A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
;,t•

A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~

(WMO·No. 860)

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~l Jl..-.;)U ~Wl~f I \~~V ©

ISBN 92-63-50860-7

C:?i ~ ~I J1ro-\' I~ JI.::.. C:?''-7~ 'i ~ JI~I ~~ ~~"t~1 l.u ~ :t.a~1u~1

-.9i Ub:..e "i ~J.a -.9i ~! "i .ll: C:?\' s?~l.9J1 ~~~ Jh:i: ~~~I JL...::,ptJ ~WI ~I ~lci ~4-- 0-0 C:?i.>

. ~~"i I...bJ".i.:>.~.!'i!Jh:i: ~"i, ~Lh1.J

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~I

\

o

o

~

\ .\"

\l

\ 0

\V

\V

\A

"i

n'(V

i\

ii

ii

n

i\

........................................................................ i.,)J..J I CI;;,,1

- .11 _. t.: ~~........................................................................ o.,)J'" ~

............................................. .llo:icYI JIJi~ VO~I ~.;:JI ~):UJI

..................................................................... Jk":ll J,J~.)I~l

.............................................................................. ;,l::...lll ;.L,t:.1'-" . ,

............................................................... cs~YI~I~WI

............................................. ~HI ~~I JL..:a,,)''11 ~Lo~

.............................. d.:,o'o; ill...9~L..u~lI~~I ~~I.lL...:..)":I1ulc~

............................ (MPERSS) <:?~I c.~1 ;.CS)~ <:?~I~.l ~l..l;.j

...................... ltil-iJ1 y-t:J~~I ~Jl1I,J¥U1 uYL...o:;YI u~;;

......................................................... ~ t:'tDl (I.J-C":II~L:...>:'

........................... ~UL::JI~~HI ~,;JI ~~ F

........................................................... ..\..A..::l)1 u Gl.:7 u-au4lb=il1

...................... (SOO) ~~l ..\..A..::l)1 ~,J (VOS) ~~I ..\..A..::l)1~

................................... uG~1~ di.'~II,J ~l.w11WWI ul..b.:::J.1

~~ ).~..~Jl1 CS.?":II ~L..uy I,J ~I.A~~;Y I~~y 1t:'1~ I

(ASAP) ~10'-a ~ u-a~I ;.I~ ~lcji;YI uL..u~1 ~G..>:'

.......... 4J~.)b u~~1 ~~~I ¥LJl1I,J~I 6JYL...o:;YI 6J~;;

......................................................... &1 ul~u-au4lb=il1

.................................................................. <.5H' t~1 ~........................ ~WI t GlI ~G..>:' ~ ~~I ~~I .lL...:..)":I1~~~l

................................................... ~~I~Gllu~I~G..>:'

. <:?~ 1t GlI F 4.i6.:il1 CS.?":11~W I

\

o

\.)\

\.)"

\.)i

\.)i

\.)0

'\.)'\

\.)V

v

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~I

tV

tV

o·

0'

ot

oV

oA

0'\

"\.

.................................................................... (.j~l ~I

4..a .. - q J L- "11 U:J - ': q~ 1WYJ 1 J 1 . 1 - 1-~ ,,) . ~ t.r - ,.y:. l.J'O~

............................................................................... 4..a.- .11-~

.............................................. 1.5..~.'J 1~ 1~~~ I.J if l'J 1

JL:- . ~I J ~j 1.- .. I.~<~ I'::~. U.I J:lJI ~ .1.-:11. ~ _ ~ .J~~~._,,).J;::--

.................................... t.J- ." t.J._q JL-NI~ , .....~I..~ ....~ ...", . ~- --11 .-11 ~I ~I :..'................................................. d. I 0 I 0'" l ....... l~ .J ~ I

... .. _J ....

" ,.-11 ~ I :. .. 'I I .1 . ~<-: 11 I~ ~. ~ ~,j~.J ~-J'~ V"'-'

............................. 4:..r--:JI4:~1,jl..u::.):lI~~~ld.:o.:liitld~1

~~ I.J ~ l..AJi.i.11~I~.J dol.;; a It (,$~''J I~ I..,>-:J I ~ ~LaY-a.! I

.....................................................................................t:.S~'J I

............................................................... ~ 1.S.?'i.J1 ~I~I

.................................. (IGOSS) .::.~I .::.lo~ J.ol$:;ll c;WI ~~I

......................... t~1 J.,..Q)<}WI~~I.J.::.~I,j.,...Q)c;WI~~1

(ICSPRO) .::.~I FUk.:il1~I ~1..r.J4~1.J,::,Ulo'i.Jl~~~I4Jl1

.............................................................. 1.S.?'i.J1 ~~I.J.::.La..L:...ilI.J

................................ ~1.J44~1;)~I r"'i.J1 y>3j.oJki ~l:i.o

.................................................................. ~I ~1~WI

........................................ ~,,);U 1~.J li.o W I J,;.iJ 1 ~ UU!

~I,,)I,;.Q.J~I~ b,,)JL..:JI ai;aL...JI ~~~I.J ~1")1..,,.sJ1 ~I~I

...................................................... u...:J1 ~lj (.ji.t9;itl ~l

. ~I ~~j ,,:,~I

IV

'\

\ .

\ \

'''..>''''..>'''''..>1'''..>t

\r

\ i

\ 0

\"

\V

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
w....:J1

"\\

v

\A

.......................................................................... b..),j~l f"~l

~~~/ ~~/

b..)J.J.1/ ~~/

"\i

"\0

V\

vv

v'\

.......... ~~I~~I .lb,)YI~ C!l:i11 (S,)L.7.:i....u~1 j.aWI j:~1

...................•. ~~I~~I.lb,)YluL....G...:~Ij.aWIj:~1

................................•... <?~I.J-L,.QJIF~Ij.aWIj:~1

................. \:9iill ~.l-.9~,)..G1t.9~~~1~I j.aWI j:~1

.................. ~~I~I .lb,)YI~u~,ji-.9u1)~~IY'

\/\0

1'/\ 0

i/\o

~/\ 0

\1\"\

\

l'

i

~

o

\\\

\\i

Ho

\01'

\Vi

........ u~1~,#~~I~-.9..u1 ~1-.9~I~0..9~I:>:~

~l.i.:i.....uJlJ t WI ~I Lbl • d:.J;W . - ·1I..:.,.J1 l..l;.j u)W..l£iI.E'" ~ ,).~ <?~. t -.......................................................... ,)~I~~)l...JI-.9

J~I-.9~~1J:ul ~-.9..u1 ~~I~~~I ~L...JI ~L:J.I uL....G..

.............................................. ~)l...Jw ~L=JI uL..~1

................................•. ~ I~Y~ u I~ I~ 0-0Jb:J I.b.b.:....,

..................... t .. \ - \'\'\V b.;ll1~ t;'GlI ~L~.~YI ~w...>:'

~~I.ll...=,,)YI..::.,~-.9u~~J~d~~j~~WI ul.b.11

............................................................... ~1~~~;~I-.9

..................................... bJ~I~I.)~I~..uI~WI

~~I JbptJ ~-.9..uI.b:~1~~ ~)#I.»aJ~~I ~~I

t-.9 :60) dJJW&~&6.JG;.J/~~JJ1/~W/-.9~~1

.........................................•..................... (~V ~,)~I

\/i

\Io,)i

\1 o,)~

1'/o,)~

\I"\,)i

\

o

V

A

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~I

- .1- -) .i,j WI ~I b t.;.11 . ~f14:.J .ul~WI I~ ..::"JL~t~ !J !J _ _ !J .J ~ _!J ~-

\'\\ (iV~.J ~I

\'\0 (iV\ ~J ~I t~) ~~I~I J~.Jy/.:;,L,~J:1J

\'\"'\ b~1 r"~1 ~u~/~1

~WI d..>..I..O ·-'11 11 b..4i.uJ.1 .w:.:J1'- 'I d I - . I~~II bJ~1• _ tJ-'" ($'" <:?_ ~ J~t..F~ "

\'\/\ ~.r>-:lI~~1JL..oJ~I~0CbJJWI

VI

~~yl ~yl

b..)J..t11 ~'-f.1J1

1IVJ"

\1\ . \ .\1\"Jo \\

\1\"'\ \"

tJ.4 l.JV bpl) " •• \ - \'\'\V bj1il1 ~.r>-:ll ~~I JL..oJ~1 ~~ ('t"'[,j...r!

\'\'\ (f"WI~I

- .11 '. • I 11- "I~• .. .. • • • .. • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • .. • .. • .. .. • • .. • • • .. .. .. • • .. • • • .. • • .. • • • .. • • b JJ,j,J ~u:J"'"""~ <I..A:l Lll

................................................................................... Jk~1 J..9~

-'I~ .1/ - 'I~................................................................................... ~Uy <I..A:lLll

- "L..

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
4.IJ~~ ~L:lJ1 ~J..9-U1 (~~I ~I) 0~~'')~I 4.;~1 4.;~1 ..lb)lI ~~.)~I ',;'

<)-9..111 d"""':;j.ll j$.jO ~ \C\w J"')~ j)jj \. ~~I f',J: (~0.0 ~l:;jl ~L...J1 ~ 4.;~I4.;~1 ..lb)/1

. 4fi~ ~LH.lb~

~Gll ~J..9-U1 ~ ~-9~4 ~l ~ ~~ ~L.;.-9i. '";-'. i. t jl..:i....u~lI~ f'~1 ~\'I ~J..9 ',;"

~I)I .:,,~I .r.A~-9 ~J..9-U1 ~L"",,,:l.u.8 <:Ffill ~~I ..lb.)\'1 ¥-9~ 4..a~ b.J:~~ ,";-,y.i". 4.IJ b~. bjti.<J1 ~-UI .:,,~..G.-9

,~UI ~I J)G. ~1.)Lb1~ <?~l JL;J.I ~ .:,,~i ~I ~I)I J~\'I ~1 b.)~~1 tS-U" ',;'"

~l~) .y=ol..=J1 b.J:..l.ii~ ~4) jl..:i....u\'1 '";-'~i , l..wl.) 1J..9..l ~~l ~~I ..lL..:..)\'1 d.:..:J 4=J~~I"

~1 (.;.:i .)W,i-9' (~I dJj~ d2 ,0; ,7.11 4=i~4-o-u~ (~.J=1~) ~~ r=1 ~I ~)I ~W" 0~~ ~I

(~4 <G~ ~ ~ '";-'y.i" ' bjti.<J1 d:.c..GJ1 ~d~ c;W,,~ ~ bJ..9-U1 ~4.:. ~ 4.lJ1 .)..l~ W~ 0 i

.~.bLiw~~

Lbl . ~ -'I ~lj)U ..l-J~I ~I l..J;.j.:w..i:U •• .lILJI I. -L..:,.:. I~ ~l L. i jl::'_u;~1 'L.:wb , i.) •e.F -~ • _. f' - e.F..r. ~. L>'""' • ~ .'-9 J ,;

~I-UI f'l.....:i...b~4~ <?:JI-9' ~-9-U1 ~~I~ t;'l:iJ1 (GMDSS) .)~I ~ ~:-,,8-...J1-9 ~li.:i....u)U c;WI f'~1

~ ~L..:.:i ~4Ji jli.u..\'1 '";-'y.i-9' .)~I ~ d~t..J.I-9 (1-9.)\'1 d:.c~ ~~I ..lbptJ ~~I JJI,)I"~I tS-U

0L~ 4.;)~1 '";-'.)~I J)l;.. ~,,~~ <?~I" ~~I ~I 4.;b ..l~ f'l.c:i...b10-'>~I o.:i..l7i ~ ,,1':'1 <b.~.)1

Jy1 '";-'~ ~jO t,,~ ~i ~ dllS: ..l..l.t.t-9' (MPERSS) <?~I":"~I "tSA~J <?~I~..J J:~I f'~1

f'# ~~I ~J-UI 4.lJIJ ~~I ..lbptJ ~WI~I~ d;;..:J.1 (SEACAMP) ~~I,,4.;~1d~ ~j

J-bL:...a ~ 4.fil..c.a d.)..l~ f'~ ~ <L1.ci ~ '";-'y.i" , ~~I ~I~ 4.;~1 .:,,~~I j:p~ (roC) .:,,~I

. rl W1 ~ tS.;..i

~I ~l..o.::..J ~~l 0.:-c~1 .:,,~ d2:'i"~~I J....a)L..J1 j:~ ~ ~I J..c. ~4- ~b ',;0

~~I ..lL....:..)\' 1u~4! ~J~~ LI~" ~~.) IJ..9J~ 0i 4=k J ~1 ~4-9i jl~.u.81.)~i , d::~1

~ ~Wl tW.I~L....I.)..l ~..JJ~~I~Lo~1 ~ji" ~~I .JL...o.)\'I.:,,~ rc-u ~1';'.i>~-9\'1 .:,,~4:JI-9 ~~I

~ (MCSS) ~~I ~W.I d_'_Q~1 rr:-cL;..T!" (vas) ~~I ~)I~ b)..lb.:,,~~,,· .J:ly..o~

~WI f'~IJ (GCOS) t L:J.I J.,..Q) ~WI r~1 ~ ~ 0i ~l.)L;:.i-9' J4J1 llA ~ ~I J~\' ~I)I Ui.c\'1

~j~1 b..l.::..~1 J)l;.~ ~L;,,,, ~~I d~)l~Jb..l~':"~~~l...::.. ~ (GOOS) .:,,~l J.,..Q)

d~~1 ~) d2'2;,7,i ll ~1li...:.I>"'J~~ l..wl.) 1J..9..l4.IJ1~ 0\' FybJ' .:,,~I tL:J. :t.s:~1

t· ).;iJ1 (-9J..9~ f'l:;jl f'lyJ~1 ~ ~4Ji jl:i...u\'1 ~, J~I IlA~" . .:,,4Jb:l11 blA~d~4:J1 b)..lb

1

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
Cl~~~J~~1 JL:..;)/I ~1J-iJCJ~~JJ~Jh:i:~ ~).".QJW;:.lI4..u..~-~i't:iJI.;Ai»'1~';JL...::JI

~ J~ LoS: , ~.)4-:J1 ~~I JL...:..»)/I ~i ~ d~)W1 0~ ~~I <sJ411<illj~ ~, 4-:' li...:.:ill ~t.iJIJ

~1';'J-i~;~IJ~~I ~~I JL...:..»)/I JL:;.-o~ ~UI01J.4l' ~ ~~I JL...:.p!J ~~I ~I).I d.)~ r;c..G ~i

.~l:~1

UWI ~I' ~ ~I 1- 'I ,~ I '. . :JI -:~tl 11 ~~ L i jL:....,.Y1 w.i \ '"\_ ....>.4 <? _ ~ r.s- ..?..JA,y:>~ <? (-""""" I..F. ~ .!J .) J ,,;

~~1 <illj~ ~, ~10.::' 0Jl£i1I.):~ 0~ (IOC)Cl~1 t#~I~J.1lI4J.IIJ~~I JL.....o.,;)U

~J .~I~ ~~I ~~I JL:.)lI~ ~lc..) ~ Cl~1 t# ~fi.:J1 ~J.1l1 4-111~.)~

J~ ~~I L:Js:~ J~ ~I ~I~I ~ d..u...ij ci~1 ~ J~ <W$lJ (~I LA~ ~I ~L...J.I ~

<?~I..>:~I ~~ vu.)..G 0i~ 4J.I1..:....=.. &:I1J . ~~IJc;J.1lI0:::ji..u.J.1 ~ J)~IJd~1 ~ ~.)WJI

~! ~ 0-'>J <?~I ~I u-l! JW,A'Jb~1 (,';2i t-Ui 0 iJ WJ~I ~WI~ ~~ 0 iJ t~~1 ~

.~~ .;Ai».1

j:. ~~~ , .J.=~ '):..r.:3~ . Cl ~I , ~~I Jlu:,p!J ~L.,JI ~I r.s.1l ~fi.J ~1.1l1 Ji,.J.1 ~.)J \,,; A

~b~ ~GJI b.)J.1l1 U~~ t>.)J~ ~ ",:-,y:.iJ ~LH.ibJ ~~ ~ 0.::'J..wJ.~ , ~fiIl ~~I JL:..»)/I~

~~~IJF 1b..>:.JJ'~. ! . .) b~1~~L;.. ~~ .):~Ji. ~I~.)J. ~J¥I ~~I JL...:..»)/I

~WI~ tWI0-"YI , <::>,"",~Ji . ",:-,' i. t jl..:i...u~lIJ' ~fiI141 ~lSJ~.)' JJ.)L;..u. -...9 ~IJ' d~2:'IJ

• b.)J.1l1 (~I ~, ~~I JL...:..,;)U

, ~fi ~~ bJlo LA)_;,:u:.~ ~~I JL...:..»)/I 4-!~~I b~1 ~)/I u-l1.):..r.:3~ ~I .)W,iJ \,,;'\

t>~ .J;~ r.s-'pi bP ~iJ VU liJ1 (IJ) ~~J' ~4~IJ ~JL:...:;.j~' ~I tiu.)~ l...r.~L:J 1J=...i~lS ~ ,,~i ~fi ~ ..4.::>..r.o JJi 0~ }.jJ. 4..:..~IJ b.>4U1 IJ dL<•.u ..Y1 ~~ ~ ~ , ~4- ~ ~ ~I

. ~,. ~

JL......::,}lI IJ"-'-"j.c~ ~ ~uLA ~ ~~I Jlu:,.»)/IJ "l:.J.=il 1..u..:.j" oU..;' ~ ~.) ~J \A"\. ~J /JJ~I

l~iJ' \ AAa.. ~ ~~I ..4.::>..r.o "~1 r.s-'p)/I tlW1 ~ 0'-S:J· <t.:..>:Ji.1 151~ VU=.)~I ~I , ~fiIl ~~I- - -~b~)/I v.;:;~1 d~1 J~J' \a.."\o ~ ,,~i .,l..Qj ~~I JL:..»)/f~ loi . \a...A ~ ~)I ..u..:.).1

JL:..»)/I 4..u...).l-o ~ ':!',c ' .... ; jll ,:-,:.>..wJ1 i.l;'J ~~I JL:.pt1 b,",=~ d)JI.> ~iJ .4.0)1~~ A ~~~I ~)/I rc.l;'J.h:i: ~~ ~ b,",=..lC.d~~J,.::..,u-l~f ~I "~1~' \W~ tLc.~J· ~~I- -~ <Gi ~1 ) ....:uiJ . d),j,j~IJ ~I d}-..."-4J 4bw1 i'l..;J.1~ ~..r=--:JI ~~I ybl~I.)[ji f22 aj Ju

~~. ~~ t~ ;u.rti l ClJIJ)J l~dJ:Wlf ,-,'"" ... j ~IFJ ~I b).rJ ~j.cCl~~~~1

tlc. ~ 4...:.)1..111 ~lc.)U ~~ t..bL.7..i CJI~I ~i ~J' \ a.. a.. 0 J)l,;. ~.r.Ul1 ~~ Clf~' dl:i~

2

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~J~~I ;'L.........;JI0-" re) '-7 ,~ .)~l~ ~ j! ~)lll ~~I d~l,.9d)l..i~1 ~ b;i,.9' \'\n

_.ll ~~~I' 'w 1·~le~1 ' L::.:JI~'~~ --'I, I YI . 'Lu=., i " ~I~ ".):U·~,.9 ~ , ~c' ,_ ~,.9 C,.9.) ~Y C:? ~

.[,j\jLb

J.j,.9. 0.;;!,.9..G11~' '-7~ ~~.Jc ~~'-7, ,.9J.)L:;.,Lg . ....g ~I , ~fiJl 4 1~~,.9~.)~.)J \,,) \.

J~)ll.:"i JU,.9 . .1;.:J1 .J.ud CI,.9.)YI ~;'L......::...)JJ fl,.9 ~Jl.....<:..:;j~1 ;'L.........;JI,.9~ .)~~ ~~I ~l.:i.1.l'-7

.{.~ .6:.11' ~I-·II ji:J1~~i I~ llll :'GJ /I~', L...<' '/J.::>,. LLb 'le ' ~i :L. - 11~ d- ,_ ,.9 C:?..F-:' r.s- J7;J ..Y"""'.~ ~, ~y:>,_~

~ t L:J.I~ J-:, ,.9J.)L.::..u ~I b~,.9' ~YI dJ:j~ 4W' ~)]ll ~I ~,ji,.9' 4...:::..~I,.9 JL...u..YI

.Jc~ .u (S.:JI jOy I~I~~ t lJ:i.)10-"~I ~~ d.;;;t.:. 0-" <Gc~.;i: U /):..i tLu.A~'-7- - -~ ;~ ~i ~,ji ~~I .:,,'J~ 0.;;!,.9..G11 tl:i,.9' ,\sJ:.I~1 .:"..0 d~~1 .;:,~ t~ dJj ~ ~ ,;~~~

. ~Iy.lb~

;j.;l-:ll d.~~'-7~)I ....g1~~I.:,,~ \ "I "I \ ~ ~I .:"L:J11 "L..uj.) t4I .:"..o~,ji ~ ,,~,.9 \,,) \ \

~ ~~I ~~I J~.)YI d..i..:Jl ~illl ;j)-:lI.;:,L,~1 dj~~ ~1':"4Jl1 ~Y jl~YI ~~ c,?ll

:0-"

.J:~,.9 t=-'-"',ji,.9.J:~ ~ Lle " . .:"..0 ~i JI~ ;j.;l-:11<GL.~~ hl..;.c.1 (~I~I) .=.,~ . ..I ~I (i)

! J~I I~ ~ ;~I,.9~1 ;~I ,,1..lJ.uG' ~WI ~I ~ ~.?-:11 ~~I j~.)YI.;:,L...G..

J.;l:.,.9 ~~I j~.)YI d,.9ji.>:::k..<. ~,ji ~ ;jJ411<GL.~~ hl~1 (;~I ~I) t;2;;2! . ..1 ~I ('-;-')

~WI .;:,Lb.J.1 dJj~ ~ C:?.?-:1 1J.,..Q)I F .J:~,.9 ~~I ~l:J.I.;:,[,jL::J1 ~I~ ~j:J,.9' ~)l

. .;:,Lb:=J.1~ .;:,[,jL::J1 ~)

c,?ll j~)1 .Jc ;~y:> .J:.)Ls:i 4 tJ1 ~WI .;:,~I,.9 J1'll ~WI ~I ~ t W1 0.:-81~~~

. jWc~ 1JI.J~ ~"l..J:Ul t~ .).;ii,.9' .J:JL:iiJ1 dJ:j~ d..i..:Jl1 ,-.uI,Jj .lllljL.:i..c1 JI.)Ji~~,-~

3

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
...9i u~L..::.! ~i JL.:..J!~ <G'4 t:k .);':/1 :LoWI~I ~ J:~.JjJ ~j11 J~\'I J...9..l7- );g! t>. --,=.;:;JI l,:u 0-0 ",,4" J:=.:GJI ~ s?4->J 1Jk\'1 J...9..l7- J--,=...9' i).)J..l11 J~! "G:ii~...9 <ji ~ u1.)':2;j

0-0 \ '"\ ...9 \ • ...9 '\ ...9 t J~ 4 li...:J1u1,j "I.:r...\' 1...9 J~\' 1J...9..l7- 0-0 A...9 V...9 0 J~ I~ "-..1Ii"~ I (i)

~~l..i (i)~1 u~':/)I) VU..r.:-!' u i)~I...9 tL'~.) (~...9.;11) JIJ.¥-. ( ~I ~1...9' J~\'I J...9..1.7-

.~)1

0-0 \i,...9 \ • ...9 '\...9 t J~4 ~I u1,j ,,1~\'I...9 JLc....c.\'1 J...9~ 0-c '"\ 4 1~ ",,4" 4-111 (,,;-,)

LS:L.ul..i.l..i. d ~b t.,...;..) (vu~~) ~Jl..i¥-I.) . vu ~I ~1...9 . J~\'I J...9J--::'-

. ')1 L.;.l..i (. L..LJ I)vu=-' . U.~

~.) ~i--,= ~4-~ 1.A.)~4 Jk\'1 J...9..l7- 0-0 i -410-0 1<r::.....9 \ i ...9 \" ...9 \\ J~I ~.ji i).)J..l11 u.).)...9

. ~..r--:J I~~ I JL...:..)\' I~

• .• t I 'l. I\.I9,''''t ~. .

~.)J~)I ~W...9~)I0-0...jJt~i:;~ ~ ~i, LWI ~)l/I0-0 "Ai)JUI ~,,~ r.;\".;"

. rW1 0:0\'1 ~...9~WI ~I

4

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
, ~WI ~)lJI..:ra \ \ 'I' b..lUI~ ~~-,9' b.)J~1 J)l;.~ .::.~L.u~I .::..)~, ~I I~ .)L.b1~

d.L,Ls; ~u W-,9~I ~ tjjj-,9 ..I~)I d.~~ t ",;;",; ui~ w!J' b.)J~I.::.~ ~l.:....c .u:; S1i ~ Jiil

. .;:.,;£iJ1 1.lA..:ra "~" ~j:;J1 ~ dJj-,9 b.)J..J1 ~~.;c ~1'yL:;)4

~I~)U l~y> L.)-'-U I>';:~ ~ ~~I ~-.r;J1 ..IL...:.)II ~~.), uL..~ . .) ~I ..I.)Ji r'.;\

Glill t7)il d~1 r.s..l-c~ '::'..11..1) ~I ~~ ui ~l)....ti-,9' byk ~..Il.=J1 4=i.,),j..l ~~I ~ ~.lb,;'1

\ \ 'I' ~i ..:ra) l~ \ '\A ~1 byk ~..Il.=J1 b.,),j..J1 ..Il.Uj! ci-,9 (~I ~~ \ • \ ~i ..:ra) I~ \ '\ 'I' ..:ra

..I~ ~1 ~L;! d.L,~ J~ t7) .::.t...;:.:,i ~ b~ ~..Il.=J1 b.,),j..J1 .:,ULs;-,9. \'\'\V .;:I~ j..bL;>.J:. ~ (~I ~ 1~

. ~I~ d.b. "29",; ~ lc,J-= <Gc.~ ,;-,,,L..u~1 1.lA ~i ~-,9' b..l..l.:>-o r~ ~I ~~I J~I..:ra

~)I d)p~..w b~J;~1 rlill ~..::.U~~.,),j..J1~~~UIbjilll0i ~1~I ~.»)....ti-,9 r'.;"

. l.l::.~ L..~ .)L.b¥1 dJj~~ ~i-,9' b~ ~..IGJI 4:i.,),j..l~ ~I ~I t=)....tlI-,9 ~I !+ll;.:;1 ~l

~.~ " 9;2 .::.4-,9 ~~..JI ~-,9 (GMDSS) .)~I ~ ~~I-,9 ~Lu...,)IJ ~WI rl.l:..:JJ ..I:!.J.:;JI ~I rlJQ..j~i ~

~~~ (MPRESS) <?.r--:J 1-::,~I ~r.s)~ <?~I ~..1 rlJQ..j~ ~.)L;J1 ,;-,.)4UJ1 .::.l.::..i-,9' ~WI ~I

~~I-,9 ~~I dJ..:W.ll ~j J.ro-t ';-'~ t-,9~ ~~!J . <US: rl W1 J~ ~ ru:..:J1 1.lA~~ 1~'Ci

<?.r--:J 1~4 ~L;JI ~)I d:'~ ~Wl ~I J,.;....I-,9. <t1:~ ~l d).;iJI.)~4,JA-,9 (SEACAMP)

~I~I ..:ra ..I:!.)4 ..I~ ~ J.o~1 ~I ~ c:Ll1(MCSS) ~~I ~~I d.~1 rr:-el:.~ dJ.iS:-,9 (GDSIDB)

(vas) ~~I ..\..l..Q)1 .jiu.. ui ~ . (WCP) ~WI t ~I rr:-el:.j;l ~L;, b~ dJj ~ ~ ' ~,;; ,,,11 ~

~..:ra ~ ..I:!y (ASAP) .Ji.u.J10\.-a ~..:ra <.>#1 ~I~ 4.filajj;~1 .::.L....4i'1 rr:-el:.j;l-,9 ~WI .::.l..b:..11 .::.l:.,-=:'-.9

t71~1 0-c~~ 0C d.b~~1 ).2._~~ b..l:!~ F~ i..l.;l-,9' ~ ,;; ".JJ :k.L:i11 ~).I.::.l:.~1 ~~-,9

~1 ~..JI ~I .::.~~I-,9 d ,0 '0; ;11 d ':!2.)..G.11 d.,),j..JI0-a..l..\.C. ~-.9J' ~)1I F ~ ~~I-,9 ~l:...b.....:.~1

. ~>o~ ~I ~..r--:JI .::.~..b11 ~i ~~! ~I)I ~..I~ ~ ~L..o.c.~l

.:uwl~Q~i ~~ ~G11 t=.)WJ.I-,9 db.\',;~1 0-0 .).:~<tl 0i ,)1 t ,o.:i 0la~ ~I ) ....ti-,9 r' .;r'

~~~I ~~I ~_o..I::.••.t1J(IOC) ..::J~I rM ~..9$:.r1 ~J..JI ~I L..<,L;,J' cs~~J ~-,9..J1 .::.LJ;:J,1 t"" ~)J

4 J..J1 ~1~J.)~1 ~IJ (Inmarsat) ~l:._b.•,,,:81 t71..,.:u1 d:.b....ul-J:! ~~I .:;,~L:.:i)IJ 4..h~1 L..I::.:.1IJ (IMO)

~J ..I.b~ 0i~ ' ~1~~~;~I-,9 ~~I ..IL...:..)~I ~':;..)-'-Ui ~ L"",~-,9 , ~WI 1.lA 0i r.si.,),j' (rHO)

1.lA~r.s~1 ~l ~1"":' r~ ,) J:'-'-'" r.s.:J1 (I.;.;J~I~! ..I..1..<.d1 I~ .)L...ti-,9'~I ~ ~i b»-"""'-:.. .. ... Jk~1 J-,9~..:ra ~I 1.lA .)L.b!~ (I~~I 1.lA~~~~I..:ra..l:!.).o ~~J. WI-,9dO.:O", .)~l ~l.LiJ1

~~I J~I...9 d.L,WI j.;iJ1 ~L..o.c.iJ~L....j.,),j ~)I ~l:.-,9~..r--:J1 ~~I ..I~.)~I ~ ~L..o.c.i~ ~)I~~

5

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
0\

f t r l E(, ~ [ _ ,t'l;" - r= Y,~"G\ 1\ l-"b

~ t 1. '~; tf'(;;; - ''i". l- '1::...

,~1'1', ~ z:~1:~t[~' t' ,c' L (lI::... t .c -- t:- b (,1\ - k' 11E;: 1- .~ ~ .~;;(> 1=- t:: <.0 -

~~{{'~(, I; ~ 'G\- ~ f .t.. c

~ i ~ f;-- ~. f [ ~('- 1. ''i". c' f- 1_,fL <..;. '-ID . SL

't '~. - ( : ~r -[ ),. '- ~. ~. ,e (, l- ~-\r,' . "L. I.e- I- 0-'

~ ,~~: t ~

''i". ·l 1, ~ .F C0-' ~ (;;;'. ~-l- - J- {~'C - c.... ·v

~ .~ f ~ ~ .~.....' - 'L (. '1:L

\;; C- ~- ..-' s~ lo 0'1

I - I:..!. .~ ~ -

:; ~ c.- ~. l::~,.s> l. ,I:""" G"""-'< - <t... -' ("0-, ''i". ~ 0 ~~: f G""" .t: -~, C' --;t

t i ~ E, ~ ~

(, ,I:- '5. c.... ~ ~

b .~ ~ f .l ~1 ~. 0-; ''i" c n:t (' ~ t' .1:-' ~.. h . 0-, '-"

, • l:;. ,t'

:t-:- ~ 'i f' 1 1, ::-' er- (, G"""

, E... (;i L t'~o<. ~-" _ " !:', ~- ~~ <t" 0-: (... .~

~. ~~ ,I:-. F[ l ~~ ~ - 1:-;;-

fe~ t ! ~ f 'g1- £. ~ ~ '~. 'f~. (;;; 1- r= . _.t· ~ .'~. G\ (;"~ -~ p ). ~,.[''i". ~ 't; ~ .(-, ,t: ",. ~ ~ 1-·t' n ~ 1, \:'b - ~ l- f- ~'~1. . 1 t r(, <;; ~ C 0-'

b h 0-' C~ ""t.. ~c l-[ f ~ .. t·f:0<. E - er'- (;;; • (;" - 0- t

1:. t f t t: ~~ ,1-,- f. j;

2 ~E-' f :. 1 :~':. ~ 'E ~, 1,tt, .[,t' c 'r ,t' <t= 'i". -t\~t'~f·f~,t ~ - ,I:""" • t:"~,t - t,- (, <£.... c

t ~' .er:- h ~ ~.l- 1. v' ~~. .Qf ~. h.~. ), -1c, (;i ~ l.f.- ti> , _~ ~~ " - ~-; I:..!. (" . ..-I

G,. .~f j; "C',l-_ It ".L,.. L"[f."tf ~ ~. ~. '..:, 1,-:V ~. t .t (, c._~ ~ ~: 1= ~'. ri~. ,~- £, ~; ~ ~.t' 'i". ~ b" E'~',~ :f'C c.... • l:;.I!:::: -b. r . I::...~ }- .r.' . 'c;- ,e:

c E! ~ C· -b..C£"""-_1> (" b1=-- (;i .Q b"" -, 0-.

G""" " ~ <f ,t'~.7,. "~, t:"' ~ t ~t ~. . t - c....

of' - ,';;- '{ ~ f ~-.: .t \..: ~, - \-., ~I::... 'l - G, ~'

t-:- G""" ~ f. t c' '',. r, r- (;i' r.' 'Ir ,(;; ·_ <t ~ " .~ te... I:..!.

~. ~ ~ C. C ~ rG" t' ,~ E f ~ t~ C1 l' ,e:; '~.' '(;;- L'G.... t r b· c·

,~ ~. t' .~: i: f :[1\ l.- • 0-' ~r t 1:-, 0-, • f~. r Cl" E ~ c...._~ ~. k .I:""".~ <f ,r~ _~.1: l- ~ ~.

'1 r-" ~ ~ 1. G""" -~.: .~. 'E, I~ f ,~. ),'c -,~.' 1;-[1:"1> _t: .~ E .t G""" .~ ~ '-

~'fJ,lrf{r=. -I::::t~' ("~. ~ - , - 'i".f :- It_ ~. 0-,

~~~~~l.:'- - 0

~. c....(I r t[~. l

1,\ . t:~ 'f' r.'(I • ~F ~ -'[ c-: :rf ~ ~(,t ~,-:.(;"" l 'k~ G\- t-:

~ ,~l;" ,.~= f 1- 'rE<r., E ("~G,~t{'\..: ~ b ~_ 1.,0-q: 1\ l- b

'~. [ 'fu \;;,<t= C { 'G\_~. ~c· r;:; ,~ ~I ~ ~(' ~ 'L ~.E 'E. E:t ~ ~ fE~1 'f, ,r_ I ~ t.( ,_ c

~~tr;,( ~ .~~,.~

l- '\;; -~, I:.!.. • r.(;;; _ G. .t. ,0-' - ),

rt' E 0-, t:"'

t 0- )S..f E't'.f" f:: E 2- - ~

~.f' '~c-;; 0-

~, ~

~: ~Ic... ~.

V: ..r ~'t -(;;, ''i".

''b. .(

(-: ),

t:"'$ s'" •

~ '[t; ~

[ .f- l.

1- ~

] t~

G\

~{,t -[E -{'-' c.....~ f~ -,- ''i"~' .

_ 0- •

t,t 1l ,t -'s.. I::... t.~ 'r- f~ E [~ G""" ~

,(;; .. bI:..!. E ~

.t'

~

fl-

[~

·Ei,:st.'Ei.:0-.

l:;.1=~.

<t..'s.,~~

't

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
,)..,~ ~;-11.J LGlI <G.).J..l~ ,:?~l ~I ~!~.) ~~ 0t.s: ,:?.:JI (1.;.gJ'4 t:.k ~I u~i r.;/\Ji:i10 i ~.J ° ~~I ~~I ..l~)1I ~ ~~.) ~ ~.)L.t14 u~1 r~ ~fi.:J1 ~.J..JI ~I rl.:J Jl.o..:i.:..l

11 . l:i..::..:i o..u . '-'.:iJ I .. :. .. ~.rL..u.o ° i I~ ul.b...::J1 .1.1~ .<'-1/ 4..J ..JI d.b..lll d..J;:,l1 ° ~ . ~II- t I\S. ~ -..lJ ~y 0 <or"" .. r~ ..~ .. .J o.J u-o t.,T ':? .. ~

~~I ..lL..:.;J' 1~ ~Lc..) ~ u~1 r# ~fi.:J1 ~.J..JI 4111~.)w...o ~~!.illj ~ ~ , ~i LI.)..l

° (~I~I)'::"~ . ..l ~I ~ d..J;:,l1 ~.)W:.:i...u.... ~4-- 0-0 0J'-'.:iJ1 l..u~ ~.Ji 4.......1.)..l ..ll~! r:i ~, ~..r--:JI

.;-a:;jll u.~i ~~~I ~~I ..lL....:..)~1 ~ i;-,:~I uL....:.L........:i..:;J' I,,~~ ~;J'I LI.)..JI o..u ~~i ~.J

~.J..J 1~1~.;I .'i,;", 0 ~4-- 0-0 ,:?.r;::. c.:.lS: 4.L..:J I d j L:w..ilJ 4:),J-'l L I.)..l $'-7~ 1~.J ' A C; L:J I

~ ~..r.ci.J' o..u d..o.l;:J.l ~I.)..l.;' ~ ~I ul..:..i.J ° (I~)~.J 0') ~..JI~ u~1 r# ~fi..:J1

:Lo4J1 L:~I 0-0 ..l:!~1 ~ ,,~I .bL.u <Gi j!'::"~ ~ Lb..;:..I:ii

~ u~1 r-# ~fi.:J1 ~.J..JI ~I C::" 0JWI ~~ 4::-k~ c;J1 ~~~ ~I u~i.J r.; '\:c;: ~ We. u.bL.:,.i.J' ~L:J.I u~~l JJl,;. 0-0.J u...:J1 dj L:~I

~1';-c.J-il.:J;J'1J4-0~! ..G.a: 0lS: ~~I ..lL....:.ptJ ~)I &I).I.J 4:..r--:J 1~~I ..lL....:..)~1 4 Jo.c. 0!

~~.81 JL:;.-o~.JuL,~I.JuL;~1 i;)..l!.J ..u.=)1 F ~~ 4.l:,;.bd~ (S..l.a~ ~L:~I

~ U::-a~I u l.;J.b:i.l

~.J..JI ~I.J ~1~.J-i~;J'1 i;~~4 J!..J .bl.;U) J:iLu.. 4-:..J ~~I ..l~ptJ ~)I &1).10-0~I 0!

~.J 'c).J..J1~I~~ 0Jwl J!.~ ~I.J 0 i ~ ~..l:i.....uI.J ~~ i.A.o u~1 r-# ~fi.:J1

~ ~I ~Jki.~ b....t~I~d Wu °lS:JI ~I ° .':<'.. ~U"" v-.) .. 0 ~ U-O~

~ d.: o.:\; .,; ..l1,.9-" ~) ~I .)Lb! ~ 4:~..l ~,Jj....u..o~ ~~I ~~I ..l~.)~1 ~ 0!

~ uL,~I.JuL:.~1i;)..l!.J 4:..r--:J1d..l.u:»1 uJ'4-0

i;)..l! ~ ~.J 4.l:~ i;~ 0~ ~~I ..l~ptJ ~)I &I).I.J ~..r--:JI ~~I ..lL....:..)'Y1 40!

~ ~,J1.b11 .:;"la~1 ~jl.J 6>l,j~J i;J~.J~1f.~~;'JJul,j~J i;.)IJ!.J u~1 ~)~J rt:JI

7

(i)

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~.) ~ ti....ut.~Jl ~I~~~;~I 4:i~ f"~~1 ~ b.)JLg..::..~1 f"#~~I ~-9..l11 ~101

r-l W1 Jl.,b.j~ ~1y:.-.i>~-9\11 ..::..~LS:,JJl-9 ..::..L.......uj11 ~.)w...., ..::..~I ~-9 ~,)I ';'1.;-6-9 ..::..~I

. .us:

JL.o.)\II~I-.i>-9..::..~~JJl..;uJ~~ ~I ~).A.4-9Lu~~ ~ , ('''-f'') £. )~101

~~-9' ",I",..... ~~~-9"'l....Ac)U (S~~i-9j.J-'b-9..;#~ 4..f:~d~J~I, ~~I

~LuI..l11 . ~~l' ~··i .. biUI . 'w\ll -l·~lj ..::..wWIJJL.:i f~<li....b:i·U.) r.r.). ~ ~ u ~ - _ ..)C..J-J _ lJ (7:"J-'" -9 _. . tr" _. u •

.)..9..l1 ~~I .J-'b-9' ..::..Lb::-:-J.I f""w~I d·-=b..l11~~~I ~l ~1.>-".)..9J ~ ~I~

~~~I..JI~I

~ ..::..~I f"#~~I ~-9..l11 ~1-9 ~~I ~~I JL..}II~~~~I ~W11~~ ~

J-9~~~1~~, ~~l ~1"::"~-9~L:~1~1y:.-.i>~;~I-9~~1~~I JL...)\I1 J~

..::..~I ..::..L...G.I J.a~1 c)-WI f"l.I;.;1l Ji-c) ~~I ~k)J ~~I ..::..~I j:. WLg Ui....i dlUA

.J:~ ~I d~~1 ~-9 (S..l1 ~ JU,.).:i",_.81~ ( (GCOS) tl.i.ll .l.J,.Q) c)-Wl rtJ;:Jl-9 (IGOSS)

.~~I

bJ.=>.·lj w:w -.:1_-:. L........,j ·l.i.lI.l.J,.Q) IWI l.1:u.Il (JSTC):t.5: -::.11 ~I ~I ~I..::..L.......::.-'.:J' _ .~ _ C. ':? r ~ _ -9 _ . _ ~

..::..~I ~) c)-WI rl.l;.;11-9 t l.i.ll .l.J,.Q) c)-WI rl.l;.;1l ~ :t.5:ji.J:J.1 ..::..~I t l.U0~ ~j~l

~ (GCOSIGOSS)

~~I r# ~~I ~-9..l1I4J11c.} .)~I Lhl,.r.>-i ~I ~1.)..l11 ~tu ~ r-l ' ....i..u\ll t'" ' <Gi

, b.)..9..l11 ",(.tji h~

8

(i)

(i)

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
;Ut....J1 ,) d.>J -::.~Ir#~~I ~J..JI ~10:',.9~ .Jjwl~~ 4=J.c.~~l ~\I~ ~I-::.~i

~ (1.;..91 f':!.ai~ ;Ut.....J.1 b~ 4.L.a.ll1 L.,I.)..JI ~I~ illj ~,,~~JiJ' 61.).11I.:re ..1:).1~

~jJl -::,..wU.cIJ. ~~~ -::.~I r#~I~J.111 ~IJ~I .:re~ ~ ~~)I -::.~I Jl. ,:.;L..tII I~ ~ (\r - '-:' ( i J)

l...<b)~ ~I .t~~.J1J ~.Jti..all rtlk\l u.J::.a;~ ~y:.iJ ;u.,WI J~I "L...j.) .J::')~ t ..k~I ub~i

. Jk'~l JJ..1.7- j.a~I dj .l~1 )..bl~~~ .J::.)[]::JI b~ ~J' rtlki jl·~..jl~

J:~I~.)(~~l d-:~)I) 0'"J:::'-::' ~~I .J::~ ~ J~\l1 JJ..I.7-.:re -41 I~ ~~I -::.J=u 0.; • .;'

~W I r LJ;:J I ,:;~ ~~ I ;u.,W I J.,;J.11 "Lu..j.,; .J::.) []:j ~ -::.J=u w: , ~.r--:J I~~ I .lL:..)\11 -::.lo~ ~ I j.cW I

J~IJ~ ru:..:. -::.la..t:..,:,'i....t: .)..,rill .J::~J' 4-:~IJ-::.4-~1 ~~ J ':;'!J' .)~l ~ 4..."JWIJ;C;li:w.u~

~~ ~..r=--:JI -::.la..GJ1 J~ U""GJI .J::~IJ' J=-bl:J1..>="'7~~ (NAV1EX) 4...,,)L....J~ ~L.;JI -::.la~1

~~I .lL..::..)\l1 -::.l.o~ ~I cJGlI ~~I .lL:..:;~ ~l:iJ1 JoWl J:.,;J.11 ~.).:re rilll , ~~I ~.)\l1 ~PI

. ~.>J.11I0:' la ~yi11 J~ ~~I ~.Jli..all Jl.ac.\l1~ ~~J"Lu..j)1 ,,~W Lll.J::.a; j:.~I ~y:.iJ' ~..r=--:JI

.l~1 )..bl ~ dIlS:J ~~ dfi .)lbl~ ~.l)J J~I b~ ~JG:i~ ~1J-'lJ .l~ .:,i ,7.! -::.~ ~I 4,7, al..>l.IJ

. Jk\ll JJ..1.7- ~;{LJI dj

.J::~J .l-L-::>.>J~~i.:re~I j.a..l:). d...ol...<bJ~~-::.~ dll.b J ..~ ~I-::.~i r~l ~J 0.; • .;"

~WI rl.1;".;J~ ~~ ~L.;, dIj ~ ~, "I~I ~ d,o ",,;; tlJ ~L...u\ll ~..r--:JI ~~I .lL..::..)\l1 -::.lc~

J=~I "Li;.~ .-.a ail dI.:JJ . cs~1 ~IJ cs~1 t WI rkJ (1~\l1 ~l.i->=J .)~I ~ 4..."JWIJ ;C;l..Li..u..~_.. -~I -::.~i dIj j:. ~J' (Jk\ll JJ..I.7-.:re \ 0 -41J=ui) ~..r=--:JI ~~I .lL..:..)\l1 -::.lo~ ~I j.cW:J1 JoWl

~..r=--:JI -::.lc~IJ -::.l.i4:J~ ~L.;JI~~I -::.4Jb:i.-c ('22 ai t.:.-:i~J~I I~ ~ 16i6 .7.ii ~.j:J ~'l.:'

~I->= -::.lc.~ .l1J.C.l ~~lJ' ~~I -::.1o..GJ1~ ~.r--:JI (jWlI ~I~~ .:,'~ ~I d.lL..tAI ...r.:-9.j:JJ

~J.111 rl.l;.4J1~J:.itIJ~~'-" ~J~l ~1~1 ~ !i:~1 dj:,',:;11 (jW J2;' .7.i ~i.J.o ~3-'-"L.:,.

. .)l:...;J1 ~~l J! 42626; ill ~I~I ~ ~i .:re <Ill111at"Silt-C) ~l.i,.b.....ojl ttl",:;J1 ?b''JI~ :t:MI .;:,YL...:u)U

~I~.) J! ~J' JoWl J=~I Jl.ac.i ~l.i->= Jl ~.l..1.=>l1 ~1~1 bl.\ d:.OWl ,,:-,~J ~ ~I.-.Qajl d1.iJJ

.~ J$.; t)lb....;~ U=.).,;i.c~~I ;(':'loiJj.cWI J=~I~.>J

9

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
......o

" (,f) .L

~ .V-11' .~

ttJo' \-E t.'

~ ~_. t,

f: I~'r {:;(I 1;[:" r~r ~

l-t:::: ~-,--< ~• .L..J> ..

~ [t ~

~ }-~ t.'.t .~~ -

,~' ~t: V~ _.

t..

<f" IrR' .~

.~" f~ '~.

Ci' o1>1 "C .-

<e::: "o

r: <[ f .~: ''b. fr.' ~ ~~ 12.\ 1>, \- t.' \ ~ 0"

. ~ f:" )1' ~. .~ ~'; :~ 1~ E ',t' ET ~, ~ .~. ~

• _ l.- -;t .~" (, '-"

~ ~ [:"" ~ If:>" (;; ~ b t.''t" r· :r r ~.' f' l g" ,II (E -~ ~ ~ ~ 0-

I " - L- t.. • €~ f: ~ ''b 0 I ~ l; ~'~. : ~ E'I ~ f; ;: :[ I~(., . (, t L' .... -I<,.

.~' ~ \- _ ~ ;- ~ 'l It'

~ foj'; .£0 ~" t r ''1.,. ~; 1.ET .~ L- _. ( ~' -c.. t' I> (;; - • I t '

f> ' ~ • ~ 1;;' '~. .f'~ (, .;- I> - ": 1_. _ t b!y.- ~ (, C. • -

F" t -; l .~. ~.F r--

1t 1(;; ,[ ~' <:. b

I , t}(ll ; ~ '~ ~If-' .r:- 't ~ f . t· (,~: ~. 1-" c.,. fe' ~ 'I' b,c .~. ~ {'-, t - r..c. "L.. .~' 'ID' (, ~

-=; 't--; --< 1>, ~ -: I Ir. ~. ~ ._ ~ Ii [:"~ . c.. ~~~ - c-~t _ b ..J>b (, L-

t! t ~ '(;\ ;; { .g: \- f£: f. ~ J ~ '(;\ [, t ~c:'L ,,(~.~I I> ~._ .L (., ~ I'l L-.~ ,~;[ ,~, .r t "- "c-

<: -[ ~. t ~ ~ l' 'f f:~. i: ~ ( ~ ~ !; .[( L- ~ -.L ~ 1: ..J> -~ ~ t L- ";;' ~ r. ~ (,,t~ 't ~ -[ 1, ;; 1- 1~<

1- -g;<t\(,.,

s s Cs _f>..t· "it, b £" C '[-s-..fE= ~, E .~ ~ ~ (;; .-

_ V· L- ~ ,"_ J -'" f'I\.

ItI

1-It'tl:-

f..r:(I

r~.

.£:~

~[:'

~

-t5=~

'f" ,["'b:f 1(;\ :~'.I> <t tl-t- t~ -:r- (, ~

~: V- ~I ~, ~

~. ~ ,('_. I>

.. l;' -~ ~ f!'I' -" ~~ ~ \0,

('5.' \:~t! t \b f' ~'.Q ~. ~,Ir ~ t::

(;; - -~ ~ (I

'{ f tt ''1.,: ~._ ~: r"

I;; <e::: ~.~ _ 1_1'

\:. (, ''i..t ,f ;~._ l t.(., -_... ~-[f ,L-b~ -'~ (.~' -.

'5, .~ ~<e.... (,

'6. ;.- ~ 0

1: If- f ':,c· ~"- ~

c.. c.. .b _. (,I> I;; t.'-~ I> r- L-'

'f;. ~ c(., " ~ ["_. f) ~

1;- .~ .[ ~E~ -f;;- (, f I-

fe' 'f '11y c. L-

~ ~ [.1'_ 11;; t..

l;' ,t: I:.'. 1;=

t n 'f ''i::~ t E (,1>1 (;; ~ 'f~ t ~ ~'It If c; ,~• c..•- n

-: ''b. ~'~. 't (. \,:.E g ~ ~(;;'" ~ -1>' I'l .~ (,

L- ~-"~ t ). ~-

. ,\:". h L-' "~

.E ~i ~ [ Ci'

J' f. j t .tIT ~: 'tt..L t'f' f ~ ~, '1..~ '~ 1;- .~•.[G., s..... E r-"-~~~~('~ 1>' ~ &. [I) ~ - r~ l 5= <;".

~ C .~ ~ ~f} (;; l"- -'t

.C fe' 1(;\

~~t~,,~. fF> ~ ~

{::~_ I. l-t.

~ <L ~:r -.:=; (I

<;"' f ~

t '<f. ~

~ ~ t ~L

F' ·L ~ tsf' ,e:; 't [:~; t - 11-

1.~ ;: r ~''b. L t (~~ _.....'t: ~ ft· l-t~ (: '~ ~~ b <;; .L

'b! l'~. l-t,[' 't .~ h<f . It' ;;-(, ~ ~,

'f Q:. ~ ~<£, G - ~

_ 1>' fJ:

1: '1. ~ ~~ .~ t f.'.t: L-, 'bi [;" \'-.L ~ 1 ['6 ~ r;

1 1;- r- 0

. ~ l ':,- - (.,- ".-

'5-1:f'"..r:

£t

'\,.ItI

1-(I

r:-tc;--(I-t't...

c::f~

f;;.~

Ci'o

t..~

t'-"

Ic;--

'f'r..r:ItI

1-ItI

tL.

f~-[.

r:~.

o

".-

,t'

t1-

L-

[~--[i,:,t.'~

1>'

~!=~.

<f-'tt.'[l-t~

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
Il.lll ..l1..I.C.1 ~ f"""l..l~ ~ 4..;La~.J ~I ~4).J ~I ~I "LAc\' LA.>:.J...ii ~ ~I o:y.i.J . \'\'\"\

4-ii.Ji t~l..l ~I.J~ r1~I ~4.) ~.u ~i.Ji u~ b-U:. ,) <G1,j ~)I ~ ~I u.1;..:,.J'.J. ~I J:.b.:J1

. ,,~J'I 0-0 ~.;iJ' .Ji JIy.J1~ "Y-" 0-0 I~.!,,:, u..l7i

J:"w I 1.J,j.ij LJ:u.J.1 ,,~i .:,~ (;,.:i ~».J' 4=k u.U 1-1.9 J=.b.:Jl~) I~ l:uJ 4 lo.1:.~ Ic-.b L:..i.J 0 ,) \ ,) \

~WJI Wl:9 .J.c -::.Jlj uL:..I~J' I dt .:,i.J ' d',.!,,·., ill JL:....l1.:,tJ:.~ J:lWI "I, 0 9i ,,81 ~ ;;..l)~1 d~I~J' I 0-0

u~" I~¥ ~l:9 ..:Jlj La 46J1 ,) ~I u.}i.J 4J:~ ..:Jlj la ~WI fl.J· .J.L.ul1 ~4.) ~Iji w...its: ~I

: .:,i~~I u.JS:i.J' d.~.:..l.I ~ ~ ula~l.J ~I..ill,j ~ ~, bJ:~ J:.L....a~

~I.J-! .)l:..;J1~ -Jiu,J1 41-uii ~I CS~\'I4.:.>:~' uLa~I.J~I.PJI.>:~1 ~ ~.)~ b)~1

~ ~.)WI bl.lll dJ....::.1,JA ~;;U: Ilt.J CS.?i ~~ (i~.Ji ~Wl

Lb..lI..I.C.¥ F.J.c 4-;~.>: la.J uJ'~J".J 4.:~I4.:~1 ..l~.)\'1 uLa..GJ ~I ~~I 4.:,J1;J' 1

~ -::.la~1 b~ ~~I u4~1 ,,~~ .~ ~~ ..:Jlj la ~.a;.J

~ ~Ij'l ~~->= ~ ,,~¥I ~ )~J'I b.).9~ ~ ~I u.Ulj , ~l:uJ1 b41 by-t4-c ~l:i.aS:.J 0,) \,)V

.)..l9, ~..l1J:; ~I ~..r.UJI,,~ ~ ~~ ':?~ .:,~I J1~4.:~I4.:y;J1 ..lL:..)\'1 ula..GJ ~\'I J.!~.J

b~1 ~l cl;> C>-4..1.ti ,:?ltl ~~I .>:illl ~ ~I~.J' ~L..u d,,~1 ~":"J.:>,~ "Y-" ,:?\' , ..jts:...¥'

ula~1 t»~ LJ:u.J.1 ~ "I 'cr)J1 .J.c b.l))1d&..)l11 -.)'JL..ui~ b~1 <:?Jj J:~ JtJl .:,~,81 ..ll~¥

0.::' la b~1 J)G. ~I).I ~.,p,i ,,1, .... 0"; ".1 ~I "Lo.ci c.f~.:,i ~..ill.lS .-,991-1.9 . ,,1'09; ,,81.J.c ~#I

, 4.:.r---:J I 4.:~ I ..l L...:..)\'1 u La.,w;,.~ Ij'l~ l:..>7 - (\ \ - ':"' G:. i J) \ ~,.,.:tll ..jL:..>-'-" "~1 ~.J~1~.).9..J I

~ ci.J t.)-'-"~ bJ:~1 ~I.)I ~l.:i:. t=~..jL.......:.rWI ~\'I J1 ~I~ ..ill~j. t~y.1 I~ w.uJ.1

-l..1:..::..)l1 L..wl· ~I ,,'1. 11 - ~._II..lL:. \'1 ~t:. ~ __ tl d···-·-:IJ ·L.....::...::..i LJ:u.J.1 "t......=..c.it"+' U::-C.J ~.y- t.F -~ .) ~.J-"j -~ ~ <F .J

. 4-::Je.

11

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
......N

rb· (,. (..: ~ t :, t

e... r- (, ~: ~~ .t ~ v-~~ 1 t,; r; Itr". Ei b .~,t. (,. ~. t ---t' t i: ,;:- }f~·~'l,(

r:c ~~ b t o'c C7 6 " r..ch _"_I>_ C C. c· ..c(,. "j)' }; ~- tt ~. r: f. ~._ l(;; (P, j f' ,(;)& b. lr p. I:::.

i;' ~~ f <f>' ~

:'b. :~: ~' .~ f,

t(;) t ''b. ~" f:, - -<. (" -<.

(" ~- . -

t fft!~ f 1;: ~. f<r~L~-<'le b - - -

,(;) ,(;) i;' ~ ~

. t t l.t ~.1: i 1-: ~ t .~L ~ -'b ~: ~ (,_11 L...~-IJ

\- f ~:=: ~ 1 v-(, ,t" ,(;) ~" c-"'I: t Y. - f.c.r ~ c' 0

, lb (,. "~ oF," \.._ l.-' 1. c.. ~: -"t

1 _" '(.,- \..-"t

" lA ,(;) ,t'~' ,t'J: ''b. t ~ ~ tt ,t' (,. l.- ---

<:: t. <p f c· '£-" t ~ c"}; ~

~ ~ { ~ ~",~._ ( <.p b ~' ,f"'

" -<' lC f-'"~ ~ 'G; 1. 'l }- C' t ~ t, ~~ b," (~ 1"); ~v- ~- f "

''b. t f,~ -" t~ L.v- I'\-~

:. t f ~ t 1[ -'L f ,(;: -~' f E ~~ ~ b

1 ''b. ~ t ~~.-.( " - f fc c .r--" ~·t .~ ~ ~ [ ~(" 1: E 1.' t.~',(;) -, ~ t~

\ C,. 1'f l.- c..'b t. ;' ~ ''b. (;(,. - '~'(;) te~ ~.~ ,;;. 't ~

~ E' ~-( ,. • j- E~ [ .~' ~,~, - .v , ,t, lA -

1.' "~"~ ~ t £t'! ,t ~ ~ f fv- - ..c "" ~' -

t (P, -}( -" ('. (", f b -( &, 0

f' \; t ',.. 1 ':.t,~-B: "\..v· (" - _

2f..c

E;.~

1.'o

C..0(

·l~~~C/.l'-"'

1(;\

t-(s.

t-'(\

(;\\..

ts(;\

L-1

to.~

E

o\..-"t

to' (, ~'

.~ ;~ :~,

'~ f '~lb e... (,I::.:. l.- 1.,(" .r _"

~ifgftC t: "I:.: ...:" ~(" (,f- _" r.

.C- ~ !:::

~. (~, ~~ ~ B ~.= f"~ ''1".I;' ~ ~ t'.v- ''i__ - r.-" .S:; .£ !::1.' ~..~ t-E5::: 5::: l;- f '~ 'e:r ~! ~ [-" Cf~ ~ -;~ ,E·.c- .t.r~ ~ " EE 'f: E'~(, t - E'jC- - f 'LC' t' '~~ ~ ','

~ ~ f tf -" G,E ~'~- -,~. \f.'. (, 0

b" c- .~ \..t>oC h " _- \..5::: rc' - ..s>

r- ~ ~',(' " .V\ f P ''b. ~~ 1(.~. 'E" ~. ~ r [,. b &, (; v-~ t fe' f, ~ f" ~ r~ t ~ ,i\~ ~- c- ~,c. ~., 1 ,-<.

>--< Q I: II\}; -<. <t;. "f ~s .~ .£ c.. 1s ~ C1- e- l <f>' ~ Q..

i t t ~~ .['. :f ~ ~ :~ -[ ~- fF

<.;; ~. P r c - - ~...c ., ~ -: ~ - ~.~ " f .~ (;.~ ~ lb• - &, (- r ~ - ~.

1.' -:). 1· ~ fb 5t, 'L",'_" ~" ~: ''b.e... & c.. ~ - 'lt r 1::. t ,~, c-IA i;' -" &. e... - b c., .1::er fe' f:," i;, r .- t (, f~" ;t \- ~, ~; '[" ~ ~'~ f t fe' ~

<f>' ~ c .[" ~ r (;) 1= ( [ fl~ 'f' '\ .~ -[ ~. ~ ~ ~ .~ ;- .~

,E' ~, to' 'L. - &, ~ - 1. f f:~"t ~'b ~- (, ~, ~ ,t' .t' ,e; I ETr;' ~ - ,t'~' t..}( r -b. 1

,~. 'l ~ t ::-.' i ~ t 'r ~ ~ ,E, -<. l.- C/.l t - t' 1. ,,t' C. ~ f @> .f- - (, 'r' ~. ~' 'L.t [ ~ ~ ~ ~" er b, .~ ~ :,,=

t', -; ~r; .t: 'f.~ ~ _\\ J::" 1; f r;: l;~ ,t E- ''-"') .L (" "r... I:T ,~~" l' 1.' , f' 1: ~ ~ Q.. - f ~"( - 'F- 1::-, t-" l.- , E-:... (... s J (s L -" r:-J .-~. r f ~ r - .r ,(;; ~ f -<. :, I:> ~ fl> r ,,.... t: I ~- c" ("&. ~ "', t>oC _

C ~ -b. • I:::. - - ~ ".~ - - r- ,,- Cs ( t (, 5:-' r.~ (I ,('. l e... f' <t- b -.".~ b b L~ r- ~ - [ ~ ~ ~ 1. ~ ~ t

c 1-;-. ~ c. ~- '.r- ~ ~' [. ,e; ,p~ " r (", 1> f 1.' ~ ~ .[ " -:. _ ~~. t ~ ~: <.p ~. ,r, ~ - r i;' f ~

- t t, .e -lA. r- (" 'L ..c t \;; ~'~[ 1;- E <;. ~ Q '~." }t c-: '(;;' ~E-~ :;j---'fr-}; 'I:.!.

, - P.i ~ 1 g 5'. _\\ - -."h .... ~ c , 0, ,_.c- en P -<..' \..,~'.~\..(,. '7~ -f.~lf_~ ~ 'L .~ ~~ D ,; ~ ~~" <t ~ ~

,t'

t,t'1-l.-

[..c

-[i,:'t:£!&,

t:.Is~.

<f-,,."f}(

~

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
u.....:.." <}lll t~1 1:Ut~ 4 ~~.:J11 ~.l!I." tla:iA~4 .;:.wl co.ill~ lc.k.~I cJoL..::..i." 0,J",Jr.~. ~I ~L::u.......81 --.ullt:JL~1 \~~ .. Wd:..J ..JIU[j:;~L ·.• 11d:..J ..JI~ - .Ij~ L:i1lj.oWI -~Ij'-:r u.J .".. ." ., t _." _ .~ _." _~ ~ 1..9:..)""

.b.....u~1 ~I ~ <}~I c,~ <}~ ~~I ~.)I ..d~1 u-'l uWl ' (OPRC) ~I c,~1 .::.~L..::..

. <}.r--:l l c,~1 c,.,lI-rJ ~GlI ~I cl' <}~ c;>J1 '7'.)4UJ1 ~ d.S:.)~ (REMPEC)

~.)I." 4.".l!1 ~.r--:ll :w:u.ll ~ u.;>..;-ci (Slll ~..JI." 0~1 ~ ~.r.-i ~I '7'.)4--=iJ1 ~L.:;.; ~ "G:." 0", '(;i- -JJl;.. t[J;uJ1 I.:u, .)~l )~I ~~I ~I.", .b.......~I..ro-:J1 cl' <,?.r--:l l c,~1 "(S)."J:J <}~ ~~I

~.,l tu:..:, - (\ \- '7' t i J) 'I' ~jJl~ 0~j"'-" )~I ~.;1J1 I~ .::..)~." , 0l..>.J.l!1 ~ ~ d..4il 1b~1cl'~.:"l-;;l~ t~1 .:,,~ c;>J1 ,,~~I 0 141 1 ~." • .)l..::..:JI~..;-c ~ <}.r--:l l c,~1 (s)."J:J <}~I

• b :. 4:iJL:iJ1 I+i .,l ·.illll t..k.~I U:,l..:",1 -- ~ '-' L::..:iJ1 ~L ~~I I~ ~.:J.I ~l~ ..>.J ~. . bJC~ ..J-"'l. ..).." _ • t c.s-- t

c,~1"(S.) I."J:J <}~ 1re.,l t~~~ 4.".l!1~..ro-:J 1d:..J;:J.1 CO J~~ I :>=~ t W I u::-a~ 1u-'1u;lb ~

ll..::J1 dj c,~ <}~I d ..bL..u J:J.::U JJl;.. 0-a:ub ~ cl' ~~I .,lL...::..)~1 ~b~W ~L;,." <}..r=--:JI

~.)I "~1.;:.u:J1 CO 4111~~ J~I l.;u cI''''' ~I c,.,l IrJI~~I.,l, ~.".,l."i ~." ~Ls: "I-J-l-U

:fi..e.:.", ~~~I J::i.j~1 .)~ ' ."l5:I~ ~ (REMPEITC) <,?.r--:l l c,~1 "(S)~ 0<~ .:"~."w.I.,, ":-':!.)~ ~~I

. http://www.curbiz.comlrempeitc [email protected]; : <)l:J1 0t~1 ~ ~;ul~~~)'4 JL..o::i~1

"(S)."J:J <}~I~.,l tl..!;.> 0<~ ~/~I.).,l b.".1.i cl'~I ,,~~I ~.)~ ~~ ~I.:"~i.,, o",r",o

~ ~I t W1 ~~I u-'l ~"~~.,,. t~1 ~I~ ULs: ~ji."~.,, ~I~I ~ r-:i: <}~I c,~1

~~l~.,,' d62::, 01l4."..J1 ~I ~ Lo.AWI~ 0-a' \~~A t~ ~ ~I l.;u 0-a b",.1.i.J..i.c. ~l5:.o1

. 4-=i:~.) ~ 4 bJ.::U11 ro~1 ~~..>-:." .:,,~I t~ ~fi:J1 ~.".l!I411I." ~.".l!1 ~..r=--:JI ~I ~.)~

b.,,~1 UI .;.,; ".1 ~~ ~~." 4l1~1 0-a~ ~.:...oa <,?lll c;..1-;J.1 ~~I .;:.J....i3J1 ~ 4111~~."

. 0~1 J:J.::U~ .;-o~4 ~I "~~l.,, t W1 ~~I CO~ 0i ~.) u-'l u;lb.", ~1j~1.)..J1

J~ 0-0 0.)\ -41) ~l~l~~~l d.:<1 ff,)l.JI,j d.:< 'wfl ~~~~l ~~~ o",r

(Jk~1

(S..J." (\~W J=..>-:V0~' 4,j~) b~ ~.,l~1 4i..>.J.,l .,ll..:h.;1 "l..i:ii ~.,li ~<L; 4111.:".;-Sj o",r""

l.=..J1 ·L)l...J1 ;(jli:i.....u)ll IWI ~l Lkl .. Ll;WI.J..l.J.::JI4.-.- .11 ~l:m l.1;U~ ~L..::.. 'I " I.) ,r.r ." 'E" f' .).~ -' -.;=-:' < f" - ~ ..>-'U-'-"

t~) ~.r--:ll a:~I.,lL...:.)tl.:"lo..G.. e-.;-o ~~.,l b..>.J~ c.;k ,-,UIJ.9..l:1~1 t\J;.jJj .~ 1:'1ij,1 (OMDSS). -0§..: ~ t::.)L:i11 .illj ..u..:.". \ l\ l\ l\ .;:I~/.b~ \~~l.::J1 t lkJ1 t-"~ u-'l ~~." (0 oA~.) ~I

I L,.,JI I..I:.:JI ~)w - 'i~ :., l...ol)1 lol..!;.>~ ~14.clj)U 4.-.~1 d-<.t:J.1 I~. <UlI u-'~I I..I:.:JI'-:! t - r'= u -j"'-" -. • ~ - - .....- ~ _ t. t::.)l:J1 .illj 0-a C~I ~..>.J 4Ll5:b~ .)L:...:JI ~ ~JWI." ~l..i:;....,..,)ll

13

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
-~

'~ ~ t l ~ t~:f- ~c.·1».t - t~~ tr 1> Ir. " t' (;-"~ r .- I:.: ,. if- ...,

~ ~ .t 'f: ,~ '~ f:1» C C- 0> \ f 'i:::.l> f J:: ~ '1.. ~.~~. '~'1.. ~ t:.- (, ~

(, 'L ~ b 1»I!.- b i:= • - r V' ~:t. V' ~ ~" ~q; C

.~ ~',. i;' t '~. 1 ,~C ~ ;~••e: 'e:- l:= '1, -' -It>. -It>.~ • l=; • <;... ~. € .t'~ (., ..,.. I.,' £' p; ~,. - ~ ~ ~. ~·L1>, c:. r .__

c.. t.l' ;- v - 'J ~'f - c •. _

.~ 'l · t.''i- r :' .~C ~" , - E 4!- ~'1»,~, ~ ,t' t· 1»- . \- f\, 'C ~, f ~ t t: 'f'-~I'-'tr--Er. ~, p. _ ~ _

~ \.- t::, l3 f-' (.b. ,~ • _ <t... ~

''b. ('·t ~ ·t· ~ 1.~(• ~ • ..0( • •

1- 'f (;-" ;;; ~ I _ _l r, b 1>.. , .'

