, particularly interesting are: more than 140 Latin and Greek inscriptions; 900 architectural details; fragments of marble sculptures and bas-reliefs; more than 100 ceramic oil lamps; a wide assortment of household objects made of glass, bone, bronze and iron; a wide assortment of ceramic kitchenware, tableware and amphorae; ceramic building material bearing the stamps of the legions: the 1st Italian, the 5th Macedonian and the 11th “Claudia”; bronze and silver coins, including a hoard of 381 bronze folles; early Christian stone reliquaries; and marble furnishings of the episcopal basilica, including a pulpit, an iconostasis and mensae sacrae.

The international interdisciplinary research team of the Archeological Expedition of the UAM consists of Polish, Bulgarian and Ukrainian scholars, scientists and experts, including archeologists, architects, a historian of the art, an epigraphist, a historian, a geologist, an archeozoologist, a numismatist, a photographer and specialists in the restoration of stone and metal artifacts. Archeological field work provides material for various and comprehensive studies of the categories of archeological sources acquired by the exploration by the Polish and Bulgarian archeological expeditions to Novae.

Dr. Andrzej Biernacki, an archeologist of the Institute of History of the Adam Mickiewicz University (Uniwersytet im.Adama Mickiewicza) in Poznań

Dr. Elena Klenina, M.A., of the Nacional´nyj Zapovednik «Chersones Tavričeskij» (the National Reserve “Chersonesus Taurica,” Sevastopol, Ukraine

Prof. Rafał Czerner, Ph.D., D.Sc., of the Polytechnic University of Wrocław (Politechnika Wrocławska)

Prof. Janusz Skoczylas, Ph.D., D.Sc., an archeologist-geologist of the Institute of Geology of the Adam Mickiewicz University (Uniwersytet im.Adama Mickiewicza) of Poznań

Prof. Tomasz Wujewski, Ph.D., D.H., an historian of the art of the Institut of Art History of the Adam Mickiewicz University (Uniwersytet im.Adama Mickiewicza) of Poznań

Prof. Daniel Makowiecki, Ph.D.,D.H. an archeozoologist of the Institute of Archaeology of Mikołaj Kopernik University (Uniwersytet im.Mikołaja Kopernika), Toruń

Dr. Bożena Stawoska-Jundziłł of the Kazimierz Wielki University (Uniwersytet im.Kazimierza Wiel�kiego), Bydgoszcz

Dr. Evgenija Genčeva of the Institute of Archeology of the Bulgarian Academy of Science

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Dr. Pavlina Vladkova of the Archeological Museum of Veliko Tărnovo

Dr. Kamen Dimitrov of the Institute of Thracian Studies of the Bulgarian Academy of Science

Ms. Monika Nowak, archeologist of the Institute of History of the Adam Mickiewicz University (Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza) of Poznań

The research results and the experience which the members of the Archeological Expedition of the UAM have gained at Novae, are now finding a practical use in other research projects.

The results of the exploration of Novae have been and are presented at numerous international congresses and conferences worldwide, arousing increasing interest among archeologists and historians as well as epigraphists, geologists, physicists and archeozoologists.

The exploration is funded by Poland’s Ministry of Science and University Education, the President of the UAM and the Head of the Institute of History of the UAM.

The members of the research team of the Expedition hereby give their most sincere thanks of the Office of the President of the Adam Mickiewicz University, and in particular to the Deputy Presidents Prof. Bronisław Marciniak, Ph.D.,D.Hab. and Prof. Marek Kręglewski, Ph.D.,D.Hab., as well as to the Director Of the Institute of History of the UAM, Prof. Bohdan Lapis, Ph.D.,D.Hab, for their kind assistance to and support of our research program and the preparation of the publications.

Under the grant of the Ministry of Science and University Education No. 2 H01G 082 25 “The Bishopric of Novae (Moesia Secunda, 4th–6th cent.): History, Architecture, Daily Life,” the interdisciplinary research team consisting of Polish,

Bulgarian and Ukrainian scholars has prepared the following publications

The results achieved under the present grant, and supported by comprehensive studies of both written sources and numerous categories of archaeological sources, have made it possible to reconstruct the history, architecture (by identifying the six stages of the construction and reconstruction of the episcopal complex) and many aspects of daily life of the bishopric of Novae throughout its existence from the late 4th cent. (after 382) until no later than 620 (the latest coin dates to 612).

The first book brought out under the present grant was published in 2006 in the series Novae. Studies and Materials of the Adam Mickiewicz University. This monograph by Elena Klenina is the first study of late Ancient ceramic tableware and kitchenware in the literature not only of Novae, but also of the entire province of Moesia Secunda. In her discussion, the author makes use of the results of the physical-and-chemical tests conducted at the Freie Universität of Berlin.

Elena Klenina: Ceramic Tableware and Kitchenware of the 3rd–4th Cent. in Novae (Northern Bulgaria), [in:] Novae. Studies and Materials II, Poznań, Sevastopol 2006, 213 pages (published in Russian, with extensive summaries in Polish and English).

Beside the present collection of Novae Studies and Materials III, the international interdisciplinary research-and-scientific team is now ending the preparation of the publication of another three volumes summarizing the research under grant 2 H01G 082 25 “The Bishopric of Novae (Moesia Secunda, 4th–6th cent.): History, Architecture, Daily Life.”

INTRODUCTION

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With a total of 381 coins the hoard from the thermae, found in 1994, is one of the two biggest hoards ever found in Novae.� The discovery was reported in time. A forthcoming publication of two parts: archaeology by Dr A. Biernacki and numismatics (in fact the present work) by Dr K. Dimitrov was announced as well.2 A short essay considered the essential numismatic specifications (issuing rulers, coin types and mints), determined the date of burial to to AD 346-348) and commented on a possible relation to the religious hostilities in the Late Empire in theEmpire in thempire in the AD 340’ies.3 Except an exhaustive publication of the hoard here is aimed to compare the data to three other hoards from Novae and to the abundant single coins uncovered in Novae, Iatrusncovered in Novae, Iatrus4, Nicopolis ad Istrum5 and Oescus.� Similar approach underlines the fundamental role of the hoard from the thermae in a complex investigation on the coin circulation in AD 330-348 not only in Novae, but whitin a larger part of Moesia only in Novae, but whitin a larger part of Moesiaonly in Novae, but whitin a larger part of Moesiawhitin a larger part of Moesiain a larger part of Moesia Secunda.

� The other hoard consists of 363 antoniniani and folles, dated up to AD 316-317. Three other coins and an extranea of 5 later pieces from the 4th C AD belong probably to the same lot, all uncovered on the principii of Novae, see A. Kunisz, Le trésor d’antoniniens et de folles des «Principia» de la légion de Novae (Bulgarie). Warsawa, 1987. 2 A.B. Biernacki, P. Pawlak, Novae-Western sector, 1994. Preliminary report on the excavations of the archaeological expedition of Adam Mickiewicz-University in Poznan. «Archeologia» (Warsawa), XLVII, 1996 (1997), pp. 75-76; A.B. Biernacki, �. Klenina Biernacki, �. Kleninanacki, �. Klenina, �. Klenina�. Klenina. KleninaKlenina, The Legionary Bath from the 3d-4th Cent. in Novae (Moesia Inferior). «Novaensia», 14 (2003), p. 187.187.3 К. Димитров, Монетното съкровище от термите на Нове и религиозните борби през 341-346 г., Spartacus II, �. Търново (Фабер), 2006, cc. 81-86.4 �. Schoenert­Geiss, Die Fundmuenzen von Krivina. Iatrus-Krivina. Spaetantike Befestigung und fruehmittelalterlich Siedlung an der unteren Donau, Band I (=Schriften zur Geschichte und Kultur der Antike, 17). Berlin 1979, pp. 167-209, Nos. 57-62, 76-91, 94-95, 106-120, 134-152, Taf. 65-78; Idem, Die Fundmuenzen. Iatrus-Krivina. Spaetantike Befestigung und fruehmittelalterlich Siedlung an der unteren Donau, Band IV. Berlin 1991, pp. 213-240, Nos 628-629, 633-634, 636-641, 650-653, 655-662, 670-680, Taf. 85-88., Taf. 85-88.Taf. 85-88.5 K. Butcher, The Coins. Nicopolis ad Istrum. A Roman, Late Roman and Early Byzantine City. Excavations 1985-1992 by A. Poulter. London, 1995, pp. 269- 314, Nos 179-240, pl. Poulter. London, 1995, pp. 269- 314, Nos 179-240, pl.Poulter. London, 1995, pp. 269- 314, Nos 179-240, pl. XXXVIII-XXXIX. � P. Иванов, T. Ковачева, Улпия Ескус (Ulpia Oescus). Р. Иванов (ред.). Римски и ранновизантийски градове в България, тoм І, София (Иврай), 2002, cc. 31-58, табл. ІV, VІ, VІІІ, Х, ХІІ, ХІV.

I could study the coins from the excavations in sectors I, VIII A and X-B(ulgarian) at Novae being a regular member of the Bulgarian team from 1975 to 2000 incl., headed by Mrs Ass. Professor Maria Čičikova (to 1986), Professor Alexandra Milčeva (to 1996) and Ass. Professor Evgenia Gencheva (from 1996 on), all from the National Archaeological Institute in Sofia. I owe the opportunity to explore the most recent finds in VIII A to Mrs Dr Pavlina Vladkova from the Regional Museum of History at Museum of History atMuseum of History atof History atat V. Tarnovo. The coins from sectors II to X-P(olish) and XI were included here thanks to the kindness of Mr Professor Tadeush Sarnowski and Professor Piotr Dyczek from the University in Warsaw and of Dr Andrej Biernacki from the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan. Mr Pety Donewski, Director of the Museum of History «Aleko Constantinov» in of History «Aleko Constantinov» in «Aleko Constantinov» in Svistov and Mr Plamen Draganchev, keeper, offered me the chance to complete the work with the coins from the Museum’ s general collection. May all these colleagues accept once again my feelings of deepest once again my feelings of deepestonce again my feelings of deepest gratitude. Mrs M. Čičikova was for me a source of a number of valuable data and considerations on many of the archaeological sites and problems in Novae. The present work bears the typical spirit of a 30 year long cooperation and friendship between Bulgarian and Polish researchers. I am taking herebyam taking herebytaking herebying hereby herebyhereby the opportunity to thank once again Dr. Biernacki for the marvellous atmosphere and the unforgettable summers in Novae.

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CHAPTER I. THE LARGE LEGIONARY BATH IN NOVAE IN THE LIGHT

OF ARCHEOLOGICAL RESEARCH (А.В.В.)In the years 1974–2006, the research work of the

Archeological Expedition of the Adam Mickiewicz University (Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza, UAM) focused on the center of the city, immediately west of the principia (the commandant’s headquarters). Now it has been established that between the first half of the 2nd cent. and the end of the 6th cent. A.D., this was an area of uninterrupted construction and activity. An impressive complex of legionary baths has been discovered at this site, dated to the second half of the 2nd cent.�

The praefurnium of the legionary bath complex (squares XVII, 44, 45, 64, 65) measures 2.30-2.35 × 3.21 m and is 1.80 m away to the north from the northern outer wall of the 3rd–4th cent. bath. The space in between is occupied by a rectangular room 7.40 m long and 1.80 m wide.2 The furnace canal is located in the middle of the northern long wall. On the outer, southern side the furnace structure consists of two pillars measuring 1.68 × 1.30 m (eastern one) and 0.87 × 1.30 m (western one). The blocks in the praefurnium walls were 0.30-0.36 m long, set in white mortar. There is evidence of high temperatures having operated on them. Traces of the bricks structure, 0.46 m wide and 0.35 high, have been preserved on the stone base in the southern face of the eastern pillar, 0.95 m from the furnace opening. The eastern face of this pillar is made up of blocks measuring 0.52 × 0.40 × ?; 0.74 × 0.42 × ?; 1.00 × 0.18 × ? m. At a distance of 0.87 m from the furnace opening there is a stretch of N-S wall at least 0.70 m wide visible in the western pillar of the praefurnium; this wall is of stone and bricks fragments in lime mortar tempered with building ceramics. The furnace canal itself has walls made of bricks 0.06, 0.07, 0.075 m thick and 0.26, 0.27, 0.28 m long. A maximum of nine courses of bricks has been preserved to a height of 0.72 m. The canal is 2.30-2.35 m and 0.62-0.66 m wide and narrows down toward the south where it extends 0.39

� Biernacki, A.B., The Roman Legionary Bath from the C2nd AD in Novae (Moesia Inferior), in: Limes XVIII, Proceedings of the XVIII International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies held in Amman, Jordan (September 2000) BAR International Series 1084 (II), 2002, pp.649-6622 Biernacki, A.B., Pawlak, P., Novae- Sektor Zachodni, 1994, Preliminary Report on the Excavations of the Archaeological Expedition of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Archeo�logia 47, 1996 (1997), pp.68-69

m into the hypocaust cellar. At the junction with the floor the walls round off gradually, giving in effect a trapezoid section. This kind of structure guaranteed proper circulation of gas and smoke. Later one, the canal was filled with blocks of stone and pieces of a limestone cornice. Layers of ash and soot (ca 20 cm thick) were also recorded at the bottom of the furnace.

The praefurnium was built probably in the second half of the 2nd cent. and was used to the heat the caldarium.3 In the 3rd/4th cent., as indicated by the stones with which is was blocked, it went out of operation.

Part of a hypocaust cellar was uncovered between the praefurnium and the northern outer wall of the 3rd/4th cent. bath; it measures 5.30 × 1.80 m (squares XVII 64/65). On axis with the furnace canal, there were fragments of two bricks wall on a stone base preserved in the southern wall of this space. The two walls are probably what remains of the passage in the wall between to units at the hypocaust-cellar level. The walls are 0.59 m and 0.47 wide, the space between them (the passage) 0.44 m. The floor of this passage was made of a strongly burned limestone slab with a 0.20 m layer of ash deposited on top of it. Inside the hypocaust cellar, four fragmentarily preserved pillars of the suspensura were uncovered. The ceramic tiles used for the pillars are 0.035-0.06 m thick, with sides measuring 0.25-0.27 m, set in yellowish lime mortar tempered with building ceramics. Two of the suspensura pillars in the Eastern part of the hypocaust cellar still supported a fragment of ceramic tile floor, belonging to the room above the cellar. The floor consists of two layers: The ceramic tiles 0.06 m thick, 0.40 m to the side, were covered with lime mortar tempered with building ceramics. The plastered floor was renovated at least once. The bottom mortar layer is 0.11 m thick, upper one, which has a floor marble slab set into it, is 0.10-0.14 m thick.

The hypocaust cellar and room above it were both presumably built in the second half of 2nd cent. The room probably served as an alveus in the legionary bath. In Roman baths, the alveus is often encountered between the praefurnium and caldarium and takes on

3 This location of theThis location of the praefurnium is interesting to say the least, because its service area was adjacent on the north with the via principalis which was the camp’s most important artery. The proximity of the praefurnium must have been onerous for pass�ers-by heading in the direction of the headquarters.

18

the form of two or three pools with hot water4 It was considered an integral part of the caldarium. In the case of the legionary bath at Novae, the alveus presumably consisted of two pools. When the bath was rebuilt in the 3rd/4th cent., the northern end wall was erected immediately on top of the floor of the hypocaust cellar and on the top of the southern walls of the alveus pools. By the same, both the praefurnium and pools ceased to function and were no longer incorporated into the new bath building.

The caldarium has the form of a rectangle measuring 14.55 × 5.85-5.95 m. Its western part was made up of a semicircular pool with the maximum diameter of 5.95 m and the radius of 3.70 m (squares XVII 62-65, 82-85, 102-105).5 The wall of the pool apse is 1.00 m wide and was made of stones (maximum side length 0.32 m)set in waterproof lime mortar tempered with gravel and building ceramics in large quantities. The suspensura pillars of the 3rd/4th cent. have been preserved in situ in the hypocaust cellar of this pool; there are also 14 impressions of the pillars from the legionary period dated to the second half of the 2nd cent. The distance between the pillars ranges from 0.30 to 0.43 m. The northern wall of this room in now perceived as a combination of a number of building phases. The western stretch of the wall should be considered the oldest; here it forms a wall of the pool and ends in a rectangular pillar that extends beyond the outer northern face of the wall (square XVII 63). This stretch of wall is 1.14 m wide. The trapezoid pillar is 0.90 × 0.96 × 1.22 m, uncovered to a height of 1.82 m, it is located 4.44 m east of the northwestern corner of the bath structure. At a distance of 0.56 m west of the pilaster, remains of a vaulted passage and a stretch of canal were discovered in the northern wall. The canal carried off water from the frigidarium of the early Byzantine episcopal bath (square XVII 63). The installation is clearly two-phased. A wall of three bricks and two stone blocks clearly belongs to the older phase. The bricks are 0.04 and 0.05 m thick, set in white lime mortar tempered with building ceramics. The wall of the passage is preserved up to 0.71 m from stone bottom. The stones preserved in the western wall indicate that the width of this passage was about 0.65 m. To make the passage, to northern wall of the legionary bath from the second half of the 2nd

4 A similar design is encountered, e.g., in the baths at StockstadtA similar design is encountered, e.g., in the baths at Stockstadt and Zugmantel, City Bath, Great City Bath II at Cambodunum, Small Eastern Bath at Timgad, Northeastern Bath at Epidauros, Double Bath at Ptolemais, cf. Nielsen,I., Thermae et Balenea. The Architecture and Cultural History of Roman Public Baths, vol. I-II, Aarhus 1991.I-II, Aarhus 1991.5 Biernacki, A.B., Pawlak, P., Novae- Sektor Zachodni, 1994, Preliminary Report on the Excavations of the Archaeological Expedition of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Archeo�logia 47, 1996 (1997), pp.69

cent. was partly cut through. In the hypocaust cellar under the pool, on either side of the passage, there are two parallel brick walls 1.31 m long and 0.30 m wide. The walls are presumably the remains of a furnace canal belonging to the praefurnium which serviced the northern part of the 3rd/4th cent. bath.

With the construction of the 3rd/4th cent. bath the caldarium of the legionary bath was divided into four parts with partition walls. The semicircular pool received new suspensura pillars (40 are preserved) made of bricks with sides 0.30; 0.31; 0.34 m and thickness 0.045; 0.05 m, bonded with white mortar tempered with gravel and ceramic building elements.� The distances between the pillars range from 0.19 m to 0.485 m. The complete pillar preserved in the South-Eastern corner of the pool consists of 10 ceramic tiles and supported two floor slabs which were 0.07 and 0.06 m thick. The full height of pillar plus floor on it was thus 1.10 m. The suspensura pillars were erected on the floor of the hypocaust cellar which was made of ceramic tiles laid on a 0.10 m thick layer of lime mortar size ably tempered with building ceramics. Traces of two layers of plaster were discovered of the walls of the pool: a waterproof plaster 0.015 m thick and a white lime mortar tempered with building ceramics, 0.05 m thick.

In the hypocaust cellar of the semicircular caldarium pool of the legionary bath, rebuilt and adapted for use also in the 3rd/4th cent. bath complex, a hoard of 381 bronze coins and a bronze padlock were discovered. The coins were found in situ, next to a suspensura pillar standing very close to the wall, the farthest away from the vaulted hypocaust passages. Originally they were presumably kept in a small wooden box closed with a bronze padlock, as suggest the tiny pieces of wood preserved inside the casing of the padlock. The layout of the pieces shows that they come from the wall of a wooden box on which the padlock was mounted.

The eastern wall of the pool, which follows a N-S orientation (squares XVII 63,83), is 5.20 m long and �.�� m wide.� It is preserved to a height of 0.90-1.30 m from the hypocaust floor level. The bricks and stones used in its construction are of irregular size, the bond it is irregular, too. The lime mortar used to bond it is white and tempered with gravel and building ceramics. On top of the wall, a fragment of the floor has been preserved in the form of a ceramic tile, 0.08 m thick, 0.59 m to side, set in lime mortar, the same

� Biernacki, A.B., Pawlak, P., Archeologia 47, 1996 (1997), op.cit., pp.72� Biernacki, A.B., Pawlak, P., Novae- Sektor Zachodni, 1993, Preliminary Report on the Excavations of the Archaeological Expedition of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Archeo�logia 46, 1995 (1996), p.50.

19

as in the wall. The footing in the eastern face of the wall is 0.055- 0.085 m wide. At a distance of 1.50 m and 3.02 m from the northeastern corner of the pool, two vaulted passages were discovered in the wall. The southern one is 0.53 m wide, the walls are preserved to 0.40 m and part of the brick arch of the vault to 0.74 m (the top is missing). The northern passage is 0.57 m wide and 0.70 m high, but the walls are preserved only to 0.39 m. The fully preserved arch consists of 16 bricks, each 0.045 m thick, bonded with white lime mortar tempered with gravel and building ceramics. The voussoir stone measures: 0.125 m × 0.28 × 0.09 m. The bottoms of the passages are of stones.

The southern wall of the pool (squares XVII 83,103) is a two-phase structure. It is made up of two walls that touch upon each other (following an E-W orientation). The older wall was in all probability the southern wall of the caldarium of the 2nd cent. bath; the younger one was constructed during the 3rd/4th cent. renovations.8 This younger wall, which is 0.63 m wide, is made of blocks in a white lime mortar tempered with building ceramics, the older, legionary wall is �.�� m wide and is made of brick and stone in alternate courses, bonded with limes mortar tempered with gravel. Where the arch springs, at a distance of 0.71 from the southeastern corner of the pool’s hypocaust cellar, there is a vaulted passage 0.46 m wide and preserved to 0.63 m height. The uncovered fragment of the arch is constructed of bricks which are 0.05; 0.06 m thick and 0.26; 0.29 m long, laid in white lime mortar tempered with considerable amounts of gravel. The passage operated in both baths, as indicated by two occupational levels on its bottom separated by 0.17 m.

The room to the west of the pool measures: 5.20-5.24 × 1.80-1.92 m (squares XVII 63,64,83,84). Its northern wall was constituted by the end wall of the 3rd/4th cent. building, presumably standing on top of an earlier wall from legionary bath. The width of the wall in this place is 1.04 m. It was made mainly of stone blocks measuring a maximum of 0.30 × 0.17 m, in courses laid in white lime mortar tempered with gravel and building ceramics. The eastern wall of this room,� �.�� m wide, was made of blocks in an irregular bond, set in white lime mortar tempered

8 The first sections of these walls with vaulted openings wereThe first sections of these walls with vaulted openings were discovered in 1974. Biernacki, A.B.,Czerniak, L., Kotecki, J., Olczak, J., Parnicki-Pudełko, St.,Novae- Sektor Zachodni, 1974, Preliminary Report on the Excavations of the Archaeological Expedition of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Archeo- Archeo�logia 27, 1976, (1977), pp. 150,151,154,155, fig 30-32; Olczak J.,, Biernacki,A.B., Kotecki,J., Herbich, T., Novae-Sektor Zachodni 1974, Part I, Poznań 1978, pp.69-73� The southern end of the room’s eastern wall was uncoveredThe southern end of the room’s eastern wall was uncovered in 1974; cf. Olczak, J.,, Biernacki, A.B., Kotecki J., Herbich T., op.cit., pp.69-71.

with gravel and building ceramics. This wall was interposed between the southern and the northern wall of unit. Six rectangular pillars have been preserved in the hypocaust cellar of this room ( three pillars adjoining the northern wall of the room, three adjoining the southern one); the pillars measured 0.30-0.32 × 0.48-0.54 m and were preserved from 0.30 to 0.73 m high. The ceramic tiles, of which they are made, are 0.04 m thick and bonded with white lime mortar tempered with gravel and building ceramics. The spaces between particular pillars range from 0.29 to 0.34 m. Six impressions of square pillars have also been preserved. The pillars in this room are connected with the 3rd/4th century rebuilding, in all probability. The floor in the hypocaust cellar was a layer of stones and brick fragments bonded with lime mortar.

The next room to the east of the one discussed above has the following dimensions: 5.20-5.22 × 4.07-4.10 m (squares XVII 64,84). The northern wall of the room is preserved to 2.40 m from the hypocaust floor level. It is made of roughly dressed blocks (with edges 0.30 m long) and an insignificant amount of brick, bonded with lime mortar tempered with gravel and building ceramics. The outer northern face of the wall is particularly interesting, for it bears impressions of wooden scaffolding, ghost planks or beams arranged horizontally (some sizes: 1.20 × 0.30 m; 1.07 × 0.25 m; 1.00 × 0.30 m; 0.90 × 0.28 m). The scaffolding was used only on the northern side of the end wall of the 3rd/4th cent. bath. It was taken down after construction work ended; at that time the area was presumably leveled, and the praefurnium and alveus pools of the legionary bath were filled in. The wall was founded immediately on top of the hypocaust cellar floor tiles, the southern pool walls and stretch of the furnace canal inside the alveus of the legionary bath. The southern face of this wall was constructed in the traditional bond. The part of the wall which was analyzed is 5.25 m long and 1,07-1.17 m wide. The eastern wall of the room, 0.76 m wide and preserved to a height of 2.60 m, was made of stones laid in irregular courses, bonded in white lime mortar tempered with gravel and building ceramics. At either end, wall runs up to the northern and southern walls of the room.

