A refined model for the active site within the NO decomposition catalyst, Cu-ZSM-5

Stone Tools in Transition: From Hunter-Gatherers to Farming Societies in the Near East. F. Borrell, J.J. Ibáñez, M. Molist (eds.) 165

Abstract

The site of Huzuq Musa (Lower Jordan Valley, Israel) revealed a large collection of flint perfora-tors, beads, and bead production waste, which were found mainly in one of the tested structures (Structure 1). These findings provided a case study for a functional analysis, reflecting on the func-tion of perforators as well as on bead production technology. Perforators, which were defined as drill-bits due to their unique morphology, were the subject of macro- and microscopic use-wear analysis, and the preliminary results are presented here, including some of the characteristics of the shell disk beads. Most perforators show distinctive use-wear, indicative of a rotational boring ac-tion. The results of the analyses suggest that these were used for hole-making of hard materials such as shell and stone, probably with a palm-drill and an additive. Use-wear includes burin-like frac-tures, crushing, edge-rounding, polish and striations. Accordingly, bead holes are sometimes off-centered, with concentric grooves and an angular, nipple-shaped profile, indicating the use of a re-touched flint drill. Therefore, the characteristics of the beads are correlated to the drills, including the morphology of the tip, but most distinctively to the observed use-wear, both in terms of worked material and the hypothesized action of drilling.

Keywords: Huzuk Musa, southern Levant, Late natufian, Pre-Pottery neolithic A, perforators, beads, use-wear analysis .

1. Introduction

The site of Huzuq Musa (Lower Jordan Valley, Israel) revealed a large collection of flint perfora-tors . These were found mainly in one of the tested structures (Structure 1), comprising ca . 40% of the tools . Large assemblages of beads and bead production waste were found in the same structure . These findings provide an excellent case study for a functional analysis, reflecting on the function of these perforators as well as on bead production technology . This paper presents the preliminary results of the use-wear analysis performed on a sample of perforators from Struc-

A functional investigation of perforators from the Late Natufian/Pre-Pottery Neolithic A site of Huzuk Musa – a preliminary report

Iris Groman-Yaroslavski*, Danny Rosenberg and Dani Nadel

Zinman Institute of Archaeology. University of Haifa. Israel. *[email protected]

A functional investigation of perforators from the Late Natufian/Pre-Pottery Neolithic A site of Huzuk Musa – a preliminary report166

ture 1, focusing on the implication for our understanding of shell bead production during the Late natufian-Pre-Pottery neolithic A (PPnA) in the Jordan Valley .

2. Huzuq Musa

The site of Huzuk Musa is situated at the foot of the Samarian hills (fig . 1a) . It covers an area of ca. 1-2 hectares, mostly on an east-facing slope, where more than ten oval structures are visible on the surface, usually 2-4 m across and 5-10 m2 in area . The site was tentatively dated to the Late natu-fian/Pre-Pottery neolithic A (PPnA) period based on several characteristics of the flint assem-blage, bedrock features and architecture (Rosenberg et al . 2010; nadel, Rosenberg in press) . A small test trench (3x1 m) was excavated, cutting through parts of Structures 1 and 3 . The stones used for construction of these structures are 20-40 cm long and each wall is one course wide, sometimes interlaced with the bedrock . Structure 1 is oval, probably open to the south, with a 3 m east-west axis, where the trench was annexed to the northern well-preserved wall . Within the structure, near the northern part of the wall, a small installation was noted (fig . 1b) . The north-western part of this wall appeared to have been well constructed, made of undressed stones varying in size from small boulders to pebbles . The floor level or the bottom of the wall was not reached in the excavation, yet it is clear that the wall had more than four consecutive courses of stones .

A sample of 2451 flint artifacts from Structure 1 was studied, including 92 tools, five cores and 200 debitage items (Rosenberg et al . 2010, table 1) . Apparently, the inhabitants were using flint sources similar to those found at the PPnA sites of netiv Hagdud and Gilgal I, located ca . 25 km to the south (nadel 1997; Dag et al . 2010, respectively) . The flakes dominate the assem-blage, while blades and bladelets comprise 24% of the sample . Within the tools, blade and blade-let blanks are much more common (68 .5%) than the flake blanks (17 .4%) . Among the tools there are a single lunate, a single el-Khiam point, and four sickle blades . Worth mentioning are two arrowhead fragments, a Beit Ta‛amir knife and 13 lunates (none with Helwan retouch) which were found in other parts of the excavated area . However, the tools in the studied sample are dominated by the perforators (38%, Rosenberg et al . 2010: table 3) .