. t' .... 1 \0 ( fe J:.'' " ID' • 1;: f1 ~ b-.1:" ~ •• e:._

~, s· :t; f :f. s f ~,f If ,~ ~ \. .~ \; 1.F -, ('''' ~,~ ~;,- ''b. ~. <f ~ <t. ~[;; -,~. ~ - (.,

~. .f" ~ ,e: c;; (. ~ 0rr E c- -It>. l;"'" t C ~

E' f ~ r: ~..( ~. b".e ~ ~. (;-" _ 0Il - _ <.;;

,t 'F' ~: b' 1» ~.

~,~; ~ ~ ~ ~(, 'b. 'L }; l 1:~ t ~ .' ,e:' .<t'E. ~ I' -It>. r:;;- f 't: '. C! G~. <.;; ~ ~ .t e-,t· f ~ }(. ;;; :tt r.- t ~ ~ ~i;: ~ ~ 1: .~ re.:~ .~. $f. ~ [:,t ~ 'L ~ .~ .£E ~(.,<.;; ~~

~ ~ ~ - ...

hi ,t' ~ ,~ ~'

. (., ~ ·L (., 1• I:!.. ·L - C

ft' f~ t ''b: f .-"t _ ~ b ,~ -~ }, c.-:- t 0 ~.

y, 1> (;-"b~f£ .~ ~ t,~ !: C.-CI~f;"~ fer ~ t:: r fe' -,~. r - ~ ~ It

~ ~ -E'1-. ~ ~f'L - E f ~'t." ~ t 1»- ~ re~ ~'~ ~ <: r.'~. [: ~ c- fe' 'b(::.'(;-"' Ir~ -.~ '(;\ .v,~ ~ ~.~ t ~ .t·· 1, ~1, -~l) ~ (.,~' t:: r. ·L.(;;. ~ g,~ -1/\

(;\ 1» IL fo,' ~. b ~1· Ir. <.;; ~~ t:: . -t~ ~ ~ t: '~ 1:.. ~

1». .~ ~:f ttt' Et~ ~ r. t"~ t.c- <.;; t.:. b 1» _.

[' ~".[ g; ~ ~~! ·iE 1~ . ,t -; r[~ c· 'tc-, r;;::t 'i:::.'C-

'l:... lA I:! 1>. t,~ "~

ff_~~ r.-,''~ F.:- 'L ~.~ ~ 1:..

1>' li- ~ - ~. 1» 1~ ;; c-·r l ~-\: cv~ - -to$ v' s _'",\: . c. ~ (, (.,

t t. C" t:~ r 1:e:.!. t:.- ~: l::.. • •~ ~

f" r: ~. t-: f:: t -"'~ s f'} s •

(;-".' ~.'~ t. \ 1 -, ~ ~i1- !-t: ~ E'F,- c', ''b.g - f·1:" c·,~ ~' i;: -.:. 't. ~"f-:[. ,~ -EF .i: ~ t;l-

- ~ C L. f1. lr l::.. '""to - <i" ~~. ,_'___~ ''b. ~ r ~. ~ ~ 1»

r. (::.!. <:- <.c~. 1;;,l;; e 6 . ~ J ~. ~~ V: <f ::;:.(;\ 1>. ~ It

e: ' ~ ~ 1;;, ,C-'-It>. 1:", <L ~ }C, .~ '1. [.,c ~"-:-c. I;; ~ • ~.[ ,t c

t- ~- '(j\' ~. '[ rr-

- <.;; -I;.. l:::. '.~''b. ~ . l? - ~ :t -EEt.~ '~ ~ t ~ ~(., h'b. ~ t; - 1>' [t,! t,·r ~ ,e: ~'<"ET : ~ h '\, :. .It?r - .~ <L c[ E .-'i:::. <L ;:-.- ...:.. :: 0

'~ ~r; [ 17 & ,~- -: ~E 6 .e I:.: t: b. l> -t- - - -

f ~ ~ ~,''b. f h~ -9. f ~. tb' ~ ~:.t' [rr ),. _ (I ~

.~ (., bt ~ ~. ·t.' t,! t. 1:l::.. [£ E .r 1-

~ ,ts t .[ "\ l~ l ~ '~ r ,,t Ef ''b. ~ E t.(., • fr.. t - - ,r~ .-: c ,. 1» fe· t

E';,' f· [~1»-

: 1,. :;: ,r .C- <L ~L ~ ~ 'E ,- I:.:

~ .:, 1-"~ '.~ Dn . 1» ~ ,

.~ ] .' ~ 1""t,. f~, ,t.' ~ <j-,. '~';,t.L ~ ~~, 1>' 1>,

~ f '~.' r, ~'. ~ ~.,t ~ J: ,t. ,r 1. 1>'

<t t .~ ~ \-, ),.-: l::.. ''b. f' ~ 'b. ,t'{DC' ·~tt(;-" E ~'-- ~ E' - -'@ -':'1 ~~ ~'i [. -9 'to r -; 1» ~

~ ~ ~, .:.. ~:t ~ ''b.,~ != ).. fE· }c. 1= - E~ 't: ~. ~ ~ 1 1; ~,~, ~ b C ~:. ~,rr ~

f t t '~. ~ f '~ <:-~-:~ [;;. -,.i\l E f ~. c[ 'It· ;;; ~<;- • C ~ ~. -t~ ~ ~ '1/ '- ._ ~ ~

,t'

~

f~

[.e

.[i,:'t.'[£1>'

t~.

<f-'\,c[}(

~

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
,)1 ~L.:... ~ ~.uu~1 J-bu...~ut~ b~ ~..Il:J1 4=i.)J..I ~ .::.5:..>..Ii ~~ ~l u~j O..;f..;\

d..oJlu.J~ L~I ul.c~1 J~I-.9~ r~ ~-.9..111 d..o~1 JJL;. ~ ~~I ..IL...o..>~1 u[.j~ ~ J-.9..J1~I

~ 1.>7'~ ~ I~.;-ia ~ ..I..u...=J1 Il.b ~-.9' ..>~I ~ d:.cJlu.JI-.9 ~l.£....uJll c;WI r~1 ~~i (>~~ <:?1 1

.(0\ Ab'~1I I~:I).,·LI.II ~' .,··'::t1Il.b..>..> yo->" ~ ~ ~ ~~

~ ..>~I ~ d:.c)l,...JI-.9 ~I..i.:i...uJll c;WI r~~ c?-l'~IJ:~I (Si..> ..>Pl J=~I~I (S..I1-.9 o..;f..;V

~ .)-.9..111~~WI d~l~tl-.9~(s..I~ ~.J-'l~-.9t..>..I;! ui ~I~~~ I~ ~I ~~i ~}il cG.)J..I

~~I ..IL.:...>~I ulo~ t=:-..r" ~ d..o)l,...J~ Lt.=J1 ulo~l J~I-.9~ rl..l;"j J)l;.. ~ ~,;-:JI ..IL...o..>~1 u[.j~

~ ~I ~1,i9' r-.9)11~b..l~ J-bu...~~ d,:Q.:!!,',i u~'; ~-.9 ~ JGJ~ r~ ~ ~.i1I-.9 ~~I

~l.b t l..>..I1~ (0.:i U-lli1-.9' J=l..l11 ~ ~u... UL...;1J~..It ('" - ":" t i J) \ ~jJl u~l-.9 ~i)1 Il.b

d, .... ' .... ; 0 d..oJlu.J~ 4.....::.~1 ul.c~1 J~I-.9 ~ rU;.; ulo~ ui ~,~GlI~~I ,J}il ~I~ UL.....::.¥I

dj rW~' ~ b..l~~1u~'; t'..>..I1 u~tl ~~ Jl..:i1~-.9' ~~I~I.J-o d..;:,;-ilI-.9~WI ~~

. ~GlI .J.:.l1~ li..:J 1

c?-l'..>PI, (1~J:l) ~~.J. r ~I <Lo~ ~.i11 J.oWJI.):!~~ rlo:i...bt l t'" t:k ~I u.bl::..i-.9 o..;f..;1\

dJ:~-.9 et! lA.):!~ F- do ~~i-.9' ~I~ d.llw.~ d..o)w~ 6~1 ulo~1 J~I-.9~ rU;.; ulo~

~<b. la.k.u.bl::..i .b..lk1I~L..J.I~l.b . '_11 ·'<11 ..I-9:i11 I~~·II.,···',"II'..F"'" ~ r r"s-" tJ'~ ..r-~~~

b..l~ u..l;!i-.9' J::.b411~~ ;;""JUI ~.rJ ~~I ..IL....:...>~I u~~u~ u..!'i <:?1 1d..lL.tAI b..l~

b~ (S..I-o~ lA "': ;",;-.9 d..lL.t..>t l~~I ~I..I11 ~I illl,J-rC>~ ~'l..:' 411';:"""":O-.9i-.9' d..lL.t..>t l ~l.b

..IL...o..>~1 ulo~ t7-..r"~ 4-::-1..>..I1..1~~ U"'JUI ~tl J~Jll~ b..>JJ~ (o.:i~~ u i~,~

. C;GlI J4.11 , ~~I ~~I

,"<..111, 1•. ~.:.,t1 I ~1;;""l..U.J ':.11 .~,," ~t1 •. "" l.o.::i..b~l t:k~Iu.b~i 0 f. ,~ ~~ -.9 t ,J-rC> , , rr- t.:r.)-"" ~?' U":!"'..>..>:!~ r t"', ..) ..;

b3~ J~i ~ 1l,J~i u~~I &!~Il'~i ~J et!u.):!.1ii d- ~.,>LiJ' CE''''J..>.11 .IL::..:i~I) ~l:..>' i . ....g

<l:>. I~ L'e..k 4le.l11 ohL:..j Lo.S: • d 0 t;j o.U l..:i111 ~ I . [.j ..." ., 1_.,. Lo......J ' - ..111' Lob.,;,1I ~j• .Jr"s- •.. . t:j tlJ-A ~-'''>: ~~-"~.JJ . ~ -~- l'_.

:~~~~I

" u:J.1 t .. 1_.) I.. ~ .,.,,, I ~I j..b:il u:J.1 J,.JJ' ~I~I I~~ 4.J ,:,-"11 JL..c~1~..> ~ "iI":'~-.9t>-"" " V" ...>. "~

~ (v. "

15

(i)

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
\C\t\i f'W ~~I.r.!..>[]:;J1 :~~till \::I~~I ~L:;..>-! 0.0 ~WI ~I.;I~~ 4:..>2,,; ... ;11 Jk~1

~~ \" ~.) ..>:.rU1) 4-J=.:~ .::.G.)WI,J \::I,J-O)U 4:J.uJ1 \::jL.,j.Jl,J \::I,J-O~I ~I..>-" ~Lu.i ~

f'1.>-'-:'J:Wl1 ~ d.4~ ':'0';";2'" <?~I,J' (~I';'~~,Ji ~i.:,.o ~~ L.,J 4:~I4:~1 JL....::..)~I

~~I~I

~JjJ}:11 ~LS: , ,JJI..,)fi ,..>..J",9:') 4: j...Fl1,J \:: I,J-O)U <?J.uJ1 J=.b..:ill .:,'~ ~I Ub. C~

~ \ C\C\V ,J;!L./..>~i ~ I..I:!~' cr'~ ~ JiU,..u ~G J.=~ 4:..>4J1d~l,J (\C\C\o

~I ci~1 c./' ~ dJ:WlIj\::I,J-O~I.::.~~,J 4-i~ i;~I.::.~Y~ Lb.r.!'u:;~~I o;->,i,J o.Jf.;r

.::.L.~I~ &l. ,u,j -·YLJl...i:i....uI~ I~ i;~I.::.LY·II ·~Id'-·~-:II :L·II·~ IL~L;JI~ .~ ~,. . r.r- ~ .y ~ __. ~~.y.J->y. •

.~I ,,~i 0.0 0:!~1 J,JG:;...~

J=.h:i~ 0-" Jh:JI 4212; ,7.;11 ~~4 bL.;Jl.::.lo~4 f'Lo..:i...bYI t-" ~~I e....b~i,J o.;f.;f'

. (i;~1 ~I) -=.J,j-ll. f' ~I~~1,Jj.F1l <s~1 ~1).10-0 ..I:!..wl 4:~~I 4:~Ij\::I~~1

~l.>-"~I ~~~ <sJ~ ~i ..,k,J \::1,j-4~1 ~Lj~ Udl 4 ij /'J~~I t>.l...<b.:,i~~I '::'J~,J- --:~--:II~i'i 1~~I,-..u;I:'· .~u.~I •. L~-:1I1 L)I' ~WI.I ~1~i;J ~~ u r.r-. rs V",J _ '-ti':'~ le _ ~. \::~ - ~-

i; -:~It I ~I G .~ ( . '.~-: ... I •. ~ ,'·-:11/ W 11' ~L:JI I 'YI J.,.J:...:i~ •.)-"-""" \::;;-0 ct-" ~~ ... _.) ~.~ '-1t':'~ .( ...Y ~. \:: ',J-4... v-o~,Ji ~WI Jl..b.;jl..,k \::I;;-oi \::JW~WJ-4~ 0-:~1 ~I "W:...ci b~~,J ~ " •• \ - \C\C\V

. U""~I I~ (\" - '-:' \:: i J) i ~ji1I..:.~I,J. J~I 1.lA ~ 4S:,)WJ.1~~~I J~I

~ Lb f'..I.ii.:i .:,.o.J,?: ~ ..:..J>~,J .~~ till \:: I,J-O~ I~G,;-:l J."WJ1~J ..I:!..1.:?o .:,.0~ I .::.~i,J o.J f.; f

4:~1 c~)b \::I~~I d- d ,0,o;;II,J ~L...~I..:.L.#I~~ tik..:il14:~I..:.L.~I..:.Y4--00.0~I ~

t.~i ..:.,;Ji,J' I L. ~~~i ..u~~~I \::I,J-O~I ~G..>-! ,;lo6l ~ J~I t>.lA~':;~,J' d 2::' L",t1

~ <GU d....l.k. ,~~ ,,~)U G <Gi 11 ~L..;I, G·II 1.lA . b·l.~~-:II ~ o.-Ul·_ 1 WLJI ~~L... , ... :.J • lJ ~ '..>-! tS', ,~ '.J"':' <:t ....~~ . ~ .... ..~~l:iIl 4.J.."WI J.).II~&j~ ~ ' i;~ d~i J)l;. 0.0,J i;~~ J,;.b.:

~~L:i11 \:: l,...~1 ~G..>-! ,:;~ (\" - '-:' \:: i J) 0 ~,,:tll ~I ..:.~I t>~i .fij L. ) 061~,J o.Jf.;O

. 4...,d~j I ~.)J..J1~ L. b,;ill

16

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
u.4l~..9 - 4-: ~1..9 \i: t.~"YI ~~ ~I ~.;iJ1 J:.;lII~..9.)..9..1 00.:"i",,,~~I ,-,,7,9[.j ~ 0 ,;i,;\

bi~ _<w~~L ~'lll - L..;UI - - ..I110W L:. ii -: All J)l:. -All,,. i .:JI . ·<11 l:uJL...!J ,_ t ,t.F _ ~.)..9 ... - j'-'" <.J-:.T'"'')~ i.:? ~ (. - -

~~~ 'll..9' ,,~)U ~4 r411 J4J1 Il.b ~ ~jl..li ~I~' ~~;'lll ulj r4-l10-"~I ..I~~

~ 4-:~I..9~I~I..9\i:t.~."YI rl~4~~i ~1.>:'~jidJj~ ~, ~)~I ~li...:J1 ulj~I~1

o~ r~ h~l ..I),J1llli LL.u ~.)..G ~ ~~I ~~, cUL5:..9 _~..I~I ~I~I ).11 ~ 4-a1~1

~.,.r:ill ~ ~l..aJ1 0-" ..I..f 'll ~ 0-"..9L~~ (S..r--:JI ~~..r.J1 ~~ ~Yl 0-" ~41I..9 ii.&' 4.c~1- ...

~I ui.91..9' o)lc.i ii..l)~1 J.,I~I "y.O~..9 '~~~..9' i.:?~1 ~G..r.J' ~l~~ ~~;'ll' J:~..9

("l.ill ~ d.L..,.,1)'4 <Lk li..:.1>"..9~~I (.ji-L. <G~ ii.)..9~~ u..l~ ~ , ~~I J:~I "W:.j1 ii..l~1 ~

ii L..::...I.:<-:l/ Jij I~ ..I..J~I 'li.,j..l'o.< - - All~ G '.< - ii - I~ t....=...,i ,-,99.il - J YI~ _ -~."......,.... r..s- _ ..9 _ ~j'..J-:..)-"'-' ~ .>:'~.;-J .)..9~ r..s- _ ..9 ~

J.,WI J=.;-iI1 0-<> ~1~..9' JL:...c.YI J~~ 0-" \0 ~l ).11~ ..1..\..&..0.11 I~ (S?i ul"I~1.:G..:i:i..9' 6L..:;.,

.)~'ll4 Iki , ~l <w.)..9..1 ~ d9.: 9..1 d:....u1.)..1 ~~I J:~I ~ )~'ll 4....jJUI u~I4..u.,I.)..1 (,?.)~'lll

_ ii:' ClI.:;jII,":..1 -dJj,.,l..J~~I~-i I YI G -:1_-:·L:......9~h.l.:i11 -YI-AII~i~ ~...>..9 t.F. - _ - 0..9 \i: >" ~ ~~ _ . _ (S">= ~.T'"'

~ <W~~..9i J:~..9 ~.;iJ1 J:.;lI1~p.; ~1 'E"">: I~~ bjiia ~ 0i ~.;lI1 J:.;iJ1 ~.) ~1 (oJ ~..9

- i.:?.)L...t:i..u..'ll1 J.,WI J:.;.D ~l:ill ii.)J..I11~

..I.J.=J.I~I ~ i.:?~1 ..l.w::»1 uG~ 0-" CWWW) uuih1J ~WI ~I),I u~ ~I ~~I \,; \,; \

dJjS~ ... I _(V •• - ~1~.II)~~I)1 I-YI4.L·LtI~I· J''llI..I.6J.I- ·1.:;j1,,·-'1 . ....il~~ ~.) _ -~ _ I.J-':'" ...'-"""' u-" ~ • '-""".,r ~ c,r

0-" ~)4 <Gi ui...>..9' u~1 ol.b (;-4 ~)i14 ~~I ~~I ..I~~ 4....Lb..9 ii..l~ uI~ .)I~ ~l.:J1 ~~I

L." ii~YI uI~1 ~ di:';II..9~~I uL.,I~1 0-" ii.)JL..:J1 dti ~L:....9' uGl:-:J1 ..>:.)~ ~ ~yb~1 u~l

- ~~l ~;'lll bfll~~ ~L:....9' d..b==:..ll J.bl:..o~~ b..>:fi ulp ~l.lA dl~

~G.h....::.'lll e:-:I~I 0-" d,,.,I; i",11 ~..r--:JI uGL::JI0-"u~ii~>" 4.c~ ~I ~~I..9 \,; \,;"

("~I..9~ e:-:GJ1i.:?.)W:.::i.......'ll1 J.,WI J:!.;iJ1 4=-" ~,~ .)..I~ 0-" b..l)..9U~..u. '-"'.L....i~~ <:?11

(IOC)u~l f""kJ ~fi.:J1 ;{h..l11 ~1..9 (WCRP) ~L;J,I':"~ ~Wl ~G.r.JI,J (OCOS) t Lal ~) ~Wl

..IL..::.}JI.~ 0.:7 ..:J~I ~ 0c. )-,_.±.:i.u.'l!I..9 ~1~~l.:S}:/1 ~l:..b..::.'11 ~ljiJ4 ~I ~>"-'I J:.;iJ1~~b

- (lODE) ~I~';'l..:-S;'lll u~~ ~..9..111 JJ4.:i1'..9(IOOSS) ..:.~I..:.L.,~ J.,~I ~WI ("~J..9 ~~I ~~l

,~I~ ~W:......::.'lll t-:'I~I ("4-a b.:b; it t.e.Lb u~..I-<> ~~~ ol.b d~1 4.c~ 0i ~.)..Ii..9

J~~ 0-" "\.)~ ~I ~ ii~l1l..9 ~I ~ ~l ~ ~.)w. <:?1 1d O~911 wL....l4 (.~.)'lll (;-4 t~ u.b~i..9

uGl::JI0-" d ..~J.1ul1 vOl~1 ~~ 0i ~I~~~;'lll~~'lll ~ljil4 ~I.).,;ul ~1~..9· JL..s:.YI

. ~..ILa11 ~.)J..I1I0.:7 L., bjiill J)l:.~~~4 ~l:..b..::.'lll ~ljiJl 0-" d(,.,1; i".11 ~~I

17

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~WI ~~I..9(GOOS) u~1 .J-o.-:» ~WI ~~~I u~1 ~i ~L...:iAjll (!::4 4111.:;J;..:".jI..9 ',; \,;f

~I - ~I Jla..c.i' _:..- <l.>~I 1WI . Lal WI ..I J::.,i' Wl' 'W \'1 uGWI' . Lal J-<.,::,)_ ~ u-o~ . . ..9 er (. ...)-" ~ . vc _ J'~ _ l..9 _ • u-o (.

t Lal ~) ~WI ~~I..9 (GOOS) u~1 ..\.t..Q) ~WI ~~I ~ ~~I t Lal ~I';-':'\' .::.~I ~.)-!

J-<.,::, L..L:.:..I_~. :.11- .~II '1.:11 :;~II I~Lla..:i.c.I,(WCRP)L:..LaI<!:,,·_·1I IWI G·II (GCOS).) ~ ..>:~ ~ ~..r-' r.,F 'T""' ..>:~ r.s- - ~ r.r ct-"..>-:' ..9

(DBCP) uGL:-:J1~ WWI dhll J4-0~ ~~I J:~ J-= ~I u.a.k...9' \/\,/\,o ~~ ~~.u ,:?.:JI .::.~I

~..94]L.u:J.1 ulal~1 ct-"I.J:":' Uh:ill d~1 boU;W ~4J~ (IGOSS) .::.~I .::.la..1dJ J,c.~1 ~WI ~~I..9

if"~1 J:.,)JI 4...oL.;,..9' ,:?~I J,....Q)I F ~I J,c.WI l¥:~ JI~..9· JI~I ~ (SOO) ~~I J-<.,::,)I

J:~I Jla..c.i~ 0C t-=~ ~i, ~1.;.c.~l..:J;jll ~G.h....:81 t-=1>'1~ ~1.).;uI..9~,J1J1 J-<.,::,)I~~I

d.::li l bJ~ (,S.)l......::,..] J~ ~i..9 (ooPC) ~Lal ~1.;.c.)U u~1 J-<.,::,.)-! ~1..9 GOOSIGCOSIWCRP ~y...J:J.1

. :t.:;..l:J1 ~J ~ ~WI t Lal d ....... I.)J~..J ~JJ.::J.I d-;J..b:i.I.I

... IL\'I JL.....t.J ....s:).1 ~II L..L;:, - .- :.1/ - ~II JL....c.i L<>-..:i..ol81 t""'=ui ~I ~jI ,\ i~ • '..)'~ ~~~Y'"' ~ (!::4 _ • ..9 ,;,;

~',-= L..l.c u.h~i..9 . ~\'l JL.u;J ~).I J,....Q)I tL..L;:, J4--0 ~L~ ~,J11 ~I).I ..>:~ ~ jI..9 ' (COSNA)

loy>L l.oll~ ~\'I J~ ~ ~~I dJ,....Q)1 ':>:~..9 (CGC)~~~I J:.)JI u~,J:i i)"i d"I..r.--1

uL.......L....:QJ1 G·I~l.:.Il -: ...:-:II~ UI . 'w\'I.::.~L :.1/ \'1 - ~1I~'~J~;L~b" i.. ct-"..>-:' . ~ . J .. jL~ .. l..9 •~ ':FJ.JJ ~j'" ......>'6-7'

4-=J .l.C,L......,:; ~i ~ ujl4--0 ~~ ~i d.) ,~~~I ~..9' (ASAP)~I (]..A~~I ,,1.J+ll ~L.,J:i;jll

:. 1I ..l.J~ I Alii .:;. ~ I .::. L.a.....h:; 4.:...::JI1 .::.ki dJ.:J . Le.. Lt I J-<.,::, 11 .' ':: 1.-:. L.u.,g :t....::. L.;, , b i 4.:...::JI1~ .. . if"Y'"' ~Y'"' ... J _:..'r"'" '..)' ~~ _ ~ _.

~)I~ uG~ ~ ~\'I JL.c....tJ ~).l ~)l tL..L;:,U~~ d- ~I..>: J.-; ~,,1J1 J-<.,::,.)I~

~ . i oo.IL\, 1JL.c..iJ ~).I ~ 11 L..L;:, - .- :.11" ~II Ut.........:. - .~ cr-J.I ·_:11 I~ La.......,.. jI ,~,J-b11.. u..9~ .. '..)' ~ ~~ ~j'" _ ~":? ... ~ c.r- .. ..9 _

. d" I.r.--l~ tJ:! la

~.J' ~ ~I ~ ~..r--:JI ~~IJ d.: ... bll,ll ~I..>'~~;jlldJ-<.,::,)1~~',-= We 411' u..h6.i ',;",; \

~y;J1 J~.)\'I ula..G..~~ ~J:i ~W' ~ u~1~~ .::.G~ ..l:!..9.>i ~ ~~ lb~~ JI.:>: jI ~I

~~ ~~I ~)I w.L... uG~ ~i ..l:!1~ l.ollJ~1 ..l:!~ ~ u..6i..9' "I~I ~~I <!:,,~I ~1.)-!..9

~WI t~1 ~J' (WWW) u-..ih1J d:.:lW1 ~I.;-Jl t-=l.:.Il (GOS) ~WI ~)I tL..L:.:. ~ ~L......,j ~~- - - - -u~1 ~ljO J~ ~ ~Wl tLaI ct-"1.)-!~..9' (GOOS) ul..¥J.l.\.<.<:l) ~Wl t~IJ (GCOS) tLaI .\.<.<:l)

~ d',.: 11' ... ill 4.L:.1,J-O b.)J"""':'~ ~1.-..u;1 ,~~}I ~J' ~,J-b11 .\.<.<:l)1 w.L... uG~ ~ i~ L~I

J)I,.;. ~J ~)lJIJ~I .::.jI~)IJ ~Wl tl.J;:JI~~I ~}I ~ ~L:i.lI..>:.)l.i:i.Il ~,J:iJ ~J~~

. ul..¥J.l~ W..o l.oll~I,J:i..9 (MCSS) ~~I ~WI u~1 ct-"G.)-!

~y;J1 JL...:.;jll~ J,.:..IJ "I..,......., '::'.>-7' ~I ~I ~\'I4]J: ~I ~~I , J4-uJ1 1.lA ~J ',;",; "

~J' l.oll~l,J:i i)J~.)J ~10-0 b.)JL..:JI ~y;J1 JL...:..)\'I..>:.)lti~~ ~..J-4-: ' ';-:"i~~ Ji ~~I

: ~t..=.. ~-'= ~\'I boU

18

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
f'WI~1

d::~1 UeW:J1 ~1..rl1.,;:).i;~~,J' ~I ~I..rll ~1">;~"~b~1 d2::,2'" . oil/ d"I~¥1

~ b~1~4 (RSMC) d::~f J~pu ,""o,o;ill ~¥I ~I..>; §.JA LA.)~ ~I d::~ ~I,J

~ "L::.c.~' d)J¥1~ ~,J..JI d::..r=--:J'~~1iJ1 d::~1 ~)WI ~~.Jji <§.:JI <§.)J..JI ,":,,~I

~W'~ t";'l:i.J1 ~,J-bJ1 ~)I.Ji.u.~G..>; ~ ~)....:J.l ~ \~'2? ,7,;1' eJ';,7'o/u-iuJ1~L.,J

~ d::~1 J~.))U

~I I • ~.lr. 'l!1 L.:. -:1/. '1. 11 . 4.,.._1/ J~ ~I ~t:.1 t ~I :LJ ..JI ~I/L..I ..J14.:i6J1~ .) tF.) er i...>'~ c.r ~~ .) ~~ ($',J _l.9 - ~.)

b'1>J1 4..b.....u1-J-;! d::~1 ,::.8L...,:;Jl14,J..J1 ~I,J (ICS)<§~I j:iJJ ~,J..JI U,;-ilI,J4,JJJI d::~1

\ '\ '\ i ~/JJ1=i ~ wJ.iJ ~ ~,J..J I d::..r=--:J I~~) I .).11 ~ .:..,ili.,J' (Inmarsat)~~ '11

.~I~ L.t.J.k~I ,,~Iy.1 ~ d::~1 J~)'I ~y. d2o_~~1 ~I.)..JI .:..W:JI .ill,j$;,J

(i)

.......,,) I .,;:.)U.jj <r~I .b...u~ I,J c)4 ~ 1J..u11 J!~J,J~ f' W.cll'11 co L..1:.~ I .::J:,.~i,J "\.; " .;r,,~i ~.J->.Jwl..>;,).::..~ J% ~.;l11 d::~1 J~.)~l &JA L.t.l.il:; ~I,J (SHIP) d::~..::..l..b..o 0A .)J~I ~I

olAl~l ~)I ..r;.)1j:; J~ J.:1.J=i "I,;! 4=-~) ~~I ~.J'i,J' \ '\'\"\ J! \'\'\i 0-c .=..JGJI d~1 b~

11\'\'\,' 1 ~IJ)l;..b~~1/ ··4:.jWi.J~UI '''lA . '~I/t...·-I/JL...:."1I-' ~UJ:;-:I/($'" V" f' :.¥- ~ ~.) . ~ ~~j"J)J-':'" .) ~..;-o c.,r"

, ~L.A:,lI U,JG.o d 2;ijj~ Jl'41li. '->~ ~~I .......,,)1~.:..G~ ~ ~ bJl:,).l1 olAl..::..its: JJ,J. \'\'\"1

~ ci)1 0A .l;!.)-o"~ ~~ L..o, .J.L..JI U-o ~,Ji r-JWI "Wi ~ ~J..::JI~..r..,-:,lI7..s-ily.1 ~ "I~

ji...J c)4~1 J..u11 ..11..1,): wi .:..~I ~Iw~' d::~1 JI~"11 .......,,) ~i ~~ c)L::i14 &,J~I ~~o~ ~w·~ le;2,,,=-j~~~I..l-=)1 ~~I~I ~lwi.:..1.) ~,J. b~bJl:,;~~1 .......,,)1

1.)J..l ,,~Iy.1 ~ ~.r.JI JL..o.)"1I~".,. ~ <§J~.bU:"j,y.,J' ~J~ ~~ ~I ~I~ J! ~ILa~ <§..r=--:JI J,..9:J1 ~,J..JI ~.,>iJI,J ~,J..JI d::..r--:J14..&l.1 0A~ LA.,;:.a; d- ~I ~.J'i ..l~l 1:U~,J' 'l:~

, ~~l ~)I~ ~G..>; ~ ~.)WJ.I ~ ~L::.c.i~ J~ 0A~~ <tJ~

~l..S, ~) ~L.:i11 ~.)J..l ~~,J ~L....:'11 FJI~ $~ ,->",...;..i b..;-o 411..::..~j,J "\.;".;f

~~I f'~I.)Lb! ~~I ci)1 ~ ..::..G4:J1 bJ,J-70 ~I.;l d"I.>-?'! (\'\AA .,;:I~/.b~ - .J:G....J~l.iI,

I~..;-o ~.u b~1 ~4~I J~,.,)U ,",,0'0;;11 ~~I ~I~ §...;-o wi,J~)lJI,J ~1..::..'1L.A;Jl1

~I..>; §.JA f'1j,J' o:U ~I..rll d"IJ?-!)~4C~.)'11 CO t.:.k .:...b~i,J' d::~1 d2=- 6",11 .:..G~I ~1..rl1~1.)

4S I..roJlUoLS ~L:u~ Uow, d::~~,J d::~ .,;:.)Ui t=~,J JI~H ~~I JL..::..;YJ ,",,°1 0; ill ~'il

U·~·lo.b. ~1.:...b~i,J' 42"'b,,,11 Cl:)h~I.b.L..;JI..::..I~.)cj.4:k~ 'J t:?1 ~I d-~d..o~",

~I i" ,; i ",i ~101..J.:l1dt ~ ~~I .JL...c;'11 132""'; ~I.)-O ~~I~ ..>;.)li:iJ1 t,)ji~I ;WL,i

~~~I .......,,)1 0L-u .:..G~ bJ~ ~ ~~I d;2 'II=- ;14~I ':"JL.:.i,J, ~I..rll .,;:.)Ui~ b~:lll

~G.o ~ ~J...9-6-?- ~I".,. ~ ~I "l.....Q.ci~,J, ~1..rl1.,;:.)li:iJ ~G.o .:..~I ~I d2=-p ·oill d~I~¥1

~I ~l:i.lI,J ~I,).I d" IJ?-H .J:~I CO~I ..:ubY,J.~I ci)1 ~ ~IJA ~G~ ~i'y>,J~G~I I.:u. ~~

, ~~I ..l.<.<:»1~ .J:.;lii:i J~ c"ruJJI ..lb:i'11 L.t.~1

19

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
-- -11 ~It djoj~11 At:.·.tl· ~. ~ I. ~ :..., c(,jL L.a...:iJl~1 ~I ~~ "\ ~ 0~ ,j'" """' r- u-o ~ ~~i:?~ . t" t-". ,J.J .J

ii,)-4~I ..::.~i,J' ~r11 ~.;ll ~,J ~~l ~)I ~~~I cJ..a~ d":d-=~I JL......>!J ~I.;C~~;~I,J

~1..rC-~~;~I,J 4.:~1 ..lL..:..>\'1 ..>:).i:j .-..:Siji,J ii..l..J-70~~ii~ ..::.~L::.. ~ ..w:.L...:i ~\'I 0'~ 4:i.> l5..r=..i

. ;Ul:JI..::.~·Lu..:>.lI ~.- 'i~1 d '~II'- I~ ~dl At:.~ll I.~:..., .~I.:.:II ..J.' ~·II· ii ..lL...:J1~ _ ,J :J-I u. .> ~ 0'-" cs- ~ r-~~~ l5 ,J u--"""" u-o .>

: ):,:ic.~1

(i)

4.o~1 ~L...:~L..;. ~)L.o ..>:.>1.iJ1 ~ji,J~,J ii..l-'7'~~ 6lJS:,J u.a:;j.ll t"lJ;:J1 ~(j ..::.~'w j..b

~ ..::.l.iL::J1 JL.....>!J 4.:~1 JI.y..\' I~) ~10i-0~ GL::..

~'.:.~i i:?.:J1 ,~I cJ..a~ d~)1 ~1 ~ ~1..>:.}:il4 ~1"::'..lL...:u1, ~\'1.>U:.1~,J "\.J~.J"\

la,J4.:~I4.:~1 ..lL..::.;~I..>:.>li:i u......L....~~..r~J1,J4.:~~1 ~4 4:.;S.:.~ ~ i:?.:JI,J (w.)) ..l:!):ij,J-4l. t"

ii..l!.:':' J1 ~I)l ~..l~ ~ .,~)U I~ 'la+a~ ..>:.}:ill 1l.tl0~ ..::.,.ra1,J. ~1..rC-~~,J1 ~1 ~ 4:' ¥..>:

ii~ ~L.u.... dJl.i.A ~i ~I d.>, <L....aJ.j .::.:gJI~,J' ~~I ~)I.J.L.u C>.o ..::.l.iL::J1~~I ~~,J~\'I

:~~,J' ~Il:" ,oj1jj ..::.l.il-=-:JI JL.....>!J d,,1.t..Q)1 ~'L; Jk:i:i l5"p-i

,)-4\'I~,J' 4..:~1 d~)1 dJj~ ~, Ul:i..:..o t"4-l ~j.o F '~L::.. ii..l:!~1 ~I~ l5.r:--: (":"')

~WI t"lJ;:J1 )..61~ ~I.:.l.tl 4J.....ji ~14:.J..;-::J1 ..lL..:..>\'I..::.l.i~ t=~,J .,li:i......1~..l~1 J~

~ ¥L-u)IJ I,J ¥L..J I ..::.~L:.:i)IJ

20

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~,j.l.1 A t:.",11 d!j "Lw, . -11 "W'I J.::.-...,.J ~L. .J...<..:::»I uI }-J J.e~. L:; I~ .J;li..:J1 ~1r-- t.F" t}.>-=--:' C . ". J ~.; r.s- ~

~ ~I ulj ~b~.1 wL:.~IJ

;r,~ <:? ~L.ui I~J .JJJ~ ~I.,ll <:? 4:,.r.J1 JL..::.J·~I ~J-O 0t~ 4-il.a:!~ tS-'p-i i;j'l~I wJS:ij \.)".)v<:? 4:~1 JL..::,JYI~.,l ~/~I.;J ~ u-l! C~)j tLw.A~ WJW,lj , l+il..w. J..j~j ~~l J...<..o)1 0k

.):!Wl c-a~~ ~. \~'\\ ~/J~1 <:? 0"l.j] <:? Yj..ul 4:~1~ ~)I.;-ill <:? w..I.U. ,,~I.,ll

~jJ11 d.g.;-iJIJ ~J..ul 4:~1 ~IJ 4:~1 JL..::..;)U 4:lW1~~~I 4:l.c)1~ w.ili. ~I ~1.;..ullli:J1

~1.;J1Illi:J1 0'L: ..:.ub~J' (Inmarsat) ~L:...b.••:::81 ~I~I 4.b....u1.J:' 4:~1 w~L::.:iJlJ ~jJ11 ~Ij t}~1 J:Wl

<JWI JLWI~ ~l.,ll <:? 4.:,.r.J1 JL..::,.;YI ~J-O wL,~.J:A ~ ~IJ-O' ~ L,~ <:?'~~1.J..ullli:J1 0~ .):!illl c-a We. w.1l..::..1J !..as: • ~~I J-i-.::l)1 tJi..u uI~J ~)l ~L..uiJ r"'Jw,.J!J ~.;J:ij

:sri: la u1J L:.:;' w~ji i;~ ~J

~I w~L....diJlJ <JL.JI tU;:J1~ (SHIP) 4:...>-=>-: d ..b-"'-'> ~ JJLdI~I ..l-L-::::»I'):!.JLii (J)

~ ~JlJIJ

~1j~IJ..u1 ;;;;'-",11 ,-,~;>.', ~.J_!':'c ~JL:JI l+i.)jJ~ iilillJ ~14i:-) 'W-Jj d!j d-~J \.)".)/\

:sri: La: ~jij~l.,ll ~ 4:~1 JL..::..;YI ~~

).11 ~ (SOO) ~..rJ1 J...<..o)1 tJi..u ~L:...r.' ~J <:t~J.,l1 <:t 4.:~1 JL..::.)/1 ~J-O ~ bJ~~1 (i)

~ (IGOSS) w~l wla~ J.e~1 <JWI tlJ;.if1

21

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~~l:iJ1 ~~I ~)WI ~ ~l ~~l ..lL:.pu ~WI ~I~ 0-0~J (I~I r-;J.S.i ('7')

~)I .Jhu ~L,~ ~ ~)......w.1 ~ ~I d)LoJ ulofi..=J1~~.~ j.o..,.lJ ~J..JI ~~I

~~~I

~~I .4.<:»1~uL,~ ~y~~u Jal.c U"'2oii ~i 4Jl1 d J ~l Uhll u~y-!Jh:i: ~J" ,,~Iy,1 ~ ~~I ..lL::.J'tI~,J-4 4-c~ c?'1 d..o~IJ

~I, b)ki ~j ~,~Iy,1~ ~~I ..lL:.J't1 ~,J-4J ~~I ..w=.)1~~i rt~ I~J \;'(J'\

~)I~ ,y:::>L.;j1 ~)I tJ~ ~~u~ - (\ \ - '7' ~ i J) 0 ~yll ~l.:.)-'-U ~ "u:~1 ~ ~I

J=p t;'ll ~~I ..w=.)1~~ J:') "L..;:wl~ (,02i .-,90:;'-'" (VSOP-NA) ~'tl ~I JW - ~~I

..w=.)1~ Uh:i1 11.:L..:.sJ 10-O..l..w L.!:-".:,JlJI~I ~IJ~..JI..r.:9,ji.; ~~~I ..w=.)1F~I JaWI

, Jlo..c.'tl JJ..l7 0-0 ~I IlA~ 4 J..J.1 ~1y,1 ~l ;UW~~J" ~Iy,l ~ 4:.:~1 ..lL:.J't1 ~~J ~.,bJ1

~~l ~ '1 , ~ 0'"'J"w rlJ ~ ~Ji ulj ~1,J-4 iiy.t..e. ~..ll.:J1 43...lJ..l~~I ~~I S,WI~

~It~ 0-0~~~I ~)I ~ i:?~l J.:b.:i ..l1..lLl-J~I .J:)~ 0..0 uI~1 ~ e.-9h

. t~y,1 l.i..ll ~~ ii~1 uI"I...P.'~1 Jk'tl JJJ.:;-- 0-0 \0 ~I ~J"~I

ulo~ J-o~1 I G../I l..l:.:J1 Lbl "~-I/ ~)I "" L,.bU:u LuAL.. ~I ~'1 "\ '( \.c,r ~ J.cF - ~ ~{t-"..>:' ~ ". J J J

~ ;;L.t.:J.1 (XBT) ;;..l~JlJIJk't/ ii).)""" 0'"'~ ii~i~~.IoLW r-l..l:.:J1 I~ ~~ ~I ..l~~J u~1- -0'"'L....ui~ (WOCE) u~l ~..rJ ~WI ~..;-::.:;JIJ (TOGA) ~WI ~I e.-9)li1IJ ~)..J.I u~l ~L,..>:' JLbl

~..l ~u~ ~I ul.'i:-hU <?)~I ~I..l:!~ ~~~I b~ ~~.::.uhJ-i W::. J-:..'tl J=~ ~,t"j

. ~WI t L:JI uL..uIJ..l

b~ ~i ~l ii~ ~yJl ~)I ~J ~,;.bJ1 ..w=.)/ 0k~ 0-.9~1 ~ji~~~I u.,r9iJ \J '( J \ \

L;>Iy,1 ~ ~~I ..lL::.J't1~~ JJ..l ~'~ .::.uhJ-iJ . 4..b;lji..o ~I~'t ii~ ~~ .Jfi:i lo 4Jli.~I"._11 ..l.JJ.::J1 ~I/ I.:; .. ~I~ dI.:J . I.~., 11 ":t......;-II ..w=.)1 "" .b.L~ I~I ~L.....d ~L.,~ -" ~Y""' ~~ " J ~ r _ Y""' ~ ~ -- - • •

Ja~1 <JWI ~L,..;-;Jl t;'l:iJIJ ~y.ll ~)I~~I J=..rtJ1 c.a dly....t'1~ .u.; ~.~ ~,;.bJ1 ~)I~

ii..l~';/I dlj ~ ~,~yJl .40)1 ~J~,;.bJ1 ..w=.)I0hu~i~ 0-.9l..uJ1~IJ~u~1 ulo~

" ~i ws: ~1y,1 ~ ~~I ..lL::.}ll~,J-4 0-0 4S~1

22

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~r;J1 u[.j4-:J1~~ ~I,J UL..u.l1 L:.l1J1 uLb..::.l1~ 4:>La=! ..I:~ 0-a ~I o..L5:i \-Jr'-J'

ulbll ,.>:uU:; ..d.lC.i ~)-;l->=illl,J r~~1 r:a .:J;.:..~,J' uLb:~,t1 ~ ~[.jJ1 j..bW.I0-" ~L.u~1 ~I~~~;~I,J

b~b~~ .,Jj u[.j~l b'u b..l..9":'" 0i,J uJ:ly ~ ~)lJI,J~I u~L.....:.:i)IJ ~WI rLJ;.:J1~ WWI

..:,[.j4:l 1~~WI ulbll J~ C; C1J~1 J:~ ..l.J+70 Jl..l~ ~I F,J , u.;:;.)J..J1 ~ L" b~1 J)l;.

0~ ~L:i~ 0-a b~1 u~~>,I,J L...u~.J ~ 0-a J.!,}.>;lI.J 0~l:l1 4:~ ~l uL...I.>..J~ ~~ ~. (DBCP)

~,J(sJ4J1 ~I '-;'~ ~~ ~I.....g)lill/~I ~) d;!~ll WLJI ulbllu~~ t::'"'-"~ ~~l

~ u[.j~1 d~"J.a~~.)ii;>~~~Ib'u~0i~I d..>..9' c}ljill ~~I~~1~~I~l

~I).lu~~ b.J~l '-:"'?"~ <f.:ul~I 0-a 1~ C.u ~l.i..b 0'4 ~.>Ji ~.J ' u~1 j..b~ 0-a J:-wl

. j..bW.1 b'u 0-a b..l)YI u[.j~1 0-a c.~1 rr-"1j;l.J t W.I ..u..=.) ~WI rLJ;.:J1.J vuihll ~WI

, <?~I ~I.J ~~I ~I '-;'~ ~ ~L.JI u~ b..l.:;~~! ~.JG.:; rr-"Ij-;l "L;,.j!

~I ti..olyll ~4-I1 Jk~l,J ~ j..bGlI bl.b ~ WWI ulbll uL:.~~ C; b~ d..l~.J d- u~i

ulb.-all ~.J..JI rr-"[.j..r-;lI.J' (EGOS) u~1 u~~l c.F.J..>l~1 J:~ ~l:iJ1 ~I J~ ~"\ a',;

L...~I ~I UUI "~WI uLb:.:...a..lJ I..JI [.j. -11 (IABP) UL..u.tJ1~I ~I 'WWI., ".. r.F '-}".J rr-"..>7' .J - ... r.,r~ (IBPA)

~I d ,00; ill ~1~)l11 ;;..a,J.)l;l~ bJ.Jjll ;(.gL.....u.l1 WWI d.b..cJ1~I f"1~YI ~.J:i.J~

~ (SVP-B)~l ~y-JI rr-"[.jj;l.)Lb! ~

ulkJ.1 u[.j~ t I~i ~~~ (BUFR) ~~I ..lL:,.)~1 u[,j~~.rJ ~t:.:iJ1 ~WI (jyWJl t::'"'-".J:i

~WWI

u[,jL...J1 • ~ _I WWI ulkJ.1 JGu. " lLiJl ".I"cW --I" U,WI ~L. JW=i.u,1~ I,. .t;l1.:J1., c-:- " r.F vJ 1...9::!.)-"'. jU.. "" ~

. http://dbcp.nos.noaa.gov/:~.,ll ~ (DBCP)

(i)

~I) (';"''::' ..l~,J' ~I~ (l...uj~) d.:.:;iUu'. i~.J' J:~ LA~ d- ~rU7~i.J \-Jr'-Jr'

0-a byl; la,J J:~I ~ Jl.UJ1 ~J~~I ,,~i ~,J' I~j.a ..l.CLii,J~~ b..La J=~I J"i.> <f.:ul (b~1

23

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~u~1 f# ~fi.:J1 ~JJ.!I ~I (.;) ~I uPJ. d..J;.il1 ~I.>! ~~ b..L;W4 u.1l.£. b..>4 .1.J+7

r-=J.iJ ~.;J.l1 ~~I .1L..::.J~1 &j4 .ill.:6J , ~ 4-=.1J~I ~IJ J:;~I ~~J ~ 4..L:,ljillJ~I ~Jw...,

J.l:~! ~~~ u~iJ' 4-t L b.Jl d.j4;l1 ~I~JJ~I '7'-'""W fl..Jo..i fl..G...:i..u..1~bJ:JYJ~1~~

r-t:- .1J ~J ~i ~ hL:i.l1 47)~1 fl..G..:i....uIJ t=-l.l.£. 4..c:.WI d ..b~1 ~I.>! ~YJ ~~ .1~1 0-0 J:j..o

~I u.1W:.iJ . ~I d...:i..W..oj uL;~1~ 4..c:.WI d ..6.11 J~~ 0-.9 lLiJ1 J:;.} ~~ <f.:J1 ~t.~.:il.1 Jull

. J:;~I d)~ \2 oii ~j rJWI J\..b.j~ 4..c:.WI d ..b.:J1~i~~~I ~I d.:!.1j: (S.:JI \S"'""L.:~/I.)JJ.!~- - - - -~ .J;1..hJ1 ~ J:;.;J.l1 bJ~ ~)j:i ~ -~L:.. ~Wl ~I "L..Q.c.i (SJ.! ~UI .1~1 0~ u~i , <Lu..ii uS~1 ~J

J:;.;J.l1~ .ill.:JJ .(S?i r-t:-.1 ~L......i .1~!~ JVJ ~L....:.! ~~ J.1L.a..., 0 '~',i U:!..>""- ..

~L.uj J4-:!!~~ .1~1 Jl.;U 0~ L>'"""'Ji ~,~i ~~I ~J r-t:- .1 ~i 0-0 dljJ uG~1 F. t~~l Il.b ~ (\" - '-:"' 1Z i J) "\ ~jiJl u~b ~I d02l;J r-t:- .1J J:~ b~

(IGOSS) u~1 ulo~ J-al$:i.ll <}WI rU;:J1 (SJ.!~I ~)I~ LAp do ~I U7y:.iJ \.;f.;t

u~~ L::,b.Jl uL;~1 ~ Jy.o-:JI F 0.a l.b~J di:~II4..c:.WI d ..b.~1 J=l.1 0-0 ~~\I1 ~I b.1I~! ~

J=]J.!I Il.b 0-0 ~~~I ~~..JI~~ (bJ.:>.:il.1 u~~)I) J~ ~J (VO. ~..> d..J;.il1 t~) (ODAS)

: ~ ~ , ;j"i/;IIJ ~L....iI.I 4..c:.WI d.b,,"..l~ ~I(S.?~ Id~~1 . 01;,:, 0: .):!J.iJ1 e:-o lo.k. ~l o,bL:..ij .

uLbJ.1 0'~ u~f ul.o..GJ J-a~1 <}WI fU;:J1 l.b..>~ ~I ~.)J..JI ~~~I ul.o..GJ1 b~

~ .:..~4 L::,b.Jl uGL::J1~J~ (:j.'~t I WWI

i91~1 J:J:.:,..:ij uG~1 ~ b;I.1 b.1I~! ~ <!J~ <f.:J1 ~L..u:J.1 4..c:.WI uLbJ.1 do~I Cj..> .):!fil

0JLulI J:;~J' (Argos) uL....o.:JI i91,J-O J:J:.:,..:ij uG~1 ~ b.1l.c.! rl..Jo..i ..>l.b! ~ (eLS)~~~ICjljiJlJ

~ uG~1~ 4..c:.WI uLbJ.1 J~~

d ..o..G.l J.o~1 <}G.JI r~ Cjl1J1 ;UL...uiJ.1 ~WI d..b.".J,1 ~ 00'0':' i t I ~I~~~;~I ~~I

~~I u~1~ t=jj:>J .11J..c.! ~, ~.;J.l1 ~~I .1L.::.;~1 &,;0 b~~ <f.:JIJ , u~1

~ ~)l1lj~I u~~)l1 <}WI rU;:JI..>l.b!~ 4..c:.WI uLbJ.1 uL;L::J

24

(i)

(d

(i)

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
j.c \.)t ..I.i.;J1) ~~ .;'.,7,;",YJ (.$~''JI J,:aL.....,JI,J ~I.;.e.~~,J·'JI ~~'JI ~I~I

(Jl.=~1 JJ..l-7-

~.) , (b~1 w~~)I) dL:iJ1 .:,l.c~, J . ~ ~I .:,.a rilll -'=~~ rLwA~1 ca L.1:. ~I w.1l:..i \.;i.;'

c).j.l11 J..!4:iJIJw~1 wLa..GJ J-o~1 ~WI r~IJ 4.:~1 d..:~1 ..!L..<,.)~I ~ Lt: ~y...til sr.)-~J1.J=.)-~J1

u.:~iJ' ..l.2..f 0c .)~)l1 <.S';"'~I J.Lu)I.j~I";'~~;~1~L:..b.,"".:81 t:'I,J:iJ4 ~IJ (IODE)~I";'~~;~lwL:.~

~J' ~.).9..J1 ~ l.o b~1 J~ LL..t,.j~ Jl.=i.:,.a et: IJ-Cu l.o~ ~~ ,,~i ~J eU L..t,-,=~ ~L:.. 0c

~ l+i~J~ )..1..0~ ~Lib..~,:81 t:'1~ I 0c J=,;ilJ~) I -'=~ I c,i .).9.)-'-"~~ I w..l;..:>'y --,=..l-:UJ I ~J

r# d..:-a~1 ~J..JI ~I.j~I ~ ~I,;w.t~~ 1,.,..:..,j-o.)..u.::, ~ wl.4=-l1 r~J 4.:~1 4.:~1 ..!L:..)'~I J~

. ~1";'~~Ji ~i 04 ~.b;U-,= LaJ 4.:~1 4.:~1 ..!L..<,.)~I ~i a...L.... ~ n ~.) -,=.;wl ~-J:> w~1

t:'1~1 4.b....u1-J:> wl.4=-l1 ~ ..l.2..f 0c ).L.J:U..LU~~ Jh.:i:~ I~ 4.t,L..t,~.)4 bl..!i b.)L;.:i.c.4 .>:~I I~ ~I W-<.a.ji.j

. rl..l;:;..j~ ~~ eu..:>Ji w: , ~L:..b....::,~1

~J.l11 ~IJ 4.:~1 ..!L..<,.))U ~wl ~I ~~~I ~I ~j..ll (~ L..t,.>:J...ij 0c ~I u.:Y-lJ \.;i.;"

.ill.Js:J , \~~r ~/J~i ~ <J::C.Y-: ~ Ji.c. i:?j.J1 "L;iJI.:,.aw~1 d..l.Lo.>: ~1.jw~1 r# ~~I

w..l;>i.j. w~1 r# ~~I ~J.l11 ~I ca ~1~~4 ~I 4::i~ ~I ~~I l-41liaL..t.lI wbL;J1 ~I.:J.

. ~! JI.).9i r:~ .:,.a.j~~1 ~ ~1.;....:u~I.:,.a I~ 4.:-ol:J1.:,1#1 "l.o.k.:,.a I~ I~~ c,~ L..t,.).9.)-'-" U""L:..~-J:>

~~J -'=~ ~ ..!-.9+7.:,.a cG)~ La~ ~L:'.b.,",,:81 t:'1~1 ~ L..t,.>:.u:i F 0c ~I u.:y-iJ \.;f.;r

w~~ 4.:~ 4-:ti wL:.~1 bl.h '~Ii/ji ill.~~I.bLu;~ wL:.~1 ~jjJ ~I";'~~;~I~L:..b....::,~1 t:'1~1

~~~I I~I b'u .. L~ • I - ~I I~ ~I ~I di..::...illj.J ,~I . I.~ ·-i ..11..1'- b .~<- t:' -'=..J=-' e..F .)~ u=- ~ . J. e..F~ ~.j ~

..-'"'" _ ~ vu u=- I..(j-L.I _ tJ

<?.)'-7J1 ~I";"~~J'~I ~~~I t:'1~1 j.c..>::f...!~.:,.a ~~I wL:.~1 ~'l.;J 4-:tl.c:l ~I w~iJ \.;f.;f

. "I~I ~ "::"~I.jwl.c ..GJI~..J dJ:I.j~1 ,,~~ ~4 r..!Lgll.iliJ1 JJG,. 4J=.Lt:i ~).I dti.ji Gl:..·~

d~''JL,,,..YI.L:.·.IJ~ L:;J1L..c.~~J I·~IG ·.• IIJ.cL.J1 - ~1I<ll. -jJlJ.c-JG ~~I . t:k.w.b~i- r---. t:' - t:'..:r'" ,~ 1..9:..>->". rY-: '! - , r t.t:' .j

~ <.S""':"~I ~)I e::-ol..r.JIJw~1 r# ~~I ~.j.l11 ~I t.t:' ~L,.:iJ4 4.:~1 ..!L:..))U ~WI ~I ~l.ci.j

b..L:>.J-O:Lc.~ 0=fi:J ~l:J.1 ..::.,~ ~wl ~L:...r;JIJ C l:J.1 ..u.::,) ~L.JI r~IJ w~1 ..u.::,) ~wl r~1

t:'1~1~~~~ , (w~1 wL:.~ .illj ~ L.;) ~L:'.b..~::81 t:'1y..l1 wL:.l-=: ~ d:' L'i 011 K....La.:i..a.j- -~~~I t:'1~1 ~J (CGMS) 4.:.J..::J 1..!L:..))U ~L:..b.....::.~1 t:'1~1 ~ J:.;J J=..rh 0c~ ~ ~l:'h..~:81

0-=,;1I"!.J--7--J:> (,,;=i f'L.o:'ub~1 t.t:' L.1:. ~I w.bL::..iJ . (Jk~1 JJ.l7 j.c \.) \ ..I.i.;J1 t~i ~I)(CEOS) ~.)~I ..l.Lo)

25

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
i'~IJ w~1 J..u:» ~WI i'~IJ t WI J..u:» ~WI r~1 0::7~~I ~WI J..u:»1 FJ,,~4~I

. ~WI ~)I~ ~L..b:,'il b'lyJl wL:.l;;: 0-0 ~ji.J:J.1 wl:Jhil1 ~ <;.?.lJ1 (GTOS) ~J"11 ~) ~Wl

~ L.ot..=..J' 4JJ1 JL.b! ~ ~tJ:J.IJ r4J1 JJ..u1~ ,,~¥I bJJ~ ~I d J ' <l..t..u.i.j ~}I ~J \;t,Jo- - -:u....:.ljj..o b~ :t.J;..;l1 ,,~i t~G4.:~1wl..c~ I re..u 4.:-c-l:..6....=.'i I b'lyJ I w L:. l;;: j.a w 4lb=i1 1~~J~1y>

~ J.;L~w~i .ill:JJ . ~I t:y-u J411 l.l..b ~ wL:.~1 ~J~I ~JiJ w~IJ ..:"I~I J-o~

4.:~1 JL....o}JI~ l.!:-! J~'il Jl=~ ~J <;.?~I J..u:»1 F ~I J-oWI J:!~I ).1,! ~ t~~1 Il.e-;

JJ.u:JII.l..b . b~1 ..:,,1,,1 '11..1 - . WI . ·w "11 ~l:..6....=.'i1 IjiJL~ W ~Lu..''il A 1.:.'.11 W ~~Ier ..r::- , YJ _ JCJ-J _ l.9 _ b'. _ _ _ r-. J - .

~~I wL:.l.;..;J1~ - (\ \ - ":-' ~ i J) V~~I ui t~i ~I w~iJ' Jl='iJ1 JJ~ j.a \0 ~l JL.b! ~

.illj.S;J' J~I 4.:JL...u~ ui~ , ~1.;-CYl.:J;'iIJ 4.:~1 ~~I JL....oJ'iJ1 wlo..G..~ ~ LJ-e. by ,7., !l.1I

. ~''iIJ 4.:)yU.u..'i1 b'~~ 4-i'iJ U'L.tl1 l.l..b ~ 4-: ~~I ..:"I"I..r::-¥1

~ : U;g.J1 tl.b..a ~ w~1 ~Iy>" ru-" ~~I ~J..ul bJ~1 U't..; rl.a:i...h'il r:.o L.k 4JJ1 ~L:..iJ \,Jt,J"\

~~~I J:!.,;JI t ~I ~, \~~V J:l~V J;'il LJ:yt:i \V.)! \0 0-0 (W~) ~J~ ~~ "J-o~

,,~IJ ~~I ~)W ~}' b)J¥1 '6 a.1; ;, ~ ~~J' (TOPEXlPOSEIDON) w~1 F ~I~~

. (CNES) ~L:dJ1 wLu..IJ.iil ~}I fi).IJ (NASA)

..:,,1)..11)1 rl~1 J~ ~L..JI ~JJ..uIl.t:' Lo b~1 ~ ~ <;.?.lJ1 ~I rL.uA4 ~l wJ;.::,.'iJ \,Jt,JV

J7:'-U 4..S:? wlo..G.. reJ~ 4'-" 'iJ ' (~I d);.WJIJ (. ~)IJ ~ t~,81) ~ ,7.,11 4.:~1 ~I).I ~ ~J'iJ1

~ " ·'L.tll l.l..b· . 1- - • "L.J:.:,I l.a:i...hL ~'i L:...S:. ~ -11 ~:L -·11 -:LWI..J. . ~ ... I/.. ~ u er~U-=0:~ ,r. oF' - -~ ~ '-F~

re.lJlr..Lii (IALA) d.)WIw~ 4J..u1 ~I)I U~ .;:illl r:.o ~ wj.;.iJ , ~L.dIJ~~I j.a ~ 0L

Ui wiJJ , ~~I wL,~1 .;:JjiJ 4.:~1 ~lyJJ ~,)'iJ1 d)JI)1 rl~1 ~'t..; 4111w..J.,....J . .bw...J1 1-41

.ill.lJJ . "I~I ~ :t.J;..;lIJ <..)""'0; 11 J:!~I ~ b-.WW4 J~ ~,) 4.:~1 4.:~1 JL....o,)'iJ1~ J=.,;JI1,L.::i)

.b..:i:i . cGll>~ ..<. cGt, t.Jc - .11 ...w..a)1 A 1.:.... ',.11 J-oWI - ~II ~ • t.L . -~II . i w ~~ . ~. <;.?..F-:' r-: er- 0:Y"" _ ~ _~ 0:Y" ~ U ,)

. Jk'iJ I JJ..l.7- j.a \ 0 ~I ,)L.b!~ u'w..tJ1 l.l..b ~ ..:"I" I..r::-¥'

~I) (ASAP) w-L--J' 0La ~0-aI.S~' ~,~ d 2jW~-.9'1' ~L....,~l ~l..:a..>:t \,JO

(Jl='iJ1 JJ..l.7- j.a \,)0

"IW ~L,jiJ'iJ1 wLu..~1 ~L:.J:l j:. \ ~ ~o r W (S~1.;:~4 .;:~IJ rl.a:i...h'il r:.o t.Jc 4JJ1 ~L:..i \,J0,J \

~ -: .~-:1I W" L.....;c.i ~. L:..I/ 1',·1 6l:i.11 -: ·'·-:11 W <G :.' <GJ.Ci .lJ1·~" ." I~· - .1_11_ .~. i' l.9 ~..r:- ~ . ~ .,)-'-"-'J <;.?""""""'" (f-<>~ u.o~

:t,)LL ~'iJ1 ~IJ~~~ ~I w4kc- ~Lc. -=.ULs:J , :c......J1 J)l;. ~L:..r.J1 w1..l-:=>.J 0-0 b..l-:=>.J \ 0

b"u.s; ~J' ~°'il ~I ":-'~J ,,(SJ4J 1~IJ <;.?~I ~I J-bl:u. ~ J.uJ1 bJJ~ J-+L"w~

<;.?.lJ1 (Inmarsat-C) ~L..b:,'il b'1~1 ~I.J: ~~I w'i~)\j ~J..ul r~1 rl~1 ..w:. t...::,L;.J' w'i~'il

. ~.,r.u-u1' ~~~ ~4~.J:; '1 ~~-=.UIS:

26

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~ 0.0~I "I~ ~loy}1I uLu,~1 ~li~~~,,~I ~!...bp d-~I u:~i" \-J0-J"

"I,WI uli~ 0.0~~L.,JI ~I).I u~ d.::li ~~ulo~! 0.0 ~li..r.J1 <t.a.u lo~ ji.uJ1 e;.."

u~ t-:-'-"y" 4.L:, I,j-'> .b..b.~~1r:.a uJ;.:..~" '~\11 JLo...;.~~~ ~" ' d.~ll ~~ I

,,~~ ~.)4J1 ~I ~~" d.wl 0-0 ~GJI ~li.r.J1 ~~ ~)-; ~I -::&.)Ji". 4.aJWId~1 ~ ~li.r.J1

~ ~~I JL...:,.)\l1 tJi...u 0.0 ~I u~ d-l~ Jii ~i l.o.S: vO.)\lI0.0 ~I u~~I db 0c Jii J:t:.)L..:u.c~~ ~.),j' ~i ~, ~L:,.r.J1 l.:uu~ t)lb.....:,~1 ~ ~I "L:.r.i oh ~ 0.0". u~1

4 Jl u.:!-b" ' ~t; ~ 0.0 b~1 u~~~I" I~" ~ 0-a ..I:!y.L1J1" 1~10:::' ~L:J~ ~l.iJ1 db J;..c ~"l..£i

~". ~\l1 ~I JW~~).;. ~L::..", ti.u.,~1 ul.:-bJ1 ~J"~ ~,,~ la~ J.i;U ,)~I

~ t>J1 I:u. 0.0 d~"~r~ ~~i '":-'~" u4L:J1 0-0~ ut~ ~.u;ll r:.a L.1:. ~I u.b6.i J~I l.:u

uLu,~1 ~li.r.J ~I ~fil ~ ~1.)J1 u~l b:u. J=...olii r;J.ii~ 0:!..J:.l 10:!:u. oh.J" .:..,p.;J1 tJi...u e;.."- -"-:··:-:Ij~Jl.=i "45: WJ.I ·t...<ui t~:'1 I~ ,.~.t1.- I~' --I-Ij"I··II~la-\l1~. <:r.) <:r _...r='" l.5""*'".J 0""'""'" lJI-" l.5""*'"~~ ,Jij-'" _ !J-l"

\.)\ ~I) 4JL...,-J!" ~L.:a~I ~ ~~, ~YJI" d.:<l "," ~~~~I ~~~ \-J\

(J L..c.\11 J.J~ 0.0

uli~ JL.....u.)!" F ~)l1I" ~I uYL..::,:;YI u4-:=iii 0-0 ~..u.11 u~1 d~ ~;~ ~I u.):j \-J \-J \

ulo~ J:;..a, b..\..C.UJI~) F 1b:u. ~J" ~I ~ .J-L.ul10...0 ~1.;i.y~,,\l1 ul,j~I" ~~I JL..o.)\l1

~I r~~~ (CRS) ~LJI ~YJI d.b..:::.ll J)l;. 0.0 ~~I HF/MF .b....uji11 JJjiJl / c)WI JJjiJl

t:'1~1 ~1..97 ~~I u~L.c.u)l1 c)".J1 rU;.:J1 b~\l1 b:u.~,," ~li.b....::,YI t:'1~1 4~~ ~~I

~~)~0~1 b~ l~.;g:; ~~I ..u..=.)1 .JL.u~ ,) d:.4ll1ub~.J ~ (Inmarsat) ~I.l.b...oYI

d.u..o ji.uJ1 rb~ 0t~ u.b~1 ~.J.JI ~~I~l ui~! l.:u ~~'" Inmarsat rlJ;.j )..6! ~ (SES)

j.u:i <.S?i F ~~I uJ;.:..Y lo5:. (GMDSS) .)~I ~ 4.aJW1.J ~l.i:i....u)l1 ~WI r~1 0.0"~ Inmarsat

uliL-=:J1~ c).J.J1 r~l.J (Argas) uLa..J.1 ~I,J-O ..I:!J..:U.J uliL-=:J1 ~ bJlcl rlJ;.j J;..c ~1.l.b...o~1 t:'1~1 0-0

JL..o.))U ~..GJ,WI ~I J-pll r~ ~.u.:;J1 r:.a ~I U-lbY.J· ~~I .,L..a)1~ 0.0~I e;.."~ (IDCS)

4-o:~J ,":-,>,-,-,bJl~~I ~L....)I JLu,.)!J ti....t)"~ TURBO 1 ~>,-,-,L:.. ~I~ ~~ .J:~ ~~I

~..GJ~1 ~I ~I ~J" ~~I -w:»I0b Lro ~..rlI.J::!.JLi;j1 bJy;>-~ Jl <.SJi .lo.o, 16·.:.»>l~

~~! I:r=...j.o ~ii ~J~,)-4 ~.)ji ~I u..lLci" dll.<,>~1 ~Y-"WI (C"1..r,J1 4.c~ ~,",~I JLu".))U

• •d.:i.o:i.j.o W::u I~J ~ ~I ~ 0:~i ,,~10i ~.J.iill e::o ~1 ~l uJ;.:..Y , ).b~1 l.:u~". Windows 95

~1..r:J1 ~jiJ JI~I ~ ~1", JL.....J1I" ti....t.)\lIJ ~~I ~)~I~ ~,J-'-U6. ~I~ ulc~" 41i~

rlJ;.jJ' (lu.u.)) Batos rLb.:J ~>,-,-,bJl ~L:,.r.J1 <.J""1..:..~..97 j,w.t:i ~J" 0:!~~1 ~I "L::..c.i 4.a~ ~>,-,-,6.l1

AMVER ~L,~J1~I ~I~ ~~~ .)JUJI SEAS IV rl....l;:,,,, (04~1) ~~~1,,~~~4 OBS/JMA

27

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~JJ ~~I ~J.r- ~~~ ,,~YI ,,'1~ ~~! Lt,~ ~L;.,.Jc. 4J.I1 U:'jCI...9' (b~l u~'1~I)

b.l.cb· bJu.:w...,'11 I~ ~L..' . ~I "L...a..c.YI di...::... . d....iKi.J1 dlill UlUJl • o~tl~ ~ uLL..,., • A_Iu-" ~ . <->:..P' :J ~ !J _ ...9 c- - -~ _. c-=-

0.0~ bJy;J1 ~l.!:. .Ji.u. ~).ii t=j,j:JJ JIJ.L! ~ b~,).1 wL..J.1 ~! 0""b. <L:;>-J-!.i>~ , ~! ws: ~J~lUi ~,J-bJ1 ..u..::,)1~~l J:~I ~~I J:~I ~! t~i w.:1hJ' "I.J-'-U J..:..~ ~)l11 ~WIJu~1

"L:...c.Y e-u"JI JLhi~ l.b~j.iJ b~J ~W ~..rb c~ UiJ b~lji.lI ~J-'-"l::J1 ~1..r:J1 dr.~ ~~~

.t,~~1

~~I u'1L..o.:i)l1 ~J..JI ~I~ cLaJJ <f.:J1 ~~~ ~.u.:;JIJ rLuA'11 r::o t~ ~I u.bL".i...9 \,; \.; 'f

d-7J-! ~~I JL:.JYIu~ Jh.:i:~~I d~J rl.!:.~ rl..l;ilJ(Inmarsat) ~L:..b.......:.'11 t;'1j.iJ1 :t.b.u..1J-!

JL:.JYI ULl.=: J:....=...;;J~I d .00; ·'OJL..u..>!~J I~J Inmarsat-C J Inmarsat-A ~l..1:uJI.:;~ u.".gIJ. U'""b.

d~ ~)lcu.:b~~ j:.L.ufl ~JlLJl J-u.;; Inmarsat-A rl..1:uJ1 ~l:.. ~J' ~I';'~~JYI uL~IJ ~y;J1

(BATHY) ~~I Jk)U <f)~1 ~)I ~.;iiJI (SHIP)~..T"-7~ 0-" JJUI~I ~)I..>:.;ii - ~I

JL..oJ)U ~~I ~I).I ~1 ~jiJ - (TESAC) ~..P-:' ul..b.::....o 0-" bJJUI dJ~IJh~l...9 i».;=J1 ul;..JJ~.;ii Ji

u~jJ' JL.uJ~1 0.0,) V"l.u.!~ '."";-2 ">:J~l b.l.cb ~I uLS:J · £\ b~~ JL..uJ~1 ,,1~1 rl~~ ~y;J1

:Gl...i.:i....u.)l1 c)WI ~L..;---;JI ).61 ~ (SafetyNET) L)L...JI~L~ vuL.u1~ Inmarsat-C rlJ;ill ut:,~I

~~ ~J~I ~I ~~ r~...Jy.u tW~ ~ 0-aJ ~J..JI ~~I~ t;'l:iJ1 Jb.;J1 ~ L)L..JIJ

uJL.uI).1 b~ rl~~. (SOLAS) J~I ~ CIJJYI L)L...J ~J..JI ~lJ..:i)l1 b.:,L;.,11 t:>=.;ii~I~

Ji ~.rJ1 ~..J,.~...:J~ ,,1...9-'-"~j:.L.u~ ~1~~~J'1IJ ~y;J1 Jl..r,,·YI.>-:ulii JL.uJ!~Inmarsat-Cr~~

V"l.u.1~ '1 ti...u).1 u~1 JJr. V"L....I ~ d....iKi.J1 ,-;-,L......:", r::o flJ (Inmarsat-A rU;:J1 ).;.~) r,?L:i.l1 (ZjyUJ~

. Inmarsat-A rLJ;:.J1 J)l;. 0.0 4-ll.u.J! m-",-~~ 0.0 ~I b.l.::>.I~1 ~l.u.)1 ~~ ~l::J1 b.l.cb ~J' u.9~1

~Lo ut.J~ b~ ~JL".JI 43.)JJ "ltil u~ ~I d ....tjL;l1 uLt,jYI ~! b~; Il' 0 , ~I ub'1J \.;\.;f

uLL..J1 ~w I ,I." ~<I d,",.; ~; ,I,"; <-I,ld! I~I J)l;." JJl£i.J1 . UL;I d .oa . ~_. " ~~ ~ c.a c::-:- "l,J-U-U r V" _ ~.. < _ ..J..T'J u-" ..

d.:J~ ~I ~ 0.0 d2'2 'oO;J d '°2 0; ,q 0 LIJJ t~J-'l ul5: J~I uJ.. ~y;J1 JL:.J)U ~~I ~I.)I ~

b)J~1 .:;".oLg U'""L;., ~J-!J" "L.::...c.YIJ (Inmarsat) ~L..b.....::,'11 t:'1~1 ~IJ-! ~~I u'1L.a:i)l1 :t7 h·J.11 4...o..1:u11J

Lt,)~~, FM-94 BUFR b~1 r~ rl.1:w ~J-! i>J.:U11 u~'1~1 ~ (NOAA) ~1...J)l.i.IIJ u~ ~)I- ... Inmarsat-C r l..1:uJ 1J)l;. 0.0 J l.u.J)}J if'L:i.l1~ I

~~~~IJ ~~I JL.o}>,J ~~I &1).1 ...J1.u1 JVJ u4J1:l.o,:;1 J:.l7 0-" ~I uJ5:IJ \.; \.;t

:~ LaS: Jki Inmarsat r l.1:w J)l;. 0.0~ ($<'--;' u L:,~ I.. ..