In the southern wall (make up of two adjoining walls, one from the legionary bath, the other from the 3rd/4th century building) there were three passages (squares XVII 84,104), including one vaulted, 0.64 m wide, 0.92 m high, at a distance of 1.23 m away from the southwestern corner of the room.�� The vaulted arch was made of 18 bricks (0.04-0.07 m thick, with

�� The northern end of this opening was discovered in 1974,The northern end of this opening was discovered in 1974, Ol­czak, J., Biernacki, A.B., Kotecki J., Herbich T., op.cit.,pp 68, 69, fig. 57.

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sides 0.27-0.28 m). Another 1.23 m to the east of it, there were the two other passages both finished off squarely with one long slab serving as a lintel (1.20 × 0.60 × 0.32 m) supported in the center on a stone pillar 0.77 high. The western passage was 0.32 m wide at the base and 0.38 m toward the top; its height was 0.79 m. As for the eastern passage, it was 0.80 m high and its width was 0.43-0.46 m. The stone slab lintel was at the same time a threshold in the entrance to one of the bath’s room. Stratigraphy would indicate three phases of use in the case of this particular entrance. At first, the threshold was about 1.00 m wide, in the last phase it was narrowed down to 0.70 m. A small fragment of a stone door frame was discovered (0.32 m long, 0.44 m high, 0.18 m thick).

In the hypocaust cellar of the room there were 6 rectangular little pillars and 6 suspensura pillars made of rectangular ceramic tiles (0.30 × 0.31 × 0.10 m, and 0.30 × 0.30 ×.0.05 m ). The distances between them are 0.33-0.35 m. The pillars uncovered next to the northern wall of this room measure: 0.28-0.31 × 0.50 m, and have been preserved to 0.40-0.90 m. Structural analysis of the pillars indicates that they were built in the 3rd/4th cent. The floor of the hypocaust cellar was made in the same way as in the neighboring room.

The fourth room is located to the east of the one discussed above and measures 2.40 × 5.20 m.�� The southern wall of the hypocaust cellar of this room has a vaulted passage in it, 0.65 m wide, 0.95 m high. In the eastern wall, there is an entrance with a threshold stone and door frame fragments. In the earliest phase the doorway presumably connected the caldarium and frigidarium of the legionary bath. In the northern stretch of the eastern wall, 10 iron dowels were preserved in situ in a rough line measuring 2.00 m, spaced every 0.15 to 0.35 m apart. The dowels presumably served to mount the inner, heated wall of the caldarium.12

In volume and form the caldarium II (?) – sudatorium (?) of the legionary bath (squares XVII, 103-105, 124, 125) corresponded to the caldarium I described above.13 In the northwestern part of this room (square XVII 102) a fragment of an apse was found to be adjacent to the legionary bath’s caldarium pool. Distinct structural similarities suggest another semicircular pool in this case.

�� This room was cleared in part in 1974-1976,This room was cleared in part in 1974-1976, Olczak, J., Bier­nacki, A.B., Kotecki J., Herbich T. op.cit.,pp. 63-66, fig.55; Par­nicki-Pudełko, S., Rejon forum – Odcinek X, in: Novae-Sektor Zachodni 1976,1978, Poznań 1981, pp.7-8.12 Further confirmation of the structural design presented byFurther confirmation of the structural design presented by Medeksza, St., in: Appendix II , Episcopal Bath. Heating Instal�lations. Preliminary Technical and Functional Analysis., Ar�cheologia 47, 1996 (1997), pp.80-84..13 Nilsen, I., op.cit. vol.I, pp.153-166.

The eastern wall of the pool is 0.57 m wide, made of ceramic tiles 0.04-0.08 m thick, with sides ranging from 0.19-0.45 m. The uncovered stretch of the wall is 2.93 m long and is bonded in white lime mortar tempered with building ceramics. It reaches the southern caldarium wall. The remains of two passages, one 0.36-0.39 m wide, the other 0.38-0.40 m, were discovered. The bottom of the pool’s hypocaust cellar in the uncovered (square XVII 103) with 14 suspensura pillars made of bricks measuring: 0.17-0.20 × 0.18-0.20 × 0.07-0.08 m, bonded in white lime mortar tempered with gravel. Maximum preserved height is 0.64 m, the distances between them from 0.30 to 0.40 m. Presumably, they are part of the legionary bath. On the east this part of the hypocaust cellar was bordered by a stone�and�brick wall founded immediately on the floor; this wall is 0.71 m wide (square XVII 104) and reached the northern wall of the caldarium of the legionary phase. It should be dated to the 3rd/4th cent. stage.

East of the wall, further sections of the hypocaust cellar were discovered (4.50 × 2.60-3.20 m) along with remains of suspensura pillars (squares XVII 104, 105, 124, 125), at least 10 of them in situ. The best preserved one is 0.75 m high. The floor of the cellar was made of fragments of ceramic tiles in lime mortar. Some of the tiles have the Legio I Italica stamps. The pillars are to be dated to the second half of 2nd century.

The northern face of the caldarium wall from the 3rd/4th cent. structure and the later Episcopal bath was also uncovered during excavations in squares XVII 104, 105.14 Founded immediately on the hypocaust cellar floor, the pool wall, which is preserved up to 2.40 m in height, has footing at the base which is 0.07-0.09 m wide. The foundation part of this wall was probably 0.94 m high. Traces of a lime plaster were observed on this wall.

Tepidarium: In 1990, immediately to the south of frigidarium of the episcopal bath, a fragment of an arched exedra of stone and brick 0.07 m thick was discovered. It was bonded in yellowish lime mortar tempered with gravel (square XVII 143).15 The wall

14 The caldarium pool of the Episcopal bath was partly uncov-The caldarium pool of the Episcopal bath was partly uncov�ered in 1984; Parnicki-Pudełko, S., Biernacki, A.B., Schramm, Z., Novae- Sektor Zachodni, 1984, Preliminary Report on the Excavations of the Archaeological Expedition of Adam Mickie�wicz University in Poznań, Archeologia 37, 1986 (1987), pp.136-138, fig.10,11.15 Biernacki, A.B., Jagłowski, P., Mrozewicz, L., Novae� Sektor Zachodni, 1993, Preliminary Report on the Excavations of the Archaeological Expedition of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Archeologia 43, 1992, p.100; Biernacki, A.B., Pawlak,P., Medeksza, St., Novae- Sektor Zachodni, 1992, Preliminary Re�port on the Excavations of the Archaeological Expedition of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 45, 1994 (1995), pp.36,39,fig.4.

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of the exedra is 1.00 m wide. On the inside face there are traces of a pinkish waterproof mortar. This is most probably the southern part of the apse of the tepidarium of the legionary bath. The adjacent rooms to the north were the sudatorium and caldarium II, which were also similar in size and form. In 1994, remains of a vaulted passage 0.65 m wide were discovered in the structure of the pool which constituted a foundation under the western wall of the frigidarium of the later episcopal bath. The passage walls were preserved to 0.43-0.53 m (square XVII 142).�� In the northern wall of the passage, two bricks from the arch of the vault have been preserved; they are 0.04 and 0.045 m thick, with sides measuring 0.305 and 0.31 m. Inside, the passage is filled with stones and brick fragments, and a white mortar tempered with gravel and building ceramics was poured over the fill. Next of the northern wall of passage, a rectangular stone pilaster (0.98 × 0.44 m, preserved height 0.42 m).was found to have been added at one point. On the walls of the vaulted passage and the pilaster there is evidence of high temperatures. At a distance of some 0.17 m north of the pilaster, a stretch of stone wall was found to follow an E-W course for a length of 1.49 m; it is 0.37 m wide and there are remains of waterproof pinkish mortar on the southern face. This is presumably a praefurnium heating the tepidarium pool of the legionary bath. It stopped operating when the western end wall of the 3rd/4th cent. bath was built. What is interesting is that western face of the end wall was reserved in relation to the legionary bath wall by 0.18-0.24 m to the east. The newly discovered furnace-praefurnium was located in a vaulted cryptoportico which measures 10.96 × 3.00 m. The western wall of the cryptoportico is 11.66 m long; on the inside, it formed an arch of vault in the form of one-fourth of the circle supported on the wall of the legionary bath. The northern wall of this room was 0.70 m wide, built of stones bonded in white lime mortar tempered with gravel and building ceramics. There was an entrance in this wall which was 0.94- 0.97 m wide.

South of these rooms, there was a huge palestra or basilica discoperta, a place for the legionaries’ rest and recreation after the bath. Basilicae discopertae of a similar design may be seen, e.g., in the Julia Memmia Baths of Bulla Regia (Hammam-Barradji in Africa Proconsularis), in the Large Baths “Palais duPalais du Legat” of Lambaesis, or in the Bath-Gymnasium of” of Lambaesis, or in the Bath-Gymnasium of Odessos (Varna).

The enormous rectangular interior south of the caldarium has the dimensions 32.80 × 18.10 m, or app. 110 × 60 Roman feet; its characteristic feature are

�� Biernacki, A.B., Pawlak, P., Novae- Sektor Zachodni, 1993, Archeologia 46,1995 (1996), p.51.

rectangular pilasters at the northern and the southern wall. So far we have examined ten of these indoor pilasters; out of these, four, of the dimensions app. 0.90 × 0.70 m, are at the northern wall. The pilasters are spaced between 1.80 and 2.20 m. In the northern wall of the room, we also registered the remnants of an opening 1.20 m wide, preserved up to the height of 0.67–0.88 m. The exploration of the layer directly under the floor of the north-western part of the nave of the episcopal basilica (squares XVI 240 & XVII 221) revealed the vestiges of the southern wall of the basilica discoperta. The uncovered fragment of the wall is 5.70 m long and 0.90 m thick, and preserved up to the maximum height of app. 2.30 m (at the southern face). In the northern face of the wall, three pilasters of a similar size (0.70 × 0.90 m) were found, constituting integral parts of the design of the wall and spaced at distances of 1.80 m. Both the pilasters and the southern wall of the basilica discoperta are made of stones laid in stripes and bound by means of lime mortar. The south-western corner and the entrance in the western wall of the basilica discoperta (squares XVI 237, 238) were built using the same technique. The exposed part of the corner is of the length of 1.90 m (along the axis “West–East”), the breadth of 1.10 m and the height of 1.52 m (in the northern face of the southern wall). 0.77 m away from the corner, the entrance to the basilica discoperta has been revealed, featuring a stone threshold of the dimensions 1.58 × 0.57 × 0.20 m. Another four pilasters were discovered at the western wall of the basilica discoperta in 2001. The first one, located 2.73 m away from the north-western corner, has the dimensions 0.67 × 0.91 m in its offset lower part and 0.58 × 0.76 m in the upper part. Fragments of two coats of plaster 2 cm thick are extant on its southern face. The second pilaster is 1.85 m north of the first one, and has the dimensions 0.77 × 0.91 m. The third pilaster is at the distance of 5.50 m from the second; the dimensions of its lower part are 0.74 × 0.82 m, and its eastern and northern face feature a visible offset 11 cm wide. Finally, the fourth pilaster is 1.59 m north of the third one and 2.56 m south of the north-western corner of the basilica discoperta, and has the dimensions 0.92 × 0.74. The preserved layout of the western wall of the basilica discoperta between the second and the third pilaster suggests that originally this was the location of an entrance of the width of app. 4 m, presumably closed with a double door. Interestingly, no signs of a third entrance in this wall have been found between the fourth pilaster and the north-western corner of the basilica discoperta. If there was indeed no third entrance, then the doors were arranged asymmetrically in the wall. Based on the data acquired so far, and particularly on its characteristic layout and details of architectural design, this large

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interior has been identified as a palaestra or a basilica discoperta, i.e., a place of rest and recreation.��

The complex of legionary baths also comprised, in its south-eastern part, a frigidarium with a rectangular pool with cold water (natatio) of the dimensions 9.80 × 6.50 m.18 The floor of this room was laid with large ceramic tiles of the dimensions 0.50 × 0.50 m. At the east wall of the pool, there were stone seats and two sets of stairs leading from the floor into the water. The bottom of the pool was made of ceramic tiles of the dimensions 0.40 × 0.25 m. The round hole in the bottom of the pool, at its northern wall, of the diameter of 0.15 m, was used for draining water. In the south-eastern part of the palaestra, north of the open-air natatio pool, a section of a sewer running along the “West–East” axis and covered with monolithic stone slabs was encountered. The studied length of the sewer (squares XVII 223, 224) is 11.70 m, its width is between 0.76 and 0.83 m, and its maximum depth, 1.04 m. The lower part of the sewer is made of rough-hewn stone blocks bound with lime mortar, and its upper part, of two or three layers of brick. In the north, the walls of the sewer adjoin an arcaded opening in a wall running along the “North–South” axis. The opening is 0.62 m wide at its bottom and 0.65 m wide at the base of the arch, which is made of brick and pointed..

A large hypocaust interior has been partly unearthed in the south-western part of the complex of the bath. Only the south-western corner of this room has been exposed so far. Its southern wall has been revealed at a length of 14.30 m, and its western wall, at a length of 1.80 m. 92 brick supporting posts have been encountered in the explored south-western part of the room. The posts, extant up to a maximum height of 0.82 m, consist of a base, made of a ceramic slab of the dimensions of 0.39 × 0.42 × 0.06–0.08 m, on which one, two or three other square ceramic slabs are placed, of the length of the side of 0.27–0.30 m and the thickness of 0.04–0.06 m, and on top of this, several bricks of the length of the side of 0.19 m and the thickness of 0.08–0.085 m, laid one on another. Four vaulted brick channels have been found in the southern wall. The westernmost one is 0.66–0.63 m

�� Basilicae discopertae of a similar design have been encoun�tered, e.g., in the Julia Memmia Baths in Bulla Regia (Hammam-Barradji, Africa Proconsularis), the Large Baths of the “PalaisPalais du Légat” in Lambaesis, and the Bath-Gymnasium in Odessos” in Lambaesis, and the Bath-Gymnasium in Odessos (Varna); cf. Nielsen,I., Thermae et Balnea. The Architecture and Cultural History of Roman Public Baths, vol. II, Aarhus, 1991,II, Aarhus, 1991, pp. 161, 176, 208.18 Biernacki, A.B., Termy legionowe, [“The Legionary Ther�mae”] in: Novae — Sektor Zachodni 1986, Preliminary Report on the Excavations of the Archaeological Expedition of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Archeologia 39, 1988 (1990), pp. 151–155.

wide, 0.88 m high (including the vault) and 1.20 m deep. The second one (looking to the east) is 0.70 m wide, 0.85 m high and 0.96 m deep. The third one is 0.60 m wide, 0.90 m high and 0.90 m deep. Finally, the fourth, easternmost one, is 0.58–0.60 m wide, 0.95 m high and 0.98 m deep. Interestingly, only one of these hypocaust channels was fully open at the moment of its discovery, and the other three had been closed up in the south by means of brick walls at unknown times. This suggests that the nature and purpose of the room changed as a lower temperature was required inside it. The differences in the floor levels at the two ends of the operational channel evidence that hot air flew from the north to the south, i.e., that the northern room was cooler at the time of its operation than the large interior with the 92 discovered hypocaust posts.

In the northern face of the wall an opening, apparently used for ventilation, has been revealed, of the width of 0.24 m, the height of 0.21 m, and the depth of 1.05 m. Another feature of the southern wall is an entrance of the width of 1.98 m with a preserved monolithic threshold of the thickness of 0.16 m. The southern wall of the bath is preserved up to a maximum height of 3.22 m above the floor of the hypocaust. During the exploration, fragments of large rectangular ceramic slabs have been found, with cylindrical appendages (pins) of the height of 0.013 m and the diameter of 0.033–0.038 m. A slab of the dimensions of 56.0 × 0.43 × 0.025–0.036 m was furnished with three such pins: two in the corners of one shorter side, and a third one in the middle of the other shorter side. The slabs were the tiles which originally lined the heated walls in the room of the legionary bath. They were secured by means of the pins and spacing bobbins (tubuli). These are the first wall tiles of this type found in Novae; their design differs from those of the other common types of tegulae mammatae.�� Wall tiles in the discussed room were coated with lime plaster and decorated with simple painted geometrical patterns filled with ornamental plant motifs. Stucco cornices with Ionic cymatia adorned the upper parts of the walls. Instances of similar stuccowork and wall painting appeared, e.g., in Pannonia in the first centuries A.D.20 A hypocaust system of a unique design has been found in the western part of the discussed room. It is a system of stone and brick hypocaust posts in an excellent condition of preservation and with extant brick ceiling vaults, one of the very few known from this part of the Empire. The upper parts of the hypocaust were

�� Degbomont, J­M., Le chauffage par hypocauste dans l’habitat privé,» Études et Recherches Archéologiques de l’Université de Liège, n° 17, Liège, 1984, pp. 135–137.20 Thomas, R.,Edit, Balaca. Mozaik, fresko, stukko, Budapest, 1964, pp. IV, XVI, LXXV–LXXVII.

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not buried at the moment of its discovery. The section which has been explored so far has the dimensions 5.50 × 3.00 m. The supporting posts, 0.60 m high, are mostly made of ten bricks of the dimensions 0.27 × 0.27 × 0.05 m, bound with white lime mortar with the addition of fine gravel. They support the ceiling vaults made of bricks of the dimensions 0.27 × 0.14 × 0.05 m and 0.40 × 0.27 × 0.05 m. The maximum clearing between the floor of the hypocaust and the intradoses of the vaults is 0.80–0.90 m. A system of five (along the “West–East” axis) by four (along the “North–South” axis) ceiling vaults has been exposed in the hypocaust. At least three of the brick posts were replaced with rectangular posts of rough-hewn stone at a later period. Above the vaulted hypocaust, there is a three-layered floor 0.35 m thick, apparently the bottom of a bathing pool, 1.43 m wide and at least 5.85 m long. The western wall of the room (which was also a wall of the pool), partly preserved, was 1.30 m thick. North-west of the pool, there was a praefurnium with a furnace 2.70 m long and 0.75 m wide. The praefurnium is made of monolithic stone slabs of the dimensions between 1. 21 × 0.70 m and 0.65 × 0.40 m, with marks of intensive use and exposure to high temperature. East of the furnace, numerous thick layers of ashes have been found. The praefurnium was located in a room 3.90 m wide and more than 5.20 m long,21 with a wall 0.70 m thick in the west and 2.00 m thick in the south. The present extent of exploration has not yet yielded sufficient data for reconstructing the layout of this complex of rooms in detail or for establishing their specific purposes. The big brick structure of the dimensions 2.90 × 2.50 m, which constitutes a corner of the room, might well have been the base of the tank which supplied water to the nearby pool

Exploration of the room revealed ceramic tubes having the characteristic shape of an amphora, inserted into one another and filled with lime mortar. These constituted the ribs of the vaulted ceiling of the room.22 This design of vault ribs was previously known only from Asia Minor and Syria, dating to the period up to the reign of Constantine the Great.23

In the south-western section of the complex, another large room has been discovered: the caldarium of the legionary baths of the next period, dated to the 3rd–4th cent. A.D., with a hot-water pool in the south-western part of the room, and a niche in its south-eastern part, which might have contained a

21 The western wall of the room has been uncovered only at thisThe western wall of the room has been uncovered only at this length.22 Medeksza, St., Willa Tezeusza w Nea Pafos. Rezydencja an�tyczna [Theseus’ Villa in Nea Pathos. An Ancient Residence], [Theseus’ Villa in Nea Pathos. An Ancient Residence], Wrocław, 1992, p. 57, Fig. 46c.23 Davey,N., Storia del materiale da costruzione, Milano 1965,Storia del materiale da costruzione, Milano 1965,, Milano 1965, pp. 111–112.

statue. The room had an impressive area of 16.53 × 15.81 m, or 261 sq. m. It must be emphasized that most of the area of the building of the legionary baths was hypocausted, i.e. provided with a system of central heating by means of hot air supplied to hollow spaces under floors (hypocausts). In the southern section of the complex of legionary baths, several large rooms have been identified, each of an area of over 200 sq. m. One of these housed an immense sigma-shaped swimming pool (natatio) of a diameter of 7.80 m, discovered in a very good condition of preservation. On its eastern side, the pool had seats, on which people could sit partly immersed in water. The swimming pool has been exposed at a width of 7.20 m along the axis “North–South,” and at a length of 5.35 m from the base of the sigma (the seats). Our study of the remains of the swimming pool has established that it was constructed in at least two periods. The pool was entered from the level of the floor of a large room (the frigidarium of the baths). In 2006, the ceramic floor of the latter room was discovered in an excellent condition of preservation, which was made of large tiles of the dimensions of 41 × 41, 60 × 60 and 61 × 61 cm.

The total area of the complex of legionary baths in Novae apparently amounted to some 7,000 sq. m. A Roman emperor may have donated the baths to the soldiers of the 1st Legion (Italian) as a reward for their valor and courage during wars with the Dacians. This would explain the size, architectural design and decoration of the baths, which by far exceed the standards of a legionary camp. Legionary baths of a similar design, featuring a palaestra in the south, have been encountered in Potaissa (Turda), where they are dated to the 3rd quarter of the 2nd cent.24 A stratification of the floor projection of the baths of Novae suggests that it belonged to type III, or I. Nielsen’s parallel row type.25 This type of baths achieved its final form in the late 2nd cent. Its six known instances have been found in Bumbeşti (Dacia), Slaveni (Dacia), Boudobriga (Germania Superior), Dinogetia (Moesia Inferior), Lauriacum (Noricum) and Iciniacum (Raetia).26 It was particularly popular in legionary camps in the provinces of Dacia and Moesia Inferior.27 The layout of the legionary baths of Novae resembles those legionary bath of Lauriacum, dated to the period

24 Barbulescu, M., Das Legionslager von Potaissa (Turda), Za�lau 1997, pp. 37–39, Abb. 5, 6, 19.25 I. Nielsen based her typology on D. Krenckner’s classificati-I. Nielsen based her typology on D. Krenckner’s classificati�on; cf. Krencker, D., Kruger, �., Lehmann, H., Wachtler, H., Die Trierer Kaiserthermen, I, Augsburg 1929; Nielsen, I., Thermae et Balnea. The Architecture and Cultural History of Roman Pub-The Architecture and Cultural History of Roman Pub�lic Baths, vol. I, Aarhus 1991, pp. 76–80.I, Aarhus 1991, pp. 76–80.26 Nielsen I., op. cit., vol. II, pp. 137–139, 148.27 Nielsen,I., op. cit., vol I, p. 76.

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of the Severi (?).28 The row of rooms in its left part includes (starting from the north): praefurnium, alveus, caldarium, sudatorium(?) or caldarium II d (?), tepidarium. These rooms were of similar volume and had semicircular pools on the western side. In the right-hand part of the site there was a rectangular room, presumably a frigidarium. The bath was entered from the east through a portico which opened onto the street that separated the bath from the headquarters building. An entrance from the north, or from the via principalis, cannot be excluded either. On the south there was rectangular pilasters and two entrances.29 South of the room interpreted as an apodyterium, there extended a palaestra which ended in the east with a large room with piscine. The plan of the western part of the legionary bath has yet to be clarified.

The results of the studies conducted so far allow us to believe that the complex of the rooms of the legionary baths of Novae occupied an entire insula of an area of app. 7,000 sq. m. Incidentally, the layout of the western edge of the block where the baths were located, has not been satisfactorily determined yet.

