MEMOIRS OF THE

AMERICAN ACADEMY

IN ROME

VOLUME LIII2008

PUBLISHED BY

THE AMERICAN ACADEMY IN ROME

A THIRD-CENTURY CONTEXT

FROM S. STEFANO ROTONDO (ROME)

Archer Martiru, American Academy iru Rome

with lames Cook, Elizabeth Habn, Derek Klapecki,

loseph Lillywbite, Paola Palazzo, Stephanie Pryor, and Robert Stephan

7. Introduction

f n 2006 the American Academy in Rome held the first of three annual pilot sessions of the Howard

ICo-fort FAAR'29 Summer School in Roman Pottery. This schoolwas conceived and supported

by Anna Marguerite McCann FAAR '66t to honor the memory of the important scholar of Roman

pottery, who was not only a Fellow of the Academy but also the founding president of the associa-

tion dedicated to Roman pottery studies, Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautores.2 The school is intended

to introduce the participants to Roman pottery through practical teaching, special lectures, and

excursions and then to allow them to apply their newly acquired skills to an actual assemblage,

ideally to be seen through to publication under the supervision of the school's director. The choice

in 2006 fell upon an assemblage excavated in the church of S. Stefano Rotondo in 1997 .

(Archer Martin)

2. Site

Although its connections with theJesuit Collegium Teutonicum et Hungaricum and with prelates

from Germany and Hungary bring some visitors from those countries, S. Stefano Rotondo, located

on the summit of the Caelian (fig. 1), is a rather forgotten church today, especially in the English-

speaking world. It is, however, one of the great buildings of the fifth century in Rome for its size and

unusually complex architecture, as well as its sumptuousness.r It is recorded in the Liber Pontificalis

that it was dedicated under Pope Simplicius G.o. 468483). The analysis of the pottery from layers

immediately preceding the construction of the church indicates a date no earlier than the middle

of the fifth century, as does dendrochronology carried out on beams used in construction. The

building consists of three parts-a central drum, an inner ring, and an outer ring. The inner ring is

a simple coionnade. The outer ring, now mostly collapsed, was much more complex. A cross was

inscribed in it, occupying its entire breadth. The areas between the arms of the cross u.ere divided

into unequal inner and outer parts. The entrances to the building, two for each intermediate area,

led into the outer parts, where dividing walls channeled taffic into the arms of the cross. From

l The authors wish to express their gratitude to Anna Mar-

guerite McCann for the opportunity the Summer School

offered.

2 Comfort 1979 contains Comfortt notes on Roman ceramic

archaeology between 1928 and 1978 and his bibiiography,

MAAR 5r.2008

as well as photographs of him and scholars he mentions.Kenrick 7994 is a remembrance of Comfort.

I Brandenburg 2000; Brandenburg 2001; and Brandenburg2004 with previous bibliography.

216 ARCHERMARTIN ETAL.

Fig. 1. Location map of SStefano Rotondo

s 200 ii00 Htetart

there the visitors could have proceeded directly into the inner ring or else into the inner parts of the

intermediate areas of the outer ring. These inner parts were originally open courtyards that were

later vaulted over. The church's dimensions-a diameter of 65.8 m, for instance-make it compa-

rable to the imperial pagan and Christian basilicas and earn it the title of the last great monumental

building in the Roman tradition.The history of excavation at S. Stefano Rotondo goes back to 1969-197 5 .4 The early campaigns

were concerned particularly with investigating the underlying structures. These proved to belong

to the Castra Peregrina and included a mithraeum. There were three building phases dating fromca. 140 to the second half of the third century.

In the last twenty years there have been various excavations in the church. Many operations

directed especially at clar ing questions raised by the study of the building's architecture were

carried out in the framework of a project under the auspices of the Universitdt Mtinster, while the

Italian authorities were responsible for excavations in connection with the restoration of the church

or other sructural work. Two small trenches in the present Capella dei Ss. Primo e Feliciano, which

occupies one ofthe original cross arms in the northeastern sector ofthe church, gave evidence for a

$eat filllayer on which that part of the church stands-the material found in it dates it to the early

fifth century.s Trenches to the south-that is, on the downhill side of the church-showed a more

complex situation, with a lower fiIl equivalent to the single one from 1987 and an upper one that

can be dated toward the middle of the fifth century, as well as the filI of the church's foundation

trench cutting both fill layers, which held material of the same date as the upper fi11.6

A minor operation, undertaken by the Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma and entrusted by

the inspector responsible for the Caelian, Carlo Pavolini, to Paola Pd.azzo, produced the assemblage

in question here. It was occasion edin 1997 by pians to install an elevator in the convent to the north

of the church, which required digging a shaft in an arca originally included in the outer ring of the

church. As I had published the materials from the L987 excavations and was engaged in preparing

those from the Milnster excavations in the 1990s for publication, I agreed to take on those from

a Lissi Caronna 2000; Lissi Caronna 2006.

'Martin 1991/1992.

6Martin 2004.506-507.

ri

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:

A THIRD.CENTURY CONTEXT FROM S. STEFANO ROTONDO (ROME) 217

Fig. 2. Plan of excauations

under S. Stefano Rotondo.

,ll

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the Soprintendenza's excavation as well. Although the work on the materials from Brandenburg's

excavations is nearing completion after various delays, I judged the Summer School a good occasion

to make this assemblage known.(Archer Martin)

3. Excauation

In July 1998 a short archaeological investigation carried out in the complex of S. Stefano Rotondo

inside the convent of the Suore Missionarie del Sacro Costato showed a complex sequence of build-ing operations connected with phases dating from the Augustan period to late antiquity.

The dimensions of the sector investigated (1.80 m x 1.10 m) correspond to those required

for the installation of an elevator planned for the ground floor of the convent next to the staircase

giving access to the upper stories (fig.2). The removal of the modern floor and the preparatory

layer below it brought to light immediately two brick walls at a right angle to each other, as well as

layers of earth that produced a large quantity of pottery, especiaily amphorae (fi1. 3). After a timelyinspection by the functionary of the Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma, Dr. Carlo Pavolini, a

i&;:+i

s,l"

'&- r)

ARCHERMARTIN ET AL.

Fie. 3. Plan of trencb

for eleuator shaft uithstratigraPhtc units.

Fig. 4. Plan of Caara Peregrina

tempofary suspension of the work in course v/as ordered so as to allow an archaeological investi-

gation in the trench to document the visible walls, to interpret the stratigraphic sequence, and to

establish possible connections with the other structures beionging to the complex of the castra

Peregrina identified under the floors of the church of S' Stefano Rotondo and farther south under

the clinic of the "Little Company of Mary" (frg' a)'

The plan in figure J docrr-ent, the situation when the archaeological investigation began' As

has already been said, ,t. i.,nia work reached the archaeological levels sealed by the floor of the

S.Stefano Rotondo - Saggio di scavo all'interno del Convento delle Suore Missionarie

A THIRD-CENTURY CONTEXT FROM S, STEFANO ROTONDO GOME)

S.STEFANO ROTONDO - PROSPETTO C.C,

O o.s lM

Fig. 5. Eleuation C-C, Fig. 6. Eleaation D-D,.

convent at a depth of more than a meter. Therefore, the maces of possible stratigraphic relations

between the structures and layers at a higher level were lost. The excavation began with the removal

of the two layers, US 11 and US 14, which were distinguished because they were separated by wall 1

but could be attributed to a single fill layer. This was not excavated completely for reasons of space

and safety and conrinued below the maximum depth reached of 2.90 m. (US 11 was excavated foronly about 0.50 m, while US 14 for 1.50 m).

Puasn I

Two walls, one in opus reticulatum (USM 8) and the other in brick (USM 9), both oriented east-west,

to be seen in the section along the south side of the trench for a uridth of several dozen centimeters

and for a height of about 0.40 m (figs. 5-6) belong to the oldest building phase. The two structures

originally constituted the jambs for an opening that was later blocked with masonry in opus reticu-

latum (USM 7 , frgs.5, 7) using red and yellow tufa cubilia bonded with purplish mortar that are

slightly larger than those used in the facing of wall 8. Both the jambs and the later blockage were

cut off at the same height (US 10, figs. 6-l) and obliterated by the foundation of alater structure(USM 11, 3,2).The building technique used, which was found in other areas investigated underthe church, suggests an Augustan date.

219

S.STEFANO ROTONDO - PROSPETTO D-D,

D

220

S,STEFANO ROTONDO. SEZIONE B-8,

ARCHERMARTIN ETAL.

Fig.7. Section B-8,

PHess II

Fig. 8. Section A-A,.

Phase II is probably to be attributed to a later operation, the consruction of the brick wall USM5 (figs. 6, 8), which is oriented north-south and placed at a right angle to the reticulate wall USM8, which it abuts; the wall, which continues to the north beyond the edge of the area investigated,

was built against earth on its eastern side, while the other side, visible in the trench, presents twoscraps of the original facing made of red bricks placed in regular courses bonded with gray mortar(module 0.28 m). There is an obvious restoration (USM 4, figs. 6, 8) that integrates the facing andraises the structure using yellow bricks and gray mortar (module 0.10 m) that was slightly indentedwith respect to the original facing.

The structure seems to be the eastern limit of a room whose southern wall consists of thepreexisting reticulate walls (see above), which because of its orientation and building technique

could possibly be attributed to one of the rooms of the buildings relative to the Castra, which was

established ca. t.o. 140.7

Puess III

Phase iII can be associated with a restructuring of the room (see above), the insertion of a brickstructure (USM 6, figs.54,8-10) oriented north-south, completely abutting the east wall (consisting

7 In general for the Castra Peregrina and the dating of the the complex to which reference is made below, see above.

building phases that characterize the evolution and history of

S.STEFANO ROTONDO - SEZIONE A.A,

A THIRD-CENTURY CONTEXT FROM S. STEFANO ROTONDO (ROME)

S.Stefano Rotondo " Saggio di scavo all'interno del Convento delle Suore Missionarie

,/ ,i

ltr

@

Fig. 9. General plan of trench

for eleuator sbaft.

Fig. 10. Plan of trencb forelexator sbaft with relatiueelnations.

S.Stefano Rotondo - Saggio di scavo all'interno del Convento delle Suore Missionarie

PIANTA OUOTATA

O o.s tMl--...-+__l

of USM 4 and its elevation USM ,) and the eastern part (USM 8) of the south wall. The structure,

which has a facingof red bricks placed in regular courses bonded by gray-purplish mortar (module

0.27 .5/28 m) proceeds to the north beyond the limit of the trench and in depth below the level

reached (2.83/2,90 m); it was cut dovm and covered by the fill layer US 14 (see below).

This building operation probably belongs to a first general transformation of some sectors of

the Castra, to be dated from a,o. 160 and attested by renovations and rises in floor level in some ofthe rooms found inside the church.

ARCHERMARIIN ET AL,

It is merely a hypothesis to attribute the scrap of floor with cocciopesto and mosaic stones

found in the western corner of the trench (figs.7 -9) to this phase of rebuilding. The floor, visible

in the section, was destroyed already in antiquity and is difficult to refer to any of the structures

documented as yet.