(I)

28

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
f'WI~1

I~I ~I 1~,...lU '~'1.bL.w..;' ·<'·'1 " ~ '~YI .a.J,...u.:;J1 ~I ~ -:11f' ...9-" l..>"" ....>=..> ~ , LJ..J-": L.J ~J L.J ,..>,.. J.. ,) ,.. ..>-'"'

~ 4:i 1j ...l..=.. c) JL..u..>~1 Jl.u.U'l.;>;UjL<l ~~~ ,) ~b. YJ b...l~,J11 uI"I.r.--~1

~)I ~I).I c) uI.)..J:Jl.iliJ Lt;., ~y..ub.~I~ ...l~J jO":Il~ YI ~WI ~L:JI 0-0~')

cj~ ->=..>l.L.J1~ c-c.' (CBS) ~luJl ~..>":II ul.b...ll 0-0 ->=..>U=i~~I ~~I ...l~PU

~ 1.iJll,) ~ ~)lJIJ ~I uYL....:.:i)lJ ~Wl f'~1 ~ JL.u..>~ ~WI,)~ 4.;..>~1 uI~1

~ JL..uAI4.;1.= JI,J.b /).iJll ul~1 Cj[..o,.j f'1~1

~J ~I ,,~I - 1~~ ~II ~I Lf.-a I~ ...l..=..).1 ~;(.LU d,,1 YI0fi:i -I ,-.. <..>A <.,? _<,? ~ __ _ .r;-, L.J ~

~1..r:J1 t=jji,) ~~J->=~~~ 4.;~1 ...lL:...>)U ~,J-l1 fil).1 C),) ~L..u~) ~ 4.;1

~ ~.J-U' l:J I

uw~1 JL.u..>1 j'-7 u.}1 .:Jjj c-c.,)' ~":II ~)I ~ u~1 /).iJll ~~~ Y cC,'l.;> ~I US:..>...lI,) \..) \..)0

JL.uAI~~..>LL ~~I ~ b~d~J~~ Inmarsat-C f'~J)l;. 0-0 c;l..tiJ1 Cj~1 b~

JL..uA b..l-:Ull u~Y)1 <t.o,U:; <.,?.:0Il,.?-'.J-U'l.:J1 ~w.;.J1 f'1.G.:i.....u1~.:Jj~b - ~..rJ1 Cj~1 b~ 4.;#'

~J' b.J.::U11 u~Y)1 c) (CES) ~~I ~..>":II uL...bJ.1 J)l;. 0-0 ,,~WJI Jl ~l.tiJ1 Cj~1b~ .].L..u..>

..>,.Lg ~I Jt;.,...ll ~10-0 ~I ~l..ol,) Inmarsat f'~J ~I "L.....:u:.1 L.!::' ),y>J1 J..,oly= jl ~~,~ ~)I

. Inmarsat-C f'l1u J)l;.'y> ~w:;~~ 4.;~1 ->=..>l.iiJ1 JL..u..>1 ,:-,~I ~ u~1 0-0

u~ f'1..GW..u..1~Y Inmarsat-C f'LJ;:J~ b~1 ~~I ..J-<,..::,)I.J.i..u~ jl ~1..::...a.kJ \..) \..) \

~ ":11 ~I -":I 1 (CES) :Lb.WI·t......; \11 U=.ll - u,l ... -:Ij /)l.!> -I - ..w Lal " Ij ~L:.:i.II i \ b.)..J:J1., ..> L.J J _ .. ..> ~ ~ ~.J-'f" ,rsy ..b.;i.J:J1u~ jl dU.S; -::..bYJ' ~}I ~w:; ul~1J~ ,-;-,-,-"WIl,.?-'.J-'-Ul:J1 ~w-r.J1 4=~ ~ (SES) jhulI

.1 ' .:01 - ~ . I1 I~ .:'.1 :L..gWI 4.J.Ki.., -<'I ,~" ~ ":11 ~I - I.~.'<-: .ll.> 1... <' ... <, .. i \ .. 11~Lt;./I\ ....>= ~ ~.. , ' ~,) <.Y"-'-'-"-' .. ..> ~~ , ~Y~ ~y ..

~..>":II u~1~ 1Ji.=...: jl~I ,,~I Jl ~I~,). ~L;~I JUI..>La:i:i....uYI I~ I~ 1..9-'" 0'>;2

, '~!L i \ t;~1 ~~ ~jj j~~~ ~..>":II ul..b1I~,) ~I~ ,)1/,) d)L,,)~WI

b...lJ.)-a ~L..u~) ul.b...o ~I~ c,? .)1j:W .:>=.:01 ~I "L.....:u:.1 j..> ~...l...lC ~i ~ jl~ '~I~,)

29

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
.;U:.:w! ~y-uJ l)::u ~ \ ~~I rl~~ ~~I .;:.;li:iJ1 J~I .J.o ul..b:J.1 b~~ J! Inmarsat-Cr~

d...o..I;:J,l ,,~i ~ c;J1 ~~I ,,~i J:ly.J.o <!lIj ~~.>.:i: Le,j .;:.;lii.Il JLu...;!~ Inmarsat rl.J;.j rl~1

~ ~WI ~):!I ul..b:J.1 ,.:/~ .;:illl co ~I.::.J;.:,.J' , .l~1 I~~,j. '~l..=.. ulo..GJ1 b~ 0..9~..9:! 0=1l1

rl.J;.j ~ 'L..:Jl=.. l..e--ol~1 ~4 J! Inmarsat-C rlJ;.j ~ ~ \ b~1 t7:~ r ,';; ",; ,,' (...:,~~I) ~~lo~

~u~ ..J>.a~ ..J:tlll ~I "L::...c.i~L~i ~I ~,j . .b,j~l ~,j , Inmarsat-B ,j Inmarsat-A

~ ~I.;.l!~~u~1 b~ ~1J:i J.o~ )~~ ~Le\'1 I~...:,i ~ Inmarsat rl.J;.j .;1Jo,!~ u[j~1

. ~,';;,,!oll W~I d.c.~1

~~I Jb..:».\'1 d~.;~ J-7.i .J.o (CRS) ~WI ~)lJ1 u~1 ~Iji...:,i ~I u.J;.:,..J',j \..J \..JV

t:1jill ~I~~.r-:JI uJ'L...::,:;)lJ <:t,j.l!1 rL.l;.;Jl.JiuJI rl~1 J:ly co 1.!?2'>~ 0,,:,.H~.JiuJI ...:,... ~I~~~;J' l,j

.l..I.C. ~ ~G::i ...:,... dJj~ ~~ lo~ .::.J;.:,.J',j. ,,~WJI J! Lb.;:.;1...ii JL..u.;! ~i ...:,... (Inmarsat) ~[j.b., ..,::81

b.>..9..l7~ ~~WI ~)lJ1 ul..b:J.1~~I,j (SHIP) ~.r--:JI d ..b.ll...:,... ~';.lUI ~I ..w:.)I.;:.;l.ii

Inmarsat rL.l;.;Jl ~L:; ~Lu..~) ul..b.::...... ~i, 92,0;".; 'J ~I ~~I...:,I4'1 LL..;,,j~I ,,~i~~

.. b.l 1~11.~L:.l.u .1..:. ••. ":I-~·lo.J..H_&L.LJ)lJ1 ~luJ'L...:::.:i)lJ IWI l..t;,jJ1 I~ ~'i 4::J,cuu-:w :".J.o,jV"'; '-i""',," r---:'~ .... ,j .. tr r ~ u.... .. r'

: J...J;wl1 ,,\......;c.i ~I uh dl.:11,j .. ~~I ..w:.)1 .Jhu

J L..;,.l! ...:, L.a.....:;, cJ.c. (CES)~ L..u ~) tb.::...o J=.;.b d- ~"bll .\..u:» I 0hu .r.!'; l.ii~ 0=.:111 (i)

~ ~)l/I,j~1 uJ'L...::,:;)lJ ~WI rl..t;,jJ1 ~ .;:.;l.ii11 b~

Le~J~I cJ.c. ('+"lo:i..bl uJ'~ Lbll ~"bll ..w:.)1 .Ji.-u .;:.;l.iiJ~I ~~.;: 0=.:111 ('-;-')

u J' L...::,:;)l/ ~W I r~ I~ ,~~ I u l..b:J.1 .:.,.0 b';.ll...::J I~ I ..w:.) I .;:.; l.ii d~ .:.,.0 \'+:'-'"'" l.i:

.. ~!~ ~lll (RTH) ~)lJIJ~1 uJ'L...::,:;)l/ ~~I ~).I.J.o' ~)lJt.9¥L-J1

~~I .lL...o.;\' IuLe~~ - (\ \ - '-;-' ( i J) A~yJl ~I~I <,S..J,j' r~ lo,,~ ~ \..J\..J"

.. ~ ,,)la )~'i I);..; ~yJl b~ ...:,~y-u ~ ,,~¥I ~I u.;"; - Inmarsat rl.J;.jJ~~ ~1~~~;J'I,j

...:,L....u:.~ Inmarsat ~,j ~,j.l!1 ~~I ;(.J;:J.1,j dll~ ~I 0.::' J:3~1 ~I J.u::,1-ii=...:,i~ t..~i uh,j

I,,>.',j-'-Ul..=.. ~[j..r.J ~ '-:'..f.'; ~~! ~ ~, Inmarsat rl.J;,j l.:-7-~~ ~ ~J:~I d~ J.o~1 rl~J'1

l ~I~ Inmarsat-C rl.J;.j .;1Jo,!~~ ~.;\'I ul..b:J.1 ~ ~~ ..w:..; .;:.;l.ii JL..u.;!J ~';J~

rl~1 ~y )~~ ..:.w!l~,j .. U""'L.;. ~~ ~I u[j~¥I,j d~,j rle. ~~ Argas uL..:w.l.1 ts l..9-" J:~,j

ul..b.ll.:.,.o uG~1~ J! UL...;¥~,j .. 4-tl1,j-O J..:~,j~UI uL....::,.:J1 j...o d 2~2.''' uG~1 ~Argos rl.J;.j

30

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
wLb..:o..lIJ~I 0-" wl:Jl-=~1 t 0 ... 1w~ L"",=i Argas f"'LJ;,j ~-.9:! ' ~I.J-" .l...::J=3J di!~IIJ ~L..u.ll ~WI

w!j~I w! ":. jLo.:u 4_,~.L.".)tjl~. I wYl.....Ai)IJ I WI ~I I. _.' ~ i...dl .~'·-:I ~i..jJ1 ~ \11..rL-'"' (;: . _ J ~ l.:? f'" ~ ~.»-'J ~J _ ~.;

~~I J~YJ <,,5),rJ1 J...J..<:»I .J::..r-iiJ (SHIP) ~...r-="-!~ 0-0 .)JL..a..J1~I J...J..<:»I ..>::..r-ii Ju ' 4.L:J1

~I J....<..:::,)I .J::..r-iiJ (TESAC) ~...r-="-!~ 0-0 .)Jl.....oJl wl)~IJ 4..:,.,plJ b),rJ1 wl::>-.)J .Y-..r-iiJ (BATIIY)

. tJl..... (SYNOP)~) ~ j.o .;Jbll

-U Argas f"'~ 0.::.)~I.;:i:-~~I ~~I ~WI ~y.:iJ10i f"'~YI ~ ~I.:.:J;.:..Y LoS: \.J \.J \.

JJ.2...0 Jt.: 01 ~.;-..t ~I ~~ 01~~~I IlA 01J~I jO~~l~I~ 0-0 '~!I;"9;""

d.-:,.l.:i! 4-:-" lo..;, 4J~~ CLS/Service Argas ~~ J"..::,I~ <Glj .::.J~I ~J" Lu.i.;-o f"'U;.:J1 f"'1..G..:i..u..1

4..u:.l..i.b..,,~:81 ,.-:IL.. 4....b.i.:.i.J1 . ~ dJ~ ,liJ.g w!. . ,. . wl.....::W.l1 . L:..:;YI wlj wYl.....AiYI 4.-.UlSu,1_ ~:J-"' .. _ ~ '.J ~ :J-I-"-U~~ ~~. _ •

~~i ~I~~ 0-oJ' ~Lu)1 ~Iji llil....Ao c:=.:i: ~ wL;~1 J.9.G w'i.u.....oJ ~Ijll ~ ~.l11 bJ~i.9

wL:.L-:-:,JlJ ~~I JL....:,.)''i1 wL:.~ ~ J-::.i 0-0 ' .~l.u dJj~~ , Argas f"'LJ;,j f'1~1 ~ ~I

. ~)lJiJ~1 w'il.....Ai)lJ ~WI f"'~1 ~ wL;~1 b'u ~J 4r-t~1~ ~i..jJ1 wL..dJ.1 j.o ~1.;C~~;'i1

0-0 wL;~1 e::=:- J....i 0-0 (IDCS) wL;~1~ <:tJ.l11 f"'U;.:J1 ~Iji )~I.J::~I e:-o~I wJ;..:,..'iJ \.J \.J \ \

,,~i ~I ~J' ~~, b-41 ~l..i.b.....<:>'il ~I~I~ i...dl.J::J..ii.Jc. w.;>~iJ' w~1 ~ ~i..jJ1 wL.dJ1

, t_o.~)lo dJj , .C Lo..:i.....::.. ~ - .11 wL;WI •• _1 WI U;:JJ .~oll . _:.1/ I,U' bJ~'i1 . I~'-II I~ ~I~ ~ ~~ ~. c---:- f'" f'" r:--'~ u-" tF.J="" t.>"'"'

~~I JL....:..)YJ ~l..i.b.....<:>'il ~I~I ~~ wL:.~1 e::=:- ~ 4....o~.J-i:. wI.;-u ~~ dlj la <wt~ ~.;.G ~J

ii.J:?S: t I~I ~ c~ f"'U;.:J1 0~J wL;~1~ JJ.l11 f'~1 .;Lb!~ (GMS) u.=..;YJ~~ w.;>G11 )J11 w!j

. ~I F ~~ wI.w:.)1 dJj ~ lo..; , d;'2!11 wL:.~1 j.o

JJl+J ;UJ.JI) b~~1 w1~~~I 4L:i11 w1"I.J-?'o1~ .;-:J.LJIJ f"'l.o.:i.&'il ~ t.:k 4Jl1 w.bL.:..i \.JV J \

: ~ - -1/ ~.- 1/ JL....:. ''il~ b :. ~Jl:Jl b .JI ~ ~L..u''il • 1.:.',1/ W I·-:~I ':11 ~ - .11 wL:.L....J1-~ -~ .; . ~ ~ .JJ _ r-. '+" c..r' J -~ ~.

&. ~'::··11 , .. I. -I \'\'\i . ·j·L:.i.II· :'~"'. (Lw.cl b.lJ~1 FM·18-XBUOYii ~ :·'I.w:,:;~ u-=--o u=---u .)+~~j c.r-V:!~ ,y>';.. _.. . ~_

~ DRIFTER

d .~:.'1 wwlSu, I,'. • i U:...::...., ~I BUFR ii ~ :·11 ~. 11 i b.lJ~1 J IJ..:JI hi.i:i~ ~u-"..lJ-O.. J ~!-'"" J _. J.. _

dJjJ ERS-I <:rl..i.b.....<:>'il ~l.:iJ1 wL;~J.;.:r.JIJ J11 ~..)--"'-J ~I~I f"'1~ ~~I wl.o.,hlIJ WAVEOB

~ \ '\ '\ £ f'~ j.o I~~I

31

(1)

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
FM 36-X TEMP SHIP J FM 13-X SHIP~~I~~.::.~~ bJ.t:.

Lu.;,1 :L ,,- 'UL..;I b~1 d ..8 .'I--J,b I~ b :. 4..d.~JI I.~ J - tu.....L..u~1 A 1.:.:11 W llil<$-> - ~J.R-. _..:t' _ I..S"""'" ~ _ '+-'.JJ <.F _ r- _ .J-"

. FM 18-XBUOY b~I~!

~fi-=JI ~J.l11 ~IJ~ 0-0 ~Lu~1 F'4 0::: c;J~ tJ~ ->lb! ~,.:,.r-1I-&1 t"~1

~! J.-o..Pll ~G ~ 0-0 (lODE) ~Iy:.~~;'il <.:Jli~ <)J.l11 JJl.f.iJ4~1 ~IJ.::.~I t"#

b ~:.It..1.lJ..::>. • J J..::>. .:uJ.:u - L - ,BUFR b ~:.'I . UI ..W ~ I .::.liL...J1 J.o,..ti~j"-'-"-" _ •~-> J _ _ ~..>-= UC ..)-"'-'-W <.F _ ..;c.J-J _ tJ _ _ _

~ .jlb.ll V·~ - WI . 'w ~I Jb..o - BUFR-'+-' <.F - ..;c.J-J - J - <.F

, ~Lu..~1 F I4 e:-o 0-.9l£1J4, (DBCP) .::.li~1 F WWI d ..b.11 J4--0 ~ 0-.9l.uJ1 J=~ t"~

~WI d ..b.ll 0-0 Lt.~ljJ ~I .::.li~1 tl~i ~~ BUFRb~bJ:~ JJ1..l7- J:~

b~4-c b~ BUFR b~4~WI d..bll.::.li~JL..u->!.j~dJjJ' "lyoJl~ 4i.'~IIJ ~L.u:J.1

~ .::. li~1~W~WI Argas t" U;u/ I CS;;'.Y' 0-0

.::.liWI 0-0 bJ:~ tL~-ii JL...u.->!~~I (CREX) ~GJI ~rJl b~1 .);!~ Uu:.1,J-O

~LJI t"l.1;.;jJ ~~I b~1 ~~ c)l.:iJ4J' ~.?~~~/ JL,,->~/.::.li~J ~I";'~~;'il

. 4....uJWI 4.:i.JJJ~ ~WI t"U;u/1~ ~ .::.u..oJi ~I , ~WI (IGOSS) .::.~I .::.la..GJ J.ol$:;.11

(i)

~Lu..~/ Fill 4' ~.:J4~J .)-4~1~ 0-0 cs.l1 d~1 b~ lA.);!J..il~ 411 1 ~y;.iJ \JV..)f

~J.l11 ~IJ .::.li~1 F ~L.JI .::.Lbll J4--a ~ UJWI J=~J .::.~I .::.L,~ J-o~1 ~L.JI t"U;u//J

'iJ , CS~I t)'-7~1 d~ ~1.::.Jl:.u..:JJ1 ~ 0 i~~I~ cGlj o:gyl ~J' .::.~I t"#~I

~~ l.):u 0~~1->~ bJJ~ , 't.;.L.:lli~I ~ .);!->[.g:;~ <.;-'y.ul.:J1 rI;-"i.;-: ~ '41L:.. ~..G11 d.I:i~~iJ' ,,1..9-'-'-' J..::>.~ 0LJ1 ~I~J~yl ~~I JL,,->~I d ...Q~ 0..a~~4 .::.Jl:.u..ill bl.b '6:: ".j ~I

.'~ 1...b.i...i:U~ <L., J,t:. • 4..u.b-'I4....--'I JL...:. ~I --I 'II·:')LI· . J;...G.::.)L~_ -> _ . ~. Y' <.F _ lJ' _~ -> &.Y' LS"'. ~ -.~ -

32

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
.JA Vj \ ..G;JI) ~L..a.J1 tWI ~l.d~ ~ ~..J :) :1/ ~~l JL...:a.•;'J14 ~l 6 ",! V.;,

(J lAc.)'1 J..9J..:>o

Uh.:il.1 CS~)' f ~)'I..9 c;~ J t l:J.1 cr:-"I.,j~ 0:::' ~L;:ill .h:1..9)4r-l..w...bJl I CO t..k 4-U I w..bl:..i V.j '.; ,

CO lo.k w..bL:,.i..9' t UlI J~i J..9J..:>o }.bl~~ JI..9 ' cs~),1 ~..9..J1 -::.W;u11 ~..9 ;;..L=Ul1 r-a)'1 j;.1.I t Gl4

~l:J.1 dJ-:Wll..9 -::.~I -::.La.G. u~ c;lJ..Il tl:J.1 cr:-"U..>:l )..bl ~~i ~I t=}...c:J4 L~i r-L.....:iAJlI

. t l:J.1d~ C:?~..9 (CLIPS)

~ l...cll~..9~)'1 b-4l~4 ~'~I~ ~..r--:JI ~l:J.1 ~1~1..9-::.I.,j'-=-:J1 u'4 4-UJ ~j.li..9 V.; '.;'r

~i 4J J411 I~ ~ 16jb,7,',i u'4..9' <G1~..9 c;~1 t l:J.1 6~ d ...L.ulj..J .ill~..9' c;WI t l:J.1 ~I.,j..>:l )..bl

J=~I l...cll,i.;.:il ~I ;;.1..1-:>.11 d~ 1.J7~1 ~ ci.lLo .ill.lh· b..>-'-"'4 ~WI t l:J.1 cr:-"1.,j..>:l~.1 ~ ;;'"'='.:;;..0..9 dJ....:,,~

:~~1..9' .I..w:J1 l.:u ~ C:?~I t Gl1 rk. uU:.; cr~'

(i)

. l:J.1 .1., -:IA":. W (INFOCLIMA) ~l:J.1 -::.1.,jL...JL )k)U UWJ ~~I - tl:i$.l UL...;I -::.)l.....;...l..aC \':'~ - - -. . r ' - ~..,... - ,.C:?~I

, c;WI t l:J.1 cr:-"I.,jy. ~ ;;~4-a.J-i:...9i ;;~4-0;;~ ~ CS?)' I~i Lro~I u~ t~i ~I U-4l~..9

: .illj~ ~

(i)

~~J ~I t=J~ .JA b.;;;L..9 (SEACAMP) ~~I..9 ~~I d>.WJJ ~i Jy-t '":"~ t..9~

~~WI

33

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
uL:.L-=:~..>:'~ <;?.:JI u~~l ~ ~.)L:JI t,j..Fl~ ->=J.LJI,j r~;/I ca.LJ.c. ~I wbL:..l,j VJ 'J'"~, \'\'l\~! \A'\. 0-a b~1 16 ot;. 0 ~~ uL-=:~ 0-" ~I ~~.J' ~~I ~~I J~;;/I

(sJ4J 1~I J~ Ub:..o 0-" ~L.,I b~ ~ w1~.) L.J-= t.J#1 ~.J' "Kobe ~fi." ~~

u~~ .ill~.J 0:.?~1 ,,~)U.j:>.;/.;=;g,j ~ u~4-:J1 o~ CL:;:; ..J~.J' \'\"\\ J! \A'\. 0-0 b~1 JJG.

. c;WI t c.J.l ~L:...>:'.J c)WI t l:J.1 uL....I.)J~ I~~wb l....b..>~L;~WI uGL::J1

~ 4k- 0-a I~ 1".>7 ul , c)WI t l:J.1 ~L:..r.J uLt <;?j ~J ~ji J! ~W! ' ~I u$:..>J1.J VJ 'J~

~I ~ t.~1~ ~JJ-O\l1 ~L:..>-;'.J <;?..r--:1 1~I J.:i.o (S,?I u;/~ ~ ..ill~,j' <;?~I t 1.:.11 r1:. J~1..0 • l:J.1 wI .- -. . f .1. _.~ l..w,g..illj «IPCC) . l:J.1 ,. ~I U ..J16·<'-!1 ;;~ .. 11~w ..<:JC ~~~~ __ :J C.~_.J .~~, .(S~

lioWI J~l 0-a bJ.cl..u..o.:,j r WI ~\l1 ~4- J! ' r~ ul ~.) J! ~I~ c)CiJ~.J' )3; 0-a~~~

,~I L...o:i.;.I u;/l.::.....o . 1.lkl 'I·;/I..J ..illj b·<.ll/:i~··" ;c.loLJL..::.:;;/w, iwll. u.o . ~ '"l!"' cfl r'"lj-'-". ~ :J.»-> ~ . .-

41 eW~1 w: J.u.tl ~..r--:11 ~l:J.1 u~1 ~L:...>:' "'.1 oii u~ r~;/I ca t:k 4J.l1 wb~1 V..)"..),

~ r:i.u ~..>":ll,j ~L;jl eW.>.JJ ~ <;?~I ~I ~ &I.JJ b# d.:J6J1 ~.>.JJ ~ ~..r--:11 ~~l J~;;/I

ill ~I~I ~ 1..0 k-J-i 1~2b! ~Lu.J.1 ~I ,,~I ~ ~L:..r.J1 "'2 0',; UlS: JJJ. \ '\ '\ ~ ..>:L:.:/s?L:iJ1 0J.ilS: J.JI

~~I ~L....I ~~ (S..r:- W;:, \'\'\"\,j \'\'\0 ~ uL:.L::J1~u~~ ~I~ u~ ,-,obi

~I ,,~":l Lb->=J-ii t1~ ~ ~I U:'~I.J' uL:.L..:-:J1~ d.:lW1 ~I.)I ~~I d"I~!~ bJ.:>.~1

oY.l: 1..0~ (b~1 ~IJ ~UI~) uL:.L::J1 t-o.::J ~WI ~lyJJ ~L;,J' ~,jj.uJI4...J;,:J1 ,,~IJ~WI

~WI ~ 0:..>JliJl ~I ,,~I t=-"7 b~ uh,j. ~L:..r.J1 I~~J;c.~J "Jr,; ~ ~u J.Jf-?o 0-a

~J-ii" I..ii~) '1.o~1·1.i.u 'I 1~(Lc..L...\-L.o o' •• I~:'.. • ,jJ1,,~\lIJ3..0)• .J~ ->=..> ~J cfl .Y '. U r..s- _"Y'" .)~~~

4-:k~ I d" I..r:-J.U WJ (IMMT-1) ~..r--:J I~~ I ..I~~ c).J..J 1.b:y-t11~~ uL:.L::J1t-o.::J d.:lW I~ IyJJ

Jl;:i J=~ 0-"'; .:G..o ~~I ~I "L.o.cl 4:Jj: c;J1 r 411 Ul uJS:IJ' bJ~1 ~I..>-" 0-0 ~J\l1 .i.:J1~ r:o. r4-1' dJ:i ,,1..11 ~ )~;/I ~ "L.o.c\ll ,,;/j..st. ~J ..>22;; <fl 0.9..1

t l:J.1 F ~I ~~I ~.)JI 0~1,j' uL:.~1 ~ ~WI ~I.)I <C1.o,lg <f.:J1 Cy.U1 ~I u.)l,j VJ"J",,~I ~ tf bJ~1 ~I.) ~..JI .-r=:WI~~~u~y1IJ u~1~ JL;,J! J~ <;?..r--:1 1

~I u~I.ill,jJ,j. ~~I ~~I J~.)\l1 ulo.G. t'7"..>-O ~ Jji ~I.J u~~1 r;J-ii~ 0J-a-'bWI ~I

w1"I~! IJi~1 "l..A.c.1 b~ Ul~ .;=;gYI ~ ~I u.l;..:..;/.J' uL...tll I~ ~ (\ '\' - '7' ( i J) V ~y11

"I~! ~.)JI ~~I 0-"~ ill ~J. 1~IJ 1602:b;! l,j~i,", <f.r--:JI t l:J.1 uL:.L-=: bJ,J7 ~I.) <s.?1~~

o~ 4..o.:1,j-<>J bJ~1 ~I.) ~..JI ->=-:WI0-"~~~I ·'20;;..JJ+;' ~I d"I~¥1 041 J=-9J ~I~I

. .us; rl W I J I..b.>~ ->== WI

34

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
b):i.::...ll~~,.9..J1 ~(j.J1 w~~~u.hJi ~I w~1 \!9;"i!..>:.lii.l1 c.a We.~I w.bb.i,.9 V..J"..J'"

b~ ~"~,.9. byk. ~J~I 43,)JJ,.,t ~I ~w.iQI,.9~I,.9 (~V~,) ~I t,;.:b-o) ~,.9WI,.9~I-J

~,.,t,.9 t~I.ill,j,.,t d:.o~1 ~~I w1~1 d......:1y-! byk. ~Jl.:J1 43,)JJ,.,t~I~ d.!! 1~\..9' ~L,~I

F ~I ~~I J:~I0-0 rilll c..rJ-il 1~~I ciJL:., (IMMT) ~~I ~~I JL...::.,»)U ~,.9..JI.b:~1

~ Alpha-2 UUI i ill1 - I~ ~l.tiJ1 d:..,.l..:>••81 wI ~:'II cr:J~1 l:i.Is: • ~·L _.'1" lill,.9 _~ L>" _ _. . ~ _ c.F r u - <:?.J="7' C

. (\ '" - '7' (. i J) A ~~I w~1 .ill.:J,.9" (J-JJ ;U~I (ISO) ':f"""~ I ~Y..U ~-J..JI

w1.9Wl "I~~ tS~1 t lJl F ~I ~.;-iJ1 J.:.;-iJ1 CI~~ r~':/I c.a LJ~ d...i.:;JJ1 w.bL:..i-J V..J"..J f- ......

~.~ eut>~,.9. ~WI t lill wL..uI,)..J~~~ j:y.:1l.ill,jJ'~~l::J1 wG'-=:J1 bJd~ w~~ tS..;..i

wlc~1 ~~ ,.,t ~~I J-uQ)1~~ 0:.:J1 ,,It.Ac.~1 ~I.J: ~i~ ~I w4~1 ~,)J:j

~I ,)'j:. t lill J~,.,t~~~~~~ ~~_"t~ dJ,j rL,)~w~1 t..lA ~i w~1 ~i ~ b~~1

~~ 'L t ...;..i ~I~ . (\'" - <..J • i J) '\ ~.~'I wJ..<W..c.1 ill <l..l1:. .. ~I~ . J.-' .11. ~ u . .... J . (. ... ~ ... ,.9...... c.F ~1.lA,.,t~I i..l.:'-; ~.~ ~-Ji ill ~L'J~J. ~~I.1:..A~-9I~~lc.J.Ao..rfU.:~l 0-0 ~)I ~I w1.~l..:;

0:.:J1 ,,~~I c.a ~~I .>-9U:w1~J' 4.::..l..:1l1 J)).I JJ.l::>. ~, 4..iL,~IJ ~.;-iJ1 J:~I U..a ~~l ~ t-J~I

.. y>~~ by.:u41 1~~I ~j "I~I 0-0 r"~J ,,~I).~ ~~I JL::,l':/l ~,J-<>J ~~I ..u-.:.)I uL-u~

).l..J...:>~1 ~~L:..) (IMMT) ~~I ~~I JL...::.~ ~JJ11 .b:~1 0-0 )J-uQl'::"J-::..i rl..G...:W.u1~

~ d:.., .... '1 bli.tlw~1 G Lbl . wL..:.L...J1 JJL:J - . 4....,G..o.., (IMMT-l...~ _ ~ .Y..) •~ _. • ~ • ..

UWI ~1.;11 11 wGl.w11 .li:il d...b:.L.l1 b .. :.. -11 I ~~I ij ~I d..b :'~I I~I ..._ lS". _. r= ~ uo~ J -J '-'""""" r ~

0-0~ tSi 0.::' ~G:i J~I (.)L'Lui~ tS~i JJl..:=i ~LuJ rl~1 ~ ~J ' wG~1 F- ...

~ wGl-:::JI F ~WI';;:I.;1IJ~WI ~I ,,~i

0-0 ~i ~~ (l'~ d:.., _.'1 d:....,.;.WI d ....~~1 G wGW~I ~l d:..,.~<"t I w)h....J1 Jl;:;j=-' _~ ... ~.Y. __ ,) .~ .

"~l ~~ ~i ~ ~ "Lt·.,..;'Y/ 0-0 J9i Ci9~J ~)llIJ ~I w':/L.o:i)ll ~ldl r~1 ->=.)[:ij

~ ~l.tJi W~.)LaS>L..u)1 ~ ~ "':".J-'-'"'l:J1 ~I..>; rl~l J;ly~~I~':/l ~ all:JIt..J...b

w~1 ~G..r: wG'-=:J {J~ ,)J~ ~)lJIJ ~I w,:/L..::,:;)lJ ~WI rLJ;:JI->=.)Ui~

~G.JI rl.l;.:Jl w)L;.J....o~ {J,:/..JIJ bJ~1 ~I.;-o 0.0 ~J~I J-::..11 ~.b~ ~~I ~lill

~ ~~/ ~~/ JL::,)}U J-9..JI.b:y-t1/ ,.,t ~)lJI-9 ~I w':/l....Ai)l1

35

(i)

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
uGL.:-:J~~)~~~I Ji ~WI ~I ,,~i 0-0~ ':J ;Ul.::J1 o~..,? (-Jb)

~WI ~I..,ro-lJ ~ r3 0-oJ ..IL..::.)ilu~ uG~J ~)tlIJ ~I u':J~)tl <)J..ul ~U;,:JI

. ~~I 4..a.1.:J.1 ,,~i ~~.4.. uG~ u~~ t~ Lii uG~1 ~

~ :L.;"WI uL..c...GJ1 uGWI ',-:1 b..lW/4.9 L;, liw..u UWI "w..U -'I"~ 'L~I u -i V r "\_ l..9 _ J _.~..J-'" .) _ l..9 _ _ y-J. . u.. ~ J J J

j.g~l ~~I ~I ~IJ-".;Jji Lit~ (,?.r--;JI t WI~~I cr~1 ~~l ~ji u~i dJ.lb· 4-=11 Jy..o)1

~J~ Liicr~1 J::~I JI w.;J.1J. 4J=l~J 4-::l1~)1 d"I.r."GJu.uJ~WI uG~I';lji ~ :t:lbluG~. 4..o..lWI ~.)J..ul ~ L. bp J)l;.. LiL.tl1 I~..,?~ ~)lr.l

~I ,,~i ..lJ '-:1 uGl.u11 • A_I UWI '<'1).1 cG.o..u .ill . _IL.., ~I G.k blll w..bbi V r V_l..9.J-'" _. c-:-' _ ~ (,? l.>""Y'"'. ~ t:" . J J J

~G~~ dJ15:J ' b..l~1 ~1j4 0-0 ~..I~I ~I LiL..c.....;] ~~b ~l~ u~~ , c.;-J1J1 ~ ,~Wl

,,~i I~..l!:.~ c"r..J-L"bJl ~G..r.JI I~ ~I~I Li~ u,;giJ . C;W/cr4~ IMMT/IMMT-l c"r..J-L"b J=~

dJ15:J , (Mess) :t.:~1 ~WI uL:,..;J11 ~G~ .)l.bl ~ 4-iJ-"~ ~I uGL.:-:J1 ..d~1 ~ ~WI ~I

0-0 b..ll..Li....u':JI ~ ~WI4..a.1.:J.1 "L..o.ci ~I ub. dJ.ilJ . uG~1 b..l.J-70 ">:::~JJ~~I t:" ~l..b:iJILiL..c.....;

. ~J)11 ~ ~~I l~

(Jk~1 J ..l.::..' V l' ..G..JI) - .q . UlI .1 •. ULu.ll . ·'11 ···L..J,IJ . u-".) . I.P~ C. I--:' LSJA ~

u~1 Li~J \'\'\0 ~L...:. ~IJi..,? u.).4<=> J=l.ill :t.:~11 ~I Li~ C~.)':JI t:" la.k ~l w..bL::...i VJrJ',crW' .)..r-l l , (I~) ' ... 21"!2~·i ~ l.b~..u:; tY[.g do U7~iJ' ~WI ~)I ..,?.)~ l.S"p-~1 u W 4

. ~I t~1 I~ ~ r+iL.~1 ~ J=l..ul~J ~W~ ~I).IJ v.;.iJ.jl1 ~J

(i)

36

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
, rW1 ~~I ca .)JUuJI.:' I~ 01<;?~I t WI F ~I 0-:~1 ~j ~b ~j~! u.;J.bJ' J:l.ill

~ ~jL:.:; ~ e,?11 ~jl;J1 u4-7JIJ~I ~I J:~ ~L:..~.J:',ilij ~ ~~I 4.ib. .ihI ~.J)l11 uI" I.T:'-~I

·l.LilL,·:._-:lI u w='-:·:-:t . .ili...1~· "l.:...:J1 <11 '&11 --:111" wW.w.:JI4...,l..c.ill . ~ _ ~~ ('":. u-o. <;? ('":r' VO.Y"' ~~ ..If:' .!j _ j

u..bl.:..1 l.o$.~~ i ,7,',; d.:o.:l;·,;~ )..b! ~~ "I~&y~!0=';"~1 ~I ,,~1 uc.JJ' :t.;L81 e:.o

~)w..g ,~I ill:J ;;~I <;?Jj 0.0 6~ ('":ill ,,~YI 0.0 JU- ~ r-U:; ~I ~J~L.: ~illl ca Lk.~I 4S L.1...o . <W'w J. All u ~ J l..9 r.F "+' • r--':! •. ~

. :t.;L,)U ~JWI ~I~I 0-0 ~J ~jL:.. ~l..c.j 0:~ ~ 4l:~ ~ 01 ~;-jl0-0 <W~ w.:J1 b.JA ~l..c.j

uL....lj.il ~I.: ~~ ~.L; WIJ~u~.J:' uI~.a; 0.0 d0,.,1,:,; ",l1 C~)I u[,j~ 0'4~I u.}1 V.;'r.;i

:~ ~~I ,,~1 b~~J1 ,ili.:JJ. ~i,7!;t1 ~I~YIJ~WI tW1

~~I JL...oj~1 ulo..G.. ~Y'~) ~I <t: ~J1 <;?.:JI uuL.:-U1 rl~1.: uI.l.J.a)1 "I~! d:L:.1J-'l (1)

~ ~WI u~1 JL..u:;10~ ,ilijJ.;..i uu~ <;?1 rl..G.:U.u1 r.lCJ (~~I

~ ~WI u~1 ~ ~YI ~..u..o)1 u~.J:' ~.l;,b (,-:-,)

. uL,~1 bl&.l;,b~~10=.;..:J1JLu1 rl~1 (~)

. LJ....o,J11 I.JA 0~ (\ \ - '-:-' ~ 1J)\\' ~.iJ10~Y-U~ ,,~~I ~I Uj.}!j

~ I~..ri-o (~U1) ~.J:l. ~ . -Jb ~.ill b~ ~J!.=II 4:i.)JJ ~ ,-,j~c ~'4 ~I u~j!j V.;'r.;o

~ 0-.9J dl.::.. <s';"~1 <G41!j 0'L; .....LuYI t;-o We u..bl.::..1!j. u~.J:' uu~ ~l.$ll ~lill ~ ~~.}:i JI~~

Llj.ill b.JA "I~~ ?i~ ('":~ ~U1 ~j£- ..r:.ll;ll ~~ ill ~J' <L!.o.£.J~I 0.0 ~.J:l ~.ill

. -11 . WI _I., :.11 ~II - ~II WulL,ilij ~ b :. ;[JL:i.l1 b .ill~~~, ~4J1<:?..>=-:' C r--:~ </-yu ~yu ca.)J . !j ...)-'-'JC- .)!j. - .

<;?~I t WI r-L7~I </-.)11 J=.)11 u-'!b~ ~JL,JI ~.)!jJ ~ u.;J.b 4:>'4 (,;.:1 ~I uflj!j V.; 'r .;"\

, J~I I.JA ~J' ~~I ulJ:Wl1 ~I';:'~ (\ \' b~I.JJ4-:i:) t'-'"'J-O u.»-9.J:' U"~ JI..LC.~ u4'~~1 ~ 01

: 1'·-:..lJ1 uull:iJI~1I -~II ~LWe~Iu..bl.::..1"'"""t-' _!j __ </-yu \J:yu cF . .

l5.:J1 (\'\\. ~V,-:-,i , "::";"';J1) ~~I ~~I JL...oj~1 ~ ;QL:i.l1 b.)!j..ul ~.:G....:ill ).}JI ~- -~ b.)J.il1 dl:; ~ u§.j ~I '-:-'~)U~ \, b~~ J;",~! U"~I t'-'"'-.9-: ':/'4~

37

(1)

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~,,~ c,?~1 t WI rh-! ~I if"~1 J=~I 0'1~ c,?jJl t,,~4 f'L..:i...!lYI c-a la.k ~I .:.:J:,L.:..i YJr'JY

~l:J1 u-a r~~1 I,U ~;; c~g.1 u,}i". rl W1 c,t ~Iyll f'1~ ul.j~ .JJW r)l:i5:~)~I ~.J~

. G:~~I JI.lC.! ~ d.la..c.~ (~Y) ~).Jbl';. !~..JJ lA.;:..\.ij d- U:'~i", "I~I~ ~[ltl,,~. ,7,;11

r:" la~~ <Lb4:i) ~.J.J~ d.J.J' ~i ws: ~ f'4-<-u¥1 ~ t.J;.j11 "L..::..c.i ~'" t"y.tll J~I u..l:!i"

.J.4 ~~l.....u.a~.a; 'E'"",,)I JL.:..:i~1 d:>~ .;:~I ~~". (INFOCLIMA) ~WI ul:.l.::J4 f')L:.J.U ~WI ~..GJI

. ~I I,U ~ (WDC-B) ,,4 - <JWI ul:.~I;;'Y'

~);.:.:ui c,?~1 t lill F ~I if".)J1 J=.;JI~!~~ ~Jb.Jl 4=i.J.JJ~~ 4-J.~ ~I u}.j YJr'JA

d o~ c'"" ;tl 4-=1!~~I ~WI uJ4..-.-ul1~ t L:..l1d~ 4.W..:.l1 d~L:il1 ui .7,! ~JL.t.J! .11-9-" JI..l-c.!

~I~ 4l"L:w ~I ,-=L..;.iJ1 ~i~ t WI~ u·~ t:k.~I .:.:J:,l..::..i , J~I I'u~". ~~I ~~I

~ c,t uWL.......a d-~I c,?~ u·~ if"~1 J=.;JI (.;iL u..l:!i" c,?~1 t lill rku~ J=jJ u~ ~).I

. t~.,.tl I~ 4=i la lu..b4~~~~I ~~I ~L;.. u-a b'u~I

~l"l ul:.~ ~.lC.{,:g~~ j;.:J1 ~!~J: ~~I ul:~)1 u-a (1y.g4 f'lu..b~1 r:" tJ.c ~1.:.:J:,l..::..i YJr'J'\

d .....::L~I" ~~I" ;;;!~I I ulalyll.illj~ ~ (ODAS) d-~.:...14 :L:.b11 ul:.l.::J1~ Jydl f'~ :L:.L::..UcW:.

~J.,.o)1 ul:.L::JI ~"Jat.s:~ hl:il~ ~l,,¥1 ul:.~1 b'u d c~ij! 4-U1~". Lb.;:-C"J:..L..JI u-a ~.}11

~I b'u~ <Glj ~~I c,t u.;-:gi". ~l:..ll r#1 uL.l;,~ c,t 4-i:.).:..:i ~ ~I , uLdJI b'u u-a ~J)~I

c,?~1 t [ltl F ~I <:r-.;11 J=~I~! ~ .ill.:J". ~#I ul:.L.::JI.JJ~ ~I" J~I e:-:lbJl~! J=.:J4

~lai r:" ~l.£iJ4 l...b .\~ 9;;~~ ui , ~.J-" ~I.J..JI ~~..:.U~ IjG' t"y.ZJ.1 1-41 <s,,~ ~1.J..l:'~ ui

u~1 f'# ~fi.:J1 ~"J11 ~I" (DBCP) ul:.~1 F ~L.,JI d ..b=J1 J~ ~ illW1 J=..r9"~I

. Y'~4 ~I ~l "~i,,

~ c,?~1 t lill F ~I if"~1 J=.;JI~.J (~Ui) ~~. J~..JJ lA.;:..u:i d- ~IU:'.;-c.i Y-Ir' -I"~ I-,.;J lA~ d- U:'.;-c.i". ~.J.JJ11 ~ la ~jij11 J)l;. J,:.;1/ 4ib ~I ~4J1 d.)l.~¥I"JaWJIb';:,;-ii

~ ~..l:!~" ~I.J ~~ ~1-9-" dliA cJl.; la d .::..;gi". d';~¥1 b,U ~ ~la~l~ j:~1 "w...ci

I,U ~ d"I.J7~1 ~". LJUlI ~.J.J.l11 ~ la ~~ J=~I "L...;,ul ~Jl..c.l u.J,) .illjJ", JL;..11 I,U c,t f'L..:i...!l~1

. Jl.a.c~1 J,,~ 0-<> \ 0 ~I .JL.b!~ J~I

38

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
rWI~1

(JL..c.~IJJ~0-a A ~I) ,=?~l ~l A

~I ~~I 0:~1 ~J C::rLJj)I ,jb:;~ I) .....g~j.). ! ~I.>:A r~~1 r:o L:k. ~l u.bG.I A.; \

<,?.r--:J 1~I <.:JLil.;.;J ~WI ~~jiJl J=.rWJ~~I J:.).ll "L..oc.~J <tJ l..&->=.lli 0c. U7~iJ' <,?.r--:JI ~4

r:o LJ""L..:.. '4o--J-! ~I u.<llYJ . ~JJ.l11 ~ le ~~I J~~ JL..c1 ~ oJ~1 le~ (GDSIDB) ~)I

c.} (NSIDC) (~IJ ~I <.:JLi~ ~)I ~).I c.} ~)I <,?.r--:J1~I <.:JLi~ t}WI d:.:J1~,,~ (. ~JJ'I

, ~j)1 ,j~~4 t..JJ7-'-"~ c.} (AARI) ~j-i.:;J1 ~IJ d.;:J~1 ~I 6~1 ~ c.}.J' j,jl»,~ ' J.l1-J-!

~~J \:9",j c.} rA,j~ ~ <.:JLi~4~ 0=.111 d...J;.il1 ,,~I ~JU:~..rJ1 Lb~ ~L..:.. 0c. ~~ij

t WI ~Li..>:l ~..G.. ~ d:.:J1 Il.e-' ~~4-l1 ~~4 ci~IJ' ~)I <,?.r--:JI ~I <.:JLi~ ~WI d:.:J1 t=-'""~j

4..a.l:..:..l1 "L...;.!::~ <,?~I ~I JL;.-o c.} (s"pi 4..b....t:sIJ <.:Jlo..G.. 0-a <lc~ LY ~Li.tI 6~ t}WI ~Li.r.Jlj t}WI

~L:" 11 ~ l:; <.:JLiL...... .l1·.111 4..a.l:..:..l1 ,,~I ~..l.t..t...~ dJ:u .~I dL~~1j dJj . L.u cr-wJ,1_ J.J _ _J _. ~ u= ~ .. J - ~ <F'--(jy:J j..,~1 ~I~ "1>,-,, ~J~~I (S";"I J~I c.} JI ~I"p-~ ~ ,,1>,-,,' <,?..r--:JI ~10c.

~J <,?j5.y>..L:>.1 J! 4JL...->!JSIGRID 2 (j~ ~I J-uUl1~ Ji SIGRID 1.r--:J1 ~<.:JLi~ ~)I.1;h]1

Jlcu.7J1~I~~ <.:J Li I.:7 tGlji.:>.IJ 0~11 J~ <.:JLi~1 ~ JL.&...~ ~)I <,?..r--:JI ~I <.:JLiL::J t}WI

J.: ~I ~Jlj. d:.:JI l.u J! .::.Lil.;-:JI r:~ 1.w.L.:!~~ Lb->=a do ,j..l-u:>-!I 1.lA ~ ~..>-!:.IJ' <:F~lj

J)l;. ~)I (S~I ~I <.:JLi~ ~WI ~4 ~jiJl J:.)JI <t.:,j~ (S.:JI r 4J1 J..o.ll 4-=,j~I J-...oI~.... _... ...

pi) ~I j..,..c. ~Li..>:l ~ ~,j»)1 ~~I ...41 d:..::..ji.il.1 tJy.t.lI<....9I..l..lbi~ ,-,ggjlj :Lo,jl.]jl ~JJ.l11 ~ le ~yJ11

. (->=..,.g:;.J1 1.lA &y>

~ <,?..r=-:J 1~I J-bL:w. ~ h)l14 LJ""L..:..JI~~~).I ~I 0"-: (.liiAI r:o L:k. ~I u.bG.IJ A.; "I

~~I ,jL...oJ~I4.h..t.;1 liu..L..u~ 10 ~J ->=~I ~-J-! l"py. '::'J"l..r...Q (VAI ~J ~I ~)I) ~~I <.:J~I

~j ~1...J.1j.t> <....9YleJJ . I . I jl:u.u~ l..&..;:ili~ .::...:~iJ' ~1~Y~Ji 4.h..t.;1 ~ 4:.!:..p->= leJ ~.r--:JI

t~1 1.lA 01d JJ . ~I JL..c1 ~ ~I ('+iwLu..a~ ->=.r.:i1IJ ~I).l JL..c.1 ~ I~).•.t U:!.:JI "I~I

~I ill.J.1 c.}~~1<.:J~4~14:i1o..G..J4:i~LS:)~4dJ~J01..J-:11~~4~~1FLoJ;,:J.lj (IMO) ~J.l11 ~~I LJ;:J.I dJj ~ lo: ' .:.f....o... L9~ ~JI ~~~ ~jl dJ.:Jj , 4~1

~L.u;1 t.:~.....w ~J ..;:~I 141 ~..;:.lli 0c. ~J.l11 ~..r=--:JI ~I~ ,,:-,~IJ' (!HO) ~J.l11 ~I~JJ~I

4U1<.:J.,;-ai ,~ h...u).1 ~L:~ ~J' 4.::..)l11 ~Jl..u.: ~I ~~I 4U1 "l.....O.LI~ ~.Jji ~ <G...

~ dJ.11J . "L...o.c~ ~L: .~~~ I ~,jJ~ r:::-J~ I~ J.l;U ~J ~J ~~~ ~"-: ~ 4-i"-:O-JbYJ' ~l:i.1I,j)~1 "yL> ~ ~WI ~I ~l..&~ <.:JL:J..b:i.aJ d~~l ~~ 01rG..lI ~"il Jl

. ~~I ->=.;iil4 ~J..JI ~I~JJ~I ~I~ oJJ:1 <:,5.111 rlo::...A14 J:!JijJJ c-a <Glj ~)I ~

, ,td-:,:uJIJ (S~I ~I J:b.:i 0t~~ ,j1..l.J:.! ~ ';.,Pl1 ("ill 4 (.~J~I r:o L:k. ~I u.bG.IJ A.;f- -,jL:.:i~I) ~fi . .....g jLi......u\llj ~-9JJ,j. ! jl.:i.....u~1 0-0 Js: ~~ ~I ~~I .::.~~JP Lb-.r=a.J-e. ~.;-c.I-9

~~I ~I ~)I o.lAJ~I ~ .-,:; ....-9. ~I 1.lA~ (b~l ~~~)l) ~j'" jG....u\lI-9 C::r·.u-9)1

. W)l1Iliu.lu.J1 . 4..J.~" ,j~ \11 UWI ~I~. Lb :. .. < .. u.a t 1<F -~ Y'-' _ . c..>-" y-u->-9 (.)-'-"-" l.9 .,;-u-'

39

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
J=..rb d-'~ <,?~I ~I ul..j~ JJ~ 0~ 4J'b, <,?..>4J1~4 r-lu...b'il ~ t:k ~l ~b,iJ A..;i

~~I ~I 6~1 ~ l&~ ~:}:JI <,?~I ~I ul..jL:-:JJ~l ub.k::. dJj~ ~ ' "u.:-i;;";!"~

~ u.L..J b..>J~1 blA b~ u,",=iJ . (NSIC) ~~IJ ~I ul..j~ ~)I j..$).I-.9 (AARI) ~~I~1-.9

~)I j.$).IJ6~1 ~J"~Y/u:: ul..jL:-:J1 blA JJ~ ~IJ~J~Id"I~¥4 Jk.:i11 jo..:Jl )yW-..u1

. ~1I1~~1

,,~! bJlc.!~ .-.'ii9iIJ <,?~I ~I JL;-o~~ WI..J1 ~YI~! cs.;-:..i by> ~I u..>L.tiJ A..; 0

Ji-o J~I /lA ~ ~¥I J~I ~ ~'4 ,',.;J ~~IJ' (JL....c.YI JJJ.::>- 0-0 \ 0 ~I );.jl) ~~l J=..r9J1

d:.o~ I J,.u.u' ~ I ;c, laY I ~ 1/ - ~ 1/ ' 'I w.J.b dJII . .,. L1.1/~ • - .1/ J....l.hll . 'L.J:w t lo:i.::..'i 1, . ue.. -.9 ~..Y"" ~..Y"" ~..> cs',. J ~ er <,?~ -' '-'. .

j.oWI J=..riil d:.oJWI b.)J..JI~! d:lWI blA d-">:~ r:~J' ~~I J=~IJ d.:o.:!ii¥1 J~I blA u::~J ~1-.9J

, ~I J.J..bJ1 ul..jL..J I..JI JJL:iJ1 . .).Ul :La')lJ1 1J3J1 jG..:i1 t ...=ui ~l - ~I' ~I w.J.b. W:.:i.....u'il<,? . _. _. l:?'J ...>: J J::: _ ~ ~ ~. ,~C?J

l.+W-u)..".oJ;w;.a1 d......u~ - (\, - r)i. )~I r~Y 'WJ dJjJ' ~~'il ~I,jill 0-0 bl...i:W.ul1 dt~ ~

0~~yJl "csJl.;J1 dJj~ l.a:, 4-7 d.L.a:i11 ~1..iJ1-.9 uli~l-.9 ~I JL..oJYI ~ly-.9 ul..j~ JJ4:i: Jk-:i:~. ~J4UJ1 ~~I JL.aJYI~i ~ u~~1

(ACSYS) ULw.;:J1~I~ '[,j11 l..1:uJILuI..J .-:1/ .1·11 - ~ 11 I --~ ~I..::.ull . A "\_ _. ~ r ..> ~,.,...,.. ~ ~Y'-' C~.. !.J-'-.9 ..;

~ CSlll-.9' cs~1 ~4 ~I tr~1 J=~l r~ 0'4 (WCRP) ~[,j116~ ~WI ~l..j.r.J1 4-;~~I- - _... _ ....

~~l..j JIJ.!:.¥ t-.9~ ~.J-; , (GDSIDB) ~JI C?~I ~I ul..j~ c;WI~~,jill J=~IJ~ 0-0

difl ~ 0~1 b.)~1 ul..j4:J1 d.c.~ r-1~4 dJj-.9' c)~1 b.fiJ1~~ <,?~I ~, d- ul..j~1~i

~j J-.9J.::>--.9;tb JIJ.!:.!~! :La..lUlI <W.)JJ ~ ~~I J=..rill~ 0'l..;s ~-.9 CI~'il IlA ~I u~iJ' ~.ul

. t-.9y.tl1 llA Jl...&..u'i

~I Ji.,..o 4-a.u <?1' ula.,w4 r~'il ~ t,<>k ~I w..bL:..i , ..!.i:J1 IlA ~ ~l r~ ~-.9 A..;V

'lL:i.Il4....U~~~ ~·'-I/4..u.biJI4..ib:..l1 "~~ '.• 11 '1..Jlj.oWII.~ ..~. U..JIUI' ... '1<.JJ _ " ..)J _.l3-'7' _. er <.JJ ,~r-' ~~ ue. _-.9 _ ,;c.-.9..>~

~ uG:..'-:u> "I~! J.:.laYI 0-0-.9 C?~I ~4 ~I ~~I J=~/ ~J 0-0 ~-.9' ~I ~ J:~I IlA ~

. LJJ~I IlA u4&-t 0'~ ~J..JI ~1';c'-.9J~1~I

~-r.J1 JL.aJYI uLa~ r:::=:-jO ~ u.;1:~ JL....c.YI J-.9..17- 0-0 0] ~1..>Lb!~ u..L<U.c.1 4-i'4 ~I u}.j

~li:i......,)lJ c;WI rLI:.:J4 ...,...L;JI~'"'=~, C?~' ~l rl1:..:s~ uG.Ji <?1 1uJl:..u..:il1 b~l.;l dJj-.9~~I

~'';' ~-.9' :La)W4 ~L;JI ula#1 J~I-.9~ r-U:;..; ula~ <)-.9..111~I d./j5:-.9' ..>~I ~ d:.o)Wl-.9

UAIJI u:g)1 ~ ~l ~)lJ1 ~ cs"p-i uJl:.u.:i ~i C1ygl b.)Jy-oO

40

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
J:JJ~J~I~~(L:JI~I)6~. J~I~~:t.:Jl:JI4-:iJJJ~'-';> ~''-;s~lu)j \>.;\

, c:Ll' J:JJ.1l :ua~1 bJy.ul4...UPI0-" rill I ..>;,;J:il4 r~~1 C" We w.bL:..iJ . 4.:~1 4.:~1 JL..::..;'~lI ula..b.

JLa)lI~ j.;,IJ J-ow. ~I~IJ ~I ,,~i 4-a-u~u~.l.o~~ ~Jy=l.1 bl.b ~;'-;s u.;JiJ

F u.e 4lI1~~iJ' (\, - '7' ( i J) \. ~jiJl uJ-o:i.£.IJ J:JJ.1l~I ~I bl.b u;giJ . ~..r--:JI ~~I

~..Jy..u 4.:~~1 ~ uliJ ~ J:J.il1 bJy..u.<> ui JI u)..;.iJ , jl:i..c..o~ 0-" blJi lo J.c.6~~ l.&.;:.lii

~4- 0-" b~J t~~ b';:~ ~~~u~ 0-" .wJLi.;: la JbJ~ .ra~4~I 4lI1"l..u:u:.i J.c. ~Ji.~I

b)~1 0h.Jl4.:lJ.il1 ~WI J.c. uy":.u:i - (\ \ - '7' ( i J) \\~.; ~jj ul.&.:i'il J! ~I uJl.c.i \ >.;"

u)'1~(\~~o) <G.A~ 6..l-=>.i ui (L;:i.;'il t-" uk~J UV~.; ~I t~) d:.iJWIJ d~12 o<illJ

ula~1 bl.b J:i-o u i 4lI1u~iJ . UiuJI V\-o J.c. b~~1 ~-.9-"J t~~ ~ ~y..:ill ~W,~I ula~1

J.c. d2'; .... !Ji d292!bi ~1.rC~' ~I ~ r~ ~I ~1.rC~~;'iIJ4.:~1JLa.;~1u~~4.:g.il4.:JJ~

~ ~ ~I J~I~ J.c. I~;'J t:,.,li.."~ Il.b~I t~ u i JJ~ ~I ~'iJ' "I~I

. ~, ~ l5.;.=.i~ .bL...uJiJ ':;;'';:''il

~)I J.;.bJ 4.:~1 JLa.;~1 ulJJi J=J.il ~.l:!~1 ~I 0-" J..9~1 ".>71 1ui .;:.u..;ll C"~I uk'iJ \ >.;f

0-" £~I) ~~I ~I JL..::..;~I u.e~~ .wiJ , \~~\ rk ~ b).lJ.o! ~ (A~.; ~I t~)

t~) ~WI r#1 uL...u.;lo.o J:J.il Jew.~U-o~ (CCI) t WI rk~ u i d:.i.:;Jl1 uk~ W; . (~[jJ1 "j.:;J1

. \ ~ ~V rl.c. ~ J.=.~ ciJ~ by.tc ~[jJ1 43JJJ ~ t WI rk~~~ ,:?.l1IJ (\ .• rO';~I

J~ ,:?~I ~[.j.r:ll .;Lb! ~ u.;~ -u ~l.:i11 ~I uk~1 u''-;s .;:.u..;ll C" l...k.. 4lI1w.bL.:..iJ \ >.;t

: ~...>..9.il1 ~ lo bjiill

(I>-,,~I (.JW, (1~'iI0"~w1 2',Qi j:. \'\At fW d2·,b~I.;:.;l.i,jJ1 :~ t:'l.:i11 (1-.9-"~1 ~[.j..>:' (i)

0-" ~.b.;U.;: loJ~~I 4.:~1 JL..::..;~I .;:.;LL~~ - \\ ~.; .;:,;J:ill)~~ u[.j.;WIJ ~)I

:~I .. . Ul:J1 l:L.l1 £ ~L...;'il, (~I . 'w i~j~~ _ .;:.; J • _ y:.~ _ !J

41

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~ (~C\ ~J) G:I-¥~I ~w ~~I Jl.u:,.J~1 u~ (~)

~ (1. rJJ) ~~I~I ~ ~~I Jl.u:,J~1 ~~ ~J..JI ~IJ..JI d:ib.l1 u':JJI..\.Q (1)

~ (n ~.J) ~~I ~~I Jl.u:,J~L.;.~I ~I d:ib.l1 u':JJI..\.Q U)

u~ .:;~ u~1 r# ~~I ~J..JI ~IJ~I~ d.S:~1~I UbJI u':JJI..\.Q (0)

~ (n ~J)~I uI)JI)1 rl~L.;.u~l ..u..oJ

~ (11 ~J) ~ljO - ~I~I rl~ <,?J..wl ~I/~)..ul ~Li.lI G:)':" ....k:.lyll rl.F ("\)

~.J) ~I.;C~~;':JIJ~~I~~IJL..o.J~IJ~~u~IJ)..uI~~l:J:......::,':JIG'ljill (V)

~ (n

~ (10 ~J) c,f.~1 ~I ~ #1 ~ ~)l11 wJ); (A)

~J..JI ~I C:" c!.Il.;w.t':JL.;.) u~1 uLa..GJ J.e~1 ~WI r[J;uJ~ ti....:. ulj ~~0J~J .:,Lt;1 (G:)

. (u~1 r~ ~fi.=J1

~J..JI ~I~ LJ;:J,I~~ bJ)~1 u~l.:,i (.~.J':JI C:" ~I cJ;.:,..':J dJj d-~J \. JO- -~~J' <,?r--:JI LJ;:J,I {t4GJ:' Jl.b1~ ~~l ~~~ -We. r'J..J1~ ~..r--:JI ~~f JL...oJ~1 ~J

J)l;..~I 4.b....o • -:;;11 L:JI J..u.li..l L.k. ~I w.bl . uL....::,.:..lllo.iA l..w..ol ti....:.1 ~l 4..iloi 11. u..o (.~ L>"" . • _ J J • ~ If•

~I uJ;i "uJ. \C\C\A db.:", all ~J..JI ~ lo..c.J u~L.;.li....:J1 dj ~I~I ~ ~~ <,?jjlJ \C\C\A ri.J;.