In the years 1999 and 2000, further archeological information on the layout of the complex was acquired. The exploration work revealed the foundations and the lower overground sections of three enormous rectangular stone pillars. The first one, located the furthest to the east, has a length of 2.08 m and a width of 1.46 m, and is preserved up to a height of 0.64–1.56 m. It is made of classically rusticated blocks of stone arranged in irregular stripes. The blocks, of the sizes of 0.62 × 0.50–0.95 × 0.46 × 0.75 m, were carefully fitted to one another. The second pillar, discovered in 1997, has the dimensions of 5.35 m (length along the axis “West–East”) × 1.46 m (width). The third pillar, discovered in 1998, is of a length of 5.30 m and a width of 1.45 m. At the longer sides of all the three pillars, there are profiled foundation offsets, whose ends at the shorter sides also served as fender beams protecting the pillars from the traffic of vehicles near and among them. The pillars are spaced at similar distances of between 5.89 and 5.91 m. In a later period, the spaces between the pillars were filled with stone-and-brick walls of the same thickness as the width of the pillars and of lengths of between 5.89 and 5.91 m. The latter have now been exposed up to a height of 0.55–1.90 m. The stones and bricks in the walls were laid in stripes and bound with lime mortar. A foundation offset made of stones has been encountered at the same depth as the offsets of the pillars. At the present stage of the exploration of Novae, the function of the discovered

28 Vetters, H., Das Legionsbad von Lauriacum, Forschungen in Lauriacum I, pp. 49–53.29 Biernacki, A.B., Pawlak, P., Novae- Sektor Zachodni, 1993, Archeologia 46, 1995 (1996), pp.50-51.

foundations and lower fragments of three rectangular pillars may be construed by the hypothesis that they constitute remnants of a spacious aqueduct running on arches, which supplied water to the legionary baths and the nymphaeum. Analogous devices include the ruins of the nymphaea in the camp of the 3rd Legion (Augusti) in Lambaesis and of the so-called septizonium in the civilian city of Lambaesis.30 The latter, dated to the 2nd quarter of the 3rd cent. A.D., was supplied with water by a dedicated aqueduct.31 The similarities of the architectural designs and of the floor projections of the nymphaeum and the septizonium are obvious. While discussing the spatial layouts of a large number of legionary baths, I. Nilsen remarks that “nymphaea could be associated with thermae, in a variety of forms. They are seen only in connection with the palaestra, and could form an imposing frontage facing the natatio”.32 The enormous stone structures discovered directly west of the palestra and the huge stone pillars described above may substantiate the interim hypothesis that a big nymphaeum was located at this site in Novae, supplied with water by means of an aqueduct. Both this design of the nymphaeum and the aqueduct itself would then constitute the first facilities of this type discovered in the Lower Danubian provinces of the Roman Empire. A principal aim of our archeological research of Novae in the years 2007–2010 will be a complete investigation of the spatial layout of the western edge of the block occupied by the complex of legionary baths, including the palaestra and other accessory facilities (the nymphaeum (?) and the aqueduct (?)).

The data collected in the course of our studies of such components of the complex of legionary baths of Novae as are currently known, warrant yet another hypothesis: The examined insula of the legionary camp may have constituted a facility which combined a complex of baths with a gymnasium (?). Obviously it would not have been a typologically pure design, as those known from Asia Minor,33 but rather an attempt at transferring such a solution to Moesia Inferior. The fact that this attempt should have taken place nowhere else but in Novae may be explained by the following considerations: We know of the architectural complex of bath-gymnasium of Odessos (now Varna), whose first period of construction is dated to the year 150

30 Rakob, F., Das Groma-Nymphaeum im Legionslager von Lambaesis, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen In�stituts, Römische Abteilung, Band 86, 1979, pp. 375–397, Taf. 103–117 (with bibliography of previous literature).31 Rakob, F., op. cit., pp. 383, 394–396, Abb. 5–7.32 Nielsen, I., op. cit, vol. I, p. 166.I, p. 166.33 Nielsen,I., op. cit., vol. I, pp. 105–113.

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A.D., and the modification, to app. 300 A.D.34 Also, sources confirm close economic and trade contacts between Novae and Nicopolis ad Istrum (Nikjup). Let us now juxtapose certain historical facts and information from the sources pertaining to the long-lasting archeological investigations of the two cities.

The following events from the history of Nicopolis ad Istrum are relevant to our subject: In the years 130–160 A.D., during the reign of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, the recently-established city of Nicopolis ad Istrum was rapidly expanding. According to A. Poulter, it was at that time that the crucial buildings, columned porticos and majestic entrances to the agora of Nicopolis ad Istrum were erected.35 We are now virtually convinced that colonists from Asia Minor played the essential part in the development of the city as well as in decisions concerning its spatial planning and the applied architectural order and stone material. It is not a mere coincidence that the agora of Nicopolis ad Istrum resembles so closely those of the Grecian cities in the present western Turkey. Direct proof of the influence from Asia Minor are the inscriptions found in Nicopolis ad Istrum, which evidence that stonemasons of Nicomedia and the house builders (domotektoi) of Nicaea operated in this region during a longer time.36 After a period of devastation due to the invasion of the Coistoboci in 170 A.D., there followed a second period of the consumption of the limestone material from the quarries of Hotnica in

34 Nielsen, I., op. cit, vol. II, pp. 45, 208, Fig. 250.II, pp. 45, 208, Fig. 250.35 Poulter, A., Nicopolis ad Istrum: A Roman, Late Roman and Early Byzantine City. Excavations 1985–1992, London 1995, pp. 10–11; Poulter, A., Nicopolis ad Istrum — anatomija na grăko-rimskija grad,[in:] Bulletin. Museum of History — Veliko Turn�ovo, IX, 1994, pp. 11–13.36 Mihailov, G., [ed.], Inscriptiones Graecae in Bulgaria Reper�tae, I–IV, Sofia 1956–1971, II 674; II 690.

Nicopolis ad Istrum and of Novae. For both cities, the reigns of Commodus and of the dynasty of the Severi were times of prosperity, and thereby of a brisk demand for the organogenous detrital limestone of Hotnica. Accordingly, economic and trade contacts developed between the people of Nicopolis ad Istrum and the legionary camp of Novae, and the distance of 45 Roman leagues between the two locations did not pose a major transportation problem. Thus, the colonists from Asia Minor who inhabited Nicopolis ad Istrum may well have transferred the specific concept of the combined baths and gymnasium to the legionary camp of Novae during the period of 130–160 A.D. We hope that the future seasons of excavation work will allow a complete investigation and reconstruction of the spatial layout of the complex of legionary baths in this city and an enhancement of its typological and chronological studies.

Numerous small objects and the stratigraphic and architectural evidence gathered in this complex of rooms date the final stage of the rebuilding and operation of the bath to the period between the reigns of Jordanus III and Constantine the Great. The sources found in the layers corresponding to the time of the destruction of the bath prove that this took place during the war with the foederati in A.D. 376–382.37 It must be pointed out that similar layers with signs of the destruction at the time of the war with the foederati have been discovered in all the explored sectors of Novae.38

37 Hoddinott, R., Bulgaria in Antiquity, London and Tonbridge, 1975,p. 240; Klenina, �., “Earthenware of the II–III Centuries A.D. from Excavation of Legionary Bath Canal in Novae (Moe�sia Inferior),” [in:] “The Roman and Late Roman City” The In�ternational Conference (Veliko Turnovo 26 – 30 July 2000 , Sofia, 2002, pp.410-417;38 Parnicki-Pudełko, S., Krepostnite porti na Nove, (The For�tified Gateways of Novae), Arheologija, Sofija, 1981. [vol.] 4, p.15; Dyczek, P., New Late Roman Horreum from Sector IV at Novae, [in:] Late Roman and Early Byzantine Cities on the Lower Danube from the 4th to the 6th Centuries A.D., edited by Biernacki,A. and Pawlak,P., Poznań 1997, p.93; Genčeva, �., La production dans le camp militaire romain Novae pendant la basse antiquité (à l’instar du scamnum tribunorum),in: Derin: Der Limes an der unteren Donau von Diokletian bis Heraklios, Sofia, 1999, p.95;

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Fig.1. Novae. The general layout of the camp in the 2nd century. Prepared by A.B.Biernacki

Fig 2. Novae. The general layout of the city in the 3rd-4th century. Prepared by A.B.Biernacki

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Fig 3. Novae. General plan of the legionary bath: Al: alveus; C: caldarium; S/C: sudatorium/caldarium II; T: tepidarium; A apodytherium; PR: praefurnium; P/B: palestra/basilica discoperta; F: frigidarium; N: natatio; AQ: aqueduct; Drawing by A.B.Biernacki

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Fig.4. Novae General plan of the legionary bath. Al: alveus; C: caldarium; S/C: sudatorium/caldarium II; T: tepidarium; A apodytherium; PR: praefurnium in cryptoportico. Drawing by A.B Biernack, St.Medeksza.

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Fot.5. Novae. The caldarium of the legionary bath, later rebuilt as a part of the public bath in 3rd/4th century. View from the nord. Photo by P.Namiota.Photo by P.Namiota.

Fot.6. Novae. Caldarium of the legionary bath together with later crosswise walls from the 3rd/4th century bath. In the foreground , hypocaust cellar of the pool. Photo by P. Namiota.Photo by P. Namiota.

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Fot.7. Novae The western wall of the palestra/ basilica discoperta with pilasters .View from nord. Photo by A.B.Biernacki

Fot.8. Novae. The natatio of the legionary bath. Stone seats and stairs leading from the frigi­darium into the pool. View from nord. Photo by P.Namiota.Photo by P.Namiota.

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Fot.9. Novae. The southern section of the complex of bath sigma-shaped swimming pool (natatio). View from nord. Photo by A.B.Biernacki

Fot.10. Novae The hypocaust below in the south of the bath complex. View from nord-west. Photo by A.B.Biernacki

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The main characteristics of the bronze coins which circulated in and around Novae in AD 330-348 and deposited either as hoards or single coins, can be sketched after the reverse types of the issues. The problems related to them and above allrelated to them and above allto them and above allo them and above all them and above all to their chronology should start with an appropriate their chronology should start with an appropriateshould start with an appropriatestart with an appropriate commentary.

1. Reverse type GLORIA EXERCITVS (GE). According to the chronology accepted by Bruun in RIC 7 the earlier GE 2: «Two soldiers with two standards» was struck in most mints of the Late Empire in AD 330-336 and in Siscia, Antioch and Alexandria in AD 330-335. The unattributed GE 2 coins should thus be dated to AD 330-336 AD.

The later GE 1: «Two soldiers with one standard» was introduced at earliest in AD 335 in Siscia, Antioch and Alexandria and in the other mints in AD 336. This also determines the dating of some of the unattributed of some of the unattributedof some of the unattributed GE 1 coins for Constantine the Great and his three sons as caesars to AD 335-337. After the death of Constantine the Great, the same type GE1 was minted in the name of his three sons as augusti with a general dating, according to Kent in RIC 8, to AD 337-340. For Antioch the dating is «AD 337-347, first series.» Since the next group would certainly belong to AD 341-348 (see below), then for GE 1-type from Antioch can be assumed a dating in AD 337-340.

The same reverse type was also minted with the civic obverses VRBS ROMA (VR) and CONSTANTINOPOLIS (Cp). The unattributed GE1 with similar obverses from AD 337-340 cannot be distinguished from the analogous variants of the earlier period (AD 336-337), therefore they are more(AD 336-337), therefore they are moreAD 336-337), therefore they are more generally dated to AD 336-340.

2. Reverse type «Wolf and Twins» (WT), combined with civic obverse VRBS ROMA (VR) only.

3. Reverse type «Victory on Prow (VP), combined with civic obverses CONSTANTINOPOLIS (Cp 1) or CONSTANTINOPOLI (Cp 4) only.

The two civic types are dated in RIC 7 and 8 to AD 330-337 and 337-340. For Antioch the suggested date is AD 337-347, with the provision that «there is otherwise no sign that Urbs Roma or Constantinopolis issues survived the death of Constantine I.».�

The specification of the chronology of reverseification of the chronology of reversefication of the chronology of reverse of the chronology of reverseof the chronology of reverse types 2 and 3 was made by Depeyrot, who datedas made by Depeyrot, who dated made by Depeyrot, who datedd

� RIC 8, p. 503.

the Cp/VP issue from Arles to AD 340.2 According to him, the two reverses WT and VP were used from AD 330 to 341. This substantiates the chronology ofs the chronology of the chronology of the unattributed coins of both civic types VR/WT and Cp1/VP to AD 330-340. Cp 4/VP is attested in AD 330-336.

4. Reverse type «Quadriga» (Q).5. Reverse type PAX PVBLICA (PP).6. Reverse type VIRTVS AVGVSTI (VAvg). The reverse types 4-6 are definitively dated to ADdefinitively dated to ADfinitively dated to ADnitively dated to ADively dated to ADely dated to ADly dated to AD

337-340, according to RIC 8. A date in AD 337-341 was advanced in LRBC and accepted by Butcher for a piece of type 6 from Rome?3

7. Reverse type VN/MR (VN). 8. Reverse type VICTORIAE DD AVGGQ NN

(VA). This type was struck in the western and central mints of the Late Roman Empire.

9. Reverse type VOT XV MVLT XX (VXV). This type was struck in the mint of Antioch for Constans only. In RIC 8 it is dated to AD 346-347.AD 346-347.346-347.

10. Reverse type VOT XX MVLT XXX (VXX). This is the parallel type of VA, struck in the eastern mints of the Late Empire.

Chronology is the main problem connected with reverse types VN, VA, VXV and VXX. In all modern studies the two most extensively struck types of this group VA and VXX are considered to be parallel strikings in the ‘forties of the 4th century AD. There is divergence of opinions concerning the absolute dating. In LRBC the two types are attributed to AD 341-346, in RIC 8-to AD 347-348. The chief argument for the second dating is the disturbed rhythm of the coin supplies due to a hiatus in the release of the coin production in AD 342-347. These arguments were rejected by other authors. They refer to the local character of the phenomenon which affected only the province of Britannia, depending chiefly on the production of the mint in Trier. For this reason the types VA and VXX most probably were struck in AD 341-348.4 This dating is also valid for the types VN and VXV.

2 G. Depeyrot, Problèmes arlésiens du IVe siècle. «RSN», 62,èmes arlésiens du IVe siècle. «RSN», 62,mes arlésiens du IVe siècle. «RSN», 62,ésiens du IVe siècle. «RSN», 62,siens du IVe siècle. «RSN», 62,ècle. «RSN», 62,cle. «RSN», 62,. «RSN», 62, «RSN», 62, 1983, p. 56, pl. 11, 11, with references.3 K. Butcher, The Coins, p. 287, No 2174 G. Depeyrot, Problèmes arlésiens...., p. 57; Idem, Le systèmeèmes arlésiens...., p. 57; Idem, Le systèmemes arlésiens...., p. 57; Idem, Le systèmeésiens...., p. 57; Idem, Le systèmesiens...., p. 57; Idem, Le systèmeèmeme monétaire de Diocletien à la fin de l’Empire Romain. «RBN»étaire de Diocletien à la fin de l’Empire Romain. «RBN»taire de Diocletien à la fin de l’Empire Romain. «RBN»à la fin de l’Empire Romain. «RBN» la fin de l’Empire Romain. «RBN» CXXXVIII, 1992, p. 62; D. Wigg. Muenzumlauf in Nordgallien um die Mitte des 4. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. SFMA, 8, 1991, p. 320, Taf. II.. II.

CHAPTER II THE HOARD (1994) AND THE COIN CIRCULATION (K.D.D.)

1. THE COIN TYPES AD 330-348

34

The hoard of 1994 was uncovered behind a suspensory pillar very close to the wall in the hypocaustory pillar very close to the wall in the hypocaustry pillar very close to the wall in the hypocausty pillar very close to the wall in the hypocaust pillar very close to the wall in the hypocaust under the pool in the northern room of the thermae. The coins were preserved in a wooden box with a bronze padlock, see note 2. Almost all of the 381 bronze coins-Almost all of the 381 bronze coins- of the 381 bronze coins-377, are dated to AD 330-348. Of these 377 pieces these 377 piecesthese 377 pieces 361 or 95,1% have degree of wear (DW) from 0 tohave degree of wear (DW) from 0 todegree of wear (DW) from 0 to 1-4. This indicates that they were practically out of were practically out ofwere practically out ofpractically out ofout of circulation before being hoarded.5 The accumulation of the lot occurred certainly in the general period of the minting of the coins (AD 330-348) and possibly in AD 335- 345/6, see below. The hoard represents parts of official supplies to Novae in the period under consideration, not used in further transactions. The way of storing the coins in a locked wooden box is of storing the coins in a locked wooden box is characteristic for a saving hoard. The place of the concealing suggests that it must have happened inthat it must have happened init must have happened in must have happened inhave happened in a moment of emergency.

The ante-AD 330 period is represented by four coins only (1% of the total of 381), see Cat. Nos 145, 180, 181, 258. They are a radiate fraction («pseudo-antoninian») from AD 295-299, two centenionales from AD 318-320 and 324-325 and a piece of 1/8 centenionalis (12.5 denari) from AD 321-324. The last three coins belong to the system introduced in AD 318 by Constantine I and based on the centenionalis – a bronze silvered coin of value of 100 denari. A reduction of its weight occurred in AD 330, which brought to extensive melting of the older and heavier issues. Another weight reduction followed in AD 336. The centenionalis was in use up to AD 348up to AD 348to AD 348 348348 «conservant sont pouvoir libératoir» during threeératoir» during threeratoir» during three decades.� The four earliest pieces in the hoard from the thermae have DW 0 to 1-4 and were probablywere probablyprobably added to the lot with the post-AD 330 centenionales. Their insignificant number testifies that the hoard practically had no link to the coin production and circulation before AD 330.

5 The cited evaluation of the degree of wear is not absolute in view of the fact that many of the coins were weakly struck and often by dies with a low relief. These peculiarities create the impression that different parts of one coin have different degrees of wear. Two principal states of the coins are essential for the interpretation: (1) Degree of wear, beginning with indexes 0 and 1. These coins have either not participated in the circulation or had circulated briefly; (2) Degree of wear beginning with indexes 2 (- 3, 4), 3 (- 4) and 4. These coins were in circulation for long time after their minting date.� G. Depeyrot, Le système monétaire...., pp. 45, 53-55, 57.ème monétaire...., pp. 45, 53-55, 57.me monétaire...., pp. 45, 53-55, 57.étaire...., pp. 45, 53-55, 57.taire...., pp. 45, 53-55, 57.

Seventy-three coins (19. 2% of the total of 381) belong to AD 330-336/7 (Cat. Nos 2-5, 9-19, 46-54, 99-109, 146-151, 182-192, 226-234, 250-253, 259-266). Only one of them has DW 2-4. The other 72 with DW from 0 to 1-4 did not circulate and penetrated in Novae within the period of their minting. Seventeen (23. 2% of the total of 73) are firmly dated to its initial years (AD 330-334). Their restricted number suggests that the accumulation of the hoard began in the middle or in the second half of the period, probably ca AD 335. Sixty-five coins from the period in question are mint-attributed as follows (Table 1):

Thessalonica, Constantinople and Cyzicus 11 coins (16. 9% of the total of 65) each.Heraclea and Antioch 9 coins (13. 8%) each.Nicomedia 6 (9. 2%).Siscia and Alexandria 4 coins (6. 1%) each.

Two main groups of mints were involved in the official coin supply to Novae: 1. A group of four propontic mints: Heraclea, Constantinople, Nicomedia and Cyzicus and 2. A group of mints, situated south-west and west of Moesia Secunda: Thessalonica, Siscia and Aquileia, the latter to appear in the AD 341-348 period. In AD 330-336/7 the propontic production prevailed (37 coins or 57% of the total of 65), while 15 pieces (23%) belong to the western mints.

One hundred thirty-four coins (35. 2% of the total of 381) are dated to AD 336/7-340, see Nos 6-7, 20-32, 55-75, 110-133, 152-164, 193-203, 235-246, 254-255, 267-302. Only 4 of them have DW 2-4. It is obvious that almost all coins were added to the lot within the minting period. The distribution of the 98 mint-attributed pieces is the following:

Constantinople 29 coins (29. 6% of the total of 98).Heraclea 21 coins (21. 4%).Thessalonica and Nicomedia 13 coins (13. 3%) each.Antioch 12 coins (12. 2%).Cyzicus 11 coins (11. 2%).Siscia and Alexandria 2 coins (2%) each.

The propontic issues (69 coins or 70% of the total of 98) dominate in number over the Western (15 or 14%).

One hundred sixty-eight coins (44. 1% of the total of 381) were struck in AD 341-348 (Nos 1, 8, 33-45, 76-98, 134-144, 165-179, 204-225, 247-249, 256-257, 315-381). Most of them practically did not circulate before being hoarded, only 8 pieces having DW 2 to 4. Ninety-one are mint-attributed as follows:

2. THE HOARD FROM THEHE HOARD FROM THE THERMAE OF NOVAE (1994) (1994)

35

Heraclea 23 coins (25. 3% of the total of 91). Cyzicus 22 coins (24. 2%).Nicomedia 15 (16. 5%).Thessalonica 13 (14. 3%).Constantinople 11 coins (12. 1%).Antioch 3 coins (3. 3%).Alexandria 2 coins (2. 2%).Aquileia and Siscia 1 coin (1. 1%) each.

The propontic production (71 coins) representspropontic production (71 coins) representsropontic production (71 coins) represents 78% of the total of 91. The western one is less numer-western one is less numer�estern one is less numer�ous (15 pieces or 16%). This distribution is supportedThis distribution is supported by the non-attributed coins. Most of them-66 are of VXX type and come from the propontic and eastern mints. Only one piece of VA type is of western origin.

The hoard consists of extractions of official coin supplies regularly sent to Novae. It is quasi-representative for the production of the mints evi-evi�denced there with a more significant number of with a more significant number of coins. The lots of Heraclea, Nicomedia, Thessalonica and Constantinople comprise varieties of the entirevarieties of the entire of the entire production in these mints of the AD 341-348 types VN, VA, VXV and VXX. The last two issues are absent in the Cyzicus lot (RIC 8 Nos 54-64). The same is also observed in the Antioch one, where the last issue (RIC 8 Nos 117-120) is missing. This general picture is essential as starting point for further specifying the chronology of the four reverse types in question. According to the chronology accepted in RIC 8, therethere is a gap of seven or eight years between the mintingthe minting of the issues from AD 347-348 and those from AD 337-340. The regular supply presupposes that coins from the earlier group were shipped in AD 341-346 as well. If so, they were added to the hoard during a much longer period then the later issues from «AD 347-348». A similar regime would inevitably havee would inevitably have would inevitably have resulted in a considerable quantitative prevalence of the earlier coins compared to the later ones. In fact compared to the later ones. In fact the later ones. In fact the last group of 168 pieces outnumbers the previous previousprevious group of 134. This correlation shows that the minting and the supply of the coins from the last group started immediately after the group before. Thus the chronology of the reverse types VN, VA, VXV and VXX in AD 341-348 seems to be well supported by the hoard from the thermae.

The monetary factors for the formation of the hoard were constant during the AD 330-348 period, insofar as there were no substantial changes in the currency system at that time. The weight-reduction of the centenionalis in AD 336 did not lead to «décri desécri descri des émissions antérieures».missions antérieures».érieures».rieures».� The subjective factors were also stable, because they depended on the revenues and the expenditures of a sole owner. One may assume that the number of coins set aside and accumulated accumulatedaccumulated by him was approximately identical each year of the accumulation. It is certain that the accumulation covered entirely the years 336/7-340, which can serve as a basis for calculating the coefficient of coins pera basis for calculating the coefficient of coins per basis for calculating the coefficient of coins per year (CY). As an indicator of the volume of the coin influx it would have been constant for the entire period of the accumulation. In this way, if starting from the number of the coins, it would be possible to calculate more precisely the duration of the entire accumulation period. The number of the coins reliably dated to 336/7-340 is 134, the CY being 33.4 (134 coins divided by 4 CY being 33.4 (134 coins divided by 4CY being 33.4 (134 coins divided by 4 years). The same CY value applied to the AD 341-348to the AD 341-348AD 341-348 period (168 coins), the accumulation period would last (168: 33.4) 4 or 5 years after AD 341, i.e. the entries to the hoard continued until AD 345-346. 73 coins are reliably dated to AD 330-336/7. The accumulation before AD 336/7 lasted a little more than two years (73 coins: CY 33.4) i.e. the beginning can be dated aroundthe beginning can be dated around beginning can be dated around AD 335. These considerations are supported by the small number of coins from the preceding years (AD 330-334). It is highly probable that the hoard from the thermae was accumulated in AD 335-345/6. The burial took place at that time or within the following couple of years, the exact date remaining vague.

The purchasing capacity of the lot as a whole was quite serious. All but two coins are centenionales. At the time of Diocletian one nummus of 25 denari was the price of 1.7 kg of wheat.8 The later centenionalis of ��� denari was sufficient for four times that quantity-6.8 kg. The 379 centenionales in the hoard of the thermae had the capacity to be exchanged for (379 X 6.8) 2577.2 kg of wheat. That was a substantial amount of money at the time, guaranteeing bread to a familly for about a year or even longer. There is no doubt that it was saved and owned by a person with good and stable annual income, occupying a high position in the army or in the administration at Novae.

� Ibidem, p. 55; RIC 8, p. 60.8 G. Depeyrot, Le système monétaire...., p. 44.ème monétaire...., p. 44.me monétaire...., p. 44.étaire...., p. 44.taire...., p. 44.

36

Three more hoards from Novae comprise coins from AD 330-348. Referring to different periods they offer further evidence on the circulation of the issues in question.

- The hoard from the canal of the «Constantinian»«Constantinian» building in sector X-B (1990).