Puese TV

The abandonment of this area is attested by the only rwo layers of earth found in the trench-US11 and US 14-the result of a single and voluntary filling and obliteration of the sructures docu-

mented so far (figs. 2-3 ,7 _-8). Neither of the layers was removed completely. They continue, in fact,

both in depth and beyond the east and north limits of the trench. The pottery collected during the

investigation is, therefore, only a small sample taken from a context that appears to be much more

significant both in depth and extension. The study of the finds allows this phase of abandonment

to be dated to the first half of the third century e.o. and thus to establish an important terminuspost quern for the chronology of the succeeding building operations.

Psese V

The realization of an east-v/est wall (USM 2, figs. 3 , 5-7 , 9-L0) with a facing made of mostly reused

red and yellow bricks bonded with a purplish mortar with many inclusions (module 0.25 m) belongs

to a phase later than that of the obliteration of the earliest structures. Only a few courses of brickand mortar survive from the facing, whiie the cement core covered by the preparation for the floorof the convent can be seen clearly in the section. The lower part of the foundation of this wall was

poured and is characterizedby a conglomerate of gray mortar, fragments of pottery, bricks, and the

surface of the offset in brick (USM 11, figs.5-:/,9). The upper part was built with a rough brickfacing (USM 3; module 0.30 m, figs.3,5-7 ,9-10). The entire structure of the foundation sits withinUS 14 in a cut (US 10, figs. 5-7) that concerned both the earlier structures preserved at a depth(USM 6, 7 ,8, and 9) and those with an elevation (USM 4 and 5).

The brick wall USM 1 (figs. 3, ,-6, 8-10), oriented north-south at a ight angle to USM 2, must

belong to the same phase and presumably to the same building context. It was built immediately

above the earlier structures USM 4/5 and presents a brick facing on both sides (module 0.25 m) .

These walls together represent the last building operations attested inside the trench, prob-

ably to be attributed to the third phase of restructuring of the Castra Peregrina, to be dated to the

second half of the third century e.o.(PaolaPalazzo)

4. Materials

INr:noouctroN

For reasons of stratigraphical convenience the excavator gave separate unit numbers to the layers

of earth encountered (US t t and US 14). The materials were consequ ently anaTyzed separately and

are presented thus in table 1. The excavator's opinion was, however, that the two units formed partof one larger fi1l, a conclusion that the materials support. Therefore, the materiais will be discussed

as a single assemblage. An effort was made to take into account all the sherds, including the bodysherds identifiable only by fabric, as we are convinced that considering ceramic assemblages as a

whole can offer more information than merely looking at the parts that make it up.

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f,.=

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\O 6i € .,r. * .,i' O :..r6.i., NI 6i 6 trt::r .8.' O:mi. €e,. * ri.q,. \:r,,,t:tr. rr..!tt:*,.car 6. t::r ,. .,,:.,....:: .:|.

+ i-*lri * tili^.. €:..i1 € r'r:Nil. N' .C>:. h .l.i:i.,: .:F...,:;:-,1.1

'n- C ri 'O ,ic)ri6Nc:lt,,i ., 6\ .,i ,:t: N ,-'.rl}t:i

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dr: I,r:. ,,r:.':,: N r.!.i

*... + 'ifiO]NM'* Q ,..r',x _:;;.:.,. - l.':

!i l o .i,a.lr\o. 6 :..

c: ..4,'

(f:. l,lir'l:i:: ,:.."i;',i.:

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'

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a

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r

6-f^

6rN

oo=

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.N

;!t,id

o

I-\o

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aTo

a

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2)2 ARCHERMARTIN ET AL.

The material was quantified by various methods in order to be as widely comparable as possible

with other assemblages. Thus, we counted the sherds, weighed them, estimated the maximum num-ber of vessels by subracting the number of joins from the total number of sherds, and calculated thepercentage of rims preserved (from which estimated vessel equivalents can be derived by dividingthe sum of the percentages of rims preserved by 100) and the number of diagnostic sherds.s The totalsherd count comes to 1,063 fragments; the total weight to 8,5459 g; the maximum number of vessels

to 984; the number of estimated vessel equivalents to 29. The last is obviously a gross underestimate,

as the number of distinct identifications on the basis of typology or fabric alone approaches 200(i.e., without considering multiple attestations of single types). The maximum number of vessels is

an overestimate because some pieces counted separately (especially unidentified sherds) could actu-

ally belong to the same vessel, but here it is generally the quantification preferred for comparativepurposes as the number most likely to approximate the real number of vessels.

The two contexts date to the third century. For US 11 the most significant chronological ele-

ments are an unidentifiable fragment of African Red-Slip \Vare of Production A/D and a rim ofAfrican cooking warc, Ostia 1,27 1, both of which can date no earlier than the beginning of thethird century. Among the amphorae Africana I and Kapitdn I and II become common in the thirdcentury, although they can be attested somewhat earlier. For US 14 the amphorae give the bestchronological indications. The most significant element is a fragment of Almagro 50b, for whichthe beginning date of production is suggested somewhat after the beginning of the third century.Other third-century amphorae attested are Beltr6n IVB (late version), Almagro 51c (Variant B),and Sado 1, while once again Africana I and II and Kapitin I and II could go back to the end of thesecond century, although they are used mostly from the third century. The presence of an exampleof Almagro 50b indicates that the assemblage shouid not date to the very beginning of the thirdcentury. On the other hand, the prevalence of Iberian amphorae over African argues for a date nottoo far advanced in the century. A further indication of US 14's third-century date comes from an

example of a painted thin-walled boccalino a collarino.Residuality appears to play little role. Both US 11 and US 14 are notable for the good preserva-

tion of the pottery, suggesting that it was not redeposited material. A formula adapted from NorthAmerican historical archaeology offers a more objective confirmation.e The avetage median date

of the datable pieces can be calculated by multiplying the median date of the chronological range

for each datable item by the number of its representatives and then dividing the sum of the mediandates by the sum of the number of the representatives. The average date can be compared with thelatest date for the assemblage, with the difference representing the assemblage's residuality. For thetwo sratigraphic units from S. Stefano, all the pottery for which relatively well-defined dates are

proposed (fine ware, amphorae, and African and Aegean cooking ware, as well as a lamp) was takeninto consideration-36 pieces in US 11 and 149 pieces in US 14. Their combined mean ceramicdateis 154.01-thatis,abouthalf acenturyearlierthanthedateof formationof theassemblage. Incomparison, a stratigraphic sequence chosen for its evident residuality had differences of well overa century and sometimes as much as two or more between its average and latest dates, while in onewith many chronologically indicative pieces the differences ranged from some 50 to 100 years. Thus,it is likely that the two S. Stefano assemblages consist largely of material in primary deposition.

By functional group, amphorae make up nearly rwo-thirds of the assemblage, while the restconsists mostly of common ware and cooking ware, with a certain amount of fine ware and a very

8 See Martin and De Sena 2001 for a discussion of quanti- e Martin 1998 discusses the formula and its application tofication methods- Roman archaeology with several examples.

FA THIRD-CENTURY CONTEXT FROM S. STEFANO ROTONDO (ROME) 23)

r---I--*-r0 Scm

Fig. 12. Italian sigillata: form Consp. 34.

r----r-*-r0 5 Cm Fig 14 African Red-Slip'Vare: form Hayes 8.

limited number of lamp fragments (fig. 11). My research suggests that the composition of assemblages

reflects the openness of the site to maritime trade.10 The composition of this assemblage at S. Stefano

corresponds to what v/as seen for Rome and other sites well integrated into trade networks.(Archer Martin)

FrNn \7anp eNo Lalrps

Fine wares are rate at S. Stefano Rotondo. A total of eight non-joining sherds can be attributed to

Italian sigillata, African Red-Slip lWare, and Tead-glazedware. Three sherds come from identifiable

vessels. The sherd of African Red-Slip \Vare Production A/D from US 11, while unidentifiable

typologically, nevertheless provides significant evidence for dating the assemblage.

Italian SigillataA hemispherical cup, Consp.34, datingfrom the early Tiberian to Flavian periods, was identifiable

in US"14.11 The short vertical rim is preserved with a rosette appliqu6 (fig.12).

Aftican Red-Slip N(are

A rim sherd of Production A1, Hayes gNLamboglia2a (fi.g.1-J), common from a.n. 100 to a.o, 160

and beyond,'2 was found in US 11.

A base with rouletting belongs to the type Hayes 8/Lamboglia 1a or b (fig. 14) of ProductionAI-2, dating from the end of the first century to the beginning of the third.ll

Fig. 17. Functional groups by maximunt

uessels Gotal = 984. r----r.---r0 Scm

Fig. 13. African Red-Slip'Varc, form Hayes 9A.

12 Hayes 197 2, ) 5 -)7 ; Carandini and Tortoreila 1985 a, 27 .

1r Hayes 1972, fi-15; Carandini and Tortorella 1985a,26-27.

lo Martin 2005.

t1 Conspectus, ll2-ll)

l)4

r--*r---I0 Scm

Fig. 15. African Red-Slip \Y/are: unidentifi.ed base.

ARCHERMARTIN ET AL,

Coarse tWare

Fabric 1

r---r*-r0 l,o

Fig. 17. Unidentifiedruold-made lanzp.

o

t

Fr

a*.-u

tr

_----3-+o

f ^ r cro H'l--'d-" : g .Y .9 -: -,:--F::j6jjjjx

-.du_!idLLL:

^-uoay';-:':rL::ea:s*#s#*>qd',Y?,9YV,Y,F";Eh:i6EirI'-'-'':'1:-?o4

r---r-r Fig. 18. Conmon u:are fabrics by maximurn uessels (total = 738).

0 5 Cm r,g. T6.LoeschckeVllllamp.

There are also a Production 42 base (fig. 15), two body sherds of Productions A1 and A-Dfrom US 11 and a Production A1-2 body sherd with a uniform pimply slip from US 14. ProductionA1 dates between the late first century and the middle of the second , A1-2 to the second half of the

second, and A2 to the third.la Production A/D is typical of the third century.l5

Lead'Glazed $Vare

Alead-glazed body sherd of an open vessel, dating probably from the Flavian to the Antonineperiod and perhaps 7ater,t6 was found in US 14.

LampsTwo lamp fragments were found, one belonging to Loeschcke VIII (fig. 16) from US 11 and one

unidentified mold-made fragment (fig. 17) from US 14.17

(foseph Lilltrvhite)

Com,loN Walr

The term co??lruon ware is used to refer to the ensemble of thin-walled pottery color-coated ware,

and coarse ware, of which the latter is by far the most important (fig. 18).

Thin-Walled Pottery and Color-Coated W'are18

Thin-walled pottery is represented by two joining body sherds in Aegean cooking ware fabricle

from US 14 decorated with white dots. They belong to Marabini LXVil; this type, also known as

boccalino a collarino, was produced with this decoration throughout the third century.20

La Carandini and Tortorella 1985a, 19.