Figure 1: a) Location of Huzuk Musa and sites mentioned in text; circles represent Late/Final Natufian sites and triangles represent PPNA sites; b) Structure 1 during excavations.

Iris Groman-Yaroslavski, Danny Rosenberg and Dani Nadel 167

3. Late/Final natufian and PPNA perforators

The term flint ‘perforators’ includes a range of types and subtypes; they are all pointed tools that supposedly were used to make holes in a wide variety of materials . In the most general way they can be divided into two major categories . The first includes the thicker variants, with the charac-teristic abrupt retouched, parallel sides, commonly termed borers, drills, or drill bits, and the second includes the more delicate ones, where the tip is made of converging retouched sides or notches, generally termed awls, epines or becs .

In the southern Levant, one of the first typological breakdowns was suggested by Mortensen (1970) for the PPnB assemblage at Beidha, with a division of all the perforators into 11 subtypes according to blank, location of retouch, and shape of the pointed end . Gopher (1981) simplified the typological list using only four main subtypes and this approach was widely accepted in the following years (e .g . Garfinkel, Dag 2006; Lechevallier, Ronen 1994; nadel 1997) .

Looking at the local cultural sequence, two points become apparent . First, perforators appear in very low frequencies in Late/Finalnatufian assemblages, as is demonstrated by the examples of Eynan (3 .86%; structure 228, layer Ib2, Valla et al . 2007: table 7) and Fazael IV (5%, Gros-man et al . 1999: table 4) . Second, perforators become the hallmark of many PPnA assemblages . For example, perforators comprise 29 .68% at Hatoula (Sultanian phase, Lechevallier, Ronen 1994: table 16) and 18 .45% at netiv Hagdud (nadel 1997: table 4 .12) . A high frequency was also recorded for the nahal Ain Gev II assemblage (23 .3%; Bar-Yosef, Belfer-Cohen 2000: table 1), which in many ways is the most similar to the Huzuk Musa assemblage, but the frequency of perforators at Huzuk Musa is still outstanding (38%) . Furthermore, most of the Huzuk Musa perforators are of unique morphology, not common among the types usually reported from Late/Final natufian and PPnA sites in the southern Levant . Although the detailed typological analysis is yet to be completed, it is apparent that the majority should be broadly termed drill-bits, as they are shaped on relatively thick (ca . 4 mm) and short (ca . 20-30 mm) blanks (fig . 2) .

Figure 2: A variety of perforators found at Huzuk Musa. The lower row, except for the two items on the right are drill-bits as defined in this work.


4. Materials and methods

A sample of 20 perforators was selected from Structure 1 for use-wear analysis . The sample includes mainly drill bits, complete and broken, and a few items of different morphologies in order to ad-dress the correlation between morphology and use . The perforators are shaped by an abrupt re-touch, mostly on the dorsal face, which usually forms a thick narrow implement with parallel sides, sometimes only ca . 4 mm wide . The retouch is present all along the laterals, or on the area close to the tip, converging into a pointed edge . In addition, two items are shaped on slightly larger blades, and another was a sickle blade (with visible gloss cut by retouch) before it was reshaped and reused . The pointed end is sometimes modified by further delicate retouch, obliquely or perpendicular to the axis of the drill, on the ventral face (fig 3: a); the tip is usually 1-1 .5 mm wide (fig . 3: b) .

The use-wear analysis of perforators was conducted at the Use-Wear Analysis Laboratory (Zin-man Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa, Israel) where an experimental reference collec-tion is available for comparisons . All items were cleaned with soap water . The tools were free of calcareous crust, and most were made on fine quality brown flint with low rates of post deposi-tional alteration . The analysis procedure included detailed recording of each item, including drawing and photography, and the use-wear study combined low and high power analyses, fol-lowing mainly the methodological framework of Van Gijn (1989) . A nikon SMZ745T stereo-scope was used for the low power analysis with magnifications of up to 50x, looking for micro-scars, abrasions, and edge rounding . In the high power analysis, a nikon LV150 microscope was used, with magnifications of up to 500x (but in most cases magnification of 100x – 200x was suf-ficient) . Striations and polish were defined and categorized, and due to the small size of most items (20-30 mm in length) it was possible to observe all parts, including the actual point of the items .