This is a small hoard of 5 coins from AD 330-348, found stuck together on the bottom of a large «canal-collector». It was connected to the building of the III period of the scamnum tribunorum, dated to the 3rd century AD.� In the 4th century the canal obviously went on functioning nearby a new building from the time of Constantine the Great. The latter existed to the invasion of the Goths inAD 376-378. It was determined of the Goths inAD 376-378. It was determinedof the Goths in AD 376-378. It was determined as a «roofed bazaar».�� The coins date back to AD 330-337: 1 piece, 330-340: 1 and 341-348: 3) see the Catalogue, part II. The only mint-attributed coin comes from Nicomedia. Three of the coins have DW 1 to 1-3 and two–DW 3-4. The hoard certainly was a loss from the daily circulation after the mass penetration of the post-AD 341 centenionales in Novae. The five coins were deposited ca AD 345 or somewhat later.

- The hoard from tower No 1 (1965). It was pub-rom tower No 1 (1965). It was pub- tower No 1 (1965). It was pub- (1965). It was pub-1965). It was pub-). It was pub�lished in 1979.�� Part III of the Catalogue represents a list represents a listrepresents a list of the issues after RIC 8, appeared in 1981, with some addenda and corrigenda to the publication of 1979. The hoard consists of 130 bronze coins mostly of the typeconsists of 130 bronze coins mostly of the typemostly of the type of the type FEL TEMP REPARATIO «Falling Horseman (FH)» AE 2 and AE 3. The accumulation is to be dated to ADThe accumulation is to be dated to AD accumulation is to be dated to ADto be dated to ADdated to ADAD 353/4-35812 and the burial-to AD 376 AD, see note 17.the burial-to AD 376 AD, see note 17. burial-to AD 376 AD, see note 17.AD 376 AD, see note 17.376 AD, see note 17., see note ��.��. The hoard with certainty enclosed one with certainty enclosed onewith certainty enclosed one enclosed one centenionalisentenionalis of VA type from AD 341-348, while another earlier one from AD 341-348, while another earlier one, while another earlier oneearlier oneone of the Cp/VP type should probably also be attributed to the same lot. The find indicate the duration of usethe same lot. The find indicate the duration of use. The find indicate the duration of usefind indicate the duration of use indicate the duration of usee the duration of usethe duration of use of AD 330-348 centenionales in Novae. In FebruaryAD 330-348 centenionales in Novae. In Februarycentenionales in Novae. In Februaryes in Novae. In February in Novae. In FebruaryFebruary AD 349 their minting was discontinued and they were349 their minting was discontinued and they were9 their minting was discontinued and they were their minting was discontinued and they were and they were prohibited as currency in favor of new denominations

� Ал. Милчева, Е. Генчева, Scamnum tribunorum на военния лагер Нове. “�рхеология” (София), 2, 1991, с. 33.�� �. Genceva, La production dans le camp militaire romain Novae pendant la Basse Antiquité (à l’instar dué (à l’instar du (à l’instar duà l’instar du l’instar du scamnum tribunorum . V. Buelow, G. Milcheva, A.(eds). Der Limes an Buelow, G. Milcheva, A.(eds). Der Limes anBuelow, G. Milcheva, A.(eds). Der Limes an Milcheva, A.(eds). Der Limes anMilcheva, A.(eds). Der Limes an der unteren Donau von Diocletian bis Heraklios. Vortraege der Internationalen Konferenz Svistov (1.-5. September 1998), Sofia, 1999, p. 95; P. Dyczek , Forty Years of Excavations at Novae, «Novaensia», 14, 2003, pp.16-17. �� K. Dimitrov, Zwei Schatzfunde des 4. Jahrhunderts u. Z. aus Bulgarien. «Chiron», 9, 1979, pp. 607-620.. «Chiron», 9, 1979, pp. 607-620. «Chiron», 9, 1979, pp. 607-620.», 9, 1979, pp. 607-620., 9, 1979, pp. 607-620.12 On the chronology of the reverse type FEL TEMP REPARATIO «Falling Horseman» (AE3), see G. Depeyrot, Le système monétaire...., p. 66 (353-358);ème monétaire...., p. 66 (353-358);me monétaire...., p. 66 (353-358);étaire...., p. 66 (353-358);taire...., p. 66 (353-358); D.Wigg. Muenzumlauf ... , p. 320 (353-358).

in bronze.13 As certified by the hoard from tower 1, in inin the next four years up to AD 353 thefour years up to AD 353 theour years up to AD 353 the years up to AD 353 the up to AD 353 the AD 353 theAD 353 the353 the centenionales disappeared from the circulation in Novae, with thethe circulation in Novae, with thecirculation in Novae, with the exception of some individual specimens.some individual specimens.individual specimens..

- The hoard? from the «Constantinian» building in sector X-B (1993).

A small lot of 8 coins were found together in a layer, connected with the «Constantinian» building in sector X-B.14 They cover a period of some 130 years from AD 238/44 to 364/7. The earliest coins of Gordian III and of Gallien correspond in chronology to the building from 3d C AD, the ruins of which were levelled up and thus separated from the «Constantinian» one on the same site, see note 20. The two coins have DW 1-2 and 0-1 as the 6 later ones from AD 313-364/7 with DW 0, 0-1 and 1-2. It seems that all 8 coins were owned by the inhabitants of the «Constantinian» building in a form of small hoard. They belong to various currency systems, most of them out of use in the final stage of the accumulation of the hoard. No 1 is a small bronze of Nikaia, struck under Gordian and valid up to the reform of Gallien in AD 261.15 No 2 is an antoninian of Gallien, obsolete after the reform of Aurelian in AD 274.�� No 3 is a follis of Constantine the Great from AD 313. In AD 318 its value sunk four times compared to the one of the new centenionaliss. Payments with older folles being no longer convenient, they were extracted from the circulation. No 4 is an unreduced centenionalis of Constantine I, almost out of use after AD 330 as already stated by the hoard of the thermae. Nos 5 and 6 are reduced centenionales, valid to early AD 349. Nos 7 and 8 are AE 3 of Constantius II and Valentinian I, the heirs of the centenionales after the series of reforms from AD 348 to 354, see note 22. The hoard? is an untypical, but not an unique case of storing together obsolete issues for several decades and even centuries. It is not impossible the older coins Nos 1-6, being close in size to the regular AE 2 (Nos 2 and 3) and AE 3 (Nos 1 and 4-6), to have been meant to be «pressed into service again after a period of obsolescence»�� when conditions became favourable.

13 G. Depeyrot, Le système monétaire...., pp. 63-67.ème monétaire...., pp. 63-67.me monétaire...., pp. 63-67.étaire...., pp. 63-67.taire...., pp. 63-67.14 A. Милчева, Е. Генчева Милчева, Е. ГенчеваМилчева, Е. Генчева ГенчеваГенчева, Римски военен лагер Нове-сектор Х-скамнум трибунорум. AOP през 1992-1993 година, �. Търново, 1994, c. 56.15 W. Weiser. Katalog der Bythinischen Muenzen der Sammlung des Instituts fuer Altertumskunde der Universitaet zu Koeln, Band 1. Nikaia. (=Papyrologia Colonensia Vol. XI), Koeln, 1983, pp. 93, 173, 182-183.�� G. Depeyrot, Le système monétaire...., p. 40.ème monétaire...., p. 40.me monétaire...., p. 40.étaire...., p. 40.taire...., p. 40.�� K. Butcher, The Coins, p. 307.

3. THE OTHER HOARDS FROM NOVAE

37

The single coins from Novae, dated to AD 330-348 are 292 (Table 3-4). They have either been found during the 48 years-long archaeological investigation of the city, or are occasional finds on its territory.

AD 330-336/7. This period is represented by 135 coins (Cat. Nos 7-17, 23-45, 68-91, 101-133, 152-157, 167-187, 196-198, 208-221). Twenty-six of them (19.2%) have DW 2 to 4. The CY min. = 13. 6 (109 coins per 8 years). Mint-attributed are 121 pieces:

Constantinople 33 (27.3% of the total of 121).Heraclea 24 (19. 5%).Thessalonica 23 (19%). Cyzicus 21 (17. 4%). 4%).4%).Siscia 11 (9. 1%). 1%).1%).Nicomedia 6 (5%).Antioch 3 (2. 5%).

The share of the propontic mints (76 coins or 63% of the total of 121) is tree times bigger than the one of the western mints (24 pieces or 20%).

AD 336/7-340. Sixty-six coins belong to that period (Cat. Nos 18, 46-54, 92-97, 134-145, 158-162, 188-191, 199-203, 205, 222-244). Fourteen pieces (23. 1%) have DW 2 to 4. The CY min. = 13 (52 coins 1%) have DW 2 to 4. The CY min. = 13 (52 coins1%) have DW 2 to 4. The CY min. = 13 (52 coins per 4 years). Mint-attributed are 43 coins:

Constantinople 12 (27. 9% of the total of 43).Thessalonica 9 (20. 9%). 9%).9%).Heraclea 6 (14%).Nicomedia and Antioch 5 (11. 6%) each. each.each.Cyzicus 4 (9. 3%).Siscia 2 (4. 6%). 6%).6%).Alexandria 1 (2. 3%). 3%).3%).

To the propontic mints belong 27 coins (63% of the total of 43, while the western issues are 10 in number (23%).

AD 341-348. This period offers 91 coins (Cat. Nos 1-6, 19-22, 55-67, 98-100, 146-151, 163-166, 192-195, 204, 206-207, 248-292). Twenty-five of them (28. 4%) have DW 2 to 4, but they certainly circulated within the minting period as attested by the quasi-total absence of similar pieces in the hoard from tower No 1 (1965). The CY = 11 (88 coins per 8 years). Mint-attributed are 43 pieces: are 43 pieces:are 43 pieces:

Thessalonica 13 (30. 2% of the total of 43).Constantinople and Aquileia 6 (14%) each.Siscia, Nicomedia and Cyzicus 4 (9. 3%) each.Heraclea 3 (7%). (7%).(7%).Alexandria 2 (4. 6%).Antioch 1 (2. 3%). 3%).3%).

The production of the western mints (23 coins

or 53% of the total of 43) prevail over the propontic issues (17 pieces or 40%). Among the unattributed material the western VA type coins are 11 in number against 30 eastern VXX pieces. The final impression is of a general dominance of the eastern issues over the western as in the previous periods.

Many of the coins from AD 330-348 were found along the fortress wall and the via sagularis (the ring road). The area of the western section of the wall and of the via sagularis yielded 15 pieces (Nos 76, 79, 96, 115, 140, 141, 146, 157, 211, 224, 228, 242, 247, 279, 284), 5 of them found in the “Werkhalle” by the wall south of the western gate. It was dated to the 3rd C AD18, but probably functioned later as well. Fourteen coins were discovered along the south-eastern section of the wall and of the via sagularis (Nos 4, 65, 92, 101, 151, 155, 188, 201, 205, 212, 226, 257, 265, 271). The area of the eastern wall of the enlargement of the city to the east (Novae II) provided 4 coins (Nos 8, 21, 42, 108). Four more were found in tower 1: two single (Nos 127, 250) and two with the hoard of 1965. Other 18 pieces were located in the eastern section of via sagularis (Nos 15, 37, 82, 117, 144, 151, 191, 200, 213, 218, 223, 246, 256, 279). Seven more coins came from the northern section of the sagularis (Nos 60, 113, 122, 182, 203, 234, 276). This street kept playing a prominent role in the infrastructure of the city even after the eastern wall of the camp (Novae I) was demolished.�� In the 4th C AD there was a building by the south-eastern part of the sagularis in Ha XXXIII.20

From the internal sections of the city the most coins-42 were excavated in the thermae and the adjacent area (Nos 10, 14, 27, 33, 46, 68, 77, 90, 105, 107, 109, 116, 118, 119, 120, 124, 126, 129, 130, 137, 143, 153, 158, 170, 176, 179, 183, 193, 204, 227, 231, 235, 253, 254, 259, 262, 274, 275, 280, 282). They were active up to the invasion of the Goths in AD 376-382.21 A glass atelier functioned by the eastern wall of

18 L. Press, T. Sarnowski, Novae. Roemisches Legionslager und fruehbyzantinische Stadt an den unteren Donau. «Antike Welt»,. «Antike Welt», «Antike Welt»,»,, 4, 1990, pp. 228, 230, Abb. 4. 5.�� M. Čičikova, Novae à l’epoque du Bas-Empire. Limes a curaà l’epoque du Bas-Empire. Limes a cura l’epoque du Bas-Empire. Limes a cura di Guiancarlo Susini, Bologna, 1994, pp. 128-129.20 Д.П. Димитров et al., �рхеологически разкопки в източния сектор на Нове в 1967-1969 г. И�И, ХХХІV, 1974, cc. 165-170.21 A.B. Biernacki, �. Kleninanacki, �. Klenina, �. KleninaKlenina, The Legionary Bath from the The Legionary Bath from the 3d-4th Cent. in Novae (Moesia Inferior). «Novaensia», 14, 2003, «Novaensia», 14, 2003,«Novaensia», 14, 2003,

4. THE SINGLE COINS FROM NOVAE AD 330-348

38

the structure in the mid-4th C AD.22 Other 40 coins were excavated in sector IV (Nos 1, 9, 23, 41, 45, 52, 54, 57, 72, 74, 80, 95, 98, 99, 100, 103, 132, 144, 145, 161, 165, 172, 173, 194, 197, 207, 214, 215, 219, 225, 229, 238, 245, 248, 255, 269, 278, 285, 286, 288). Originally they were connected to the portico building, flourishing during the 4th C AD23 Recently P. Dyczek suggested that the first phase in the civilian settlement on the site of the former valetudinarium ran from AD 270-280 up to the mid-4th C AD and preceded the portico building. A horreum, erected in AD 351-354 at the latest and a glass atelier, certainly active up to the mid-4th C AD and then destructed, belonged to the complex.24 Twenty-one coins: 14 single (Nos 44, 51, 55, 131, 133, 139, 147, 148, 156, 198, 252, 261, 263, 270), 5 in the hoard of 1990 and 2 in the hoard? of 1993) were found within or near the “Constantinian” building in sector X-B, see above. The principii of the military camp provided 9 coins (Nos 28, 36, 62, 70, 104, 169, 181, 241, 292). It functioned to the AD

pp. 187, 194.187, 194.7, 194.194.4..22 J. Olczak Olczak, Szklo Rzymskie z terenu komendatury w Novae, «Novaensia», 8, 1995, p.16.23 L. Press, T. Sarnowski, Novae…, pp. 240-242; for the Late Roman coins found there see K.K. Dimitrov, Poznorimskie i, Poznorimskie i Poznorimskie iPoznorimskie i wczesnobizantyjskie monety z odcinka IV w Novae z lat 294-612. «Novaensia», 11, 1998, pp. 99-112.24 P. Dyczek, New Late Roman Horreum from sector IV at Novae. Biernacki B. and P. Pawlak (ed.) Late Roman and Early B. and P. Pawlak (ed.) Late Roman and EarlyB. and P. Pawlak (ed.) Late Roman and Early Pawlak (ed.) Late Roman and EarlyPawlak (ed.) Late Roman and Early Byzantine cities on the Lower Danube from the 4 th to the 6 th Century A.D. International Conference Poznan, Poland 15-17 November 1995. Studies and Materials, Poznan, 1997, p.93; Idem, A Glass Atelier from Sector IV in Novae. V. Buelow, G. Milcheva, A. (eds). Der Limes an der unteren Donau von Diocletian bis Heraklios. Vortraege der Internationalen Konferenz Svistov (1.- 5. September 1998), Sofia, 1999, pp. 100- 101; Idem, Novae-Western sector (section IV), 1997-1999.. «Archeologia» (Warsawa), LI, 2000 (2001), pp. 96-101Archeologia» (Warsawa), LI, 2000 (2001), pp. 96-101» (Warsawa), LI, 2000 (2001), pp. 96-101 (Warsawa), LI, 2000 (2001), pp. 96-101pp. 96-101����������������

440ies.25 One of them (Cat. No 181), together with four later coins, belongs to an extranea of the hoard, found in room Fw.26 That hoard, mostly of antoniniani and folles, was probably concealed on the roof of the building27 after the folles had lost 4 times their original value according to the reform of AD 318. It brought about a “vague of thésaurisation” in the Empire.28 It is highly probable that the hoard was preserved to be later illegally used for scrap as the other bronze debris found in the same room, the «treasury of the legion».29 Six more coins were excavated on or near the decumanus maximus east of the principii (Nos 78, 83, 160, 233, 244, 281). Nine coins from AD 330-348 were unearthed in sector VIII A outside the city wall (Nos 5, 94, 125, 208, 239, 251, 272, 273, 291). During the 4th C AD the site was occupied by a late roman building, destroyed in AD 378 by the Goths. The bone and pottery production in its north-east part correspond probably to the same period.30

25 T. Sarnowski, Die Principia von Novae in spaeten 4. und Die Principia von Novae in spaeten 4. und undund fruehen 5. Jh. V.. V.. Buelow, G. Milcheva, A. (eds). Der Limes anDer Limes an der unteren Donau von Diocletian bis Heraklios. Vortraege der. Vortraege derVortraege der Internationalen Konferenz Svistov (1-5. September 1998). Sofia, 1999, p. 58.p. 58.58.8.26 A. Kunisz KuniszKunisz, Le trésor.…, pp. 11-13. 11-13.11-13.27 A.G. Poulter, Novae in the 4th Century A.D.: City or Fortress? A Problem with a British Perspective. Limes a cura di GuiancarloLimes a cura di Guiancarlo Susini, Bologna, 1994, pp. 144-145pp. 144-14528 G. Depeyrot, Le système monétaire...., p. 57.ème monétaire...., p. 57.me monétaire...., p. 57.étaire...., p. 57.taire...., p. 57.29 For the bronze scrap found on theFor the bronze scrap found on the principii see L. Press, T. Sarnowski, Novae…., pp. 234-235. Novae…., pp. 234-235.., pp. 234-235., pp. 234-235.34-235.235.35.5..30 M. Čičikova ČičikovaČičikova, L’édifice à peristyle extra muros à Novaeédifice à peristyle extra muros à Novaedifice à peristyle extra muros à Novaeà peristyle extra muros à Novae peristyle extra muros à Novaeà Novae Novae (Moesia Inferior). Studia Aegaea et Balcanica in honorem Lodovicae Press, Warszawa, 1992, p. 240; P. Vladkova Vladkova, The Portico Building Extra Muros in Novae. Investigations and Problems. «Novaensia», 14, 2003, pp. 226-227; K. Димитров, Към въпроса за развитието на комплекса extra muros (сектор VІІІ A) на Нове в Долна (�тора) Мизия, PHOSPHORION. Studia in honorem Mariae Čičikova, Coфия, 2008, сс 429-451.Čičikova, Coфия, 2008, сс 429-451.

39

Schoenert-Geiss published 91 coins from the archaeological campaigns 1966-1981 in Iatrus, see note 4, to be considered here (Table 5). Twenty-eight belong to AD 330-336/7, 21 of them being mint-attributed:

Constantinople and Cyzicus 7 (33.3% of the total of 21).Nicomedia 4 (19%).Thessalonica and Heraclea 3 (14.3%) each.Siscia and Alexandria 1 (4.8%) each.Other 35 coins were struck in AD 336/7-340, 20 of them mint-attributed:Constantinople 6 (30% of the total of 20).Cyzicus 5 (25%).Siscia, Thessalonica, Nicomedia and Alexandria 1 (5%) each.

Twenty-six coins date to AD 341-348, 14 mint-attributed:

Nicomedia 7 (50% of the total of 14).Cyzicus 3 (21.4%).Constantinople 2 (14.3%). (14.3%).(14.3%).Siscia and Antioch 1 (7.1%) each.

Nine unattributed coins of VXX type are certainly of eastern origine.

According to Butcher, Nicopolis ad Istrum provided 63 coins of interest for the present work. They were found during the excavations in 1985-1992, see note 5 (Table 6). Twenty are dated to AD 330-336/7, 19 of them mint-attributed:

Cyzicus 6 (31.6% of the total of 19).Heraclea 5 (26%)Constantinople 4 (21%).Thessalonica 3 (15.8%)8%)%)Siscia 1 (5.3%).3%).%).

Nineteen coins were struck in AD 336/7-340, 11 of them mint-attributed:

Cyzicus 6 (54.5% of the total of 11).Thessalonica 3 (27.3%).Siscia and Heraclea 1 (9.1%) each.

Twenty-four coins refer to AD 341-348, 6 of the mint-attributed:

Thessalonica 3 (50% of the total of 6).Heraclea, Constantinople and Cyzicus 1 (16.6%).

Of the unattributed coins 14 of VXX type are eastern issues and only two of VA type come from the western mints.

The excavations in Oescus in 1970-1987 offered 50 coins from the period under consideration, reported by Kovacheva, see note 6 (Table 7). Twenty-five pieces date to AD 330-336/7, 18 of them mint-attributed:

Siscia, Thessalonica and Constantinople 5 (27.8% of the total of 18) each.Sirmium 2 (11%).Cyzicus 1 (5.5%).

Ten coins were struck in AD 336/7-340, 9 of them mint-attributed:

Trier, Siscia and Nicomedia 2 (22.2% of the total of 9) each.Sirmium, Thessalonica and Constantinople 1 (11.1%) each.Thirteen pieces belong to AD 341-348, 12 of them mint-attributed:Thessalonica 4 (33.3% of the total of 12).Siscia 3 (25%).Constantinople and Antioch 2 (16.7%).Rome 1 (8.4%).

5. THE SINGLE COINS FROM IATRUS, NICOPOLIS AD ISTRUM AND OESCUS

40

The hoard from the thermae offers a look on what was sent to Novae by official way, and the single coins from Novae, Iatrus, Nicopolis and Oescus-what was in use there in the daily circulation. The data from Novae are the most reliable, for the finds are the most numerous, being obtained during a long period of exploration on a relatively large surface.

During AD 330-336/7 the official coin supplies to Novae came mainly from the propontic group of mints and particularly from Constantinople and Cyzicus, followed by Heraclea and the eastern Antioch. Of the western group of mints Macedonian Thessalonica took a leading place as well. The picture of the single coins is similar. The propontic mints and Constantinople had the biggest share: first place at Novae, first-second place at Iatrus, first-third place at Oescus. It was followed by Cyzicus: leading position at Nicopolis, first-second place at Iatrus, third place at Novae. Heraclea occupied the second place at Nicopolis and second-third at Novae. From the western mints Thessalonica shared second-third place at Novae and first-third place at Oescus. The mints on the middle Danube were represented exclusively at Oescus: Siscia on the leading position there and there andthere and on the fifth place at Novae and Sirmium on the forth place at Oescus.

During AD 336/7-340 the propontic mints continued to be the most important in the official coin supplies to Novae. The most numerous were the issues of Constantinople, followed by Heraclea and Nicomedia. Of the western mints Macedonian Thessalonica took the third place in the general classification. The distribution of the single coins followed similar pattern. They came mostly from the propontic area. Constantinople was the bestpropontic area. Constantinople was the bestopontic area. Constantinople was the bestarea. Constantinople was the best. Constantinople was the best represented mint at Novae and at Iatrus. Cyzicus took the first place at Nicopolis and the second at Iatrus. Nicomedia was on the first-third place in Oescus. Heraclea occupied the third place at Novae. As representative of the western group Thessalonica was on the second place both at Novae and at Nicopolis. As in the previous period Siscia on the middle Danube were of greater importance at Oescus only. She shared the first-third place with Nicomedia and the west-Roman Trier. Coins from this mint and from Sirmium as well were not found at the other centres under consideration.

It seems that in AD 330-340 the daily circulation in Novae and in the other three centres generally

depended on the official supplies, for the issues of one and same mint-groups and individual workshops were proportionally represented both in the hoard from the thermae and in the single coins. Undoubtedly private contacts contributed to the circulation pattern as shown by the traces of use on some of the single coins from Novae. Some regularity in these activities is to be noticed, the CY min. being of similar value for both AD 330-336/7 and 336/7-340 periods. The bigger number of the western single coins from AD 336/7-340 compared to those in the hoard from the thermae is to be probably explained with some private contacts to the west and south-west.

In AD 341-348, as in the preceding years, the propontic mints offered most of the coins for the official supplies to Novae. However, the classification changed. Heraclea now occupied the leading position, followed by Cyzicus and Nicomedia. Constantinople’s share decreased and the mint descended to the fifth place. Of the western mints Thessalonica took the fourth position in the general arrangement. A sole piece of Aquileia appeared for first time in the hoard material. The single coins show a different distribution by mints. Thessalonica has a leading position at Novae, Nicopolis and Oescus. Siscia took the second place at Oescus and the fourth at Novae. Single coins of Aquileia are attested for first time at Novae, taking the third place in the general classification there. A coin from Rome was found at Oescus.

The propontic group was of main importance in Iatrus only, where the most abundant production came from Nicomedia, Cyzicus and Constantinople. The capital mint occupied the second place at Novae with a number of coins two times below than the issues of the leading Thessalonica. Nicomedia and Cyzicus come next, sharing third-sixth place. At Nicopolis and at Oescus the propontic mints had minor significance, Heraclea being represented in Oescus only.