15 Carandini and Tortorella 1985b,52-5)

16 Martin 1992, )26; Martin 7995, 63 .

17 Bailey 1980,292-)7 6.

18 See especially Mattin 1991/1992, L66.

19 For a description of this fabric, see the section on coarse

wares.

20 Marabini Moevs 1971, D8-2)9; Ricci 1985, 267J6\Hayes 1983, 707 andI22.

A THIRD CENTURY CONTEXT FROM S. STEFANO ROTONDO (ROME) 2)5

r---T---r0 Scm

Fig. 2(.). Color-coated u:are; jar uith uertical riru.

r-17r-*r**r0 Scm

Fig. 19. Color-coated udre: jar uith euerted rim

I--I-*r0 Scm

Fig. 21. Color-coated uare: boul uith horizontal rim.

r---I---rFig. 22. Color-coated aare:plate.

0 5 cm

A total of fifteen fragments of color-coated ware from a maximum of thirteen vessels were

lound in rhe rwo deposits.

The fabric is the same as coarse ware fabric 1, which ranges from light yellowish brownin color (10YR 6/4) to reddish yellou, in color (Z.fyn 1/6).The break is clean and the texture

smooth, with a hard to very hard fabric. There are a medium amount of mica and occasionally

white calcareous inclusions.

The coating ranges from red (2.5YR 5/6) to light yellow (2.5YR 6/8), often within the same

vessel. Coating often is thinly applied and matt, with a tendency to disappear. Decoration does not

occur on the color-coated ware.

The forms include both open and closed shapes, with ten unidentified fragments from nine

vessels. The identifiable shapes, all from US 11, are: one jar with everted rim (fig. 19), one jar withvertical rim in two pieces (fig. 20), a bowl with horizontal rim (frg. 2I) , and one plate rim (fi1. 22) .

(|oseph Lillywhite)

Coatse Sflare

Coarse wares constitute 17.57 percent of the assemblage from S. Stefano Rotondo-123 out of1,06J sherds. Almost all of the coarse ware sherds in both contexts are from a single local pro-

duction (coarse ware fabric 1 = Santo Stefano 1), and a number of the other unidentified fabrics

are probably also of loca1 origin. A few Aegean and African imports were identified in US 11 butconstitute an insignificant portion of the overall assemblage. The dominant forms in both contexts

are;'ugs and basins.

ARCHERMARTIN ET AL.

r;-x-I0 Scm

f ig. 23. Coarse aare (abric I ): iug.

0 ScmFig. 2s. Coarse uare (abric I ): iug.

0 ScmFig. 24. Coarse uare tfabric 1); jug.

I---r---I0 Scm

Fig. 26. Coarse ware (obric I ): jug.

0 ScmFig. 27. Coarse uare (fabric 1): jar.

Coansp \feru FeeRrc 1 (= S. Srspa.No RoroNlo 1). Coarse ware fabric 1 is identical to S. Stefano

fabric 1 and was undoubtedly produced in the immediate vicinity of Rome.21 The fabric is hard,

clean-breaking, uniform, and powdery in appearance except for a few voids. Inclusions are small,

white, and frequent. The surface is homogenous and uniform, with a few small, white inclusions.Mica is occasionally present. The fabric is derived from a light-colored marl base but comes in a

range of colors, predominantly paie yellow (5Y I /3) and reddish yellow (5YR7 /6). A few sherds

of fabric 1, including the base of a jug (frg. 26) , show signs of overfiring.Most of the diagnostic sherds come from jars or jugs. The rim of alarge jug from US 11 is

paralleled by a vessel previously recovered from S. Stefano Rotondo.22 From US 14 one rim (f,9. T)21 Martin 1991/1992, 166. 22 Martin L991/1992, fig. 14

A THIRD-CE,NTURY CONTEXT FROM S. STEFANO ROTONDO (ROME) 2)7

I*I-I0 Scm

Fig. 28. Coarsc uarc (abric 1 ): lugorjar.

-*r*I0 5cm

Fig. 29. Coarse uare (abric 1): jug or jar.

r---I---r0 Scm

Fig. 31. Coarse ware (/abric 1):jugorjar.

r-*-.I.-**I0 5cmFig. 33. Coarse uare (fabric 7): jug or jar.

r--*.I*--I0 ScmFig. 30. Coarse aare t/abric I ): jug or jar.

rrl0 ScmFig. )2. Coarse ware (abric I ): jug or jar.

r--_f---r0 ScmFig. )4. Coarse uare (abric I ): jug or jar

t--r-.r0 ScmFig. 35. Coarse aare (abric 1): basin.

and three bases (figs. 24-26) belong to jugs, and one rim (fig. 27) to alarye one- or two-handled jar.

A number of other diagnostic sherds from US 14 come from the rims (figs. 2841) or bases (figs.

3l-33) of either jugsor jars. Oneof theformer (fig.27) seemstobeattested atOstia.D AbasefromUS 11 (fig. 34) also belongs to a 1'ug or jar.

Basins are also frequent. One fragment of a base from US 11 (fig. 35) comes from a small basin.

The four basin fragments from US 14 (fies. 3G)8) are much larger and thicker-bodied than that in

2i Pavolini 2000 , frg. 28.36.

238 ARCHERMARTIN ET AI-

Fig. 36. Coarce uare (abic 1): basin

IT-I0 Scm

r*I._-r0 5cm

Fig. 37. Coarse uare (fabric 7): basin.

r'r*r0 ScmFig. 38. Coarse aare (fabric 7): basin.

r r:r0 5cm

Fig. 40. Coarse uare(fabric 1 ) : drinkin g u e s s e l.

26 Pavolini 2000 , fig.42.70; cf . Ostia IV,167.

27 See Pavolini 2 000, fig.44.84, also 45.90.

rffiUS 11. Two basin rims (figs. 3738) have a close parallel at Ostia.2a A projecting, slighdy thickened rim

6,g.39) from US 11 seems to derive from a crater or basin, as similar forms are known from Ostia.25

Other forms are taret. A rim from US 11 seems to derive from a drinking vessel (fig. 40).'z6 Thereis also a possible crater from US 11 that can be compared to examples from Ostia.27 A base from

2a Olcese 2001, XL.7.

25 Pavolini 2000 , fr.g. 14.84.

rr-.r--E0 ScmFig. 39. Coarse ware (fabric 7): crdtel ol basin.

A THIRD-CENTURY CONTEXT FROM S. STEFANO ROTONDO (ROME)

Fig. 41. Coarse aare(fabric 1): boul.

r-F--E05

239

Fig. 42. Coarse aare(fabric 1): domestic ampbora5cm

Fig. 43. Coarse -^are (fabric 1); domestic amphora.

0 ScmFig. 11. Cctarse aare (fabric 7): unidentified uessel aith flat base.

US 14 (fig. 41) could belong to a bowl. Two bases from US 14, one with a sharply carinated, round-

bottomed toe (fig. 42) and one with a nipple-like toe (fig. 43), may represent domestic amphorae.

It is not possible to attribute a large flat-bottomed base from US 14 to any particular form(hg. aa).

Opus Dormru F.q.eRic 1. The fabric is identical to coarse ware fabric 1 with the addition of large

pieces of aggregate and must also have been produced locally. It is very hard and rough-breaking

with very frequent small black, red, and orange inclusions. There are also frequent, medium red

qLtartz and volcanic black inclusions.

This fabric is represented by nine sherds from US 14 belonging to a maximum of nine vessels,

of which eight were diagnostic. Three rims and one base are definitely attributable to mortaria.

cm

240

l:tg. 4). Loarse aare (opus

doliare fabric 7): basin ormortarium.

Fig. 46. Coarse uare (opus doliare

fabric l): basin or mortariu,tt.

ARCHERMARTiN ET AL

r--_I.*--I0 5cm

r----I----r0 Scm

Fig. 47. Coarse aare (opus

doliare fabric 7): basin ormortdtium.

r---I----r0 Scm

Three additional rims and one base (figs. 4548) could conceivably come from mortaria or large

basins, although one (fig. 45) appears to be slightly ovoid. The rims are either projecting (fig. 46)

or slightly everted (figs.4617). The lone base is flat (fig.48).

One additional wide, flat base, attributed to a basin (fig.49), appears to be intermediate berween

coarse ware fabric 1 and opus doliare fabric 1, as it lacks the larger, medium-sized inclusions.

A THiRD-CENTURY CONTEXT FROM S. STEFANO ROTONDO (ROME) 241

lig. 48. Loarse uare(opus doliare fabric 7):

harin or mortarium.

1

r---r---r0 Scm

r---.f---rFig. 49. Coarse uare (opus d.oliare fabic 1): basin. 0 5 Cm

r*-r--IFig. 50. Coarse uare (fabric 3): basin or platter. 0 5 Cm

Coansr !(ars FasRIc 2 (= S. SrrraNo RoroNDo 2). This fabric is represented by a single body sherd

from US 11 but appears to be identicai to S. Stefano fabric2,which was amajot component of thelater assemblage at S. Stefano Rotondo.2s It is hard and clean-breaking with very small inclusions

of mica, white and black particles. One medium-sized black inclusion was visible. It is reddishyellow (5YR6/6) in color.

Coanst Wanp FaeRIc l. The fabric is clean-breaking and hard with small, rare micaceous and whiteinclusions. The core is red (2.5YR 5/8), and the surface is reddish yellow (75YR6/6).

Fabric I is attested by a single rim fragment from US 11 (fig. 50) of a wide basin or platter withan inverted thickened rim.

Coensp \flanr FeeRIc 4. This fabric is uniform but brittle and has frequent very small black and

white inclusions. The core is yellowish red (5YR5/6), and the surface is light brown (75YR6/4).It is attested by a single rim of a jug from US 14 (fig. 51).

Coanse \fi/enr, FesRrc r. This fabric is clean-breaking and hard with very frequent, very small blackand white inclusions. The core is light brown (7.5YR 6/4),.rhl,e the surface is very pale brown(10YR 7 /4) .It is attested by a rim sherd from US 1a (fig. 52) belonging to a jug.

28 Martin 1991/1992, 167 .

ARCHERMARTiN ETAL

r---r---r0 5cm

Fig. 5 t. Coarse aare t fahric 4): iug.

r---r---r0 5cm

Fig. 52. Coarse aare (abric 5): iug.

*

r----f---r0 5cm

Fig. )3. Coarse uare (fabric 7): jar?

Fig. )4. Coarse

uare (Aegean):

trefoil jug.r-:r":I0 5cm

Schurhg Fabric 2(Santo Stefano 1)

i30 '

I

L,'eo i'

iI

) ,.r,10 ,

i

20

ftg. )1. Looklng tDdre Jabflcsby maximum uessels (total = 226). o

CoansE \7ens FesRrc 6. This fabric is hard, clean-breaking, and homogeneous with frequent, very

small white inclusions. The core is light ted (2.5 YR 6/6), and the exterior is light yellowish brown(10YR 6/4). Only two body sherds from US 14 were identified in coarse ware fabric 6.