A preliminary examination of beads was also conducted in the course of this research in order to examine the correlation between the perforators and bead production . At this point, the beads were examined at low magnifications of up to 50x, and the relevant features were measured and compared to the characteristics of the perforators . The beads are abundant at the site, with doz-ens recovered so far . Most beads are made of shell, mainly Cerastoderma glaucum shells, though some Dentalium specimens were noted too . Most beads are of the ‘disk bead’ type, frequently

Figure 3: Perforators at low magnification: a) A delicate retouch at the pointed edge located on the ventral face (20x); b) A side-view of a tip showing abrupt retouch on the dorsal face and the width of the pointed end (20x).


5–10 mm in diameter and they are very thin, ca . 3-4 mm thick . Some of the beads are smoothed and flattened while others retain the outline and surface of the shell . Some have a perfect round form while others are less rounded . The beads are present as complete specimens and as frag-ments . Unfinished disk beads and beads production waste are common as well (fig . 4) .

5. Results

In general, most perforators bear use-wear which is related to a boring action, except for three items which do not have use-wear at all . It is assumed that these items were re-sharpened, as delicate retouch is observed on the pointed edge probably made in order to reshape and reinforce the tip . The boring use-wear is observed on the area close to the tip or on the actual tip . On the macro-scale, use-wear includes burin-like fractures, crushing, abrasions, and rounding on the pointed edge . Burin-like fractures appear perpendicular or diagonal to the axis of the drill, some-time transversally on the actual point, and there are cases with two fractures on a single point (fig . 5a and b) . Abraded edges are sometimes rounded or crushed (fig . 6a and b respectively), and they occasionally appear combined with a burin-like fracture (fig . 6: c and d) .

The action of drilling is a rotational motion, producing both rotary pressures to the sides of the drill and a direct pressure downward into the worked material . Drilling experiments show that ro-tation creates a rounding and/or crushing at the tip of the tool . This is often accelerated by breakage of particles from the advancing contact area of the tool as a result of the crushing of that area . The direct, vertical pressure causes the burin-like fractures, and although burin-like fractures are often

Figure 4: Disk beads, including complete, broken and unfinished items.

Figure 5: Burin-like fractures observed on the tip of the drill-bits. a) Extending parallel to the axis of the drill (30x); b) Extending transversally to the axis of the drill (10x).


associated with projectiles (e .g . impact fractures), the combination of these with abrasion is com-monly associated with boring (e .g . Astruc 2001: 119; Grace 1989-1990: 145; Odell 1981: 205) .

Researchers have identified these kinds of damage resulting from boring actions, especially common in hole-making in various types of stones (e .g . Shea 1992; Coşkunsu 2008) . Stone-work-ing produces high mechanical stress and therefore tools involved in this activity should be selected with care, and should be reinforced by retouch . In the case of drills, retouch is of double purpose; first to adjust the shape of the working tip to fit the size of the intended hole, and second to strengthen the tip (Grace 1989-1990: 145) . For the Huzuk Musa drills, this explains the use of an abrupt retouch on the laterals and the delicate retouch on the pointed edges . It is thus assumed that the studied drills were used for hole-making of hard materials such as stone, shell, wood or bone .

The inference of worked material is more reliable based on micro-wear; however, such evi-dence is observed only on two items . One has a cluster of long, narrow and thin striations, ex-tending perpendicular to the axis of the drill, located inside the burin-like fracture (fig . 7a) . The other has a patch of flat and bright polish on the side of the pointed edge (fig . 7b) . This polish does not have the characteristics usually observed for wood, bone or antler working, which are smoother or with a rounded topography . The polished surface is more likely to be the result of the contact with hard mineral . Therefore, based on the characteristics of the polish the category of hard materials is narrowed down to stone or shell . Striations are usually associated with the