~I d'...oyUl ~I..JI JI~I t=..u:i~I ~l.....;.ci ~1 ~J rW1 dJj JU ~~I~~I~ rl..:ill l&~G

t~ JI..lC1 ~ ~L.;. L~i .::.u..::.JiJ . ;w;".al~~ J..uJ1 u':Jl:i.o JI..I£".! ~i 0-0~I 4..iloi 4=-1! G:~ "J]

~wWI~ 0-0 dJjJ' tl..i.11~~,~Wl J~~I ulj ~L...;jJ1~ ~~I J.o..c. ~1,J70 ~i~..>+.!

. u l.b...=...J.l U J..J I 4..i..u.J I- -

~~~I ~L<.u:.i ~! ~l..i..lJ I-o~g lc..cJ UA~ 4.:;;,11 uL:.~1 o.iA ~.:,i ~I u.;gi "uJ \. J "\

L&i.JJ..JI0:' La b~1 JU ~Jli.:iJIJ ~t:;~1 o.iA J:i.o )..u..o!)~I~ '-'~">.J' ~~'-7li....:J1 dj I 6ib ,7,',i

0:' 1..0 b~1 JU ~k....o~ ':J ~y.b.ll bJ:~1 uL:.s;-bl1 ~.:,i .J:1.;::w. ~.::J;.:,..':J ~I .:,i ':J 1. 4..oJWI

o.iA ~.JJ' W)l11 ~I tYG~1 JI..I.C.1 ~ ~I)I 0-:J..;-il1~~l <:t b~1 u~~l~ L&iJJ..J1

~~i ~1~ IjjJ. 4..04.1 1~I~l o.iA <:t ~JW,.J¥I JI~1 ~! b~1 ~l.:J1 ~ ~I u..>-'""'i u~~1

; ~t;jl FI~I ~ ul£.~1 ..11..1£".1~ L>:JJ[j ~I~ ~~I ~i 0-0 J~I ~I-¥ ~I 4..iloiJ

42

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
rWI~1

<J! ~I ->=..>l.j:J1 4Y7' ~I 161.::, ;;~ l..tJJ ' f'~1 ~I ~~i <J! '~oJ ~I u.;J..b-.9 "..;V

,~I ~~i . ,._1 ~l..J I.":~\j bJl..J· ~ (. b\'1 ~i ' 4..s' .I<~'il) ~\'I WI . CoWc::--:-. . '-(j-' -.) ... , u_ . r.F -~, - ~

~" JIJ..C.! dJj ~ ~ , .)~l ~y:. ~ ~~I Jl..p\'4 ~I J=~l Jl..a..c.t: t~ 4111 ~i-.9 , • ..;A

~I ~l...Ac.i 0-a.l;:.wJ 4 ~I~ ~~ ui ..17 'i ~I l.u u'L: Cl~i-.9' ").::..-:1 1~y:. ~ ~~I J I,?\' 1

l.u~~ ~I rWI ~\'I <J! u.;J..b ill ~-.9' .)~I ~y:. ~ ~UJI ClLeL:.......:JJ ..::,la..G,l1~~ 0:1I1

. -1l \' I . W I~ ..b..b.;.", t .....O..l i it.:J11 Co.Ak , Co Le . Lt I' ~L..ll~ I . - ·11' 4..s L..u w~lIf.:? ~-.9.J-.9 uJ , _ 0 .,J ~ V" 0 r.F l..9:!.)-"" do .... 0_

. 4.......i.....b1 I \'1 - \..jL... ': .. 1_": ~'i \~~" Le ' -, ..l.hJ (COST) d.....:"gJ1 4.......a..W1 :.·_·11 ·I..l-J,...Qu-" _... <;:. .J-O w _0 ~-.9 U"'" r r.F Y"-'.J-O ... -.9 _ w~ U ...

~j.ll IoU Jki u'L: d..J),J' ~l.c..) ~ ~I ~.)L....t..o~~~1-.9' d,',b,,.,11 Cl~I..::.oIj ..::.01)..11)1

l.u Cl4 ~k..o~ ~ ~I r WI ~\'I <J! u.;J..b ~l:iJ4-.9 ~l ~~i 0-a~I f"lo:i.Al ~.J-O ~ ~

. ~y....tll ~l.c.)1 dt ~ ~I 0-a wL.......aS: ~j.ll

J4--0 ~ ;.: oi; IJ ~'" ~j.j ~,J-!~~.j '":a:..)~'.j r.:'· ;IJ \ \

(Jk\'IJ-.9.l7-0-a \\ ~I) ~~, ~"HJ' "'~}" ~ ~, '0;;'

la b ":.'1 JJl;.. Co -:11 1.lk'u ~L:..li....::, 1.1 -:11 '-'-' ~I .. 1,-:11 L:. ~i it.:J11~ - I " , ,.)-""'" .>7- er ,J '-'t-' 0 '-'t-' er 0 _.) -.9 r::--- ~ .J7 , J-"-'-'-U J J

Ft.:~I j.oWI J=~I ~.) (U""~.J.J-O) UJ\..j~I.) , 0"~U""'~I !A->=.u:i u-e. Cl7y:.i,J' U::J.J-.9~1 0.:7

l.u ~ 4-!~I ~\'I ui ~I Cl~i-.9' J~ 0-a o).i: la~ J=~I ~L....o..c.\'-.9' ~I r-c-J-.9 '7,:u.dl-.9

ji.::.. ~~ ~..::.oIj ~ ~I ~J~I..,9 ~I Cl~ Jh:i.: ¥ 6L:..-.9 ~lilJ 4\..j r Le "--?--.97..;:,.;1..5: ul~1

4111~J',J' ~L:.JI ul..J.:.l1 ~ ~1~-i>l:J,Ji ~i 0-a 47 ~->= la,J ~.r---:JI ~~I JL.::,.)\'I Clla~->=~

,~I~ Cllib.J1 o.u )~I ~ &I,J A ~G.tl ~j.llui .J-.9~

J:~I u D .,.,; ;11 ~.)..G.lI,J ~I- (\. - ':-' <;:. i J) \\ ~.) ~ji u!Aj\' I <J! ~I ClJLei,J "J'J"r~J b.J-.9J \!gi;~ .:,.>-=>ll J-.9J..::>...l1 rJ.iiJ1 ~ 1.:,!4-ili Cl..l7i-.9 ,~~~I d.b=.::..ll rk,J ~~I JL..o.)\' IJ~~ ~\'I

~~I JL..o;'i1~ ~..>..LW ~~l .fi).1 ~ ~~~I Cl~1 rk-.9 ~~I ~~I JL..o)/1 J~ ~ d ,,.,,,.,;;.

43

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
u'1l 4J,Jl.;J.1 J~I ui 4111wi..> ..u...g , b.)-9.111 ol.b~ # ~ ~,J11 ~1..b1.u.J1 u i ~,J' 1#, ~,J..r;.:. ~

J~l~ ~L...;j ~, ~ 0c F I ~l..L 1"'1..G..:i..u..1 d!j ~ ~, ~1,J;.si ~L:...r.' ~-i9 b.)-9.111 b~~

t,J~ cLal~1 ~ ~L:..r;J1 Il.b u i 4111~~i,J. ~ La tj-'..L:~ b.)-9.111 "..\.;~~~)U.I J:~I

. d!j~ Ub ~~I JL:.)II~ ':-':..>~ cs,j.,"ll d.:o)ij~1 ~I).I ~ UilAo d.)-9J~~ <Gi,J~~

~I ui,J' law ~y. o.ib. ~ ~~I~I d.ih,J ~1..>.111 ~lU:J1 a....L..u ui 4111wi.)-i9 ",; '",re::-a law~~ , bJ..l.=>-o ~L9..o ~ ~I..>J d.)-9J "': 9;;,J~ -Y",J ,~ csJl..:J1 .,ro:;jll <t..o.....u..> csj,ll ~~I

" ~-

~WI ~,J.111 J.,uJ1 Uh~,J - ,:-,:~I J:ii; ',,0 11~~i~) dl..:..A ui ULb,J. ~~I,J~.,JI ~4J1:i11

~L..d ~,J.111 J.,uJ1 Uh.,J (\~~V -9:!l.o/..>~i - J:..r.'Vu~, 1~..uJ.9' ~4-a) ~J..Flb ~L9-0"l1 J=.h:i Ui .7,:

~ ~J..:-o l...<bJ.i..c. e::-a).I) t-!I)I ~~I J!.=:i'JI,J .:;JWI ~~I J!.=:i)l1 ,,~I~I ~ ~~I JL..",..>"l1 ~.J-O

,:?~16~1 "CS)~ ,:?..\.LAiJ1 ~J I"'~ U~ ~I Ub.,J (\~~V ..r.'~IjJ,J"l1 ~yi:U, ~',J.):..>41U

Ui 4111wi..>..w - \~~~ I"'k ~ Jj'Jl ~~I0..0 ,,~I~I ~ ~~I JL..",..>"l1 ~J-O ~U ~I tih,J (\~~A)

~.;~' j..o...t:i ~ ~l:i.Il u.;:;.)-9.11I0:;: 1....0 b~1 J)G. ~I..>J~~ 'e i .: b ;.:;~I 0..0 tS,j.,i F1J-O dl..:..A

~1.o..G.. 0c J.=. d:..i.b.,J ~ ~WI J-bL:.J.1 b)J1 rcJ ~ ~~I ~~I JL..",..>"l1 ~1.o..G.. 0c~ d:..i.b. : ~~,J1j'Jl

~ ~)l.....J4 ~WI ~La~1 J~I,J ~ 1"'1..1;.;~ d- Jar. Ub.,J ~ dL......."l1 ~L..<J. ~.r--:JI4.:~1 JL:...>"l1

. ~.r--:JI ~)U ~.wl ~1.o~1 0c~ Uh,J ~ <GI~,J t L:.J.I ~ ~~I .)-9..1 d- J.=. Ub.,J ~ bjill ~I

. "I~I ~ 4J=,yU ..>J~d.ibJI ol.b~~IU~ I"'~ ~ ~,J~ ~i ~l:i.otWI0.:-""l1 ~14111~,J

~ 1....0 b~1 J)l;.~I ~~~I~ ~..>..Gl1 JI~I )J...L.o1 Ui LA)I~ ~I u.b..'J,J '\,; \,;t

. ~~~ I .;:;i:- d.i.f:. l...b) J..La1d!.:6,J~ I) I~~ I 0..0 b~..I-?- ~~ )..w:.1~ L.;.~ uJ;.:,..'J,J , L.&i.)J.111

. ~I ~W~ ~..>~I d.c.~1 ~ti~ J~I 4.L...:::.IJ-O I"'WI 0.:-""l1 J1~,J

~~~~!.JL,.;W~ty!~!~~,J~1~4 ~.iiul...bj"lIJ1~I'::"Jki w: '\,;',;0

t7".r= ,:?1I1 , '" ".J.7l 1, c;GJI J1:..11 , (lit ~..> ~I t~) ~y;J! .JL,./I!~..J-Oj.o ~[jJ&~}j! :;t;ljJ!

cJ.,j, l..J:w......,'J1 j.okJl - ~'1 l...b..l..<U.c.1 -:11 - .Ltl 1',·1 4..::.. ~;;II ~I 6J11~ . \ ~V~ k I1 <Gu ti.,J ':?..> ~j"" t,? t~ '"'-6"' ~ • .'-9 I'" cs. "..>

l...b..>:!~ 0c ~I -::·L.u.c.i,J. ~y:al ~I ol.b~ (tE'""",J) I JW'JI) ~J.J7' '0'"' ~I <Lo~ ,:?j,ll t=fl l~~I

A .1. -: IL., '0.1/ -~'1 I1 ~I ~I 4Jl..::..I.::.w.1.b, - ~ III 1',·1 b..LJ~1 4.b:J1 JI...w:.1 . I. ~~L....u' .,._1~ •~ ~.)-"" L.>'. • • ~ ~ '""'-e-' _. • -F..:r- v.o r,::::--:'"

. J~I Il.b ~ 01,,1..>':'-10..0 1"'.J1= La jb:i'J ,:?~I~ t-!l:ill ,-:,:!..>.iiJI,J

(Jl="ll J .l.::>.' \\ 'I' ..G..JI) l.&.iUJ1 J ~j f._ ~t ~~<'~IJ J.i:a,J . v.o ..> . ~ re. ,J~~

~I l...<bJIJ-O t=-'-".ii,J,):~ ~ ~~I~ ~l:i.Il ,:-,:..>.iiJ1~ ui c. ~..>'JI e::-a ~I uJ;.:,..'J,J '\,;",;'

~j,ll ;w;.:J,1 "l.....::..c."ll...b~ 0c ~1.::.:.;.c.i,J'c;'1l ~l..:JI4..b....uI~F ~j~ d.l.::>.,J LeJ1~ ~~I

J1 ~~~I ~..>.iiJ1 J,l.....u)1 ol.b JJ.~I ~'p'11 "l.....::..c."ll uc.J,J ~G11 ~..>~I JI~I ~~ ~ I~l.....u

44

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
$l0.;7WI 0:.?-'11 ~I ~~i ~~~i 0-0 ~I b~ J-.9Lu.o ~ ~-.9 ~)lll JIy,1 ~~ 4.L:.1,j-O

. t~..I.::>. b~1 ~L..u~1 b~

J)G.. ~-=:I:u.l.iJI-.9~I.>..J1 ulli:JII~~I0:.:J1 ~I ~~i~ l...&~ d- ~l u.:y:.i ~ \ \.;".;"

. b~1 U~~)I-.9b~1 ~1-.9~-.9;JI-.9 ~I,;....ui t...:,L;,-.9' ~..)J..JI ~ la byiJl

'~OJ '0';'~ uL..uI.>J ~i 0-'>:w::.:J.1 ~~ ~I ~I.>..JI ~ l...&.>:!.u; t1~ d- ~I u.:."..e.i-.9 \ \.>"{§

4-=:Jl.b ~l ~I.>..JI ~I r=~ )~I ~ 410i d- U7y:.llo:5: . ~~~I u~1 rk-.9~~I ~~I JL:.)/~

, ~~I.>JL..o.lI0-0 ~1:U.l.iJI~)U J=~I ~~I~ b~Ij:il1 u~y..dl~! ~~-.9' 0:J411 b~ ~

b~.l.:;>- .>JL::..... tJ\..b:W..u1~ cGi ~I d.>~~JL,JI ~1.:r=t1-.9 ~W~I b~1 ro"il ~l.j.>7 ~ 0-0-.9

. J~I I~ ~ b~.17 J~ d- ~I~!~WI ~\'I-.9~I ~~i UCJ-.9' J=yUl1

~~i b~l...u..a ~l ~);~I ~)l;l )~I ~ cGi~ c;GJI ..rc.:i,j.ll (ji.>7l..k ~I obL..:..i-.9 \ \.;".;i

..JI I' '.~~I)I J?\'I ~_L11 ~1·L...u.. . ~- -1/ ~-- 1/ JL...o \'1 uL.~ ~ ..•.~I~ ~ ...t..'J'=' L9 - e.F _~.'..:)-7",> _.>:!~ e.F~ 0i )-.9' ~I~I ~~i 0-0 J~~~ ~~ ~I UJ~I ~l.j.>7 JJG., 0-'> bJl..c. ~..u: ~

~~I JL:..>\' 1~l.j..r:Jt:'GJI \Jo",11 ~J t-.9~J)G.. 0-0 (o.;i l...& '\JO"I~ (bJIL ~I~I u~) bJ-.9~1 ~YI

.~~I

~I).I ~G.>7 '\Jo~i~ Lu.L..ui ~~i (VCP) cr~I0..9l.£iJ1 ~G.>7 0i ul...&.j\' I ~l ~I uJlLi-.9 \ \.;".;0

J.J.<:»I.l:.·.· '.-:1 -L.",.,..JII~ . bi<l..ol~1 .<-- l.j -1/ I~'i ,.IWI -Lb.:, I~ (WWW)~UWI\""" .>:!.Y-"' L9 _ e.F _ ~~ ..)7' U -.9 r L9 <.r- •

~j)l11 u~lS..o~1 ~ ~I ~ ec-:~I ~I ~~i ~I uh dJ.:J-.9' ~I~I ~ ~~l uL..GJI-.9 (j~1

J-La)~ LL.;.JI~j:~~~~I d~I..>-7'JP l.i.a-.9cr~I0..9l..L1J1~G.>7 0-0 ~)lll u4J.1JI;u.~

~~I-.9 t W1 J-La) ~WI ~~I-.9 ~.r-:JI ~~I JL..o.>\' I ula~-.9' ~ ~L,JI ~1).10-'> ~ L..cJ cs~1- -dJ.:J-.9c,t=-~I0..9L.ul1 ~l.j..>:'7 LL.;.JI OWl uL..:llJ1~ dli..& ui 1~';Ji ~I ub'X-.9' u~lI J-La) c;WI

dt.., L.tu>~1 ~I ~l......o....c.i 1/ b...w:.L...J.1 .• <- L. ..u:; f~ ~I ~~i' ~I ~UI ~. - !$' • u-"~ r: <.r- u-" • -

. d 71bJI

~ J:.uJ~ Jki= .~ ~~I 0:.>,;-it1 0-0 bJ)~1 .>:!.>l.i:i..lI-.9 uUJ.11 ~'4 L,k ~I ..::..bL:..i-.9 \ \.; 'i' J"\

0:.>iUl ~I~ ~Ju~~~u.J.,...-9 .1.-:.l:u.l.iJl-.9 ~1-.9 ~I ~J-.9 4.:~f <,';)L..GJI dJ.j~ ~, ~~l~

~I .>:!.>LiiJI LY'LulI fi: 0i u.:J1, ill ~GJ4-.9' --91-.9~~ uY4J1 b~ ~~~ ~~I ula~4~I- - ::: -~~I ~11~i-.9' t~i ~.>.l.iJI-.9 ~4~I~~I 0:.>,;-it1 0-0~I ~I d..)JJ ~l ~~

la (j.:J1~I ~i ~-.9' ~I ~J-.9 ~.>J:iJI-.9 ~4 ~I j.aWI J.:~I <l;!~ (j.:JI..)J..JJ b~1 ~\'l

~I .>lbl ~ J..I.dI I.:u,~ ~WI d~I..>7~1 u.:.;.:;I-.9' J=~I I.:u, ~L..;:u! bJIL!~ ,<go:;1 ill ~-.9' bJ=w= Jlj

. Jk\' 1J-.9.17 0-'> \ 0

45

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~I "LAci ~~)~ e,?11 ~l:J1 ~,i)A ~J~I l+i,)JJ~ .:;,~i 4-'~ ~I.:;,~j ".;l.;'

~~1~ re;' ? ,7, ~i,J ~..r--:JI ~~l JL..::...>YI .:;,le..G....r.!~ ~i j.a J~I ~1 s?,J~~ t 4i~

.;:JJ:iJ 1~ La.k~1d::,l:,.i J~1 IlA C;,J. :Lr.y-JI cL;-,J~ ~i J~ '7'.Y71 c.}-ill~¥10JJ t,J."....tl1

Uh..:i.ll ~'I.:i..,JIJ~1 ~, ":.d~-:Il<J..L:.L.:i..:..I..l.ic ~.Ia'il· . I •.• IL.":"I -:Il~ ".;...,,;tlJkYI--..k4.:tl..l1..9-' r-' ~ ~ . Jr:-. u-"~ 'it:' c--- er ~..> ~ .,

'7'.Y71 ~..r--;JI,J ~~I .:;,I~~ ~ .:;,~l r# ~~I ~,J..JI ~I,J u.:J.10::=d~ fiy> ~Lg1 t,J~

~1 b~li.i...u; ~~I JL..oJYI b)IJ ~~ j.a~..>b~ ~I.:iJI blAl r=.a; r:i JJ,J. (SEACAMP) ~i Jy.7.

0 1.ll:l1.:;,lefi.=.. 4-=J);.:u~ , (ASEAN) ~1 Jy-t '7'~ rai ~I) ,,~~~I,J~~I JLo~ ~~I~l

~-J7;cg)k reJ 0~ j.a~ ~~I 0C- ~1..::.:.;-ci,J' ~'i....t; ~l:ill .:;,1,,1..>-':""1 j.a rJ= le jb:i'i,J ,,~YI

~,J' ~.lll ~,)I tiL..Q:i.......1 ~.;-J b~~ ~I JL..oJYI b)I..J,J' Jki j.a <t: IJ-"Lg le~ Cl~'il

0 1.ll:l 1~ ~~I JLoptJ ~JI &1,)1 '~'~">.,J' ~1jil.1 ,+=J,J~I ~~¥ .:;,~I r# ~~I ~,J..JI

~~ ~I ~,J..JI ~UI .:;,'i~JI,J ~..li111 ,,~YI 01.ll:l1~1~,J' ~ ~)••.t1.I,J t,Jy-'J.1 I:u, ~J ~ ~I

. r.:,JUI ~Jb.l1 ~..JI ~ji ~

, <?~I ~I '7'~.~ C; Jika t,Jy-'J. '~6. <?J4J 1~~ r L",:i.J81 ~ t~ ~1.:;,.b6.i,J \ \}'"J't

. .:;,~I r# ~~I ~,J..JI ~I t~i ~l£.J~ d)..J:U.LU <?.:uI,J' ~I,J ~y-tll ~~i ~ 01.ll:l1~u

<G,gL..;:;....,,~ ~, \ '\ w ~l.a/J~i ~ VU,J.!,7,.!')y> ~ t,J~ ,::,t...!t..';; t 4 1 J,Ji J.k l~J.:-a ~).I j.a 0 lS,J

~,JJ' b..l:!~1 bJJ4-l 1bc4J ..l:!~1 l.b~t; 0C- ~I ..::.:.;-ci,J. VU~..>.J-4 ~ ~~I JL..oJYI .:;,le..G.. b)IJ

t,y-ui ~ t,Jytll~~.::h-.9' 4J~~J j.a tlA.a; U .:;,~I r# ~~I ~·h..J1 ~I ~1 fi..-7.J1

• .:fi.<:..a ci,J

b~b~~~I .:;,La~1 j:!-~~I ~,JG.:i G!">U:...o J)l+i....ul b~ ~1':;'J...:i,J ".;l.;l

'7'.;i ~ ~~i '7'.;-iJ <G..:>.~I ~.:;,.jlS <?.:ul t,Jy-'J.1 J~l ~ c)l:iJ~ '-'~";'-.9' hl:ill J)yJ1 Ji.,aYI rl~'i~,J

~Id' i~ :L..a...J.g I .:;, l£. ~.1 4..u...:J L .;[.J L....J I 4.b..t:8 W~1 ~.l I ~'I.:i J L&...u1--..k .:fi.<:..a ci. J r.s..? __ • J~. .J _ . t,J~ 1..9-' J . !J

0::= <?..>~I 0JLuJ~ rL..:i..b'i1 ~ t~ ~6.i JJ..d1 I:u, C;,J . ..1-.9-'-,81 ~I~ C; t-.9~ ~l.j1~ <Gi

~ .:;,~I r# ~~I ~,J..JI ~I d:,.jl.a'~ JL.A;'iI:t..J;:J,1 ~lei,)J~ <Gi ~l':;'JW:.i,J' ~J~-.9 W~

4..i.b.:11 dI:i . b.w.:.:; - j.,.i:;.....J I • - . ~ ~ I .:;, L.:.lS..a 'i I. r.,r - ('-':. r.,r~ <?..?-; ts.Y~ -,

~ .:;,~I ~) c)-WI r[J;:J~ li.Ail1 d.! ".! liit 1~Y~ .;:.u:JI,J rL..u.ct.'i1 ~ 'We. ~1.:;,.b6.i,J ".;r.;i

~I JLb1 ~ :t.b...J:uYI b~ Uh..:i.ll .:;,U:,jWI ~j <:?l:-.9 . (NEAR-GOOS) ~i J~ J~,J (Euro GOOS) ~,J,)Jj

~~b 4..:~1 .:;,I~ ~1 J~ '7'~ t,J~ .:,..a ~ 0'~ ~I~ .u,J 1.Lb . J~YI J,J~.:,..a \ 't]

~ .:;,~I ..w=.) c)-WI r[J;:J1 ',.!gj;~ 1$.;;5. wL.u..a~~.Y71Ij~~1 ~~i t,J~,J (SEACAMP)

.~1~1JI

46

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
u'~ ~j-O~/1 ~~YI ul~ t~yS..-o d- ~fi 4-:i-o~ iJl ..:..La~~ t~;;I1 ~ tc.k ~I u.bbi~ ""f,,04.L.o dj bJ~ ..:..L.uI.>J "I..r.-G ~UI ~~I JL..o)/1 J4--a ~ d~1 ~IY' d:....::,L.;.b~ J~L:u: t Wl~

c.r-:j1..uJ.1 ~ ~..JI ..:..La~~ ~1).1l.&: ts~1 1lA> ~~ . ~~I )~~ ul..J: ~L~ t l.i.11 ~~ ~lcY~

~UI bJ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~li..>: J~~ ~Lo:i...bYI ~ dJlS: ~We ~I uhi~. "I~I ~ J~..JI~ ~yl

~ ~ li.r.J I IlA> ui ui.JJ . ~).lll J-bW~ )ji iJ I ylll~ I d" L;.~~ J~li:i:~ ~..r--:ll ~~ I JL..o.>YI~

. 1S11~. •YI4..UL1....,8L 4.ibL:J1 ~ - ·11 • Iill I lo:iAl .. ~':F='> l.:T c.s..?- -,. -~ LJ ,t ~..JA -

LS~·'i' ~~ ',J ~ lot.; i 11 e-o'..H,J d01; i Q 11 LS~·'i' tt_cd..,H-1' t.o ~l.i~' \ "(Jl..='YI J~~ ~ \'( ~I)

~li:w......uYI I .. ~ J .~~L.81 A 1;.'·11 ~''L .u.:J1 Lu..bYI lJ..c ~I u..bL..:..i '"''- '"+-'.JJ l.:T . - r--.. LJ • ...>-:: ~ ~ ~. ..) ..)

c.s~1 ~J ~l..l;.; .>lb! ~ ~~I JL..o.>)U~!~~u~~! (\~~~ ~ij,-;-,j,~)- - -(I..JAYI ~w ~WI ~I,)l ~ dJjS;~, (Jl..=YI JJ~ ~ 0.>" ~I );..il) (MPERSS) <::>..r--:l l 0~1 "c.sJ~

~I d"I~! ~J.u ~L..uYI F1~ u~ ..:..}.j~. ~~I JL..o~ d'e .o;'n d.! 0.1 I;;! .)Slj-O Lt..>~~

~Iyl ..:..Lo~1 ~~ b.JJ~ d1lS:J ..:..L;J..1:J.1 LJe.~ ..:..li'-=: J:A~ b.JJ~ ..:..~i~ ~I).I blA>~ ~)I

..:..i.> ~Iui ~,J-bWI blA> ~ ~~I JL..o.>)U d'o'o;,ll ~~I.)SI).I~ <::>i~~);.:JI J:.9 Lt.~-i-i

: dJ.:JJ.~I ~ .)SI,) I blA> J3-o~~~I ,,~i bJ1.ii.....u1 ,,~ La ~w ui

<::>~I 0~1l»~<::>~I ~J tlJ;j~d~1 t:L.:i: ui <,?.>L...t.:i..u.;;I1 j..,WI ~~I~!u.:J1 (i)

dJj .>lb!~ J;...Gll ~~I JL..o~ d '0' 0;;o~! .)SI). d.l....",I..JA JI.~r.~ d"I~! C I~I --.9J+!

~ .,raY I~I Ij! ~l.1;u1l

, , ,iJl uLo.GJ1 uli.....:,I.J-OJ ..:..4lb:J.1 ..u.: u l 4:~IJ (I.J-O~I ~~ ~I <:r~1 J=~I ~! u.:J1 ('-;-')dJjJ 47~I~ d.~ll (I.J-Oi ~l.o,.j ~1";'Y ~~I JL..o~ d '0'0; ,1/ ~~I.)SI,)I 4-a~

~Ji bJy..u..o JIJr.l-! u~~1 ~~ ->=J.9:iJ1 ~~ J~I 1lA> ~J' ~ by.Z.r. ~l:iJ1 b.JJ..J1 ~~

. ..:..Li..oIy.1 b-4l

~)lJIJ~1 ..:..~L..::.:i)lJ ~)I~b~I)1 ~I.)I ~~ ~~~I c.a Wr. ~I e.bL..:..i~ ''1',,',,'1'b.>JL...oJI~I J....L.o)1 ->=.>~ ~ ~~ ;;IJ ~JUIJ ~I ..:..;;IL..::.:iJU c}WI ~l..l;.:J1 .>lb! ~(MTN)

47

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
..::..!..l=.....o 0-0 i>.)JL....::J1 C~)IJ ~~)IJ i».rJ1 ul.~.)JJ.bi......:JJ~I .l-u<:l)I->=).j.:iJ (SHIP) ~~ ..::..~ 0-a

0-0 ~UI ~ ~'t r)l.:;.....u~ L.k~ ,:)-: l...bJJJL-U ~ ~~iJ' \~Y\ J:!l.o/.)~i ~..::..~ ~I (SHIP TEMP)~)

0-0 ..::..l.c.L...u -=.,)1.:; J)l;. (SHIP TEMP) ~}:!I ..::..l..b..11 ->=.)l...ii 0-0 ~UI ~ V\J (SHIP) ~~I d.bJ,I->=.)[,j.:;

~~!~ ':! ru):!1 ~l.b 01.: ~I u.oL , dJj (:AJ. ~I.)I ~ 4..S:.>Lt..o ~I.;--o :t:;)l'j ~ ~)I u:gJ

~ ~JIJI ~I.)I ~Ijl ~I J$L.t.l1~ ':! ~iJ ~I.)I ~l.b 'eio Ijll,l ~IJ ,,~L;JI ~!~ 41...u).1 dJ.<.o)1

. i>JJ~1 ..::..~I J..b~ 0-0 4....obJ' ~I dJ.<.o.) r)l.:;.....ul ~ ~JIJIJ ¥1-uJ1 ..::..,:!L..::,.:;J1J ~WI rU=uJ1

~.;-b ~ ,,~L.t1I~! ~I->=.>lii 0-0 ~UI ~~. J-u..>: 0 i~ J)l;. J.a:i.=.ll u-o <lii JllPJ '''''' ,,,,'"Jl:;J~J' (JL.u:.)' I JJ~ 0-0 '"\.)'"\ ~I pi) (Inmarsat) ~~':!I ~1J.:il1 ~I~ 4:.:~1 ..::..,:!L..::,.:;J1J JJ..ll1 rl£ull

4111u.;J..b ill, ~I.)I 0-0~~ JJ.C ~I~ ¥J.u.JIJIJ~l ..::..,:!~)lJ ~WI rU=uJ1 ~ <::..)J:;..J,j-LU

~)I..r-:.)U:;J ~..r"'-;'..::..!..l=.....o 0-0~I .l-u<:l)1 ->=.>l..LiI ¥I ~I.)I "I~! cs..ll ~L....L81 F l~ ~l

..::..,:!L..::,.:;J1J ~l...J1 rU=uJ1 ).b! ~ ~)..::..~~ b.>JUI (. L.:)IJ ~~)IJ i».;-=JI ..::..4-.>..llJ~~I

:~~0i, ~JIJIJ~I

JL::,.»)U ~WI ~I ~ <!.lji.J:..o tJ~ "U:u,~ ~L;JI ..::..~yil~ rl.o:i...l.':!l CO LJ.c. 411 1.::.J,~iJ '" '" '",t

i>~1 re)'1 ~l>~J~~brWIJ~.;J.1 i>~1 re)'1 ~J' .:;.,~I r.;hl~I~J~I411IJ~.r;J1

I ·'i....J:u~I~ 'l.:i:.dJ~, ,~·'I~I· 1L.....tJ1 ,,'-'1 Jli.:...JI-.1.:.-lI....L..::,I·-'I I 'L.t..~r ~u. tt>:..9 C:?~ - V" '..f Y:'"' J . (:.:~ \:T Y"' r ~ u . _.

Lo~J' \~~'"\ ~JjJ;':!1 ~~ ~ ~l ~ d.b~1 r# ~fi.=J1 ~J..llI4111~ s?1....L..::,1~1

~~~I sr~1 ~.;JJI JLo.c.iJ~ ->=~~ dJj~ Lt.; , ~I~l rip-;' Uh.:ill 1 6i b,7,',i Jl ..::...)U.i

, ....L..::,lyJl rl,;-J ~..lll d~~~I ~)'~..:...a.L.uJ' (JL.u:.~1 JJ~ 0-0 o.>i ~I Pi) 4-:~IJ<::.Iy>)' 1

J=~I J)l;. 0-0' rJ)l1 ~ , i>plJ~I i>~1 ,,1.l.J..ul u.wQ~J' tJ~1 ..>:~ ~ ~I i>~ ~I uJ:i

cWl5: ~)..J.I ~~)'~ ~I ~~I JL::,"')u d""0 ;ill ~~I ~1.)101.:t~i L,k ~l .::.J,L,.iJ . sr~1

JL::,.>~I ~ ~4-- 0-0~~~~~IJ 0 1.;-;.bJ1 ~I";')' ~)..J.I ~~~I (.~) i>~y> d .... lb,OQ ..u:i

~~~ J)IJ t>J 1 Il.b 0-0 (..;io <}i ~ ~I ~I u.).)J' JJ..ll1 c;..J.1 0 1.;:.bJ1~J ~~I ~~I

. ~~.>dJj ~

lo.k ~I u.bL.::..i , rt:.J 0-0~ Lo Ji (WCP) ~l...J1 t l:J.1 ~l>~ ~l r.utl rt:...ll4~~J '"J' ",0

~IJ (WCDMP) t l:J.1 ~1j-4J ~l:J.1 .:;.,l>L.:7il ~l...J1 ~l>.;-;JI .>L..b! ~ uj,,;,.:;1 ~I i>J:J..:;J1 d.>J41I 0-0 J~

~ ~~.) j->=~~~I r)k~ tJ~ JIJ.C! : fijJ~ ~J' (CCI) t l:J.1 r.k~~J~ Jl.Ui

~~~.>-" ~J' (GSN) t l:J.1 J.<.o) ~WI rl..l;.iJl .)l.b!~~~ "WUG' 0:~10.;J1 ~ t l:J.1

48

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
dJj..9~~l.:iJ1 ~u'1 w[.j~1 ~I~ b)..I1 F ~ ~l.:i.I. b,)..I~..9 ~ ~) ..l..u:>,)~ \ •••~~

,)~t~ ..I1~G ~ (CLICOM) tU c)YI '7'L.u..:J1 0-a Lc..lii ~i rlJ;.j ~l ~~ .:r.:.:JI ~I ,,~y

. "~LDI wle~l..9 wL......I,)..JI..9 wJl:.b.:il1 ~ 4-o1~y 4:i)..lG ~~I ..IL....o)lI w[.j~ ~.l;l.bJJ ~..IW:.,)l..lI.J-O"

ol.cb l....ii:i . . U,I A Ir~ JolLiJl ~L..u - ·11 . U,I • I.. '.• 11 - 11 - -1I..::....=.....u· i~I w -- c.r (. r . C" tJ <?~ (. r-: c.r- t:r..Y""'~..>-'" .- U • ,)~..9

~I JoWl J:~I C" JL:w1 .b:~ ~,)~~ J)G.. 0-a ~.)..9 r (S.;,.i d,)..I~ 0-a 47~ le..9 d,)..Il.;J.1

.. U,I .Ir~ tJl ~U,I w[.jL..JL..(. r . ~ ..9 - _..

~1.-lJlilJ~Wl ~1.;-cJl t~..1 <?~ w~1 ~I).~~i~ () ~I ~,)..Ii..9'"..;'..;\

Ir 'YI - b~d' .:G.o' LL.JI I ..• IL. . ..:.~ -:11 UI).I ~i -bJl Il.cb . ~I w.t.:.,y r (GAW)(.S"'""U ~ _ ~ U._ '-fJ-:~e,r-' • (j_ c.r.>: C" ..9

~ ~I ol.:-a..9~I .-l)liJ1 0-a~ ~~I w[.jfi.ll u'~ r ~.J-O LY-'L..ui~ r ~1~~~;YI ~ Ui-a

~i jl ~i ~ ~ C'-"jill..9 J: dJ-L-o)1 o.u aaf.J-O~~I ,,~i 4J..l1 .-.~.."..9 . (s..l4J1 ~I ,-:,.J:.

. -.-II.-l)lil1UWIUI).1 ·4..l.ilJLu,'le l •. 1 -cp7' - . c.r - ~, r+'-"-'

o.>:..D <?.:JI r (GRDC)~Iu~~1 w[.j~ <JWI ~).I~ r~YI C" lc.k ~I u.bl...::..i..9 '''..; '..;V

~..9' w~1 ~ ~:WI ol;J.1 wljj..D J:. w[.j1.:-:J1 ~y ~ r 4.:~1 ..IL...:",))U ~WI ~I 4.:k,)~ ~Ui

'IWI l..l:u..l.l 1-L...JI.j····1I 4..L..L...JI4.._·II~·-II..1L...:,,~lwL,..G..J;..,,~i ·w[.jL.....Jlo···I4.:..0lS.JI~L..!.E" r ~ ~ ~..9 _ _~ _o.:F.'"'') ~ _. ""'tt-' - •

<?~ ui <?..r=--:J 1t U,I F ~I ~..rill J=..ril l Jl a:J...b dJj1,J. ~WI ¥U,I wL..uI.)..JI..9 r w~1 ~)

w[.jfi.lI..9~I ,,~'JI d..lW:.,)l r-;..l.ii~ o~1 J).J-O..9 ~,J-!..9J~ ~I (t""[.j.):' J)l;.. 0-a fl).1 C" wYLo.:iI

. w~l..9 w[.j~1 .)Iy U'L.:..: r ..r"~1 ~I Ijl' 4.:..r--:1 1~~I JL...:"PLJ~I (t""[.j.):'~ (S.?'JI I

J..I43J ~I w~.;;J1 u'~ ~ C;GJI ~)ll d,)..rio..9w~~ rla.:i..bYI C" l.Jc. ~I ~b.i..9 '''..; '..;A

~)..4.o..9 ~~ ..I..l.:>.:! (S.:JI (\" - r) ~ • .;I.;SJI 0""L;,~.J:l ~ ~, 4-7..b:U.>: le..9 ~~I ..IL...:",)'JIlltil~..9 w[.j~

J:. W7~i..9' ut.J:J1 IlA ~ 4.:~1 ..IL....o)U ~JI &lyJ1 ~yJf ,,(S..IL:11~ <?.:JI..9 JJ~I I~ ~I

4-o1.b.3.....L.Y .6,.9..>--1. .i9..!.;'..9 r.J-U"',) .i9..!.;' J J L::Jl~ b11 lti t.~:J 1..9 w[.j~ I~~ ut.~ l.J.c. u:, l...::..)}1 0"" L;, ~.J:l 4-=--~.;I

JL...:",)'JII w[.j~ J..Il:U ~i ..I~ ~I) Jlb~ r ~..r--:11410-a 4..::..GlI4:-U~1 d~)1 J,o...t:; le ~~

• bA 4.:..1 bJ I 4:i.)..9..1 ~ u.::....>"'-"" W; 4.:~I 4.:~ 1

d..lL.:,,:;YI..9~;; ':""'1 uL;JJ1~ u-I! ~.L,.s;, ~l ~ .,r-o:.ij-ll ~:';l.;>I~';.:i ~I w.t.:.,y,J '" J 'J <\

~~14u}., •.4..9~~~1 };;Ylu'L.:..: ~w.ei"I)~..9~0i, (S"p-~I4L,JJ d,j;;~YIJJ.!n.:IA¥1

~~~ ui~I ~j ~l.j ~l w.:J..b dJ.:J..9' L4J1 ~'JII0-adJj wftl..9' ~1.iJ1..9w[.j~1 J..Il+i

u-I! ~..l-'-:' W.>:J..9 <?,)L....t:i.....u~1 JoWl J:~I ~~ ~.J-O.->=;g:; ..I1~G ~..9u'w.;:J/ l.u ~ ~I ,,~i "I)

. ~j-ll ~,)~ ~ rWI0-a'JI1

49

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
uL"..G.l J-o~1 <JL.,JI f"lJ;:J1~~ liu:.1~1 d;2 '11'" ;I~ f"~~/1 t'" L.k ~I w..bL:..i "()"..J': u-='L:.. ~~ dlj ~ l.o.:, u~1

~ 4JJL;:i ,:?.Y:-: ~I (BA1HY) ~~I Jk)U ,:?.;I.,rJ1 ~)I .;:)~ t~ ~ liu:.ljill dJ~)1 (i)

dL~J' b~ ..:"I.J; ~ d.-:llll u~~1 ..:".0 rC)~' ~)lJIJ ~I u'1L.....:,:;)lJ c)J.J1 f"lJ;:J1

~d~IJu[.j~I~~u~JJL.....ui~u~1

uL,,~ J.c~1 <JL.,JI f"lJ;:J1 .)Lbl ~ (GTSPP) 4....:,,#IJ b.;l.rJ4 u-='~I -.L.I)I tJ~1 ~~ (,-;-,)

~ ~IJ t:S'2; ,7,; ~[.j..>:' Jl (lODE) ~1.rCj-i~;'11 u[.j~c)J..JIJJ4=iJIJ(IGOSS) u~1

lc.k ~l w..b6.i , u~1 ulo..bJ J.c~1 ~WI f"1J;:J1 .)Lbl~ ~.)l:;J1 U:..J:w~1 t>~ ~ b-PkJ '''..J''..J'': ~J' ~lll ~.)~I d~1 J)G.. ~WI f"1J;:J1 .)Lbl~ <S"p-i ~.) d~..:".c.::,J-:>. l.o.: .;:~I t'"

(i)

~I (XBT) JLu.u....oYJI Jla.L~1 b.;l.r"- V'"'~ b~i ..>:7~ JI.:r;l J.u.<> dJJ~":"~ :L,4J1 d_uJI.)..J1

~ 4..u..lfiJu[.j1-=:J1 b)J~ 42... 2;1;;.......1 ~J(J)~ ~loji;'11 F1 ;;J~~I~~I~I ~~ 4-o=ii

. ~1.rCj-i~;'1lu[.j~c)J..JIJJ4:iJIJ u~1 d.a~ J.c~1 ~WI f"lJ;:J1 JI..:--.a

.Ma) I ulo~J F J~~ u~1 d ..a..G.l J.c~1 ~WI f"1J;:J1 ~i..:"i ~ ~I u,.l.$iJ '''..J''..J'"~WI f"l.J;:JJ ~; ,;-,;11 ~..JI ~ji ~ ·~L..ui I..>JJ ,:?Jj: W~J l+i1j ~I ~i~ ~ Jl J.o$:i ,:?..r--:J 1

~I b"l.9..$;~J ~..JI I~ j:~ ~~l-! u.aL..u <L..ui:l w:g~1 ~J' t [.j11 .l.J.o) ~WI f"LJ:..:JIJ u~1 .l.J.o)

[.j .'1 ~i' . LuJI' . - - L· d..s _.'1 u[.jL.JI4..=J~ b 1..11 _.'1 ..\.u::»1 A L:.', J.L.t:i" ~ j:gi W$:i..,1:t" ..>-:' ~ u.3 .;:~~..>-"" ut:. _~ M' • '.9.).J ':?~ r- M ":f"" •

b'1~1 ..:"L~ ..l:!~1 .),;-iJ,1 J.,..c ~l UW~~J' ~~I ~~I J~)" ~J u~l uL,~ J.a~1 ~WI

:~I'LgUI . ·w ~1~~'11. u. _ .JCJ-l _ !J _

50

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
rl1;ljI..9~~1 ~I JL.:,..>YI~ 0-0~ ~tJl ~I~I J~..9lioWI J.;.JI <:tJJL;:i11~I~ (i)

J.;.JI b~ ~Iy.o J1~~ d.),jJ ili ~~l <:t);:.11 ~,;;:gI..9' ~~I d ..a..GJ J.a~1 ~WI

~~1~

(SOOP) ~~I ~)I~ ?E-"~~J ~~I ~)I~ b)Jl0.::' Je.1..iJ1 j.;j£i~b~~..9 (d~ ~~I ~L,..GJ J.a~1 ~WI rl.l;:J/ ..>l.bl <:t

J~ ~l.4=J1 ~~..GJ J.a~1 ~WI rl..l:;u]l~ c.o .),jI,7,j2 01(,?..>~'il J.aLJI J=~I ~l y1.b (J)

~~I ~~I JL..:::...>YI 4 Jki 0.::'~I <:t J.a~1 j.;j£> u"~ tS"p--1 bJ~ ~l...::..Iy..:g1 JI~l

. ~~I d.a..GJ J.a~1 ~Wl rl.l;:JIJ

J.;bJ1 JI.i1..a1 ..,k~I~~I d~)I->=..>1j:j J..l.C <:? ~lb,.j'il ~I c.o~I ub'i ,1~i..9 \ ".;".;i

~I ~'iL.:.:;)l1 ~WI rl.l;:JI..>l.bl <:t ~J411 ;;2" 6",11 dJ~1 d ..~~ c;;J1 (TRACKOB) ~~I

..,k~I ~~1 \-~~..9 ~I~I ~ t l:J1 d ..L.ul..>JJ~~ 0-0~~4 ~Lb ~~~I b.14l 01d.),j' ~)l1I..9

, ~I 1.lA..,k 4-iJ.::;..9 ~JLJI d~)1 ,J..;.L:; 01~~~I ~)I~ C;2?' ,7.jl r-P-'""J <:t ~ JS I~~ 0;

~I ~J~~I JL.:,~ (,?..GI-W I <flll ~I 0-0 JS ~.riJ1 I~ b~1 l?L.;, <,,>.'~l...::.. ~~~rl~4

J.Jll~ b~ I~ 0;..,k t4~1 ~I~~1 ~I \-'~:'>.j. :t~''il <U:!~ U-<>uJ ~~I JL..:::.)~U bJ..=Wl1

(XBT) JL..u...u.a)l11 J~''il bJ)-:>. <Y'~,j~ 0-0;; '01; j ",! I~I~ ~~l.:-7l1 ~~ ~1J.1: ~ o~1

ci~1 ~ ~)l1I..9 ~I ~'iL.A;)l1 ~LJI rl..l:;u]l }.bl~ ~jjiJ (CTD) ~Ij bJr~lIJ ~~I uu~ ,j4-:--J

. ~)lll ~I~I J~t;, ~I

Jj..L:;>- 0-0 \~..>\ ~I) tWI ~) ~l-.Il r-Ui..lll" ..:JI b.: ,11 ~)~WI r-~l \ ".;r'

(JkYI

(GOOS) .:::J~ I J..<,.Q.;J ~lWI f"Lk.~Jl

~I ~1 , bA ~J~I ~JJJ <:t~J~/ ~jilJ fuj <Lit;, ->=.ll.:iJI c.o l...k.~ I .;:....bk.1 \ ".;r -J \

~l.4=J1 ~) ~WI rl.l;:Jl..;> ~l ~j.l11 ~~I ~I 0-0 JS ~~J ~ ~1 ~.,....t ~~I JL.:,~ ~WI

~IJ~I ~IJ' (~b~1 r-oY1 ?E-"~~J u~1 r# ~~I ~j.l11 4Jl1 ~4- ~n (I-GOOS)

vu4-lIJ~l.4=J1 r~ ~~I ~JJJI ~I ~~ ~D (J-GOOS) ~~I ~) ~WI rl.l;:J4 ~I ~~f

~..9~ <:?~ c;;J1 d,j~~4 rL..:i...b'i1 ca (,;,) We. ~I ~k.;..9' (ICSU)~I dJL:..:i)l1 c)J.l11

51

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~j~J1 ~I~ ~l J;~I t Lill ~ db JS C:;-.);..J. ~UI (':7.)":11 u1~1 JJL,;..o~1 ..\.J..::» ~WI tU;:J1

~I.J~I~I.J olb:-=J.I~) ~WI t~4~I ~.JJJI ~fi.=J141I L.:tJ1.J d 2?'2'1,;u.u~4 ~I

d L,2 ... 11 ..\.J..::>.) tU;.;.r-:~ ~I &=..riII.J' 41 ~tJl J..riII.J o~1 ..\.J..::» ~WI tU;:J4~l ~y..J:J.1

tlJ;:Jl.J t W1 ~) ~G..II rl.l:uJ1 L.!:-! d~l.J (ooPC) tUI ~1~')1o~1 ~.Y.~I ~~I <LJ..l.;..J

~I ~ ~1;(h;J1" L, ,L,;,II ~'L:i ~ .(WCRP)~Lj.lI.=.,·- .It IWI [.j·1I d.b..=JI~) IWI_._j-.l.-J-J-J ~ 1.J-ll..9 l..9 ~ ~if' '(t""..T:'.J ~ if'

IWI U;:JL~I ~ ~:'II ~I LWI6.J.IIl....!l..lI..u:.L .IL.;.::~~~ "oU:u.::J.1~ I lG..lI ~if' t . - ~ ~ .J ~ .. ..c-- .. ~:J..9 - .)-'':!" r-=.,.~q" - bi .. \'\'\A 'Lh :.. - "<.:Jf.b.....::...1/~1 lW/ l..J:uJ/ ~ ~ -"'1' d.b..=.1I..\.J..::»~.);.Y-' _ I.f..r:--:..J ~ y.u.J~ ~ '..)' I:?' r ~ 0 ~ ~

~4 ~l ' (GTOS) ~.)":II ~) c}L..J1 rl.l:uJl.J t W1 ~) ~WI rlJ;:Jl.Jo~1 ~) ~WI r~1 L.!:-!

~I - I ) -'. .. , 11 U..l'·II.b.b;J1 11 UL::.I o[.jL...J1 ii I..lL ,,~L~~ -:. - '"L...t.:.l~ ,~ .>-'-'-" ru-'" ~~ t"""".J ($" • "1t"' L>' • • _ , .). ,l..9 ,_ ...>-'-'-"'-" L9~ •

.. ..\.J..::>)llio~~l.c.

ii-b..;l1 ~~.:iJl0L: We ~1-=J:,L,.,j, O~I.l..L.o) ~WI rU::..:..lJ ~j~1 u1-b..;J4~~.J '~J f J ~

,j 0Yl~ t WI ~1.;i.')1 o~1 ~.Y. ~I J=,yJJ1 0iJ L L.~ ~ WOL.;, "-?'->.> ~WI ~j~1

w~1 ~.) Jlo..c.":I ii..l~ O~ ~l (OOSDP) o~1 ~.) rlJ;.i.);.~ ~I ~[.j..r:ll ~ 4..;olo.GJ ~~I IWI U;:JI ~~Id:..J~!..lL:. ":11 ~ J;..o ol:u..A Lh~ -- 'j~ 'WI '1 ''';/l:? r J ~ .. -' .). ~ ~. r~ 0 ~ C WO y:.

~I ~.JJJI ~fi.=J1 ~I.J (DBCP) o[.j4:J1 F ~Wl d.1=J.1 Jl:--o~ 0.JLuJ1 ~.;J.J (rGOSS) o~l

r.ll;J .. l.&..r=i-Jo~1 r# ~fi.=J1 ~.JJJI~ ~L:;jl (GLOSS) ~I F ~~) ~WI rU;:J4

..l)yJ1 ~j~1 ii~.;l1 L,2L,;i l l ~J' j~ L...1Lo~1~ ~jyU.ll ii-b..;J1 ..l1..IL1,j I~';J ~I

o~j.J ' 0'~ I l.i.b ~ L:L..;sJ 1Jb::i.J~~~ U<>:/ ii.>J~4 0~ ~L...J I~j~1ii-b.)b~ I d::~ I

-;. t I:' I ~ ... I - ',. ~ t 1- . .: tI I~ .. <: 11 - I I 'I I ." - ', .. ', t1- ·'I'·"~" ~ . -;.. " I~ iJ-l-Oo~ ~~-J-'"" ~~ c..s-.r.:-:-- -b. c..r • .)0 "2 IIIO~ Ol.a~ ~..l~ ~~y ~ 0'-7~

w~1 ..1-<.<:» ~L..JI rU;:J1 r~ 0i ~, o~1 L..J..=J J.o~1 ~WI rl.l:uJl.J d::~1 d::~1 ..lL:,)tl

~I .::.J;.:,..~ , dJj d- ~.J' d~~1 ii)..llJ4W1 d 2;oi ');'~J o4l-bi11t220' J:-.i 0-c :Lo.:,.>01 oL,~1 ~~

. <5,.p.-":I1 ~j~1 u1~.;J1 JS1 ~LpJI ~l:J1 .>-"":11 ~I.J ~ ~ oL,~1 r-=..\i; 0 i

,jJ 4J.>Ji ~ o~1 ~) ~WI rl.l:uJI·\2 0;, J~,j:LoLhd~~~~~I~I~.J '~Jf"f

.:>=j£i ~l <..J~ ~I ~~I ~ wLu.....uj.o.J O~~ ~ ~.JL...:i o~jj~ wJlS 0~.J" ~i J~ JW

"'2Q",;.J~~I w~~1 ~J1..:;.,~1 oL,..G,. ~Y.J li...:J1 djo~1 '="~.J ~1';'~L:-ii.J":I1o[.j4:J1 J..lL;:i

. ~~I0:.u,j lo~ o~1 ..\.J..::» ~WI rU;:J1

, w~l~) ~L..JI rl.l:uJ1 j:.~IJ ii..lJ..:::J1 o[.j~1 j.4o~1 4J:i 0'~ ~I ~.)..li.J '~JfJt

.,l..J..Q) ~WI rU;:J1.J o~1 ..\..L.::l) ~WI rLJ;:J1 .)l.bl~) o~1 t U ~j~1 ii~.;J1 O~ d:.....::.b.J

J:-.i 0-c ii.:,j..til ..\..L.::l)1O~~ ii)..llJ~.J~~~ o~i ~.;J J:-.lc "I.J-?"l jL;,.:;1~, (tWI

~fi.=JI~ 147 r~ c,?J1 d1J~b.J t J l.a..c.i 0-c I.f~ ~ .);...Lii11 ~ ~~1-::J:,~i.J" 0 '-:J.b:111 ~.u ;; 2: I;

~~ , o[.j~1 ~ ~WI d ..h::J1 Jl:--c,j 0JL...:j1 J=.).Jo~1 oL,~ ~~I ~WI rLJ;:J4~I ~J..JI

52

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
..:.,i ~~I ~JI ~~I ~~I ~~I J::~I Jl~..9 (uL:.L::JI..j.A bJ~ tl...~Yli:>-WI d-;Jhl.l.1 J.::I;

u1~.) u.o (L:J.I ~) ~WI rl..l;jl..9 u~1 ~) c;WI rl..l;jl u4Lb~,,~~/1 .Gc. d"I..>-7-1.:G..:i:

(ROSE) d.)IJIJIli:u.uI.J7u~1 .)~~~I ~~I ~~I J::~I J! (cJ~..9' ~~I ~JI0hu

~WI rLJ;:JJ ~t11 dldl dj u~J1 c.a ~..9u~L..o..:iI ~~1~1';'~~;~1 ~l~h..::81 ~ljil~~I.)'p1 Jl..9- -j:.b.)"7.;,,,11 u~~I.J.ou~~~ ~~L.uYI F 1~ c.a..9(WI ~J c;WI rLJ;:Jl..9u~1~J

ula..t:J~·...11j 'L.. .. ~1j 'I' 'w'~1 _.Ij -·-Ij~JI~L.rloWJI4,t.:.;';1I ~.:':IL..~I_-:·Wlai..u....yu <,F' _..>::'" r.,r jC-J-J _!J ..9 <,?..>=-:' ~ . _ r::--- ..9~,~- ,

U..9~~ Jj..J1 Il.!l~r~":"Y illuJl..9 ~~I..9 b~1 4=..J..:.,i ~I d.)..w, (WI rk..9 ~..r--:ll ~~I JL..::..)YI

u~~ J.c~1 ~WI rLJ;:J1 J3-.o li....:J1 dj tS.?YI u~l..9 u~1 r~~I 4..;.J..9..J1 ~I c.a ~)I

. u~~1~ ~WI ul.b...11 J4-a~ U..9~1 J::.)..9 u~1

(OCOS) t LU' J.44.,J ~W, ~ L.k.lJ ,

b.:b; ;I~ uJL:.i..9' (WI ~J ~WI rLJ;:JI ~ j,.>-=>-ll rilll j:. j:;>.,J-O ->:~ tJ.c ~I ubl...::..i \ ".)rJ 0

..JI l....-....u ~ ( 'L:J.I ~J IWI lJ;.:JJ (JSTC) ~-::'ll ~I ~I ~II·-:J..ci -:114..c..c1..J1 -'L.:;.1j ':;-:11Jj - ..9 C ':? r ~ _ ..9 _ . '-6-' t,?' 0-' ~..9~

b.:b; ;11 J~ ~ ~I .).uJ4 1~}_L~..:.,i ~ ~I ,,~i &I....U. ulb:-=J.I.J.o ~~I d~.)l <,?~).I

J::.;-iJ1 t-'" ~I~~~ 4.......:,L.;,..9 ( u~1 ..L-L.oJ ~WI r UuJ1..9 (L:J.I ~J ~WI rLJ;:J1 ~L:....>-;l ~ ~b

..:.,i Jl (L.:..11 J-".:,J ~lJJl rLJ;:JJ~~l b.:b; ;11~~I w.cJ..9' (L:J.I u.e1-ri.Y u~1 .4<=J..)-! ~I

~1~4 Lik..:i.ll ~YI ~YI~..9 ( (L:J.I ..w..:=.J ~WI rl..l;jl~ j:. .:;,,~I r=~ ~.) 0 i '''':

.~I';'~~;~I

~I J~~,J3":"~~~I ~1..9~1~I j:. .)JL..:JI":"~4->:~I c.a LJ.c~I ubL:..i..9 \"JrJ \

jJ; ~ , w.ll:;1..9' b,,~..9 b~ uL.l;,,::.,)L, .J.o <L1.i1.:i ~ u.:-=-Jj . J: 0; ".11 ~ U:~I l+i=l..cJj~I c.a

).1:,!~ (L:J.I ~I';'Y .:;,,~I ~.) J4-0~ ..Gb..9 JW JjJ "IJi )~I~ ( ~1..9 4.:11.:J1 .:;"L..::.L..cu.;.~1

~ J~ 4-::k ~I ~I .:;"I"I.>-':'-t' ..1';..9' u~1 J-".:,J ~WI rtJ;.Jl..9 t W1 J-".:,J ~WI r~1 u.o~. bL:.Ji \ ")".) \. bpl ~u~1~J~WI (tOL:...r.JI..9 t WI ~J ~WI (tOL:...r.J1

~J t WI LJ;:JI . ~ L.t.J.L.. '... -: .11 4..J;:J1 ,,~y L.u:..1.u.e..l.J-itI' <Gi I~ ~I .-~I \" r Vf.,f r r.,r.) .~ t· _ VC ~, ..9 J J

~GJ. I~"';'.:i ~L;l uo~ .;:ij'J..9 J:~ (L:J.I ~i .J.o ~J-..:>JI uL:Jb:i11 Fjil "1 ~j..9 ( 4.;,J r~~ 1..9 t L:..l1

F-i.J.i:iJ LbJI..u:i......u1 j:.u;jCi..9' t WI ~J JW ~lc rl.1:u r~ .J.o ~.)WJ.I ..:.,1J.4J1 16.:\~; I" ~I ..{,I~I f':': 0;..9- -I~ JIJ.ctl ~ ~j..9~~1 b.:b;;11 ~..9U:y....;:J.1 ~.4JI..9~1 ~, ~G.o~~ (bJ.clu.J.1

. <tJl.o.ci~..9t4~1

53

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
w1.).uJI-.9 w1~4~~~I ..I~.»)U ~,J11 ~1)10-a ~~ ~i J1 ~I w.)L.ti \ ",;l.;A

wJ'b. ~;W dJ~ ~~ ~i-.9' c,;.b,J11~I c,?w~1 ..u.-::.) <)-WI rLJ;:J1lJ.c b~ ,,1.J-.7.i '\~A'I;t ~Y1J.I

wLl:u.::.J.I..I.w::» IWI LJ;:JI"I' i·t:.·t f··lI~1 t--·GI.I ·"~~b.llwL,;.L::,:;.;,J'I·iL.o...S:.b.':<- tr r ..r:- r- c.,r-" - rf~ u . 'it'~ " .. u ~

. wL~~.t1 r# ~~I ~-.9..u1 ~I C'" 0-.9l.LiJ4 ,ilij-.9'~w~ ~Iy:; ~

d_J:wll . lilll ".':<11 Wl.J ~~ 1.Jl.....;] b L:ii 1WI " W,I ._" i 1/ L...o..i ~I w W:.i \" l '\-.90 " u-"~ . . . _ .) -.9 tr ( ~ u!.So _ . .) -.9 .; .;

b.i.& jL;,:j1 "1··11~ UL5: d ..Q .1_ .• Y1 1/ I•...u "I -- J'~ I. :FL..J:u d" I I jL;,:j1 f~ - -:1/ t.J ..u Isr ~ 0 - ~ u IJ' 0 ~ Yl :.J-l-l J 'T'. ..>-7-0 r.s- lJ""..P--'~ _ -.9

d~I~; ,7,;11 ~~I...9 ~I Jl.a.c.i~~~I ~y;JI..I~)/I ~ J;..ow~ SilL~~ ,ili,jJ...9' d"I~¥1

rU;.;J1 '+o~ ~I w~l-.9d .~or<·)itl rl~4 w~1 b.i.&~.jJ ~j)lll w~~1 b)..I1 &ljO-.9 J..u:»1w~

L..-.9 ~~I ~w'1 w~1 et"U.;:~ , ..l~1 I.i.& c,?-.9' t W,I J..u:» <)-WI rU;.;Jl-.9 d ..b=-:.ll ~) ~WI

. t W,I ~...9 <)-Wit W,I J=b.:1l L, lA I~~ w~~ I .le I~ lJ.c "7 .b.;U->=

J! u.:lb...9' ~lL ,,1~1 jt.=..:il J1~,i; b.)J~ILit~ ~I w,;gi , :t.4WI wl.;lb:ill b~ d~ .'li...9 \" Jl.; \ .

..u.-::.)I F ~I JoWl J:..rAl 1-.9 ~~I ~I ..l~)il wl.a~ ~I JoWl J:..rAl1lJ.c ~~.) J!J ~)I~..l ~ ~FJ'I ~...9) wl.b.:.::..l l r# ~~I ~...9..u1 ~I ~L.i C'" d.)JL.t.o ,,1..>7! r W1 ~\'I J!.J <:?~I

J 4--c~ 0,jwl J:.rA-.9 wLb:-:.ll wl.a..G.l J-<> l5::i11 c;W I r LU1lJ.c ~ ~.)J (wL.h.:-=-ll ~) <)-GJ I r LJ;:J I

..u.-::.) <JWI rU;.;JL:~I ,,1~1...9 t WI ~1.;i.'J' w~1 ..u.-::..;: ~I J:..rAl1...9 w[j~1 ~ WWI d ..b.:.ll

~ ~lJ;..:J4 ~I dj w~§t1~ li.u..:..a J.-o..c.~U~ ~i 0-0 t WI ..u.-::.) <)-WI r~l-.9 w~1

~.)ll wyl lA.:G..:i:i ~I d"I..>-7-¥1 (~~ d:.bJ1 b.i.& ..l.l=>,.j Lii~...9' Gb. b..l..J7-,J11 ~I d ,~,'oilll>"L...i

JL:;...o ~ 0,j~1 J:~...9 w~1 wl.a..GJ Jol5::i11 <JWI r~1 Ji.a (Sy,..'J'1 w~l-.9 ~~I ~~I ..lL,;..)'J'1 411. w1"I..>-7-! lJ.c rJ= L.. jL;,:jJ' ~i Li! \C\'\V ~~ c,? bjAl;>.~ Lii ~-.9' w~~1 c-a..:J WWI d_b.::J.1

J-.9~ ~ WLgJI ~1...9.)l b~1 ~'J'~ ~I w,;gi Jl.ac'J'1 J~~.J.a ~I I.i.& .)l.b! ~...9I~i...9 \" ';l'; \ \

~.)L.u ~ Lii <)l..:iJ4 w.)~...9' w~I..u.-::.) ~WI r~l...9 tW,1 ..u.-::.) <)-WI rU;.;J1 ~-.9 't\ Li,.,JJI Jl.a.c.i

J..u:» <JWI rLJ;:Jl...9 t WI J..u:» <)-WI r~1 ·\~r\i...9 n Li.}J1 JL....i J...9..17- - (\\ - '":' ( i J) \. ~.jJ1 Jy.itl

.wl..b.....::J.1

.;:,1 b.: ,11 F d 'il, ill d .: o(,JI ~1~4 ~1,,9 ,.:d.:aLoF'ls'1 ~ u,;-:LJ:J.l~l '''.;t(JL....'J' I J...9..17-lJ.c \ 't.)t ~I) l.S~F'ls' I .;:,~ 1,,9 ~LO.kU 1,,9 (ICSPRO)

54

1I

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
["WI~/

~ ..u~/ .).jJ':''4 w~i-J' w~1 rh:' Uh:J.1~/ ~/..r.J~ ~I-J wGL,yl Lt:>~~I ~I ).1! ~

w~L., ~14....u:.~11~I J~i ~ .. (UNCED) ~l ~L., '._11 b~l ";1/ -0 ....,Lki.~- .... - ~. -J-'-O c.r-J _ -J _. .~ ra..>-"-'-J-" . l.T

.j.a \ "jO ..G.:11 jl.1! ~ d ,;-,gG11 (,.;) ~/) (ACC) ~)J~I ~I~ 0c. dg~:;ll-J (SCOCA) L,-b1~1 J-b~-J

~~I ~l JLo.c.";I:u& (ICSPRO) wGLeyl Lt:> ~~I ~I Jki.:,i ~I wi j , d1.:J ~-J' (J~Y/ J-J~

dtuuJW . 1~4..., ~.1/ ..':~IL.,Uk.:;1/~o~l- .... I-i' 4..., • ,4..., IJ~I ,:·:~I/W· 4.1i..u11.... J..=..J<.r- ...~ ~. ~\.F.'" VC ....).j~-J ....) 0 ~ • ~ .•

le:.).j' ~.;;...tll ~I bl.b~ jlyU.-u1 w.J:i dl.lJ-J' w~1~~I-J b~1 rayl ~~~ uW;ul1

. 43L.."LAi.;..1 ~ w~~ JbJ! e:-a

I)..ro w~i wl.1.:-=J.1 ["# ~~/ ~-JJ11 ~I ~ 0-JWI ;U°L.-u..a.:,i 0Lb.:81 J! ~I wJiJ.:w.u1 '" .;t.;"

Il.b ~-J' ~~~~I ~ 0-Jwl 1.Lt .J=~-J ~I-J-" ~i ~I w~i ~ tJ-o-J' ~~I l+i.).jJ ~G:ii

L.a~1 u J1/ ~I ~I' bJ..llllI· Lull ~i ':.:~I/ L.,~llil-II lo.k.~1 w.1l.::..i "'L.....J/... _lJ. -J ~ uJ -J~.... y ~ . 0 ...

.~/~~~)I b~Yljl.1!~-J~~/ ~L,YJ~~ Gl.::..~,:?~~I-Jd.~~1 ["#

~-JJ1' ~I-J ~I Lt:>~1~ 0-Jl..uIl)~~ I~~ ~YI b18l0°~ ~I w..hl~-J '''.;t.;r'

h..=.. ~l.U ~ L) 0-JlLil / Il.b 0i J! <luJ..j w..9~1 ~ wjLti ~-J' <:t-JJ11~I~w~1 [",# ~~I

..... d..u..., ./J.1 . m.ull ~ WI I~ Ltd_.,~i ~/~ dJ.:l1. :1--1/ -·~.I1 I~ L:...:...i< ... :· _I le.J:.Y-' ... . f'"6-' • r.,r j c.r- . -J ~y ~ c.r- -~ r

~-J' d~1 ~L:JI dj ~WI ~ ~/.J.~~;~Iw~~I-JwL......ujll-J ~~I J~~ ~I ~I).I ~ 0-JLulI

~i J;....o ~ ~ ~t 1 1·1/ J1; '.:u.:.:; ~I/ WI . 'W YI ~YI 4...,. -11 J~ Yl ~i 1.11 . La...............>-'-'-"'"' ~ ~ ~ '-:?' _ ~~... -J -J -~ j j • c.r ...

~WI w~1 J4-c~ 0-JLulI J=.;J-Jw~/ wle..GJ Jol.$:i.ll c)-WI ["~I-J' w~1 .4a) c)-WI ["~I

. .:,t.l,;:J1 Il. ~UJI ~I-J ~~I 0-JWI J! C~j~1 ~ ~/ w)...,ti , ".;t.;t

J~j)U ~WI ~I-J (Inmarsat) ~lib....::.~1 t;J/yJl ~I-p'~~I w~L...:.:i)IJ ~-JJ11 ~I-J' ~-JJ1/ ~~I

.j.ao] ..G.:1' );.jl) (GMDSS) j~1 ~ ~)l,.JI-J ~li:w..u)IJ ~W/ ["LJ:ulJ ('::'l:iJ1 CS~I..:..;JI ["~ ·'.:A·,;~ ~~I.... .... . ..,. ...

