A Project to Promote Awareness of Jatropha Plantation

International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 4, Issue 12, December 20141

ISSN 2250-3153

A Project to Promote Awareness ofJatropha Plantation

Khyati K. Choksi, Devansh D. Patel, Vidhi M. Joshi, Shrenik k. shah

Department Of Civil Engineering,Shree Swami Atmanand Saraswati Insti. Of Technology-Surat.

Abstract- Since the surge of interest inrenewable-energy alternatives to liquidfossil fuels hit in 2004/5, the possibilityof growing Jatropha curcas for the purposeof producing biofuel has attracted theattention of investors and policy-makersworldwide. The seeds of jatropha containnon-edible oil with properties that arewell suited for the production ofbiodiesel. Today, rural communitiescontinue to use it for its medicinal valueand for local soap production. India andmany countries in Africa use the jatrophaplant as a living hedge to keep out grazinglivestock.

Index Terms- Jatropha Curcas; Renewable-Energy; Bio-Diesel; Liquid Fossil Fuels;rural communities

I. INTRODUCTIONn 1991, the European Community, (EC)Proposed a 90% tax reduction for the use

of biofuels, including biodiesel. Today, 21countries worldwide, produces Biodiesel.Jatropha: A Smallholder Bioenergy Crop hasPotential for Pro-Poor Development. Thispaper provides a brief overview ofbiofuels, their growth drivers and theirpotential impacts on poor societies. Itlooks at how jatrophawhich originated inCentral America and then spread acrossAfrica and Asia, has become widespreadthroughout the tropics and subtropics. Italso builds upon technical and scientificinformation on key issues affectingjatropha for pro-poor development that waspresented during the Consultation by

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specialists from around the world. Thereview also summarizes the most recent dataon the cultivation, seed harvesting andprocessing, uses and genetic improvement ofjatropha and our visit at navsariAgriculture University.

II. ORIGIN AND SPREAD Jatropha is believed to have beenspread by Portuguese seafarers from itscentre of origin in Central America andMexico via Cape Verde and Guinea Bissau toother countries in Africa and Asia. It isnow widespread throughout the tropics andsub-tropics. Until recently, jatropha hadeconomic importance in Cape Verde. Sincethe rst half of the nineteenth century,fiwith its ability to grow on poor soils withlow rainfall, it could be exploited foroilseed production. Cape Verde exportedabout 35000 tonnes of jatropha seeds peryear to Lisbon. Along with Madagascar,Benin and Guinea, it also exported jatrophaseeds to Marseille where oil was extractedfor soap production.

III. CULTIVATION OF JATROPHA PLANT Cultivation is uncomplicated.Jatropha curcas grows in tropical andsubtropical regions. The plant can grow inwastelands and grows on almost any terrain,even on gravelly, sandy and saline soils.It can thrive in poor and stony soils,although new research suggests that theplant's ability to adapt to these poorsoils is not as extensive as had beenpreviously stated. Complete germination is

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ISSN 2250-3153 achieved within 9 days. Adding manureduring the germination has negative effectsduring that phase, but is favourable ifapplied after germination is achieved. Itcan be propagated by cuttings, which yieldsfaster results than multiplication byseeds. The flowers only develop terminally(at the end of a stem), so a goodramification (plants presenting manybranches) produces the greatest amount offruits. The plants are self-compatible.Another productivity factor is the ratiobetween female and male flowers within aninflorescence; more female flowers meanmore fruits. Jatropha curcas thrives on amere 250 mm (10 in) of rain a year, andonly during its first two years does itneed to be watered in the closing days ofthe dry season. Ploughing and planting arenot needed regularly, as this shrub has alife expectancy of approximately fortyyears.

IV. PROPAGATION AND CROP ESTABLISHMENT Seed from high-yielding jatrophaplants is not generally available, due tothe fact that the out-crossing seedselected from productive plants may or maynot result in high-yielding and high-quality plants. Trees capable of producingmore than 2 tonnes of dry seed per ha with30% seed oil content should be selected assource material. Cuttings of at least 30 mmdiameter gave earlier and higher initialyields than plants raised from seed,although little or no yield difference wasseen for later harvests. Plants areploughing by 2 m * 2 m and 1.5 m * 1.5 m.