Coansp \WaRr FasRrc 7. This fabric is hard and clean-breaking with frequent, very small black and

quartz inclusions. The core is red (2.5YR5/6), and the surface is pink (5YR7 /4). A handle-rim sherd

of a large two-handled (?) jar from US 1a (fig. 53) was the only evidence for coarse warcfabric7 .

1,10

120

i00

..E,

a

A THIRD-CENTURY CONTE,XT FROM S. STEFANO ROTONDO GOME)

CoansB \7an-e FeeRIc 8. This fabric is uniform, hard, and clean-breaking with very frequent small

black and white and frequent medium quattz inclusions. The core is yellowish red (5YR 5/6), and

the exterior is reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6).This fabric is represented by a single unidentifiablehandle from US 14.

Arcr,aN CoorINc \X/enr FasRIc. Represented by only three sherds from a maximum of two vessels

in US 11, this fabric is not significant by percent.age.It is clean-breaking and hard with a few small

voids and very small white inclusions. The core is reddish yellow (5YR6/6), whiie the mottled sur-

face ranges from reddish $ay (5YR5/2) to light brown (7 .5YR6/4). The fabric is clearly equivalent

to the Aegean cooking ware fabric, which was also recovered from the previous excavations at S.

Stefano Rotondo.2e

The joining handle-rim combination (fie.5a) and an additional handle both derive from Hayes

76 trefoil jugs of second- or third-century date.r0 Because of lime incrustations in the interior ofsuch vessels from Knossos, Hayes suggests that they were used for heating water.

\X.&ile the Aegean fabric does not form a significant component of the assemblage, it is importantas an indicator oflong-distance trade.

ApnrceN Coenss \il/e.nr FesRIc. This fabric is rough-breaking and hard with frequent small redinclusions and a few large calcareous inclusions. It is similar to a self-slipping African amphora

with a pink (5YR 7/4) core and very pale brown (10YR 7/4) exterior.It is represented by a

single body sherd in US 11. This fabric is attested elsewhere among coarse ware in Rome and

its surroundings, although less frequentiy than the Aegean one. Once again, it is an indicator oflong-distance trade.

Oames Cook)

Cooking rWare

Cooking wares were fairly well represented in both US 11 and US 14 (fig. 55). The assemblage totals226fuagments (7 ,479 g) with a maximum vessel count of 220, of which rwo local productions make

up a significant portion. Figure 55 shows the number of sherds for each type of cooking ware thatoccurred in the stratigraphic units. These include Schuring Fabric 2/Santo Stefano 1 and Schuring

Fabric 6/Santo Stefano 2. Other well-known types of cooking u/ares were also found in the group,

including African and Aegean cooking wares, as well as Schuring Fabric 1 and Pompeian Red-Slip

\Vare. Five fabrics ofunknown provenience were also represented.

The assemblage of cooking ware was about the same in the two statigraphic units: US 11

consisted of 109 sherds with a maximum of 104 vessels, and US 14 contained 117 sherds with a

maximum of t16 vesseis. No joins were found between the rwo stratigraphic units, and an insig-

nificant number of joins were found within each US, supporting the idea that this was a fill. In bothstratigraphic units Schuring Fabric 2/Santo Stefano 1 accounted for the majority of the assemblage,

61 fragments in US 11 and 81 in US 14. The second best-represented group was African cooking

ware, consisting of 38 sherds in US 11 and 76 in US 14. Schuring Fabric 6/Santo Stefano 2 was the

next best represented, with US 11 containing five sherds and US 14 having nine. Aegean cooking

ware, Pompeian Red-Slip Ware, and Schuring Fabric 1, as well as five unidentified fabrics were

among the least represented cooking wares in the assemblage.

(Stephanie Pryor and Robert Stephan)

ro Hayes 1,983, LO6-107 and 122.2e Martin 1991,/1992,169 with further bibliography,

214 ARCHERMARTIN ET AL.

r*-r---I0 Scm

Fig. 56. Cookinguare (SchuringFabric 2): pan.

FW,I---r---r0 Scm

Fig. 57. Cooking ware (Schuring Fabric 2): pot uith uertical rim.

1r---mr---T---r0 Scm

Fig. 59. Cookinguare (SchuringFabric 2):pot toith projeaing rounded, doun-turned rim.

Fig. 60. Cookingaare (SchuringFabric 2)

r----f---I0 Scm

pot uit h projert t.n g horizon I a I rim.

0 5cmFig. 61. Cooking aare (SchuringFabric 2): pot uitb heauy, projecting doun'turued rim.

Local Cooking'{/areS. SrEraNo Rororvno l/ScsunrNc FesRIc 2. The best-represented fabric of cooking ware, consist-

ing of 142 sherds (62.55 percent), is S. Stefano 1, which corresponds to Schuring Fabric 2.)t lthasa red clay (2.5 YR 4/8) with very frequent, small micaceous inclusions and very frequent, small

crystal-clear inclusions. It is hard and is characterized as having a clean break. This ware is found in

contexts at Rome, Santa Rufina, Anguillara, Fossa della Crescenza, and Ostiar2 and was used fromthe mid-first to sixth centuries and possibly into the seventh century, being particularly prominentbetween the fourth and sixth/seventh centuries.rl

r1 Schuring L986, 165-168.

i2 Schuring 1987,121.

]rSchuring L986,110

rr-r---r0 Scm

Fig. 58. Cookingware (SchuringFabric 2): pot with uertical riru.

A THIRD.CENTURY CONTEXT FROM S, STEFANO ROTONDO GOME)

I-T-I0 Scm

245

Fig. 62. Cookingutare (Schaing

Fabric 2): pot aith heauy, projectingdoan-turned rim.

Fig.63. Cookinguare(ScburingFabic 2):

\, pot bitb thickened rim

T}

Y

r--_I_--r0 Scm

Fig. 64. Cooking uare (Schuring Fabric 2): pot toith thickened rim.

r*--I---*I0 5cm

Pans.Therc rvere ferv pans from S. Stefano Rotondo: the assemblage totals three sherds with a

maximum of three vessels. All three fragments (one from US 11 and two from US 14) were of the

same shape, having inturned rims (fig. 56).

Casseroles. The cooking ware assemblage had no more casseroles than pans: three fragments v/ere

found with a maximum of three vessels, all of which come from US 11. The sherds were of the

same shape as Martin 43 with heavy, almost horizontal, projecting rims thickened at the end and

the junction of the body.]'

Cooking Pors. \X/ith J9 sherds of a maximum of )6 vessels, cooking pots are by far the best-rep-

resented type of cooking ware vessel found at S. Stefano Rotondo. A variety of different shapes

of cooking pots occurred. Some of them had vertical rims: three fragments of Martin 30,r' two ofwhich were from US 11 and one from US 14; one sherd (fie. 57) from unit 11 and two sherds (fig.

58) from US 14. In addition to vessels with vertical rims, there were also many that had raised and

projecting rims. Five fragments were quite similar to Martin 26,)6 toor of which were found in US

11 and one in US 74, and two sherds from US 14 were similar to Martin 25.11 Two fragments from

US 11 were also similar in profile to Martin 27 ,18 and three sherds from US 14 were simiiar to Martin29)e Another sherd from US 14had a projecting, rounded, down-turned rim (fig. 59). Two others

had projecting horizontal rims (fig. 60), one from each unit. A single example (fig. 61) from US 11

and two fragments from US 14had hear,ry, projecting, down-turned rims (fig.62). Other cooking

pots in this fabric had thickened rims: three sherds (fig. $), two of which were found in US 14 and

one in US 11, and two (fig. 64) ftom US 14.

r4 Martin 1991/1992, 17 8.

r5 Martin 1991/ 1992, 177 .

16 Martin t991 / 1992, 17 5.

r7 Martin 1991/L992, 175.

'8 Martin l99l/1992, 17 5.

re Martin 199I/1992,177 .

ARCHER MARTIN ET AL

Fig a1. Cooking ware (Schuring

Fabric 2): lid uith thickencd rin.

r--*.f---r0 Scm

Fig.66.Cookinguare(SchuringFabric2): f-f-Ilid uith thickened, upturned rim. 0 5 Cm

r*-r---r0 Scm

Fig. 67. Cookingware (SchuringFabric 2):

lid uitb triangula4 upturned rirn.

r-I-I0 Scm

Fig. 68. Cookingaare (SchuringFabric 2):lid uith hooked rim.

Lids. There were fifteen fragments of lids with a maximum of fifteen vessels. A variety of lid forms

were found at S. Stefano Rotondo, one of which from US 11 had a thickened rim (fig. 65), and

two fragments from US 14 had thickened and upturned rims (fig. 66). Other lids from US 14 have

slightly riangular, upturned rims (fig. 67 andMartin 33 andJ4).a0 There are examples of lids withhooked rims in both US 11 and US 14 (fig. 68). In addition, there are two sherds of lid knobs fromUS 14, one of which is similar to Martin )4 and the other toMartin3S.

S. SrspaNo RoroNoo FasRic 2/ScruruNc 6. The second best-represented cooking ware found at S.

Stefano Rotondo is S. Stefano 2, which corresponds to Schuring Fabric 6.a1 There $/ere a total ofsixteen sherds (7.05 percent) with a maximum of sixteen vessels in this fabric. It is weak red in color(10R4/2) with very frequent crystal-clear inclusions that range in size from small to large. It is hard

and has afaiily clean break. This fabric was found in a number of sites around Rome, including Ostia

and Fosso della Crescenza,but was usually secondary with fewer forms than Schuring Fabric 2/5.

Stefano 1.a2 The forms in this fabric have a wide range of dates from the Flavian period to the fifthcentury, but its main production period seems to have been from the first to the third centuries.as

Casseroles. Four sherds with a maximum of four vessels were attested to in US 14. They are similar

to Martin 42,whichhas a heavy, almost horizontal, projecting rim thickened at the end and at thejunction of the body.aa

ar Schuring 1986, 17 6.

44 Martin 1991/1992, 178

40 Martin 1991/L992, 111 .

41 Schuring 1986,116; Schuring 1986,12)

a2Schuring 1986,176.

A THIRD"CENTURY CONTEXT FROM S. STEFANO ROTONDO (ROME)

CookingPots. One sherd from US 11 was similar to Schuring 7158, which dates to before 400.a'

ScsuruNc 1. This fabric is red to light red in color (2., YR 5/7-5.5/l) with very frequent crystal-

clear inclusions that range in size from very small to medium, as well as rare, small black inclusions

and very rare medium red inclusions. This fabric does not have a slip. It has an irregular break, is

hard, and has a quite granular, rough fabric. Four body sherds and one unidentified base fragment

are attested trom US 14.

U niden tified Cookin g Ware F abrics

There were also five fabrics, presumably of local or regional origin, that cannot be identified.

FasRrc 1. It is reddish yellow in color (5 YR 6/8) and has frequent, small to medium red inclusions;

very small, rare crystal-clear inclusions; and small, rare white inclusions. It is characterized as having

an irregular break, is hard and rough. No slip occurs on this fabric.