The circulation in AD 341-348 featured a lower importance of the Constantinople production, compensated by the issues of Heraclea, Cyzicus and Nicomedia. The CY of the single coins slightly decreased and the number of the worn out coins escalated by 5. 4%. Some shortage of the coin influx by private ways may be supposed, as well as more extensive use of the coins which previously reached the local market. The impressive share of Thessalonica, Siscia and Aquileia in the single finds indicates private contacts to the west and south-west.

6. COIN SUPPLY AND CIRCULATION

41

7. HISTORICAL PROBABILITIES (А.В.В.; K.D.D.)

From AD 330 on Moesia Secunda enjoyed the favourable influence of the proximity of the new capital, Constantinople. The province became of great importance for defending it from North. During the war with the Goths in early AD 332 the imperial army was deployed near Marcianopolis, the administrative centre of Moesia Secunda. The city was visited by Constantine the Great after the victory of his son Constantine II over the Goths. By AD 334 the peace on the lower Danube was firmly secured. Some 300000 Sarmatians were settled in Thracia, Scythia, Macedonia and Italy.31

Notitia dignitatum, compiled in AD 390-424, mentions a ««praefectus legionis Italicae, Novas». The data refer to AD 324-339, when an essential reform in the military organisation of the Late Empire was in progress.32 It seems that Novae remained a legion fortress to the AD 440’ies33, combined with civilian structures. Although a strongly reduced strength (from 6000 to 1000 troops?) of the post-Diocletianic Roman legion is supposed34, it is beyond any doubt that the official coin supply to Novae was intended for the needs of the military camp. From the time of Diocletian or even earlier (Aurelian?) the new wall embraced the civilian settlement east of the camp.35 New buildings appeared on the scamnum tribunorum, on the valetudinarium and west of the city. Local brick production developed outside the walls. Glass and bone workshops were build in the central parts of the city. A huge mass of grain was stored there as well, possibly as annona militaris. Private individuals were involved in some of these activities at least. Novae was supplied with various ware chiefly from Marcianopolis. Armament from the local workshop, food and wine from Chios, Kos and Heraclea Pontica were distributed there and reached Novae via Durostorum and the Danube. Ware and pottery were imported from Pannonia and Moesia Prima as well.

31 An. Vales. 6. 30-32 (ЛИБИ , c. 323); Cod. Theod. III, 5. 4, 5; RIC 7, pp. 73, 78; ИБ, c. 384.32 Not. Dign. XL, 29, 30 (ЛИБИ, c. 244);Not. Dign. XL, 29, 30 (ЛИБИ, c. 244);ЛИБИ, c. 244);, c. 244); T. Sarnowski, Wojsko rzymski w Mezji Dolnej I na Polnocnym wybrzezu Morza Czarnego (= «Novaensia», 3), Warsawa, 1988, pp. 123-129; 33 Е.Ю. Кленина. Кленина Кленина, Столовая и кухонная керамика ІІІ – VІ веков из Нов (Северная Болгария) (= Novae. Studies and Ma-Novae. Studies and Ma�. Studies and Ma�Studies and Ma� and Ma�and Ma� Ma�Ma�terials II), Poznan, 2006, cc. 126-127. II), Poznan, 2006, cc. 126-127.II), Poznan, 2006, cc. 126-127.), Poznan, 2006, cc. 126-127., Poznan, 2006, cc. 126-127.34 A.G. Poulter, Novae...., pp. 145-147.35 cf L. Press, T. Sarnowski, Novae.…, p. 240 : «unter Diocletian».

The nearby Nicopolis ad Istrum provided Novae with grain. Private producers had an important role in the food shipments.36 The coin supply generally followed the path of the ware. If so, Marcianopolis distributed the official financing of Novae as well, the coin bulk coming from the imperial mints. Private transactions and daily use of coins were common as well, as attested by the numerous single coins and worn out pieces.

In AD 330-340 coins from Constantinople, Heraclea and Cyzicus were the most abundant in Novae, Iatrus and Oescus. They underline the importance of the new imperial capital (after AD 330) and the propontic mints for the development of Moesia Secunda. These coins and the issues of Thessalonica reached first Marcianopolis by sea, then Novae, Iatrus and Oescus via Durostorum and the Danube and Nicopolis-by land. Coin traffic from the west, effectuated by the river, served mostly Oescus.

The pattern of the mints changed in AD 341-348. The issues of Contantinople became less abundant in Novae, compensated in the official supplies by the production of Heraclea Thracica and Cyzicus. The production of Thessalonica prevailed among the single coins in Novae, Nicopolis and Oescus. The share of Aquileia and Siscia grew higher as well. These changes were most probably following the most probably following themost probably following the particular situation in the Empire under the joint rule of Constans and Constantius II.

Moesia Secunda, together with the western regions of the Empire, was in the realm of Constans.in the realm of Constans.the realm of Constans.realm of Constans. of Constans. Constantius controlled the East including the prov-prov�ince of Thracia. This emperor spent his time mainlyThracia. This emperor spent his time mainlyis emperor spent his time mainly emperor spent his time mainly in Antioch on the Orontes, where his principal mint was located. The chief controversies between the two emperors, and generally in the domestic life ofdomestic life of life of the Empire, were on religious grounds. Constans was Constans wasConstans was a devout Catholic, while Constantius was an adherent of Arianism. Defending the interests of the bishops with a Catholic orientation in his brother’s lands, Constans was insistent and even aggressive at times. Constantius was more reconciling, mainly on account of the long wars against the Persians along the eastern border of his possessions.

Unrests broke out in Constantinople in AD 341-nrests broke out in Constantinople in AD 341-s broke out in Constantinople in AD 341- broke out in Constantinople in AD 341-AD 341-341-

36 P. Dyczek, New Late Roman Horreum…., p. 94, Not. Dign. XI, 18, 34 (ЛИБИ, c. 236); Е.Ю. Кленина.Ю. КленинаЮ. Кленина. Кленина Кленина, Столовая и кухонная керамика…, cc. 128-129., cc. 128-129.

42

342. After the death of the Arian bishop Eusebius,. After the death of the Arian bishop Eusebius, After the death of the Arian bishop Eusebius, Constantius restored the Catolic Paul to the bishop’s throne. The dissatisfied Arians deposed the Emperor’s administration, eminent representatives of it were either killed or banished from the city. The rebellion was neutralized only after the Emperor’s personalEmperor’s personalmperor’s personal appearance and the removal of Paul as religious leader. In AD 343-344 the religious controversies developedn AD 343-344 the religious controversies developedAD 343-344 the religious controversies developed343-344 the religious controversies developed mainly at the Oecumenical Council in Serdica and in Philippopolis. A real crisis in the relations between the two emperors burst out in AD 345-346. Constansburst out in AD 345-346. Constansurst out in AD 345-346. ConstansAD 345-346. Constans345-346. Constans insisted that the Catolic Athanasius be restored as the Bishop of Alexandria and officially threatened Constantius with civil war. Peace was preserved at the cost of concessions on the part of Constantius.37

It is very probable that the unrests in Constanti-very probable that the unrests in Constanti- probable that the unrests in Constanti�nople had some negative impact on the capacity of the capital to supply Moesia Secunda with coins. On the other hand one may expect the province to depend much more than before on the mints under the con�trol of Constans. Private contacts to the south-west became more extensive to fill the void caused by the possible isolation from Thracia.ia..

The concealment of the hoard from the thermae in Novae cannot be easily explained. A hoard of 218 coins, similar in composition to the one from Novae, was found in Bruckneudorf, Austria. The publisher believes that after the reform of AD 348 and the se�vere prohibiting edict of AD 349, see above note 19,��,, the centenionales from AD 330-348 were practically converted into pieces of metal with no possibility to be used neither as coins nor as metal ware. They were hoarded for this reason only and do not reveal a mo�ment of emergency.38 A similar explanation was given to another hoard of 98 «folles» from AD 330-346 found in the Roman site near Blagoevo, 12 km S-W of Abritus. Its consealment was put in connection to the reform of AD 346-348.39 The arguments of Demb�ski may be valid for the Austrian hoard. They may well explain the quasi-total absence of centenionales in the hoard from tower 1 in Novae. However, the conditions of the concealment of the hoard from the thermae and the loss of the small hoard in the canal in sector X-B do not exclude a case of an emergency at Novae ca AD 346-348. Moreover, the glass-atelier in sector IV was burnt down in the mid-4th C AD.

37 RIC 8, pp. 8-10, 20-22;RIC 8, pp. 8-10, 20-22; H.R. Baldues , Constantius et Constans Augusti. «JNG», 34,1984, pp. 98-102.. «JNG», 34,1984, pp. 98-102.pp. 98-102.38 G. Dembski, Zwei roemische Muenzschatzfunde aus Oesterreich. «NZ», 89, 1974, pp. 16-17. Following LRBC, the author dates the reform to AD 346 and determines the coins from AD 330- 348 as folles.39 Г. Радославова, Г. Дзанев, �бритус (Abritus). Р. Иванов (ред.). Римски и ранновизантийски градове в България, тoм IІ, София (Иврай), 2003, c. 140.

After the second quarter of the 4th century, the cities between the Balkan Range and the Danube, including Novae, were christianized. Some of themchristianized. Some of themhristianized. Some of them became the seats of bishoprics, i. e. centres of the organization and governing of the Early Christian Church.40 The process developed under the pressuredeveloped under the pressure under the pressurethe pressurepressure by the administration of Constans, on the one hand,s, on the one hand,, on the one hand, and on the other-it was under the spiritual influence of the East, by virtue of traditions dating many years back. In AD 341 Eusebius sent the newly-ordainedAD 341 Eusebius sent the newly-ordained341 Eusebius sent the newly-ordained Bishop Wulfila to spread Arianism among the Gothic federates to the north of the Danube.41 This factThis fact is indicative of the broad geographic scope of the Arian propaganda to the north. The imposition of this religious trend in these regions was an opportunity forn opportunity for opportunity for influence on a substantial military potential, such ason a substantial military potential, such as a substantial military potential, such as the Gothic federates. Against the background of that general picture, religious conflicts in Moesia Secunda and in Novae would be not surprising.would be not surprising..

The years of the troubles in Constantinople in ADe years of the troubles in Constantinople in ADtroubles in Constantinople in ADConstantinople in ADAD 341-342 are too early as a possible date and reason for the burial of the hoard from the thermae in Novae. On of the hoard from the thermae in Novae. On. On the other hand, AD 345-346 are fully acceptable as theAD 345-346 are fully acceptable as the345-346 are fully acceptable as theare fully acceptable as the fully acceptable as the terminus ante quem for the hoard’s accumulation. Thehoard’s accumulation. The. The culmination of the religious crisis in the Empire and the official threat with war at the highest level wouldwould have an appropriate impact on the relations in the border regions as Moesia Secunda. Without attachingregions as Moesia Secunda. Without attaching as Moesia Secunda. Without attaching. Without attaching absolute importance to these arguments, these seem to be the most probable years for the burial of the hoard from the thermae. Another possible date is AD 348,AD 348,348, and a plausible reason would be the settling of Wulfilawould be the settling of Wulfila the settling of Wulfila and his followers near Nicopolis ad Istrum, not far from Novae.42 A group of Goths is supposed to have settled in Novae ca AD 350 on the archaeological evidence in sector IV.43 If the date is correct, these could be only a part of the Wulfila’s companions. If adherents of the conventional Catholicism werethe conventional Catholicism were Catholicism were present in Novae, the movement of large Arian-oriented masses to the region would have evoked havoc and preparations for defence. Incidentally, the and preparations for defence. Incidentally, the Incidentally, theIncidentally, the same effect would have occurred also if there had been no religious controversies of that kind, but onlyat kind, but only kind, but onlykind, but only fear of the approaching Barbarians..

40 K. Dimitrov, Novae on the Lower Danube as an early Christian Novae on the Lower Danube as an early Christian Center (5-6 Century AD). Akten des XII Internationalen. Akten des XII InternationalenAkten des XII Internationalen Kongresses fuer christliche Archaeologie, Bonn, 1991, Teil 2, Muenster, 1995, pp. 700-704.pp. 700-704.700-704.4.41 H.J. Diesner , The Great Migration, Leipzig, 1978, p. 94..42 ИБ, c. 384., c. 384.43 P. Dyczek, New Late Roman Horreum.…, pp. 93-94.

43

CATALOGUE (K.D.D.)Abbreviations

Obverse legends AD 330-348:

Constantinus IC1 = CONSTANTI-NVS MAX AVGDC5 = DV CONSTANTI-NVS PT AVGG

Constantinus IICII5 = CONSTANTI-NVS AVGCII7 = CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB C CII8 = CONSTANTI-NVS PF AVGCII12 = DN CONSTAN-TINVS PF AVG

ConstansCn2 = CONSTANS-PF AVGCn3 = CONSTAN-S PF AVGCn8 = DN CONSTA-NS PF AVGDN CONSTA-NS PF AVGCONSTA-NS PF AVGCn9 = CONSTA-NS AVGCn9a = FL IVL CONSTANS NOB CCn9b = FL CONSTANS NOB CAESAESCn9c = CONSTANS NOB CAESCn9d = FL CONSTANTIS BEACd = FL CONSTANTIS BEAC = FL CONSTANTIS BEACCn17 = CONST-ANS AVG17 = CONST-ANS AVG�ANS AVGANS AVG AVGCn18 = DN CONST-ANS AVG

Constantius IICs1 = DN CONSTAN-TIVS PF AVGCs3 = CONSTANTI-VS PF AVGCs8 = FL IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB CCs12 = CONSTAN-TIVS AVGCs16 = CONSTANT-IVS PF AVG

ConstantinopolisCp1 = CONSTAN-TINOPOLISCp4 = CONSTAN-TINOPOLI

DelmatiusD10a = FL DALMATIVS NOB CD10b = FL DELMATIVS NOB C

HelenaH1 = FL IVL HE-LENAE AVG

Urbs RomaVR = VRBS ROMA ROMAROMA

Obverse heads and busts AD 330-348:B4 or D2 = Bust, draped, cuirassed, laureateB5 or C2 = Bust, cuirassed, laureateD3 or E9 = Bust, draped, cuirassed, pearl-dia demedD4 or E8 = Bust, draped, cuirassed, rosette- or rosette and pearl-diademedD5 or E8 = Bust, draped, cuirassed, rosette and laurel�diademedD6 = Bust, cuirassed, veiledE2 or H4 = Head, rosette-diademedE2 or H4 = Head, laurel and rosette-diademedH2 = Head, laureateH3 = Head, pearl-diademedH6 = Head, veiledM = Bust with ornamental mantel and

necklace, hair elaborately dressed (for Helena only)P1 or N1 = Bust with laureate and crested helmet, ornamental mantle, neklace and sceptre or reverse spear (for Cp only)N2 = Bust as above, but helmet with pearl-diadem (for Cp only)P2 or O = Bust with visored and crested helmet and ornamental mantle (for VR only)P3 = Bust as above, but helmet plumed (for VR only)L = Left

Reverse types: GE1 = GLOR-IA EXERC-ITVS Two EXERC-ITVS TwoEXERC-ITVS Two soldiers standing, spear in outer hand, between them one standardGE1a = As above, but dot after the legendGE2a = As above, but two standardsGE2b = GLORI-A EXER- CITVS As above EXER- CITVS As aboveEXER- CITVS As above As aboveAs abovePP = PAX PVBLICA Pax standing PVBLICA Pax standingPVBLICA Pax standingQ = Emperor (Constantinus I) veiled, r.,

in quadriga, the head of God x– reaching down to himVA = VICTORIAE DD AVGG Q NN Two Victories standing, facing one another, each holding wreath and palm-branch VN = VN/ MR Emperor (Constantinus I)/ MR Emperor (Constantinus I)MR Emperor (Constantinus I) Emperor (Constantinus I)Emperor (Constantinus I) veiled, standing r., rising right hand

44

VP = Victory standing l., on prowVXV = VOT XV MVLT XX in laurel wreath XV MVLT XX in laurel wreathXV MVLT XX in laurel wreath MVLT XX in laurel wreathMVLT XX in laurel wreath XX in laurel wreathXX in laurel wreath in laurel wreath in laurel wreathVXX = VOT XX MVLT XXX as above XX MVLT XXX as aboveXX MVLT XXX as above MVLT XXX as aboveMVLT XXX as above XXX as aboveXXX as aboveWT = She-wolf standing l., suckling twins

(Romul and Rem), two stars abover. = rightl. = left

The abbreviations adopted in RIC 7 and 8 have been used as much as possible for the chronological period covered by each volume. All coins are preserved in the collections of the Museum of History «Aleko Constantinov» in Svistov: M. = Museum’ s general collection (occasional finds from the area of Novae)EXC. = Coins from the excavationsEXC. SC.= Coins from the excavations, the secondary collection («naouchno-spomagatelen fond»)EXC. F. = Coins from the excavations, in very bad condition, indicated by the field («polevi») inventory number

I. The hoard from the thermae of Novae (1994)(EXC. Nos 3017-3095; F. No P310/94)

No. Obverse legend & bust/Reverse type, /Denomination (if different of centenionalis only)

Mint/ Dating/ Mint-markMint�mark Reference Degree of wear

AQUILEIA341-348

�. Cs16D5/VA .AQT RIC 8 p. 322 No 78 ���

SISCIA330-33330-333

2. Cp1N1L/VP BSIS RIC 7 p. 453 No 224 7 p. 453 No 2247 p. 453 No 224. 453 No 224453 No 224o 224224 ���

334-3353. C1E8/GE2a .ASIS. RIC 7 p. 455 No 235o 235235 �4. Cs8B5/GE2aE2a2a .ГSISSIS. RIC 7 p. 456 No 237 7 p. 456 No 2377 p. 456 No 237 ���5. Cp1N1L/VP .ASIS. RIC 7 p. 456 No 241 ���

337-340II series

�. Cn3D5/GE1 ASIS RIC 8 p. 355 No 88 ����. Cs3D5/GE1 ///SIS. RIC 8 p. 355 No 102 0-2

341-3488. Cn3D4/VA

ASISRIC 8 p. 363 No 192 �

THESSALONICA330-333

�. C1E8/GE2a SMTS�� RIC 7 p.524 No 183 0-2��. Cp1N1L/VP SMTS�� RIC 7 p.524 No 188 ���

335-33611-12. Cs8B4/GE2b SMTSГГ RIC 7 p. 526 No 200 1-2, 0-2

45

330-333, 336-33713-14. VRP2L/WT SMTSЄ RIC 7 p.524 No 187 or

p. 530 No 229 0-1 (x 2)

15. Cp1N1L/VP SMTSЄ RIC 7 p. 524 No 188 or p. 530 No 230

0-2

336-337�����. CII7B5/GE1 SMTSB RIC 7 p. 529 No 223 0, 0-318. Cn9bB4/GE1 SMTSA RIC 7 p. 529 No 226 1-3��. D10aB4/GE1 SMTS�� RIC 7 p. 529 No 227 0-2

337-34020-24. CII8D5/GE1 SMTSA; SMTSB (x 3);; SMTSB (x 3);SMTSB (x 3);;

SMTSГГRIC 8 p. 407 No 55 0-3; 1-2, 0, 0-; 1-2, 0, 0-1-2, 0, 0-

2; 0-2; 0-20-225-29. Cs3D5/GE1 SMTSГ (x 4); SMTS////Г (x 4); SMTS//// (x 4); SMTS////; SMTS////SMTS//// RIC 8 p. 407 No 56 1-2, 0-2, 0-1,

1-3; 0-1; 0-1���30-32. Cn2D5/GE1 SMTSA (x 2); SMTS////; SMTS////SMTS//// RIC 8 p. 407 No 57 1-3, 2; 0-1; 0-1���

341-34833. Cs3D5/VA SMTSЄ RIC 8 p. 411 No 99 0-234-39. Cn2D5/VA SMTSA; SMTSB (x 3);

SMTSЄ;SMTS////

RIC 8 p. 411 No 100 0-2; 0-3, 0-2 (x; 0-3, 0-2 (x0-3, 0-2 (x 2); 0-1;; 0-1;0-1;;1-3

40-43. Cn2D5 or 4/VA SMTSA (x 2); SMTSà (x 2); SMTSà (x 2)SMTSà (x 2)à (x 2) (x 2) RIC 8 p. 411 Nos 100 8 p. 411 Nos 1008 p. 411 Nos 100 p. 411 Nos 100p. 411 Nos 100 411 Nos 100411 Nos 100 Nos ���Nos ��� ������� or ���

0-3, 1-3; 1-3; 1-31-3 (x 2)

44. Cn2D5/VA ///////

RIC 8 p. 411 No 105 ���

45. Cn2D5 or 3/VA SMTS///

RIC 8 p. 411 Nos 105 or ���

0-3

HERACLEA330-333

46-47. C1E8/GE2a .SMHB. ; .SMH�.�.. RIC 7 p. 558 No 116 0-1; 0

48. Cp4N1L/VP .SMHГГ RIC 7 p. 558 No 120 ���

49. VRP2L/WT ////HЄ? RIC 7 p. 557 No 114 or p. 558 No 119

0-3

333-33650-51. CII7B5/GE2a SMHA* ; SMH////; SMH////SMH//// RIC 7 p. 559 No 137 0-1; 0-1; 0-1���

336-33752-53. C1E8/GE1 SMHГ (x 2)Г (x 2) (x 2) RIC 7 p. 561 No 150 0-1 (x 2)54. CII7B5/GE1 SMHA RIC 7 p. 561 No 151 1-3

337-34055-57. CII5C2/GE1 SMHA (x 3) RIC 8 p. 431 No 15 1-2, 0-1 (x 2)58. CII5H5/GE1 ///// RIC 8 p. 431 No 16 1-459. Cs12D2/GE1 SMHA RIC 8 p. 431 No 19 1-360-62. Cs12D5/GE1 SMHA (x 2); SMHГ; SMHГSMHГГ RIC 8 p. 431 No 21 0-1 (x 2); 1; 1�63-64. Cs12H4/GE1 SMHГ; SMH////Г; SMH////; SMH////SMH//// RIC 8 p. 431 No 22 0-1; 1-2; 1-21-265-66. Cs12H5/GE1 SMH//// RIC 8 p. 431 No 23 1, 1-3

46

67-68. Cn17D5L/GE1 SMHB; /////; ////////// RIC 8 p. 431 No 27 0-2; 1-3; 1-31-3��. Cs12D5/GE1 SMHГ.Г.. Cf RIC 8 p. 431 No

30 (this mintmark for Constans only)

�

��. CII12?H5/GE1 SMH//// RIC 8 p. 432 No 33 ���

336-340��. VRP2L/GE1

SMHЄ RIC 7 p. 561 No 156 or

RIC 8 p. 431 No 28�

72-75.5.. Cp4N1L/GE1 SMHA; SMHà (x 2); SMH�; SMHà (x 2); SMH�SMHà (x 2); SMH�à (x 2); SMH� (x 2); SMH�; SMH�SMH�� RIC 7 p. 561 No 157 orRIC 8 p. 431 No 29

0-2; 0 (x 2);; 0 (x 2);0 (x 2);; 0-3

341-34876-78. Cs1H3/VXX SMHA (x 3) RIC 8 p. 433 No 45 0-1 (x 2), 1-379-81. Cn8H3/VXX SMH� (x 3)� (x 3) (x 3) RIC 8 p. 433 No 47 0-1 (x 3)82. ?H3/VXX SMH//// RIC 8 p. 433 Nos 45, 47 0-283. DC5D6/VN SMHA RIC 8 p. 433 No 51 ���84-85. Cn8H4/VXX SMHA. ; SMHГ.; SMHГ.SMHГ.Г.. RIC 8 p. 433 No 52 0-1; 0-186-87. DC5D6/VN .SMHЄ RIC 8 p. 433 No 53 ���, �88. Cs1H3/VXX .SMHA RIC 8 p. 433 No 54 ���89-90. Cn8H3/VXX .SMHГ (x 2)Г (x 2) (x 2) RIC 8 p. 433 No 55 0-3 (x 2)��. VROL/VXX .SMHB RIC 8 p. 433 No 56 ���92. Cs1H3/VXX ///SMHB RIC 8 p. 433 Nos 45

or 540-3

93-95. Cn8H3/VXX ////MHA; ////SMHЄ (x 2); ////SMHЄ (x 2)////SMHЄ (x 2) RIC 8 p. 433 Nos 47 or 55

0-2; 0, 0-1; 0, 0-1�, ���

��. ?/VXX SMH//// RIC 8 p. 433 Nos 45-48, 52

1-4

��. DC5D6/VN ////SMH//// RIC 8 p. 433 Nos 44, 51, 53, 58

�

98. Cn8H3/VXX .SMH//// RIC 8 p. 433 Nos 55 or ��

0-2

CONSTANTINOPLE330-333

������. CII7B5/GE2a CONSГ; CONS�Г; CONS�; CONS�CONS�� RIC 7 p. 579 No 60 1-2; 0-2; 0-20-2���. VRP2L/WT CONSЄ RIC 7 p. 579 No 62 1-2 ?