Fig 1 Live propagation at Navsari(Surat)Agriculture University

V. OIL EXTRACTION Traditional oil extraction methodsare highly labour intensive, requiring some12 hours to produce one litre of oil. Theprocess requires roasting the seed kernels,pounding them to a paste, adding water andboiling, and then separating the oil byskimming and filtering The Bielenberg rampress (shown in Plate 15) is a hand-operated expeller designed for constructionand repair by small and simply equippedworkshops. It has a low work rate – onelitre of oil produced per hour – andtherefore is only suited to small-scale ordemonstration use. A hand-operated screwpress is more efficient, but maintenanceand repairs become more problematic.Engine-driven expellers can have work ratesof 55 litres per hour (Henning, 2008b),with about 10% of the oil produced requiredto fuel the diesel engine that powers thepress (see Plate 16). The Sayari expeller,manufactured in Tanzania, has a work rateof 15–33 litres per hour with a 4–5 kWengine and is capable of extracting 15litres of oil from 75 kg of seed.

VI. PROPERTIES OF JATROPHA OIL Oil quality and consistency areimportant for producing biodiesel. ThePhysical and chemical content of jatrophaoil can be extremely variable. Oilcharacteristics appear to be influenced by

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ISSN 2250-3153 environment and genetic interaction, as areseed size, weight and oil content. Thematurity of the fruits also can affect thefatty acid composition of the oil, andprocessing and storage further affect oilquality.

VII. CLIMATE Jatropha grows in tropical and sub-tropical regions, with cultivation limitsat 30ºN and 35ºS. It also grows in loweraltitudes of 0-500 metres above sea level.Jatropha is not sensitive to day length(flowering is independent of latitude) andmay flower at any time of the year Whilejatropha can survive with as little as 250to 300 mm of annual rainfall, at least 600mm are needed to flower and set fruit. Theoptimum rainfalls for seed production isconsidered between 1000 and 1500 mm.Optimum temperatures are between 20˚C and28˚C. Very high temperatures can depressyields.

VIII. PROCESS The process of converting vegetableoil into biodiesel fuel is calledTransesterification and is luckily lesscomplex then it sounds. Chemically,Transesterification means taking atriglyceride molecule or a complex fattyacid, neutralizing the free fatty acids,removing the glycerine, and creating analcohol ester. This is accomplished bymixing methanol with sodium hydroxide tomake sodium methoxide. This liquid is thenmixed into the vegetable oil. After themixture has settled, Glycerine is left onthe bottom and methyl esters, or biodieselis left on top and is washed and filtered.The final product Bio Diesel fuel, whenused directly in a Diesel Engine will burnup to 75% cleaner then mineral oil Dieselfuel.

IX. INTERNATIONAL LAWS AND REGULATION Several countries have activeBiodiesel programmes. Such countries alsohave given legislative support and havedrawn up national polices on biodieseldevelopment. Wide variety of motives foraction taken can observe like Increase ofenergy supply security Energy formsReduction of harmful locally actingemissions. Protection of soil bybiodegradable products Reduction of healthhazard by using non-toxic products.

X. BIODIESEL SCENARIO IN INDIA As India is deficient in edibleoils, non-edible oil is the main choice forproducing biodiesel. According to Indiangovernment policy and Indian technologyeffects. Some development works have beencarried out with regards to the productionof tranesterified non edible oil and itsuse in biodiesel by units such as IndianInstitute of Science, Bangalore, TamilnaduAgriculture University Coimbatore andKumaraguru College of Technology inassociation with Pan Horti consultants.Coimbatore. Generally a Blend of 5% to 20%is used in India (B5 to B20). Indian OilCorporation has taken up Research anddevelopment work to establish theparameters of the production oftranesterified Jatropha Vegetable oil anduse of bio diesel in its R&D centre atFaridabad. Research is carried out inKumaraguru College of Technology formarginally altering the engine parametersto suit the Indian Jatropha seeds and tominimize the cost of transesterification.

XI. ADVANTAGES Energy Independence:

Considering that oil priced at $60per barrel has had a disproportionateimpact on the poorest countries, 38 ofwhich are net importers and 25 of Whichimport all of their oil; the question oftrying to achieve greater energy

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ISSN 2250-3153

independence one day through thedevelopment of biofuels has become one of‘when’ rather than ‘if,’ and, now on a neardaily basis, a biofuels programme is beinglaunched somewhere in the developing world.