, dJj~ b-PkJ' 4l..;:..l,.,~1 H-..IiiJ ~_.;--:>-;JI ~I 0.0 .:..G~J ~ lS.;..i b~~l>?- ~dJ~J' (Jlo.c.YIJJJ.:;>

J)l.:.. . \' I w f" .• 'I wW;ulI' 4.L'''' 4.L . Lull . ~I I - L., -U:ill· t:k~I w.bbiCS~ ~ -J V":.J-U-O ~~ LlJ r.,r j~ • ->= ~ •

b..L=W11 raY/ ~GJ"!-J b.l.::Ul/ raY1~~ le: , ~~I ~~ ~).I ~WI0~ U::3.).j.J1 Lt:> Le b~1

,:-,Y-::J ~1J11 ~I-J' ~)lJb ~I w~l......::..:ijlJ <:t-JJ11 Jl.::..:i~I-J' ~lj)l-J ~~)U b~l ra"':!/ ~J' ~

c)-JJ1/ JL=>.:iYl-J' (!ALA) d j G11w~ ~-JJ11 ~I)I-J' (rcs) ,:?.r--:J l JQ:JJ ~-JJ1/ :U.;-iJI-J' (CPPS) (sJ4J 1~I

(SCOR) d..b.l.~/":"·- .1~I ~I ,~I4.c.~ . L..:;:81 ~I .iU...o (IFSMA) . ~ 11 d:...:uL., d ...b.../)... ~ .... -J ~~ o-J._ CS ~ ~ .. j •

55

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~-9' (IUCN)~I J),j-lI-9 ~1.1;h] ~-9.l11 Jl=>..:;YI-9' (ICSU)~I dJL:.:i)l/ J-9.J1~~L:;JI

~ (Argas) <::>L..o:J.I ~I~ ..l:!~-9 <::>L.;~I ~ bJl.cl ~l.l;.;-9' (IOMAC) ~.r=--:JI ~I~ 0-.9l.LW <f~1 ~I

, ~~i-9~~4 0-.9LulI 1.iA~i ~ <::>~i-9 CLS ~l.~.b.u:,yl G'1,jil1-9 ~I,j-ll ..l:!~-9 <::>U~I ~ ..,l·.bl

4-J..c. '";-'y:.i ~I .;:..Ii:iJ1 <::>~ ~I ~.>' J~I 1.iA ~-9' ~I ~ 0-.9LulI 1.iA :;:~-9liu:,I.J-" ~~-9

. ~.r--:JI ~~I JLo}ll 41-9~~ Jl£.~~~WI 0-.9l£il1 ~-9.l11 ~..r--:Jl ~I~

(UNCLOS) 6..J I . . Li.l i~ I ." I W LA:i IJ . u~ f".A-

. "/ 'G1I' :.~ \ '\ . ~I' .::J.:..J.u WI·'l..iJ b~1 \11 Uli:il 'L 4b.l11 <::>}.j \" t 0~-.9-' c.F u=..>-'-'-'-' ~ _ ~ .> . t...l.J-' r" _ u.. J J

..l-u::l}1 ~;(JW-, ~ ~I "L...o.ci tJJ..:¥ Lb~1 ~I d"I~¥1 ~ ~WI0.:-")U Lb..>-:.u:i 0c U-;l~i-9' \'\'\i

~~I "L...o.cl ~-9' .>L.:.-;JI ~UJ b.J..:Ul1 r<>":I1 ~U;I )·1,1~ 4.L..aJ1 dj (5.r=--:J1 ..l-u::l)1 F-9~~I- -..l-u::l)1 <::>~ ~~ u.k..:i..ll ~~I <::>L.o-9WI-9 d_,~WI ).bl ~ ~I LJS: b~I,j:i.l1 <::>Lo~1 ~I~I

:~ 4111<::>:f..> ~l.:iJ4-9' <f~1

~WI Lrc d..l-u::l)1 dJj ~ L.:' d.:"':i-9)I ~1~~~;YI-9 ~~I ~~I d..l-u::l)J ~I)¥I ~I

~ .>~I ~ <::>~I-9 C'J.>'YI~)L..u~.l1 d .."..GJ1 ~ji ~, d.:o.:";;¥I.>~I-9 ~~I ~J~YI

~ UWI UI _It~ ..l-.al .l:...a I •. 1_ -'- 4..c:.[j~ A I.:.~ l..bl· - d..l-u:»1 b'u . 1_ , ~ _ . ~ &-'-"-9 .. .. r-.>, ~ <f..Y';-J u

~)#I~~ ~l..i...a 0-.9J-9~.r"'7 ~ 4lJ~ 0i-9' <::>~I <::>l.a~ J-a~1 ~WI ~LJ;:JI-9

~ ~WI 4-=JL""·b

':1-9' bJL:u.l1 t 6ib ,7,'" ClJlJI:;: rA-9 ~.>4:iJ1 ~I.b~ <:r~ uuLu.i~ 47 ~~ d..l-l-<:l)1 b.iA.:,1

. byU..uJ.1 ~y-t-9~~I ~, ,,~yl ~ , rtl ~,jill Lrc ~

{I}

~J.l11 d.iuJ1 et...L.o-9-;l \ '\ '\A ~l.c uikl ;;.J..:Ul1 r<>)U t.aWI~I ':'1 ~~y I t:" 4---U1w.bY \ "Jt J'\

b.:b'; ill ~ ~l..Lg ':UJ <fJj:i':'1 ~~I JLo.>)U ~WI~~~I (51.>~ c;G11 yUjll':'I-9' db.:" ,,11

JLo.>)U ~WI ~~I t~.J-" 1:.t·~-u":ll-9 :t.aL.:;j1 <G.)JJ~ ..1,,1.::.. <f~1 ~I .:,IJ' 4:s J~YIJ ~-9..J1 :t..uJ1 b41

<f.>4J1JI,j-lI-9~)U u.;:.u:i~ ~I ~~I-9' <f~1 .bLtuJI-9 <::>~'J vui.bl l yb-9' \ '\'\A ~l£. ~ ~~I

:~~-9' "::"~~-9.l11 ~I ~ d·... 4-<-ul ~l:i.a.; ~I ~ LbJI.lCl

56

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~WI~I

lcw ,w~1 .1•.~I~I IlL,~I wL:.L:'llI· ~ ~:'II ~Ili:u.t:,i . -.l1 ~ L:u.ll. - r-:' - '(t-"'~. - J Lt:' ~. ":?.)

.~~ ~ '~~A ~l£. ~~ ~

:L..i.iJ1 [:g:;J1 :.. L;. <l.::>. I .. ~ lcw, I .. WJI' <.. . i ~.b....tut.l We. ~I w.bL:..i, 4..h....t.:,YI b~""':'L:.. 11_ .J:.) ~ U"'" .:J7 '''It:""'' • ~ ~ _ ~ <s.r:- .• . . l..> bJ

. b~~l:J1 4J.JJ..I~t.:.:;i ,-'~Qti ~I ~I d~W.1 w~.illjJlia, ,?~I.;:,~~~I

:t.i...uJ1 b4; w'llU3..::..'ll1 ~ ~Wl ~~l ~ ~I Jl0.::">-"'-:1J1 ,,~YI ~~I uc..l l~iJ 'Y .;i.;¥

bL.t.i.l1 ~)I .:.,~Ili:u.t:,i ~ , ':"~11 .)~ , ~~11 ~ Lb ~~i wb.J , ~)I ~I~ ~4J1 ~J..JI

Ub.~~J"~.AJ-O~ ~~I JL::..)YI &/.)-'" b)Jl':"~ tc.1:. w.bL.:..i , J~I I~ ~J . ~..riJ1 I.l+'

~JJ11 4:..d1 ~..J J"~»-" ~ ~~I .bL.uJ'll1 wl£.l..b..g~ J-,...;,:; ~~Ili:u.t:,YI .:.,'~ ~L:i ;C;)L:i b..J.~

. .:.,I~I Il.b ~~I ~ji1 ~fiJw~

0-0 ''''.)0 ~I) d.1 0;;11", d " .1 :'4~, b ! .,. ; I' ~''J' ,;.AA.j-o JL..a...".;~~ ,Y.;O

(JkYIJJ~

.illj ~ ~ ~IJ~~~/ b~1 ro''lll j<Uj..a ~CU ~Iy.:;....ul <s..J , w.iLs: ~i ~I w~j 'Y.;O.;'- -,~I~~~ ~tull bl.b~~ w.oLu..lS, 't' .:.,.;11 Jki JJ~ 0-0 \V~I ~~ w~li:i'lll ~

~~ '-';~C ..IS <.:Uts:J .w~~I ..l.u::l)l.; Jh:i= ~ ~, 4Jlj~I~J~~I JL...::,.))U d~jb)1 &1.)IJ

~..JI .),:~ t=.)L:u.lIJ li:u.t:,~1 J:~..J~ .illjJ' \V J,..:..i]1 J~ ~ ~l JL-r.i ~I~'ll 0:!.).;L.illj~

. n .:.,~I Jki JJ~ '!~9"li ~i 0-0 ~illl

\+il::..:;l ~I ~WI d~ I..r.--! ~iJ (':'~i vO~1 .u.:.,ts:~ <:?L:iJ1 j<Ujl.1 .:.,~ We.~I w.bL:..iJ , Y.;O.; Y

~ JL-r.i w'llts:·lI· d ~ :.11 ~ ···~II.illj . lcw, :L..cu:J1 ~L, '.011 b~1 ~I -'.1 ~l..:.:i.....u/~lJ 'Y l.!::' ~~ c.F. _ J _. .~ ro jA.ly..

.~I·WI_ LJ.

J.bl:J.b..;,~~d.1;,11 ~~I ~I J=~~I ~bi ~.)~ ~~'lll t::'" Wc. ~I ~L:..h 'Y.;O.;Y'

0.::'~~I ~'JI j.o I:~ ~.;ill ~I bl.b ~J' (ACC) ~),l11~I~ ~l.:ill (SCOCA)~l..uJ1

J.,..J I I:u. • l..iiJ I ~ ~1Jl...all :L..cu:J I 4:w..J L, ti...::.:J.1 b~ I ~ I wyts: w...a ~i -: ...~~ I wyts:) I0' .J:.) f':!!J _ J _. . ro:J t=.):J ~

. (CSD) ~I~I ~I~ J! n .:.,.;11 Jki JJ~ '\~g'li d-J

b~YI bl.b CI~1 ~L.;.J' b~.:ul ~..r"11 ~I J.,..r. ~ ~I ~.)w....., )~I ~I w..l:!iJ 'Y.;o..;f

~JJ11 4..i...uJ1 ~i .:.,.0 wyts:)1 0.::' l5:~ ~Jy1...> b.)L;:;.c.~ , b~1 roYI ~ w~1 vulbY ~bi ~j~ JI~!7

57

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
bJ~u~J~I~~Jc;J~l~.;~ ,:?.:JI, ~\IlllA 0i ~I u~b. \'\'\Adb2", 011

ti....::J1 dj ~I~I~ L,.~ (;~[j JIJ~ , b~1 ra\ll u·:H.s:J ~I..>:'. "I;; Q )..11 ~ ..::,Lu:,L...::....::;.,jl

~ ~w~ ~I ~ ,,~\I1 u....:>Ji ill <L:kJ' 4.:~1 JL..opu ~)I &1.)1 Lt...u:; ~I t l:..lIJu~4

. lJ""'~1 I~ (\\ - '7' ( i J) \ \ ~~I u~IJ,.illj~!~ Ij! vulb)l1 ~I>JI ~y

d"2: t4 ~I b~1 ra\ll ~yJ~i~~~10.U;U1.>:~~l..a:i..hjl r::" l..k~I d<.L:..iJ 'rJoJo

C~.;jl r::" L..k d<.L:..i w:. <La~ <j.:J1 ~IJJaWJI ~ (1..G.s:) ~i. J~ Lb.>:..u:; ue u;..>'iJ~b

~~I ~~J liaWI ~.;-9 47~~I 4.:).~1 ~\IIJ t=.;WJ.1~ L9=):. ue '~ t.} u.;J4 ~ ~'4

JL.b..;~~~I " 0.;--i11 J~i JJ~ 0-A \V~I ~l..i.c.~ JJ~ ~1 ' ~I~ Ji 0J.;.;-UI"

l:u ~ c.s~i bJJ.::,.....a d"I..>-7! 4.:i jL;.:;j ~l.:J1 d)1 ~ ~l.::.. Cra la.wi ~I u.;;g r3 Cra". ~~l...u:.:i...;.1

~ " 0..r9J 1J~i J".l7~ tyAJ-A "u;! c.s.;L..t..:u.ujl JaWI L9=.;-91I" ~)I ~!~ ~ , JJ....d1

. ~I ~I.)JJ ~ 0'L...W1 IlA ~.)JAi Cra~~ 'L,k ~I ~L:..buOlj,.:i....81

4.:JW,AI "c.sJl.:1 I"~~I)I ~'J'I ~~I ~I~ c;GJI ~jll Jw.e4 Wc.~I d<.L:..i ,rJ';(1~I~I~ 1~..b.ilb~1 :G......"L..;..~:8(1~·.. I.:;~ I·~·:;II .J..,.ii.:iJ1'_III._:. -:lId.A ........~"- _ r..r- J , y=·u ~"~.r<? _ ~~" ':? ~y.'''

. '1 - jl~WIJLt.,,~lliaWI- ~II"L....' IIu..J1,I.:<1 Lb.:w.:u 'I - I~IJ L:..:;.I~I)I~\I1lJ"'"~ _ ., (jYU !J'; 1..>, • ~" _ lJ"'"~ • 1.9 r. .~I J.L:.~ b.:r.uJ.1 ~\I1 .;L:ii f.!.! ~; ue J;J'I.>:;g:;J1 J~ d.:!i.; c.s~ 0 i c.s.;LJ:u......J' 1JaWI t.9=~1 J!~"

- - -~I i ~ .Lii:iJ1~ I..:i1I ~\I1 J-,~I ~L ',.11 JaWI -.;-911 11 <L<u~~1 ' ~ .:JI" _ <? - ,t7". - - .~ \..9: 1..>, - , , ~.; r - <?

, \'\'\A

~ Ji-a\ll ~[.j.,r.J1~I ~ JJ..=>..: rl ,:?~I uu4l10i Cra ~)I ~ .w'4lcJ.c~I d<.l.::..i ,rJ r~I '1'\1· \11 ~L:ill d.:i J ' .:ui:UJ1·· 1- IILb..lAi..c.I -:11 U \11~I . [j, ~L=JI ~\I1 ;(1.LlIlJ""'..>' ~.; " ..>J e.F ':? _ ~ ':? _J u, ._~

0 i liaWI J.;-911 "Lu,j.; J1 ~J' <)l.:J1~4 :t.;U-a~,; d~ ~i~ J' ~L;JI ~\I1 ~~I

- ~III .. :. - JJ~ <?.;L..t.:i.....ujl JaWI

: ~L:JI 1- \11 {L.LlI;u,,;j1 . -·11 [.j·II bJ . Ul.:iJ1. V7' _!.J"=' e.F <j..?'7' ~.>:' lJ-'-'L'l e.F -

58

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
":r.J1~ bJJ.l11 "liii~Id~WI~ r.:i <SjWw....u2' I J-aWI ~~I b.:G:1 <sjJI ).;w~ , i..)'- -~.j L.&:i ui d~WI b.1.& u-e ~I.j. <?~I":"~1 t~.J-'> JJ..=.. <!lJ.:l.j Jl.o..t:.~1 J.j~ u-e ~)I ~I

..t.:>.~ ~~I.j ~I uL:;~ <s~I.j' L,j-AC- .::.~I ~ 0A1)1 ~~I ~~I ,,~i t)lb2'

rl.:!;.;~b~4-a ~ dj~.j. 4-:itb.j ~.ji d:;~1 b.1.& jl:il u-e ..w bl:....:iJ.1 U"".>-7'~1 dJjS.j' "I.j-U-J

• <l1 re.l11 ..>:Aji.j <?~ I ..:.,~1is),J-b! <?~ 1reJ

l...<ll.>:.l.ii~ ~~i.j' b~1 ula~1 u-e ~I~,-~li ~I d~WI ~ ui ~I .::..}i.j 'i..),(

d~~lia~1 (J""',y..=UJI~,ji~L,,~I u-e ~I~.j. l...<llJI~~ w.J-'-U~ L>:ll/I ~IJ w:g.,l1 L>:~~

~~iJ. ~1~Y~.ji ~i 04 4-: -4i.>: la.j~~I~I J~j~I'>:jU:; li....J....u~ ..t.:>.1.j.>:';:;~ LIl~J

u~~<W~~ ,,1.1l~ ~I u-e~ r1 (<:>,"".j) 1JL:...:;2'I) ..J~J~. I ~.l11 u~ 4J..u.i ~ ~I

. ..>fi.:uI.>:;g:J1 ~ b~WI cilli~ (ljJl w.;J.hJ' ~j-O

w.;J.hJ' ~I dJJJ u-e bJJJ J5: ~ ~I ul~WI b.1.& J;.c r-;.u:u l...<ll.>:.l.ii &U ~ 4111~~iJ 'i..)r'

. bA ;r;jl:;jl 4-:iJJJ "liii~ </- dy-OWI u-e liilt..a~~ JI~1 <?jl..J:.:i....u2'1 J-aWI J:.)11 ~l

y...:.~~~ liaWI J.)11~ liaW, ~Ij-ObA ~J'-=JI 4-:iJJJ~ o..r.o-i ~''-7 ~I o}.j '0..)'uAYJ· ~I Jh11 ~ <?~I -l-La)1 uL.~J ~~I ~~I J~j~1 uL"..GJ b~IJ ~UJI .::.~I ~ J,...:,.qi

b~1 J)l;. t.al...<ll ~ki uJi.j t:~ ~L.':":'~~I dJj~~i ~I ~I ~~I J.)1IJ liaWI J.)11 ~''-7

. ~WI ~JJJ11 Lt:' la

59

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~ <f.r--:JI ~)I ~~I JeWI ~~I ~.) l..h~,j ~I u4y.....::J4~I ~ ~~I w.bt.:..l,J \ 0.) '(

uL,J.~o~ ~JL:JI o.)j..J1 ~ rt7 ~1 ~I OJ..J..::>l1 r4.11~jl.~l..,k JeWI ~~I ",l.....o.J:.l C>.=..

~ Ul......al ~i . ~':/ ci·1I I .. ~I·.I d ~~ . i .;{", ·-11 JL....::,\II ~·II -'1 'I Ut.:.. <l.:>.1 ~ -:11 ~~L..• -, .) ., LJ' ~y .>-'-' U tF ~~ ~ - LJ' & y. ~ . ~ l.:!""'" .

J.o..c. \y.;~ ':/ <t.jl <L.....ij ci,J11 ~ u~1 ~,J , ~JWI ~)I~ e::-o l.):' .)L11 ~ ~~I ~~I JL...::.)/1

• I ·~L..Ac.i :u.eWI I .~ ~I t..c.LdI J.' -11 J~' ':/1 J~ . 1~:t..o.1:u.l1 ",l.....o.J:.i 4..J;:J,1..J ~I""+' ,J '+"j>" _ • ~ U-". J-::>.-l~ ~,J re..

~ o",~I,J~4 0J.J.!o;.! ~1 , 0:!.).;ilI,Jl ",I~I~ .4c., 1..9-'-""~ u1~I ",~1 ~l ~I~ d1.l!,J

~ e::-o[.j.):' .)L11~ ~I re...J r4t1 t..lA rW'i ~~I ci,J11 ~ C~ ui,J' OJ.J.:>l1 r4J.1'" IJ":! ,":,~I ~I

~I u.)~,J (1.)0 o.;uJ1 )::ul) J~":!I J,J~ Lro 1 ~I .)L11~ <G...>-7i (S.l/I J,li:J1 ~l ~I u.)U:.l,J. (SJWI- - ~

J~I ~~ ~I~~';; 4-:11~ L,~ ~~":!I J,J..illli..d1 d,j uL,~1 ~~,J:! u'~ r W1 u.;.a":!1 ~1

. :u.eWI

;u.,WI J.rill rW1~I ui ~I d.), u'W:J1 1.lA~ <f.)~':/I JeWI ~.).II ul..b..)\..o ~~~,J \ O.)f

JeWI ~~I ~IJ~~~~ ~U:..;1 O.)j~ (,.;.:1 d.)j. w)\..o Jlj L, oA ~Jl:J1 Lt:i.)jJ~ <G~I <f.l/I

: OJJ.::>..o~I~ r La:i.AJU <f.r--:J I ..1.<.0) I~~ I

~~I ~)I 0L.u d.:!Jy <f.l/I~I .)j..J1 ..,k j5..;: (vas) ~~I ~)I~~t.F~ ~~ ('":')

..l...L.<»1 0hu r l..G...:i.u..4 ~1lY"L;j1 ..l...L.<»1 ts~ u~ji '\.1 9".; .J:!.).£il,J ..:..~I,J uL,..GJ1 re...J

. (VSap-NA)~":!I~IJW-~~1

d1,j~ La: ' ~1..rC~~;':/1 4.;-c~':/1 t71~~ Ukill uL.;J.1:il.1 do1.";.:.f..o.: <t.jL: <L.u...ij u:g)1 ~ ~I d.:i),J

,~.)p~ tUlI ~) ~WI rlJ:..;Jl,Ju~1 ~) ~WI rlJ:..;Jl,J ~l.c.u":!1 FJ I 4 c-a JL...::..:i':/1

. <GI.J: t.F~ J:~ Lro ~..l7

- '":' ~ i J)~,J (\~- '":' ~ i J)l,J (\\ - '":' ~ i J)~,J (\~ - '":' ~ i J)\ d)..;iI1 ~I u~l,J \ o.)i

~(OJ~ ~Iy. 0J.).;il1 dJ,j ~ ~) ~~ ~~I,J uL....::,L..::w..;.':/1 Jii,J· ;u.,WI J~I ~WU'i (\ ~

. li..dl d,j d).;iJ1

~J.,)J~,J ~J ~ b.,)J~J ~~J ~~..j-lJJ,J ~'.,)J,JoilJ ~J~J \ "\

(Jl..=":!1 J,J..I.:;- 0-0 \ "\ ~I) u...:J' ~',j ':? \: 9;;1' U"4l'

60

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~WI~I

(i)

".:r;J1~ b.)J..J1 "L:.:ii~I uI~WI ~ r:i c.sJ~~1 j.aWI J=.;.JI /).:G.:il c.s.i1I)yill~ 'f.;'- -~J~ uiuI~WI /),U 0-c ~IJ' <f.r--:JI .::,~I t~Y' Jp clJjJ JkYI JJ~ 0-c ~)I ~I

~ ~ ~~IJ ~I uL:i~ <f..l-<.AiJIJ r L.>-= u~1~ ~1)1 ~,.,Jl ~ ~I ,,~i t)lb~

~l..l;w ~ b~~ u...:. ulj ~J' 4JU~J~ Ji uL:i~1 /),u JL:ii 0-c~ b,l;..:ill uI" 1J7~ I clJ~J r "IJ-LU

• <tl ~..J I ~.iiJ <f~ I .::,~ I (s),JbJ <f~ I ~J

LA..>::~ 0c ~~iJ r b~l ul...o.;WI0-c~I~,-~i ~I u1~l::J.1 ~ ui ~I u.;iJ 'f.;"ul~~ ;(L~I ua~I~.ii 4...ilaYI 0-c~l ~J' LA ..d~~ w,y-ufi u::JJ1 ~IJ ~~ u:~~

C>.!~iJ' ~1.;-C"';l..:SJi ~i 0-c 4:~..>:: LaJ ~.r--:Jl ~I JL:.JYI ">::J~ li..uL.u~ ..l-:>.IJ..>::.}:i~ l..4l~J

ul.5:~<G~l:...a "l..iJ~ ~I 0-c~~ (~J)I JL.:u~I) <-.9~J~ . ! ~..JI uY 4-L-ui ue. ~l. .;fijll..>::;g:J1 ~ b~l::J.1 dJ:;~ (IJJ!~J r ~Y'

~J r ~I UI.)JJ 0-c b.)JJ~ ~ ~I u1~l::J.1 /),u J;.o r-=J..iiJ LA..>::~ ~[j u.e.~I ~~iJ 'f.;f

. b~ ;(JL:iJ/ 4J.)JJ "L:.:ii~~ u1~l::J.1 0-c liila.o 4.c.~ JI~! <fJl..J:u....u~1 j.aWI J=.;.JI~!

~~~~ ;(LWI J.;.JI~ liaW, ~IY'b~ ~JL:,JI 4J.)JJ~ u~i ~'4 ~I u}.j , 0.;'

U-A"';J' JLtiI J.kII ~ <f~l ~)I ul':'~J ~.r--:JI ~~I JL:.JYI ula~ b~IJ~~l u4J.b:1l.1 ~~i

bjliJl J)G.. 4....oLA ~lad uJiJ L.,~ 4[.:, u.:.l.5: ~I clJj~~i ~I illi.:..ll ~~I J.;.JIJ ;(LWI J.;.J1 ut~

. ~L....JI ~.)J..JI 0:' la

59

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~ <?~I ..\.L.<»I~~I j.aWI J:.;iJI ~.) l.b.;S:,j ~I ..:.4~4 ~I e::o W:. ~I cJ"l.::,.i~ , 0.; '\"

uL~. ~ o~ ~Jl=J1 0.)J..u1 ~ ~ ~i ~I OJ~I f'4-11~ .Jl..:;U1~ j.aWI J:~I ~~i C=.

~~L;1~i :;L.:;U~ ..:.:g~l ~y.~.;u0 i ~ ~~I JL..:.ptJ ~~I &1).1 Gl.::,. ~Ijj ~I ~~4

J-a..e. \y,;~ ':I <Lii <lu.L.ii ..:.:g~1 ~ ..:.JS:i ~~, ~JWI ~~I~~I~ .)Lb1 ~ ~..r--:JI ~~l JL...:,.)\I1

. y.:.L...Q.d lioWI I.::. At ~l.dl ..10' - q J)l;.' ':11 JLU . I~ ~I ~~i ~I..u ~l~ "+"..>-"'", ~ l,.,)-4" ,J-=>-' l5"'""" ~~ re.

~ 0"~1,,~4 ~:;.1a;.1 ~i , ~.).;ill ~i ~1.r:=J1 ~ ~, '>'-""'.r-= Ui :w:u.J.1 ~~i~! ~I~ dJ.:I1"

~~(.j~ ).61~ ~I re J1 f'41 1bl.b f'la;j~ ~~I ~~I r+' c~ u1~, OJ~I f'411~I}:l ,-:,~I ~I

~I..:..).;S:~ (1.)0 o.;wl .;-l;U1) J~\I1 J~..1.7- U.a 1 4 1.)Lb!~ <G.)7i <.>.:111 J.~I J! ~I..:.)~i~. <.>JWI" " "

J~I ~~ ~I~ ~y 4-=11~ la~ ~LLAC\II J~..JJ a....:J1 dj ..:.la.,kJ1 ~.),.9: u~ f'~I0,;-a\'1 J1.lieWI

lieWI J.)..l1 f'WI~' ui ~I ..:.1.), u'L.tJl Il.b~ <?.)~':II j.aWI J:.)JI ~l.l:.=..)la~~ ~~ 'O';l

j.aWI J:~I J;.IJ~.)~.)~~1 O.)Jy-O (.;J d.)J. W)la Jlj lao~ ~Jl.::,.J1 ~.)JJ ~ <G~I <;?.:I11

: OJ~ FI~ f'la:i..b)l/ <;?~I ..\.L.<»I F ~l

~~I ..\.L.<»I Uhu <t.;Jji <;?.:I11 ~I .)J..ul~ ~-->= (VOS) ~~I ..\.L.<»I~~ er.) J:') (,-:,)

J..J-co)1~f'1~4 ~l U""bll J..J-co)1 t~~ ..:.~jj ',.19',; ~~,J 6~'~ d.A..GJ1 reJ1

. (VSOP-NA) ~':II ~l JW - ~~I

dJ,j ~ L...: ' ~I.;i.~~;':l' ~l:J:>.•.c.':l1 t:'lyJ4 ~1..:.L:J1:il1 d.1:I;~<Lit~~ ..:.:g~l ~ 4U1d.:i)"

, ~.).;-L~ t l:J.1 ..\.L.<» ~WI f'~I~ ..:.~I ..\.L.<» c;~1 f'l.l;.lJI~ ~L..,81 F'~ (':" JL..o:i':l1

. <GI~ er.) J:') u-a ~J.:

- '-:' (. 1J)~~ (\~- '-:' (. 1J)I" (\~ - '-:' (. 1J)~" (\~ - '-:' (. 1J)\ dJ.riJ1 ~I..:.~I~ 'o.;i

~ (0 J.l=:.-a~ I}. UJ.).;il1 dl,j ~ L...: )~4~~I~ ..:. L..:. L.a..:i..;. ':11 Jji~ . lie~ I J.;iJ I ~ L.t.i~ (\ ~

, ~I d,j d).;ill

~I.;I~,j ~I ~ 1l';JL-JI ~L..JI ~~~I,j ~I.;I..;-iJ' ~,~, ,"\

(JL..c\l1 J~..1.7- U.a \"\ 4 1)~ I ~I,j ':? \:9iifl~ I

60

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
: If ~ jl4..S*'F~ F

~I~" ~i ~ 47 ~.):! L.."~~I ~~I ..JL....:..>~I ~I~" ~i >:~ ~l ~I 4L:..,~I_A~~"i

(\)

(i)

~IJk~~ ~~\'IJ=~I,,~I ~IJ~i ~~)I~!b~1 "I.l.<-u! (i)

~ d...J;W L..,L;JI ~~I ~~I 4..bJ1 c.} 4.LJ1 ,:?j~I ..J!..u~l dJj c.} ~' ~I c.}

63

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
u~1 ca l+iu)k dJj ~ ~, ~ ~L..ul.94Jl ~I..JI ~I ~I~I 4..k,1,j-O

~ 4-?-.)G..J~I j.;.IJ (5";':"11

~I.)I 0-'>~~I~! ~~ ~I ~11J ~.)WJ.I "24",j ~L..ui u~ b~1 ~1..1.t-u!

rl..\;.;jIJu~1 uLod Je~1 ~~I (t"[.j..r.JIJ ~~I t l:J.1 (t-"[.j>!J~~~I

~ (5";':"'~ I ~1.r.JIJ ul.4:J1 .l.L.<:» ulW1 rLJ;:JIJ t l:J.1 .l.L.<:» ulW1- -

r# ~fi.=J1 ~J..JI ~I e::-o~I~~I ~WI ..!~ ~)I~! ;;~I ~1..1.t-u!

~ (5.?11 ~J..JI uLJ;:JIJ ul.4:J1

).b!~ ~1..,.i.~~Ji~i 0-'> ~.b.::i..>: la..9~~I ~y;J1 ..!~.)11 (t"[.j>! "2 gij ~I..r"

~~~I)I ~11 ~~I ~I

:' W:.:i.....u':lIJeWI- ~'1"<-:"iu-" I.?.) ~Y'" ~ U

, 4b..Il1' (i).• ~J

~ 4b..Il1 '~[.j ('-'.). ~.).

~ ~~I ~~I ..!~J11 ula.G..;>~I JeWI J:~I ~J (d~ -.II.l.L.<:»IAt:.·.. :.lIJeWI-~II' (..I)I.?..r--:' r-:' er- ~Y'" (.)"::,UJ

~ ~I ..I A.1.-:11 o...U..GlL :.1 I JeWI - ~II' (..4l)- ~ L9 r::-- J . _J • er- ~Y'" ~J

~ (L:JIy.u.i) fl)~· '-;-' (J)

~ C::,.uJJ) I ..!l.:u~ I) .j.Jh; . I.? (.J), . _.. 11 .' (r). ~J u-"~ '-

,u~1 .1_' ~.< - 'I U ..J14..i.:,JJ ~I' 11~ J;.o..o (.b)_ rYOU -~ _J . I.? _ 0,;-<> - -

~,JeWI J:.)ll uI.)J..I~ 45:J W:..J./ ~L...:;.1 ~I~, r W1 ~11 e::-o .)JU:uJ4' ~)I ~~ ui

~ t~JL, ~

(~)

(,)

64

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
L.. c·'fl_ 1\-

It'

1

-,{;'

1,{;' ~,

i ~

-..-.-(

"-

~

It'l-

a;..

f ~\.. I~ .(

(.1

-.(

L.

[~

~.-l~

--{

"-

~

,--..-'

'-""

-fel~

I

C-----

,--..-'-'

~

It'

~

fl-

r.e

I.(

PI

(,

b

1'trE

-

's..~

t

"""-""

1""

..-(

----

-

,~: i~ ::<to '<~ ~_0 -e.

E~:<to ~£" ,f!.,r ~

lL' '-""[b .

<;; •

It't ,~'

t: C~ .i=- .cl- -

ff.e le:

<1 ~~ [

-l-r.e

t..- ..--.. ..-..'r'_ f'A -{<.. '-"" '-""

~

,tE

tl-

'L.-It'

~It'1.

(,

b -~, ,t

'~ ~- £"r- ~E 'L

~ t ~E~ - -.r; 1. {or "- "-- :-r. :..

''i,. ~! ~!

1;,--..-'

'-""

<t' f::

f '\:(, rf) .f

l,t,["t. ,t'

~t.c_ l-

(, ~b "-t: ~- (,

f=:: b

t}.( ~,,c..- r-~. lF I~'

f tl'~f1

~ f c;.

,~. ~~'

t t t

'~(I

bt:(7

~.

~o

c·

[

111-It'

t1

,--....-(

----

l-.t [<;; .c

~ 0-, b

1- ~.,~' {'

t[- .-Cr .t''f E

'1.~

1b

~

'h

,--..--{

----

~ ,t',--.. l-

~ f:> '"I> o~10' -

"- l-

t~1- E---- -t' '(I

~ f- -,,t' (,

~ 'Fr ~,

~ f·b -

~. f~ ~'Cb. 5=

0" ~s

~ '[

,--..

""----

It' t,!

l- f~ I

~ ~

~ '1~ E-;t I>

!! ~"-

'(j\ !j=

t,~- [~ (,.

f." b :If- ;-~. ~ (l:,f' - EI 1: '(j\-

'f '(j\ t. Lt'~1 ~l I> f;; f (I~. (, ,~

'", 'E l

E' ~ ,:&; 't;,: lA ~

- <;; -

'(I "- .r'r I -:~o _ 1-

5= 'Cb. (Oif t f 1\-

[ t 't- <..<..

,--..o

----

r' rr~,C

~ <.. E'~t' {'-, _

'I:.- \'I''- 1. ~

f ,t. ~-.~ \ L.

;: 'l ~f -~E~(, - {'-,

b <.. 't-1- 0 E<;; 'l ;:-;(, 'lP,b _~. 1>- S

-;t 1: G\

~ f' ~.S K:'G\ _

t t t~ ,t~-

1. ,t _ ~

1. t! 'l:~ .~ ~:.~~~<.. b' t,t (j\ I

~ ~. ~{'-, .c'b' - 'L",- (, .-t>, t {'-I(;. 'Vt : E

(j)

U1

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~ b..I.C.WIJ .)~I ~ ~)L..JIJ 4:il..i:W..u)ll ~WI rll:uJI.)Lb!~ ($~I ~I r~ ~I.)-"

~ ~' L.)l..J4 LL;JI ~la~1J~IJ~ rlJ;.j d ..o..G.. d!j~ ~ , /;> \: g-,j

~ Jl.:J I

~L.;.J' ~r-:JI ~~I JL.::.)lI ~1.o..G.. .,.! ..,jJ~~ .:.;~ ~I ,,~i ~l b~1 ,,1.1.UJ1

, <f~1 ~IJ ' (1J--"~4 ~t.9 ~WI J,bl:J.1 b)J!J d~~1~ Ji-a ~~4-0 ~

~ l.4l~J

. GlI [,j ~l..b..::...ll ~lo~ j..c~1 I WI ll:uJ1 ~L,..,81. L:.~t1 ~ -:. ···:-:11C ~ -.J7J " <:r r J" r-. t-"~

4 J..J1 ~1.;-i.J.)~1 ~IJ 4 J..J1 ~~I ~I J;..a L.!:-"~I ~la.l::U.O t-"J' ~l.Jl

~ ~.r--:ll ~y;J1 JL.::..)~I .:..la..G..~ ~4J.h:i11 ~~ ($r-:JI~~J..JI4.g.;-ilIJ

#1 d!j ~ ~, l.4l~YJ ~r-:JI ~l:J.1 ~lo~IJd.:'~:,JI ~ ~~l~J~I~I

~ <fr-:JI

~ ~~I ~l.oJ1J1 ~1J-7' 0C~ .);!.)LiiJ ~JL.....t.)! JI...9-Q JI..I.C.!J bJ~ ~LuI.)J" 1...>-':"1

~,,~~I

(\)

(.6)

66

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
(i)

(I)

. I.l..cu~" -• <,F'= .. - - I.J:U~

~ <?~I 6~1 is)~ <?~I ~..l r-~ (\)~ 0-61 1J! ~~I ~I JL..u->l (")~ CI~-':' V"~ ;w.glSll ~lill (I)

~ dl.c....u'iJ1 ..w~ Cllo~ U)

(i)

67

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~ L,)L..JI-J :Gl..i.:w..u)lJ ulWI t~4 ~Il..)'""c;I1~~ 1',,,.:\) (L..u.;J) ~L..u . ..AI- --~ .)l.:...;J I

(1)

~~I re":! I ~-J ~-J..ul 4.:~14AJO..j,1.l-J u~1 t# ~fi.:J1 ~-J..ul ~I-JC-J:0 i t W1 ~":!I u..ll~~I ~4.) u~l) J-J..ul JL::..:i:Jb <?~I ji:J1 ~J..ul U.riJIJ ~J..ul ~I~J.)~I ~IJ ~I.»)I-J 4.:.l.C)U

. J:.rll l Jki ~ 45:.)Lt.,JJ (Inmarsat) ~~:JI t;'ljill ~l~4.:~1 u:JL:.:i)lJ ~-J..ul ~I-J

68

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~.;1J ~UJI (,r ,0;,11 ~.;1JI,j ~.;1J1 ~.;1J1 ~Lw:.~'

~~, ~~ 1 J~ ..';'1' ~Lo~ ~, J.a.a.l1

Il.b ~ b~l" l~lJ ~~I ~G.lI .;:,l.:,~1 t'..~i~ JJ4:i J4-0 ~ .;:,~I u-:"I~I (()

~ 1.:"i...;J1

, .;:,l.:,L:-:J1 F ~WI ~I).I J..= dJj ~ ~, ~~I ~G.lI.;:,~1 ~l.:,..>:'.;:,~ u-:"I~I (..I)

~ Jl.:J1~~.;:,~ Jt.=...J~ .;:,~ji ~...9J

~ ';:'~ji f":!.lliJ .;:,l.:,L:-:J1 JJ~J ~.r=--:JI ~G.lI.;:,l.:,L::J1 ~~ ~If" d"l..r.--b JWi u-:"I~I (Jl)

~ J~IIl.b

, (iv~.) d..J;:J.1 t~) ~JW&~&6.;f:u.l.1 jiuJJ~JJ11 ~liJl.;:,~j:=..AJ ~ u-:"I~I (J)

~ J6J1~~J~I Il.b~ .;:,~ji f":!..\ijJ

(i)

~.;:,~~ [.1~IJ.;:,L,.,w1 JJl.;UJ<:?...P-f1~1.;:,l.:,~.;:,I"I..r."'G"::'>~JJL....:.i ~I~I

~,,~~I

69

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~ d~ 1.>-':'"1 (I~IJ <?~I ~4 ~I ~I ~~~I ~~ JVJ JI.j.c.1 d~ 1.T:"1~I~I

~~~':ll

~4 L::.L=J I~~) I d.iL.::Jl~w I~1~1<?~ I J:411 d- ~Ji d..1~ r;JJ:i~J~

~ <?..r--:J I

~l-4-=J.1 r# ~~I ~JJ11 ~IJ t l.i.ll rk 4lJ ~WI t 1111 ~[.j.>:l t-" ~LgJUlI ~ ..l;1.k.l1

~I J~IJ CS?YI ~JJ11 ~L.J:..i1IJ ~1.r.JIJ ~l.r"-! Uh.i.c~ ~4 (J'OL=JI t ~':lIJ

. <?..r--:J 1~I~~

d..;:k ~J\.:..uU (1.;:;.gIJ b.JJ~1 ~ b \:oii~ bJ.CWIJ~ t:'l:ill t tJ-OYI ~[.j.>:l \! oii ~IJ-O

~Jl..:JI~~

d1j~ ~, ~~IJtIJ-O)U ~I ~WI uL.t:' b.JJ~1 ~,~I ~~Y rcJ1I~,ji

~ WJlo ~-Y-'JL:,. ~I.>:l ~~~ JI~1 ~~l

c?1 1S>L._··1I0~ cs~\'1 ~J..JI ~1..r.JIJ o~IJo~1 ("#~~I ~JJ11 ~I t:'" Jl-:iyl

. <.r.;ill J=.;J I~L.aL:..:i,;.1 ~ ~.G

70

(i)

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
4:il.i.:i..u..)l1 c}WI rLJ;:J1 J1; ~ :L,.ull ~~I JL..:.}il ..:..Lc...b.~ L.t:-o~1 ~ ..1...9..1-> u-OI~I

~. (;11, ..:..~~I...9~jill...9~>J1 dJj~ ~,->~I ~ :L,)L...JI...9

~~~ :L,)W4 L:.bJl ..:..L,,~I J~I...9 6..;> r~ ..:..L"..b.~ ..:..6.,jill. ~l+J1 ~~I

~J:.1.1.:l1

J-bGl ~)L.J4 L.owl ..:..lo"hll J~t.9 ~ rl..1;..j ..:..Lc.~ ~...9..J1 ~I ..:..~ u-OI~I

~ (S';"i..:..~

(i)

~..r=--:JI ..:..J'L..o:i)l1 ~...9..J1 :LJ;:J.b ~...9..J1 ~1..rC...9->~1 ~1...9 ~...9..J1 ~..r--:JI ~I e::o JL..o:i'i1 (--"»

~I ~...9..J1 ..:..~I0-" LA~...9<,?.r--:l1 ji:JJ ~...9..J1 :U~I...9 (lnmarsat) ~l:.h..oJ'1 t:'ljill ~1-.9:'

. 6..J I .:L,JluJ1 4:i 1..uu..)l1 t W I lJ:..:JL Uk.:i.ll S.L.u1 L->·eF ...9 c.r r· .

( \" - 10:' ~ j J)f ..) ',.>lJ'I.:?~' ~.;1' ~~, ~W, J,:.;-iI'

, <,?.r--:l l ..\..L.Q)I F ~I JaWI J:.)JI - (\ \ - C;-' ~ j J) f. )~I

71

(!)

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
,~I WI . 'W \'1 J6...a . :L--" JL..:.)U UWI ~145: ~ - (\~ - ) \'\ 1::11__. _ y.y _ lJ • <:t _~ c) _ c) f" c) Y"

JL..:.~ ~WI ~IJu~1 f"#~I~J.ill ~I ~ 45:~1 ~10-0~illl ubjiill

f"~~I ~J.ill~ ~l:J1 ~10-0Ju~1d-4~J.a~1 ~WI f"~4 ~IJ~~I

'.• 11 ..r41' - ~It ~ ': :.1' ULII :t.L:.1- 1 UI . 'W \'1 u[,jL....Jj l.ill JJL:ilL~I d.b......=J.1r.,r--- ~ ~.>->'"'" ~ - y .y. - j.L:.,J.J _ lJ _. <.:rJ ... _ J -

,~~ ).~_,.t:i..,..u~IJ~Iy.~~;~1 ~~~I t;'ljiJ4

(\')

(0)

(V)

0L-u ~ L.u , -·II..l-<.a 11 Lt;.:, u[,j-<' -' ~.- ~ . - - '-;{.jl...w..::. l/ ~l..:J1_ . I.}~ Y f" lP-" u--" ~ ~~J~J _ <.s"..

42.'1;, ..lJ.7 ~ u~I), .7,; ",I F ~J ;(,jLu.u.tIJ 4;.'~11 WWI d_b~IJ~~I..l-<.a)1

~~I JL.......c)\'1 d-.4~J ~WI t WI ~[,j'>:J~~WI~I~~~I u[,jL:-:J1 0-0u~

, u~1 ~) ~Wf f"~IJ t WI~) c;WI f"~IJ~Iy.~~;~IJ~~1

cj , ~I.)J! U~ b~1 ,,1..1-<.uiJ I.}~I ..l-<.a)1 4y~ cj bJ:~1 d~1 ~I,;-o J! ~l..:J1

,~I ~)I F cj' ~JUI ~yl

JL..u.)~1 d.;-L.tJ ~~l ~)UIJ~l u~Lo:;~1 d"l~iJF~I~I :t.L:.1-J-O J! ~l..:J1

,~~I u[,j~1 JJ~J~ d7'l.:b-~1 j.o~~ ~i UL.a....::J, ~~l

..l-<.a)1 J)::'J dJJi ~J~L...\'I~I~ cj ~WI b~\'1 t-" ~IJJLo:;~1 J! ~l..:J1

f"~IJ u[,jl:-:JI~ WWI d ..bJ.1 J4-0 cj CUl£il1 J-:~J u~1 d-4~ j.o~1 ~WI f"~IJ

I.}~I ..J....u:»1 u4k-cJ dJJiu~U'~u~1 J-,..o) ~GJI f"~IJ t W1 ..J....u:» c;GJI

,~~ I u[,j~ I 0-0 d.:,.!hil.IJ

72

(\)

(\')

(0)

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~~l ula~ ~1.;LY4J;~IJ ~.r--:Jf ~~I ..lL..::..J\l1 d.i~ 0..0 u'-:J.b:Jl ~I..>-" (i)

c}GJ1r-l.l:.lJIJ t l:J.1 .l-L-o) c}Wlr-~1 ~ bJ..1-::l....o~ L....s: , c}WI t WI uL....I.J..uJ

~ 1S.;..\lI4.1...=J1 d,j :tb....t.i\lIJ ~1~1 ~..uJ' u~1 .l.u:»

c~¥ u6.y.io ..dJ.c.!Ju~1 ~~ ~ ~WI ~I <?~I .l.u:»1 F ~J ~IY' (d~Co;-'~I

.J-o Ji eY=>.J\l1 .J-o hJlb.;1 .u..: do .J~~l ~ ~ , bJ:~1 ~)I d 2i'iii~~IY' (J)

~)I F ~ u~1 b.lA ~laJ! 0~ ..lLt.J¥IJ b~1 ~I..I-u.IIJ' ~[.jb,.~1 C!I~I

~J~~J~~I ul..o~1 ~ji~~ d.j~1 b.lA u~u'W.:J' ~l <?~I

~ ul.i~I4.i..t)J

JI uLgW! JL:....l¥ d.~~ r=J..iJJ ~~I JL.....J¥I uI~ .J-o u'-:J.b:Jl ~I~I (...AI)

~ b.JJ~ I J.i.c. , u~~

r-l.l:.lJ1~ ~J' ~~I ~)lJIJ ~I u~L..::.:i~1 J4--0 ~ uI~1 ~Iy..j....ul (J)

.;c ~UJI 1S.;..\l1 F1J (Inmarsat) ~Lj.b.,.::81 C!ljill4.b.u.l.J:l ~.r--:JI u~L...o:;)IJ ~J..ul

~ ..l.J..<d1 1.lA~ b~1 ~ I..l.J..uIJ' ~[.jb,.~ I C!ljill

j...,~l ~WIr-l.l:.lJIJ .l.u:»1 ulJJIJJ.rb ~J ~L.u\ll F 1~ b.>t7i r:~I (c)

~WI r-l.l:.lJIJ , uL:.~1 F WWI d.bllJ~~ .JjLu.l1 J:~J u~1 ula~

u/J..li u~ 0~ , Jl.:Jl~~ , u~1 ~) c}WI rl.l:.lJIJ t l.ill .l.u:»

~ ~~I uL:.~I.J-o u~IJ<?~1 .l.u:»1u~J

73

:J~

(\)

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~~ UiJ~I c~~ ui~ ~~I ~)I~~l ~~I J:~I (,-:,)

~ ",~Iy.1 ~ ~,y;J1 ..l!""='J)lI~,J-C 0-a ",~i b..l~ b~ f'~~1

(,)

4..b....u1~ ~ ~ ..:,,~l) , .7,; "'4 ~I ~.riJ1 J:.rilJ ~J (~Ui) Jl...:i:l.)jJ. J (d~d)..lI)1

74

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
,)~I

J-,.lS.:il1 IWI l..l;:JL.~I4S:~~II;u.,WI~1 J....o...o)lwlJi ~ t_~ 4..w..,.,L.uYI.L:.:II~"L.u° J.:£l.:? [" . - ~ . .J .J .J l.9...r= ...J.. 1"'"'"'.. L9..> .".e:.

~14S:~1 ~I.J ~I ~I.J' d.j~1 ~ ~WI d.hll J4-0 ~ U.Jl..uJ1 J=~.J' w~l wla~

~ 0=,,>.;L~~l w~1 ~) ~WI ["l..l;:J4~I ~fi=J1 ~.JJ11 ~I.J t lill ~)~WI ["l..l;:J4

~ J-,.WI J=.)11 ~

J=~I ~~..>~~..>L:.:"J d..>lillw~ ~.JJ11 ~1)I.Jd..b~1 r# ~~I ~.JJ11 ~10-a~ (\)

~ d)JI)1 ti:u.u1.J:l ~~w~I..>~4 ~I ~.)11

~L~.b. ...,:81 t:'1~4 ~I ..>..ril l J.-a-e. ~ ~) .7.i.J ~J:i :.;Y d.~_~.lI r# ~fi-:JI ~~J11 ~I ('t)

.~f..rC~~;~1

(i)

wU~ 0-0 ~l::.>-:illl ~I~~~J~G 4:~1 ~~IJL"..>YI w~..G.. wl.'lhi_ o ~J~I~I

~ w4-~,;/1 b.J.J, d2.'I'1 ~bJI w~ wI..>:,iii JI~G' ~~ ..>~..J:u.•.L81 wla~.J

wLo.G..~,ji J~ ~ ~ ~ b..>. ·7·, ",1 Iw~1 w[,j'-::;w~ :.;t.L~ w4-~~1 ~I~I (..I)

~ :L.:,)lJ1 ~I b~1 f'=,iii.J' ~~l ~~I JL:...>YI

75

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
(i)

tJL.u rl~4 ~I tY"'L:J1 ..w...::.)1 tJ~ .:..~ji "'2 ,,",j ,j:j..Ul bJ~ d"l..r.--l jL;.:;IJ CI~1 (i)

~ ~~I ..4.o)I0hu.:..~ ~I ~\I1 ~I JW - ~~I ..4.0)1

~~WI ~I).I 0-c ~ l....bJ..l.:>.; w;: ~~I .l.u::l)I0hu .:..l:.~ 0-0 .:..4Jb:i11 J=b.:iJ~I~I (d.:.. lc.G.. ~J1J ' t L:J.I ..w...::.) <JW I (t"" l:.-r.J IJ .:.. L.b:-=J 1.l.u::l)~W I (t"" l:.-r.J IJ <J~ I t L:J.1 (t"" l:.J:'J

~ ~~ I ~y;J I J I..u:,..>\11

76

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~~Iy./ ~ :t:~1 ..lL....::,.;)I/ ~-J-"-.9 ~~l ~)/ LJ.L.u; tik..:lll ~I :t:..lU:.A/ ..lly./ ~l~/ (--<b)

~ b.)-.9y.oll~ 4-=i:~-.9 4J:..h-.9

C1~1-.9 :t:..l-L.<:»I wl.j~/ ~ :t:~/ ~)t1/-.9 ~I u':/W':/I ul~ 1->-7-1-.9u~~I~l

. u~/-.9V-.9ul.:bJ1 ~u~JL;...l~ b.)-.9y.ol/..J:u::.ul~/.r.-!

( \ r - ~ ~ ; J) f ..) l.;£ll

: fJ.........}.:j.j It.rF~ F

(\)

(r)

(I)

77

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
l.o.:' ~~~I ~/.;-C~~;YI,j ~..r--:JI ~~I J~..>\I1 c;~ ~ ,";-,:!..>.lJI,j F 1~~! ~L:JI

, ~WI,j ,::.,-~I,j ~ L>c ..>~~/1 ~ uY~ 1!.11,j ~

u4-~YI J~ ~I~! b~1 r,!..l-ii ~~! ~ liaLJI J.)ll,ji~¥I ~..>,)..Jl f"41 I .),jJ11

, ,:-,:..>.lJ l,j~IJ <5 ·'20ijll ('"'.ill ;;-2 Q2 1a¥ /

(\)

(r)

(0)

(\)

~ , ~¥I,j ~,J11 ~~I ~, f".;JUI rc..l!l u~ ~I~! b~1 "L.l-LU!

~ <?~I J.,..::,)/ ulo..b.,jF

ulo~1 4,J1.i&i ~I~~ ~ U:.:J.I ,,~\1 ~)lo~ ~Jw...>! JI,J-O JIJ.C.!

~ ~..r=--:JI ~/>JI,julj~1 ul:.y:.,jJJ4=i,j~~ ~I

78

(i)

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
o ).}11

d::~l JL:,.;'YI e)L;.-.o ~ '-;-':U..G1IJ ~I 0-<> u4l1=J.1 .:,~ JW.;~IJ b~1 ~jj

~~IJ 6~1 ~IY>J J..1;'~.;~81 dJ,j e,? ~, ~~~I ~1_;"J-it.;g;~IJ d::~1

~~)I

Ji~! 0.:.;.;L> t6;0.O! ,,~iJ~1w)~~)J~[.jJ~'; 0-<> JoWl J=~I ~.:,i ('\')

~I ~~I dJl.:,.:j~1 ~.;l:i..:..:; d::~1 d::~1 JL:,.;'Y1 uLo~ ~~! liol.c. J") "L..uj.;

,u~1 r-# ~~I ~J.JI~ (S "'2 0",;11 ~'YI ~ J.:>.IJ~J

t..Ai.:,i ~!, d::..r--:J 1d::~1 JLo.;'Y1 uLo~ ~I ~~I0.:.;.;Jl1 ~ ~, ~~I dJL.:..:;~1 ,joCW~

~ JoWI J=..)ll l.:u e,? ~.;W:.."~ W)la uL:,L:.:1;.1

(\ '( - ~ rr j J) 0 .;'.;.iJ'

);:.11 ~i ~ d::}~... cJl.J LoJby.tc. ~l.3.J1 4-J.)JJ ~ b~1 u~,jiJ1 js:.:,i dJlS LA,J~1 ~ F j!",

,~

79

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
\ \.9 l\J \J ~J IJ (\ ,- '":-' G:. i J) \ 'J ~J (~ - '":-' G:. i J)i u~~1 LJ~.)-'-U~ ,,~~II"'~ (~)

~ (\\ - '":-' G:. i J) \V- \ i J

c;~I..>:~1 ~,)~II~ &jA~bJ)J~ W:, 4J~.)-'-"~~1 ~l u~,jiJ1 ~~y.t.; (~)

, b~ ~G11 b.)J..JI

80

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
o)~1

* (\'I' - ":" ~ j J) 0 .;I~I J.A..ro4=l.;,.,.J J.,..a b~' ~~, ~~I .JL.:..;'':l1~ ..:.~.".:;

Jy.lll ~.;L..u .:Jl,j La" b~ ~l.iIl

Recommendation 13 (CMM-X) - Specializedlong-term edncation and training in marinemeteorological and physical oceanographyTHE COMMISSION FOR MARINE METEOROLOGY,NOTING:

(1) The high priority given by Tenth Congress tomarine meteorological services and to improvedspecialized education and training in marine meteorology and physical oceanography,

(2) The report of the Rapporteur on Education andTraining to CMM-X,

(3) Recommendation 11 OWC-IGOSS-V)Specialized long-term education and trainingrelated to IGOSS,

BEING AWARE that, with the notable exception of RMTCManila, there is presently a lack of long-term specialized training courses in marine meteorology andphysical oceanography at Regional MeteorologicalTraining Centres,CONSIDERING:

(1) That properly trained personnel are essential tothe further development, implementation andoperation of marine meteorological services, andthat training should extend also to the users ofmarine meteorological services, where this doesnot already occur,

(2) That the expanded involvement of developingcountries in programmes such as the IntegratedGlobal Ocean Services System and the WorldClimate Research Programme is also dependenton the availability of specialized personnel in thefield of marine meteorology and physicaloceanography,

RECOGNIZING that long-term specialized trainingcourses in marine meteorology and physical oceanography are essential for the provision of suitably trainedpersonnel for these purposes,RECOMMENDS:

(1) That high priority within WMO should be givento the development of long-term specialized training courses in RMTCs in the field of marinemeteorology and physical oceanography;

(2) That in particular every effort should be made toestablish a six-month course on marine meteorology and physieal oceanography at RMTC Nairobias a matter of some urgency;

(3) That, whenever possible, these courses should bedeveloped and operated in close collaborationwith IOC and the oceanographic community;

(4) That following the successful establishment of acourse in Nairobi, consideration should then begiven to the establishment of similar courses inRMTCs Oran and Buenos Aires;

81

REQUESTS the Secretary-General:(1) To approach funding sources, including UNDP,

with a view to establishing appropriate long-termfunding support for such courses;

(2) In consultation with the president of CMM, theSecretary IOC and the Directors of the RMTCsconcerned, to develop as soon as possible curriculafor these courses, for the consideration of the ECPanel of Experts on Education and Training.

Recommendation 1 (CMM-XI) - Marinemeteorological services monitoring programmeTHE COMMISSION FOR MARINE METEOROLOGY,NOTING:

(1) Recommendation 1 (CMM-VIII) - Marine meteorological services monitoring programme,

(2) Abridged final report, CMM-IX, general summary,paragraph 5.7 and Annex Il,

(3) Report and recommendations to CMM-XI by theSubgroup of Experts on Warning and ForecastPreparation on Marine Meteorological ServicesMonitoring,

CONSIDERING:

(1) The continuing importance to mariners of theprovision of high quality, timely marine meteorological services,

(2) The need for routine and continuous monitoringof marine meteorological services to maintain thehighest possible standards,

(3) The importance of keeping up-to-date informationon the requirements of marine users for meteorological and oceanographic information andservices,

RECOGNIZING the activities for the monitoring ofmarine meteorological services already effected bymany Members,

RECOMMENDS:

(1) That a systematic, long-term marine meteorological services monitoring programme beimplemented;

(2) That the programme be based on the questionnaire and response summary format given in theannex to this recommendation;

(3) That the monitoring should be undertaken byMembers and coordinated by the WMO Secretariatand should take place on a routine basis every fouryears;

(4) That a comprehensive analysis of the results of themonitoring should be prepared by the WMOSecretariat following each four-yearly monitoring,and transmitted immediately to Members forfollow-up action, as appropriate;

i"~~.,<JIJ~~¥4~.".tII.:u.Jy-*~.)~_Jl~ ';":'\11 ~I Jp.-J

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
(5) That a brief summary of the results of this monitoring should be prepared for each session ofCMM, as well as for sessions of the AdvisoryWorking Group and the Working Group onMarine Meteorological Services;

INVITES Members to carefully review the results of thismonitoring, including detailed criticisms and suggestions prOVided by users, and to take appropriatemeasures to correct identified deficiencies in marinemeteorological services within their respective areas ofconcern, including through the distribution of resultsto marine forecasters and PMOs;

REQUESTS:

(1) The Advisory Working Group and the WorkingGroup on Marine Meteorological Services to followclosely the implementation and results of thismonitoring programme and to propose modifications, as appropriate;

(2) The Secretary-General to arrange for Secretariatsupport for the monitoring programme as detailedunder RECOMMENDS above.

NOTE: This recommendation replaces Recommendation 1(CMM-VIII) which is no longer in force.

Annex to Recommendation 1 (CMM-XI)

Marine Meteorological Services Monitoring Programme Questionnaire

A. To masters, deck and radio officers of VOS

In order to monitor the effectiveness of the weather and sea bulletins produced and transmitted byMeteorological Services, the World Meteorological Organization would appreciate your cooperation in completingthe following questionnaire. The objective of this programme is the improvement of meteorological support toshipping.

Ship'S name (call sign) .Country of registry .Name of master .Operational area(s) .Voyage from to .Position of ship when questionnaire completed .Date and time .

Please complete the following questionnaire by ticking the appropriate heading and inserting comments, asappropriate.

1. Storm and gale warnings

(a) Clarity of information(b) Accuracy of information(c) Timeliness

2. Weather bulletins(a) Clarity of information(b) Accuracy of information(c) Timeliness(d) Terminology used

3. Radiofacsimile broadcasts(a) Maintaining schedules(b) Accuracy of information(c) Readability(d) Symbology(e) Quality of reception

Good Fair Poor Met. serviceissued by

CRS

4. Coastal Radio Stations (CRS)/Coast Earth Stations (CES)(a) Establishing contact with receiving station (CRS/CES)(b) Delays with OBS messages(c) Refusal of CRS/CES to accept OBS messages(d) Use of five or ten-figure groups

82

Yes (Time.....)Yes (CRS/CES........) __ Yes5 10

No

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
0).)11

S. Other related problems (if any)Date and time .Position of the ship .Radio frequency and station call sign .

6. Suggested improvements

Use additional sheets if necessaryFor each case complete one questionnaireAfter completion, please return to Meteorological Service at the following address:

Master's signature

B. A summary of the replies to the questionnaire addressed to Voluntary Observing Ships (VOS)received by (Meteorological Service)

Number of ships which repliedGood Fair Poor

1. Storm and gale warnings(a) Clarity of information(b) Accuracy of information(c) Timeliness

2. Weather bulletins(a) Clarity of information(b) Accuracy of information(c) Timeliness(d) Terminology used

3. Radio-facsimile broadcasts(a) Maintaining schedules(b) Accuracy of information(c) Readability(d) Symbology

4. Coastal Radio Stations (CRS) / Coast Earth Stations (CES)(a) Establishing contact with

receiving station(b) Delays with OBS message(c) Refusal of CRS/CES to accept OBS(d) Use of five or ten-figure groups

S. Other related problems

6. Suggested improvements

Percentage of total repliesGood Fair Poor

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
Recommendation 2 (CMM-XI) - Marine pollution emergency response support system(MPERSS) for the high seasTHE COMMISSION FOR MARINE METEOROLOGY,NOTING:

(1) Recommendation 2 (CMM-X) - Meteorologicalsupport for marine pollution emergency operations,

(2) The final report of the meeting of the IMOWorking Group on the International Conventionon Oil Pollution Preparedness, response andCooperation (London, October 1992),

(3) Recommendation 3 (CMM-XI) - New WMOGMDSS marine broadcast system,

CONSIDERING:(1) That operations at sea in response to marine pollu

tion emergencies are fundamentally dependent onthe support of meteorological services,

(2) That marine pollution emergency events outsidewaters under national jurisdiction are essentiallyinternational in character,

(3) That no coordinated system currently exists forthe provision of meteorological support for operations in response to such events,

(4) That considerable benefits would accrue to allcoastal states through the establishment of such acoordinated system for meteorological support,

RECOMMENDS:

(1) That a new WMO marine pollution emergencyresponse support system (MPERSS) for the highseas, as detailed in the annex to this recommendation, should be implemented on a trial basis;

(2) That the trial system should ideally be implemented on or as soon as possible after 1 January1994;

EXPRESSES its appreciation to those Members whichmay accept proVisional responsibilities under the newsystem,BEARING in mind:(1) The need for substantial further work to be

undertaken, nationally and internationally, indeveloping the concept and structure of theMPERSS,

(2) The continuing need to proVide guidance andsupport to Members in the development andimplementation of the services required in supportof marine pollution emergency responseoperations,

(3) The work being undertaken on marine pollutionmonitoring, assessment and modelling by laC,UNEP and IMO,

REQUESTS:

(1) The Working Group on Marine MeteorologicalServices to:(a) Further develop the concept and structure of

the proposed MPERSS in cooperation withMembers concerned as well as with appropriate international organizations;

84

(b) Continue its work on the development of guidance material, in cooperation with laC, UNEPand IMO, as appropriate, and generally toproVide technical support to Members in theimplementation and operation of the trialMPERSS;

(c) Prepare a revised draft MPERSS, for theconsideration of CMM-XII for inclusion inthe Manual on Marine Meteorological Services;

(2) The Secretary-General to prOVide, as resourcespermit, appropriate Secretariat support in thefurther development, implementation and operation of the MPERSS and, in particular, to agreewith Members concerned on their role and responsibilities in a future operational MPERSS;

INVITES IOC, UNEP and IMO to collaborate with WMOin the further development and operation, as necessary,of the MPERSS;FURTHER INVITES the International MaritimeOrganization:(1) To provide WMO with additional information on

national and regional marine pollution combatting centres, for inclusion in the draft MPERSSplan, for the benefit of Members accepting responsibilities under the MPERSS;

(2) To inform national and regional marine pollutioncombatting authorities, as well as IMO nationalcontact points, of the existence and details of theMPERSS.


Marine Meteorological Support for MarinePollution Emergency Response Operations on

the High Seas

1. PRINCIPLESThe principles for marine meteorological support

for marine pollution emergency response operations areas follows:

Principle 1For the purpose of the efficient and effective

provision of meteorological information for marinepollution emergency response operations on the highseas and in view of the international character of theseoperations, there is a requirement to provide aninternationally coordinated system of meteorologicalsupport for such operations. For this purpose theoceans and seas are divided into areas for whichnational Meteorological Services assume responsibility.These areas, termed marine pollution incident (MPI)areas, are the same areas as the METAREAs of the globalmaritime distress and safety system (GMDSS).

Principle 2The areas· of responsibility together prOVide

complete coverage of oceans and seas by meteorologicalinformation contained in the products prepared andissued by the participating national MeteorologicalServices.

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
o).;iJ1

Principle 3The preparation and issue of meteorological infor

mation for areas of responsibility is coordinated inaccordance with the procedures mentioned in section 2.

Principle 4The efficiency and effectiveness of the provision

of meteorological information in support of marinepollution emergency response operations is monitoredby obtaining opinions and reports from the users.

2. PROCEDURES

2.1 Definitions

2.1.1 An area meteorological coordinator (AMe) is anational Meteorological Service which has acceptedresponsibility for ensuring that regional meteorologicalinformation is issued to support marine pollutionemergency response operations in the designated areafor which the Service has accepted responsibility.[These national Meteorological Services may eventuallybecome designated Regional Specialized MeteorologicalCentres (RSMC) for Marine Pollution EmergencySupport.] The support supplied by an AMC (or aSupporting Service) may include some or all of thefollOWing:(a) Basic meteorological forecasts and warnings for

the area(s) concerned;(b) The observation, analysis and forecasting of the

values of specific meteorological and oceanographic variables reqUired as input to modelsdescribing the movement, dispersion, dissipationand dissolution of marine pollution;

(c) In some cases, the operation of these models;(d) In some cases, access to national and international

telecommunications facilities;(e) Other operational support.The issued information may have been prepared solelyby the AMC, or by another Supporting Service(s), or acombination of both, on the basis of an agreementbetween the Services concerned. It is also the responsibility of the AMC to ascertain the location and contact(telex, telefax, etc.) details of any marine pollutionemergency response operations authority (orauthorities) responsible within the designated MarinePollution Incident (MPI) area. This information shouldbe made available by the AMC to Supporting Service(s)for the area.2.).2. ASl/PflQrtjn.gSi![V!f;e is anatiQuaJ MetemologicalService which has accepted responsibility to provide onrequest, either directly or to the AMC, meteorological(basic or enhanced) support for parts of, or an entire,designated MPI area. Depending on the location of theincident, Supporting Services may be requested by theemergency authority to proVide the meteorologicalsupport directly to that authority. In such cases, the AMCshould be so advised by the Supporting Service. ASupporting Service should advise the AMC of the facilitiesit has available to fulfil its role.

39

2.2 Areas of responsibility2.2.1 Areas of responsibility (marine pollution incident (MPI) areas) and the responsible Services forAMCs and Supporting Service(s) shall be as given inAppendix I.NOTES: (1) The areas of responsibility given in Appendix I are

reviewed by the Commission for MarineMeteorology to ensure complete area coverage andadequacy of services.

(2) An MPI area has, in some cases, been subdivided to meet the requirements of nationalMeteorological Services.

(3) The areas of responsibility defined in AppendiX Irepresent a minimum requirement for AMC andSupporting Services. Both AMCs and SupportingServices may extend the area of coverage for theissue of meteorological support informationbeyond these areas of responsibility, if they sowish, to meet national reqUirements. In this case,the area of coverage should be specified in thetext of each communication to the marine pollution emergency response operations authority.