333-335102. Cp4N1L/VP CONSIA. RIC 7 p. 582 No 79 �103-104. C1E8/GE2a .CONSH. ; . CONS////; . CONS////. CONS//// CONS////CONS///// RIC 7 p. 582 No 80 0; 1-3; 1-31-3

336-337105. CII7B5/GE1 CONS�� RIC 7 p. 589 No 138 0-2�������. Cn9bB4L/GE1 CONSIA (x 2) RIC 7 p. 589 No 140 1-3, 1108-109. VRP2L/GE1a CONSZ (x 2) RIC 7 p. 589 No 143 0-1, 1-3

337-340First group

���. CII12H5/GE1a CONS�� RIC 8 p. 449 No 25 1-2���. CII12 or Cs1H4/GE1a CONSB RIC 8 p. 449 Nos 24

or 271-2

112. Cn8H4/GE1a CONSI RIC 8 p. 449 No 29 1-2

47

Second group113-118. DC5D6/Q CONS (x 6) RIC 8 p. 449 No 37 0, 0-1 (x 3),

0-2, 0-3119-121. DC5D6/Q CONS//// (x 3) RIC 8 p. 449 Nos 37

or 390-1, 1, 1-3

122. Cs1H4/GE1 CONS�� RIC 8 p. 450 No 43 �123-124. Cn8H4/GE1 CONSIA

CONS////RIC 8 p. 450 No 45 1-2, 2-3

125. H1M/PP CONSЄ RIC 8 p. 450 No 48 �

First or second group126-128. Cn8H4/GE1 or 1a CONS//// RIC 8 pp. 449-450 Nos

29 or 450-1 (x 2), 1-2

129. ?H4/GE1 or 1a CONS//// RIC 8 pp. 449-450 Nos 24, 27, 41, 43

1-2

130. ?H4 or 5/GE1 or 1a CONS//// RIC 8 pp. 449-450 2-3

336-340131-132. VRP2L/GE1a

CONSZ (x 2) RIC 7 p. 590 No 154 or

RIC 8 p. 449 No 311 (x 2)

133. VRP2L/GE1 or 1a CONSZ RIC 7 pp.589-590 Nos 143, 154 or RIC 8 p.449 No 31

1-2

341-348134-137. Cs1H4/VXX CONSA (x 2); CONS�;; CONS�;CONS�;�;

////ONS////RIC 8 p. 453 No 69 0-3 (x 2); 0-3;; 0-3;0-3;;

���138-139. Cn8H4/VXX CONSA; CONS////; CONS////CONS//// RIC 8 p. 453 No 70 0-1; 0-2; 0-20-2140. Cs1 or Cn8H4/VXX CONS//// RIC 8 p. 453 Nos 69

or ��0-2

141-142. DCD�/VN . .CONS(A?); CONSГГ RIC 8 p. 453 No 71 1; 0-1

143. DCD�/VN *////NS////

RIC 8 p. 453 No 75 0-3

144. Cs1H4/VXX CON//// RIC 8 p. 453 Nos 69 or ��

���

NICOMEDIA321-324

145. Licinius I/ I/I/IOVICONSERVATO�RI/ 1/8/ 1/8 centenionalis

X I SMN////

RIC 7 p. 607 No 44 �

330-335146. C1E8/GE2a SMN�� RIC 7 p. 633 No 188 1-3147. VRP3L/WT SMNS cf RIC 7 p. 634 No

195: tree dots vertically above the minmark.

���

336-337148-151. C1E8/GE1 SMNЄ (x 2); SMNГ ; SMN�; SMNГ ; SMN�Г ; SMN� ; SMN� RIC 7 p. 635 No 199 0-1, 1-2; 1; 0-1; 1; 0-11; 0-1; 0-1���

337-340152. Cs1H2/GE1 SMN//////// RIC 8 p. 471 No 8o 88 ���

48

153-155. Cs1H5/GE1 SMNГ; SMNЄ; SMN////Г; SMNЄ; SMN////; SMNЄ; SMN////SMNЄ; SMN////; SMN////SMN//////// RIC 8 p. 471 No 11 8 p. 471 No 118 p. 471 No 11. 471 No 11471 No 11o ���� 1-3; 1-2; 0-1; 1-2; 0-11-2; 0-1; 0-1���156-158.-158.. Cn8H3/GE13/GE1/GE� SMNГ; SMNЄ; SMNSГ; SMNЄ; SMNS; SMNЄ; SMNSSMNЄ; SMNS; SMNSSMNS RIC 8 p. 471 No 13o 13133 1-2; 0-1; 1-32; 0-1; 1-3159-161.����.. Cn8H4/GE14/GE1/GE� SMNB; SMNГ; SMNS; SMNГ; SMNS SMNГ; SMNSГ; SMNS; SMNSSMNSS RIC 8 p. 471 No 14 8 p. 471 No 148 p. 471 No 14. 471 No 14471 No 14o 1414 1-2; 1-2; 1-2; 1-2; 1-2162. DC5D6/Q SMN�� RIC 8 p. 472 No 18o 1818 ���163. Cs12H5/GE1 SMN//////// RIC 8 p. 472 No 21o 2121 ���164. Cn8 or 9H3/GE1 SMNГГ RIC 8 pp. 471-472 Nos-472 Nos472 Nosos

13 or 22���

341-348165-166. DC5D6/VN SMNA

//// NЄ NЄRIC 8 p. 474 No 48o 4848 ���

���167-168. Cs1H3/VXX SMNГГ

SMN��RIC 8 p. 474 No 49 8 p. 474 No 498 p. 474 No 49. 474 No 49474 No 49o 4949 1-2

����������. Cs1H4/VXX SMNГГ

SMNSRIC 8 p. 474 No 50 8 p. 474 No 508 p. 474 No 50. 474 No 50474 No 50o 5050 ���

0-2���. Cn8H3/VXX SMNЄ RIC 8 p. 475 No 51o 5151 0-2172-173. DC5D6/VN SMNЄ. ; SMNS.; SMNS.SMNS. RIC 8 p. 475 No 57 8 p. 475 No 578 p. 475 No 57. 475 No 57475 No 57o 5757 0; 0-1; 0-1���174. Cs1H4/VXX SMNZ//////// RIC 8 pp. 474-475 Nosp. 474-475 Nos. 474-475 Nos-475 Nos475 Nosos

50 or 580-2

175-179. Cn8H4/VXX SMNA. ; SMN�. ; SMNZ. ;�. ; SMNZ. ;. ; SMNZ. ;SMNH. ; SMN�.�..

RIC 8 p. 475 No 59 8 p. 475 No 598 p. 475 No 59. 475 No 59475 No 59o 5959 1; 1-2; 0-1; 0; 3; 1-2; 0-1; 0; 31-2; 0-1; 0; 3; 0-1; 0; 30-1; 0; 3; 0; 30; 3; 33

CYZICUSICUS295-299

180. Gal.Maximianus/ CONCORDIA MILITVM//pseudo-antoninian

KA RIC 6 p. 581 No 19b 6 p. 581 No 19b6 p. 581 No 19b. 581 No 19b581 No 19bo ��b��b ���

324-325181. ConstantiusII/onstantiusII/

PROVIDENTIAE CAESS

SMKГГ RIC 7 p. 647 No 27o 2727 1-2

331, 333-334182. C1B4 or B5/GE2a SMK�� RIC 7 p. 655 Nos 76 7 p. 655 Nos 767 p. 655 Nos 76. 655 Nos 76655 Nos 76os ����

or ���

183-185. C1E8/GE2a SMKB (x 2); SMKГ (x 2); SMKГSMKГГ RIC 7 p. 655 No 78o 7878 0-1, 1-2; 0-1, 1-2; 0-11-2; 0-1; 0-1���186-187. Cs8B5/GE2a SMKB; SMK�; SMK�SMK�� RIC 7 p. 655 No 85 7 p. 655 No 857 p. 655 No 85. 655 No 85655 No 85o 8585 0-3; 1-2; 1-2-2188. Cp4N1L/VP SMKГГ RIC 7 p. 656 No 926 No 92 No 92o 9292 ���189. Cp4N2L/VP SMKB RIC 7 p. 656 No 93 7 p. 656 No 937 p. 656 No 93. 656 No 93656 No 936 No 93 No 93o 9393 ���

336-337���.���.

CII7B4/GE1Cn9aB5/GE1

SMK(B?)SMK��

RIC 7 p. 659 No 123o 123123 1-21-3

192. CII7B5/GE1 SMKЄ RIC 7 p. 659 No 124 7 p. 659 No 1247 p. 659 No 124. 659 No 124659 No 124o 124124 �

337-340193. CII8D2L/GE1 SMK�� RIC 8 p. 490 No 5 8 p. 490 No 58 p. 490 No 5. 490 No 5490 No 5o 55 1-2194-197. Cs1H2/GE1 SMKГ; SMKЄ; SMKS;Г; SMKЄ; SMKS;; SMKЄ; SMKS;SMKЄ; SMKS;; SMKS;SMKS;;

SMK////////RIC 8 p. 490 No 16o ���� 1-2; 0-1; 0-1; 1; 0-1; 0-1; 10-1; 0-1; 1; 0-1; 10-1; 1; 1�

198-199. Cn8H2/GE1 SMK�; SMKS�; SMKSSMKS RIC 8 p. 490 No 18 8 p. 490 No 188 p. 490 No 18. 490 No 18490 No 18o 1818 1; 1-3; 1-31-3200. Cs1H2/GE1 SMK�.�.. RIC 8 p. 491 No 21 8 p. 491 No 218 p. 491 No 21. 491 No 21491 No 211 No 21 No 21o 2121 1-3201. Cs1H2/GE1 SMKBX RIC 8 p. 491 No 27o 2727 1-3

49

202-203. Cn8H2/GE1 SMKSX (x 2) (x 2) RIC 8 p. 491 No 28 8 p. 491 No 288 p. 491 No 28. 491 No 28491 No 281 No 28 No 28o 2828 1-3 (x 2)(x 2)

341-348204-210. DC5D6/VN SMKA (x 2); SMK�; SMKЄ;�; SMKЄ;; SMKЄ;

SMKZ; SMK/// (x 2)RIC 8 p. 493 No 46o 4646 1-2 (x 2); 1-3; (x 2); 1-3;(x 2); 1-3;x 2); 1-3;2); 1-3;; 1-3;1-3;;

0-2; 1-2 0-1 (x 2); 1-2 0-1 (x 2)1-2 0-1 (x 2) (x 2)(x 2)x 2)2)211. Cs1H3/VXX SMK//////// RIC 8 p. 493 No 48o 4848 1-3212. Cs1H4/VXX SMKH RIC 8 p. 493 No 49 8 p. 493 No 498 p. 493 No 49. 493 No 49493 No 49o 4949 �213. Cn8H2/VXX SMKГГ RIC 8 p. 493 No 50 8 p. 493 No 508 p. 493 No 50. 493 No 50493 No 50o 5050 1-2214-215. Cs1 or Cn8H2/VXX /////// (x 2)/// (x 2) RIC 8 p. 493 Nos 47os 4747

or 500-2 (x 2) (x 2)

216-219. Cn8H3/VXX SMK////(x 4)

RIC 8 p. 494 No 51 8 p. 494 No 518 p. 494 No 51. 494 No 51494 No 51o 5151 0-1, 1-2 (x 2),, 1-2 (x 2),1-2 (x 2), (x 2),(x 2),x 2),2),, 1-3

220-224. Cn8H4/VXX SMKZ (x 2); SMKH; SMKI; SMK////

RIC 8 p. 494 No 52o 5252 0-1 (x 2); 0-3; (x 2); 0-3;(x 2); 0-3;x 2); 0-3;2); 0-3;; 0-3;0-3;; 0-1; 0-3; 0-30-3

225. ?/VXX SMKЄ RIC 8 pp. 493-494 Nos 8 pp. 493-494 Nos8 pp. 493-494 Nosp. 493-494 Nos493-494 Nos-494 Nos494 Nosos 47-53

2-4

ANTIOCH330-333, 335 335335

226-230. C1E8/GE2a SMANA; SMANB; SMANГ;; SMANB; SMANГ;SMANB; SMANГ;; SMANГ;SMANГ;Г;; SMAN��

RIC 7 p. 693 No 86o 8686 0-1; 0-1; 1-2; 0; 0-1; 1-2; 00-1; 1-2; 0; 1-2; 01-2; 0; 0� (x 2)x 2)2)

231. CII7B5/GE2a SMANS RIC 7 p. 693 No 87 7 p. 693 No 877 p. 693 No 87. 693 No 87693 No 87o 8787 �

330-333, 335-337232. Cp1N1L/VP SMANI RIC 7 p. 693 No 92,

p. 697 No 114o 1141140-2

335-337233. C1E8/GE1 SMANB RIC 7 p. 697 No 108 7 p. 697 No 1087 p. 697 No 108. 697 No 108697 No 108o 108108 �

234. Cn9aB5/GE1aB5/GE1B5/GE1 SMANH RIC 7 p. 697 No 111 7 p. 697 No 1117 p. 697 No 111. ��� No ������ No ���o ������ ���

337-340235. DC5D6/Q SMAN//////// RIC 8 p. 515 No 39o 3939 �236. CII5D2/GE1 SMANЄ RIC 8 p. 515 No 40 8 p. 515 No 408 p. 515 No 40. 515 No 40515 No 40o 4040 �237. Cs12D2/GE1 SMANZ RIC 8 p. 515 No 44 8 p. 515 No 448 p. 515 No 44. 515 No 44515 No 44o 4444 1-3238-239. Cs12D3/GE1 SMANГ; SMAN////Г; SMAN////; SMAN////SMAN//////// RIC 8 p. 515 No 49o 4949 0-1; 0-2; 0-20-2240-246. Cs12H3/GE1 SMANB; SMAN�; SMANH;�; SMANH;; SMANH;

SMAN� (x 2);� (x 2); (x 2);SMAN�I; SMAN////�I; SMAN////I; SMAN////; SMAN////SMAN////

RIC 8 p. 515 No 56 8 p. 515 No 568 p. 515 No 56. 515 No 56515 No 56o 5656 0-1; 1; 0-1; 0-1,; 1; 0-1; 0-1,1; 0-1; 0-1,; 0-1; 0-1,0-1; 0-1,1; 0-1,���,, 1-3;;0-1; 0-1; 0-1���

341-348247. Cs1H3/VXX SMAN//////// RIC 8 p. 521 No 11321 No 1131 No 113o 113113 0-2248. Cn8H3/VXV ///// RIC 8 p. 521 No 114o 114114 0-2249. Cs1 or Cn8H3/VXX SMANГIГII RIC 8 p.521 Nos 113 8 p.521 Nos 1138 p.521 Nos 113.521 Nos 113521 Nos 113os 113113

or 1152-3

ALEXANDRIA333-335

250. C1E8/GE2a SMALA RIC 7 p. 711 No 58o 5858 �251. Cn9aB5/GE2a SMALA RIC 7 p. 711 No 61 7 p. 711 No 617 p. 711 No 61. ��� No ����� No ��o ���� 0-2

50

333-335, 335-337

252. Cp1N1L/VP SMALA RIC 7 p. 712 No 64 oro 64 or64 or ��

���

335-337253. VRP3L/WT SMAL�� RIC 7 p. 712 No 70 7 p. 712 No 707 p. 712 No 70. 712 No 70712 No 70o ���� 0-3

337-340

254. Cp1P1L/VP S R R RSMAL��

RIC 8 p. 539 No 9o �� 0-2

340

255. Cn17D2/GE1 SMALA RIC 8 p. 540 No 25 8 p. 540 No 258 p. 540 No 25. 540 No 25540 No 25o 2525 �

341-348

256-257. Cs1H3/VXX SMALA; SMAL////; SMAL////SMAL//////// RIC 8 p. 541 No 33o 3333 2; 0-1; 0-1���

UNATTRIBUTEDCostantinus I/ 318-320

258. VICTORIAE LAETAEPRINC PERP

���

330-335/6259. CII7B4/GE2 �

330-337260. Cp 4P1L/VP �

335/6-33735/6-3375/6-337-337�261. C1E8/GE1 �262. CII7B4/GE1 1-2263-266. Cs8B4/GE1 0, 0-1, 1-4, 3, 0-1, 1-4, 3 0-1, 1-4, 3, 1-4, 3 1-4, 3, 3 3

337-340267. Cs12H4/GE1 ���268. CII8D2/GE1 0-3269. Cs12H3/GE1 0-2270. Cn8H5/GE1 0-4271. Cs1H2/GE1 1-3272-274. Cn8H3/GE1 0-1, 1-3, 1-4, 1-3, 1-41-3, 1-4, 1-41-4275. Bust L/GE1 0-3276-278. Cn8H2/GE1 0-1, 1, 1-4, 1, 1-41, 1-4, 1-41-4279-280. Cs1H4/GE1 0-2, 1-2, 1-21-2281-282. Cn8H4/GE1 1-3, 2-3, 2-32-3283. H4/GE1 1-3284. Bust r./GE� 2-3285-287. H5/GE15/GE1/GE� 1-3, 0-2, 2-3288-291. H4 or 5/GE14 or 5/GE1/GE� 1-3 (x 3), 2

51

292-298. DC5D6/Q 1 (x 2), 1-2 (x 2), 1-3 (x 2), ?x 2), ?), ?, ??

336-340-340299. Cn8H3/GE1 3300. 0-3301-302. Cn8H3/GE1 0-2, 3-4, 3-43-4

330-34030-34040303. VRP2 or 3L/WT 0-3304. Cp1P1L/VP 0-3

341-348-34848305-314. DCD�/VN 0, 0-1 (x 4), 1, 0-1 (x 4), 10-1 (x 4), 1 (x 4), 1(x 4), 1x 4), 14), 1, ��

(x 2), 0-2, 0-3,x 2), 0-2, 0-3,2), 0-2, 0-3,, 0-2, 0-3, 0-2, 0-3,, 0-3,0-3,, 2-3

315. Cn3D5/VA 0-2316-317. VR1OL/VXX 0-1, 1-3, 1-31-3318-335. Cs1H3/VXX 0, 0-1 (x 2), 0-2, 0-1 (x 2), 0-20-1 (x 2), 0-2 (x 2), 0-2(x 2), 0-2x 2), 0-22), 0-2, 0-20-2

(x 4),1, 1-2, 1-3x 4),1, 1-2, 1-34),1, 1-2, 1-3,1, 1-2, 1-31, 1-2, 1-3, 1-2, 1-31-2, 1-3, 1-31-3 (x 6),1-4 (x 2),x 6),1-4 (x 2),6),1-4 (x 2),,1-4 (x 2),1-4 (x 2), (x 2),(x 2),x 2),2),, 2-4

336-345. Cn8H3/VXX 0 (x 2), 0-1 (x (x 2), 0-1 (x(x 2), 0-1 (xx 2), 0-1 (x2), 0-1 (x, 0-1 (x 0-1 (x (x(xx 4), 1-2,1-3, 1-4, 1-2,1-3, 1-41-2,1-3, 1-4,1-3, 1-41-3, 1-4, 1-4 1-4 (x 2)x 2)2)

346-349. Cn8H4/VXX 0-1, 0-3 (x 2),, 0-3 (x 2), 0-3 (x 2), (x 2),(x 2),x 2),2),, 1-3

350-363. Cs1H4/VXX 0, 0-1 (x 6), 0-, 0-1 (x 6), 0- 0-1 (x 6), 0- (x 6), 0-(x 6), 0-x 6), 0-6), 0-, ����2, 1-2,1-3 (x 3),, 1-2,1-3 (x 3),1-2,1-3 (x 3),,1-3 (x 3),1-3 (x 3), (x 3),(x 3),x 3),3),, 1-4, 2-3, 2-3 2-3

364-368. Cs or Cn ?H4/VXX 0-1, 0-2, 1-3,, 0-2, 1-3, 0-2, 1-3,, 1-3,1-3,, 1-4 (x 2) (x 2)(x 2)x 2)2)

369. Cs1H?/VXX 1-3370-371. Cs?H?/VXX 1-3, 0-3372-376. Cs or Cn?H?/VXX 1-2, 1-3 (x 2), ?

(x 2)377-381. Cs or Cn?H3/VXX 0-1 (x 2), 1-2,

1-3, 3-4

II. The hoard from sector X-B of Novae (1990)(EXC. F. Nos 11751-5)

NICOMEDIA341-348

�. Cs or CnH3/VXX SMN//////// RIC 8 pp. 474-475 Nos 49 or 51p. 474-475 Nos 49 or 51. 474-475 Nos 49 or 51-475 Nos 49 or 51475 Nos 49 or 51os 49 or 5149 or 51 �

UNATTRIBUTED330-337

2. CII7B5/GE2 or 1 �

330-3403. ?H4/GE2 or 1 3

341-348

52

4. Cs or Cn? Diademed bust right/VA

1-3

5. ?/VXX 4

III. The hoard from tower 1 of Novae (1965)

Period I: 330-348THESSALONICA

341-348

�. Cn2H5/VA SMTSAK. Dimitrov, Zwei Schatzfunde…., No 1. EXC. No 204.

RIC 8 p. 411 No 100 2

CYZICUS330, 334

�a. VRP2L or34L/WT SMKA.Found: Tower 1 as the hoard. Ibi­dem.-. EXC. No 188.

RIC 7 p. 654 Nos 71 or 72 3-4

Constans, Constan�tius II, Constantius Gallus and Julian II/ FEL TEMP REPA�RATIO (Falling horseman) except No 21 (Emperor on galley)

Period II: 348-361

ROMEOME2. AE2 352-355, Third group, Second series

Ibidem, No 3. EXC. No 205.RIC 8 p. 273 Nos 256

AQUILEIA3. AE3 352-355, Second series

Ibidem, No 10: Siscia. EXC. No 255RIC 8 p. 334 Nos 199

SISCIA4-5. AE2 351-355, Second series

Ibidem, Nos 5, 12. EXC. Nos 261,EXC. Nos 261,. Nos 261, 289

RIC 8 p. 375 Nos 342 or 344, 347

6-13. AE3 351-355, Fourth seriesIbidem, Nos 6-9, 11, 13-15. EXC. No 206-210, 287, 288, 295

RIC 8 p. 375 Nos 350-353

SIRMIUM14. AE2 351-355, Second group, Second

seriesIbidem, No 20. EXC. No 301

RIC 8 p. 387 No 45

15. AE3 351-355, Second group, Third seriesIbidem, No 22. EXC. No 291

RIC 8 p. 388 No 49

16-20. 351-355, as above or 355-361Ibidem, Nos 16-19, 23. EXC. Nos 211-213, 306

RIC 8 pp. 388-390 Nos 52 or 69, 75, 78

53

THESSALONICAHESSALONICA21. AE2 348-350

Ibidem, No 2. EXC. No 20303RIC 8 p. 412 No 120412 No 120 No 120120

22-27. AE2 350-355, Second group Ibidem, Nos 24, 26, 42-45. EXC.EXC.. Nos 214, 216, 294, 296, 303, 304.

RIC 8 p. 419 Nos 180, 183, 184a, 185, 186, 188?

28-42. AE3 350-355, Third goupIbidem, Nos 27-39, 47, 102, the last: «Constantius II, uncertain mint». EXC. Nos 217-219, 221-225,. Nos 217-219, 221-225, 275, 279, 280.

RIC 8 p. 419 Nos 189, 190�, ���, �����

HERACLEA43-45. AE2 351-355, Second group

Ibidem, Nos 48, 49, 57. EXC. Nos 226, 264, 292.

RIC 8 p. 436 Nos 85, 86

46-53. AE3 351-355, Third groupIbidem, Nos 46, 51, 53-56, 58, 106, the last: «Constantius II, uncertain mint». EXC. Nos 227-230, 270,. Nos 227-230, 270, 274, 285, 315, 319.

RIC 8 p. 436 Nos 90, 90-91

CONSTANTINOPLE54-55. AE2 351-355, First group

Ibidem, Nos 59, 71. EXC. Nos 232, 298

RIC 8 p. 456 Nos 106, 107

56-63. AE2 351-355, Second groupIbidem, Nos 60-65, 67, 72. EXC. Nos 231, 233, 234, 236, 237, 256, 263, 299

RIC 8 p. 457 Nos 109, 112, ���, ���

64-68. AE3 As above.Ibidem, Nos 21: Sirmium, 68-70. EXC. Nos 235, 252, 286, 290.. Nos 235, 252, 286, 290.

RIC 8 p. 458 Nos 118-121, 122, 125.

�����. AE3 351-355, Second group or 355-361, First group

RIC 8 p. 458 No 118 or p. 460 No 135

��. AE3 355-361, First groupIbidem, No 79: «Nicomedia». EXC. No 258

RIC 8 p. 460 No 135

NICOMEDIA72. AE2 351-355, Second group

Ibidem, No 75. EXC. No 268RIC 8 p. 479 No 91

73-74. AE3 351-355, Third groupIbidem, Nos 77-78. EXC. Nos 293, 308

RIC 8 p. 479 No 97

75. AE3 351-355, Third group or 355-361, First groupIbidem, No 76. EXC. No 239

RIC 8 p. 479 No 96 or p. 481 No 104

CYZICUS�����. AE2 351-354, Second series

Ibidem, Nos 80-82. EXC. Nos 240,EXC. Nos 240,. Nos 240, 250, 260, 277.