Two fragments of this fabric were found in US 14, one a rim and the other a body sherd.

FaeRrc 2. This fabric is reddish yellow (7., YR 6/4) with very frequent, small to medium black in-clusions, frequent small to medium white inclusions, as well as very small, rare inclusions of mica.

The fabric is hard and rough and has an irregular break. It does not have a slip.

One handle in this fabric was found in US 14.

FaBRrc l. The fabric is reddish brown (2.5 \T. 4/4-3/4) and has frequent small to medium whiteinclusions, as well as rare, very small inclusions of mica. There is no slip, and the fabric is character-

ized as having an irregular break and is hard and rough.

There was one rim found in this type of fabric from US 14.

FasRrc 4. This reddish brown (2., YR 4/6-3/6) fabric has frequent, small to medium white inclu-

sions and rare, small to medium black inclusions.

One rim was discovered in this fabric from US 1 1.

FesRrc 5. This reddish gray (2.5 YRr/1) fabric has very frequent, medium to large grains of quattz

and frequent white inclusions of all sizes. No slip is present, and the fabric is rough with a very

irregular break.

One body sherd with combing on the outside was discovered in this fabric from US 14.

The dominant form was the cooking pot. While a number of lids were attested, there were few pans

and casseroles. This relates quite weil with the early fifth-century cooking ware assemblage from

the excavations carried out at S. Stefano Rotondo in 1987 and 1990.a6

In comparison to the eady fifth-century assemblage of local cooking wares from the previous

excavation, the local production from these two units is slightly higher. The local cooking wares

from US 11 and 14 accounted for over 71.36 percent of the total assemblage of cooking wares

(Schuring 2 = 62.55 percent; Schuring 6 =7.05 percent; and Schuring 7 = 1.76 percent), while in

the early fifth-century context local productions accounted for 57 .26 percent. If the difference in

the percentages in the two assemblages is not mereiy casual, it seems these local cooking wares were

a'Schuring 1986, 170a6 Martin 1991/1992, 161-169.

248 ARCHER MARTIN ET AL.

r--T.-:t0 Scm

Fig. 69. Cooking uare (African) :form OstiaIlI" 332

I-r-r0 ScmFig. 70. Cooking uare (African): form Ostial, 267.

I*--r---r0 Scm

Fig. 71. Cookingtuare (African): forrn Ostiall, 302.

replaced in part by imported productions. African cooking ware is particulady responsible, even

if it does not reach the high levels found at Ostia. For example, if we compare the percentage ofAfrican cooking wares recovered from the eady fifth-century context, we find that it is higher than

in US 11 and US 14: Nican cooking ware accounted for )6.69 percent in the eady fifth-centurycontext, whereas in the third-century context it made up only 19.82 percent of the assemblage.

(Stephanie Pryor)

Imported CookingWaresArnrcaN Coor<rNc \flanp. This was by far the most prominent group of imported cooking ware.

In US 11 it counted J8 sherds. In US 14 the African cooking ware had sixteen of seventeen of the

imported cooking ware sherds.

\X/ithin the African cooking wares three general functional types are present: cooking pots/

casserole dishes, platellids, and pans/dishes. A11 three were represented in US 11 but only cookingpots/casserole dishes in US 14.

The most abundant groups u/ere the plates/lids and the cooking pots/casserole dishes. Theplates/lids category had a total of seven sherds representing rwo forms: Ostia IlI,332/Hayes 196

datable from the mid-second to mid-third centuriesaT-three rim sherds (fi,g. 69), Ostia 1,267 dat-

able from the Antonine period to the end of the fourth or beginning of the fiften centur1y'8-three

4THayes 1912,208-209; Carandini and Tortorella 1985c, a8CarandiniandTortorella 1985c,212-213.

212.

A THIRD-CENTURY CONTEXT FROM S. STEFANO ROTONDO (ROME)

I--.r.-*I0 Scm

F i g. 7 2. C o o ki n g u a re ( Africa n ) : fo rm O stra III, 2 6 7 .

249

r---r---r0 Scm

Fig. 73. Cookinguare (African): form Ostia\ 271

r*-T,"I0 ScmFig. 74. Cookingtaare (African), form Ostrall\ 269.

rim sherds, two of which join (fig. I 0) , and Ostia II, )02 dating from the end of the first century e.c.

to the second half of the second century 6.p.ae-ens rim sherd (fig.I l).Cooking pots or casserole dishes had fourteen sherds, representing five different forms: Ostia

lll,267 /Hayes 197 datable from the first half of the second century to the late fourth or early fifthcentury'o (although Hayes suggests production was only until the mid-third century)5l-four rimsherds from US 11 and four rim sherds from US 14 (fig.72), Ostia 1,27I/Hayes 183 attested at Ostia

in the first half of the third centuryt2-sne rim sherd from US 11 (fig. l)), Ostia IIl,269 datable

from the Severan period to the first half of the third century-one rim sherd from US 11 and one

rim sherd from US t+ (fi1. 7 4) ,t) and Ostia lll, 324 dating between the late Flavian period and the

ae Ca.a.tdirri and Tortorella 7985c,212.

50 Carandini and Tortorella 1985c,218-219.

'1 Hayes 1972,209.

52 Carandtni and Tortorella t985c,224

'r Carandini and Tortorella 1985c.221

250

Fig.75. Cookingtaare(African): form OstiaII\ 321.

ARCHE,RMARTIN ET AL.

Fig. 76. Cookingware(African): /orm Hayes 183.

5a Carandini and Tortorella 7985c.279

t5Hay". 1972,2$.

56 Carandini and Tortorella L985c,275

lr**r.--r0 5cm

57 Hay.s 1972,200-201.

t8 Carandini and Tortorella 1985 c, 217 .

Fig. 77. Cookingtrtare(African): form Ostia

I, 15.

r*-r-I0 Scm

r:r*r0 5cmFig. 78. Cookinga^are (African)

form Hayes 23A

r:*rT0 Scrn

middle of the second century5a-one rim sherd from US 11 (fig. 75) and Hayes 183 dating fromthe second to the third ceotury5'-51.o rim sherds from US 14 (fi,g.7 6).

Pans or dishes were the least common functional group, with two sherds representing twodifferent forms: Ostia I, l5/Hayes l81/Lamboglia 9A in production from the second half of thesecond century to the end of the fourth or beginning of the fifth century'6 (although Hayes places

the cut-off point in the first half of the third century)'7-one rim sherd (fig. 77), andHayes 23A/Lamboglia 10B present at Ostia frequently from the first to the third centuries and less often in thelatter part of the fourth century or the early fifth century'S-e11s rim sherd (fig. 78).

A total of thirty-one sherds could be identified as African cooking ware but could not be as-

signed a particular form (seven base sherds and fifteen body sherds from US 11 and three basefragments and six body fragments from US 14).

A THIRD.CENTURY CONTEXT FROM S. STE,FANO ROTONDO (ROME)

Ar,csaN Coorwc Waru. Three sherds in US 11 and one in US 14 were of an Aegean fabric.'e Two

rim sherds, one from each of the units, provided the only identifiable form-a cooking pot: Hayes

6l datable to the second or third century.60 The other two were unidentifiable body sherds.

PoupniaN Rpn-Slrp \Wenr. The other import was a single body sherd from US 11 of Pompeian

Red-Slip V/are, which was unidentifiable in form.(Robert Stephan)

Anpnonap

At S. Stefano Rotondo, excavators recovered 687 amphora sherds from US 1 1 and 14, al7 ftom a

maximum of 621 vessels. Amphora fragments represent 81 percent of the total ceramic assemblage

by weight. This high percentage is distorted by the hear,y nature of transport vessels, which are nec-

essarily stronger and heavier. If the number of identified forms in the whole archaeological context

is considered, amphorae make up less than half of the positive associations.

!7e recognized fabrics from six geographic regions and documented at least thirty amphora

types among the fragments (table 2). Aside from some miscellaneous fragments, we identified the

geographic origin of all but three fabrics. The material in the two contexts comes from all around

the Mediterranean region including: Italy, Iberia (some examples specifically from Lusitania), Gaul,

North Africa, and the eastern Mediterranean. More common amphora types include Dressel 2-4,"Spello" amphorae, and Almagro 50s, while some of the more frequent types v/ere: the Africana IIlKeay IV-V[ series, Dressel 14 and20, and Kapitdn II; all are well attested, with numerous examples

in both contexts. The latest amphora type discovered was Almagro 50b, dating to somewhat after

the beginning of the third century. Beltrrin iVB (late version), Almagro 51c (Variant B), and Sado

1 also date to the third century, while Africanal and II and Kapitin I and II begin to appear at the

end of the second. Thus, the amphorae provide key evidence for dating.

Although they do not serve to establish the date ofthe contexts, it is interesting to note that the

earliest amphorae discovered in the combined contexts were: a Dressel 18, of Vesuvian fabric and

dating from a.o. tO-65, a Dressel 21 ftom the late first century r.c. to early second century A.D.,

or the Beltr6n I of a similar date. This early mateial was found in both portions of the combined

context.Of the 687 amphorae sherds of a maximum of 62L vessels discovered in US 11 and US 14,

Italy, the Iberian peninsula, and North Africa account for roughly equal amounts by sherd count

and maximum vesseis (fig.79). Gaulish and Eastern vessels are decidedly less frequent, and a small

number are of unknown provenience.

The discussion of amphorae will progress in geographical order. After discussing the Italic

productions, we will examine Iberian and Gaulish examples before concluding with North African

and eastern Mediterranean materials.

ItalianDnesssr iB. An early amphora type was identified in US 14; a single base fragment is Dressel 18(fig. 80).6t Distinctive features of this amphora type, normally in the form of a solid, chunky spike

59 For a description of this fabric, see the section on coarse

wares.

60 Hay"s 1983, 105-106, 122-1b.

6l Peacock and iil/illiams 1986, 89-90; Callende r 7; see OstiaII, i41, fig.8.

25t

ARCHERMARTIN ET AT.

Table 2. Amphora types and dates

Date

Dressel 2-4

,itWW|:"Empoli" amphora

\Wine

f ::i:l jrl:ia:1il{l,iii;:: li:iiittrl:;:,,:,.': l:::, li ::i,::.,::ti::::::,:rr:,,:rar,:t:.;:,1:r-;.r;:i

it i.:,r it,:,i1.::,r,, itr

Wine

Beltrdn I

***rs.\$..Beitrdn IIB

Dressel 20 Olive oil:!'.:,::alll:.ii.rr'i,,,.i..:.r..i.-.".

Dressel l4lBel[dn IVB Fish sauce.:

Almagro 50b Fish sauce

,Ar&tbidtji iu;i*:i.ttirgr;.;,#:.:;,r.il:]li:::l-:.1!.':!:]|i.:']l!::'.i::i:'l]'i.1:.]].::.i]]:.1]]':l]']]:j-.ji:::::.|:'1..