2.2.2 Any amendments to the area of responsibilityor proposal for the introduction of a change innational Meteorological Services' responsibilities foran area, shall have the approval of the ExecutiveCouncil based on a recommendation by theCommission for Marine Meteorology.2.2.2.1 Before drawing up any recommendation onthe proposed amendment for submission to theExecutive Council, the Commission for MarineMeteorology shall receive the comments of the nationalMeteorological Services directly concerned with theproposed amendment as well as the comments of thepresident(s) of the regional association(s) concerned.NOTE: All correspondence relating to the areas of responsi-

bility is addressed to the Secretary-General.2.2.3 Whenever a national Meteorological Serviceresponsible for the issue of meteorological support datato a MPI area is no longer able to provide this service,the national Meteorological Service should inform theSecretary-General at least six months in advance of theintended termination date.

2.3 Meteorological support to marine pollution emergency response operations on thehigh seas2.3.1 Support to these emergency operations may, asstated in paragraph 2.1.1, include a variety of elements,such as:(a) Basic meteorological forecasts and wamings for the

area(s) concerned. Special attention should be givento the early provision of actual and forecast surfaceconditions in the area of the pollution incident.This may be the initial requirement following apollution incident;

(b) The observation, analysis and forecasting oftile valuesofspecifiC meteorological and oceanographic variablesrequired as input to models describing the movement, dispersion, dissipation and dissolution of

85

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
marine pollution. AMC and Supporting Serviceshould, if possible, ascertain from the relevantmarine pollution emergency response operationsauthority the specific meteorological and oceanographic variables required for a particular model,also the location of the model operator and accessdetails. If information regarding specific requiredvariables for a model is not available, generalguidelines for the type of data which will bereqUired are given in Appendix 1I;

(c) The operation of the models by the national Meteorological Service. If an AMC or Supporting Service hasthis facility and it can be used in the MPI area, theexistence of this facility should be made known tothe relevant marine pollution emergency responseoperations authority at an early stage, and ideallyprior to an actual pollution incident in the MPIarea. [AMCs should give consideration to conducting periodic trials of their pollution models andcooperating with the pollution emergency authorities in their MPI area to assess the efficiency andeffectiveness of the output data from their models.]

(d) Access to national and international telecommunications facilities. Effective and efficientcommunications is an essential element in an emergency situation and AMCs and Supporting Servicesmust ensure that they have access to reliablecommunication links between all parties involvedin a marine pollution incident within their MPIarea. The AMC should ascertain from the marinepollution emergency response operations authoritythe method by which the transfer of the requiredmeteorological support shall be effected. This information shall be relayed to the SupportingService(s) for the MPI area concerned. The use ofthe International SafetyNET service (of lnmarsat)should be considered if the meteorological supportis required at the location of the pollution incident,e.g. by the on-scene dispersal craft. Similarly, use ofthe Global Telecommunication System (GTS) by amarine pollution emergency response operationsauthority via a regional telecommunication hub(RTH) of the Global Telecommunication System(GTS) may also be a consideration in cases of amajor pollution incident;

(e) Other operational support. AMCs shall, at an earlystage of a marine pollution incident affectingtheir area of responsibility, ascertain from therelevant marine pollution emergency responseoperations authority details of the incident andthe nature of the support reqUired. It shall bethe responsibility of the AMC to advise themarine pollution emergency response operations authority of the support facilities whichthe AMC and/or the Supporting Service(s) canprovide. [This shall be undertaken whether ornot a pollution incident occurs in an MPI area,and this information shall be updated to the

marine pollution emergency response operations authorities at regular intervals, andimmediately should there be a change in thesupport facilities available from the AMC orSupporting Service. It is the responsiblity of theSupporting Service(s) to advise the AMC of anychange to its support facilities.] It should be notedthat operations at sea in response to marine pollution emergencies are fundamentally dependent onthe support of Meteorological Services. It is thusessential that AMCs and Supporting Services offeras full a range of operational support as possibleand practicable to marine pollution emergencyresponse operations.

2.3.2 A permanent record of all communicationsshould be maintained, showing the times of origin,transmission and reception of the information provided.

2.4 IMO regional marine pollution combatting centres. Marine pollution research andmonitoring programmes of IOC/UNEP2.4.1 IMO and UNEP have established regionalmarine pollution combatting centres in a few locationsthroughout the world. These centres have been incorporated in the coordinated meteorological support planat Appendix 1. Full details of these centres are given inAppendix Ill. The majority of these centres are nonoperational and have an advisory capacity only. Thenature of the centre, whether advisory or operational, isindicated in Appendix Ill. It should be noted that it isthe responsibility of the participating nationalMeteorological Service(s) to ascertain the location ofany marine pollution emergency response operationsauthority relevant to the MPI area and/or to eachmarine pollution incident.2.4.2 The objectives and activities of the RegionalMarine Pollution Emergency Response Centre for theMediterranean Sea and its role in the case of emergencyare given in Appendix IV.2.4.3 The International Convention on Oil PollutionPreparedness, Response and Cooperation, 1990 (OPRCConvention), in Article 12 - Institutional Arrangements identified the International MaritimeOrganization Secretariat as haVing specific responsibilities with regard to the provision of information andtechnical services under the Convention. Contact information for the IMO Secretariat is also given in AppendiXIII and information on activities in Appendix V. It is theresponsibility of the WMO Secretariat to keep the IMOSecretariat informed of all international dispositions andarrangements made under the WMO meteorologicalsupport system. At the same time, AMCs may wish tocontact the IMO Secretariat directly to obtain information on specific arrangements which may exist forcombatting oil and other pollution incidents in theirMPI area(s) of responSibility.2.4.4 laC and UNEP co-sponsor the programme onglobal investigation of pollution in the marine environment (GIPME).

86

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
0).;11

APPENDIX I

AREAS OF RESPONSIBILITY AND NATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES DESIGNATED AS AREAMETEOROLOGICAL COORDINATORS FOR ISSUING OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA FOR SUPPORT

TO MARINE POLLUTION EMERGENCY RESPONSE OPERATIONS ON THE HIGH SEAS

COORDINATED METEOROLOGICAL SUPPORT TO MARINE POLLUTION INCIDENT (MPI) AREA

RECIPIENT OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA

MPlarea Area MeteDrolo~'{ical

Co-ordinator

United Kingdom

11 France

III Italy

IV USA

V Brazil

VI Argentina

VII (A) South Africa.

VII (B) South Africa.

VIII (A) India

VIII (B) Kenya

VIII (C) Mauritius

IX Saudi Arabia

X Australia

XI(i\) Ghina

XI (B) Japan

XII & XVI USA

XIII Russian Federation

XIV New Zealand

XV Chile

Supporting Service

NorwayIcelandIrelandFrance

PortugalSpain

GreeceMaltaFrance

Canada

Reunion

United RepublicofTanzania

Reunion

Bahrain

Hong KongMalaysiaIndonesiaSingapore

PhilippinesIndonesiaGuam (USA)

Canada

IMO regional marine pollution combatting centresSuggested additional centres

Relevant Coast Guard Authority/Pollution Control Centre

Relevant Coast Guard Authority/PolJutlon Control Centre

REMPEC (Malta Centre). Relevant Coast Guard Authority

Relevant Coast Guard Authority. IMO Regional Consultant,Samurce. Puerto Rico (Wider Caribbean)

Relevant Coast Guard/Pollution Control Centre









Relevant Coast Guar<l/PoJlullon Control Centre


Relevant Coast Guard/POllution Control Centre




Remarks

Norway responsible for Arctic watersnorth of 71"N

Canada responsible for Arctic watersnorth of 67°N

WestofZOOE

EastofZOOE

VlIl (A): Area VIII-(B)+(C). Indian Ocean northof the equator, west of 9soE. easl of SS,,/;excluding Area IX

VlIl (B): lZoN -10°30'5 SSoE to East African Coast

VlIl (C): 0° - 30 0 S SSoE - 9S0 E

XI (A)IZSoE - MaInland China 10 west bOundaryof area XI (9SoE) (excluding Philippine waters) .

East of 125°E _ 1800 induding Philippine waters

Canada res~onsible for Arctic watersnorth of67 N

• The Government of the Republic of South Africa has been suspended by ResolutJon 38 (Cg~VII) from exercising its rights and enjoying its prIvileges as a Member of WMO.

87

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
APPENDIX 11

INPUT DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR MARINE POLLUTION TRANSPORT AND DISPERSION MODELS

Simple local Simple regional Hydrological local Hydrological regional Expert local systems Expert regional systemsmodels models models models

Surface wind (local) Surface wind field Surface wind (local) Surface wind field Surface wind Surface wind fieldWater temperature Water temperature Water temperature Water temperature Water temperature Water temperature fieldAir temperature Air temperature Air temperature Air temperature Air temperature Air temperatureWaves Waves Waves Waves Waves Waves(Rain) Currents Rain Rain Rain RainCurrents Currents Stratification Pollutant properties Pollutant properties

Tides Constant information Surface and sub-surface currents Surface and sub-surface currentsIce Tides TidesTides Stratification Stratification

Technical information Technical informationRegional informationIce

Local syslems Regional systems

~ffind } S.'""bld ficld )Water temperature Air temperature fieldAir temperature Water temperature field Grid point dataRain or not Rain or notWaves Stratification

Ice information

APPENDIX III

IMO REGIONAL MARINE POLLUTION COMBATTING CENTRES AND MARINE POLLUTIONRESEARCH AND MONITORING PROGRAMMES OF IOCIUNEP (AS OF MARCH 1992)

1. Regional Marine Pollution Emergency Response Centre for the Mediterranean Sea (REMPEC) of IMO/UNEP(also known as the Malta Centre)Manoel IslandMalta

tel +356337296 or 337297 or 337298; fax +356 339951; telex 2464 UNROCC MW; 1396 UNROCC MW

Status: Information and advisory centre.

2. Office of IMO Regional Consultant on Marine Pollution (Wider Caribbean)P.O. Box 3037Ceiba, Puerto Rico 00735USA

tel +1809 8654343 (24 hrs); fax +1809 8651785

Status: Advisory services.

3. Marine Emergency Mutual Aid Centre (MEMAC)P.O. Box 10112, Bahrain

tel (973) 274554; fax (973) 274551; telex 9890 MEMAC BN

4. Oil Pollution Coordination CentrePollution Preparedness and Response SectionInternational Maritime Organization4 Albert EmbankmentLondon SEl 7SR, United Kingdom

tel +44 71 7357611; fax +44 71 5873210; telex 23588

Status: Information and advisory centre.

88

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
o ).;ilf

APPENDIX IV

REGIONAL MARINE POLLUTION EMERGENCYRESPONSE CENTRE FOR THE MEDITERRANEAN

SEA (REMPEC)

ObjectivesThe objectives of the Centre are the following:

(a) To strengthen the capacities of the coastal States inthe Mediterranean and to facilitate cooperationamong them in case of a major marine pollutionaccident;

(b) To assist coastal States of the Mediterranean region,which so request, in the development of their owncapabilities for response to accidents;

(c) To facilitate information exchange, technologicalcooperation and training;

(d) To provide a framework for the exchange of information on operational, technical, scientific, legaland financial matters.

ActivitiesIn conformity with these objectives and with the

decisions of the meetings of the Contracting Parties tothe Barcelona Convention, the Centre is developing itsactivities in the following areas:(a) Informing the coastal states - regional informa

tion system (oil and hazardous substances)The Centre is developing and keeping up-ta-date aregional information system made up of fourparts:(i) Basic documents;(ii) Lists and inventories;(iii) Data banks, simulation models and decision

support system;(iv) Operational guides and technical documents.

(b) Assistance in the preparation of contingency plansThe Centre proVides assistance to those countrieswhich so request for:(i) The preparation or adaptation of national

contingency plans;(H) The preparation and the development of

operational bilaterial or multilateral agreements between neighbouring Coastal States.

(c) TrainingThe Centre annually organizes the followingregional training courses:(i) Ageneral training course;(H) Aspecialized and practical training course.

The Centre prOVides, to countries which sorequest! assistance in organizing Il<ltiQnaltraining courses.

(d) Cooperation and mutal assistance in cases ofemergencyThe Centre:(i) Develops and keeps up-ta-date a regional

communications network;(ii) Organizes periodically communication

exercises;(Hi) ProVides, at the request of the Mediterranean

Coastal States in case of an aCCident,

technical advice and facilitates andcoordinates mutal assistance between them.

Role of the Centre in case of emergencyIn the case of a marine pollution accident,

REMPEC, at the request of States, in accordance with itsobjectives and functions and taking into account themeans at its disposal shall:(a) By using the regional information system devel

oped and updated by the Centre, proVide adviceand technical expertise as well as other relevantinformation the States would need;

(b) Put into action once it will be operational theMediterranean Task Force which will assist responseto accidental marine pollution;

(c) Help to obtain international assistance and itscoordination, whether the means (equipment,products, combatting equipment) come fromGovernment or the private sector;

(d) Endeavour to help States affected by an accidentin disseminating information.The assistance that the Centre can thus give at the

request of the States shall be decided on a case by casebasis, between the competent national authorities andREMPEC. REMPEC shall endeavour to reply in theqUickest and best possible way to all the requests ofassistance supported by the Regional InformationSystem.

APPENDIX V

OIL POLLUTION COORDINATION CENTRE(OPCC)

ObjectivesThe objectives of the Coordination Centre are the

following:(a) To coordinate oil spill response activities, if

requested;(b) To monitor oil spill incidents;(c) To facilitate information exchange on operational

and institutional capacities to combat oil spills;(d) To provide a framework for the collection and

dissemination of information on operational andtechnical matters;

(e) To assist Governments in the development of theirown capabilities for response to accidents;

(f) To facilitate the provision of technical assistanceand advice upon request.

ActivitiesIn conformity with the objectives mentioned

above, the Coordination Centre is developing its activities in the following areas:(a) Information services

The Centre is developing and keeping up-to-dateinformation on:(i) National focal points for Oil Pollution

Preparedness and Response (OPRC);(ii) The nature and extent of the type of assis

tance which is available with every State;

89

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
(iii) National Policy for Oil Pollution Preparednessand Response including National ContingencyPlan for oil pollution incidents;

(iv) Marine Pollution Preparedness and ResponseDatabase Systems.

In addition, the Centre will manage an alreadydeveloped International Oil Pollution Research andDevelopment Abstract Database. This database,developed by the United States Coast Guard, hasinformation on research category, project description, Rand D sponsor, researcher, funding, etc.

(b) Education and Training(i) To promote training in the field of oil pollution

preparedness and response under the OPRCtraining strategy using IMO model courses;

(ii) To promote the holding of internationalsymposia.

(c) Technical services(i) To facilitate cooperation in research and

development;(ii) To proVide advice to State(s) establishing

national or regional response capabilities; and(iii) To analyse the information provided by

Parties in case of an oil pollution incidentand relevant information provided by othersources and proVide advice or information toStates.

(d) Technical assistance(i) To facilitate the proVision of technical assis

tance to States establishing national orregional respose capabilities; and

(ii) To facilitate the provision of technicalassistance and advice, upon the request ofStates faced with major oil pollution incidents.

Role of the Centre in case of an emergencyIn the case of a marine pollution accident, OPCC,

at the request of State(s), in accordance with its objectives and functions and taking into account the meanSat its disposal shall:(a) Monitor and assess the situation by collecting

information from various sources, e.g.,Government, industry, etc and keeping in touchwith affected State(s);

(b) Provide technical adVice, if requested, by affectedState(s);

(c) Facilitate and coordinate, as appropriate, the provision of international assistance; and

(d) Assist in the dissemination of spill information toaffected State(s).

Recommendation 5 (CMM-XI) - Applications ofthe results of the VOS special observing projectNorth Atlantic (VSOP-NA)THE COMMISSION FOR MARINE METEOROLOGY,NOTING:

(1) The Third WMO Long Term Plan, Part Il, Volume 1World Weather Watch Programme (WMO"No. 761)and Volume 4 - Applications of MeteorologyProgramme (WMO-No. 764),

90

(2) IOC Assembly Resolution XV-4 - GlobalIntegrated Ocean Observing System Development,

(3) IOC Assembly Resolution XVI-8 - Global OceanObserVing System (GOOS),

(4) Resolution 9 (Cg-XI) - Global Climate ObservingSystem,

(5) Resolution 21 (Cg-XI) - WMO's involvement inthe development of a Global Ocean ObserVingSystem,

(6) Recommendation 6 (CMM-X) - The WMOVoluntary ObserVing Ships (VOS) scheme,

(7) Marine Meteorology and Related OceanographicActivities Reports No. 25 (Ship Catalogue) andNo. 26 (Results of the VSOP-NA),

(8) Recommendation 8 (CBS-IX) - Amendments tothe Manual on the Global Data-Processing System Monitoring the quality of observations,

CONSIDERING:

(1) That reports from the VOS will remain a primarysource of surface meteorological and oceanographic data from all ocean areas for operational,research and climatological purposes for the foreseeable future,

(2) That improvements in the quality, quantity andtimeliness of such reports need to be made if thefull requirements of WMO Programmes for thesedata are to be met,

BEARING in mind that action on a number of recommendations of the VSOP-NA addressed to WMO hasbeen taken under appropriate agenda items at thepresent session,EXPRESSES its appreciation:(1) To all Members which operate VOS, which have

appointed Port Meteorological Officers (PMOs), orwhich support coastal radio stations and InmarsatCoast Earth Stations for the collection of ships'weather reports;

(2) Specifically to those Members, their PMOs and theships' crews who participated in the VSOP-NA;

(3) To the United Kingdom Meteorological Officefor acting as the lead centre for the realtime monitoring of the quality of surface marinedata;

RECOMMENDS to Members:(1) To implement relevant recommendations of the

VSOP-NA, as detailed in the annex to this recommendation, as a matter of priority;

(2) To follow-up the results of the real-time monitoring of the quality of VOS reports, which areprepared by the United Kingdom MeteorologicalOffice as lead centre designated by CBS for thispurpose and distributed regularly to Membersconcerned;

(3) Whenever possible, to increase automation in thecollection and transmission of VOS reports;

REQUESTS the Secretary-General, the president andvice-president of the Commission and the chairmen ofthe relevant working groups to assist Members in theimplementation of this recommendation.

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
o)~1


Recommendations of the VOS SpecialObserving Project North Atlantic (VSOP-NA)

Relevant to Implementation by Members

Observing practices and equipmentThe results of VSOP-NA demonstrate clearly the

value of national observing fleets conforming to recognized standards of instrument exposure and observingpractice. Additionally, for some variables, one methodof measurement has been shown to be superior toothers (e.g. SST by hull-contact sensor). For other variables, different methods have both advantages anddisadvantages. Good exposure is often more importantthan choice of instrument type. It is therefore stronglyrecommended that Members take note of these findings and ensure that equipment, exposures andobserving practices are chosen and maintained appropriately, with a view to achieving greater accuracy andconsistency across the international VOS.Real-time data monitoring

The existing real-time monitoring systems for VOSreports should be extended to cover all variablesreqUired for surface flux calculations. Specifically VOSdatabases maintained at each monitoring centre shouldinclude more detail for each ship, to facilitate identification of the appropriate corrections. Results of thereal-time monitoring should be made available morefrequently to Members and PMOs, ideally on amonthly basis.Reduction in reporting errors

The results of VSOP-NA show that many errorswere made in converting measured relative wind intotrue wind, and in deriving dewpoint from dry- and wetbulb temperatures. Members are recommended toprovide their VOS with dedicated calculators orcomputer programs for deriVing these quantities, inorder to achieve a significant decrease in the number ofsuch errors.Port Meteorological Officer System

The results of the VSOP-NA study demonstratethat an efficient Port Meteorological Officer system canhave significant impact on the overall quality of datasubmitted by individual national fleets. It is recommended that appropriate funding and resources bemade available to improve the organization, trainingand operation of the Port Meteorological Officersystems of Member countries. Members with existing,well-established and effective PMO systems should beencouraged to offer training and assistance facilities toother Members to enable them to upgrade their respective PMO services.Applications of VOS data

Noting that model-derived ocean surface fluxvalues will be increasingly used for forcing oceanmodels, and recognizing that the VSOP-NA project hasshown that biases exist in model-derived data such thatsignificant errors would exist in the predicted flux

values, it is recommended that increased use be madeof the VOS ship observations to verify model flux determinations.

It is recommended that, where VOS observationsare used to construct sea surface temperature data sets,the observations should be classified according tomeasurement type and that greatest weight should begiven to hull contact sensors, bucket measurements,and condenser or engine intake instruments, in thatorder. In particular it should be noted that there isevidence that intake measurements are of poorer quality and likely to be biased warm compared to the othermethods.

RecogniZing that ships'observations transmittedover the GTS at present contain a significant number oferrors due to the incorrect calculation of true windvelocity and dewpoint, and that these errors can bereduced by the use of logbook data, the use of delayedmode logbook-derived data for climate research isrecommended.

Noting that the greatest accuracy requirements forVOS data are for the calculation of flux fields forclimate research, and recognizing that the VSOP-NAproject has demonstrated that the quality of ships' datadepends on the efficiency of the PMO system, it isrecommended that the climate research communitysupports measures designed to improve the PMOsystem.

Recommendation 7 (CMM-XI) - The application of remotely-sensed marine data to marinemeteorological and oceanographic servicesTHE COMMISSION FOR MARINE METEOROLOGY,NOTING:

(1) Recommendation 5 (CMM-X) - The applicationof remotely-sensed marine data to marine meteorological and oceanographic services,

(2) Field Workshop on Intercalibration ofConventional and Remotely-Sensed Sea SurfaceTemperature Data, Marine Meteorology andRelated Oceanographic Activities Report No.16,

(3) The Third WMO Long-tenn Plan, Part I1, Volume 1- World Weather Watch Programme (WMO-No.761) and Volume 4 - Applications of MeteorologyProgramme (WMO-No. 764),

(4) The IGOSS plan and implementation programme1989-1995,

(5) The final report of the sixth session of the JointIOC/WMO Committee for IGQSS} Gm~V(l,

November 1991,(6) The report to CMM-XI by the chairman of the

Ad Hoc Group on Ocean Satellites and RemoteSensing,

(7) The scientific lectures at CMM-XI,FURTHER noting that a number of ocean remotesensing systems, both satellite and ground based, arelikely to be operationally available Within the next fewyears, or are in some cases already operationallyavailable,

91

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
CONSIDERING:

(1) That marine meteorological and surface oceanographic data from remote-sensing systems are ofgreat potential benefit to Members for bothoperational and research purposes,

(2) That procedures need to be developed to facilitatethe timely availability of such data on time andspace scales and in formats relevant to theMembers' requirements,

(3) That intercomparison of marine data obtained byconventional and remote-sensing systems shouldbe expanded with the development of proceduresto enable a coherent use of combined data foroperational and research purposes,

RECOMMENDS:

(1) That studies and workshops on remotely-sensedmeasurements of ocean variables using satellite, airand ground-based systems be continued and thatthese include in particular:(a) The intercalibration of remotely-sensed data

with conventional ocean data;(b) The development of procedures to facilitate

the availability of remotely-sensed data foroperational and research purposes;

(c) Consideration of means to effect the appropriatetransfer of technology to enable all Members tobenefit fully from the new systems;

(2) That such studies be undertaken with the activecollaboration of CIMO, CBS, the Joint IOC/WMOCommittee for IGOSS, IOC and the satellite operating agencies, as appropriate;

(3) That Members and satellite operators be requestedto consider the implementation of procedures forthe operational dissemination of remotely-senseddata to national Meteorological Services andnational oceanographic services;

REQUESTS the Secretary-General, in consultation with thepresident of the Commission, to arrange for or facilitatethe conduct of such studies and workshops as resourcespermit, and to take the necessary measures to facilitatethe incorporation of any operational proceduresdeveloped, into the overall WWW data exchange.

NOTE: This recommendation replaces Recommendation 5(CMM-X) which is no longer in force.

Recommendation 8 (CMM-XI) - The collectionof meteorological and oceanographic information using InmarsatTHE COMMISSION FOR MARINE METEOROLOGY,NOTING:

(1) Abridged final report, CMM-X, sub-item 6.1,(2) Resolution 19 (Cg-XI) - The collection and

dissemination of marine meteorological andoceanographic information using Inmarsat,

CONSIDERING:

(1) The continuing rapid expansion in the use of theInternational Maritime Satellite Organization

(Inmarsat) marine telecommunication system,particularly among the WMO Voluntary ObservingShips (VOS),

(2) That Inmarsat-C facilities are likely to be availableon virtually all the VOS by the year 2000,

(3) The improvements being noted in the receipt ofmeteorological and oceanographic reports fromships at sea through the enhanced use of theInmarsat system,

(4) The substantial reductions in communicationscosts to Members which occur for meteorologicaland oceanographic reports sent using theInmarsat-C facility,

RECOGNIZING with appreciation that a number ofMembers operating Inmarsat Coast Earth Stations (CES)have already arranged to accept 'ships' meteorologicaland oceanographic reports through their CES, free ofcharge to the ships, which are of general value to allMembers of WMO,BEING concerned, however, that these reports are, at thepresent time, concentrated on a sub-set of the CESalready in operation, and that problems continue to berelated to the timely redistribution to the countriesclosest to their geographical origin of reports collectedthrough Inmarsat,NOTING with appreciation the agreement by theNetherlands to supply and maintain software for thecompilation, encoding in SHIP code, storage and transmission through the Inmarsat-C facility of ships'meteorological reports,RECOMMENDS:

(1) To those Members operating CES that have not yetdone so to accept the ships' meteorological andoceanographic reports transmitted through theirCES, free of charge to ships, using the special code41 short code dialing procedure;

(2) To those Members in regions where the introduction of Inmarsat has produced recognizedchanges in patterns of data collection, to developinterregional, regional, subregional or bilateralagreements for. cost-sharing, as appropriate;

(3) To all Members concerned to make every effort toensure the timely redistribution of reportscollected through Inmarsat to countries in theareas of the geographical origins of those reports,through the GTS and by other means such asMDD, as appropriate;

(4) To Members requiring ships' reports on the GTS toensure that their telecommunications centres actually request receipt of all relevant GTS bulletinscontaining such reports;

REQUESTS the Secretary-General:(1) In consultation with the Secretary IOC, to investi

gate possibilities for one or more Members tosupply and maintain software for the compilation,encoding in BATHY, TESAC or TRACKOB codes,storage and transmission through the Inmarsat-Cfacility of ships' oceanographic reports;

92

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
0).).11

(2) In consultation with the Secretary 10C, the presidents of CMM and CBS} the chairman of IGOSSand the chairmen of the relevant working groupsof CMM, CBS and IGOSS} to continue discussionswith Inmarsat and others on the expanded use ofthe Inmarsat system for the collection of ships}meteorological and oceanographic reports, including in particular the possible use of the Inmarsat-Csignalling channel for transmitting such reports inbinary format and, if appropriate, to establish asmall WMO/Inmarsat liaison group for thispurpose;

(3) To keep Members closely informed of any significant relevant new developments in this regard.

Recommendation 10 (CMM-XI) - Agenda 21and implementation of GOOS and GCOSTHE COMMISSION FOR MARINE METEOROLOGY,NOTING:(1) Resolution 9 (Cg-XI) - Global Climate Observing

System}(2) Resolution 21 (Cg-XI) - WMO's involvement in

the development of a Global Ocean ObservingSystem,

(3) UNCED Agenda 21, in particular Chapter 9(Atmosphere) and Chapter 17 (Oceans, especiallySection E- addressing critical uncertainties),

CONSIDERING:(1) That existing marine meteorological and

oceanogaphic observing system components,including the VOS, ocean data buoys} satellitesand meteorological/oceanographic vessels alreadycontribute data which are being used in analysesof global climate and climate change, and thatthese components will be essential to the futureGOOS and GCOS}

(2) That the implementation of GOOS and GCOS willrequire the allocation of substantial resources byGovernments to maintain and expand systematiclong-term ocean monitoring,

(3) That the full implementation of GOOS and GCOSwill also provide valuable new ocean data insupport of the WWW, of marine meteorologicalservices and of global climate studies}

(4) That the adoption by Governments of Agenda 21implies a commitment on their part to implementthe activities specifically mentioned therein}including GOOS and GCOS,

INSTRUCTS the Working Group on Marine ObservingSystems, incoordination with the Data BuoyCooperation Panel and with the appropriate subsidiarybody of IGOSS, to prepare specific proposals to enhancemarine obserVing systems to fulfil the requirements ofGOOS and GCOS, once these requirements areestablished;RECOMMENDS:(1) To Members to make specific and clear reference to

the activities agreed in Agenda 21, Chapter 17(Oceans), when preparing submissions to their

Governments for the additional resources requiredto implement GOOS and GCOS;

(2) To Members to maintain and expand recruitmentof VOS and deployment of ocean data buoys;

(3) To Members operating marine meteorological/oceanographic vessels to maintain and, if possible,expand the use of such vessels} to proVide comprehensive and reliable in situ data for global climatestudies and the provision of marine services;

(4) To the operators of ocean observation satellites tomake their data generally available for use by bothmeteorologial and oceanographic services} andalso by the ocean and climate researchcommunity;

REQUESTS the Secretary-General,(1) To assist Members} as appropriate} in preparing

resource submissions to Governments for implementation of relevant parts of GOOS and GCOS;

(2) To further assist Members in the preparation ofproject proposals relating to enhanced, long-termocean monitoring, for submission to fundingbodies such as the Global Environment Fund andthe UNDP;

(3) To provide additional assistance} as reqUired, andwithin the available budgetary resources} for theimplementation of this recommendation.

Recommendation 12 (CMM-XI) - Use ofBeaufort equivalent scale of wind forceTHE COMMISSION FOR MARINE METEOROLOGY}NOTING:(1) The Manual on Marine Meteorological Services

(WMO-No. 558), Volume I, Part I} AppendiX I.3 Beaufort scale of wind force,

(2) The final report of the sixth session of the CMMSub-group on Marine Climatology,

NOTING further various papers published in the scientific literature in recent years which analyse theconsequences of the use of various Beaufort equivalentscales for determining sea surface wind speeds for scientific studies of marine climate and climate change,RECALLING the extensive discussions on this subjectwhich had taken place at previous sessions of theCommission,BEARING in mind the likely difficulties for globalclimate studies resulting from variations in observingpractices for surface wind speeds from ships as well asfrom the use of different Beaufort eqUivalent scales forderiving such wind speeds,CONSIDERING, however,(1) The need to maintain continuity and consistency

in data archives of marine surface winds and toavoid complications for marine observers,

(2) That the existing Beaufort equivalent scale is sufficiently accurate for operational observationpurposes}

(3) That no international agreement yet exists on anappropriate Beaufort equivalent scale for scientificstudy applications,

93

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
AGREES that the existing Beaufort equivalent scale, asgiven in the Manual on Marine Meteorological Services,should be retained for operational observation and dataarchival purposes;RECOMMENDS:

(1) To Members to standardize shipboard observingpractices for marine surface winds, according toguidelines given in the Manual on MarineMeteorological Services and the Guide to MarineMeteorological Services;

(2) To those involved in climate research to take intoaccount the difficulties and differences noted withthe official WMO Beaufort equivalent scale andalso with other "scientific Beaufort equivalent

scales", as well as various environmental shipfactors, when using archived ship wind data instudies of marine climate and climate change;

REQUESTS:

(1) The Secretary-General to bring this recommendation to the attention of all concerned;

(2) The Sub-group on Marine Climatology to continueto review the development and application ofBeaufort equivalent scales for climate studypurposes, to report any significant developmentsto the Commission and to Members, as appropriate, and also to examine the possibility ofdeveloping an extended Beaufort equivalent scalefor marine forecast presentation purposes.

94

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
o)~1

* (H - "':' ~ i J) 0 ..J'~' &J-"'+'..J.j.1~ 6~, ~~, ~"HJ' .1L..:.}J'~ .:.~"':'

J~l ~JL... .::JI,j L.,ji~ ~WI

Recommandation 13 (CMM-X) - Enseignement et formation specialises de longueduree en meteorologie maritime et oceanographie physique

LA COMMISSION DE METEOROLOGIE MARITIME,NOTANT:

1) la priorite eIevee accordee par le Dixieme Congresa l'assistance meteorologique aux activitesmaritimes ainsi qu'a l'amelioration de l'enseignement et de la formation dans le domaine maritimeet de l'oceanographie physique,

2) le rapport de son Rapporteur pour l'enseignementet la formation professionnelle,

3) la recommandation 11 (JWC-IGOSS V) Enseignement et formation specialises de longueduree concernant le SMlSO,

CONSCIENTE DU FAIT que les centres regionaux de formation professionnelle en meteorologie, a l'exceptionnotable de celui de Manille, n'assurent pas de formation specialisee de longue duree en mHeorologiemaritime et oceanographie physique,CONSIDERANT :

1) que pour fournir et developper l'assistancemeteorologique aux activites maritimes, il estindispensable de disposer d'un personnel ayantre<;:u une formation appropriee et que, lorsque celan'est pas deja fait, une formation de ce typedevrait aussi Hre dispensee aux usagers maritimes,

2) que la participation active des pays en developpementa certains programmes, tels que le systeme mondialintegre de services oceaniques ou le Programmemondial de recherche sur le climat, depend egalementde la presence d'un personnel specialise en meteorologie maritime et en oceanographie physique,

RECONNAISSANT qU'il est indispensable d'assurer uneformation specialisee de longue duree en mHeorologiemaritime et en oceanographie physique pour disposerd'un personnel qualifie dans ce domaine,RECOMMANDE :

1) que l'OMM accorde une priorite elevee a la mise enplace, dans les centres regionaux de formationprofessionnelle en mHeorologie, d'une formationspecialisee de Iongue duree en meteorologiemaritime et en oceanographie physique;

2) que l'on mette notamment, tout en ceuvre pourorganiser des que possible un cours de six mois enmHeorologie maritime et en oceanographiephysique au Centre regional de formation professionnelle en mHeorologie de Nairobi;

3) que dans la mesure du possible, ces cours soientorganises et assures en etroite collaboration avec laCOl et la communaute oceanographique;

4) que l'on enVisage, si le cours prevu peut Hre effectivement dispense a Nairobi, d'en organiser desemblables dans les centres regionaux de formation professionnelle en meteorologie etablis a Oranet aBuenos Aires;

PRIE LE SECRETAIRE GENERAL:

1) de s'adresser aux differents organismes de financement, et notamment au PNUD, pour assurer lefinancement along terme de ces cours;

2) d'elaborer dans les meilleurs delais les programmesde cours, en consultation avec le president de laCMM, le Secretaire de la COl et les directeurs descentres regionaux de formation professionnelle enmeteorologie concernes, et de les soumettre auGroupe d'experts de l'enseignement et de la formation professionnelle relevant du Conseil executif.

Recommandation 1 (CMM-XI) - Programme desurveillance des services de meteorologie maritimeLA COMMISSION DE METEOROLOGIE MARITIME,NOTANT :

1) la recommandation 1 (CMM-VIII) - Programme desurveillance de l'assistance meteorologique auxactivites maritimes,

2) le rapport final abrege de la neuvieme session de laCMM, resume general, paragraphe 5.7 et l'annexe Il,

3) le rapport et les recommandations concernant le contrOIe des services de meteorologie maritime, presentesa la onzieme session de la CMM par le Groupe d'experts pour la preparation des avis et des previsions,

CONSIDERANT :

1) l'importance que les marins continuent d'attacher ace que les services de mHeorologie maritime soientde qualite eIevee et fournis dans les deIais requis,

2) la necessite d'effectuer des contr6les continus etreguliers des services de mHeorologie maritime,afin de maintenir un niveau de qualite aussi eleveque possible,

3) l'importance de tenir a jour les informations concernant les services et renseignements mHeorologiqueset oceanographiques dont les usagers ont besoin,

RECONNAISSANT Ies activites deja deployees par un grandnombre de Membres pour effectuer des controles desservices de mHeorologie maritime,RECOMMANDE :

1) qu'un programme systematique et a long terme desurveillance des services de mHeorologie maritimesoit mis en ceuvre;

2) .que le programme se fonde sur le questionnaire et letableau recapitulatif correspondant, reproduits dansl'annexe a la presente recommandation;

95

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
3) que les contr61es soient effectues par les Membres etcoordonnes par le Secretariat de l'OMM, it intervalles reguliers de quatre ans;

4) que le Secretariat de l'OMM, apres chaque contr61eperiodique, tous les quatre ans, etablisse une analysecomplete de ses resultats et la transmette immediatement aux Membres concernes pour qu'ils ydonnent suite, le cas echeant;

5) qu'un resume sommaire des resultats soit preparepour chaque session de la CMM ainsi que pour lessessions du Groupe de travail consultatif et duGroupe de travail des services de mHeorologiemaritime de la Commission;

INVITE les Membres it examiner attentivement les resultats de ces contr61es, y compris les critiques detaiIlees etles suggestions formulees par les usagers, et it prendre lesmesures appropriees pour remedier aux insuffisances quiont He relevees dans les services de mHeorologie

maritime offerts dans la region qui les concerne, notamment en communiquant les resultats aux previsionnistesspecialises en meteorologie maritime et aux agentsmeteorologiques dans les ports;PRIE :

1) le Groupe de travail consultatif et le Groupe detravail des services de mHeorologie maritime desuivre de pres la mise en ~uvre et les resultats de ceprogramme de surveillance et de proposer les modifications qu'il conviendrait d'y apporter le casecheant;

2) le Secretaire general de prendre des dispositionspour assurer l'appui du Secretariat au programme desurveillance tel que specifie dans les recommandations enoncees plus haut.

NOTE: La presente recommandation remplace la recommandation 1 (CMM-VIlI) qui cesse d'etre en vigueur.

ANNEXE ALA RECOMMANDATION 1 (CMM-XI)

QUESTIONNAIRE AUTILISER POUR LA SURVEILLANCE DES SERVICES DE METEOROLOGIE MARITIME

A. Adresse aux capitaines de navires, aux officiers de bord et aux officiers radio des naviresd'observation benevoIes

Min de controler l'utilite des bulletins mHeorologiques generaux et des bulletins destines it la navigation,Hablis et transmis par les Services mHeorologiques nationaux, l'Organisation mHeorologique mondiale seraitheureuse de pouvoir compter sur votre cooperation en vous demandant de bien vouloir completer le questionnaireqUi suit. L'objectif du programme est d'ameIiorer l'assistance meteorologique it la navigation maritime.

Nom du navire (indicatif d'appel .Pays d'immatriculation .Nom du capitaine .Zone(s) parcourue(s) .Trajet depuis it .Position du navire au moment ou le questionnaire a ete complete .Date et heure .

Veuillez completer le questionnaire suivant en cochant la reponse choisie et en ajoutant vos commentaires, lecas echeant.

Ban

1. Avis de tempete et de coup de venta) Clarte des renseignementsb) Exactitude des renseignements _c) Caractere actuel des

renseignements

2. Bulletins meteoro[ogiquesa) Clarte des renseignementsb) Exactitude des renseignements _c) Caractere actuel des

renseignementsd) Terminologie utilisee

Assez ban Mauvais

96

Info. meteo.foumie par

Station radiocotiere

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
0)..;11

3. Diffusions radio fac-similea) Respect des horairesb) Exactitude des renseignements _c) Lisibilited) Symboliquee) Qualite de reception

___ Oui (Station radio cotiere/CES de...) Oui5 10

4. Stations radio ditieres/Stations temennes dJtieres (CES)a) Etablissement du contact avec la station receptrice

(Station radio cotiere/CES)b) Retard dans la transmission des messages OBSc) Refus d'une station radio cotiere/ou CES d'accepter

des messages OBSd) Emploi de groupes 11 cinq ou 11 dix chiffres

Oui (Duree du retard ...) Non

5. Autres probtemes connexes (le cas echeant)Date et heure .Position du navire .Frequence radio et indicatif d'appel de la station .

6. Ameliorations sugg€rees

Utiliser des feuilles supplementaires si necessaire.Pour chaque cas, veuillez cornpleter un questionnaire separe.Apres avoir rempli les questionnaires, veuillez les renvoyer au Service meteorologiqueJ 11 l'adresse suivante :............................................... ..................................... ,", .

Signature du capitaine du navire

B. Recapitulatif etabli par le Service meteorologique de cl partir des reponses aux questionnairesadresses aux navires benevoles .

Nombre de navires ayant repondu

1. Avis de tempfle et de coup de venta) Clarte des renseignementsb) Exactitude des renseignementsc) Caractere actuel des renseignements

2. Bulletins meteorologiquesa) Clarte de-s nmseignemmtsb) Exactitude des renseignementsc) Caractere actuel des renseignementsd) Terminologie utilisee

3. Diffusiolls radio fac-similea) Respect des horairesb) Exactitude des renseignementsc) Lisibilited) Symboliquee) Qualite de reception

Ban Assez bon

97

Mauvais

Pourcentage du nombre totalde reponses

Bon Assez bon Mauvais

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
4. Stations radio coneres/Stations terriennes cOtieres (CES)a) Etablissement du contact avec la

station receptriceb) Retard dans la transmission des

messages OBSc) Refus d'une station radio cotiere/CES

d'accepter les messages OBSd) Emploi de groupes acinq ou adix

chiffres

5. Autres problemes connexes (le cas echeant)

6. Ameliorations suggerees

Recommandation 2 (CMM-XI) - Systemed'intervention d'urgence en cas de pollution dela mer (SIUPM)LA COMMISSION DE METEOROLOGIE MARITIME,"NOTANT:

1) la recommandation 2 (CMM-X) - Assistancemeteorologique aux operations d'urgence en casde pollution de la mer,

2) le rapport final de la reunion du Groupe de travailde raMI sur la Convention internationale de 1990sur la preparation, la lutte et la cooperation enmatiere de pollution par les hydrocarbures(Londres, octobre 1992),

3) la recommandation 3 (CMM-XI) - Nouveau systemede diffusion d'informations meteorologiques alanavigation maritime dans le cadre du SMDSM,

CONsmERANT :

1) que les operations d'urgence menees en meren cas de pollution de celle-ci sont fondamentalement tributaires d'un appui meteorologique,

2) que les cas de pollution survenant en dehors deseaux territoriales ont un caractere essentiellementinternational,

3) qu'il n'existe actuellement aucun systeme coordonne d'assistance meteorologique aux operationsmenees dans de telles conditions,

4) que tous les etats maritimes retireraient des avantages considerables de la mise en place d'unsysteme coordonne de cette nature,

RECOMMANDE :

1) qu'un nouveau systeme OMM d'intervention d'urgence en cas de pollution de la mer (SIUPM),decrit dans l'annexe a la presente recommandation, soit mis en place atitre experimental,

2) que le systeme experimental devienne operationnelle 1er janvier 1994 ou le plus tot possibleapres cette date,

EXPRIME SA GRATITUDE aux Membres qui accepteraienteventuellement d'assumer des responsabilites dans lecadre du nouveau systeme,PRENANT EN COMPTE:

1) le travail important qui reste a accomplir, auniveau national et international, pour mettre aupoint le concept et la structure du SIUPM,

2) la necessite d'aider en permanence les Membres amettre au point et afournir les services destines aappuyer les operations d'urgence en cas de pollution de la mer,

3) le travail entrepris par la COl, le PNUE et l'OMI enmatiere de surveillance, d'evaluation et de modelisation de la pollution marine,

PRIE:

1) le Groupe de travail des services de meteorologiemaritime:a) de continuer adevelopper le concept et la

structure du SIUPM propose, en collaborationavec les Membres concernes ainsi qu'avec lesorganisations internationales appropriees;

b) de poursuivre ses travaux en vue d'etablir desdocuments d'orientation, en collaborationavec la COl, le PNUE et l'OMI selon lesbesoins, et, de maniere generale, d'apporterun soutien technique aux Membres pour lamise en ceuvre et l'exploitation du SIUPM atitre experimental;

c) de preparer un projet revise de SIUPM qui seraexamine par la CMM asa douzieme sessionen vue de son insertion dans le Manue[ de ['assistance meteoro[ogique aux activites maritimes;

2) le Secretaire general de fournir, dans les limites desressources disponibles, I'appui necessaire au cteveloppement, a la mise en ceuvre et aI'applicationdu SIUPM et, en particulier, de se mettre d'accordavec les Membres concernes sur le role et les

98

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
o)~1

responsabilites qui leur incomberont dans le cadred'un SIUPM effectif,

INVITE la COl, le PNUE et l'OMI a collaborer avecI'OMM au developpement et al'application du SIUPM,selon les besoins;INVITE EN OUTRE:

1) l'OMI acommuniquer al'OMM des renseignements supplementaires sur les centres nationaux etregionaux de lutte contre la pollution de la mer,afin que ces informations puissent figurer dans leprojet de plan du SIUPM, a l'intention desMembres acceptant d'assumer des responsabilitesdans le cadre du systeme;

2) ainformer les autorites nationales et regionales quiluttent contre la pollution maritime, ainsi que lespoints de contact nationaux de l'OMI, de l'existence et des details concernant le SIUPM.

Annexe cl la recommandation 2 (CMM-XI)

Assistance meteorologique aux operationsd'urgence en haute mer en cas de pollution de

celle-ci

1.PRINCIPESLes principes sur lesquels repose l'assistance

mHeorologique aux operations d'urgence en cas depollution de la mer sont les suivants :

Principe 1Pour organiser efficacement la fourniture de

renseignements mHeorologiques destines aappuyerles operations d'urgence en haute mer en cas de pollution de celle-ci et compte tenu du caractere international de ces operations, il convient de mettre enplace une assistance mHeorologique coordonnee al'echelle internationale. A cette fin, les oceans etles mers sont divises en zones dont les Servicesmeteorologiques nationaux assument la responsabilite.Appelees zones MPI (pollution accidentelle de lamer), elles correspondent aux zones METAREAS duSysteme mondial de detresse et de securite en mer(SMDSM).

Principe 2Les zones de responsabilite considerees dans

leur ensemble sont telles que la totalite des oceans etdes mers est couverte par les renseignements meteorologiques contenus dans les produits elabores etdiffuses par les Services meteorologiques nationauxconcernes.

Principe 3La preparation/diffusion de l'information

meteorologique pour les differentes zones de responsabilite est coordonnee conformement aux proceduresmentionnees dans la section 2.

Principe 4L'efficacite et l'utilite de la diffusion des rensei

gnements meteorologiques destines aappuyer lesoperations d'urgence en cas de pollution de la mer sont

contri'JIees sur la base d'avis et de rapports demanctesaux utilisateurs.

2. PRod:DURES

2.1 Definitions

2.1.1 Un coordonnateur meteorologique de zone (CMZ)est un Service met€~orologique national qui a accepte deveiller ace que des renseignements mHeorologiquesregionaux soient diffuses pour appuyer les operationsd'urgence en cas de pollution de la mer dans sa zone deresponsabilite. [Ces Services meteorologiques nationaux pourraient finalement assumer les fonctions decentres mHeorologiques regionaux specialises (CMRS)dans l'appui aux operations d'urgence en cas de pollution de la mer.] L'assistance fournie par un CMZ (ou unService d'appui) peut comprendre les elements suivantsou certains d'entre eux :a) des previsions et des avis mHeorologiques de base

pour la (les) zone(s) concernee(s);b) l'observation, l'analyse et la prevision des para

metres meteorologiques et oceanographiquesdestines aalimenter les modeles qui decrivent lemouvement, la dispersion, la dissipation et ladissolution des polluants de la mer;

c) dans certains cas, l'exploitation de ces modeles;d) dans certains cas, I'acces aux moyens de telecom-

munications nationaux et internationaux;e) d'autres formes d'appui operationnel.L'information diffusee peut avoir ete preparee par leseul CMZ ou par lees) Service(s) d'appui, ou bien parune combinaison des deux, sur la base d'un accordconclu entre les services concernes. Il incombe parailleurs au CMZ de se procurer I'adresse et les numerosde telephone, de telex et de telefax de toute autoritechargee des operations d'urgence en cas de pollution dela mer (AOPM) dans la zone MPI (Marine PollutionIncident) dont il est responsable. 11 devra communiquer ces renseignements au(x) Service(s) d'appui qui luiest (sont) rattache(s).2.1.2 Un service d'appui est un Service meteorologique national qui a accepte de fournir sur demande,directement ou par l'intermediaire du CMZ, une assistance mHeorologique de base ou specialisee pour unezone MPI determinee ou une partie de cette zone.Selon I'endroit ou la pollution s'est produite, l'AOPMpeut demander aux Services d'appui de lui fournirdirectement l'assistance meteorologique requise. Dansce cas, le Service d'appui devra en aviser le CMZ. II doitpar ailleurs lui signaler quels sont les moyens dont ilsdisposent pour remplir son role.

2.2 Zones de responsabilite2.2.1 Les zones de responsabilite (zones MPI) etles Services assumant les fonctions de CMZ ou deServices d'appui sont indiques dans l'appendice I.NOTES: 1) La Commission de mHeorologie maritime exa-

mine les zones de responsabilite figurant dans

99

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
I'appendice 1, afin que toutes Ies regions soientbien desservies et que I'assistance fournie soitsatisfaisante.

2) Une zone MPI a ete, dans certains cas, subdiviseepour repondre aux besoins des Services meteorologiques nationaux.

3) Les zones de responsabilite detinies dans l'appendice I sont des zones minimales; Ies CMZ et IesServices d'appui peuvent en effet diffuser I'information meteorologique au-delii de ces zones, s'ilsle desirent, pour repondre aux besoins nationaux.Dans ce cas, la zone de couverture doit etre precisee dans le texte de chaque communicationadressee ii l'AOPM.

2.2.2 Toute modification de zone de responsabilite ou proposition visant aamender les fonctionsdes Services meteorologiques nationaux dans unezone donnee doit Hre approuvee par le Conseilexecutif sur la base d'une recommandation de laCommission de meteorologie maritime.2.2.2.1 Avant d'eIaborer une recommandation apresenter au Conseil executif au sujet de la modification proposee, la Commission de meteorologiemaritime re~oit les commentaires des Servicesmeteorologiques nationaux directement concernespar ladite modification ainsi que les commentairesdu (des) president(s) de l'(des) association(s)regionale(s) concernee(s).NOTE: Toute correspondance relative aux zones de responsa-

bilite est adressee au Secretaire general.2.2.3 Tout Service meteorologique national responsable de la diffusion de donnees mHeorologiques pourune zone MPl, qui n'est plus en mesure de fournir ceservice, devrait en informer le Secretaire general aumains six mois aI'avance.

2.3 Assistance meteorologique aux operations d'urgence en haute mer en cas de pollution de celle-ci2.3.1 Ainsi qU'il est indique dans le paragraphe 2.1.1,l'appui aux operations d'urgence peut comporter leselements suivants :a) Previsions et avis meteorologiques de base pour la (les)

zone(s) concemee(s). II faut en particulier veiIIer adiffuser le plus tot possible des renseignements surles conditions en surface, reelles et prevues dans lazone ou la pollution s'est produite. Cela pourraitetre la premiere tache aaccomplir ala suite d'unepollution accidentelle.

b) Observation, analyse et prevision des parametresmeteorologiques et ocemwgraplliques destines aalimenter les modeles qui decrivent le rnouvement,la dispersion, la dissipation et la dissolution despolluants de la mer. Le CMZ et le Service d'appuidevraient, dans la mesure du possible, demandera l'AOPM quels sont les parametres meteorologiques et oceanographiques requis pour unmodele don ne, et s'enquerir egalement de

l'adresse de l'exploitant du modele et des possibilites d'acces ace dernier. Si les renseignementsconcernant les donnees necessaires aun modeledonne ne peuvent Hre obtenus, il conviendra dese referer aux indications generales figurant dansl'appendice n.

c) Exploitation des modeles par le Service meteorologiquenational. Si un CMZ ou un Service d'appui disposede modeles qUi peuvent etre utilises dans la zoneMPI, il doit en informer I'AOPM dans les meilleursdelais, si possible, avant meme que ne survienneun cas de pollution dans la zone en question. [LesCMZ devraient envisager de tester periodiquementleurs modeles de pollution et de cooperer avecl'AOPM dans leur zone MPI afin d'evaluer l'utilitedes donnees issues de ces modeles.]

d) Acces aux moyens de telecommunications nationaux etinternationaux. En situation d'urgence, l'efficacitedes telecommunications est essentielle. Aussi lesCMZ et les Services d'appui doivent-ils veiIIer aceque toutes les parties concernees par un cas depollution accidentelle dans leur zone MPI soientreliees par des moyens de telecommunicationsfiables et efficaces. Le CMZ doit s'informer, aupresde I'AOPM, de la fa~on dont l'assistance mHeorologique requise devra Hre fournie; cette information sera alors retransmise au(x) Service(s)d'appui competents. L'utilisation du service international SafetyNET (de l'INMARSAT) doit Hreenvisagee si l'assistance meteorologique est requisesur le lieu meme de la pollution, par exemple parI'equipe d'intervention. De meme, en cas de pollution majeure, une AOPM peut envisager de recourir aun centre regional de telecommunications(CRT) du Systeme mondial de telecommunications(SMT).

e) Autres formes d'appui operationnel. Lorsqu'un casde pollution accidentelle de la mer vient de seproduire dans sa zone de responsabilite, le CMZdoit demander a I'AOPM toutes les precisionsvoulues et s'informer de la nature de l'assistancerequise. II devra par ailleurs lui signaler quelssont les moyens que lui-meme et/ou le(s) Service(s) d'appui peuvent mettre a disposition.[Ce type d'information doit Hre communique aintervaIIes reguliers aI'AOPM, meme en l'ab~

sence de pollution accidentelle dans la zoneMPI, et tout fait nouveau concernant lesmoyens disponibles doit Hre immediatementsignale aI'AOPM. De meme, les Services d'appuidoivent signaler au CMZ tout changement concernant leurs moyens d'assistance.] Etant donne queles operations d'urgence menees en mer en cas depollution de celle-ci sont fondamentalement tributaires du soutien apporte par les Services meteorologiques, il est essentiel que les CMZ et lesServices d'appui fournissent sur le terrain un eventail de prestations aussi complet que possible.

100

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
o)~1

2.3.2 Un registre de toutes les communications,indiquant les heures de preparation, de transmission etde reception de l'information, doit etre tenu a jour enpermanence.2.4 Centres regionaux de lutte contre la pollution de la mer relevant de l'OMlj programmes derecberche et de surveillance relatifs ala pollutionde la mer executes par la COl et le PNUE2.4.1 L'OMl et le PNUE ont cree un certain nombrede centres regionaux de lutte contre la pollution de lamer, repartis dans le monde entier. Ces centres participent au plan coordonne d'assistance meteorologiqueexpose dans l'appendice 1. L'appendice III contient deplus amples renseignements sur ces centres, dont laplupart sont non-operationnels et n'ont qu'un roleconsultatif. Il convient de noter que les Servicesmeteorologiques nationaux concernes doivent savoirou se trouve l'AOPM responsable de la zone MPI et/oudes mesures d'intervention dans chaque cas de pollution accidentelle de la mer.2.4.2 L'appendice IV decrit les objectifs et les activites du Centre regional mediterraneen pour l'intervention d'urgence contre la pollution marine accidentelle, et le role qu'il doit jouer en cas d'urgence.

2.4.3 La Convention internationale de 1990 sur lapreparation, la lutte et la cooperation en matii'~re depollution par les hydrocarbures (Convention OPRC),dans son article 12 - Arrangements institutionnels, stipule que le Secretariat de l'Organisation maritimeinternationale doit assumer des fonctions precises ence qui concerne la fourniture de renseignements et deservices techniques. L'adresse et les numeros de telephone, de telex et de teletax du Secretariat de l'OMIfigurent dans l'appendice 1II et les renseignements surles activites figurent dans l'appendice V. Le Secretariatde l'OMM est tenu d'informer le Secretariat de l'OMIde toutes les dispositions prises a l'echelon international dans le cadre du systeme d'assistancemeteorologique de l'OMM. Les CMZ voudront peutetre contacter directement le Secretariat de l'OMI pourobtenir des renseignements au sujet des dispositionsprecises qui pourraient exister en matiere de luttecontre la pollution par les hydrocarbures et d'autresformes de pollution accidentelle dans leurs zones MPIrespectives.2.4.4 La COl et le PNUE copatronnent le programmede l'etude mondiale de la pollution dans le milieumarin (GIPME).

APPENDICEI

ZONES DE RESPONSABILITE ET SERVICES METEOROLOGIQUES NATIONAUX ASSUMANT LESFONCTIONS DE COORDONNATEURS METEOROLOGIQUES DE ZONE POUR CE QUI EST DE LA

DIFFUSION DE DONNEES METEOROLOGIQUES DESTINEES AAPPUYER LES OPERATIONSD'URGENCE EN HAUTE MER EN CAS DE POLLUTION DE CELLE-CI

~

-!Jf:;

.:~

101

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
ASSISTANCE METEOROLOGIQUE COORDONNEE DANS LES ZONES MPI(POLLUTION ACCIDENTELLE DE LA MER)BENEFICIAlRE DE L'ASSISTANCE METEOROLOGIQUE

ZOlleMPI

11

III

Coordomwteur meteoroJogique de zone

Royaume-Uni

France

Italie

Service d'appui

NorvegeIslandeIrlandeFrance

PortugalEspagne

GreceMalteFrance

Centres regionaux de Jutte contre lapollution de la mer relevant de rOMI

centres supplementaires proposes

Gendarmerie maritime/Centre antipollution


REMPEC (Centre de Malte). Gendarmeriemaritime

Remarques

Norvege responsable deJ'ocean Arctique au nordde 71°N

IV Etats-Unis d'Amerique

V Eresil

VI Argentine

VII (A) Afrique du Sud'

VII (E) Afrique du Sud'

VIII (A) Inde

Canada

Reunion

Gendarmerie maritime. Consultant regionalde J'OMI, Santurce, Porto Rico (Region desCaraibes)






Canada responsable deJ'ocean Arctique au nordde 67°N

A J'ouest de 200 E

A I'est de 200 E

VIII (A) : Zone VIII-(B)+(C).Ocean Indien au nord deJ'equateur, a J'ouest de95°E et a J'est de 55°E, aJ'exclusion de la Zone IX

VIII (B)

VIII(C)

IX

X

Kenya

Maurice

Arabie saoudite

AustraIie

Rep.-Unie deTanzanie

Reunion

Bahrein





VIII (B) : 12°N - 100 30'S de55°E jusqu'a la c6teorientale de J'Afrique

VIII (C) : 0° - 300 S,55°E - 95°E

XI (A) Chine

XI (E) Japon

XII et XVI Etats-Unis d'Amerique

Hong Kong Gendarmerie maritime/Centre antipollutionMalaisieIndonesieSingapour

Philippines Gendarmerie maritime/Centre antipollutionIndonesieGuam (Etats-Unisd'Amerique)

Canada Gendarmerie maritime/Centre antipollution

XI (A) 125°E - Chinecontinentale jusqu'a lalimite occidentale de lazone XI (95°E) (aJ'exclusion des eauxbaignant les Philippines)

125°E - 180° Ycomprisles eaux baignantiesPhilippines

Canada responsable deI'ocean Arctique au nordde 67"N

XIII

XIV

XV

Federation de Russie

Nouvelle-Zelande

Chili




* Aux tcrmes de la resolution 38 (Cg-VII), le Gouvernement de la Republique sud-africaine est suspendu de t'exercice de ses droits et de la jouissance de sesprivileges en tanl que Membre de J'OMM

102

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
o .;l~1

APPENDICE 11(Voir le paragraphe 2.3.1)

DONNEES NECESSAIRES AUX MODELES DE TRANSPORT ET DE DISPERSIONDES POLLUANTS DE LA MER

Modeles simplesd'echelle locale

Vent de surface (local)Temperature de l'eauTemperature de l'airVagues(Pluie)Courants

Modeles simplesd'echelle regionale

Champ de vent ensurfaceTemperature de I'eauTemperature de I'airVaguesCourants

Systemes d'echellelocale

Modeleshydrologiqllesd'echelle locale

Vent de surface (local)Temperature de I'eauTemperature de I'airVaguesPluieCourantsMarees

ModNeshydrologiqlles

d'echelle regionale

Champ de vent ensurfaceTemperature de l'eauTemperature de I'airVaguesPluieStratificationDonnees constantesGlacesMarees

Systemes d'echelleregionale

Systemes expertsd'echelle locale

Vent en surfaceTemperature de I'eauTemperature de l'airVaguesPluieProprietes despolluantsCourants de surfaceet de sub·surfaceMareesStratificationDonnees techniques

Systemes expertsd'echelle regiol/nle

Champ de vent ensurfaceChamp de temperature de I'eauTemperature de I'airVaguesPluieProprietes despolluantsCourants de surfaceet de sub-surfaceMareesStratificationDonnees techniquesDonnees regionalesGlaces

Vent de surfaceTemperature de l'eauTemperature de l'air '.Pluies ou absence de pluie .1

Vagues

Champ de vent en surfaceChamp de temperature de I'airChamp de temperature de I'eauPluie ou absence de pluieStratificationDonnees sur les glaces

Donnees aux points de grille

APPENDICE III

CENTRES REGIONAUX DE LUTTE CONTRE LA POLLUTION DE LA MER RELEVANT DE L'OMI ETPROGRAMMES DE RECHERCHE ET DE SURVEILLANCE RELATIFS ALA POLLUTION DE LA MERRELEVANT DE LA cm ET DU PNUE (ETABLIS OU EN COURS D'ETABLISSEMENT EN MARS 1992)

1. Centre regional mediterraneen pour l'intervention d'urgence contre la pollution marine accidentelle(REMPEC) Centre OMIjPNUE (connu aussi sous le nom de Centre de Malte)Manoel IslandMalte

teL: +356 337296 ou 337297 ou 337298; telHax: +356 339951; telex: 2464 UNROCC MW; 1396 UNROCC MW

Statut : Centre operationnel

2. Bureau du consultant regional de l'OMI pour les questions relatives cl la pollution marine (region des Carai"bes)P. O. Box 3037Ceiba, Puerto Rico 00735Etats-Unis d'Amerique

teI. : +1809 8654343 (24 h); teletax: +1809 8651785

Statut : Centre consultatif

3. Marine Emergency Mutual Aid Centre (MEMAC)P. O. Box 10l12,Bahrem

tel. : (973) 274554; telHax: (973) 274551; telex: 9890 MEMAC BN

4. Oil Pollution Co-ordination CentrePollution Preparedness and Response SectionInternational Maritime Organization4 Albert EmbankmentLondon SE1 7SR/ Royaume-Uni

tel. : +44 71 7357611; telHax: +44 71 5873210; telex: 23588

Statut: Centre operationnel.

103

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
APPENDICE IV

CENTRES REGIONAL MEDITERRANEEN POURL'INTERVENTION D'URGENCE

CONTRE LA POLLUTION MARINE ACCIDENTELLE (REMPEC)

ObjectifsLes objectifs du Centre sont les suivants :

a) Renforcer les capacites des Etats riverains de laMectiterranee et faciliter la cooperation entre cesderniers en cas de pollution accidentelle majeure;

b) Aider les Etats riverains de la Mediterranee qui ledemandent a se donner les moyens d'intervenir encas de pollution accidentelle;

c) Faciliter les echanges de renseignements, la cooperation technique et la formation professionnelle;

cl) Fournir un cadre pour l'echange d'informations surles questions operationnelles, techniques, scientifiques, juridiques et financieres.

ActivitesConformement aces objectifs et aux decisions

prises lors des reunions des Parties contractantes a laConvention de Barcelone, le Centre developpe ses activites dans les domaines suivants :a) Informer les Hats cotiers - Systeme regional d'infor

mation (hydrocarbures et substances dangereuses)Le centre tient a jour un systeme regional d'information a quatre volets :i) documents de base;H) listes et inventaires;Hi) banques de donnees, modeles de simulation

et systeme d'appui a la decision;iv) guides d'exploitation et documents tech

niques.b) Aide a l'elaboration de plans d'intervention

Le Centre aide les pays qui le lui demandent a:i) elaborer des plans nationaux d'intervention

ou adapter les plans existants;H) elaborer des accords bilateraux ou multi

lateraux avec des Etats cotiers voisins, ou lesmettre a jour.

c) FormationLe Centre organise chaque annee des cours regionaux de formation, qUi sont de deux types:i) un cours general;ii) un cours de formation pratique et specialisee.Le Centre aide les pays qui le lui demandent aorganiser des cours nationaux de formation.

cl) Cooperation et assistance mutuelle en cas d'urgenceLe Centre:i) tient a jour un reseau regional de communi

cation;ii) organise periodiquement des exercices de

communication;iii) donne des conseils techniques, en cas de

pollution accidentelle, aux Etats riverains de

la Mediterranee qui le lui demandent et coordonne l'assistance que ces Etats se fournissentmutuellement.

Role du Centre en cas d'urgenceEn cas de pollution accidentelle de la mer, le

Centre doit ala demande des Etats concernes, conformement ases objectifs et ases fonctions et compte tenudes moyens asa disposition:a) donner des conseils techniques et tous les rensei

gnements dont les etats pourraient avoir besoin,en utilisant le systeme regional d'information misau point par lUi;

b) depecher sur place, des qu'elle sera operationnelle,l'equipe speciale d'intervention en Mectiterranee;

c) contribuer aobtenir une aide internationale et faciliter sa coordination, que les moyens mis a disposition (equipements, produits et materiel antipollution) soient fournis par l'Etat ou par le secteur prive;

cl) aider les Etats touches par une pollution accidentelle a diffuser l'information requise.Le Centre decide au cas par cas, avec les autorites

compHentes, de l'assistance qu'il peut fournir aux Etatsqui le lui demandent. En s'appuyant sur le systemeregional d'information, il s'efforce de repondre le plusrapidement et le plus efficacement possible a toutes lesdemandes d'assistance.

APPENDICE V

CENTRE DE COORDINATION POUR LA LUTIE CONTRE LES DEVERSEMENTS D'HYDROCARBURES

ObjectifsLes objectifs du Centre de coordination sont les

suivants :a) coordonner les operations d'intervention en cas de de

versements d'hydrocarbures, si on lui en fait lademande;

b) suivre l'evolution de la situation en cas de pollution par les hydrocarbures;

c) faciliter l'echange d'informations sur les moyensoperationnels et institutionnels de lutte contre lesdeversements d'hydrocarbures;

cl) fournir un cadre pour le rassemblement et la diffusion d'informations sur les questions operationnelles et techniques;

e) aider les gouvernements ase donner les moyensd'intervenir en cas de pollution accidentelle;

f) fournir une assistance technique et donner desconseils sur demande.

ActivitesConformement aux objectifs susmentionnes, le

Centre de coordination mene ses activites dans lesdomaines suivants :a) Services d'information

Le Centre tient a jour des informations sur lesquestions suivantes :

104

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
o)~1

i) les centres de coordination nationaux pour lapreparation, la lutte et la cooperation en matiere de pollution par les hydrocarbures (OPRC);

ii) la nature et l'ampleur de l'assistance quechaque Etat peut fournir;

iii) la politique nationale en matiere de preparation et de lutte en cas de pollution par leshydrocarbures, y compris le plan national d'intervention d'urgence en cas de pollution parles hydrocarbures;

iv) les systemes de base de donnees concernantles mesures de preparation et de lutte en casde pollution de la mer.

En outre, le Centre va gerer une base de donneesinternationale sur la recherche-developpement enmatiere de pollution par les hydrocarbures. Cettebase de donnees, qui a deja ete constituee par laUnited States Coast Guard (Garde cotiere des EtatsUnis), contient des informations sur les categories derecherche, la description des projets, les responsablesde la R-D, les chercheurs, le financement, etc.

h) Enseignement et formation professionnelleSon role consistera a :i) promouvoir la formation a la prevention de la

pollution par les hydrocarbures et a la luttecontre celle-ci, conformement a la strategieprevue dans la Convention OPRC en se servant des cours pilotes de l'OMI;

ii) promouvoir l'organisation de colloques internationaux.

c) Services techniquesi) faciliter la cooperation dans le domaine de la

recherche et du developpement;ii) conseiller les Etats qui mettent en place des

moyens nationaux ou regionaux de luttecontre la pollution; et

Hi) analyser les informations fournies par lesParties en cas de pollution par les hydrocarbures ainsi que les informations pertinentesprovenant d'autres sources et donner desconseiIs ou des renseignements aux Etats.

d) Assistance techniquei) faciliter la fourniture d'une assistance technique

aux Etats qui mettent en place des moyensnationaux ou regionaux d'intervention; et

ii) faciliter la fourniture d'une assistance et deconseiIs techniques sur demande, aux Etatsqui doivent faire face a des cas de pollutionaccidefitelle IIla/eure parIes hydrotatbures.