Figure 6: Macrowear observed on the tip of the drill-bits. a) A rounded pointed edge (16x); b) A crushed edge (20x); c) A combination of rounded abraded edge and a burin-like fracture extending next to it, perpendicular to the axis of the drill (20x); d) A crushing on the side of the tip above a burin-like fracture extending obliquely to the axis of the drill (30x).


presence of tiny hard particles (e .g . Shea 1992: 143; Yamada 2000: chapter III) . These may have originated from an additive that was used in the perforation process, as this was a method to en-hance abrasion (Gwinnett, Gorelick 1979) . They may also originate from the actual worked material, especially in cases of stones with siliceous particles in their structure (e .g . quartz crystals in sandstone, apatite, or stones such as carnelian or flint) . Therefore, it is possible that at least some of the drills were used to perforate such stones . However, the distinction between shell and stone is not clear-cut at this point and should be supported with additional evidence .

The size of the point and location of use-wear near and on top of the pointed edges indicate that the drilled holes should have been 1-3 mm at the outer diameter and probably ca . 1 mm in the inner diameter, and the depth of the hole (or thickness of the drilled item) did not exceed 3 mm . Similar conclusions were reported by Berna (1995) following his experiments in boring amazonite . He observed that 1–1 .5 mm thick drills produced 3 mm wide holes (see also Fabiano et al . 2004) . This is most applicable for drilling disk beads, similar to those found at Huzuk Musa, which are very thin . Different characteristics are expected for perforators used for produc-ing deep or elongated holes (e .g . cylindrical beads) . It is likely that elongated holes would have been produced using perforators with an elongated working edge, much longer than those found at Huzuk Musa, and use-wear would have extended all along the edge, perpendicular to the axis of the drill . One extreme example for perforators which can be used for drilling long and deep holes are the unique cylindrical polished drills which have a long and thick drilling point totally polished due to abrasion (Coşkunsu 2008) .

Only a single drill shows use-wear which can be associated with hafting . Accordingly, it is suggested that at least some drills were hafted at the distal end of a simple haft, a palm-drill . In this regard, it is assumed that drilling stone or shell items, especially small items such as beads, is very hard using a small perforator held by hand . Likely, the small perforators were hafted as drill bits in palm-drills . Use-wear does not indicate the presence of a drilling instrument like a bow-drill or a pump-drill; the studied edges do not have well-organized traces, such as circular stria-tions, or well-defined polish and continuous abraded surfaces, to be expected in the use of a me-chanical device (Calley, Grace 1988; Grace 1989-1990, figs . 4-5; Coşkunsu 2008, fig . 4, nº 6) . Furthermore, the drills are not always symmetrical, which is the most important characteristic

Figure 7: Microwear observed on the tip of the drill-bits. a) A cluster of thin striations observed inside a burin-like fracture, extending perpendicular to the axis of the drill and indicating a rotation motion (200x); b) A patch of bright and flat polish observed on the lateral edge of the point of the drill (200x).


that indicates small size hole-drilling or drilling with a palm-drill (Ibáñez et al . 2007: 157) . In this regards, a diachronic investigation of drills from natufian and neolithic sites in Turkey and northern Syria showed that the use of mechanical drills was a technological innovation intro-duced only during the Pre-Pottery neolithic B (Ibáñez et al . 2007) .

The frequent appearance of burin-like fractures and crushing perhaps indicate that bead per-foration was also done by the use of a punch technique, as was demonstrated by Chevalier et al . (1982) for the production of carnelian disk-beads . Therefore, a punch-perforation should not be excluded, and although this method proved unsuccessful in the experiments conducted by Cal-ley and Grace (1988) and Grace (1989-1990), it is possible that the punch technique was only a part of the perforating procedure, perhaps at the initial stage of centering the drill . It is also pos-sible that crushing of the edge was the result of simple picking .

A preliminary examination of the Huzuk Musa beads shows that most of them have holes which are similar to the dimensions of the tips of the drills (fig . 8) . Thus, it is suggested that drills were used for perforating shell and/or stone disk-beads . It is evident that perforation was bi-directional in all the examined beads; for fully drilled beads the depth did not exceed 1 mm from each end . After examin-ing the size of holes, it seems that when drilling from one side passed the mid thickness of the shell, the bead split and broke . Therefore, drilling should have been performed with strict control . This is due to the fragility and small size of the beads (the smallest with a maximum diameter of 3-4 mm) .