Almagro 51c, Variant B Fish sauce

:sta;ti'..::l :ititl*i :$;hlqtuttrii; rl

.;ila:i..' ;&iirii&$d:tu,t$iiiffi $#iirr* rjli:la::ti:i:ii: ]ilirrllil::l::lli::;::;" i:i,i..;r::;:r;.1i:,,,, rr..r.ir;.:.,i:|

Kapithn II

Schone-Mau V

\lfline?

Unknown

Ostia II,52)

A THIRD-CENTURY CONTEXT FROM S. STEFANO ROTONDO (ROME) 25)

Fig.79. Amphorue origins by

rnaximuru uessels (total = 627).

r*r---r0 ScmFig. 80. Dressel 7 ampbora.

that appears slightly flarcd at the bottom, make the base readily identifiable. Used primarily as a

carrier of wine, this type dates around 65-10 s.c.

Its fabric is recognizable as Vesuvian. The fabric from the region around Vesuvius has large,

dark inclusions of volcanic rock, which appear as noticeable dark spots both in the fabric section

and on the raw surface. Vesuvian fabric contains much biack sand, caused by the presence ofgreenaugite crystals. The presence of yellow garnet, afeattre of sands in Campania and particularly the

area around Pompeii and Herculaneum, confirms southern Italian production of these examples.62

Many kiln sites are known from the areas of Campania, Latium, and Etruria, but the large darkinclusions noted in the cross-section of this fabric made it clear that it came more speci-fically fromthe region near Vesuvius.

Dmssnr 2-4. Among the sherds attributed to Italian fabrics, more specifically to Campanian sources,

one rim from US 14 was attributed to the relatively eady Dressel 24 amphoru.6r Rims and bases

from the Dressel 2-4 amphora are readily recognizable, as are the long bifid handles. This amphora

is a successor to the Dressel 1 type, so it is not surprising to find the principal production centers

within Italy, particulady the Tyrrhenian coastal region of central Italy. Normally a wine carrier,

the Dressel 24 dates from the later first century B.c. to the first half of the second century A.D.,

although the type was already in decline by the later first century A.D. Because of the relatively

early date range of this amphora type, the rim fragment found in context is best considered

residual or reuse.

UNlnsNrrrrr,n IraI-IaN. Three handles and 85 body sherds from a possible 86 maximum number ofamphorae were cleady of Italian fabrics such as appear in Dressel I and 24 amphorae. However,

because of the fragmentary and worn condition of many of the sherds, it was impossible to deter-

mine exactly from what type of amphora the fragments derived. A further eleven body sherds were

recognizable as being specifically of Vesuvian fabric.

62 Peacock and \X/illiams 1986, 87-88.6r Peacock and Williams 1986, 105-106; Sciallano and Sibella1991, )8; Panella 1989, 141-1.$ (for a later version).

ARCHERMAMIN ETAL.

Fig. 81. "Spello" aftlphora

I_*I-*I0 ScmFig. 82. "Spelh" amphora.

6a Lapadula 1997 , 147 -150;Pasquinucci, De1 Rio, and Men-

chelli 199B, 158. See Ostia III,62, fig.40 for our specificform. For details on the type of wine transported, as gathered

from literary sources, see Lapadula 1991, l5t.

r*r*r0 Scm

r-*T=I0 Scm

Fig. 83. OstiaII, 523 amphora.

65 Lapadul,a 1997, l5l-l54;Panella 1989,146.

66 Lapadula 1,997 , DO-87 illustrates the range of variation

"SpELLo" AND "EMpoLi" AMrHontE. A handful of the amphorae recovered were in local Italianfabrics similar to the "Spello" type amphora. Four rims (figs. 81-82) were identified representingfour different vessels. One rim (fr1. 82) is close to Lapadula type 2.4.

The "Spello" amphora,6a so called from the discovery of a production site at Spello, ancientHispellum in Umbria, had a somewhatlocalized area of distribution within Italy. The full range ofthe production extended from the Tiber valley to the northern Etrurian coast ofthe Tyrrhenian Sea.

"Spello" amphorae were typically wine cariers and date to the mid-first to the end of the second

century A.D. Rome was the preferred market for Etrurian productions. The wines contained in these

amphorae were popular in the markets of Rome and also saw some additional distribution withinareas of the Tyrrhenian.6t

"Spello" amphorae have a somewhat regular typology.66 Its taits are the relatively tall, cylin-drical neck with a top-shaped body and sma1l, slightiy concave base. The handles join just belowthe rim, which curves out slightly and remains rather thin. Slight variations in the pronouncement

of the rim curvature help distinguish specific types of this amphora. The handles arch up slightly,

running parailel to the neck, before joining the vessel at the shoulder.

A THIRD-CENTURY CONTEXT FROM S. STEFANO ROTONDO GOME) 255

Because of the similarityin handle shape of "Spello" and "Empoli" amphorae, the specific types

can be difficult to distinguish. This is the case with one handle and one body fragment that were

identified in US 11. Handles of both "Spello" and "Empoli" amphorae run approximately parallel

to the neck from just below the rim to an arca of the shoulder of the vessel, creating problems in

specifically assigning the handle fragment to one or the other type. Both amphorae were carriers

of wine, and the "Empoli" can date as late as the end of the second century into the fifth century

a.o.67 The "Empoli" amphora type takes its name from a workshop discovered at Empoli, but as

with "Spello" amphorae, the type experienced aTarger production ateathan the single source. Itappears frequently in northern Italy and is also found at sites stretching from the coastal arca ofPisa and Volterra to that of Fiesole.68 This amphora circulated throughout Etruria and along the

Tyrrhenian coast as far as Ostia, with occasional presences farther afield, especially on the eastern

coast of Iberia but also in Sardinia and at Carthage.6e

"FoRrIMpoporr" AMpHonAe. These amphorae are named after the site of their original produc-

tion at Forlimpopoli (Roman Forum Popoli) in the region of Emilia-Romagla in northern Ita1y.70

Forms B and C are treated as wine containers, although some forms may have been used as garumjars.71 "Forlimpopoli" amphorae were produced from the end of the first century s.c. until the

mid- or third quarter of the third century a.o.72 Their distribution includes eastern Mediterranean

regions.Two handles, typically slightly curved toward the top, were discovered in US 11.

Osrr,q, Il, 523. A base (fig. 83) of a generic Sicilian fabric was attibuted to this amphora type."Other handle and body sherds, including some in a Naxian fabric typical of eastern Sicily, were also

attributed to Ostia 11,523. The contents of the vessel are uncertain, but it dates from the Tiberian-

Claudian period to the mid-second century A.D.

Iberian

Souru SpRNrss Gar.uu AlpuonaE. A number of typologically distinct containers for fish sauces

from the coastal arca of southern Spain present the same pale fabric with a fair number of non-

micaceous inclusions.

BslrnAN L A base (fig. 8a) from US 14 belongs to a Beltr6n I amphora.Ta The container held primarily

fish sauces, as suggested from tituli picti evidence.Ts Dating from the late first century s.c. into the

early second century A.D., the vessel saw a wide distribution in the western Roman provinces and

less frequently penetrated into North Africa.

67 Pasquinucci, Del Rio, and Menchelli 1998, 359. Fordiscussion of the type, see Cambi 1989 and Martin 1999,

7AO

68 Pasquinucci, De1 Rio, and Menchelli 1998,358359.

6e Cambi 1989,565; Pasquinucci, Del Rio, and Menchelli1998, )59.

70Also designated as: Robinson K114; Riley MR1l; Hayes

7; Peacock and \{/illiams 1986, Class L2;Beltrdn75; Ostia

I, 451; Ostia IV, 410-441 Bjelajac III; Opait VII; and

Dyczek 5.

71 Paczynska and Naumenko 2004, I 10.

7 2 P aczynska and Naumenko 2004, )09 : 11, fi.g. L

73 Ostia Il, i05-106. See also Ostia III, 41247 4.

74 Peacock and \X/illiams 1986, 120-121.

Tt Peacock and \lililliams 1986, 121.

ARCHER MARTIN ET AL,

;-il-r;O ScmFig. 84. Beltrtin I ampboru.

76 Peacock and Williams 1986, 122-18.

77 Peacock and ril/illiams 1985, LD:Peacock 7974

rr:rl0 ScmFig. 85. Beltnln IIA ampboru.

78 Peacock and tWilliams 1986, 124-125; Ostia III,510-517.

7e Peacock and lX/illiams 1986, 124-125; Ostia 111,511..

Fig. 86. Bebr,in IIB amphora

I*-*r0 Scm

BprrnaN IIA./ Dnrssnr,38. The Beltr6n IIA76 or Dressel 38 amphora characteristically appears witha broad neck and hooked rim, with handles attached to the neck just beneath the edge of the lip.Two rims from US 14 (frc.85) can thus be attributed to this form. The primary contents of the

Dressel 38 were fish products, and the form dates from the Flavian period or just before to the

early second century A.D.77

BErrnaN IIB. The space between where the handles are joined to the neck below the rim is less pro-

nounced in the Beltrrin IIB78 amphora type than it is in the Beltr6n I. Along with the characteristically

thick everted shape of the rim and the tapering lip, one overfired rim (fig. 86) from US 14 can be

attributed to the Beltdn IIB form. As a container for fish products, the Beltr6n IIB originated on the

southern Spanish coast and dates from the Tiberian-Claudian era to the mid-second century A.D.7e

A THIRD-CENTURY CONTEXT FROM S, STEFANO ROTONDO (ROME) 257

Fig. 87. Dressel 11 aruphora

I-E*r0 5cmDnssspr 14IBSLTRAN IVA. The Beltrr4n IVA amphoras' has a thick beaded rim, ovoid handles with anarrow or shallow groove down the cente! and a cylindrical body that ends in a long hollou, spike.

OnehandlefromUS ll andsixrims (fig.87)fromUS 14arcdiagnosticfragmentsof th.bres-sel 14/Be7tr6tn IVA amphora type. The type originated in southern Spain, where a kiln has beenlocated at Calahonda,sl and is thought to be a fish product carrier dating from the early first to thethird century a.n. The Iberian fabric of the fragments from this type demonstrate s uiahnumberof inclusions such as grains of qvafiz and limestone.

UNroENlrrp'n, SoutH SpaNrss. Thirty-three unidentifiable sherds present a fabric comparable tothose of the preceding amphorae. One of the body sherds, .rr.u.d to indicate it may hrrr. .o*.from near the rim of an amphora, has a prefire cut in the neck approximately 2.5 cmi through thefull thickness ofthe clay.

Baetican AmpboraeVarious containers, of which Dressel 20 is the most important, u,,ere produced in the valley of theGuadalquivir and its tributaries.

DrcssBr 20.82 Two bases and two handles u/ere readily identified from Dressel 20 amphorae, commonlyrecognized by their large bulbous body with short neck and sharply bent or oval-shaped handles,outturned iip, and small knobby bases. The Dressel 20 amphorais one of the -ort fu-o,r, amphoratypes of the Roman wodd and saw a wide area of distibution, particulady in the western p.o.rin."r.It is a Baetican oil container dating from the eady first century A.o. until the late third ceniury.