RIC 8 p. 497 Nos 100, 102

54

80-89. AE3 351-354, Third series or 355-361, First seriesIbidem, Nos 85-94. EXC. Nos 241-. Nos 241-246, 249, 272, 276, 283

RIC 8 p. 498 No 104 or p. 499 No ���

��. AE3 355-361, First seriesIbidem, No 84. EXC. No 259

RIC 8 p. 499 No 113

ANTIOCH��. AE2 350-355, Second series

Ibidem, No 83: «Cysicus». EXC. No 265

RIC 8 p. 524 No 148

ALEXANDRIA92. AE2 351-355, Second group, First series

Ibidem, No 96. EXC. No 300RIC 8 p. 544 No 77

UNATTRIBUTED93- ���.

AE2 Ibidem, Nos 4: «Aquileia», 25 and 46: «Thessalonica», 95, 97-100, 109. EXC. Nos 248, 251, 262, 266, 267, 271, 284, 305, 321

103-114.

AE3 Ibidem, Nos 40 and 41: «Thessa�lonica», 101, 103, 104, 107, 108, 111, 113, 129, the last of Julian II. EXC. Nos 247, 253, 257, 269, 273, 278, 313, 314, 316-318, 320, 322.

Valentinian I/SECVRITASCVRITAS REIPVBLICAE

Period III: 364-378

SISCIA115. AE3 367-375

Ibidem, No 110 with refferences, dated to 370. EXC. No 307.

RIC 9 pp. 142, 145, Nos 15b, xix (this mintmark for Valens only)

NOT DATABLE����132.

Fragmented and cor�roded

IV. The hoard? from sector X-B of Novae (1993)(EXC. No 27411-8)

NIKAIA238-244

�. Nikaia for Gordian III/ Three standards/ AE �� mm

SNG No 526 1-2

ROME259-268

2.. Gallien/ VIRTVS AVG// Antoninian. ////// RIC 5, 2 p. 159 No 3255, 2 p. 159 No 325 p. 159 No 325159 No 32559 No 3259 No 325 No 325325 ���

55

HERACLEAearly 313

3. Constantinus I/ IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG// Follis.

ЄSMHT

RIC 6 p. 541 No 756 p. 541 No 75 p. 541 No 75541 No 75 No 7575 ���

THESSALONICA324

4. Constantinus I/ DN I/ DN CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG VOT XX

TSA VI

RIC 7 p. 513 No 1237 p. 513 No 123 p. 513 No 123513 No 123 No 123123 �

CentenionalisCONSTANTINOPLE

330-3335. C1E8/GE2a1E8/GE2a/GE2a ////NS�NS�� RIC 7 p. 579 No 5959 ���

CentenionalisNICOMEDIACOMEDIAOMEDIA

337-340�. DC5D6/Q SMN//////// RIC 8 p. 471 No 41 No 4 No 4o 4 ���

CentenionalisUNATTRIBUTED

353-358�.. Constantius II/ FEL

TEMP REPARATIO (Falling horseman)/ AE3

1-2

CONSTANTINOPLE364-367

8. Valentin�ian I/ SECVRITASSECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE / //AE3

*CONSANSAA

RIC 9 p. 215 No 21a-49 p. 215 No 21a-4 p. 215 No 21a-4215 No 21a-4 No 21a-4o 21a-4 ���

V. The single bronze coins from Novae A.D. 330-348

AQUILEIA337-340

�. CD5/GE1 AQS RIC 8 p. 316 No 30 1-22

341-3482. Cs16 or Cn3D5/VA AQS RIC 8 p. 322 Nos 76 or 77 322 Nos 76 or 77322 Nos 76 or 77 2-33. Cs16D5/VA .AQTAQT RIC 8 p. 322 No 78 ���4. Cn3D5/VA .AQS RIC 8 p. 322 No 79 1-25-6.��.. Cn3D5/VA A A A A A

AQP; ////TP; ////T RIC 8 p.322 No 81 1-2; 1-2; 1-2

SISCIAISCIA330-333

�. VRP2L/WTP2L/WTL/WT ГSISSIS RIC 7 p. 453 No 222 7 p. 453 No 2227 p. 453 No 222. 453 No 222453 No 222o 222222 3

56

334-3358-9. C1E8/GE2a .ASIS. ; //// SIS.ASIS. ; //// SIS.. ; //// SIS.; //// SIS. //// SIS.//// SIS. SIS. RIC 7 p. 455 No 235o 235235 0; 0-1�������� CII7B5/GE2a .ASIS. ; .ESIS. RIC 7 p. 455 No 236 0-2; 0; 0�12. Cs8B5/GE2a .ГSIS////ГSIS////SIS//// RIC 7 p. 456 No 237 �13. Cn9cB4/GE2a .�SIS.�SIS.SIS. RIC 7 p. 457 No 238 �14. Cp1N1L/VP .////SIS.////SIS.SIS. RIC 7 p. 456 No 241 0-33

335-33615.5.. Cn9cB4/GE1n9cB4/GE19cB4/GE1cB4/GE1B4/GE1 �SISSIS RIC 7 p. 458 No 255o 255255 ���.�.. D10bB4/GE1bB4/GE1B4/GE1 BSIS RIC 7 p. 458 No 256 7 p. 458 No 2567 p. 458 No 256. 458 No 256458 No 256o 256256 ���

337��� Cs8B5/GE1 ГSIS*SIS** RIC 7 p. 460 No 263 7 p. 460 No 2637 p. 460 No 263. 460 No 263460 No 263 No 263No 263o 263263 �

337-34018.8.. Cs3D4/GE1 à SIS SIS RIC 8 p. 355 No 91o ���� 0-2

341-348

��.�.. Cn3D4/VA.ASIS.ASIS..

RIC 8 p. 363 No 185 8 p. 363 No 1858 p. 363 No 185. 363 No 185363 No 185o 185185 ���20.. Cn3 D4/VA N

SISRIC 8 p. 463 No 188 8 p. 463 No 1888 p. 463 No 188. 463 No 188463 No 188o 188188 ���

21.�.. Cs3D4/VA HHASIS

RIC 8 p. 363 No 191o ������ �

22.2. Cs3D4/VA �SISSIS

RIC 8 p. 363 No 194o 194194 �

THESSALONICA330-333

23.3.. C1E8/GE2a SMT//////// RIC 7 p. 524 No 183o 183183 �24-25.4-25.-25.5.. Cs8B5/GE2a SMTSà (x 2)à (x 2) (x 2) RIC 7 p.524 No 185 7 p.524 No 1857 p.524 No 185.524 No 185524 No 185o 185185 0-2, 2, 2226.�.. Cp1N1L/VP SMTS�� RIC 7 p. 524 No 188o 188188 ?

335-33627-28.7-28.-28.8.. C1E8/GE2b SMTSA (x 2) (x 2) RIC 7 p.526 No 198 7 p.526 No 1987 p.526 No 198.526 No 198526 No 198o 198198 1-2, 1, �29.�.. CII7B5/GE2b SMTSB RIC 7 p. 526 No 199 7 p. 526 No 1997 p. 526 No 199. 526 No 199526 No 199o ������ 1-230.. Cn9dB4/GE2bdB4/GE2bB4/GE2b /// MTS/// MTS////// RIC 7 p. 526 No 201o 201201 ���

336-33731-32.1-32.-32.2..33

C1E8/GE1CII7D5/GE1

SMTSA; SMTSB; SMTSBSMTSBSMTSA

RIC 7 p. 529 No 222 7 p. 529 No 2227 p. 529 No 222. 529 No 222529 No 222o 222222RIC 7 p. 529 No 223 7 p. 529 No 2237 p. 529 No 223. 529 No 223529 No 223o 2232233

1; 1-2; 1-21-22-3

34-35.4-35.-35.5.. Cn9dB4/GE1dB4/GE1B4/GE1 SMTS�; SMTS////�; SMTS////SMTS//////// RIC 7 p. 529 No 225 7 p. 529 No 2257 p. 529 No 225. 529 No 225529 No 225o 225225 1-3; 0-1; 0-1���36-42.6-42.-42.2.. VRP2L/WTP2L/WTL/WT SMTSЄ (x 7) (x 7) RIC 7 pp. 524, 530 Nos 187, 530 Nos 187 530 Nos 187os 187187

or 2290, 0-1 (x 3),, 0-1 (x 3),0-1 (x 3), (x 3),(x 3),x 3),3),, 0-2 (x 2), 2 (x 2), 2(x 2), 2x 2), 22), 2, 22

43-45.3-45.-45.5.. Cp1N1L/VP SMTSЄ (x 2); SMTS//// (x 2); SMTS////SMTS//////// RIC 7 pp. 524, 530 Nos 188 7 pp. 524, 530 Nos 1887 pp. 524, 530 Nos 188p. 524, 530 Nos 188524, 530 Nos 188os 188188 or 230

0, 4; 0-1, 4; 0-1���

337-34046.�.. CII8D5/GE1 SMT//////// RIC 8 p. 407 No 55o 5555 1-247.�.. Cs3D5/GE1 SMTSA RIC 8 p. 407 No 56 8 p. 407 No 568 p. 407 No 56. 407 No 56407 No 56o 5656 1-2488 CII8 or Cs3D5/GE1 SMTSГГ RIC 8 p. 407 Nos 55 or 56os 55 or 5655 or 56 3-449-54.9-54.-54.4.. Cn2D5/GE1 SMTSГ; SMTS� (x 2);Г; SMTS� (x 2);; SMTS� (x 2);� (x 2); (x 2);

SMTSЄ; SMT//// (x 2)RIC 8 p. 407 No 57 8 p. 407 No 578 p. 407 No 57. 407 No 57407 No 57o 5757 3; 1-3, 1; 1;; 1-3, 1; 1;1-3, 1; 1;, 1; 1;1; 1;; 1;1;;

?, 0, ��

57

341-34855-57.5-57.-57.�.. Cs3D5/VA SMTS�; SMTS//// (x 2)�; SMTS//// (x 2)SMTS//// (x 2)//// (x 2) RIC 8 p. 411 No 99o ���� 0-2; 1(x 2); 1(x 2)1(x 2)x 2)2)58-63.8-63.-63.3.. Cn2D5/VA SMTSB (x 2); SMTSà (x 3);à (x 3); (x 3);

SMTS////RIC 8 p. 411 No 100 8 p. 411 No 1008 p. 411 No 100. 411 No 100411 No 100o ������ 0-1, 1-2; 0,, 1-2; 0,1-2; 0,; 0,�,,

0-2, 1;, 1;1;; 1-2

64.4.. Cn2D5 or 4/VA //// TSA//// TSA TSA RIC 8 p. 411 Nos 100-101os ��������������������� 1-365-66.5-66.. Cs3 or Cn2D5 or

4/VASMTS(B?); SMTSЄ; SMTSЄЄ RIC 8 p. 411 Nos 99-101 8 p. 411 Nos 99-1018 p. 411 Nos 99-101. 411 Nos 99-101411 Nos 99-101os ������������ 1-3; 1-2; 1-2

��.�.. Cn2D5 or 3/VA SMTS(B?)

RIC 8 p. 411 Nos 105-106os 105-106105-106 �

HERACLEA330-333

68-70.8-70.. C1E8/GE2a SMHA; SMHB; SMHГSMHB; SMHГ; SMHГSMHГГ RIC 7 p. 557 No 111 7 p. 557 No 1117 p. 557 No 111. 557 No 111557 No 111o ������ 1-3; 0; 10; 1; 1�71-72.1-72.. Cs8B5/GE2a SMHA; SM(HB?); SM(HB?) RIC 7 p. 557 No 113 7 p. 557 No 1137 p. 557 No 113. 557 No 113557 No 113o 113113 0-1; 1; 173.. VRP2L/WTP2L/WTL/WT SMH(A?) RIC 7 p. 557 No 114o 114114 1-274-75.4-75.. Cp4N1L/VP SMH(Г?); SMH�Г?); SMH�?); SMH�; SMH�SMH�� RIC 7 p. 557 No 615o 61515 0-1; 1-2; 1-21-276-78.6-78.-78.8.. C1E8/GE2a .SMHA; .SMHГ; .SMH�; .SMHГ; .SMH�.SMHГ; .SMH�Г; .SMH�; .SMH�.SMH�� RIC 7 p. 558 No 116 2; 0-3; 0; 0-3; 00-3; 0; 0���. Cs8B5/GE2a .SMHBB RIC 7 p. 558 No 118 �80. VRP2L/WTP2L/WTL/WT .SMHЄ RIC 7 p. 558 No 119o ������ 2-381-83.. C1E8/GE2a .SMHA. (x 2); .SMHB. .SMHB..SMHB. RIC 7 p. 558 No 121 0-1 (x 2); 0; 0�84-85. Cs8B4/GE2a .SMHA. ; .SMHB.; .SMHB..SMHB. RIC 7 p. 558 No 123 0-1; 1; 1�

333-33686-87. C1E8/GE2a SMHA*; SMHB**; SMHB*SMHB** RIC 7 p. 559 No 136o 136136 1-2; 0-1; 0-1���88.8.. Cs8B4/GE2a SMHГ** RIC 7 p. 559 No 138o 138138 ���89.�.. VRP2L/WTP2L/WTL/WT SMHЄ** RIC 7 p. 560 No 143o 143143 2-3

330-336�����. C1E8/GE2a SMHB////; SMH////B////; SMH//// RIC 7 pp. 557-559, No 111

or No 1360-3; 1; 1�

336-34092. VRP2L/GE1 ////MH//// RIC 7 p. 561 No 156 or

RIC 8 p. 431 No 28 or 311-3

337-34093-94.-94.94.. CII5H5/GE1 SMHA; ////; //// RIC 8 p. 431 No 16 8 p. 431 No 168 p. 431 No 16. 431 No 16431 No 16o ���� 1; 1; 1�95.. Cs12H2/GE1H2/GE12/GE1 SMH//////// RIC 8 p. 431 No 19o ���� ���.�.. Cs12D5/GE1 SMH//////// RIC 8 p. 431 No 21o 2121 2��.�.. Cn17D5L/GE1 //// RIC 8 p. 431 No 27 8 p. 431 No 278 p. 431 No 27. 431 No 27431 No 27o 2727 2-3

341-34898-99 ?H3/VXX3/VXX SMH(A?)

///HГГRIC 8 p. 433 Nos 45-48, 52433 Nos 45-48, 52RIC 8 p. 433 Nos 45-48,433 Nos 45-48, 54-55

0-31-2

���. VROL/VXX .//////// RIC 8 p. 433 No 56433 No 56 ���

CONSTANTINOPLE330-333

101-105.1-105.-105.5.. C1E8/GE2a CONSB (x 2); CONS(Г?);; CONS(Г?);CONS(Г?);Г?);?);; CONS�; CONSH�; CONSHCONSH

RIC 7 p. 579 No 59 7 p. 579 No 597 p. 579 No 59. 579 No 59579 No 59o 5959 0-1, 1-2; 1;, 1-2; 1;1-2; 1;; 1; 0; 1-2; 1-21-2

58

�������.. CII7B5/GE2a CONSГ; CONS�Г; CONS�; CONS� RIC 7 p. 579 No 60o ���� 1; 1-2; 1-2

108-109.. Cs8B4/GE2a CONSI (x 2) (x 2) RIC 7 p. 579 No 61 7 p. 579 No 61p. 579 No 61. 579 No 61� 0-1 (x 2) (x 2)�������.����.���.. Cp4N1L/VP CONSZ; CONSIA; CONSIACONSIA RIC 7 p. 579 No 63 7 p. 579 No 637 p. 579 No 63 p. 579 No 63p. 579 No 63. 579 No 63579 No 63o 6363 1; 2-3; 2-32-3

333-335112-113.12-113.-113.3.. CII7B5/GE2a CONSГ. ; CONSI.Г. ; CONSI.. ; CONSI.; CONSI.CONSI. RIC 7 p. 581 No 74o 7474 2; 0; 0�114-115.14-115.-115.15.. Cs8B4/GE2a CONSГ. ; CONSI.Г. ; CONSI.. ; CONSI.; CONSI.CONSI. RIC 7 p. 581 No 75o 7575 2; 0-1; 0-1������. Cs8B4/GE2a CONS. RIC 7-, cf p. 581 No 75

(obverse), Nos 76-79 (mint�mark)

1-2

117-118.17-118..���.

VRP2L/WTP2L/WTL/WTC1E8/GE2a

.CONSЄ; .CONS////;; .CONS////;.CONS////;CONS////;

.CONSB.B..RIC 7 p. 582 No 78RIC 7 p. 582 No 80

1; 0-3; 0-3���

120-121.20-121.0-121.21.. Cs8B4/GE2a .CONS Г////; .CONSI. Г////; .CONSI.////; .CONSI..CONSI.I.. RIC 7 p. 582 No 82o 8282 ?; 0-1���

330-335122.22.. CII7B5/GE2a CONS//////// RIC 7 pp. 579, 581 Nos 60p. 579, 581 Nos 60. 579, 581 Nos 60 581 Nos 60581 Nos 60os ����

or 74�

123.23.. VRP2/WTP2/WT/WT ///ON///ON////// RIC 7 pp.579, 582 Nos 62 7 pp.579, 582 Nos 627 pp.579, 582 Nos 62pp.579, 582 Nos 62p.579, 582 Nos 62.579, 582 Nos 62579, 582 Nos 62 582 Nos 62582 Nos 62os 6262 or 85

�

124 ?Bust r. /GE2a ////NS/// RIC 7 pp.579, 581-2 Nos 59- 7 pp.579, 581-2 Nos 59-7 pp.579, 581-2 Nos 59-pp.579, 581-2 Nos 59-p.579, 581-2 Nos 59-.579, 581-2 Nos 59-579, 581-2 Nos 59- 581-2 Nos 59-581-2 Nos 59-1-2 Nos 59-2 Nos 59-os 59-61, 73-77, 80-841, 73-77, 80-84 80-840-84

2-3

336-337125-128.25-128.-128.8..129.

C1E8/GE1CII7B5/GE1II7B5/GE1/GE�

CONSA; CONS/// (x 3); CONS/// (x 3)CONS/// (x 3)CONS(B?)

RIC 7 p. 589 No 137 7 p. 589 No 1377 p. 589 No 137. 589 No 137589 No 137o 137137RIC 7 p. 589 No 138 7 p. 589 No 1387 p. 589 No 138. 589 No 138589 No 138o 1381388

0; 0-1, 1, 2-3; 0-1, 1, 2-31, 2-3, 2-32-3�

130-131.0-131.-131.31.�. Cs8B4/GE1 CONSГ; CONS////Г; CONS////; CONS////CONS//////// RIC 7 p. 589 No 139o 139139 1-3; 0-3; 0-30-3132-133.32-133.-133.33.. Cn9B4L/GE1 CONSI; CONSIA; CONSIACONSIA RIC 7 p. 589 No 140 7 p. 589 No 1407 p. 589 No 140. 589 No 140589 No 140o 140140 1; 3-4; 3-43-4

336-340134.34.. Cp4N1L/GE1 CONS//////// RIC 7 p. 589 No 144 or

RIC 8 p. 450 No 47o 4747�

337-340First group

135.35.. CII12H4/GE1a CONSГГ RIC 8 p. 449 No 24o 2424 ���136.36..137.

CII12H5/GE1aCs1H4/GE1a

CONS////////////ONSГONSГГ

RIC 8 p. 449 No 25RIC 8 p. 449 No 27�

�1-3

138.38.. Cn8H5/GE1a CONSIA RIC 8 p. 449 No 30 8 p. 449 No 308 p. 449 No 30. 449 No 30449 No 30o 3030 ���

Second group139-142.39-142.-142.42.. DC5D6/Q CONS (x 4) (x 4) RIC 8 p. 449 No 37 8 p. 449 No 378 p. 449 No 37. 449 No 37449 No 37o 3737 1 (x 2); 1-2 (x 2); 1-21-2

(x 2)x 2)2)143.3.. Cn8H4/GE1 CONSГГ RIC 8 p. 450 No 45o 4545 ���144-145.44-145.. H1M/PP CONSЄ (x 2) (x 2) RIC 8 p. 450 No 48 0; 1; 1

341-348146.�.. Cs1H4/VXX CONS RIC 8 p. 452 No 67 8 p. 452 No 678 p. 452 No 672 No 67 No �� 2-3-3147-148.47-148.-148.48.. DC5DC6/VN CONS(A?); CONS////; CONS////CONS//////// RIC 8 p. 453 No 68o 6868 3; 3; 33149.49.. Cn8H4/VXX CONSI RIC 8 p. 453 No 70 8 p. 453 No 708 p. 453 No 70. 453 No 70453 No 70o ���� 2-3150.50.. Cs1H4/VXX CONS//////// RIC 8 p. 453 Nos 69 or 76os �� or ���� or �� 1-3151.51.. Cn8H3/VXX ////ON////ON//////// RIC 8 p. 453 No 77o ���� 2

59

NICOMEDIA330-335

152-153.52-153.. CII7B5/GE2a SMNB; SMNГ; SMNГSMNГГ RIC 7 p. 633 No 189o 189189 1; 1-2; 1-21-2154.54.. Cp4N1L/VP SMNA RIC 7 p. 634 No 196 7 p. 634 No 1967 p. 634 No 196. 634 No 196634 No 196o ������ 2

336-337155-156.55-156.-156.56.. C1E8/GE1 SMN(A?); SMN�; SMN�SMN�� RIC 7 p. 635 No 199o ������ 1-2; 2; 22157.57..158.

CII7B4/GE1Cs1H4 or 5/GE1

SM (N////?)SMN(A?)(A?)

RIC 7 p. 635 No 201?RIC 8 p. 471 Nos 10-113 8 p. 471 Nos 10-1138 p. 471 Nos 10-113. 471 Nos 10-113471 Nos 10-113os 10-1133

������

337-340159.59.. Cn8H3/GE1 SMN//////// RIC 8 p. 471 No 13o 1313 2-3���.�.. Cn or CsH4/GE1 SMN(A?) RIC 8 pp. 471,472 8 pp. 471,4728 pp. 471,472p. 471,472471,472 2-4161-162.61-162.-162.62.. DC5D6/Q SMNГ; SMNSГ; SMNS; SMNSSMNS RIC 8 p. 472 No 18o 1818 1; 0-1; 0-1���

341-348163-164.63-164.-164.64.4.16565

Cs1H3/VXXCn8H3/VXX

SMN(A?); SMNB; SMNBSMNBSMN////

RIC 8 p. 474 No 49o 4949RIC 8 p. 475 No 51475 No 51

0-2; 01-2

���.��.. Cs1 or Cn8H3/VXX SMNS RIC 8 pp. 474, 475 No 49 8 pp. 474, 475 No 498 pp. 474, 475 No 49p. 474, 475 No 49474, 475 No 49 475 No 49475 No 49o 4949 or 51

1-3

CYZICUS330, 334

���.��.. CII7B5/GE2a SMK�.�.. RIC 7 p. 654 No 68o 6868 ���168.68.. Cs8B4/GE2a SMK(A?). RIC 7 p. 654 No 69o ���� 1-2���.��.. VRP2L or 34L/WTP2L or 34L/WTL or 34L/WT 34L/WT4L/WT SMKB. RIC 7 p..654 Nos 71 or 72os 71 or 7271 or 72 ������.��.. C1E8/GE2a SMKSS RIC 7 p. 655 No 78o 7878 1-2

331,333-334���.��.. CII7B5/GE2a SMK�� RIC 7 p. 655 No 81o 8181 2172.72.. CII7B4 or 5/GE2a SMK�� RIC 7 p. 655 Nos 80 or 81os 80 or 8180 or 81 1-2173.3.. CII7B4,5 or E9/

GE2aSMKS RIC 7 p. 655 Nos 80, 81 or 7 p. 655 Nos 80, 81 or7 p. 655 Nos 80, 81 or. 655 Nos 80, 81 or655 Nos 80, 81 oros 80, 81 or80, 81 or 81 or81 or

831-2

174.74.. Cs8B4/GE2a SMKA RIC 7 p. 655 No 84 7 p. 655 No 847 p. 655 No 84. 655 No 84655 No 84o 8484 ���175.75..���.