The unfinished beads were in various stages of production . Some were perforated before smoothing the profile of the bead, others were perforated after . Most importantly, these unfin-

Figure 8: A bead in preparation. a) A side-view of a broken shell-bead showing the dimensions of the bi-conical hole produced by drilling from two opposite directions (20x). The dimensions of the hole are similar to the dimensions of the tips of the borers; b) Top (right) and side (left) views of a shell disk-bead in preparation. Concentric grooves (right photo), off-centered hole, and tapered, nipple-shaped profile of the hole (left photo) indicate the use of a retouched flint perforator probably using a palm-drill (20x).


ished beads preserve evidence regarding the properties of the drills . For example, drilling experi-ments indicated that a steep or rounded profile of the hole, concentric grooves inside the hole and an angular, nipple-shaped profile of the hole, are the major characteristics of holes produced by a retouched flint drill (Gorelick, Gwinnett 1978, 1981; Coşkunsu 2008; Gwinnett, Gorelick 1987) . All these characteristics are identified in the sampled beads (fig . 8a and b) . Furthermore, some of the beads are with an off-centered hole indicating the use of a palm-drill (ibid) . There-fore, the characteristics of the holes in the beads are correlated to the drills, including the mor-phology of the tip, but most distinctively to the observed use-wear, both in terms of worked material and the hypothesized action of drilling .

6. Discussion and conclusions

Based on the use-wear analyses conducted on drills and a microscopic examination of beads found in Structure 1 at Huzuk Musa, we demonstrated a clear correlation between these drills and the production of the holes in the shell disk-beads . The results indicate that most drills were used to bore holes in hard materials such as shell and stone, probably while affixed within a palm-drill . This reconstruction is based on the types of macro- and micro-wear observed on the tips of the drills, as well as on the general characteristics of polish observed on one of the tips . It was also supported by the examination of the holes of the disk-beads found in the same context with the drills . The depth, diameter, profile and concentric grooves in the holes of these beads indicate that they were made with flint drills, perhaps with an additive such as sand and water .

Similar results were reported by researchers who examined different types of perforators from Hatoula and netiv Hagdud (Unger-Hamilton 1988, 133-134; Unger-Hamilton et al . 1989; Anderson 1994: 285-286) . However, perforators from the same sites were also inter-preted as hide piercers (Bueller 1989) or reed drillers (Winter, Ronen 1994; although based only on observation at low magnification), which might indicate the functional variability concerning perforators use . nonetheless, it should be taken into consideration that none of the perforators examined in those analyses were of the same morphological characteristics as those from Huzuk Musa . The latter drills are of unique morphology, not common in Late Epipaleolithic or PPnA assemblages in south Levantine sites . Similar items were reported for the site of nahal Ein Gev II (Bar-Yosef, Belfer-Cohen 2000); however, they were not tested for use wear yet . notably, similar results have been reported for other sites . For example, a similar case study was presented by Miller (1996) for perforators and beads found at the Early neolithic Franchthi Cave, Greece (ca . 7,000 BP) . Some of the perforators look quite similar to those found at Huzuk Musa, and use-wear analysis supported the assumed function of bor-ing by Vaughan (1990, 2004), who reconstructed that perforation was probably conducted using a palm-drill . Another example worth mentioning is the Mississippian micro-drills exam-ined by Yerkes (1983), which exhibited boring traces, and to some extent resemble the Huzuk Musa drills in terms of size and shape .

To sum up, the rich collections of both drills and beads found at Huzuk Musa, specifically in Structure 1, provide an excellent opportunity to investigate use-wear related to perforation of shell beads by flint drills . The use-wear characteristics of these drills strongly suggest that at least some of them were incorporated in the manufacture of delicate holes in stone and shell beads . On a broader level, the study adds to the growing body of evidence regarding bead production techniques during the transition from the final Epipaleolithic period to the early neolithic peri-od (see also Bar-Yosef Mayer 2005, 2008; Bar-Yosef Mayer, Porat 2008) when the numbers of perforators rise dramatically . There are also implications in terms of socio-cultural processes tak-


ing place in the region . Hole-making in general and disk beads production in particular, were becoming more frequent over time . Bead-making developed and a variety of new materials were incorporated, some of which were brought from long distances with the intensification of inter-action and trade (Bar-Yosef Mayer, Porat 2008) . The drills and beads which form the center of this paper add significant evidence to the time, energy and skills invested in the production of non-utilitarian objects during the Late natufian/PPnA period . Future goals of this research are to investigate whether there is a correlation between the morphology of perforators and their specific function as various morphological variations are observed .