UilIopNnprEo, BarrlcaN. Forty-one sherds are of Baetican fabric, similar in size and thickness tothe Dressel20.

Lusitanian AmphoraeThe valleys of the Tagus and Sado saw the production of various containers for fish sauces, all with areddish fabric with various inclusions including mica and sometimes a reddish slip on the surface.

Dnpsssr 14 Snrarrts/ BprrMN IVB. The Beltr6n IVB amphorasr has characteristics similar to Beltr6nIVA' The principal difference between the two types is in rhe more everted rim of the former. Like

80 Peacock and \X/illiams 1986, j.26-127; Ostia III, 575-579.

8i Peacock and rX/illiams 1986. 126.

82 Peacock and \X/iiliams 1986, ]116-140.

8r Peacock and \X/illiams 1986, 128-I29;Mayet Schmitt, andTavares da Silva 1996, 14-77;Mayet and Tavares da Silva2002, 100-1 66; Etienne and May et 2002, 13 4-13 5.

258 ARCHERMARTIN ET AL.

I*T-I0 Scm

Fie. 88. Bebr,ln IVB,Variant A, amphora.

Fig. 89. Belarin IVB, Variant C, amphora

T:r--r0 Scm

the Beltr6n IVA, the Beltrin IVB has also been suggested to be a carrier of fish products and was

particulariy common during the second century 4.n., especially at Ostia.sa Variant A, the eadiest

version (Tiberio-Claudian) of Beltr6n I\rB, has a band on the outside.s5 The second-century Variant

C presents a rounded rim everted in continuation of the neck.86 A late (third-century) version has

been identified, with a shorter neck and avariety of rim shapes (most often almond-shaped).87

One rim can be attributed to Beltr6n IVB, Variant A (fig. 88), and two can be attributed to

Beltr5n IVB, Variant C (fig. 89).

Three handles, one from US 11 and two from US

assigned to variants.

14, belong to Beltr6n IVB but cannot be

Arnecno 50s.s8 This is a cylindrical vessel with a short everted neck ending in a triangular rim, to

which the handles ate attached. It carried fish products. It is proposed that its production begins

slightly later than its Baetican equivalent, somewhat after the beginning of the third century, and

lasts into the fourth.A base from US 14 (fic.90) can be atributed to the Almagro 50 amphora.

81 Parker 1971 also notes the presence of this type in twowrecks off Ibiza and Cap Benat.

85 Mayet and Tavares da Silva 2002, 100-101.

86 Mayet and Tavares da Silva 2002, 106-108.

87 Muy"t and Tavares da Sllva 2002, 17I-I7 3 .

88 Mayet, Schmitt, and Tavares da Silva 1996, 17-18; Mayet

and Tavares da Silva 2002, 17)-175; Etienne and Mayet2002,1.)9-t11.

A THIRD-CENTURY CONTEXT FROM S, STEFANO ROTONDO (ROME)

r--*r.*--r0 5cmFig. 90. Alrnagro

50b amphora.

r*T-I0 Scm

Fig. 91. Almagro )1c,Variant A, amphora.

r**r-I0 ScmFig. 92. Almagro 51c,

Variant B, amphora.

r-I-l0 5 cm Fig.93. saclct 1 amphora.

Almcno 51c.seThis is a small vessel with a namowneck ending in avertical or somewhat everted rim,to which the flat handles are attached. Three variants have been defined, essentially on the basis ofthe base: Variant A, with a more or less piriform body and a short cylindrical base that can almost be

considered a foot ring; Variant B, with a decidedly piriform body and a hollow cylhdrical base; VariantC, with a more elongated body and a conical base in continuation of the body. Variant A began to beproduced probably in the late second century, u'hile Variant B is attested in the third century.

One base (fig. 91) was identified as an Almagro 5lc,Yariant A, and four bases (f,5.92) as

Almagro 5lc,Yariant B-all from US 14.

Salo 1.eoThis form is an elongated evolution of the Almagro 50 amphora, distinguished and isolated

as being from the Sado valley.e' It was produced mainly in the third century A.D.

One handle (fig. %) from Lusitania was attributed to a Sado 1 amphora.

UNrNowN LusrrexmN. Fifty-five sherds were identified as Lusitanian by fabric but of unknownform.

GaulishGaulish amphorae account for 81 sherds from a maximum number of 76 vessels, with a compact,chalky, and pale fabric, which generally contains some mica or white lime inclusions.

seMayet, Schmitt, and Tavares da Silva 1996, 20-22;Mayetand Tavares da Silva 2002,177-182; Etienne and Mayet2002,14)-147.

e0 Mayet and Tavares da Silva 2002,175-176; Etienne andMayet 2002, 119-151.

e1 Mayet and Tavares da Silva 2002, 17 5-17 6.

260 ARCHER MARTIN ET AL.

r*-r---r0 ScmFig.94. Gauloise I ampbora.

r*-r-I0 5cm

Fig. 95. Gauloise 4 amphora.

9l For the debate on the contents of each. see Gibbins andParker 1986. 289-290.

Geulotsr,4. Diagnostic fragments of Gauloise 4 type amphorae totaled fourteen sherds, with threejoins, making a maximum number of eleven vessels of this type. The diagnostic fragments consisted

of three rims (fig. 94),fow bases (fig. 95),and seven handles. Rim fragments were recognizabie

by the characteristically thick and round section that is commonly seen in this vessel, while the

handles had the central depression and groove also seen in amphorae of this type. The narrow flatbase with sma1l foot ring also characteristic of this type of amphora allowed the four examples to

be attributed. Kilns for the production of these types of amphorae have been discovered near the

mouth of the Rhone in Languedoc, southern France. It is commonly found distributed in regions

of France, Britain, Germany, Holiand, and Italy. The common distribution of Gaulish productionsin Italy makes its presence here unremarkable. The principal contents consisted of wine, and the

container dates from the mid-first to the third century A.D.e2

UNrlsNtIltso Gaullsn. The remaining four bases, six handles, and seventy-nine body sherds were

from unidentifiable amphorae of, however, noticeably Gaulish fabric.

Nortb AfricanA high proportion of amphora sherds is of North African fabrics, with a total number of 166 sherds

from a maximum of 158 vessels found in the stratified contexts. Eight known amphorae types have

been recognized, of which Nricanal presents the highest number, with a total of twenty-one sherds

containing four joins, creating a possible maximum of seventeen vessels of the type. In conffast, only

one rim from an African II type amphora was identified. There has been continued debate over the

exact contents of Africana I and II amphorae, with compelling evidence for both containers holding

olive oil or fish sauce (Africana I suggested for oil, II for fish sauce).er In addition to the rwo main

African forms found, a number of other individual examples of other African amphora types were

also represented in the assemblage and will be discussed below.

Osrr,q, Il, 522/Osue lll, 464. This small amphora presents an African fabric. Typologically it is

e2 Peacock and til/illiams 1986, 142-1$; Sciallano and Sibella

199L, 46; Ostia III, 5) 8-551.

A THIRD-CENTURY CONTEXT FROM S. STEFANO ROTONDO (ROME)

r*IT0 ScmFig. 97. OstiaII\ 464 aruphora.

r*r*-r0 Scm

Fzg. 98. Ostia II\ 386 amphora.

261

similar to Ostia lI,523,with which it is included under the name Benghazi MRA 1,e4 It dates from

the Tiberio-Claudian period to the mid-second century.

There are a rim and a base of this amphora in US 14 (figs. 96 97).

OsraIII,I86.e5 This vessel comes from Tunisia and dates between the second half of the first century

and the second half of the second. It was perhaps used for oil.

One example was found in US 14 (fig. 98).

ApnrcaNa I. Both Afticanal and II types originate from the Sahel region of central Tunisia, Roman

Byzacena, and have similar distribution patterns throughout the Mediterranean.

The Africana I appears in contexts dating from the early second to the fourth century e.n. The

type is divided by both Panella and Keay into two subtypes, A and B. The earliest datable context

for Type B, which we have in our site, may be the Roman shipwreck at Plemmirio, Sicily, dated to

ca. A.D. 200, although it is more commonly found between the third and fourth century,t.o. It has

not been determined with certainty whether Africana I was a fish product or olive oil carrier.

Africana l/Keay IIIB fragments were found in both US 11 and 14.e6 Ten rims (figs. 99-101),

four bases (fig. 102),and five handles were located in US 14, and an additional two rims came from

US 11, making a total of twenty-one diagnostic fragments of this type. One of the rims was 100

percent complete (fig. 100).

Ar'ruc,rNa II. One thickened Africana IIeT rim can be assigned to this group from US 14. Africana IIis attested from the late second century A.D. to the early fifth, although it was particulady common

at Ostia during the second quarter of the third century until the fourth century. Both Panella and

Keay divide this type into four separate groups. The Africana IIA form identified by Panella was

further subdivided by Keay into IV (seruza gradino) andY (con gradino), the "latter distinguished

by a small stepped undercut on the lower rim."eS

One rim can be assigned to this group and most likely represents a Keay IV.oo

;*T-n0 ScmFis. 96. OstiaII\ 464 amphota.

ea Ottio 111,464471; Peacock and

116.

e' Panella 1982, 17 L-172.

e6 For orr forms, see Ostia III,25-26;Keay 1984, 1,04, fig.

J8.1,2.

\(iliiams 1986, 175- e7 Peacock and \X/illiams 1986, 155-157.

e8 Keay 1984, 110-114.

ee Keay 1984, 117 , frg. 443.

ARCHERMARTIN ET AT,

f.--r-*r0 Scm

Fis. 99. A{ricana I amthoya

Eastern

Of the Eastern fabrics, a

types, including Cr6toise

roo Peacock and Williams 1986,

101 Peacock and \Williams 1986, 166-168; SciallanoSibella 1991. 79.

I_'I-*I0 5cmFig. 100. Africana I amphora.

number of diagnostic fabrics and joins facilitated attribution to specific1b and Cr6toise 4 types and Kapitdn I and IL

166-167 102 See Ostia III, 560-562 and 628, fig. 22

and 10) See Ostia 111,475482.

--.rr0 5cmFig. 101. Africana I amphora.

I*.I.*IFig 102. Africana I anphora. 0 5cm

TnrporrreNmN I. Tripolitanian I is a container from the region around Tripolitania, where a numberof kiln sites are known. Theywere generally used to camy oil and were widely distibuted throughoutthe eastern Meditemanean, especially in North Africa, east of Tunisia, and also Italy (Ostiai.,oo Itwas in use from the first century A.D. into the fourth century.101

One base, with the thick, hollow conical spike typical of this type of amphora, was discoveredin US 14.102

ScuoNa-Meu XXXV. Four handles and one body sherd can be attributed to a Schone-Mau )CC(V1olamphora type. The type is of uncertain provenience and dates to before the eruption of Vesuviusin t.o.79.