VRP2L/WTP2L/WTL/WTVRP3L/WT

SMK��SMK�

RIC 7 p. 655 No 90RIC 7 p. 655 No 91655 No 91

�0-2

177-180.77-180.�. Cp4N1L or N2L/VP SMKB (x 2); SMK//// (x 2) (x 2); SMK//// (x 2)SMK//// (x 2)//// (x 2) RIC 7 p. 656 Nos 92, 93 or p. 658 Nos 120, 121

0; 0-1 (x 2);0-1 (x 2); (x 2); 0-2

332-333, 335181.81. CII7B4/GE2a .SMK//////// RIC 7 p. 656 No 96o ���� �182.82.. VRP2L/WTP2L/WTL/WT .SMKA RIC 7 p. 657 No 105o 105105 1-3183.83.. Cp4N1L/VP .SMK�� RIC 7 p. 657 No 107o ������ �

184.84.. Cs8B4/GE2a //// MK//////// MK//// MK//////// RIC 7 pp. 654-658 �185.85.5. CII7B4 or 5/GE2aII7B4 or 5/GE2a7B4 or 5/GE2a //// MK//////// MK//// MK//////// RIC 7 pp. 653-658 �

336-337186.86.. Cs8E9/GE1 SMK//////// RIC 7 p. 659 No 130o 130130 ���

331-337187.87.. Cn9aB4/GE1 or 2aB4/GE1 or 2B4/GE1 or 2 SMK(A?) RIC 7 pp. 655-659 7 pp. 655-6597 pp. 655-659p. 655-659655-659 ���

60

337-340188.88.. DC5D6/Q SM(KA?) RIC 8 p. 490 No 4o 44 3189.89.. Cn8H2/GE1b SMK�� RIC 8 p. 490 No 14o 1414 ������.��.. Cs1H2/GE1 SMKB. RIC 8 p. 491 No 21o 2121 2-3���.��.. Cn8H2/GE1 SMKГXГXX RIC 8 p. 491 No 29o 2929 0-2

341-348192.92.. DC5D6/VN SMK(Є?) RIC 8 p. 493 No 46o 4646 ���193.93.. Cs1H2/VXX ///// RIC 8 p. 493 No 50o 50 �194-195.94-195.-195.95.. Cn8H3/VXX SMKB; //// MKГ; //// MKГ MKГ RIC 8 p. 494 No 51o 5151 0-2; 1; 1�

ANTIOCH330-333, 335

���.��.. CII7B5/GE2a SMANS RIC 7 p. 693 No 87 7 p. 693 No 877 p. 693 No 87. 693 No 87693 No 87o 8787 ����.��.. VRP2L/WTP2L/WTL/WT SMANZ RIC 7 p. 693 No 91 7 p. 693 No 917 p. 693 No 91. 693 No 91693 No 91o ���� ���

335-337198.8.. C1E8/GE2a SMANB RIC 7 p. 697 No 108o 108108 1-2

337-340���.��.. DC5D6/Q SMANЄ RIC 8 p. 515 No 39 8 p. 515 No 398 p. 515 No 39. 515 No 39515 No 39o 3939 1-2200.. CII5D2/GE1 SMANЄ RIC 8 p. 515 No 40 8 p. 515 No 408 p. 515 No 40. 515 No 40515 No 40o 4040 �201.�. Cn17D2/GE1 SMANI RIC 8 p. 515 No 47o 4747 ���202.. Cs1H3/GE1 ////AN////AN//////// RIC 8 p. 515 No 57o 5757 1-2203.. ?H/GE1 SMAN//////// RIC 8 pp. 515-516 1-2

341-348204.04.4. Cs1H3/VXX SMANB RIC 8 p. 521 No 11321 No 1131 No 113o 113113 0-2

ALEXANDRIA337-340

205.5. DC5H6/Q SMALA RIC 8 p.539 No 12 8 p.539 No 128 p.539 No 12.539 No 12539 No 12o 1212 2

341-348206.�. DC5H6/VN RIC 8 p. 541 No 32o 3232 �207.. Cn18H3/VXX RIC 8 p. 541 No 34 8 p. 541 No 348 p. 541 No 34. 541 No 34541 No 34o 3434 1-2

UNATTRIBUTED330-335/6

208. C1E8/GE2a .////Г////ГГ 1-2209.. C1E8/GE2a 2-3210.��.�.. CII7B4/GE2a �211.�. Cn?B4/GE2 2-3212.12.2.. Cs8 Bust right/ Bust right//

GE2a3

213.13.3.. ?E2 or 8/GE2a 1-2214.14.4.. ? Bust right/GE2 3-4215.15.5.. ? Bust right/GE2

or �2

335/6-337216. Cp 4?P1L/VP 2-3217.��.�.. C1E8/GE1 1-2

61

218.18. CII7B4/GE1 ���219.��.�.. CII Bust right/GE1 3-4220.. Cn?B4 or 5/GE1 1-2221.�. ?B4/GE1 2-3

337-340222.. Cs3D4/GE1 �223.. CII8D5/GE1 �224.24.. CII8D4 or C4/GE1 �225.. ?H4/GE1 ���226.227.228.229-230..

Cs?H2 or 5/GE1CII?/GE1Cs?/GE1Bust right/GE1

31-21-31, 2-4

231-234. DC5D6/Q 2-3, 3, 3-4 (x 2)

335/6-340235-242.. ?Bust right/GE1Bust right/GE1/GE� 0-1, 1 (x 2),

1-2 (x 2),2-4, 3, ?

243-244. VRP2 or P3L /GE1 0-1 (x 2)

330-340245-246.45-246.-246.46.. ?B4/GE2 or 1 2 (x 2)247.47.. Cp1 or 4N1 orN� or

2L/VPL/VP2

341-348

252.2..

253.

Cn3D5/VA

Cn 3D5/VA

/////

�

�254-260.54-260.-260.��.. Cs or Cn?D5/VA 0-1, 1, 1-2,

2-3 (x 2), 3-4 (x 2)

261-262.61-262.1-262.-262.. Cs or Cn?H4/VA 1-2, 2-3263-266.63-266.3-266.��.�. Cs1H4/VXX 0-1, 0-3, 1,

1-2267-270.67-270.7-270.��.. Cn8H3/VXX 0, 0-1 (x 2), 3271.��.. Cn8H4/VXX 2-3272-273.72-273.-273.73.. Cn8H?/VXX 2-3, 3-4274.74.. Cn3 or 8H3/VXX 1-2275-292.75-292.-292.92.. Cs or Cn? H?/VXX 0-1 (x 2), 1,

1-2 (x 4), 2-3 (x 4), 2-3(x 4), 2-3 (x 5), 2-4, 3 5), 2-4, 3), 2-4, 3 (x 2), 3-4 (x 2), ?

62

Location and inventory numbers:1. Sector IV, the glass atelier. EXC. No 29742. EXC. No 11343. M. No 15184. Area of via sagularis, south-eastern part. EXC. No 10475. Sector VIIIA. EXC. SC No 172�. Area of via sagularis, eastern part. Exc. No 11427. M. No 5198. Tower 2 of Novae II. EXC No 9439. Sector IV. EXC. No 276010. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 179611. M. No 151212. M. No 18513. M. No 42814. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. F. No P 15/06wEXC. F. No P 15/06w15. Area of via sagularis, eastern part. EXC. No 1127EXC. No 112716. M. No 333��. M. No ���18. M. No 151319. M. No 46120. M. No 151521. Eastern wall of Novae II. EXC. No 8922. M. No 151723. Sector IV. EXC. No 256224. M. No 19825. M. No 154626. EXC. F. No 21127 . Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 182328. Principii. EXC. No 252629. M. No 15530. EXC. No 144231. EXC. No 133032. EXC. No 130533. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. SC. No 84234. Tower 8. EXC. No 16235. M. No 46036. Principii. EXC. No 285137. Area of via sagularis, eastern part. EXC. No 112838. Southern necropolis. EXC. No 145939. M. No 90340. M. No 100741. Sector IV. EXC. No 230642. North of the southern gate of Novae II. EXC. No 12043. M. No 47844. Sector X-B. EXC. No 116145. Sector IV. EXC. No 276146. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 2346 47. M. No 151448. M. No 17549. M. No 155450. M. No 155351. Sector X-B. EXC. No 110452. Sector IV. EXC. No 162553. EXC. F. No 22754. Sector IV. EXC. No 157555. Sector X-B. EXC. No 125156. M. No 17757. Sector IV. EXC. No 228958. M. No 19359. M. No 192

60. North-western corner. EXC. No 178661. M. No 18262. Principii. EXC. No 290363. M. No 155564. EXC. No 15765. Area of via sagularis, south-eastern part. EXC. No 9166. North-eastern part of Novae I. EXC. No 273867. EXC.68. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 281069. M. No 502��. Principii. EXC. No 2457��. M. No ��72. Sector IV, in a grave. EXC. No 344773. M. No 90474. Sector IV. EXC. No 276275. M. No 51876. Western wall. EXC. No 219177. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 175178. On the decumanus maximus and via sagularis eastern part. EXC. No 132979. “Werkhalle” at the western wall. EXC. SC. No 45280. Sector IV. EXC. No 1600 81. EXC. No 150482. Area of via sagularis, eastern part. EXC. No 89783. Principii. EXC. No 286184. M. No 178385. North-western corner. EXC. No 149686. EXC. No 167887. M. No 15488. M. No 45289. EXC. No 94490. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. F. No P 12/06w91. M. No 18092. Area of via sagularis, south-eastern part. EXC. No 77593. EXC. No 19494. Sector VIII A. EXC. No 138195. Sector IV. EXC. No 149896. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 229397. EXC. No 158 98. Sector IV. EXC. No 280099. Sector IV. EXC. No 3006100. Sector IV. EXC. No 2460���. Area of via sagularis, south-eastern part. EXC. No 773102. M. No 838103. Sector IV. EXC. No SC. 773104. Principii. EXC. No 2302105. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 2501106. M. No 103107. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. F. No P 43/06wEXC. F. No P 43/06w108. Novae II, south-eastern part. EXC. No 1129109. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 2913110. M. No 174111. M. No 1533112. M. No 457113. North-western corner. EXC. No 1490114. M. No 462115. Western wall. EXC. F. No 27/96wEXC. F. No 27/96w116. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 1766���. Area of via sagularis, eastern part. EXC. No 899

63

118. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. F. No P 41/06wEXC. F. No P 41/06w119. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 2824120. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. F. No P58/88wEXC. F. No P58/88w121. Area of via sagularis, eastern part, in basilica 1. EXC. No 1126122. Area of via sagularis, northern part. EXC. No 1493123. EXC. No 25124. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 3561125. Sector VIII A. EXC. No 1388126. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 3496127. Tower 1 of Novae II. EXC. No 774128. Area of via sagularis, eastern part, in the apsis of basilica 1. EXC. No 947129. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 2825130. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. SC. No 484131. Sector X-B. EXC. No 1153132. Sector IV. EXC. No 2527133. Sector X-B. EXC. No 1076134. EXC. No 1450135. Sector IV. EXC. No 2248136. Southern wall of Novae II, between tower 8 and the southern gate. EXC. SC. No 83137. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 2999138. EXC. No 102139. Sector X-B. EXC. No 1291140. “Werkhalle” at the western wall. EXC. SC. No 450141. Western wall. EXC. No 2564142. Area of via sagularis, eastern part. EXC. No 1043143. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 2467144. Sector IV, in the glass atelier. EXC. No 2799145. Sector IV. EXC. No 3574146. “Werkhalle” at the western wall. EXC. SC. No 457147. Sector X-B. EXC. No 1212148. Sector X-B. EXC. No 1218149. South-eastern part of Novae II. EXC. No 62150. EXC. No 40151. Area of via sagularis, south-eastern part. EXC. No 780152. M. No 2058153. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 2540154. M. No 906155. Area of via sagularis, south-eastern part. EXC. No 785156. Sector X-B. EXC. No 1290157. “Werkhalle” at the western wall. EXC. SC. No 454158. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. 159. M. No 397160. On the decumanus maximus, east of the principii. EXC. No 1042161. Sector IV. EXC. No 2461162. M. No 1522163. EXC. No 1331164. Area of via sagularis, eastern part, in the eastern wall of Novae I. EXC. No 2617165. Sector IV, in the glass atelier. EXC. No 2929 166. East of tower 8. EXC. No 783167. M. No 1547168. M. No 1897���. Principii. EXC. No 2846170. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 2811171. EXC. No 1136172. Sector IV. EXC. No 1553173. Sector IV. EXC. SC. No 425

174. M. No 195175. M. No 179176. Sector X-P, west of the thermae. EXC. No 3494177. M. No 163178. M. No 477179. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. F. No P 74/05wEXC. F. No P 74/05w180. M. No 527181. Principii, in room Fw, with the coin hoard of 1977= A. Kunisz. Le tresor…, p. 136, No 367 with reference to LRBC I No 1238 variant, 330-335. EXC. No 2182182. Northern gate. EXC. No 1647183. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 1800184. EXC. No 1480185. M. No 342186. M. No 854187. Tower 1 of Novae II. EXC.188. Area of via sagularis, south-eastern part. EXC. No 898189. M. No 183190. M. No 1903���. Area of via sagularis, eastern part. EXC. SC. No 84192. EXC.193. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 2812194. Sector IV. EXC. No 2308195. M. No 152196. M. No 1993197. Sector IV. EXC. No 1624198. Sector X-B. EXC. No 1138199. M. No 853200. Area of via sagularis, eastern part. EXC. No 2364201. Area of via sagularis, south-eastern part. EXC. No 174202. EXC. No 1462203. Area of via sagularis, north-eastern part. EXC. No 1005204. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. SC. No 795205. Area of via sagularis, south-eastern part. EXC. No 776206. M. No 1520207. Sector IV. EXC. No 2528208. Sector VIII A. EXC. No 2737209. M. No 501210. East of the principii. EXC. No 1365211. Western wall. EXC. F. No 261. 7/77w212. Area of via sagularis, south-eastern part. EXC. No 779213. Area of via sagularis, eastern part. EXC. No 946214. Sector IV. EXC. No 1598215. Sector IV. EXC. F. No 131/85216. Sector IV, in the glass atelier. EXC. SC. No 712217. EXC. No 151218. Area of via sagularis, eastern part. EXC. F. No 1033219. Sector IV. EXC. SC. No 317220. M. No 280221. EXC. No 99222. M. No 211223. Area of via sagularis, eastern part. EXC. F. No 533224. Western wall. EXC. No 2563225. Sector IV. EXC. No 2288226. Area of via sagularis, south-eastern part. EXC. No 786227. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. SC. No 678228. Western wall. EXC. SC. 245229. Sector IV. EXC. No 3567230. EXC. No 1445231. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 2944

64

232. M. No 166233. On the decumanus maximus, east of the principii. EXC. No 1044234. Area of via sagularis, north-eastern part. EXC. No 1166235. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 2725236. EXC. No 1456237. EXC. No 103238. Sector IV. EXC. SC. No 79239. Sector VIII A, in the central naos of the basilica . EXC. No 1404240. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 1798241. Principii. EXC. SC. No 253242. Western wall. EXC. SC. No 40243. Principii. EXC. No 2269244. On the decumanus maximus, east of the principii. EXC. F. No P 11/95245. Sector IV. EXC. No 1512246. Area of via sagularis, eastern part. EXC. No 948247. Western wall. EXC. F. No P 173/87248. Sector IV. EXC. No 2874249. EXC. SC. No 212250. Tower 1 of Novae II. EXC. No 777251. Sector VIII A. EXC. No 1370252. Sector X-B. EXC. No 1232253. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 1292254. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 1663255. Sector IV. EXC. No 3576256. EXC. No 1309257. Area of via sagularis, south-eastern part. EXC. No 175258. Area of via sagularis, eastern part. EXC. No 902259. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. SC. No 52260. EXC. No 784261. Sector X-B. EXC. No 1252

262. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. SC. No 566263. Sector X-B. EXC. No 2380264. EXC. No 1140265. Area of via sagularis, south-eastern part. EXC. No 118266. EXC. No 1446267. EXC. No 95268. M. No 151269. Sector IV. EXC. No 2876270. Sector X-B. EXC. No 1150271. Area of via sagularis, south-eastern part . EXC. No 119272. Sector VIII A. EXC. No 1421 273. Sector VIII A. EXC. SC. No 293274. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 1641275. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 1635276. Area of via sagularis, north-eastern part. EXC. No 1207277. Area of via sagularis, eastern part. EXC. No 949278. Sector IV. EXC.No 1574279. “Werkhalle” at the western wall. EXC. SC. No 454280. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 2295281. On the decumanus maximus, east of the principii. EXC. No 1045282. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 1797 283. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. No 1799284. Western wall. EXC. No 2565285. Sector IV. EXC. No 3422286. Sector IV. EXC. SC. No 523287. EXC. No 1046288. Sector IV. EXC. SC. No 524289. EXC. No 1332290. Sector X-P, thermae. EXC. F. No P 42/06wEXC. F. No P 42/06w291. Sector VIII A. EXC. SC. No 293292. Principii. EXC. F. No 75/70

65

Table 1The hoard from the thermae of Novae (1994): mints, types, chronology

Type ante 330 330-336/7 336/7-340 330-340 341-348 Total

AQUILEIA VA � 1Total 1 1

SISCIA Cp/Vp 2 2GE2 2 2GE� 2 2VA � 1Total 4 2 1 7

THESSALONICA Cp/Vp 2 2VR/WT 2 2GE2 3 3GE� 4 13 17VA 13 13Total 11 13 13 37

HERACLEA Cp/Vp � 1VR/WT � 1GE2 4 4GE� 3 21 24VN 4 4VXX �� 19Total 9 21 23 53

CONSTANTINOPLE Cp/Vp � 1VR/WT � 1GE2 4 4GE� 5 14 19PP � 1Q � 9VN 3 3VXX 8 8Total 11 24 11 46

NICOMEDIA � 1VR/WT � 1GE2 � 1GE� 4 12 16Q � 1VN 4 4VXX �� 11Total 1 6 13 15 35

CYZICUS 2 2Cp/Vp 2 2GE2 � 6

66

GE� 3 �� 14VN � 7VXX 15 15Total 2 11 11 22 46

ANTIOCH Cp/Vp � 1GE2 � 6GE� 2 �� 13Q � 1VXV � 1VXX 2 2Total 9 12 3 24

ALEXANDRIA Cp/Vp � � 2VR/WT � 1GE2 2 2GE� � 1VXX 2 2Total 4 2 2 8

UNATTRIBUTED � 1Cp/Vp � � 2VR/WT � 1GE2 � 1GE� � 29 35Q � 7VN �� 10VA � 1VXX �� 66Total 1 8 36 2 77 124

TOTAL FOR THE HOARD

4 73 134 2 168 381

Table 2 The hoard from the thermae of Novae (1994): mints, degree of wear, chronology

DW ante 330 330-336/7 336/7-340 330-340 341-348 Total

AQUILEIA 0 to 1-4 � 12 to 4 � 1

SISCIA 0 to 1-4 4 2 � 72 to 4

THESSALONICA 0 to 1-4 �� 12 13 362 to 4 � 1

HERACLEA 0 to 1-4 � 21 23 532 to 4

67

CONSTANTINOPLE 0 to 1-4 �� 22 �� 442 to 4 2 2

NICOMEDIA 0 to 1-4 � � 13 14 342 to 4 � 1

CYZICUS 0 to 1-4 2 �� �� 21 452 to 4 � 1

ANTIOCH 0 to 1-4 � 12 2 232 to 4 � 1

ALEXANDRIA 0 to 1-4 4 2 � 72 to 4 � 1

UNATTRIBUTED 0 to 1-4 � � 32 2 73 1152 to 4 � 4 4 9

Table 3The single coins from Novae (AD 330-348): mints, types, chronology

Type 330-336/7 336/7-340 330-340 341-348 Total

AQUILEIA VA � 6Total 6 6

SISCIA Cp/Vp � 1VR/WT � 1GE2 � 6GE� 3 � 4VA 4 4Total 11 1 4 16

THESSALONICA Cp/Vp 4 4VR/WT � 7GE2 � 7GE� 5 � 14VA 13 13Total 23 9 13 45

HERACLEA Cp/Vp 2 2VR/WT 3 3GE2 �� 19GE� � 6VXX 3 3Total 24 6 3 33

CONSTANTINOPLE Cp/Vp 2 2VR/WT 3 3GE2 �� 19GE� � � 15PP 2 2

68

Q 4 4VN 2 2VXX 4 4Total 33 12 6 51

NICOMEDIA VR/WT � 1GE2 2 2GE� � 6Q 2 2VXX 4 4Total 3 8 4 15

CYZICUS Cp/Vp 5 5VR/WT 4 4GE2 �� 10GE� � 3 4GE2 or 1 � 1Q � 1VN � 1VXX 3 3Total 21 4 4 29

ANTIOCH VR/WT � 1GE2 2 2GE� 4 4Q � 1VXX � 1Total 3 5 1 9

ALEXANDRIA Q � 1VN � 1VXX � 1Total 1 2 3

UNATTRIBUTED Cp/Vp � � 2GE2 � 7GE� 5 �� 24GE2 or 1 � 2 3Q 4 4VN 4 4VA �� 11VXX 30 30Total 14 23 3 45 85

TOTAL FOR THE LOT 132 69 3 88 292

69

Table 4 The single coins from Novae (AD 330-348): mints, degree of wear, chronology

DW 330-336/7 336/7-340 330-340 341-348 Total

AQUILEIA 0 to 1-4 5 52 to 4 � 1

SISCIA 0 to 1-4 �� � 4 152 to 4 � 1

THESSALONICA 0 to 1-4 �� � 13 362 to 4 5 2 7no data � � 2

HERACLEA 0 to 1-4 21 5 3 292 to 4 3 � 4

CONSTANTINOPLE 0 to 1-4 26 12 � 392 to 4 � 5 11no data � 1

NICOMEDIA 0 to 1-4 4 3 4 112 to 4 2 2 4

CYZICUS 0 to 1-4 20 2 4 262 to 4 � 2 3

ANTIOCH 0 to 1-4 3 5 � 92 to 4

ALEXANDRIA 0 to 1-4 2 22 to 4 � 1

UNATTRIBUTED 0 to 1-4 � �� 25 472 to 4 8 � 2 �� 35no data � � � 3

Table 5The single coins from Iatrus (AD 330-348): mints, types, chronology

Type 330-336/7 336/7-340 330-340 341-348 Total

SISCIA Cp/Vp � 1GE� � 1VA � 1Total 1 1 1 3

THESSALONICA Cp/Vp � 1VR/WT � � 3GE2 � 1GE� 2 2Total 3 2 1 6

70

HERACLEA VR/WT � 1GE2 2 2Total 3 3

CONSTANTINOPLE Cp/Vp 2 2VR/WT � 1GE2 3 3GE� � 5 6PP � 1VXX 2 2Total 7 6 2 15

NICOMEDIA Cp/Vp � 1GE2 3 3GE� � 1VN � 1VXX � 6Total 4 1 7 12

CYZICUS VR/WT � 1GE2 3 3GE� 3 5 8VXX 3 3Total 7 5 3 15

ANTIOCH VN � 1Total 1 1

ALEXANDRIA GE2 � 1Total 1 1

UNATTRIBUTED Cp/Vp � 1VR/WT � 1GE2 � 6GE� 14 14Q � 1VN 3 3VXX � 9Total 7 15 1 12 35

TOTAL FOR THE LOT 28 35 2 26 91

71

Table 6The single coins from Nicopolis ad Istrum (AD 330-348): mints, types, chronology

Type 330-336/7 336/7-340 330-340 341-348 Total

SISCIA GE� � � 2Total 1 1 2

THESSALONICA Cp/Vp � 1GE2 2 2GE� 3 3VA 3 3Total 3 3 3 9

HERACLEA Cp/Vp 2 2GE2 2 2GE� � � 2VXX � 1Total 5 1 1 7

CONSTANTINOPLE Cp/Vp � 1GE2 3 3VN � 1Total 4 1 5

CYZICUS VR/WT 3 3GE2 3 3GE� � 6VXX � 1Total 6 6 1 13

UNATTRIBUTED GE� � � 8VAvg. � 1VN 2 2VA 2 2VXX 14 14Total 1 8 18 27

TOTAL FOR THE LOT 20 19 24 63

Table 7The single coins from Oescus (AD 330-348): mints, types, chronology

Type 330-336/7 336/7-340 330-340 341-348 Total

TREVERI Q 2 2Total 2 2

ROME VA � 1Total 1 1

72

SISCIA Cp/Vp � 1GE� 4 4Q 2 2VA 3 3Total 5 2 3 10

SIRMIUM GE2 2 2Uncert. � 1Total 2 1 3

THESSALONICA VR/WT � 1GE2 2 2GE� 2 � 3VA 4 4Total 5 1 4 10

CONSTANTINOPLE GE2 � 1GE� 4 4Q � 1VXX 2 2Total 5 1 2 8

NICOMEDIA GE� � 1Q � 1Total 2 2

CYZICUS GE2 � 1Total 1 1

ANTIOCH VXX 2 2Total 2 2

UNATTRIBUTED GE2 5 5GE� � 1Q � 1Uncert. � 2 � 4Total 7 1 2 1 11

TOTAL FOR THE LOT 27 10 2 13 50

73

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