Acknowledgments

We wish to thank Daniella Bar-Yosef Mayer for identifying the shells used for beads .

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Stone Tools in Transition:From Hunter-Gatherers

to Farming Societies in the Near East

7th Conference on PPN Chippedand Ground Stone Industries

of the Fertile Crescent

Ferran Borrell; Juan José Ibáñez; Miquel Molist (editors)

Dades catalogràfiques recomanades pel Servei de Biblioteques de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

Stone Tools in Transition: From Hunter-Gatherers to Farming Societies in the Near East / Ferran Borrell, Juan José Ibáñez, Miquel Molist (eds.) — Bellaterra (Barcelona) : Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Servei de Publicacions, 2013.

ISBN 9788449038181

I. Borrell, Ferran ed.II. Ibáñez, Juan José ed.III. Molist, Miquel ed.

© dels textos, els autors.

Organitzat per:Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaInstitució Milà i Fontanals (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas)

Amb el suport de:Departament de Cultura, Generalitat de CatalunyaMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad

Composició:joanbuxó

Edició:Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaServei de PublicacionsEdifici A. 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès). SpainTel. 93 581 10 22Fax 93 581 32 [email protected]://publicacions.uab.cat

Impressió:JOU

Fotografia de la coberta:© Central photograph: SAPPO Research Group. Others (clockwise from top left): EFAP Archive, TISARP team-University of Tübingen, Jesús González Urquijo, Netta Mitki, Ferran Borrell, Semra Balcı, Stuart Campbell, Trustees of the British Museum and Hamoudi Khalaily.

ISBN 978-84-490-3818-1Dipòsit legal: B. 15.831-2013

Imprès a Espanya. Printed in Spain

F. Borrell, J.J. Ibáñez, M. Molist (eds.) 7

Summary

Presentations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Tribute to Marie Claire Cauvin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Brief introduction to the 7th Conference on PPN chipped and ground stone industries of the Fertile Crescent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Ferran Borrell, Juan José Ibáñez and Miquel Molist

Assessing typo-technological variability in Epipalaeolithic assemblages: Preliminary results from two case studies from the Southern Levant . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Lisa A. Maher and Danielle A. Macdonald

Wadi al-Hajana 1: A Khiamian outpost in the northwestern piedmont of Mt . Bishri, central Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Sumio Fujii and Takuro Adachi

The bidirectional blade industries of the southern Levant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Omry Barzilai

Nahal Hava: a PPNB campsite and Epipalaeolithic occupation in the central Negev highlands, Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Michal Birkenfeld and A. Nigel Goring-Morris

Large-scale larnite quarries and production sites for bifacial tools in the southern Judean desert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Jacob Vardi

Qumran Cave 24, a Neolithic-Chalcolithic site by the Dead Sea: a short report and some information on lithics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Avi Gopher, Cristina Lemorini, Elisabetta Boaretto, Israel Carmi, Ran Barkai and Heeli. C. Schechter

Observations on the chaîne opératoire of bidirectional blade production at Nahal Lavan 1021 based on refitting studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Netta Mitki, Omry Barzilai and A. Nigel Goring-Morris

Summary8

Household-level flaked-stone tool production at the Neolithic site of ‘Ain Ghazal, Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Theresa M. Barket

Early Neolithic flint raw material selection at LPPNB Ba’ja / southern Levant . Preliminary results from two room fills of area B-North . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Christoph Purschwitz

A functional investigation of perforators from the Late Natufian/Pre-Pottery Neolithic A site of Huzuk Musa – a preliminary report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Iris Groman-Yaroslavski, Danny Rosenberg and Dani Nadel