Role du Centre en cas d'urgenceEn cas de pollution accidentelle de la mer, le

Centre de coordination doit, a la demande des Etats,conformement a ses objectifs et a ses fonctions etcompte tenu des moyens dont iJ dispose:a) evaluer la situation et suivre son evolution en

rassemblant des informations provenant desources diverses - gouvernement et industrie par

exemple - et en restant en contact avec les Etatstouches;

h) donner des conseiIs techniques aux Etats touchesqui en font la demande;

c) faciliter et coordonner, selon les besoins, la fourniture d'une assistance internationale; et

d) contribuer a la diffusion d'informations sur lesdeversements aux Etats touches.

Recommandation 5 (CMM-XI) - Applicationsdes resultats du projet special d'observationpour les navires d'observation benevoles Atlantique Nord (VSOP-NA)LA COMMISSION DE METEOROLOGIE MARITIME,NOTANT:

1) le Troisieme Plan a long terme de l'OMM, Partie Il,Volume I - Programme de la Veille mHeorologiquemondiale et Volume IV - Applications du Programme de mHeorologie, (Publications OMM-N° 761et 764),

2) la resolution XV-4 de l'Assemblee de la COl - Miseen valeur du Systeme mondial integre d'observation des oceans,

3) la resolution XVI-8 de l'Assemblee de la COl Systeme mondial d'observation des oceans(GOOS),

4) la resolution 9 (Cg-XI) - Systeme mondial d'observation du climat,

5) la resolution 21 (Cg-XI) - Participation de l'OMM ala mise en oeuvre d'un systeme mondial d'observation de l'ocean,

6) la recommandation 6 (CMM-X) - Programme denavires d'observation benevoles de l'OMM,

7) les rapports de mHeorologie maritime et activitesoceanographiques connexes, N° 25 (Ship Catalogue)et N° 26 (Results of the VSOP-NA),

8) la recommandation 8 (CSB-IX) - Amendementsau Manuel du Systeme mondial de traitementdes dOl1nees - Surveillance de la qualite des observations,

CONSIDERANT :

1) que les messages d'observation provenant desnavires d'observation benevoles demeureront, dansun avenir previsible, la source essentielle de donneesmeteorologiques et oceanographiques de surfaceprovenant de toutes les zones oceaniques a des finsd'exploitation, de recherche et de climatologie,

2) qu'iJ est necessaire d'ameliorer la qualite, la quantiteefTesdelaIsderecepfioriCle ces donneesIJoursatisfaire pleinement aux exigences des programmes de 1'0MM en la matiere,

TENANT COMPTE du fait que les mesures concernant uncertain nombre de recommandations decoulant du VSOPNA qui s'adressent a l'OMM ont ete prises au titre despoints pertinents de l'ordre du jour de la presente session,REND HOMMAGE:

1) a tous les Membres qui exploitent des naviresd'observation benevoles', ont nomme des agents

105

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
meteorologiques dans les ports ou apportent leurappui aux stations radio cotieres et aux stationsterriennes' cotieres d'INMARSAT assurant la collectedes messages d'observation meteorologique denavires,

2) en particulier aux Membres qui ant participe auProjet special d'observation pour les navires d'observation benevoles - Atlantique Nord (VSOP-NA),it leurs agents meteorologiques dans les ports etaux equipages des navires concernes,

3) au Meteorological Office du Royaume-Uni qui aassume les fonctions de centre responsable de lasurveillance en temps reel de la qualite desdonnees maritimes de surface,

RECOMMANDE AUX MEMBRES :

1) d'executer, en priorite, les recommandations pertinentes decoulant du VSOP-NA, qUi sont exposeesen detail dans l'Annexe it la presente recommandation;

2) d'assurer le suivi des resultats de la surveillance entemps reel de la qualite des messages de navires,dont le Meteorological Office du Royaume-Uni, en saqualite de centre responsable designe par la CSB itcet effet, assure la redaction et qui sont regulierement diffuses aux Membres interesses;

3) d'intensifier, aussi souvent que possible, l'automatisation de la collecte et de la transmission desmessages de navires;

PRIE le Secretaire general, le president et le vice-president de la Commission et les presidents des groupes detravail interesses d'aider les Membres it executer cesrecommandations.

Annexe cl la recommandation 5 (CMM-XI)

Recommandations issues du projet speciald'observation pour les navires d'observationbenevoles - Atlantique Nord (VSOP-NA) qu'il

appartient aux Membres de mettre cl execution

Pratiques d'observation et equipementLes resultats du VSOP-NA demontrent clairement

l'interet des flottes nationales d'observation se conformant ades normes reconnues d'exposition des instruments et de pratiques d'observation. En outre, pourcertaines variables, la superiorite d'une methode demesure a ete demontree (par exemple, mesure de latemperature de la mer en surface par capteur fixe it lacoque). Pour d'autres variables, differentes methodesant, et leurs avantages, et leurs inconvenients; unebonne exposition est souvent plus importante que lechoix d'un type d'instrument. Il est donc fortementrecommande aux Membres de prendre note de cesconstatations et de veiller it ce que l'equipement, l'exposition et les pratiques d'observation aient ete choisis itbon escient et, concernant l'equipement, convenablement entretenu, afin d'obtenir davantage de precision

et de coherence entre les donnees de la flotte internationale des navires d'observation benevoles.Surveillance en temps reel des donnees

Il faudrait elargir les systemes existants de surveillance en temps reel des messages de navires it toutes lesvariables indispensables dans le calcul des flux desurface; il faudrait notamment que les bases de donneesprovenant de navires, exploitees dans chaque centre desurveillance, comportent davantage de details surchaque navire afin de reperer aisement les correctionsrequises. Il faudrait que les Membres et les agentsmeteorologiques dans les ports rec;:oivent plus frequemment les resultats de la surveillance en temps reel: unefois par mois serait l'ideal.Reduction des erreurs d'enregistrement

Les resultats du VSOP-NA montrent que la conversion des valeurs du vent relatif en valeurs du vent vraiainsi que le calcul du point de rosee a partir destemperatures du psychrometre donnent lieu it beaucoupd'erreurs. Il est recommande aux Membres d'equiperleurs navires d'observation benevoles de calculatricesspecialisees ou de programmes informatiques pourcalculer ces quantites afin de reduire le nombred'erreurs de fac;:on significative.Agents meteorologiques dans les ports

Les resultats de l'etude du VSOP-NA demontrentqu'un reseau efficace d'agents meteorologiques dans lesports peut avoir une incidence significative sur la qualite d'ensemble des donnees communiquees parles flottes nationales prises individuellement. Il estrecommande de mettre it disposition des fonds et desressources dans le but d'ameliorer l'organisation, laformation professionnelle et le fonctionnement desreseaux d'agents meteorologiques dans les ports despays Membres. Il faudrait encourager les Membresayant actuellement des reseaux efficaces et solidementetablis d'agents meteorologiques dans les ports itproposer leur assistance et des possibilites de formationaux autres Membres afin de leur permettre d'ameIiorerles services de leurs agents meteorologiques respectifs.Applications des donnees provenant de naviresd'observation benevoles

Constatant que l'on va utiliser de plus en plus desvaleurs des flux oceaniques de surface obtenues it l'aidede modeles pour le forc;:age des modeles oceaniques, ettenant compte du fait que le projet VSOP-NA a montrequ'il y avait de telles distorsions dans les donneesobtenues it l'aide de modeles qu'il se pourrait qu'ilexistiit des erreurs significatives dans les previsions desvaleurs du flux, il est recommancte d'intensifier l'utilisation des observations provenant de la flotte des naviresd'observation benevoles pour verifier les determinationsdu flux it l'aide des modeles.

Si l'on emploie des observations provenant denavires pour constituer des jeux de donnees sur latemperature de la mer en surface, il est recommande declasser les observations d'apres le type de mesure et depanderer les mesures dans l'ordre decroissant suivant :

106

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
o ).;JI

capteurs fixes it la coque, la methode du "seau", instruments it l'aspiration de la pompe de circulation ducondenseur ou du moteur. Il conviendrait notammentde remarquer que, de toute evidence, en comparaisondes autres methodes, les mesures effectuees it la prise decirculation sont d'une qualite bien moindre et qu'ellessubissent vraisemblablement une distorsion du fait dela chaleur.

Tenant compte du fait que les observations provenant de navires, actuellement transmises sur le SMT,comportent un nombre non negligeable d'erreurs duesit un calcul inexact des valeurs de la vitesse du vent vraiet du point de rosee et que l'on pourrait en diminuer lenombre en se servant des donnees consignees dans leregistre de bord, il est recommancte d'utiliser, pour larecherche climatique, des donnees obtenues en differe itpartir du registre de bord.

Constatant que c'est pour le calcul des champs duflux effectue dans le cadre de la recherche climatiquequ'il faut les donnees les plus precises et tenant comptedu fait que le projet VSOP-NA a demontre que la qualitedes donnees provenant des navires dependait de l'efficacite du reseau des agents meteorologiques dans les ports,il est recommande aux chercheurs en climatologie desoutenir les mesures con~ues pour ameliorer ce reseau.

Recommandation 7 (CMM-XI) - Utilisation desdonnees oceaniques obtenues par teIedetectiondans le cadre des services de meteorologiemaritime et des services oceanographiques

LA COMMISSION DE METEOROLOGIE MARITIME,NOTANT:

1) la recommandation 5 (CMM-X) - Utilisation desdonnees obtenues par teledetection pour l'assistance meteorologique et oceanographique auxactivites maritimes,

2) le stage de formation sur le terrain pour la comparaison des donnees relatives it la temperature de lamer en surface obtenues par des methodes classiques et par teIedetection - Rapport N° 16 de laserie Meteorologie maritime et activites oceanographiques connexes,

3) le Troisieme Plan it long terme de l'OMM, Partie Il,Volume I - Programme de la Veille meteorologiquemondiale (OMM-N° 761) et Volume 4 - Programme des applications meteorologiques(OMM-N° 764),

4) le plan et programme de mise en oouvreduSMlSOpour 1989-1995,

5) le rapport final de la sixieme session du Comitemixte COI/OMM pour le SMISO (Geneve, novembre 1991),

6) le rapport que lui a presente le president duGroupe special d'experts des satellites oceanographiques et de la teledetection,

7) les communications scientifiques presentees it lasession,

NOTANT EN OUTRE qu'un certain nombre de systemes deteH:~detection de l'ocean, aussi bien par satellite qu'apartir du sol, devraient etre operationnels dans Iesannees it venir ou le sont deja,CONSIDERANT :

1) que les donnees de meteorologie maritime et lesdonnees oceaniques de surface offrent auxMembres des possibilites considerables tant pourl'exploitation que pour la recherche,

2) qu'il convient de mettre au point des procedurespermettant de fournir ces donnees en temps voulu,avec une resolution spatio-temporelle et sous uneforme adaptees aux besoins des Membres,

3) qu'il faut intensifier les comparaisons des donneesoceaniques obtenues par des systemes classiques etpar telectetection en elaborant des procedures quipermettent un usage coherent de ces deux types dedonnees tant pour l'exploitation que pour larecherche,

RECOMMANDE :

1) que l'on continue it organiser des etudes et desreunions techniques consacrees a la teledetectiondes parametres oceaniques par satellite ou parsystemes aeroportes ou au sol, et qui porteraientnotamment sur les sujets suivants :a) comparaison des donnees obtenues par

teledetection et des donnees oceaniquesobtenues par des moyens classiques;

b) elaboration de procedures visant it faciliterl'utilisation des donnees obtenues par teledetection pour l'exploitation et pour larecherche;

c) moyens propres it assurer le transfert de technologie de fac;:on que les Membres puissenttirer pleinement profit des nouveaux systemes;

2) que ces etudes soient menees avec la collaborationactive, selon les besoins, de la CIMO, de la CSB, duComite mixte COljOMM pour le SMISO, de la COlet des exploitants de satellites;

3) que les Membres et Ies exploitants de satellitessoient invites it envisager d'appliquer des procedures pour la diffusion operationnelle de donneesobtenues par teledetection it I'intention desServices meteorologiques nationaux et des servicesnationaux d'oceanographie;

PRIE le Secretaire general, agissant en consultation avecle president de la CMM, d'organiser ces etudes et reunions techniques dans les limites des ressounoes disponibles ou de preter son concours it cette fin, et defaciliter l'application de toutes les procedures d'exploitation mises au point it l'echange des donnees de laVMM.

NOTE: La presente recommandation annule et remplace larecommandation 5 (CMM-X).

107

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
Recommandation 8 (CMM-XI) - Rassemblementde l'information meteorologique et oceanographique au moyen dn Systeme INMARSATLA COMMISSION DE METEOROLOGIE MARITIME,NOTANT:

1) la section 6.1 du rapport final abrege de sa dixiemesession,

2) la resolution 19 (Cg-XI) - Rassemblement et diffusion de l'information meteorologique maritime aumoyen du systeme INMARSAT,

CONsmimANT :

1) que l'utilisation du systeme INMARSAT (Organisation internationale de telecommunicationsmaritimes par satellite) se generalise rapidement,notamment parmi les navires d'observation benevoles de l'OMM,

2) que d'ici I'an 2000 presque tous les navires d'observation benevoles seront probablement equipes dedispositifs de type C de I'INMARSAT,

3) que la reception des messages mHeorologiques etoceanographiques emanant des navires en mers'est considerablement ameIioree grace a une pluslarge utilisation du systeme INMARSAT,

4) que la transmission des messages meteorologiques etoceanographiques par l'intermectiaire des installationsde type C de I'INMARSAT signifie une diminutionimportante des frais de telecommunications pour lesMembres,

CONSTATANT AVEC SATISFACTION que certains Membresqui exploitent des stations terriennes cotieres (CES) deI'INNIARSAT ont deja fait le necessaire pour que celles-ciacceptent les messages meteorologiques et oceanographiques de navires - sans frais pour ces derniers - quipresentent un interet general pour tous les Membres deI'OMM,

PREOCCUPEE toutefois de ce que ces messages sontactueIlement concentres dans un nombre limite destations terriennes cotieres et de ce qu'il subsiste desproblemes concernant la rediffusion, en temps voulu,des messages d'observation rassembles par l'intermediaire d'INMARSAT vers les pays les plus proches del'endroit d'ou proviennent ces messages,NOTANT AVEC PLAISIR que les Pays-Bas ont accepte defournir le logiciel necessaire a la compilation, au chiffrement en code SHIP, au stockage et a la transmission desmessages mHeorologiques de navires par les installations de type C de l'INMARSAT et d'assurer lamaintenance de ce logiciel,

RECOMMANDE :

1) aux Membres exploitant des stations cotieres,et qui ne l'auraient pas encore fait, d'accepterles messages meteorologiques et oceanographiques denavires transmis, sans frais pour les navires,par l'intermediaire de ces stations, au moyende la procedure speciale d'appel par code abrege (41);

2) aux Membres des regions ou I'adoption du systeme INMARSAT a eu des effets reconnus sur lemode de rassemblement des donnees, d'etablirdes accords· interregionaux, regionaux, sousregionaux ou bilateraux, selon le cas, pour lepartage des coilts;

3) a tous les Membres concemes de faire tout leur pOSSible pour assurer la rediffusion en temps voulu desmessages d'observation recueillis par l'intermectiaired'INMARSAT vers les pays situes dans les zones d'ouproviennent ces messages, via le SMT et par d'autresmoyens tels que le systeme MDD, le cas echeant;

4) aux Membres ayant besoin de messages de navirestransmis par l'intermediaire du SMT de s'assurerque leurs centres de telecommunications demandent reeIlement a recevoir tous les bulletinsappropries du SMT contenant ces messages;

PRIE LE SECRETAIRE GENERAL:

1) apres consultation du SecrHaire de la COl, d'Hudier s'il serait possible qu'un ou plusieurs Membres fournissent le logiciel necessaire ala compilation des messages oceanographiques de navires, a leur chiffrement en code BATHY, TESACou TRACKOB, a leur stockage et a leur transmissionpar l'intermediaire des installations de type Cde l'INMARSAT et assurent la maintenance de celogiciel;

2) apres consultation du Secretaire de la COl, despresidents de la CMM et de la CSB, du president duSMISO et des presidents des groupes de travailconcernes de la CMM, de la CSB et du SMISO, depoursuivre les discussions avec l'organisationINMARSAT et d'autres sur l'utilisation accrue dusysteme INMARSAT pour le rassemblement desmessages mHeorologiques et oceanographiques denavires, y compris l'utilisation possible de la voiede signalisation INMARSAT-C pour la transmissionde ces messages en binaire et, le cas echeant, lacreation, a cette fin, d'un petit groupe de liaisonOMMjINMARSAT;

3) de tenir les Membres dilment au courant de toutfait nouveau important.

Recommandation 10 (CMM-XI) - ProgrammeAction 21 et mise en place du GOOS et du SMOCLA COMMISSION DE METEOROLOGIE MARITIME,NOTANT:

1) la resolution 9 (Cg-XI) - Systeme mondial d'observation du climat,

2) la resolution 21 (Cg-XI) - Participation de l'OMM ala mise en ~uvre d'un systeme mondial d'observation de l'ocean,

3) le programme Action 21 de la CNUED, notamment ses chapitres 9 (Atmosphere) et 17 (Oceans,en particulier la section E - Reponse aux incertitudes critiques),

108

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
CONSIDERANT :

1) que les composantes actuelles des systemes d'observation mHeorologique et oceanographique notamment les navires d'observation benevoles,les bouees oceanographiques, les satellites et lesnavires meteorologiques/oceanographiques - fournissent deja des donnees servant a l'analyse duclimat mondial et des changements climatiques, etque ces composantes joueront cl l'avenir un roleessentiel dans le cadre du GOOS et du SMOC;

2) que la mise en CEuvre du GOOS et du SMOC exigera de la part des Etats qu'i1s affectent desressources substantielles au maintien et au renforcement de la surveillance systematique cl longterme de l'ocean;

3) que la mise en CEuvre integrale du GOOS et duSMOC permettra d'acquerir de nouvelles donneesoceaniques particulierement utiles cl la VMM, auxservices de meteorologie maritime et aux etudesportant sur le climat mondial;

4) qu'en adoptant le programme Action 21, les Etatss'engagent cl mettre en CEuvre les activites contenuesdans ce dernier, notamment le GOOS et le SMOC,

CHARGE le Groupe de travail des systemes d'observationmaritime d'elaborer, avec le concours du Groupe decooperation pour les programmes de bouees de mesureet de l'organe subsidiaire du SMISO approprie, des propositions precises cl l'effet d'ameIiorer les systemesd'observation maritime afin de satisfaire les besoins duGOOS et du SMOC, une fois ces besoins definis,

RECOMMANDE :

1) aUK Membres de fa ire clairement et precisementreference aux activites convenues dans le programmeAction 21, chapitre 17 (Oceans) dans les demandesqu'ils presentent cl leurs gouvernements en vued'obtenir les ressources supplementaires necessaires clla mise en CEuvre du GOOS et du SMOC;

2) aUK Membres d'acceIerer le recrutement de naviresd'observation benevoles et la mise cl l'eau debouees oceanographiques;

3) aux Membres qui exploitent des navires meteorologiques/oceanographiques de continuer cl lefaire et, si possible, d'en exploiter de nouveaux,pour que les services de meteorologie maritime etles etudes consacrees au climat mondial puissentbeneficier de donnees fiables et detaillees;

4) aUK exploitants de satellites oceanographiques demettre leurs donnees 11 la disposition des responsables des services mHeorologiques et oceanographiques ainsi que des oceanographes et des climatologues.

PRIE le Secretaire general:1) d'aider les Membres, le cas echeant, cl preparer les

demandes de financement qu'ils presenteront clleur Gouvernement pour la mise en CEuvre desparties pertinentes du GOOS et du SMOC,

2) d'aider egalement les Membres a preparer despropositions de projets relatives cl la surveillanceameIioree et cl long terme de l'ocean qui serontpresentees aux organismes de financement tels quele Fonds mondial pour l'environnement et lePNUD,

3) de fournir une assistance complementaire, le casecheant et dans les limites des ressources budgetairesdisponibles, pour assurer la mise en CEuvre de lapresente recommandation.

Recommandation 12 (CMM-XI) - Utilisation del'echelle Beaufort de force du ventLA COMMISSION DE METEOROLOGIE MARITIME,NOTANT:

1) I'appendice 1.3 - Echelle Beaufort de force du vent,de la Partie 1 du Volume I du Ma/wel de l'assistance meUorologiqlle allX activites maritimes(OMM-W 558),

2) le rapport final de la sixieme session de son sousgroupe de climatologie maritime,

NOTANT EN OUTRE diverses communications parues cesdernieres annees dans des ouvrages scientifiques et quianalysent les consequences de l'emploi de diversesechelles Beaufort de force du vent pour determiner lavitesse du vent cl la surface de la mer dans le cadre desetudes scientifiques sur le climat marin et les changements climatiques,

RApPELANT les discussions approfondies sur ce sujet quiont eu lieu lors de precedentes sessions de laCommission,

TENANT COMPTE des difficultes que pourraient entraj'ner,pour les etudes sur le climat global, des variations dans lespratiques d'observation de la vitesse du vent de surface clbord des navires ainsi que I'utilisation de differentesechelles Beaufort de force du vent pour deriver cettevitesse,

CONSIDERANT, toutefois,1) qu'il est necessaire de maintenir la continuite et la

coherence des archives de donnees sur les vents clla surface de la mer et d'eviter des complicationspour les observateurs maritimes,

2) que l'actuelle echelle Beaufort de force du vent estsuffisaIl1ment precise pour les besoins des observations en exploitation,

3) qu'aucun accord international n'existe encore ausujet d'une echelle Beaufort de force du vent adaptee aux applications de la recherche scientifique,

CONVlENT que l'echelle Beaufort de force du vent existante, qui figure dans le Manuel de l'assistance meteorologiqlle aux activites maritimes, devrait etre conservee auxfins de I'exploitation et de l'archivage des donnees;

109

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
RECOMMANDE :

1) aUK Membres de normaliser les pratiques d'observation abord des navires en ce qui concerne lesvents a la surface de la mer, conformement aUK

directives figurant dans le Mallue[ de ['assistallcemeteorologique aux activites maritimesj

2) atoutes les personnes impliquees dans la rechercheclimatique de tenir compte des difficultes et desdivergences relevees dans le cadre de l'echelle Beaufort de force du vent officielle de I'OMM et d'autres"echelles scientifiques Beaufort de force du vent",ainsi que de divers facteurs relatifs it l'environnementdes navires, lors de l'utilisation des donnees d'archivesur le vent provenant des navires pour les etudes duclimat marin et du changement climatiquei

PRIE:

1) le Secretaire general de porter cette recommandation a I'attention de toutes les personnesconcemeesj

2) le Sous-groupe de climatologie maritime de poursuivre l'examen du developpement et de I'application des echelles Beaufort de force du vent auxfins des etudes sur le climat et d'informer laCommission et les Membres de toute evolutionsignificative, selon les besoins, et aussi d'etudier lapossibilite de mettre au point une echelle Beaufortde force du vent etendue pour les besoins de lapresentation des previsions maritimes.

110

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
(\" - I.:" ~ j J) \ ~,,:u I

~~l •• I.t ~.<-qW .Jl ~l ~l.·..l.· Lu.J1· . -_ r-:r- -"........ - .J ..J. \J::' loJ.J ~~

: ., ~ jl-.r~ ~ ~

~.) ~I t~)~../;;!.J ~L:J/ 6,JJ..J1/~(5~/~/ UGG-i t-<>-?~/ ~l+J/..J::~/- - -, t.)t.)\ bpl, (M\

, ~~, t GlI ..u..::.) ~WI t~ ~~I ~1-9 ~I~ ~.IWI b.>J..J/ ~4-J..l1 .>:.rU1

, \~~\ ~~ijJ;jll.:eyt:i, I~, ~Lb:~1 ~)~

,~~I·WI~·i....3:..., ·~II_lll.. ~11~1·'ILuI..\l1_ u. _ u . '? _ ~ '1!-:J7': ':! ,y .)

(\)

(0)

~Lb ~~ J.U14 J.....t:i ~~I ~~I .11....0)11~ Jkl-9 d.;~1 .IL....:.ptJ ~~I ~I).I JL.c1 01

~ uL..~I-9uL:.1-=:J1 b).IGd~)1 ~~~~I ~1';'~~;jll0-"

~.."-.11· .I1..1.d· d.-cJ;:J,1 Lbl ':L.~ .II~· - 'I .11....0 )'1~ 11 b~1 t, - ..\11 ~~I_ - ~ .0C .). r.F -~ _!.J"7" ,) • c.r. -~-

~ ~.1W:..)1-9

111

(\)

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
, -:.:sG~1 b,) IJl-9 d-b:-~.lI ~,) d 2"'9j c,t ~1...9 b~ 4l-:.:s~1 t# 4.:-o~1 4...9J11 ~I ..:,j

. .Jl ~.'I WI - "w \11 -:.:s~LS:.'I d ...............,d I:ts: L.t.o - --"" I~ b jWI U J11 ~I I.".jr..,r - tJ' _ .,.,e~ _ lJ ~ ...9 tJ-',) ~...9~ L>"'"' ,) .. ...9 'T' ...9

~~I-:.:s~I~,)F

(\)

(~)

, -:.:s~1 ~) J.,.~l ~WI t~l Ji-o -:.:s~ -:.:s~1 ~.) ..JI~ c,t ~ t~ lfill JL..u:.\l1 ..J~ J!,J

~l ~) ~Wl t~1 / -:.:s~1 t# ~~14...9J11~1...9' -:.:sG47J1 F ~WI -:.:s~1 ~G..r.'...9

,~I~~~;~I-:.:sLc~I...9-:.:sG~~...9J1IJJ4i1~~I~I/-:.:s~lt~~~I~...9J1I~I...9,~~1

~ ~..r>--:ll ~~I Jl.....o,)\l1 ~...9-:.:s~1 b.:u.~ J.U1~ ~WI..Jj~I...9

~~I Jl.....o,)\l1 ~t~...9 -:.:sG~ JJ~ Jh:i: ~ ~,)~...9 d:.J;:J.1~~ - (\" - t) £. )~I ~i

~~l J~,)\l1~i c,t -:.:sl]JWI..JL~ ~jiJl "csJL:J.I.illj c,t ~, 4-:'~I ~lyJl...9-:.:sG~I...9

•-lyJl -:.:sGL....J1 t J11 JJl...u.Il JI..:.....o "~~l -.u -:11 -:.:sL· ... -'I~~L J., L.:...::ill~ ...9 _",:!...9 " "c.r _" _~ ':? _~ ...9 _ _ ..,)"

,UI . "w \11.. .,.,e~ _ lJ

(\)

c,td~1 t# d:.:-ofi..:J 1~...9J11 ~1...9 ~..r--:JI ~~I Jl.....o,)\l1~~ ,y;~1 ..JjL.,,:;11 ~j...9 b..{,~

d_,,~ I ...9~ l..£Il t ~1t~ c,t d.b.~ I .)J~ Jh:i:~ 4....oL.;....9 '~ I c,t -:.:s~ ~1I 0-" .1:!~ I

~ ~~I

~I .11 J., ... 'I Jl.....o\11 UWI;w;.wJ ~L., -,.11 _.-:11 I~ I~ ".<'. - ~.'I " L.,,:;11 I.:u. "L<,.;;r.r-"'...9 _'..J7" ..Y'"' _ ." t.r""~ L>"'"' _ ~~-J' uJ U "

t~l...9 t tJl ~)~WI t~l...9~~WI ~I.)I J;....,~,)~I..r.'h~~I Jl.....opll ~~l

~-:.:s~I~)~WI

112

(\)

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~~I r~ ~fi..=J1 ~,J..1l1 ~I,J 4.;~1 4.;~1 JL...::..;~14 ~ ~I£;JI j:~.Jl:. LuI.;..1l1 d.L...::,1~ ~~

~,J..1l1 ~I,J 4.;~1 JL...::.,.,)U 4.;1WI~~~)I ..::.~I ~~~ ~WJI l.:u~ J,.o.L Cljijl f"':!..1ii~

JL...::..;~I~ iiA ~L:JI ii..>J..1l1 J)l.:;.. t~~1 l.:u t.} .bl..i;,J "I) 0-a.;l:i: La ii~lY' t"" ..::.~I r# ~~I

~ 4.;~I 4.;~ I

..J1y.t¥I,J ii~L..J.bii~1 f"':!..1ii 4.;~I4.;~1 JL...::.}II~ t:'tJl <?}..~,:;....,81 j..WI J:~I,J~)I~!~

4.h.1J 4....Jl..:JI..::.L.J .~II _tL..::....:JJ I ""'11 . UalSJl ii~l 11' . l.c..J 'I .'.1I ":~II ~I ..1lL ,:1_":. W WI. - _~,Jc: C~ '-:t ..r~ .~~ CY"""",J .;.~ - r. 4.;~1 JL...::.,.,)U ~,J11 ~I).I,J 4.;~I4.;~1 JL...::..;~I

: t, ~j'crr.~ r.

0-a (4.;~1 JL::,.;~I ..::.La.G..) ~ iiJUI Lo,~,J' \~V~ , .;~I t.} CI,J.;~I ~JW ~,J..1l1 ~l.j:j'jl

, (h)l11 4....)l...u)~W I J...=.ill

4:iLu..uJU <JWI rL.J;:J4~ l.c.:J .;b..;J1 ~ C I.J..)~ IL~ ~,J..1l1 ~l.j:jJU \ ~AA r~ ..::.~.u:;

~ J)G.. 0-a 4.;~1 JI~~I ~ i..l-;.:i ~i , .)J-4i~~ 0-a '~~I,J , .;l..:....:ll ~ ~)Wb

, \ ~ '\ ~ -->=1~/.b4-J:. \ 0-a i}.~.I (SafetyNET) 4....)L..J I

113

(\)

(,)

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~ ~I ..lL...:.pu ~WI~ t;'L:J1 -,:!~I ~~I ~I ~~ - (\ \ - '-:' ( i J) r ~jiJl

, ."6..:J I~ ~)l......J IJ 4:i l.u..u)ll~W1~~ I ."Lb1

(0)

~l ~~I ..l~)II.::..L.~ r:~ .,,6..:J1 ~ Ct.9.)~I~)L.J ~JJ11 ~U:;~I..,k W",ll c, l41 I .::..L.I.J=il1 (")

, \"AA ~~ .::..Jl:~.dJj~ ~,~U:;~I~ ..l.J.::>,..c,j-<b L.$ c,iuJ1

~l' .,,~I ~ ~)L.JIJ 4:iL.u...u)ll ~WI ~~I."Lbl ~ j.,WI, u:u..u ~~I ~I ~~ 4L.:... (r)

~JJ11 ~U:;~ 4JJ..l~~1.::..~IJ~..G..:i.uJ.1 .::..I'-7'b~~)~4 '::':~l..h)';lftu.81

'~J~i..,k )~I ~ CIJ.)~I~)l......J

,~ ~)L.JIJ ;(jl.u..uJU ~WI ~~I ."Lbl~ j.,WI~-,:!~I ~~I ~I ~~ .::..Jl:~~ c,~ ~~

".:r;J1 c,.a."fi-o r ~l \ c,.a ~W~I J:.u.:l.dJj..,k:~ ~ c,iJ , ~yll olA &..>-" ~ u..:.L~ w;: , .)b.:J1M M

~ (0 oA ~.,,;w;:J.1 t~) ~y:.-;ll ~~I J~../Y/.::..i.A.Jd,. (7./" c,.a J;~I

114

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
L.:' ~JW~J..JI ~I ~..G.~ ~·l.;!~WI ~.)\'I ..::,L.b11 ~tL:.:g1~1~1 (~)

~ .)~I ~ ~)l...,.J1 d.,,~ ~ :t:~1 JI,?-\' 4 d)~¥IJ dJ:Wl4 ~L:JI ..::,Gfi.lI ,ilij~

(\)

C?~I J,ii.ll ~J..JI4..g.;-iJIJ ~J..JI ~I,;L.J..>~.II ~IJ :t:JJ..J1 ~~I ~I rL.:i...b1 t.:r~~)

~I ..::,L~-:-~.lIJ ..::,W;:JI 0.a LA..r.:.c.J~~YI (:-;11".:;.11 4.h.......1.J-! :t:~1 ..::,YL..o:iJlj ~J..JI d:_.J;~l.lJ

.~~I ~l.b')1 ~y.t4-a

* (\" - ~ ~ i J)" ~~ I J-Aj04

4.:~1 ~~I .JI.-:,../'II ~l..o.J.oi. ~J-O~ ~~..u.l11

ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION 2 (CMM·XII)

AMENDMENTS TO THE MANUAL ON MARINE METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES

PAR T IBIS

(Changes introduced appear in bold. Words deleted arestruck out).The system given in these amendments will:(a) Operate parallel with the existing system as given

now in Volume I, Part C sections 1 to 3 of theManual on Marine Meteorological Servcies between1 February 1992 and 1 February 1999;

(b) In the final revised form, completely replace theexisting system (and existing Manual text) as from1 February 1999.

SERVICES FOR THE HIGH SEAS

1. GENERALMarine meteorological services for the high seasshall include:

(a) Provision ofwamings and weather and sea bulletins;

1 15

(b) Marine meteorological support for maritime searchand rescue;

(c) Provision of information by radio-facsimile;(d) Marine climatological summaries scheme;(e) Provision of special marine climatological infor

mation;(f) Provision of marine meteorological information

and expert advice.

2. PROVISION OF WARNINGS AND WEATHERAND SEA BULLETINS (GMDSS APPLICATION)

(Global maritime distress and safety system(GMDSS) application which is compatible with, andreqUired by, the radiocommunication provj~iQmof tbe1988 SOLAS amendments via the NAVTEX, International SafetyNET and HF maritime safety information(MSI) Services. See AppendiX I-I bis for glossary ofterms.)

I".ul ~~,-, ~~~l; ji.)J I,;..,. J,);! *. ~.»ll; ';";~I ~I J.?J

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
2.1 PrinciplesThe principles for the preparation and issue

of warnings and weather and sea bulletins are asfollows:

Principle 1For the purpose of the preparation and

issue of meteorological warnings and the regular preparation and issue of weather and sea bulletins, theoceans and seas are divided into areas for whichnational Meteorological Services assume responsibility.

Principle 2The areas of responsibility together provide

complete coverage of oceans and seas by meteorological information contained in warnings and weatherand sea bulletins for the high seas.

Principle 3The issue of meteorological warnings and

routine weather and sea bulletins for areas not coveredby NAVTEX shall be by the International SafetyNETService for the reception of maritime safety information(MSI) in compliance with SOLAS, CH IV, "RADIOCOMMUNICATIONS".NOTE: In addition, national Meteorological Services may have to

prepare and/or issue warnings and routine forecasts for

transmission by an HF-direct-printing telegraphy

maritime safety information service for areas where such

a service is provided for ships engaged exclusively on

voyages in such areas.

Principle 4The preparation and issue of warnings and

weather and sea bulletins for areas of responsibility iscoordinated in accordance with the proceduresmentioned in section 2.2.

Principle 5The efficiency and effectiveness of the

provision of warnings and of weather and sea bulletinsis monitored by obtaining opinions and reports frommarine users.

Principle 6Maritime safety information broadcasts are

monitored by the originating iSSUing service to ensurethe accuracy and integrity of the broadcast.

2.2 Procedures

2.2.1 Definitions2.2.1.1 Apreparation service is a national Meteoro-logical Service which has accepted responsibility for thepreparation of forecasts and warnings for parts of, or anentire, designated area (METAREA) in the WMO systemfor the dissemination of meteorological forecasts andwarnings to shipping under the GMDSS and for theirtransfer to the relevant issuing service for broadcast.2.2.1.2 An issuing service is a national Meteorological Service which has accepted responsibility forensuring that meteorological forecasts and warnings forshipping are disseminated through the IHMAR~AT

Inmarsat SafetyNET service to the designated area forwhich the Service has accepted responsibility under thebroadcast requirements of the GMDSS. The forecastsand warnings for braodcast may have been preparedsolely by the issuing service, or by another preparationservice, or a combinaton of both, on the basis of negotiations between the services concerned, or otherwise asappropriate. The issuing service is responsible forcomposing a complete broadcast bulletin on the basisof information input from the relevant preparationservices, and for inserting the appropriate enhancedgroup call (EGC) header, as specified in Appendices 1-4and 1-5 of the Manual on Marine Meteorological Servicesand Annex 4(b) of the International SafetyNET Manual.Procedures for any modifications by issuing services toinformation proVided by preparation services, and forthe choice of appropriate Cl' Cz and C3 codes for thebroadcast of this information, should be developed bybilateral agreement between the services concerned.The issuing service is also responsible for monitoringthe broadcasts of information to its designated area ofresponsibility.NOTES: (1) For some METAREAs there may be only one prepara

tion service, which will be the same national

Meteorological Service as the issuing service (e.g.United Kingdom for area 1, Argentina for area VI and

Australia for area X).

(2) An appropriate format for the attribution of the

origins of the forecast and warning information

contained in a broadcast bulletin may be developed

on the basis of negotiations amongst the services

concerned.

(3) In situations where appropriate information, data or

advice from other designated preparation services

for a given METAREA is not available, it is the

responsibility of the issuing service for that area toensure that complete broadcast coverage for the area

is maintained.

2.2.2 Areas of responsibility2.2.2.1 Areas of responsibility and the responsibleservices for the preparation and issue of warnings,weather and sea bulletins through the InternationalSafetyNET service for the high seas shall be as given inAppendix 1-2 bis.NOTES: (1) The areas of responsibility given in Appendix 1-2 bis

are reviewed by the Commission for Marine Meteo

rology to ensure complete area coverage and

adequacy of services.

(2) A broadcast area may be subdivided in the text ofthe EGC message into subareas to meet the require

ments of the national Meteorological Services

concerned.(3) The areas of responsibility defined in Appendix 1-2

bis represent a minimum requirement for issuingand preparation services. Both issuing and preparation services may extend the area of coverage for thepreparation and issue of warnings, weather and seabulletins beyond these areas of responsibility, if they

. 11 6

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
so wish, to meet national requirements. In this case,the area of coverage should be specified in the textof each broadcast.

2.2.2.2 Any amendments to the area of responsibility, or proposal for the introduction of a change innational Meteorological Services/ responsibility for anarea/ shall have the approval of the Executive Councilbased on a recommendation by the Commission forMarine Meteorology.2.2.2.2.1 Before drawing up any recommendation onthe proposed amendment for submission to theExecutive Council/ the Commission for MarineMeteorology shall receive the comments of the nationalMeteorological Services directly concerned with theproposed amendment as well as the comments of thepresident(s) of the regional association(s) concerned.NOTE: All correspondence relating to areas of responsibility is

addressed to the Secretary-General.2.2.2.3 Whenever a national MeteorologicalService responsible for the preparation and/or issue ofwarnings and weather and sea bulletins for a given areais no longer able to provide this service/ the nationalMeteorological Service should inform the SecretaryGeneral at least six months in advance of the intendedtermination date.

2.2.3 Preparation and issue of weather and seabulletins for the high seas

2.2.3.1 Weather and sea bulletins for the high seasshall include/ in the order given hereafter:Part I: Warnings;Part ll: Synopsis of major features of the surface weather

chart and, to the extent possible/ significantcharacteristics of corresponding sea-surfaceconditions;

Part 1II: Forecasts.NOTE: Parts 11 and III may be combined where this is thought

more appropriate.2.2.3.2 Weather and sea bulletins for the high seasmay/ in addition, include the following parts:Part IV: Analyses and/or prognoses in lAC FLEET code

form;Part V: Selection of reports from sea stations;Part VI: Selection of reports from land stations.NOTES: (1) The reports included in Part VI should be for a fixed

selection of stations in a fixed order.(2) Parts IV; Vand VI may be issued at a separate, sched-

uled time.2.2.3.3 Major changes in form and content of warnlngs/ synopses and forecasts should be announced at leastsix months prior to the effective date of the change.2.2.3.4 Information on broadcast schedules forroutine forecasts and contents of bulletins shall be notifiedto the WMO Secretariat for inclusion in Weather Reportil1g(WMO-No. 9), Volume D - Information for shipping.2.2.3.5 For area(s) for which an issuing service has

assumed responsibility, the Service shall select theappropriate coast Earth station (CES) to servicethat area.

NOTES: (1) As there are several CESs which can serve an OceanRegion and hence an area of broadcast responsibility,issuing services may negotiate directly with the various CES operators to obtain the most favourabletariff (and service) considerations.

(2i In order to ensure reception of unscheduled broad·casts by shipping in an area which is served by morethan one satellite and recogniZing that nationalMeteorological Services will not know to which ofthese satellites the ship's equipment is tuned, thefollOWing procedures shall be adopted by issuingservices. For unscheduled broadcasts, these shall beissued for broadcast under the SafetyNET servicethrough all I~IHARSAT Inmarsat ocean regionsatellites covering the issuing service's area ofresponsibility. [NOTE: The broadcast requirement forunscheduled broadcasts has been determined byIMO.] For scheduled forecasts, these shall be issuedfor broadcast over at least a single nominated satellite, in accordance with a pre-arranged schedule,coordinated by WMO.

2.2.3.6 The iSSUing service shall select the methodby which the transfer of information to the CES shallbe effected.NOTE: The transfer of information may be accomplished in

several ways. See Appendix 1-3 bis for details.

2.2.3.7 Weather and sea bulletins shall be preparedand issued at least twice daily.2.2.3.7.1 The issue of the weather and sea bulletinsshall be at a scheduled time and be in the follOWingsequence: Part I to be followed immediately by Part Iland then Part Ill. A schedule of transmission starttimes for these bulletins has been compiledfor all METAREAs and the CESs which serve the areasand takes into consideration/ il/ter alia/ the existingWMO synoptic times for observations, data analysisand forecast production. Additionally/ as thesebroadcast schedules for the International SafetyNETService have to be coordinated, under the aegis ofWMO/ with other Organizations such as IHO, issuingservices should not independently change or requestWMO to arrange frequent alterations to thesecoordinated and published schedules (see alsoparagraph 2.2.3.4).2.2.3.7.2 All weather and sea bulletins shall bepreceded by the word "SECURITE"/ excepturgent tropical cyclone warnings/ which shallbe preceded by "PAN PAN".2.:U.7.62.2.3.1.3 Issuing services must ensurethat the correct EGC message addressing formats areadhered to for all warning and forecast messagesintended for broadcast by a CES (see Appendix 1-4 bismessage addressing and Appendix 1-5 bis operationalgUidance).2.2.3.7.4 All weather and sea bulletins shallinclude/ following the words "SECURITE" or"PAN PANN, clear information on the METAREAbeing addressed and the issuing service/ e.g.:

117

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
SECURITEMarine weather bulletin for METAREA 11issued by Meteo-France

2.2.3.8 Warnings, synopses and forecasts shall begiven in plain language.2.2.3.8.1 Warnings, synopses and forecasts intendedfor the International SafetyNET Service shall be broadcast in English.NOTE: Additionally, if a national Meteorological Services wishes

to issue warnings and forecasts to meet national obligations under SOLAS, broadcasts may be made in otherlanguages. These broadcasts will be part of a NationalSafetyNET Service.

2.2.3.8.2 In order to ensure the integrity of the warnings and forecasts being received by mariners, it isessential that iSSUing services monitor the broadcastswhich they originate. Monitoring is especially important in a highly automated system which is dependenton careful adherence to procedure and format. Thismay be accomplished by the installation of an EGCreceive-capability at the issuing service's facility.

NOTE: Each issuing service may use the EGC receiver to checkthe following:(a) That the message has been broadcast;(b) That the message is received correctly;(c) That canccllation mcssages are properly executed;(d) Any unexplained delay in the message being broad-

cast.2.2.3.8.3 The language of the synopsis should be asfree as possible from technical phraseology.2.2.3.8.4 The terminology in weather and seabulletins should be in accordance with the multilinguallist of terms used in weather and sea bulletins, which isgiven in Annex 1-2.A of the existing Guide to MarilleMeteorological Services (WMO-No. 471) and in Appendix1-2 in the existing Mallual 011 Marille MeteorologicalServices.2.2.3.9 Wind direction shall be given in points ofthe compass and not in degrees.2.2.3.9.1 Wind force shall be given in Beaufort notation or wind speed in metres per second or in knots. Ifmetres per second or knots are used, the words "metresper second" or "knots" shall be included in the text ofthe message.NOTE: The criteria of the Bcaufort notation of wind force are

given in a Bcaufort scale table.

2.2.4 Warnings2.2.4.1 Warnings shall be given for gales (Beaufortforce 8 or 9) and storms (Beaufort force 10 or over), andfor tropical cyclones (hurricanes in the North Atlanticand eastern North Pacific, typhoons in the WesternPacific, cyclones in the Indian Ocean and cyclones ofsimilar nature in other regions).NOTES: (1) Warnings to circular areas require a specifiC address

codc, C2 code ~ 24. See Appendix 1-4 bis.(2) Warnings may be addressed for reception by shipping

in a Circular area within the main METAREA (C2 code~ 24), or addressed for reception by shipping within

the entire METAREA (C2 code ~ 31) - this is at thediscretion of the issuing services in consultation withthe prcparation service responsible for thc warning. Ifa circular area address (C2 code =24) is chosen, onlyships within that area as defined by the C3 circularaddress will receive the warning.

(3) Definition of a tropical cyclone is containedin the Intemational Meteorological VocabUlary(WMO-No. 182) and classification of tropicalcyclones is left to the Regions concerned.

2.2.4.2 The issue of warnings for near gales(Beaufort force 7) is optional.2.2.4.3 Warnings for gales, storms and tropicalcyclones should have the follOWing content and orderof items:(a) Type of warning;(b) Date and time of reference in UTC;(c) Type of disturbance (e.g. Iow, hurricane, etc.) with

a statement of central pressure in hectopascals;(d) Location of disturbance in terms of latitude and

longitude or with reference to well-known landmarks;

(e) Direction and speed of movement of disturbances;(n Extent of affected area;(g) Wind speed or force and direction in the affected

areas;(It) Sea and swell conditions in the affected area;(i) Other appropriate information such as future posi-

tions of disturbances.2.2.4.3.1 Items (a), (b), (d), (n and (g) listed under2.2.4.3 shall always be included in the warnings.2.2.4.4 In addition to indicating the positions ofpressure disturbances in terms of latitude and longitUde,or with reference to well-known landmarks, the boundaries of the existing and forecast storm-wind area or areasof high waves (including swell) should be indicated.

NOTE: The usual practice in warnings is to indicate boundarieswith rcference to the centrc of the pressure disturbance,or to divide the disturbance (low, tropical cyclonc) intosectors for which prevailing and forecast conditions aredescribed.

2.2.4.4.1 When warnings are included for more thanone pressure disturbance or system, the systems shouldbe described in a descending order of threat.2.2.4.4.2 Warnings shall be as brief as possible and,at the same time, clear and complete.2.2.4.5 The time of the last location of each tropical cyclone or extratropical storm shall be indicated inthe warning.2.2.4.6 A warning shall be issued immediately theneed becomes apparent, and broadcast immediately onreceipt, followed by a repeat after six minutes (repetition code 11), when issued as an unscheduledbroadcast.2.2.4.6.1 When no warnings for gales, storms ortropical cyclones are to be issued, that fact shall bepositively stated in Part I of each weather and seabulletin.

118

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
2.2.4.6.2 Warnings shall be updated whenever necessary and then issued immediately.2.2.4.6.3 Warnings shall remain in force untilamended or cancelled.2.2.4.6.4 Warnings issued as Part I of a scheduledbulletin do not need to be repeated after six minutes.2.2.4.7 Warnings for other severe conditionssuch as poor visibility, severe swell, ice accretion, etc., shall also be issued, as necessary.

2.2.5 Synopses2.2.5.1 The synopses given in Part II of weatherand sea bulletins shall have the following content andorder of items:(a) Date and time of reference in UTC;(b) Synopsis of major features of the surface weather

chart;(c) Direction and speed of movement of significant

pressure systems and tropical disturbances.2.2.5.1.1 Significant characteristics of correspondingwave conditions (sea and swell) should be included inthe synopsis whenever this information is available, aswell as characteristics of other sea-surface conditions(drifting ice, currents, etc.) if feasible and significant.2.2.5.2 Significant low-pressure systems and tropical disturbances which affect or are expected to affectthe area within or near the valid period of the forecastshould be described. The central pressure and/or intensity, location, movement and changes of intensityshould be given for each system. Significant fronts,high-pressure centres, troughs and ridges should beincluded whenever this helps to clarify the weathersituation.2.2.5.3 Direction and speed of movement of significant pressure systems and tropical disturbances shouldbe indicated in compass points and metres per secondor knots, respectively.2.2.5.3.1 Units used for speed of movement ofsystems shall be indicated.

2.2.6 Forecasts2.2.6.1 The forecasts given in Part III of weatherand sea bulletins shall have the follOWing content andorder of items:(a) The valid period of forecast;(b) Name or designation of forecast area(s) within the

main MSI area;(c) Adescription of:

(i) Wind speed or force and direction;(ii) Visibility when forecast is less than six nauti

cal miles (10 kilometres);(iii) Ice accretion, where applicable.f¥4 W-aves (sea and swell).

2.2.6.1.1 The forecasts should include expectedsignificant changes during the forecast period, significant meteors such as freezing precipitation, snowfall orrainfall, and an outlook for a period beyond thatnormally covered by the forecast.2.2.6.1.2 The forecasts should also includewaves (wind sea and/or swell) where possible.

2.2.6.2 The valid period shall be indicated either interms of number of hours from the time of issue of forecast or in terms of dates and times in UTC of thebeginning and end of the period.2.2.6.3 Visibility shall be indicated in nauticalmiles or kilometres or given in descriptive terms.2.2.6.3.1 Units used for visibility shall be indicated.

2.2.7 Selection of reports from sea stations2.2.7.1 When included in weather and sea bulletinsfor the high seas, reports from ships and other seastations should be selected to give a reasonablegeographical distribution, taking into account theimportant synoptiC features.2.2.7.2 The information should include the position of ships and other sea stations, time ofobservation, wind, Visibility, atmospheric pressure and,if possible, cloudiness, present and past weather, air andsea-surface temperatures and waves.

2.2.8 Selection of reports from land stations2.2.8.1 Reports included should be for selected landstations in a fixed order.2.2.8.2 The reports should include the sameelements as those listed in paragraph 2.2.7.2, as applicable.

2.2.9 Issue of sea-ice informationSea-ice terminology shall be in accordance

with the WMO Sea-Ice Nomenclature (WMO-No. 259).

3. MARINE METEOROLOGICAL SUPPORTFOR MAillTIME SEARCH AND RESCUE

3.1 PrinciplesThe principle for marine meteorological

support for maritime search and rescue (SAR) is asfollows:

PrincipleFor the purpose of maritime search and

rescue (SAR), a meteorological forecast centre may servemore than one Rescue Coordination Centre (RCC).Likewise, an RCC may make requests for informationfrom more than one meteorological forecast centredepending on the nature of the maritime SAR operation.

3.2 Procedures3.2.1 Marine meteorological services for maritimesearch and rescue (SAR) shall be provided in accordancewith the national overall coordination procedures forSAR and taking into account the international recommendations and the requirements in force.NOTES: (1) Requirements for SAR services including meteorol

ogy are contained in the ICAO Regional Air

NaVigation Plans.(2) Additional requirements for maritime SAR services

are contained in the IMO Seareil and ResCl/e MmIllClI.3.2.1.1 Requests from Rescue Coordination Centres(RCCs) shall be dealt with as expeditiously as possibleand shall be given highest priority when an SAR operation is in progress.

119

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
3.2.1.2 On receiving formal notification from anRCC that a ship or aircraft or survival craft thereof is indistress, every effort shall be made to meet the requirements of the RCC.3.2.2 Information on the following parametersand phenomena, as may be requested by or be of valueto an RCC, should be proVided:(a) Atmospheric pressure;(b) Surface winds;(c) Sea and swell;(d) Surface visibility;(e) lee accretion;(f) Sea ice;(g) Icebergs;(h) Precipitation and cloud cover, including height of

cloud base;(i) Air temperature;(j) Humidity;(k) Sea-surface temperature;(I) Surface currents;(m) Tidal current deviation;(11) Bar conditions;(0) Surf and breakers;(p) Storm surge;(q) Water discolouration.NOTES: (1) Special weather forecasts covering periods of up to

24 hours and possibly beyond may be required for

maritime SAR operations on a continental shelf and

slightly beyond. Ships of all sizes, helicopters and

fixed-wing aircraft may be involved in these

operations.

(2) Medium-range forecasts may be required in the

event of SAR operations taking place over large

ocean areas where ocean-going ships and fixed-wing

aircraft may be involved for considerable periods of

time and possibly searching for relatively small

objects on the sea surface.

(3) Some of the information to be proVided may be the

responsibility of Olore than one authority and

should be coordinated nationally.

3.2.3 Notification of SAR operations and allsubsequent communications between the RCC andweather forecast centre should be by telephone, telex orother medium designed for rapid transmission or reception.3.2.3.1 When communicating with RCCs or whenproViding weather forecasts the terminology should besimilar to that used in weather bulletins and warningsto shipping.3.2.3.2 A permanent record of all communicationsshould be maintained, shOWing the times of origin,transmission and reception of the informationproVided. .3.2.3.3 Weather forecast centres should notattempt to communicate directly, or through coastalradio stations, with ships or aircraft involved in the SARoperation unless specifically requested by the RCC.3.2.3.4 Meteorological Services should encourageships operating under their national flag, when takingpart in any medium- or long-term SAR operation or inthe vicinity of an SAR operation but not necessarilyparticipating, to make weather observations at mainand intermediate standard times for surface synopticobservations and to transmit them, in the internationalSHIP code form or plain language, immediately to theappropriate coastal radio station for onward transmission, or through a coast Earth station (CES) directly to aMeteorological SerVice.

APPENDIX 1-1 BISGLOSSARY

In 1973, the International Maritime Organization(IMO) Assembly adopted a recommendation on thedevelopment of the maritime distress systems whichlaid down the IMO policy for improved distress andsafety communications at sea based on the most up-todate techniques. This policy foresaw, as an essentialelement, the advent of satellite and automatic terrestrial communications. To achieve the former, IMO in1976 adopted an international convention establishingthe I~IMARSATInmarsat organization. The terrestrialelement was achieved by the development of the necessary techniques for digital selective calling anddirect-printing telegraphy. This was accomplished withthe assistance of the International TelecommunicationUnion's (lTU) International Radio ConsultativeCommittee (CCIR) and the World Administrative RadioConference (WARC).

In 1983 and 1987 the necessary frequencieswere allocated to test and prove the equipment and this

facilitated the establishment of the GMDSS. The 1988GMDSS Conference adopted amendments to the 1974International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea(SOLAS) to introduce GMDSS. SafetyNET provides shipping with navigational and meteorological warnings,meteorological forecasts, shore-to-ship alerts and otherurgent information in accordance with the requirements of SOLAS 1974. It is suitable for use in all sizesand types of surface craft. SafetyNET is a service ofI~IMARSAT Inmarsat's enhanced group call (EGC)system and was specifically designed for promulgationof maritime safety information (MSI) as part of GMDSS.SafetyNET meets international requirements for broadcasting area, regional or local navigational warnings,meteorological warnings and forecasts and shore-toship distress alerts. It is designed with the capacity toproVide services within the coverage areas of geostationary maritime communications satellites, that is insea area A3 of the GMDSS. In addition to providing

120

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
service to ships operating in sea area A3, it also providesthe means of disseminating MSI to coastal waters notcovered by NAVTEX. SafetyNET messages can be originated by a registered provider (e.g. a WMO Member)anywhere in the world and broadcast to the appropriateocean area via an I~IMARSAT Inmarsat-C* coast Earthstation (CES). Messages are broadcast according topriority. Le. distress, urgent, safety and routine.Atlantic Ocean Region (west) (AOR(W»,Atlantic Ocean Region (east) (AOR(E», IndianOcean Region (IOR), Pacific Ocean Region(POR); Ocean areas within the footprints (0 elevation)of the IINMARSAT Inmarsat satellites located atSS.SoW, 18SW, 63°E and 1800 E, respectively.Coast Earth Station (CES): A land station in theI~IMARSATInmarsat satellite communications systemwhich provides inter-connection between the satelliteand shore systems such as telex and telephone.Enhanced Group Call (EGC): The system for broadcasting messages via the mobile satellite communications system operated by I~lMARSAT Inmarsat.EGC is a part of the I~lMARSAT Inmarsat-C systemand currently supports two services: SafetyNEFM andFleetNEFM. (FleetNET: A commercial service for thebroadcast and automatic receipt of fleet managementand general public information by means of directprinting through JH;'lMARSAT Inmarsat's EnhancedGroup Call system.)International NAVTEX Service: The system for thebroadcast and automatic reception of maritime safetyinformation by means of narrow-band direct-printingon 518 kHz, using the English language. (NAVTEXreceiving capability is part of the mandatory equipmentwhich is reqUired to be carried in certain vessels underthe provisions of the revised Chapter IV of theInternational Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea(SOLAS),1974).International SafetyNET Services: The coordinatedbroadcast and automated reception of Maritime SafetyInformation via the I~IMARSATInmarsat EnhancedGroup Call system using the English language to meetthe requirements of the SOLAS Convention.Maritime Safety Information (MSI): Navigationaland meteorological warnings, meteorological forecastsand other urgent safety-related messages broadcast toships.National SafetyNET Services: The broadcast andautomated reception of Maritime Safety Informationvia the !}IMARSAT Inmarsat Enhanced Group Callsystem using languages as decided by the administration concerned.Network Coordination Station (NCS): A landstation in the I~IMARSAT Inmarsat mobile satellitecommunications system which controls channelaSSignments and other communications functionsthrough a satellite for an entire ocean region.

---... lP'a 4ARSAT Pt anEt I~n 4t\RSAT C, 13reITis'dsly termea II>H 4ARbAT

~taRE!afE! P aRE! ~taRE!afE! C.

Registered Provider: An authorized MSI providerwhich has an agreement with one or more CES forproViding SafetyNET broadcast information.Rescue Coordination Centre (RCC): Aunit responsible for promoting efficient organization of search andrescue services for coordinating the conduct of searchand rescue operations within a search and rescue region.SafetyNET: A service for the broadcast and automaticreception of maritime safety information by means ofdirect-printing through INMARSAT Inmarsat'sEnhanced Group Call system.Schedule Broadcasts: The regular single transmissionof weather and sea bulletins for the high seas, includinggale and storm warnings as necessary. Each bulletinbroadcasts at least twice daily, in accordance with a prearranged and published schedule coordinated by WMOand in the prescribed high seas bulletin format, asdescribed in the Mallual all Marine MeteorologicalServices. The EGC priority code (Cl) for messagesintended for scheduled broadcast is Cl = 1 - Safety, andrepetition code (C4) is C4 = 01 - Broadcast once only.Scheduled broadcasts should be made within 15minutes of the published schedule. If this is notpossible, a repetition should be used to ensuremaximum receipt.Sea Area AI: An area within the radiotelephone coverage of at least one VHF coast station in which continuousdigital selective calling (DSC) alerting is available, as maybe defined by a (SOLAS) Contracting Government.Sea Area A2: An area, excluding sea area AI, withinthe radiotelephone coverage of at least one MF coaststation in which continuous DSC alerting is available,as may be defined by a Contracting Government.Sea Area A3: An area, excluding sea areas Al and A2,within the coverage of an IHMARSAT Illmarsatgeostationary satellite in which continuous alerting isavailable.Sea Area A4: An area outside sea areas AI, A2 and A3.Ship Earth Station (SES): A mobile earth station inthe maritime mobile-satellite service located aboard aship, or elsewhere.INUAR~AT Inmarsat-A: A satellite communicationssystem for transmission of voice, telex, facsimile or datausing directional antennas in the II~IMARSAT

Inmarsat satellite system.INUARSPLT Inmarsat-C: A satellite communicationssystem for telex or data messaging using small terminals and omni-directional antennas in the INMARSATInmarsat satellite system.Unscheduled Broadcasts: The contingent broadcast,with a six-minute repetition, of urgent meteorologicalinformation which is intended for immediate delivery toshipping. When such urgent meteorological informationcomprises or includes urgent tropical cyclone warnings,the EGC priority code (Cl) is Cl = 2 - URGENT and repetition code (C4) is C4 = 11 - Repeat six minutes after theinitial transmission. All other warnings (e.g. gale andstorm) will have Cl = 1 - SAFETY and C4 = 11 - Repeatafter six minutes.

121

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
APPENDIX 1-2 BISAREAS OF RESPONSIBILITY AND DESIGNATED NATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES FOR THE

ISSUE OF WARNINGS AND WEATHER AND SEA BULLETINS FOR THE GMDSS

SO'N

SO'S

60'W120'W

120'W

_~30'N

II!III 0'

,2O'E

120'E

60'E

60'E

0'

0'

SO'W

60'W

0'

60'S

30'S

60'N

SO'N

60'S

60"W

SO'W

120"W

120'W

'80'

~_~30'N

- .

'2O'E0'

0'600 W

60'W

60"5

0'

30"5

60" N

-Denotes a preparation and iSSUing member ( ) Denotes a preparation m.ember

122

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
AREAS OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR HIGH SEAS (GMDSS)

TABLE 1

METAREA

III

IIIIVVVIVII-Atlantic Ocean RegionVII-Indian Ocean RegionVIII (N)VIII (S)IXX-Indian Ocean RegionX-Pacific Ocean RegionXI-Indian Ocean RegionXl-Pacific Ocean RegionXII-Pacific Ocean RegionXII-Atlantic Ocean RegionXlIIXIVXVXVI

IssuingService

United KingdomFrance

GreeceUnited StatesBrazilArgentinaSouth AfricaSouth AfricaIndiaMauritius/La Reunion*Saudi Arabia/PakistanAustraliaAustraliaChinaJapanUnited StatesUnited StatesRussian FederationNew ZealandChileUnited States

Area CES for the issue ofscheduledbroadcasts (see paragraph 2.2.3.5)

GoonhiIlyPleYFHeHf gOBOY Anssaguel (AOR (E»GoonhiIly (AOR (W»ThermopylaeSouthbury (AOR (W»TanguaSouthbury (AOR (W»Goonhilly Burum (AOR (E»~ Burum (IOR)ArviBurum]eElElah (JOR) PerthPerth (IOR)Perth (POR)Beijing~Yamaguchi

Santa Paula (POR)Southbury (AOR (W»Nakhodka (POR)Perth (POR)Southbury (AOR (W»Southbury (AOR (W»

* Tropical cyclone warnings prepared by RSMC La Reunion are included in the regular bulletins issued by Mauritius.

Coordinates for GMDSS METAREAs ~Nl'\..VAI"V..~)Area I The North Atlantic Ocean east of 35°W,

from 48°27'N to 71 ON including theNorth Sea and Baltic Sea sub-area.

Area 1I Atlantic waters east of 35°W, from rN to48°27'N,~ and east of 200 W from48°67"N 7°N to 60 S.

Area III The Mediterranean and Black Seas, east ofthe Straits of Gibraltar.

Area IV The western part of the North AtlanticOcean eastwards of the North Americancoast to 35°W, from rN to 6rN, including the Gulf of Mexico and CaribbeanSea.

Area V Atlantic waters west of ZooW from35°50'S to rN, narrowing in the coastalstrips at the extremities to theUruguay/Brazil frontier in 33°45'5 andthe French Guyane/BraziI frontier in43°0'N.

Area VI The South Atlantic and Southern Oceanssouth of 35°50'5, from 200 W to the longitude of Cape Horn, 6r16'W.

Area VII The South Atlantic and Southern Oceanssouth of 60 S from 200 W to the coast ofAfrica, thence south to the Cape of

Good Hope; the South Indian andSouthern Oceans south of 100 30'S fromthe Cape to 55°E, thence south of 30 0 Sto 800 E.

Area VIII(N) The area of the Indian Ocean enclosed bylines from the lndo-Pakistan frontier in23°45'N 68°E to 12°N 63°E, thence toCape Gardafui; the east African coastsouth to~ the equator, thence toaaoe, to 3Qo§ to 95°E, to 6°N, thenceNE'wards to the Myanmar/Thailand frontier in ION 98°30'E.

Area VIII(S) The east African coast from theequator south to 100 30'S, thence to55°E, to 300 S, to 95°E, to the equator, to the east African coast.

Area IX The Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Seaand Persian Gulf, north of Area VIII.

Area X The South Indian and Southern Oceanseast of 800 E and south of 300S to 95°E, to12°S, to 127°E; thence the Timor Sea,South Pacific and Southern Oceanssouth of 10°5 to 141°E to the equator, to1700 E, to 29°5, thence SW'wards to 45°5in 1600 E, then the 1600 E meridian.

Area XI The Indian Ocean, China Sea and NorthPacific Ocean northward of Area X and

123

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
Area XII

on the equator to longitude 180°, eastward of Area VIII and the Asiancontinent to the North Korea/RussianFederation frontier in 42°30'N 1300 E,thence to 135°E, NE'wards to 45°N 138°E,to 45°N 180°.The eastern part of the Pacific Ocean,west of the North and South Americancoast and east of 1200 W, from 3°24'S tothe equator, thence to 180°, to 500 Nthence NW'wards to 53°N 172°E,NE'wards following the marine frontierbetween United States and RussianFederation waters to 67°N.

Area XIII

Area XIV

Area XV

Area XVI

Sea areas enclosed north of Area Xl andwest of Area XII; also all Arctic watersfrom 170W westwards to 200 E.The South Pacific and Southern Oceanssouth of the equator, bounded by Area Xto the west, Area XII to the north andArea XV to the east.The South Pacific and Southern Oceanssouth of 18°21'5 following the coast ofChile to the longitude of Cape Horn in67°16'W, and 1200 W.The 50uth Pacific Ocean between 18°21'5and 3°24'5 bounded by the coast of Peruand 120°W.

TABLE 2

METAREA Issuing service* Preparation service Area CES ofissuing service(a) For scheduled broadcasts(b) For unscheduled broadcasts

Remarks

United Kingdom United Kingdom,Norway

(a) Goonhilly (For AOR (W»(b) Goonhilly (For AOR (W), AOR (E»

Forecasts and warnings for areas notcovered by NAVTEX

VII-IOR South Africa South Africa,La Reunion

VIII (N) India KeBye, ) 4eHriti1:ls,be Re1:lHisB, India

VIII (S) Mauritius,** Mauritius,La Reunion La Reunion

IX Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabia,Pakistan Pakistan

X·IOR Australia Australia

X·POR Australia Australia No NAVTEX service

No NAVTEX service

No NAVTEX service

Forecasts and warnings for areasnot covered by NAVTEX





Forecasts and warnings~ forareas not covered by NAVTEX~


J?ls J?IAV'TEX serviEes ~leHBeel iB tBisilT@tt Forecasts and warnings forareas not covered by NAVTEX

(a) PleHR'leHf IlSelSH Assaguel (For Forecasts and warnings for areas notAOR (E», Goonhilly (For AOR (W» covered by NAVTEX

(b) Assaguel (For AOR (W»,Goonhilly Bodou (For AOR (E»

(a) Thermopylae (For IOR)(b) Thermopylae (For IOR),

Goonhilly (For AOR (W), AOR (E»

(a) Southbury (For AOR (W»(b) Southbury (For AOR (W»,

GssBBilIr Southbury (For AOR (E»

(a) Tangua (For AOR (E»(b) Southbury (For AOR (W»

Tangua (For AOR (E»

(a) Southbury (For AOR (W»(b) Southbury (For AOR (W»,

'T8BgH8 (PSf AO~ (Ill)

(a) GSSBBiIly Burum (For AOR (E»(b) ~SHtBBIUY (PSf AOR (W)),

GSSHBiIly Burum (For AOR (E)and (W»

(a)~ Burum (For IOR)(b) GSSHBilIr (PSf AOR (E)), PertB

(PSf IOR) Burum (For AOR (E)audIOR»

(a) Arvi (For IOR)(b) PleHR'leHf IlselS'ei (Psr f,O~ (E»

Arvi (For IOR)

(a) Burum (For IOR)(b) Burum (For IOR)

(a)~ Perth (For IOR)(b) PleHR'leHf IlSelSH (Psr AOR (E))

Perth (For IOR)

(a) Perth (For IOR)(b) Perth (For IOR and POR)

(a) Perth (For POR)(b) Perth (For POR and IOR)

Greece, France

Brazil

France

Argentina

United States

South Africa

IV United States

VI Argentina

III Greece

VII-AOR South Africa

II France

V Brazil

• It is the responsibility of the issuing~ service to ensure that data are available to proVide input for its entire areas of broadcast responsibility andto develop appropriate procedures to rectify any data deficiency.

•• Tropical cyclone warnings prepared by RSMC La Reunion are included in the regUlar bulletins issued by Mauritius.