UNrosNtmrro, AnnrcaN. A further 135 ftagments-2 bases, 12 handles, and 721body sherds, froma maximum of 135 possible vessels-must be from African amphorae because of their fabric butcannot be otherwise identified further.

A THIRD-CENTURY CONTE,XT FROM S. STEFANO ROTONDO (ROME) 26)

f::r-. r0 Scm

Fig. l0) Cre/oise lb aruphora.

Fig 104. Crdtoise 4 amphora

r---r---r0 Scm

CnErorss 1s. The Cr6toise 1b amphora type,"o also known as Agora G 197 or Benghazi MRA 2, was

produced from the Augustan period into the third century" It was a container for wine.

One rim was identified as from this amphora type (fig. 103).

Cnprorsp 4. A rim, two handles, and three body sherds all joined together to form part of one ves-

sel of Cr6toise 4 type (fig. 104).10' This is another container for wine, dated to the first and second

centuries A.D. Its form recalls the Rhodian tradition, especially the pointed, raised handles, but its

fabric is similar to that of Cr6toise 1.

UNrNowN AecsaN/Crur.rru, Five handles and seven body sherds were of Aegean/Cretan fabrics,

but the fragments were not diagnostic enough to determine the form.

Br,Ncnazr Mmor-s RoueN AnpHone 5. Two rims (figs. 10r-106) belong to the Benghazi Middle

Roman Amphora 5.106 This type is generally considered to come from somewhere in the Black Sea

region, although an origin in Asia Minor (in particular Pamphylia) has also been proposed. It was

perhaps produced as eady as the end of the first century but was common throughout the second

and into the third. Its contents are unknown.

KeprrAN I. A base was identified as coming from a Kapitdn I amphora.1o7 This container, probably

from the Aegean, is dated to the late second and third centuries.

104 Markoulaki, Empereuq and Marangou 1989,554-566;Peacock and rX/illiams 1986, 177 -17 9 .

105 Markoulaki, Empereur, and Matangou \989,511-577.

106 Blelalac 1996,61.-65; Dyczek 2001, 1y-159.

107 P.u.o.k and Williams 1986,212: Oxia III, 592-595

264 ARCHERMARTIN ET AI,.

KaplrAN II. Seven handles, one base, and eight body sherds were identified as Kapitin II108 amphoratypes. These vessels are known as "hollow foot" amphorae because of this distinctive feature. Thischaracteristic, coupled with the distinctive fabric, makes the Kapitdn II type easily recognizable.Theamphora saw a large range of distribution, especially in the eastern Mediterranean and appears inlarge concentrations at Ostia.10e The form dates from the third and fourth centuries a.n. The maincontents remain uncertain, but wine is 1ike1y.110

KaprrAN I on II. Because of similarities in fabric, it is difficult to distinguish between Kapitdn I and

II with nondiagnostic sherds. Three body sherds were of either Kapitdn I or Kapitdn II.

ONs-neNorso J*r. The date of this series is broad, beginning with one handle in the late first century4.n., developing two handles ca. 400, and lasting into the seventh century.111 The amphora saw a

wide range of distibution throughout the Mediterranean region. The principal contents, however,

afe not known.Two bases, one handle, and thirteen body sherds, from a maximum of thirteen possible ves-

sels, can be attributed to this type. At least the better-preserved base (fig. 107) should date in the

second- or third-century range of the long evolution of the bases for this container.l12

ScsONp,-Mau V, A base of a Schone-Mau V form was discovered in a Cilician fabric.llr This amphora

is attested from the mid-first to the mid-second century.

Uxrnr,Nllrrn Cucrax. A handle presented a Cilician fabric. It was not, howeve! possibie to identifythe form.

Amrr/Tanrus AMpHoM. A rim (fig. 108) belongs to an Amit/Tartus amphora from northern

r -*r0 ScmFig. 105. Bengbazi Middle Roman Amphora 5.

108 Peaco.k and \Williams L986, 19)-194; Ostia lll,596-599.

10e Peacock and \Wi11iams 1986, 194, fig. 113 for map ofdistribution.

110 Carandini and Panella 1981.

I-r**I0 ScmFig. 106. Benghazi Middle Ronan Amphora 5.

111 Peacock and \X/illiams 1986, 188-190.

112 See Ladstltter 2005, )1524, )2gJ)0,331-)32, 15(nos. 580-581, 6 40, 642, 6$, 646, 662, 66, 7 02) for bases ofthis date rvith a similar outer profile, although with a domedspace inside the hollow foot unlike here.

11r See Reynolds 2005,565.

A THIRD-CENTURY CONTEXT FROM S. STEFANO ROTONDO (ROME)

Lebanon.lla This is a container with unknown contents that was current from the second to early

6fth centuries.

Uxrrp,Nrrrso GazaN. One body sherd appeared to be of a Gazan fabric, but the form could not

be distinguished.

UNmErvrnpo EcyprIaN. Of particular interest is the presence of seventeen body sherds from an

unidentified type of Nile amphora. The sherds have eight joins, but the fabric of all the sherds is iden-

tical, making a conclusion that they are all from the same vessel quite probable. Egyptian amphorae

made of Nile silts have a varied long-distance disffibution to the western Roman provinces. Some

of the eadier deposits of such amphorae have been found at Pompeii and Ostia in the first century

and Rome from the later part of the same century.ll' A ribbed Egyptian amphora sherd similar tothe ones we discovered was found in an early third-century context from Augst in Su.itzerland, and

exportation of this form continued through the fourth century.116 It is unclear exactly what type

of amphora the seventeen body sherds derive from, although possibilities include a version of the

biconical amphorae types noted by Empereur and Picon or a Bailey Type A."'

Unknoun Prouenience

A handful of amphora sherds remain unidentified. Two handles and three rims (fig. 109) and two

handles with joins that all relate to a single vessel based on fabric type present some resemblance in

typology and fabric to the Richborough52T amphora but should not be attributed to that typ.."tThere is also an unidentified amphora base (fig. 110), as weil as a handle and thirteen body sherds,

from unidentified amphorae of unknown provenience.(Elizabeth Hahn and Derek Klapecki)

il:.r*-rl0 ScmFig. 107. One-bandled jar.

r*--*-r0 5cm

Fig. 108. Amrit/Tartus amphora.

117 Emp"r"t,r and Picon 1989, fig. 11-1; Baiiey 1982, fi,g.

)5a.

118 Peacock and Villiams 1986, 111-112. \fle thank DanieleMalfitana of the Consiglio Nazionale per la Ricerca (Catania)

for advice on this piece.

114 See Reynolds 2005,568.

115 Tomber and \Y/illiams 2000, 46.

116 Tomber and Villiams 2000, fig. 3

ARCHERMARTIN ET AL.

Fig. 109. Unidentified amphora im

I----r*---I0 Scm

I---r---r0 5cmFig. 110. Unidentified ampbora base.

r--*.r"---r0 5cm

Fig. 113. Glass: cup.

}KI_fI-I0 5cm

Fig. 111. Glass: cup.

NoN-csRANric FrNls

r---r---r0 Scm

Fig. 112. Glass: cup.

The assembiage included a small number of non-ceramic objects, which are included here for thesake of completeness.

TerracottaFrom US 11 came one unidentifiable piece of a teracotta figurine with a worn red slip (2.5 YR5/8).Thefabric is soft, slightly micaceous, chalky, with a few moderate-sized voids, and is very pale

brown (10 YR 7/l).From US 14 came one piece of a terracotta figurine with a faded Iight red slip on the interior

and exterior (2.5YR6/8). The fabric is hard, silty smooth, and contains small amounts of mica andcalcite, few if any voids, and is very pale brown (10 YR 7/4).

GlassFrom US 1 1 came three base fragments of glass cups. A11 are thin, nondescript, with ring bases, one

of which is rolled (figs. 111-113).

Painted Plaster

A total of seventeen pieces of nondescript polychrome painted plaster were recovered, fifteen ofwhich came from US 1 1. Some pieces show evidence of attachment. No pieces have recognizablefeatures, but several appear to contain figures of some sort.

A THIRD-CENTURY CONTEXT FRONI S. STEFANO ROTONDO (ROME)

Tegula, Marble, Iron, Shell, TesseraeFrom US 1 1 one tegula fragmenr v/as recovered (5 1 9 g). Three pieces of marble revetment from US11 614 g) and one from rJS 14 (241g) were also recovered. Three iron nail fragments were foundin uS 11 (45 g) and one from us 14 (11 g). Also from us 11 comes one smallshell (,1 g). Finally,one black stone tessera was recovered from US 14.(foseph Lilly,white)

5. Conclusions

This small excavation, camied out for technical reasons having nothing to do with research andbegun without the participation of archaeologists, may have seemed insign ificant.It has been shown,on the conffary, to be of a certain importance.

On the one hand, it offers the best stratigraphical evidence for the aiterations of the CastraPeregrina betureen their construction and abandonment.

On the other, it gives a picture of a pottery assemblage deposited at Rome in the early third centurywith a few dating pieces, rather more whose production could reach that date, ,o-. .l.u.ly residualones, and a number for which no date can be proposed. Consideration of the functional groups indi-cates that the assemblage shows urhat should be expected for a major focus of trade in the Mediter-ranean during the Roman period. Amphorae constitute by far the most numerous functional groupand thus the one for which the assemblage presents the most eloquent evidence. The other gro.r!, ,..represented by percentages similar to what has been seen elsewhere and therefore do not ,.u.h g."u,numbers in such a relatively sma1l assemblage. Within the single groups the attestation, a.. o.r.. aguilin line with the expectations derived from comparable assemblages in Rome and Ostia. Among thefine wares African Red-Slip !flare dominates. The lamps present a i,o.s.h.ke Type VIII. Th. .o-Lor1ware is ovenvhelmingly local or regional, with a few impc,rts from the Aegean and Africa. The cooking$/are presents a mixture of local or regional and imported (particularly African) items. The amphoraecome from around the Meditemanean-Iberian containers are particularly important, while there aresome early harbingers of later African dominance and also a wide range of Eastern products.

\X/hi-le there is no great surprise here, even a small addition to the list of quantihed assemblagesfrom the city of Rome shouid prove useful. It is not by chance that overviews of the evolution inthe pottery supply in the vicinity of Rome have drawn more heavily on Ostialle than Rome itself.Since the 1960s, in fact, various contexts have been published with their pottery at Ostia, whichhas encouraged syntheses there, while at Rome published assemblages were rarer, and only recentlvhas a larger number of them appeared.120(Archer Martin)

26,1

i19 Amorrg recent publications, see, for example, Martinand De Sena 200) for all classes of pottery; Martin and DeSena 2005 and Martin 2008 for the amphorae; Martin 2006for the fine rvares.

120 See, for example, Meneghini and Santangeli yalenzani2006; MeyJ.an Krause 2002; Pena 1999. A partial synthesiswas published, hov'ever, already in 7999 (panella 1.999) .

268

AesREvrATroNs

Conspectus

Ostia IIOstia III

Ostia IV

ARCHERMARTIN ET AL.

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