Microdrill use at Khiamian sites in central and northern Levant (Syria and Lebanon) . . . 177Jesús González-Urquijo, Frederic Abbès, Hala Alarashi, Juan José Ibáñez and Talía Lazuén

The Neolithic commodification of stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Hans Georg K. Gebel

The Neolithic of Lebanon: a statement of current knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Maya Haïdar-Boustani

Caching and depositing in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B of Yiftahel, Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . 219Hamoudi Khalaily, Ianir Milevski and Omry Barzilai

The significance of long blade caches and deposits at Late Neolithic Shir, Syria . . . . . . . 231Dörte Rokitta-Krumnow

Opening Pandora’s Box: Some reflections on the spatial and temporal distribution of the off-set bi-directional blade production strategy and the Neolithisation of the Northern Levant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

Ferran Borrell

Exchange of points in the PPNB: points with the Palmyran retouch from Tell Ain el-Kerkh, northwest Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

Makoto Arimura

Naviform technology at Göllüdağ, Central Anatolia: some remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277Semra Balci

The lithic assemblages of Gusir Höyük (Turkey): the preliminary results . . . . . . . . . . . . 289Çiler Altinbilek-Algül

The early cypriot Pre-Pottery Neolithic: new evidence from the Amathus area . . . . . . . . 299François Briois, Jean-Denis Vigne and Jean Guilaine

Chipped stone artifacts from the aceramic Neolithic site of Chogha Golan, Ilam Province, western Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Mohsen Zeidi and Nicholas J. Conard

F. Borrell, J.J. Ibáñez, M. Molist (eds.) 9

Chipped stone industry from the excavation at the PPN settlement of Tell-e Atashi, SE Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

Mozhgan Jayez and Omran Garazhian

Study of the chipped stone assemblage from systematic surface sampling at the PPN settlement of Tell-e Atashi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

Maryam Shakooie and Omran Garazhian

A reappraisal of the Pottery Neolithic flaked stone assemblages at Tall-i Jari B, Fars, Southwest Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

Yoshihiro Nishiaki

The ground stone tools from the aceramic Neolithic site of Chogha Golan, Ilam province, western Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

Nicholas J. Conard and Mohsen Zeidi

Keeping the razor sharp: hafting and maintenance of sickles in the southern Levant during the 6th and 5th millennia bc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

Jacob Vardi and Isaac Gilead

The PPNA quarry of Kaizer Hill, Modi‘in, Israel – The waste piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395Gadi Herzlinger, Leore Grosman and Naama Goren-Inbar

Incised slabs from Hayonim cave: a methodological case study for reading Natufian art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407

Dana Shaham and Anna Belfer-Cohen

Grooved stones and other macrolithic objects with incised decoration from the PPNB at Tell Halula (Syria, Middle Euphrates Valley) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

Miquel Molist, Maria Bofill, Anabel Ortiz and Bushra Taha

Grooved stones in the Southern Levant: typology, function and chronology . . . . . . . . . . 435Ariel Vered

Natufian bedrock mortars at Qarassa 3: Preliminary results from an interdisciplinary methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

Xavier Terradas, Juan José Ibáñez, Frank Braemer, Karen Hardy, Eneko Iriarte, Marco Madella, David Ortega, Anita Radini and Luis C. Teira

Göllü Dağ Obsidian Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465Nur Balkan-Atli, Nurcan Kayacan, Semra Balci, Laurence Astruc and Korhan Erturaç

Results of geochemical analyses of obsidian artefacts from the Neolithic site of Tell Labwe South, Lebanon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

Lamya Khalidi, Bernard Gratuze, Maya Haidar-Boustani, Juan José Ibáñez and Luís Teira

The consumption of obsidian at Neolithic Çatalhöyük: a long-term perspective . . . . . . . 495Tristan Carter and Marina Milic

Summary10

The obsidian assemblage from Neolithic Hagoshrim, Israel: pressure technology and cultural influence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509

Heeli C. Schechter, Ofer Marder, Ran Barkai, Nimrod Getzov and Avi Gopher

The obsidian at Arpachiyah, Iraq; an integrated study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529Stuart Campbell and Elizabeth Healey

A refined model for the active site within the NO decomposition catalyst, Cu-ZSM-5

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Transcript of A refined model for the active site within the NO decomposition catalyst, Cu-ZSM-5