Smaller Trade Deficit: Rather than importing othercountries’ ancient natural resources, wecould be using our own living resources topower our development and enhance oureconomies. Instead of looking to theMideast for oil, the world could look tothe tropics for biofuels. producing morebiofuels will save foreign exchange andreduce energy expenditures and allowdeveloping countries to put more of theirresources into health, education and otherservices for their neediest citizens.

Economic Growth: Jatropha bio-diesel creates newmarkets for agricultural products andstimulate rural development becausebiofuels are generated from crops; theyhold enormous potential for farmers. In thenear future—especially for the two-thirdsof the people in the developing world whoderive their incomes from agriculture.

Cleaner Air: Biofuels burn more cleanly thangasoline and diesel. Using biofuels meansproducing fewer emissions of carbonmonoxide, particulates, and toxic chemicals

that cause smog, aggravate respiratory andheart disease, and contribute to thousandsof premature deaths each year.

Less Global Warming: Biofuels contain carbon that wastaken out of the atmosphere by plantsand trees as they grew. The Fossil fuelsare adding huge amounts of stored carbondioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere, where ittraps the Earth's heat like a heavy blanketand causes the world to warm. Studies showthat biodiesel reduces CO2 emissions to aconsiderable extent and in some cases allmost nearly to zero.

Table 1. comparison of common diesel oil And jatropha oil

We alsodo thesitevisit offarm ofjatrophaplants

at navsari vishwa Krushi University,navsari (Gujarat).

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Diesel oil Jatrophaoil

density(kg/l)(15/40°c)

0.84-0.85 0.95-0.98

Coldsolidifyingpoint(°C)

-14 2.0

Fleshpt. (°C)

80 150-240

Cetanenumber

47.8 51.0

Sulphur(%)

1.0-1.3 0.13

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Fig 2. Jetropha seeds at Navsari(surat)krushi university

XII. OUR SMALL PROCESS OF EXTRACTING OILIN LAB

Pressure needed 68 bars with pistonarrangement and around 550 Gms of jatrophaseeds. Extract around 0.218 litre oil!

Fig. 3 Our handmade poster for clearunderstanding of mechanical process of

extracting oil

XIII. CHEMICAL PROCESS

Triglycerides + methanolmethyl Ester + glycerine NaOH

XIV. CONCLUSION At the global level, there is aneed for coordination of biofuel

development and an international foodreserve system to protect the vulnerablepoor. To meet pro-poor objectives,international support for research intojatropha agronomy and genetic improvementis needed. The development of nontoxic Varieties should be a priority. CDMmethodologies and certification to supportsustainable jatropha production systemsneed to be accessible by the rural poor.Taking advantage of the opportunityjatropha presents for rural developmentwill require developing countries toaddress the policy, regulatory and publicinvestment constraints that generallyaffect their agricultural development.Biofuels need to be integrated within abroader framework of investment in ruralinfrastructure and human capital. Here somecomparison of common usage diesel andjatropha diesel (table 1). This data ismakeable in our research paper.

Fig 4: oil extraction at the surface of the

knife while doing experiment at home

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ISSN 2250-3153 REFERENCES

[1] Integrated Crop Management Vol. 8–2010[2] Dr. Jadeja,Db, professor and head-aspee collage of

horticulture & foresty, navsari agricultureuniversity, navsari (gujarat)

[3] www.jatrophadiesel.org[4] WWW.NAVOADBOARD.COM

AUTHORSFirst Author – Khyati K. Choksi, B.E. civil,Shree swami atmnanad saraswati insti.of tech-surat, [email protected]

Second Author- Denash D. Patel,B.E. civil,Shree swami atmnanad saraswati insti.of tech-surat, [email protected] Author- Vidhi M. Joshi,B.E. civil,Shree swami atmnanad saraswati insti.of tech-surat, [email protected] Fourth Author- Shrenik K. Shah,B.E. civil,Shree swami atmnanad saraswati insti.of tech-surat,[email protected]

Correspondence Author- Shrenik K. Shah,B.E.civil,Shree swami atmnanad saraswati insti.of tech-surat,[email protected],08690129692

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A Project to Promote Awareness of Jatropha Plantation

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