124

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
METAREA Issuing service' Preparation service Area CES ofissuing service(a) For scheduled broadcasts(b) For unscheduled broadcasts

Remarks

XI-IOR China China, Hong Kong (a) and (b) Beijing (For IOR) Forecasts and warnings for areas notcovered by NAVTEX

XI-paR Japan Japan, Hong Kong, (a) and (b)~ Yamaguchi (For paR)Australia

XII

XIII

XIV

XV

XVI

United States

RussianFederation

New Zealand

Chile

United States

~, (a) Santa Paula (For paR),United States Southbury (For AOR (W))

(b) Southbury (For AOR (W)),GssHRilly Southbury (For AOR(E)), Santa Paula (For paR)

Russian (a) and (b) Nakhodka (For paR)Federation

Fiji, New Zealand (a) Perth (For paR)(b) Southbury (For AOR (W)),

Perth (For paR)

Chile (a) Southbury (For AOR (W))(b) Southbury (For AOR (W)),

Tangua (For AOR (E))

United States (a) Southbury (For AOR (W))(b) Southbury (For AOR (W)),

GssHRilIy Southbury (For AOR(E)), Santa Paula (For paR)


~ Partly covered by NAVTEXHSfll 19ge

No NAVTEX service

~iHgle GI!~ caH 5erv ice 5atellitefsstflriHt s'ferlafl5 Forecasts andwarnings for areas not coveredbyNAVTEX

No NAVTEX service

APPENDIX 1-3 BIS

TRANSFER OF INFORMATION FROM AN ISSUING SERVICE TO A COAST EARTH STATION (CES)PROVIDING INMARSP..T Inmarsat-C SERVICES*

The transfer of warnings and forecasts by the issuing service to a CES may be accomplished by:(1) Telex link from the issuing service directly to the CES;(2) X.25 packet switching networks;**(3) A dedicated landline;(4) The GTS to another national Meteorological Service whose country hosts the relevant CES, thence by either

(1) or (2) above by the cooperating national Meteorological Services to the CES;(5) An IJlIMAR~AT Inmarsat-C SES direct to the CES. [The approval of the national licensing authority has to be

obtained for this method.] Such an approach to message transfer could prove particularly attractive to thoseissuing services located in countries without a CES, as potential delays and problems in the internationalterrestrial telecommunications networks could be avoided. It could also serve as an emergency back-up tonormal terrestrial communications systems for urgent messages;

(6) Other means, as appropriate to national reqUirements and facilities.

, Access to the SafetyNET service for the broadcast of meteorological data will be granted only to message originators authorized by

WMO and registered with one or more I~n 406 R~ AT Inmarsat-C CES operators.

*' Such networks, which operate at transmission speeds higher than telex, may attract lower charges for the land-line portion of the

transmissions.

APPENDIX 1-4BIS

MESSAGE ADDRESSING

INTRODUCTION

Messages for transmission via the SafetyNET service arereceived and processed automatically. Because thesystem is automatic, it depends on accurate preparationof the traffic.

125

Messages are not reviewed for corruption or accuracy at the CES. Therefore, the origiriator must takespecial care to adhere to the specified format as detailedin this appendiX. It is for this reason that issuingservices shotllEl monitor shall arrange for monitoring of the broadcasts that they originate.

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
Participating CES transmit SafetyNET messagesover an interstation signalling link to the Ocean RegionNetwork Coordination Station (NCS) for transmissionover the broadcast channel.

Messages will be queued at the CES according topriority and scheduled for retransmission according toinstructions contained in the special address headers(Cl and C4). Messages with the highest priority will betransmitted first. Shore-to-ship distress alerts will bebroadcast first followed by urgency, safety and thenroutine traffic. The originator of each message will specify in the message parameters the desired number ofrepetitions and the interval between transmissions.

1. WARNING AND FORECAST ADDRESSINGFOR EGC MESSAGES

1.1 IntroductionThis appendix describes the methods by which

EGC messages are transmitted to CES By issl:1iHgserviees for Sl:1B5eEJ:l:1eHt traHsFFlissioH and subsequently transmitted over the I~!MAR.SATInmarsatsatellite system. The format in which they are transmitted is also described. It is the responsibility ofissuing services to ensure that the correct Ccodes are used, irrespective of the proceduresemployed for routeing to the CES.

1.2 Routeing of messages to the CES by an issuing service(see Appendix 1.3 bis for methods)

1.3 Addressing of EGC packetsAfter having gained access to the CES, the issuing

service must give EGC packet address information sothat the ships in the right areas receive the EGCmessages. The EGC packet address information is sentby the issuing service by means of a special messageheader at the beginning of messages that are requiredto be transmitted. These message headers will consist offive special codes called C codes. The five codes may beprefixed by additional characters to indicate that themessage is an EGC transmission. [A Co code, to identifythe ocean region, may be necessary when addressingEGC messages to CES which operate in more than oneocean region.]

The folloWing generalized message header formatusing C codes shall be adopted by all issuing services. Ccodes transmitted to the CES are: Cl:CZ:C3:C4:CS'where:Cl is the priority code - 1 digitCz is the service code - 2 digitsC3 is the address - up to 12 digitsC4 is the repetition rate - 2 digitsCs is the presentation code - 2 digitsA digit in this context means an alphanumeric character received from the terrestrial network. The meaningof the C codes is explained later in this appendix, butfor illustration purposes an example follows:

An incoming (to the CES) EGC "warning" telexwould appear as:

1:31:01:11:00 (the C code message header)SECURITEMARINE WEATHER WARNING FORMETAREA I ISSUED BY UK MET OFFICE0245 UTCSTORM WARNING. AT 190600 UTC, LOW 97057N 20W MOVING NE 15KT. WINDS STORM 10WITHIN 150 MILES RADIUS OF CENTRENNNN

This example is for "SAFETY" priority (Cl=l) EGC callcontaining a meteorological warning (Cz=31) toMetarea 01, which will be repeated six minutes (C4=11)after the initial transmission. The text of the stormwarning is transmitted in International Alphabet 5(Cs=OO).

1.3.1 Priority codes (Ct)Format as received at the CES - 1 digit. The Cl code isused to indicate to the CES the level of priority neededfor the message's transmission. The priority number isgiven in ascending order as follows:o ROUTINE } Meteorological messages1 SAFETY will be either2 UIl:m;~!T URGENCY SAFETY (Cl=l) orUR.GE}IT3 DISTRESS URGENCY (Cl=2)NOTE: Priority~ URGENCY (C I=2) to be used for urgent

tropical cyclone warnings only. All other meteorological

warnings to be classified as SAFETY (CI=l).

1.3.2 Service codes (Cz)Format as received at the CES - two digits. A Cz code isadopted that will explicitly indicate to the EGC receiverthe length of the address it will need to decode duringmessage processing. The service codes allocated forWMO use are described below together with thenumber of digits in the C3 code.(a) 13-Coastal warnings and forecasts

C3 code - 4 digits24-Meteorological and navigational warnings andsearch and rescue information to circular areasC3 code - 10 digits;

(b) 31-Meteorological and NAVAREA warnings andmeteorological forecasts to pre-defined METAREAsC3 code - 2 digits

1.3.3 Addresses (C3)

The method that issuing services will use to transmit theEGC packet addresses is given below for each servicetype described in paragraph 1.3.2 of this appendix.

1.3.3.1 Service code 13 - Coastal warnings and fore-casts

Coastal warnings and forecasts - C3 = XlXZto identifythe METAREA and BlBz to emulate NAVTEX. Note thatBl codes will be allocated by IMO in accordance withthe procedure for allocating NAVTEX transmitter identities laid down in the IMO NAVTEX Manual (IMOPublication 951 88.08). Bz will always be Bfor warningsand E for forecasts. The Metarea X1XZ code and theNAVTEX B1 and Bz are sent to the CES as a fourcharacter group, in the order X1XzB1Bz.

126

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
1.3.3.2 Service code 24 - Meteorological and navigational warnings and search and rescueinformation to circular areas

The circular address consists of 10 characters asfollows:

0102La03040SLoMlM2M3' where

0102 is latitude of centre in degrees with leading zero ifrequired;La is hemisphere N or S;030405 is longitude of centre in degrees with leadingzero if required;Lo is longitude E or W;MlM2M3 is radius of circle in nautical miles (up to 999);A circle with a radius of 10 nautical miles is coded as56N034WOlO

1.3.3.3 Service code 31 - Meteorological andNAVAREA warnings and meteorological forecasts to pre-defined METAREAs

Meteorological and NAVAREA warnings and meteorological forecasts are addressed to the areas described inAppendix 1-2 bis using the two digits NlN2 where NlN2is the numerical designation of the area.

1.3.4 Repetition codes (C4)

Format as received at CES - two digits. The C4 repetition codes are for messages that are required to berepeated at specified intervals until cancelled by theissuing Member and incorporate the needs of MSIproviders for the SafetyNET service.

1.3.4.1 Repetition codesA repetition code allows a message to be broadcast onceonly on receipt (C4=01) or broadcast on receipt andrepeated six minutes later (C4=11). Many other types ofrepetition are possible, but are not relevant to meteorological broadcasts.

1.3.4.2 Cancel facilityA cancellation facility for messages transmitted to a CESwith repetition codes is necessary. An example of acancel instruction is as follows:

Cancel messages: message reference number attime; where message reference number is thenumber given to the message proVider by the CES

on receipt of the initial message and time is of theform:DDHHMMZ space MMM space YY e.g.211430Z FEB 88

If the cancel instruction accompanies a broadcastmessage it will appear between the NNNN and ++++characters as follows:

Cl :C2:C3:C4:CSSECURITE"text"NNNNCANCEL (message reference number) at (date/timegroup)++++NOTES: (1) Only #te SECURITE }llus "text" is for trans

mission.(2) When included with a message for

broadcasting, the CES message cancellationinstructions will appear between the NNNNand the ++++ characters. There will only beone instruction to each line, but the facilityto provide for more than one line ofinstructions is desirable.

(3) If the cancellation instruction terminates afterthe message reference number, Le. the(time/date) is not included, then the instruction should be executed immediately.

(4) It should also be possible for a cancel instruction to be sent to the CES Store and ForwardUnit.

1.3.5 Presentation codes (Cs)The current allocation of presentation codes is asfollows PQ173:00 lA number 5 (IR.V version) odd parity01 Katakana odd parity02 Devnagiri odd parity03 Arabic odd parity04 Cyrillic odd parity05 Greek odd parity06 ITA 207 Data

For maritime safety information, Cs is always 00.

APPENDIX 1-5 BIS

INTERNATIONAL SAFETYNET MANUALANNEX 4 - Operational guidance

This annex contains operational gUidance for the benefit of Registered Information Providers who areresponsible for preparing messages for broadcast via theInternational SafetyNET Service. Use of the codes givenin this annex is mandatory for all messages in thesystem.

Examples of the various types of messages andmessage formats are detailed in the subsections of thisannex:

(a) Navigational warning services;(b) Meteorological services;(c) Search and rescue services;(d) Chart correction services (to be developed);(e) Piracy counter-measures broadcast messages.

The broadcast parameters are controlled by the useof 5 "C" codes which are combined into a generalizedmessage header format as follows:

Cl :C2:C3:C4:CS

127

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
(Spaces, colons or other delimiters between thesefields will be required, depending on the CESaddressed).

Each flC fI code controls a different broadcast parameter and is assigned a numerical value according to theavailable options which are fully tabulated in Annex 6.

Because distortion of the header format of amessage may prevent its being released, MSl providersmust install an I~IMAR:~AT Inmarsat SafetyNETreceiver and monitor broadcasts of messages whichthey originate.

ANNEX 4b - Meteorological services

1. The following sets out the arrangements to beused for the broadcast of meteorological forecastsand warnings via SafetyNET for the GMDSS. Theyare mandatory for broadcasts in the InternationalSafetyNET Service.

2. These guidelines are to be read in conjunctionwith the WMO Manual on Marine MeteorologicalServices, as revised for the GMDSS.

3. In order to ensure uniformity of the broadcast ofmeteorological bulletins and warnings globally,the following standard flC" codes should be usedfor meteorological forecasts and warnings issuedvia SafetyNET for the GMDSS.Cl - Message priority

Always Cl = 2 UR:CE~IT URGENCY for tropical cyclone warnings onlyAlways Cl = 1 SAFETY for forecasts and forwarnings other than urgent tropical cyclonewarnings

Cz - Service codeMeteorological warnings (Cl =1 or 2) tocircular area - Cz = 24Meteorological warnings or forecasts (Cl = 1or 2) to coastal area - Cz = 13Meteorological warnings or forecasts toMETAREA - Cz = 31.

C3 - Address codeMeteorological warnings (Cl = 1 or 2) to circular

area (SerVice code Cz = 24) C3 = 10 characters. Addresscode for circular areas is fully described in Annex 6, paragraph 1.3.3.5, but repeated here for ease of reference.Circular address will consist of 10 numbers as follows:

DlDZLaD3D4DSLoMlMzM3' where

DlDZLa (three characters) is latitude of centre in degreesand La whether north (N) or south (S). A leading zeroshould be used for latitudes less than 10;D3D4DsLo (four characters) is longitude of centre indegrees and Lo whether east (E) or west (W) of theprime meridian. A leading zero should be used forlongitudes less than 100;

128

RlRzR3 (three characters) is radius of circle in nauticalmiles, up to 999.Example: A circle centred at latitude 56°N longitude

34°W with radius of 100 NM is coded as:56N034W010

Meteorological warnings (Service code 31) C3 = thetwo digits denoting the area of broadcast responsibility(the METAREA) with a leading zero where necessary e.g.01,06,13.

C4 - Repetition codeMeteorological warning (category (a) repetition code)

C4 = 11 On receipt followed by repeat sixminutes later. Note a six-minute repeatis used to ensure that the warning isreceived by the maximum number ofships

Meteorological forecast (category (a) repetitioncode)C4 = 01 Transmit once on receipt.Cs - Presentation codeAlways Cs =00, international alphabet number 5.

Examples:The following examples are to be replacedwith examples of real messages:Meteorological warning (to main broadcast area(METAREA»

1:31:01:11:00SECURITE(text) storm warning. At 190600 UTC low 970 57N20W moving NE 15kts. Wind storm force 10within 150 miles radius of centreNNNN.

Tropical cyclone warning (to circular area Le. onlyintended to be received by ships within the area ofthe address)

2:24:20N065W500:11:00PAN PAN (text) At 161200 UTC Hurricane Bettylocated 15 nm north of San Juan, Puerto Rico,moving NW 15 knots with hurricane force winds75 miles from centre NW and NE quadrants andwithin 30 miles SW and SE quadrants.NNNN

Meteorological forecast

1:31:08:01:00SECURITE(text) forecast text as Manual on MarineMeteorological ServicesNNNN

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
ANNEXE ALA RECOMMANDATION 2 (CMM-XII)

AMENDEMENTS AU MANUEL DE L'ASSISTANCE METEOROLOGIQUE AUX ACTIVITES MARITIMES

PARTIE I (BIS)

Les modifications apportees apparaissent en gras. Lesmots supprimes sont barres.Le systeme resultant de l'adoption de ces amendements :a) fonctionnera parallelement au systeme existant

decrit actuellement dam les sections 1 a3 de laPartie I du Volume. I du MmJllel de l'assista/lcel1lettiorologique aux activites 11laritil1les, et cela du 1erfevrier 1992 au ler fevrier 1999;

b) remplacera completement, dam sa version reviseedefinitive, acompter du ler fevrier 1999, lesysteme existant (et le texte de cette versionremplacera celui qui figure actuellement dans leMWllIel).

ASSISTANCE AUX ACTIVITES EN HAUTE MER

1. GENERALITESL'assistance meteorologique aux activites mari

times en haute mer comprend :a) la fourniture d'avis et de bulletins de meteoro

logie maritime;b) I'assistance meteorologique aux operations de

recherche et de sauvetage en mer;c) la fourniture de renseignements par radio fac

simile;cl) le programme de resumes de climatologie

maritime;e) la fourniture de renseignements speciaux de

climatologie maritime;f) la fourniture de renseignements et d'avis tech

niques concernant la meteorologie maritime.

2. FOURNITURE D'AVIS ET DE BULLETINS DEMtTEOROLOGIE MARITIME (DANS LE CADREDUSMDSMj

(Mise en service du Systeme mondial dedHresse et de securite en mer (SMDSM), conformementaux dispositions relatives aux radiocommunicationsfigurant dans les amendements de 1988 ala conventionSOLAS via le systeme NAVTEX, le Service internationalSafetyNET et le systeme de diffusion HF d'informationspour la securite maritime (MSI). Pour la 1iste destermes, voir I'appendice 1-1. (bis»

2.1 PrincipesLes principes a appliquer pour 1'elaboration

et la diffusion d'avis et de bulletins de meteorologiemaritime sont les suivants :

Prillcipe 1Aux fins de )'elaboration et de la diffusion

'd'avis meteorologiques, et de I'elaboration et de la

diffusion regulieres de bulletins de meteorologiemaritime, les oceans et les mers sont divises en zonesdont les Services meteorologiques nationaux assllmentla responsabilite.

Principe 2Les zones de responsabilite considerees dans

leur ensemble sont telles que la totalite des oceans etdes mers est couverte par les renseignementsmHeorologiques contenus dans les avis et les bulletinsde meteorologie maritime diffuses pour la haute mer.

Pri/lcipe 3La diffusion d'avis meteorologiqlles et de

bulletins reguliers de meteorologie maritime pour leszones non desservies par le systeme NAVTEX sera assureepar le Service international SafetyNET pour la receptiondes informations pour la securite maritime (MSl), conformement aux dispositions du chapitre IV - "RADIOCOMMUNICATIONS" - de la convention SOLAS.NOTE: En outre, les Services II1eteorologiqucs nationaux

devront parfois elaborer et/ou diffuser des avis ct des

previsions regulieres dcstines i\ ctre transmis par telegra

phie i\ impression directe, en ondes decametriqucs, pour

les navires croisant exclusivement dans certaincs zones.

Principe 4L'elaboration et la diffusion d'avis et de

bulletins de meteorologie maritime pour les differenteszones de responsabilite sont assurees conformement auxprocedures mentionnees dam la section 2.2 ci-apres.

Principe 5L'efficacite et l'utiIite du service de bulletins

de meteorologie maritime sont contr61ees sur la based'avis et de rapports demandes aux usagers maritimes.

Prillcipe 6Les services de diffusion contr6lent les

diffusions d'informations MS! qu'ils assurent, afin d'ellgarantir la precision et I'integrite.

2.2 Procedures

2.2.1 DMillitiolls2.2.1.1 Un "Service d'eln/Joratiol/" est UIl Servicemeteorologique national qui s'est engage a elaborer desprevisions et des avis pour une partie, ou la totalite,d'une zone (Metarea) dGment designee dam le cadre dusysteme OMM de diffusion de prevision et d'avis a lanavigation au titre du SMDStvl, et ales transmettre auservice de diffusion auquel iI est rattache.2.2.1.2 Un "Service de diffusion" est un ServicemHeorologique national qui s'est engage aassurer la

129

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
diffusion, dans une zone designee et via le serviceSafetyNET de I'INMARSAT Inmarsat, des previsions etdes avis meteorologiques destines a la navigationmaritime. Ces produits ont ete elabores par ce memeservice, par un service d'elaboration ou par les deux alafois, selon les accords passes entre les services concernes,ou bien de tout autre maniere. Le service de diffusion estcharge d'etablir un bulletin complet sur la base desrenseignements communiques par les services d'elaboration qui lui sont rattaches et d'inserer I'en-tete EGCapproprie, ainsi qu'il est specifie dans les appendices 1-4et (-S du Manuel de l'assistance meteorologique aux activilesI/lllritimes, ainsi que dans I'annexe 4 b) du MllIll/elSatelyNET. Les services concernes devraient etablir d'uncommun accord les modalites asuivre pour les modifications que pourraient apporter les services de diffusion a('information fournie par les services d'elaboration, etpour le choix des codes Cl' C2 et C3 pour la diffusion decette information. Le service de diffusion doit egalementveilIer ace que les informations soient effectivementdiffusees dans sa zone de responsabilite.NOTES: 1) Pour certaines zones Metarea, iI peut y avoir un seul

service d'elaboration, qui cOincide avec le service de

diffusion (par exemple, le Service meteorulogique

du Ruyaume-Uni pour la zone I, de I'Argentine pour

la zone VI et de l'Australie pour la zone X).

2) Les services concernes pourwnt se mellre d'accord

sur une forme de presentation appropriee qui

permetlc d'indiquer I'origine des previsions et des

avis contcnus dans un bulletin.

3) Lorsque des informatiollS, des donnees ou des avis

cmanant des services d'elaboration ne sont pas

disponibles pour une zone Metarea determinee, iI

incombe au service de diffusion de desservir la tota

lite de la zone en question.

2.2.2 Zones de responsabiIite2.2.2.1 Les services charges d'eIaborer et de diffuser desavis et des bulletins de meteorologie maritime pour lahaute mer, via le service international SafetyNET etleurs zones de responsabilite respectives sont specifiesdans I'appendice 1-2.NOTES: 1) La Commission de meteorologic maritime examine lcs

zones de responsabilite figurant dans I'appendice 1-2

afin que toutes les regions soient bien desservies et que

I'assistance fournie soit satisfaisante.

2) I.e texte d'un message EGC peut cOl11porter I'indica

tion d'une subtlivision tie la zone tic responsabilite

pour repondre aux besoins tics Services meteorolo

giques nationaux concernes.

3) I.es zones tie responsabilite definies dans I'appendicc 1

2 representent ties zones minimales adesservir par les

services de diffusion ou d'elaboration. Tant I'un que

I'autre peuvent etendre la zone de couverture des avis

et des bulletins au-dela de leur zone de rcsponsabilite,

s'ils le sOllllailent, pour repondre a ties besoins

nationallx. DallS ce cas, la zone cffectivement COllverte

devra ctre jHccisee chaque fois dans le textc diffuse.

2.2.2.2 Toute modification de zone de responsabilite ou proposition visant amoduler les fonctiol1sassumees par des Services meteorologiques nationauxpour une zone donnee doit etre approuvee par leConseil executif sur la base d'une recommandation dela Commission de meteorologie maritime.2.2.2.2.1 Avant d'elaborer une recommandation iipresenter au Conseil executif au sujet de la modificationproposee, la Commission de meteorologie maritimerecevra les commentaires des Services meteorologiquesnationaux directement concernes par la modificationproposee ainsi que les commentaires du(des) president(s)de I'(des) association(s) regionale(s) COIlcernee(s).NOTE: Toute correspondance relative aux zones de responsa-

biliteest adressce au Secretaire general.

2.2.2.3 Tout Service meteorologique nationalcharge d'elaborer et/ou de diffuser des avis et desbulletins de meteorologie maritime pour une zonedonnee, qui n'est plus en mesure de fournir ce service,devrait en informer le Secretaire general au mains sixmois aI'avance.

2.2.3 Elaboration et diffusion de bulletins demeteorologie maritime pour la haute mer

2.2.3.1 Les bulletins de meteorologie maritime pourla haute mer comprennent les parties ci-apres, dans l'ordre indique :Partie I : Avis;Partie 11: Resumes descriptifs des principales carac

teristiques de la situation meteorologiqueen surface et, dans la mesure du possible,caracteristiques significatives de I'etat correspondant de la mer en surface;

Partie Ill: Previsions.NOTE: Les parties 11 et III peuvent etre combinees lorsque ccla

parait plus approprie.

2.2.3.2 Les bulletins de meteorologie maritime pour lahaute mer peuvent en outre comprendre les partiessuivantes:Partie IV: Analyses et/ou analyses prevues dans la

forme symbolique lAC FLEET;Partie V: Choix de messages d'observation provenant

de stations en mer;Partie VI: Choix de messages d'observation provenant

de stations terrestres.NOTES: 1) La Partie VI dcvrait comprendre des messages COl'

respondant aun choix detenlline tie stations, dans

un ordre donne.

2) Les Parties IV, V et VI pcuvcnt Clre tliffusees <I ulle

heure prevue distincte.

2.2.3.3 Toute modification importante quallt ii lapresentation et ala teneur des avis, des resumes descriptifs et des previsions devrait Hre annoncee all mains sixmois avant la date d'entree en vigueur de la modification.2.2.3.4 Les renseignements relatifs aux horaires dediffusion des previsions regulieres et ii la teneur desbulletins doivent etre portes a la connaissance tlu

_..__._----------------------'------------------_._-_.-.---

130

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
" ~ji.l1

Secretaire general de l'OMM, pour insertion dans leVolume D de la Publication N° 9 de I'OMM intitule RCllSeigllemellls pUlIr [a llavigatiull maritime.2.2.3.5 Chaque service de diffusion designera unestation terrienne cotiere (CES) pour desservir la (les)zone(s) dont it assume la responsabilite.NOTES: 1) Etant donne que plusieurs CES sont en mesure de

desservir une zone oceanique et, par consequent,

une zone de responsabilite, les services de diffusionpoufTont negocier directement avec les exploitants

des diverses cEs afin d'obtenir des tarifs (et des

prestations) aux conditions les plus favmables.2) Pour assurer la reception de diffusions non prevue

d'avance par des navires traversant une zone desserviepar plus d'un satellite, et compte tentl du fait que les

Services meteorologiques nationaux ne sauront passur lequel de ces satellites l'equipement des navires estregIe, les services de diffusion adopteront les proe(~

dures suivantes: Diffusions non prevues : Elles serontemises pour Clre diffusees par le biais du service

SafetyNET via tous les satellites I~IMAH~AT Imllarsat

de surveillance de l'ocean qui desservent la zone deresponsabilite du service de diffusion. (NOTE: L'OMIa fixe les regles a suivre en maliere de diffusion pourles diffusions non prevues.) Diffusions prevues : Ellesseront elllises pour i'tre diffusees via au IIloins unlIleme satellite designe ,i cet effet, confonnement a unhoraire deja etabli, coordonne par I'OMM.

2.2.3.6 Le service de diffusion choisira la methodede transfert de l'information aux CES.NOTE: Le tramfert de I'information peut se faire de plusieurs

manieres. Pour de plus amples renseignements, on serHerera a l'appendice 1-3.

2.2.3.7 Les bulletins de meteorologie maritime sontelabores et diffuses au moins deux fois par jour.2.2.3.7.1 La diffusion des bulletins de meteorologiemaritime a lieu it heures fixes, la transmission de lapartie I etant suivie immediatement par la transmissionde la partie 11 puis de la partie Ill. Un horaire indiquantles heures de depart des transmissions pour ces bulletinsa ete etabli pour I'ensemble des zones METAREA et desCES qui les desservent; il a ete tenu compte, notamment, des heures synoptiques OMM fixees pour lesobservations, l'analyse des donnees et I'HabIissementdes previsions. En outre, comme ces horaires de diffusion pour le service international SafetyNET doiventHre coordonnes, sous I'egide de I'OMM, avec d'autresorganes tels que I'OHI, les services de diffusion ne pourrant ni modifier unilateralement les horaires ainsipubIies ni demander aI'OMM d'y apporter de frequentschangements (voir egalement le paragraphe 2.2.3.4).2.2.3.7.2 Tous les bulletins de meteorologienlaritime seront precedes du loot "securitC",excepte les avis urgents de cyclones tropicaux(Jui seront precedes de "PAN PAN".2.3.3.7.22.2.3.7.3 Les services de diffusiondoivent veiIler ace que les messages EGC comportantdes avis et des previsions et destines aetre diffuses par

une station terrienne cotiere soient correctementadresses (voir I'appendice 1-4; - Adressage des messageset I'appendice 1-5 - Directives).2.2.3.7.4 Tous les bulletins de meteorologicmaritime devront inclure, apres les mots "SeCllrite" ou "PAN PAN" des informations claircsconcernant la zone Metarea a laquelle estdestine Je message et le service de diffnsion,comme dans J'exempJe suivaDt :

SECURITEBulletin de meteorologie maritime ,Jour

Metarea 11 diffuse par Meteo-France2.2.3.8 Les avis, les resumes descriptifs et les previ-sions sont diffuses en clair.2.2.3.8.1 Les avis, les resumes descriptifs et les previsions destines au service international SafetyNET sontdiffuses en anglais.NOTE: En outre, si un Service lIleteoro!ogique national

souhaite diffuser ties avis et des previsions pour rcmplir

les engagements contractes par le pays en vertu tie la

convention SOLAS, les diffusions peuvent ctre assureesdans d'autres langues. Ces diffusions feront parHe d'unservice national SafetyNET.

2.2.3.8.2 Pour que les avis et les previsions puissentHre re~us dans leur integralite par les navigateurs, it estessentiel que les services de diffusion controlent lesdiffusions qu'i1s assurent. Ce controle revet une importance particuliere pour un systeme caracterise par uneautomatisation tres poussee et dont le bon fOllctiol1nement depend du strict respect des procedures et desformes de presentation. 11 suffit pour cela de doter leservice de diffusion d'un systeme de reception desmessages EGC.NOTE: Chaque service de diffusion peut utiliser le recepteur

EGC pour determiner:a) si le message a ele diffuse;b) si le message a ete bien rer,:ll;c) si les messages d'anllulatioll sont sllivis d'effl't;d) la cause de tout retard inexplique dans la diffu-

sion d'un message.2.2.3.8.3 Le texte des resumes descriptifs devrait Hreaussi exempt que possible de termes techniques.2.2.3.8.4 La terminologie utiJisee dans les bulletins demeteorologie maritime devrait Hre conforme it la "Listemultilingue des termes utilises dans les bulletins demeteorologie maritime", qui est repraduite dans I'annexe 1-2.A au Guide de ['assista/lce lJIeteoro[ogiquc llUXactivites lJIaritilJles (OM M-N° 471), et dans !'appendice 1.2 au MCl/lIIel de ['assista/lce I1Ictcoro[ogique aux aclivites IJIllritimes.2.2.3.9 La direction du vent est indiquee en pointsde la rase des vents et non en degres.2.2.3.9.1 La force du vent sera indiquee selon la notation de I'echelle Beaufort et la vitesse du vent en metrespar seconde ou en nceuds. Si I'on utilise les metres parseconde ou les nceuds, iI ya lieu de faire figurer lestermes "metres par seconde" ou "nceuds" dans le textedu message.

--------------------'----------------------~~._._..-

131

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
NOTE: Les cri teres aappliquer pour indiquer la force du ventscion la notation Beaufort sont indigues dam untableau consacrc cl I'echelle Beaufort.

2.2.4 Avis2.2.4.1 Des avis sont diffuses en cas de coups devent (force Beaufort 8 ou 9), de tempetes (force Beaufort10 ou superieure) et de cyclones tropicaux (ouragansdans l'Atlantique Nord et l'est du Pacifique Nord,typhons dans le Pacifique occidental, cyclones dansl'ocean Indien et cyclones de meme nature dansd'autres regions).NOTES: ]) Les avis destines ades zones circulaires necessitent

un code d'adresse distinct, code Cz =24. Voir l'appendice 1-4.

2) Les avis peuvent ctre adresses de telle sorte que lesnavires puissent lcs recevoir soit dans une zone circulaire de la zone Metarea principaJe (code Cz = 24),soit dans I'ensemble de la zone Metarea (codeCz = 31); il appartient aux services de diffusion dedecider, apres avoir consulte le service d'elaborationresponsable. Si c'est l'adresse d'une zone circulaire(code Cz =24) qUi est choisie, seuls les navires situesa I'interieur de la zone definie par l'adresse Czrecevrnnt les avis.

3) IAl definition d'un cyclone tropical est donnee dans le\lomblllaire lIIeleorologiqlle ill/ematiollal (OMM-N' 182)

et la classification des cyclones tropicaux est laissee ala discretion des Regions interessees.

2.2.4.2 La diffusion d'avis de grand frais (vent deforce 7 Beaufort) est facultative.2.2.4.3 La teneur des avis de coups de vent, detempHes et de cyclones tropicaux et l'ordre dans lequelles renseignements sont donnes devraient etre ainsigu'i1 suit:a) indication du type d'avis;b) date et heure de reference (UTC);c) - type de perturbation (par exemple, depression,

ouragan, etc.) avec indication de la pression aucentre en hectopascals;

d) position de la perturbation definie par sa latitudeet sa longitude ou par rapport ades reperes bienconnus;

e) direction et vitesse de cteplacement de la perturbation;

f) etendue de la zone affectee par la perturbation;g) vitesse ou force et direction du vent dam les zones

affectees par la perturbation;Il) etat de la mer et de la houle dam la zone affectee

par la perturbation;i) autres renseignements pertinents, notamment

futures positions des perturbations.2.2.4.3.1 Les renseignements (/), b), d), f) et g)enumeres au paragraphe 2.2.4.3 ci-dessus doiventtoujours figurer dans les avis.2.2.4.4 En plus de la position des perturbations duchamp de pression dHinie par sa latitude et sa longitude all par rapport a des reperes bien connus, iI

faudrait indiquer les Iimites de la (des) zone(s) Oll desvents soufflant en tempete ou de fortes vagues (ycompris la houle) ont ete observes ou sont prevus.NOTE: Dam les avis, on indique en generalles limitcs par

rapport au centre de la perturhation (depression, cyclonetropical) en secteurs pour lesquels les conditionsmeteorologiques existantes ou prevues sont decrites.

2.2.4.4.1 Si on diffuse des avis pour plusieurs perturbations ou systemes de pression, il faudrait decrire lessystemes en suivant l'ordre decroissant de menace qu'ilsrepresentent pour les usagers maritimes.2.2.4.4.2 Les avis sont aussi brefs que possible tout enetant cIairs et complets.2.2.4.5 L'heure alaquelle chaque cyclone tropicalou tempete extratropicale a ete localise en dernier lieuest indiquee dans l'avis.2.2.4.6 Un avis est emis des que la necessite s'ell faitsentir et diffuse des sa reception, pour etre repete sixminutes plus tard (code de repetition 1n lorsqu'il s'agitd'une diffusion non-prevue d'avance.2.2.4.6.1 Lorsqu'il n'y a pas lieu de diffuser des avisde coups de vent, de tempetes ou de cyclones tropicaux,mention expresse en est faite dans la Partie I de chaquebulletin de meteorologie maritime.2.2.4.6.2 Les avis sont mis ajour chaque fois que celaest necessaire puis emis immediatement.2.2.4.6.3 Les avis restent en vigueur tant qu'ils nesont pas modifies ou annules.2.2.4.6.4 Il n'est pas necessaire de repeter six minutesplus tard un avis emis en tant que partie I d'un bulletinprevu.2.2.4.7 Des avis concernant d'autres conditions meteorologiques dangereuses, telles (11lCvisibilite reduite, forte hOllle, givragc, etc.,seront egalement emis chaque fois quc ccla estnecessaire.

2.2.5 Resumes descriptifs2.2.5.1 La tenem du resume descriptif figurant dansla Partie II des bulletins de meteorologie maritime etl'ordre dans lequel les renseignements sont donnes sontainsi qU'il suit:a) date et heure de reference (UTC);b) resume descriptif des principales caracteristiques

de la situation meteorologique en surface;c) direction et vitesse de deplacement des perturba

tions tropicales et des systemes de pressiollsignificatifs.

2.2.5.1.1 Les resumes descriptifs devraient comprelldre les caracteristiques significatives de l'etat correspondant des vagues (de la mer et de la houle) chaguefois que ces renseignements sont disponibles, ainsi qued'autres caracteristiques de I'etat de la mer en surface(glaces derivantes, courants, etc.) lorsque cela est possible et significatif.2.2.5.2 Les perturbations tropicales et les systemesdepressionnaires significatifs, qui influencent oudoivent influencer la zone consi(h~ree au cours de la

----~~------~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--'---~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~~~~---

132

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
periode de validite de la prevision ou autour de cetteperiode, devraient etre Mcrits; la pression et/ou I'intensite au centre, la position, le deplacement et leschangements d'intensite devraient etre indiques pourchaque systeme; les fronts, les centres de haute pression, les creux et les cretes barometriques significatifsdevraient Hre inclus toutes les fois que ces indicationscontribuent a clarifier la situation meteorologique.2.2.5.3 La direction et la vitesse de deplacement desperturbations tropicales et des systemes de pression significatifs devraient etre indiquees respectivement en pointsde la rose des vents et en metres par seconde ou nCEuds.2.2.5.3.1 Les unites utilisees pour indiquer la vitessede deplacement des systemes sont indiquees.

2.2.6 Previsions2.2.6.1 La teneur des previsions figurant dans laPartie III des bulletins de meteorologie maritime et I'ordre dam lequel les renseignements y sont donnesdoivent etre comme suit :a) periode de validite de la prevision;b) nom ou designation de la (des) zone(s) de previ

sion a I'interieur de la zone MSI;C) description des elements suivants :

i) vitesse ou force et direction du vent;ii) visibilite si on prevoit qu'elle sera inferieure a

6 milles marins (10 km);iii) givrage, s'il y a lieu;f¥7 vague5 (de mer et! de heHle).

2.2.6.1.1 Les previsions devraient signaler les changements significatifs escomptes durant la periode deprevision, Ies meteores significatifs te1s que precipitations se congelant, p1uie ou neige, et donner un aper~u

de I'evolution ulterieure au-dela de la periode normalede prevision.2.2.6.1.2 Les previsions devraient egalementincIlIre, dans la mesllre du possible, une description des vagues (de mer ou de boule).2.2.6.2 La periode de validite est indiquee soit ennombre d'heures a partir de I'heure d'emission de laprevision, soit par la date et I'heure UTC du debut et dela fin de la periode.2.2.6.3 La visibilite sera indiquee en milles marinsou en kilometres ou a l'aide de termes descriptifs.2.2.6.3.1 Les unites utilisees pour la visibilite sontindiquees.

2.2.7 Choix de messages d'observation prove-nant de stations en mer

2.2.7.1 Lorsqu'ils sont destines a etre incIus dans lesbulletins de meteorologie maritime pour la haute mer,les messages d'observation de navires et d'autres stationsell mer devraient etre selectionnes de fa~on a obtenirune bonne repartition geographique, compte tenu descaracteristiques synoptiC]ues importantes.2.2.7.2 Les renseignements devraient comprendrela position des navires et autres stations en mer, l'heured'observation, le vent, la visibilite, la pression atmo-

spherique et, si possible, la nebulosite, le temps presentet passe, la temperature de I'air et de la mer en surface etles vagues.

2.2.8 Selection de messages d'observation pro-venant de stations terrestres

2.2.8.1 Les messages d'observation incIus dans lesbulletins devraient provenir de stations terrestres selectionnees selon un ordre determine.2.2.8.2 Les messages d'observation devraientcomprendre les memes elements que ceux qui sontindiques en 2.2.7.2 ci-dessus, dans la mesure OLI cela estapplicable.

2.2.9 Diffusion de renseignements sur lesglaces de merLa terminologie utilisee pour decrire Jes

glaces de mer doit Hre conforme a la Nomencla[ureOMM des glaces ell Iller (OMM-N" 259).

3. ASSISTANCE METEOROLOGIQUE AUXOPERATIONS DE RECHERCHES ET DESAUVETAGE EN MER

3.1 PrincipesLe principe sur lequel est fondee l'assistance

meteorologique aux operations de recherches et desauvetage en mer (SAR) est le suivant :

Prillcipe

A des fins de recherches et de sauvetage enmer (SAR), un centre de prevision meteorologique peutdesservir plusieurs centres de coordination des operations de sauvetage (RCC); de meme, un centre decoordination de sauvetage peut demander des renseignements a plusieurs centres de prevision meteorologique suivant la nature de I'operation de recherches etde sauvetage en mer.

3.2 Procedures3.2.1 L'assistance meteorologique aux operationsde recherches et de sauvetage en mer (SAR) est fotlfnieconformement aux procedures generales de coordination, a l'echelle nationale, des operations de rechercheset de sauvetage en mer et compte tenu des recommandations et prescriptions internationales en vigueur.NOTES: 1) Les prescriptions relatives a ['assistance aux opera-

tions SAR, nolamment en cc qUi concernc la

meteorologic, figurent dallS !es plans regionilux de

naVigation aericolle de I·OACI.2) D'autrcs prescriptiollS en matierc d'assistance nux

operations SAR figment dans le Mllllllcl dc' rerilerrileset de sOllvetogc de I'OM!.

3.2.1.1 Les demandes des centres de coordinationdes operations de sauvetage (Ree) sont traitees aussivite que possible et la plus haute priorite Jellr estattribuee s'il ya une operation SI\R en cours.3.2.1.2 Des reception d'lln avis officiel cI'ull RCC indiquant qu'un navire ou un aeronef ou une embarcation de

_._------~--------------'------------~------------

133

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
sauvetage de ceux-ci est en detresse, tout est mis en~uvre pour faire face aux demandes du RCC.3.2.2 Jl faudrait foumir des renseignements sur lesparametres et les phenomenes suivants qui peuvent etredemandes par un RCC DU presenter de I'interet pourcelui-ci :ill pression atmospherique;b) vents en surface;c) mer et houle;cl) visibilite en surface;e) givrage;fj glaces de mer;g) icebergs;11) precipitations et nebulosite, y comprisla hauteur de

la base des nuages;i) tem perature de I'air;i) humidite;k) temperature de la mer en surface;I) courants en surface;/1/) deviations des courants de maree;11) bane;IJ) ressac et brisants;P) onde de tempete;Cj) decoloration de I'eau.NOTES: I) Des previsiollS meteurologiques speciales pour des

periodes allant jusqu'a 24 heures et eventuellement

mcme au-dela peuvent etre necessaires pour des

operations SAR au-dessus du plateau continental et

legerement au-delii. Des navires de tout tonnage, des

helicopteres et des aeronefs a voilure fixe peuveot

parlieiper iI ces operations.

2) 11 peut ctre neeessaire de foumir des previsions a

moyenne echeance lorsque des operations SAR se

deroulent sur de grandes zones oceaniques et que des

navires hauturiers el des aeronefs iI voilure fixe y

participenl pendant des periodes de temps assez

longues el reehcrehent des objets relalivement petits

ala surface de la mer.

3) 11 se peut que certains des renseignements a fournir

relevent de la responsabilite de plusicurs autorites et

qu'une coordination sur le plan national soit neees

saire.

3.2.3 La notification des operations SAR et toutesles communications ulterieures entre le RCC et le centrede prevision meteorologique devraient se faire par telephone, telex ou tout autre moyen de communication quiassure une transmission ou une reception rapide.3.2.3.1 La terminologie utilisee dans les communications avec le RCC ou pour la fourniture de previsionsmeteorologiques devrait etre analogue a celle qui est utilisee dans les bulletins meteorologiques et les avis pour lanavigation maritime.3.2.3.2 Il faudrait tenir un registre permanent detoutes les communications dans lequel seraient incHquees les heures d'origine, de transmission et de reception des renseignements fournis.3.2.3.3 Les centres de prevision meteorologique nedevraient pas chercher a communiquer, directelllent oupar l'intermediaire de stations radio cotieres, avec lesnavires ou les aeronefs qui participent aux operationsSAR, sauf sur demande expresse du RCC.3.2.3.4 Le Service meteorologique d'un pays Melllbredevrait encourager les navires battant pavilion nationalqui participent aune operation SAR amoyen ou a longterme ou qui se trouvent a proximite d'une zone 011 sederoule une operation SAR sans necessairement yparticiper, a faire des observations mHeorologiques auxheures standard principales et intermectiaires prescritespour les observations synoptiques en surface, et alestransmettre immediatement dans la forme symboliqueinternationale SHIP ou en langage clair ala station radiocotiere competente pour retransmission ulterieure, oubien directement a un Service meteorologique par unestation tenienne cotiere (CES).

APPENDICE 1-1 (bis)GLOSSAIRE

En 1973, I'Assemblee de I'Organisation maritime internationale (OMI) adoptait une recommandation sur lamise au point de systemes de detresse en mer, jetantainsi Jes bases de la politique menee par l'OlvlJ pourameliorer les communications de detresse et de securiteen mer grace aux techniques de pointe. Un elementessentieJ de cette politique devait etre I'avenement desteh~communications par satellite et des telecommunications de Terre automatiques. Pour etablir les premieres,I'OMI a adopte en 1976 une convention internationaleporta n t crea ti on de l'Organisation 1~IMARSAT

Inmarsat tandis que pour mettre en place j'elementterrestre, iJ a faJlu concevoir les techniques d'appelselectif Ilumerique et de telegraphie aimpressiondirecte, avec J'aide du Comite consultatif internationaldes radiocommunications (CCIR), de I'Union interna-

tionale des telecommunications (UIT) et de laConference administrative mondiale des radiocommunications (CAMR).

En 1983 et 198?, les frequences requises ontete attribuees pour permettre de tester les equipements,ce qui a facilite la creation du SMDSlvI. Les participantsala conference de 1988 sur le SlvIDSlvI ont adopte desamendements a la Convention internationale de 1974pour la sauvegarde de la vie humaine en mer (SOLAS)afin de mettre en place le SMDSlvI. Conformelllent auxdispositions de la convention SOLAS, le systemeSafetyNET permet de diffuser aI'intention des navigateurs des previsions et des avis meteorologiques, desavertissements de navigation, des alertes terre-navire etd'autres renseignements ii caractere urgent. Ce systellleest adapte ii taus les types de navires et d'embarcations,

134

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
quelle que soit leur taille. Faisant partie du systemeameliore d'appel selectif de groupe (EGC) d'I~IMARSAT

lnmarsat, le service SafetyNET a ete specialement conc;:upour la diffusion d'infonnations pour la securite maritime(MSl) dans le cadre du SMDSM. 11 repand aux besoins dela communaute internationale en ce qui concerne la zonede diffusion et la transmission, sur le plan regional oulocal, d'avertissements de navigation, d'avis et de previsions meteorologiques et d'alertes terre-navire. II estconc;:u pour les navires croisant dans des regionsdesservies par les satellites geostationnaires de telecommunications maritimes, c'est-a-dire dans la zone maritime1\3 du StvIDSM. 11 permet en outre de diffuser des informations MSI dans les zones c6tieres non desservies par lesysteme NAVTEX. Les messages SafetyNET peuventprovenir d'une source autorisee (par exemple un Membrede l'OlvlM) n'importe ou dans le monde, et etre diffusesdans la zone visee par le biais d'une station terriennecotiere (CES) INMARSAT Inmarsat-C*. Un ordre depriorite est respecte, selon qu'il s'agisse d'un message dedetresse, d'un message urgent, d'un message de securiteou d'un message ordinaire.Centre de coordination des operations de sauvetage : Centre charge de veiIler a la bonne organisationdes services de recherche et de sauvetage afin d'assurerla coordination des operations a l'interieur d'une zonedeterminee.Diffusion non prevue : Diffusion exceptionnelle,repetee six minutes plus tard, d'une informationmeteorologique urgente que les navires doivent recevoirimmediatement. Lorsqu'une telle information meteorologique urgente comprend des avis urgents de cyclonestropicaux, le code de priorite EGC (Cl) est Cl = 2URGENT, et le code de repetition C4 = 11, a repeter sixminutes apres la transmission initiale. Pour taus lesautres avis (par exemple, coup de vent et tempete) ce seraCl = 1 - Securite et C4 = 11, a n§peter six minutes plustarcl.Diffusion prevue : Transmission reguliere nonrepetee de bulletins de meteorologie maritime pour lahaute mer, y compris d'avis de coup de vent et detempete, le cas echeant chaque bulletin etant diffuse aumains deux fois par jour, conformement a un horairedeja etabli et publie, coordonne par l'OlvlM et dont laforme de presentation prescrite pour les bulletinsconcernant la haute mer est decrite dans le Ma/llle{ de{'assistallce meteoro{ogiqlle clllX activites maritimes. Lecode de priorite EGC (C]) pour les messages destines aune diffusion prevue est Cl = 1 - Securite; le code derepetition, C4 = 01 - adiffuser une seule fois. Lesmessages devraient etre diffuses dans les 15minutes qui suivent I'heure de transmissionprcvue. Si cela n'est pas possible, iIs devraientCtre diffuses une deuxieme fois pour mieuxassurer leur reception.

~ I~/HAHFATA et I~IHAHFATC sO.mt le., AOllvelles Eh~AolHina

lions ,le., s)'sli!H'les 1~IMARFAT i'taHBafEl A et Standard C.

Fournisseur autorise : Service agree qui, aux tennesd'un accord, transmet aune ou plusieurs CES des informations pour la securite maritime qui seront diffuseespar le biais du service SafetyNET.INHARSAT Inmarsat-A : Systeme de telecommunications par satellite appartenant au systeme asatellites del'II:>IMARSAT Inmarsat pour la transmission de messagespar telephone, telex, fac-simile, ou la transmission dedonnees au moyen d'antennes directionnelles.II:>IMARSAT Inmarsat-C : Systeme de telecommunications par satellite appartenant au systeme asatellites del'INMARSAT Inmarsat pour la transmission de messagespar telex ou la transmission de donnees au moyen depetits terminaux ou d'antennes omnidirectives.Informations pour la securite maritime (MSI) :Avertissements de navigation et avis meteorologiques,previsions meteorologiques et autres messages de securite acaractere urgent destines aux navires.Region de l'ocean Atlantique (ouest) (ROA (W»,Region de I'ocean Atlantique (est) (ROA(E))jRegion de I'ocean Indien (ROl), Region deI'ocean Pacifique (ROP)j regions oceaniques clans leszones couvertes (limites de l'angle de site de 0°) par lessatellites II:>IMARSAT Inmarsat situes a 55YW, 18,5°W,63°E et 1800 E, respectivement.SafetyNET : Service de diffusion et de receptionautomatique des informations pour la securite maritimepar telegraphie a impression directe via le systemeameliore d'appel selectif de groupe de l'INMARSATInmarsat.Service international NAVTEX : Systeme cle diffusion et de reception automatique d'informations pour lasecurite maritime par telegraphie aimpression directe abande etroite sur 518 kHz, en anglais. (Le recepteur deNAVTEX fait partie du materiel dont certains naviresdoivent obligatoirement Hre equipes conformcmentaux nouvelles dispositions du chapitre IV de laConvention internationale de 1974 pour la sauvegardede la vie humaine en mer (SOLAS).)Service international SafetyNET : Ce service assurela diffusion coordonnee et la reception automatique desinformations pour la securite maritime par le systemeameliore d'appel selectif de groupe de I'INMARSATlnmarsat, en langue anglaise, conformemcnt auxdispositions de la convention SOLAS.Services nationaux SafetyNET : Diffusion etreception automatique des informations pour la securite maritime par le biais du systeme ameliore d'appelselectif de groupe de l'INMARSAT Inmarsat dans leslangues choisies par les responsables nationauxconcernes.Station de coordination du reseau (SCR) : Stationterrestre du systeme mobile de telecommunications parsatellite de l'I~IMARSATInmarsat charge de l'allocationdes canaux et d'autres fonctions d'exploitation pourl'ensemble d'une zone oceanique.Station terrienne cotiere (CES) : Station terrestrcdu systeme de telecommunications par satellite

- .-------_.__~__~ .~ __..L ~ _

135

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
!j)IMARSAT lnmarsat qui assure la liaison entre lesatellite et.les systemes de telecommunicationsterrestres (telex et telephone par exemple).Station tcrriennc de navire : Station terriennemobile du service mobile maritime par satellite installeeabard d'un navire, ou aiIleurs.Systemc ametiore d'afJfJcl setectif de groufJe(EGC) : Systeme de diffusion des messages par I'intermediaire du systeme mobile de telecommunications parsatellite de 1'!j)IMARSAT Inmarsat. L'EGC fait partie dusysteme !j)IMARSAT lnmarsat-C et comprend actuelIement deux services: SafetyNETTM et FleetNETTM.(F1eetNET : Service commercial pour la diffusion et lareception automatique de renseignements relatifs alagestion des navires ou d'informations destinees aupublic par telegraphie a impression directe via lesysteme ameliore d'appel selectif de groupe deI'!NMARSAT lnmarsat.)

136

Zone maritime Al : Zone desservie par une ouplusieurs stations cotieres equipees d'un systemeradioteIephonique aondes metriques et entierementcouverte par un systeme d'alerte par appel selectifnumerique. Cette zone pellt etre cteterminee par ungouvernement signataire de la convention SOLAS.Zone maritime A2 : Zone distincte de la zone maritimeAl desservie par une ou plusieurs stations cotieresequipees d'un systeme radiotelephonique a ondeshectomHriques et entierement couverte par un systemed'alerte par appel seIectif numerique. Cette zone pelit etredeterminee par un gouvernement signataire.Zone maritime A3 : Zone distincte des zonesmaritimes Al et A2 desservie par un satellite geostationnaire !j)IMARSAT Inmarsat et entierement couverte parun systeme d'alerte.Zone maritime A4 : Zone distincte des zonesmaritimes AI, A2·et A3.

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
APPENDICE 1-2 (bis)ZONES DE RESPONSABILITE ET SERVICES METEOROLOGIQUES NATIONAUX CHARGES DEDIFFUSER DES AVIS ET DES BULLETINS DE METEOROLOGIE MARITIME POUR LE SMDSM

137

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
ZONES DE RESPONSABILITE POUR LA HAUTE MER (SMDSM)

TABLEAU 1

Zone METAREA

IJJ

IIIIVVVIVIl-Region de I'ocean AtlantiqueVII-Region de I'ocean IndienVIIl (N)VIII (S)IXX-Region de I'ocean IndienX-Region de J'ocean PacifiqueXI-Region de I'ocean IndienXI-Region de I'ocean PacifiqueXIl-Region de I'ocean PacifiqueXIl-Region de J'ocean AtlantiqueXIIIXIVXVXVI

Service de diffusioll

Royaume-UniFrance

GreceEtats-Unis d'AmeriqueBresilArgentineAfrique du SudAfrique du SudIndeMaurice/La Reullion*Arabie saoudite/PakistallAustralieAustralieChineJapanEtats-Unis d'AmeriqueEtats-Unis d'AmeriqueFederation de RussieNouvelle-ZelandeChiJiEtats-Unis d'Amerique

CES cllargee tie l'elllissirm tie difli/siomprevlles (voir le paragrapJw 2.2.3.5)

GoonhillyPleumel:lF !lOdOH Aussaguel (ROA (E))Goonhilly (ROA (W))ThermopyJaeSouthbury (ROA (W))TanguaSouthbury (ROA (W))GoonhilIy BuruDl (ROA (E))~ BuruDl (ROI)ArviBuru·mjeddah (ROI) PerthPerth (ROI)Perth (ROP)Beijing~Yamaguchi

Santa Paula (ROP)Southbury (ROA (W»Nakhodka (ROP)Perth (ROP)Southbury (ROA (W»Southbury (ROA (W»

* l.es avis de cyclones trupicaux prepares par le CMRS de la Reunion sont inclus dallS les bulletins courants diffuses par Maurice.

Coordonllees pour les zones METAREA dallS lecadre du SMDSM (Zeues N,6·.vAREA de 1'0111)Zone I At/antique Nord a J'est de 35° W, entre

4S027'N et 71°N, Y compris la mer duNord et la mer Baltique.

Zone 11 Partie de I'Atlantique situee a I'est de 35°W,entre rN et 48°27'N jusqu'a 200 W f*H& et,a J'est de 200 W, entre~ 7°N et 60 S.

Zone III Mediterranee et mer Noire, a l'est dudetroit de Gibraltar.

Zone IV Partie occidentale de l'At/antique Nord,depuis Ja cote nord-americaine jusqu'a35°W, entre ]ON et 6loN, y compris legolfe du Mexique et la mer des Caraibes.

Zone V Partie de l'At/antique situee a I'ouest de200 W, entre 35°50'S et rN, se retrecissant al'approche des cotes, au sud jusqu'a la frontiere entre ['Uruguay et le BresiJ, a 33°45'S,et au nord jusqu'a la frontiere entre laGuyane fran~aise et le BresiI a 4°30'N.

Zone VI Atlantique Sud et ocean Antarctique ausud de 35°50'S, entre 200 W et le meridienpassant all cap Horn, c'est-a-dire 67'16'W.

Zone VII Atlantique Sud et ocean Antarctique au sudde 60 S, entre 200 W et la cote africaine, puis

au sud du cap de Bonne Esperance; Slid deI'ocean Indien et ocean Antarctique all Slidde 100 30'S, entre le Cap et 55°E, puis ausud de 300S entre 55°E et 800 E.

Zone VIII (N) Partie de l'ocean Indien limitee au nordest par une Iigne partant de la frontiereindopakistanaise, a 23°45'N 68°E, jusqu'a 12°N 63°E, et de la jusqu'au capGardafuij puis par la cote de l'Afriq ueorientaJe vers le Sud jusqu'a l'equateur~, ensuite par une ligne partantvers J'est jusqu'a 55°g, OB elle s'incl:IFveveFS le sHd jl:lsEju'a 30 0 S pHis veFS I'est~ 95°E, puis vers le nord jusqu'a6°N, et enfin vers le nord-est et jusqu'a lafrontiere entre Je Myanmar et laThaHande, alOON 98°30'E.

Zone VIII Zone detimitee par la cote de I'Afriqueorientale, de l'equateur a 10°30'5, puis

(5) par une ligne partant vers I'est jusqu'a55°E Otl el1e s'incurve vers le sudjusqu'a 300 S, puis ii nouveau vers l'estjusqu'a 95°E et enfin remonte jusqll'iiI'eqllateur pour rejoindre la cote oricntale de I'Afrique.

-----------. - J... ~_._._.

138

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
d'Amerique du Sudj zone situee a l'est de1200 W entre l'equateur et 3°25'S, it I'estde 180° entre I'equateur et SooN, puis aI'est de la ligne partant de SooN 180° versle nord-ouest jusqu'a S3°N 172°E puisvers le nord-est en suivant la frontiere maritime entre les Etats-Unisd'Amerique et la Federation de Russie,jusqu'it 67"N.Zone maritime situee au nord de la zoneXI et it I'ouest de la zone XII, comprenantegalement la partie de I'ocean Arctique quis'etend, d'est en ouest, de 1700 W 11 200 E.Zone du Pacifique Sud et de I'oceanAntarctique situee au sud de l'Equateur etIimitee, a I'ouest, par la zone X, au nard,par la zone XII et a I'est, par la zone XV.Zone du Pacifique Sud et de I'oceanAntarctique s'etendant au sud de 18°21'Sle long de la cote chilienne, jusqu'a lalongitude du cap Horn, a 67"16'W, etlimitee it l'ouest par le meridien 120°W.Zone du Pacifique Sud comprise entre18°21'S et 3°25'S et Jimiti~e par la coteperuvienne et le meridien 1200 W.

Zone XVI

Zone XV

Zone XIV

Zone XlII

Zone XI

ZonelX

Zone X

Mer Rouge, golfe d'Aden, mer d'Oman etgolfe Persique, au nord de la zone VIII.Sud de I'ocean Indien et ocean Antarctiquea I'est de 800 E et au sud de 300 S jusqu'a95°E, puis au sud de 12°S jusqu'a 127"Ejpuis la mer de Timor, le Pacifique Sud etI'ocean Antarctique au sud de lOOS jusqu'a141°E, puis au sud de l'Equateur, jusqu'a1700 E, la limite Est de la zone X est constituee par le meridien 1700 E, entre l'Equateuret 29°S, puis par une ligne partant vers lesud-ouest jusqu'a 45°S sur le meridien1600 E, et enfin par ce dernier meridien.Ocean Indien, mer de Chine et PacifiqueNord, au nord de la zone X et del'Equateur jusqu'au meridien 180°, a I'estde la zone VlII et du continent asiatiquejusqu'a la frontiere entre la Coree duNord et la Federation de Russie, a 42°30'N1300 E, et au sud de la ligne partant de cepoint vers l'est jusqu'a 135°E puis vers lenord-est jusqu'a 45°N 138°E, et de lajusqu'a 45°N 180°.

Zone XII Partie orientale de I'ocean Pacifique, a

L l'ouest des cotes d'Amerique du Nard et

------'-----------'

TABLEAU 2

loue Scrl'ice de* Service CES cJlOrgees d'assurer RelllaTiJuesMETAl/EA diffusiol1* d'e/aboratiol1 ai/es diffusiol1s prel'ues,

b) les di(fiISiolls nOli prel'ucs

Royaumc-Uni Royaume-Uni, a) Goonhilly (pour ROA (W» l'revisions et avis pour les zoncs quiNorvcge b) Goonhilly (pour ROA (W), ROA (E») ne sont pas desservies par le syslcmc

NAVTEX

II Francc France a) PleHfA8Hf 1l0S0H Assaguel (pOUf l'revisions et avis pour les zoncs qUiROA (E»), GounhiIIy (I,uur ROA (W» ne sonl pas desservies par le systcme

b) Assaguel (pour ROA (E», NAVTEXGoonhilly (pour ROA (W»

III C; rcce Grece, France a) ThermopyIae (pour ROI) l'revisions et avis pour les zones qUib) ThermopyIae (pour ROI), ne sonI pas dcsservics par le systcme

GoonhiIly (pour ROA (W), ROA (E)) NAVTEX

IV Etats-Unis Elals-Unis a) Southbury (pour ROA (W)) Previsions et avis pour les zones quid'Ameriguc d'Amerique b) South bury (pour ROA (W)), ne sont pas dcsservies par le systcme

G88Hhilly Southbury (pour ROA (E)) NAVTEX

V Bresil IJresil cl) Tangua (pour ROA (E») PH5 se 5erYi€e5~f.'WTrXflFewJ.5 dHH5b) Southbury (pour ROA (IN») ~ Previsiolls et avis jHlUr les

Tanglla (pour ROA (li» zones (Iui ne SOli t pas desscrvicspar le systeme NAVTEX

VI Argentine Argentine a) SOlllhbury (pour ROA (W)) PrevisiollS el avis pour les zones quib) SOllthbury (pour ROA (W)), ne sont ]Jas desservies par le

+aHg<lH (fl8<lf RO'" (10)) systeme NAVTEX

JI "1'1'"rtienl <i dW'Iue~ service charge de la diffllSiun de \"Ciller <i ce 'lU'i\ di'l'ose des donnees necessaires pour l"ellSembJe des wnes de diffusionqUi relevent de 5il r~sponsnhilite et ell' dcfinir des prod?dures llppropriecs pOUf pallier il toute insuffisnllce.

-------------------------------------_._--

139

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
Zone Service de* Service CES chargees d'assurer RelllarqllesMETAREA diffusion * d'elaboration a)les diffllsions prevues,

b) les diffusions non prevues

VII-ROA Afrique du Sud Afrique du Sud a) GssHHiIly Burum (pour ROA (E» Previsions et avis pour les zones quib) ~sHtHBliry (jlsHr ROA (W)), ne sont pas desservies par le

GssHHiIly Burum (pour ROA (E) systeme NAVTEXet (W»

VII-ROI Afrique du Sud Afrique du Sud, a)~ Burum (pour ROI) Previsions et avis pour les zones quiLa Reunion b) GssHHiIly (jlslir ROJ', (E)), PertH ne sont pas desservies par le

(jlsHr ROI) Burum (pour ROA (E) systeme NAVTEXet RO!)

VIII (N) Inde KeHya, HaHriEe, a) Arvi (pour ROI) Previsions et avis pour les zones quiLa ReliHisH, Inde b) Plelilllelir !lsasH (jlsHr ROA (E)) ne sont pas desservies par le systeme

Arvi (pour ROI) NAVTEX

VIII (S) Maurice,** Maurice, a) Burum (pour ROI) Pas de service NAVTEXLa Reunion La Reunion b) Burum (pour ROI)

IX Arabie saoudite, Arabie saoudite, a)~ Perth (pour ROI) Previsions et avis pour les zonesPakistan Pakistan b) PleHHlelir !lsasH (jlslir ROA (E)) qui ne sont pas desservies par

Perth (pour ROI) le systeme NAVTEX

X-ROI AustraIie AustraIie a) Perth (pour ROI) Pas de service NAVTEXb) Perth (pour ROI et ROP)

X-ROP AustraIie AustraIie a) Perth (pour ROP) Pas de service NAVTEXb) Perth (pour ROP et ROl)

XI-ROI Chine Chine, Hong Kong a) et b) Beijing (pour ROI) Previsions et avis pour les zones quine sont pas desservies par le systemeNAVTEX

XI-ROP Japon Japon, Hong Kong, a) et b)~Yamaguchi (pour ROP)Australie

XII Etats-Unis Alistralie, a) Santa Paula (pour ROP), Previsions et avis pour Ies zones quid'Amerique Etats-Unis Southbury (pour ROA (W)) ne sont pas desservies par le systeme

d'Amerique b) Southbury (pour ROA (W)), NAVTEXGssHHiIly Southbury (pour ROA(E)), Santa PauIa (pour ROP)

XIII Federation Federation a) et b) Nakhodka (pour ROP) En partie desservies par NAVTEXde Russie de Russie ajlartir ae 1996

XIV Nouvelle-Zelande Fidji, a) Perth (pour ROP) Pas de service NAVTEXNouvelle-ZeIande b) Southbury (pour ROA (W»,

Perth (pour ROP)

XV Chili Chili a) Southbury (pour ROA (W)) UHe seHle GES jlelit ESlivrir la i!SHeb) Southbury (pour ROA (W)), iHter 5atellites

Tangua (pour ROA (E» Previsions et avis pour les zonesqui ne sont pas desservies parle systeme NAVTEX

XVI Etats-Unis Etats-Unis a) Southbury (pour ROA (W» Pas de service NAVTEXd'Amerique d'Amerique b) Southbury (pour ROA (W)),

GssHHilly Southbury (pour ROA(E)), Santa PauIa (pour ROP)

.. Les avis de cyclones tropicaux prepares par le CMRS de La Reunion sont inclus dans les bulletins courants diffuses par Maurice.

140

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
APPENDICE I-3(bis)

TRANSFERT DES INFORMATIONS RE(:UES PAR LES SERVICES DE DIFFUSION AUX STATIONSTERRIENNES COTlERES (CES) FOURNISSANT DES SERVICES INMARSAT Inmarsat-C*

Les modalites de transfert sont les suivantes :1) liaison telex directe entre le service de diffusion et la station terrienne cotiere;2) reseaux de commutation par paquets X.25**3) liaison terrestre specialement destinee acet effet;4) transmission par le SMT au Service mHeorologique national du pays Oll est installee la station terrienne

cotiere, et retransmission ala station terrienne par les moyens 1) ou 2);5) une station terrienne de navire 1~IMARSAT Inmarsat-C directement reliee ala station terrienne cotiere. [Il

faut dans ce cas obtenir l'accord des autorites nationales competentes.] Ce mode de transfert des messagespourrait se reveler particulierement interessant pour les services de diffusion Hablis dans des pays ne disposantpas de stations terriennes cotieres qui pourraient ainsi eviter les retards et autres difficultes auxquelles ils setrouvent parfois confrontes lors de l'utilisation des reseaux internationaux de telecommunications de Terre.Ce mode de transfert pourra egalement completer les systemes traditionnels de telecommunications de Terrepour la transmission des messages urgents;

6) tout autre moyen adapte aux besoins et aux possibilites de chaque pays.

* Seuls les services agrees par I'OMM ou par un ou plusieurs exploitants de stations terriennes cotieres I~I~ 4AIl!iA:r Inmarsat-C auront

acces au service SafetyNet pour la diffusion de donnees meteorologiques.

** Ces reseaux, dont les vitesses de transmission sont plus elevees que le telex pourraient permettre de reduire la taxe applicable ala partie

terrestre de la transmission.

APPENDICE 1-4 (bis)

ADRESSAGE DES MESSAGES

INTRODUCTION

Les messages destines aetre diffuses via le serviceSafetyNET sont rec;:us et traites automatiquement et leurtransmission doit, pour cette raison, etre soigneusement controlee.

Les stations terriennes cotieres ne se chargent pas deverifier l'exactitude des messages, aussi I'expectiteur doit-ilrespecter aussi strictement que possible les formes depresentation ctecrites dans cet appendice. Il importe doneque le service d'emission contr61e fasse en sorte que lesdiffusions qu'il assure soient contrOIees.

Les stations terriennes cotieres transmettent lesmessages SafetyNET par une voie de signalisation interstations a la station de coordination du reseauresponsable de la zone oceanique concernee qui lesretransmet par radiodiffusion.

Les messages rec;:us par la station terrienne cotiereseront retransmis suivant un ordre de priorite conformement aUK instructions contenues dans les en-tetesd'adressage (Cl et C4); les messages occupant le rang depriorite le plus eleve seront transmis en premier. Ainsiseront transmis, par ordre de priorite decroissant, les appelsde detresse terre-navire, les messages acaractere urgent, lesmessages de securite et les messages ordinaires. Les codes

d'adresse de chaque message devront preciser le nombre dediffusions desire et l'intervalle de temps les separant.

1. ADRESSAGE DES MESSAGES EGC (PREVISIONS ET AVIS)

1.1 IntroductionCet appendice deerit les modalites de transmission

des messages EGC aUK stations terriennes cotieres i3'*les services Ele EliffHsion, messages qui seront ensuiteretransmis par le systeme a satellites IMMARSATInmarsat. Il decrit egalement la forme de presentation dans laquelle les messages doivent etre transmis.Les services de diffusion doivent veiIler ace queles codes C appropries soient utilises, queUes quesoient les procedures employees pour acheminerles messages vers les stations terriennes cotieres.

1.2 Acheminement des messages vers la stationterrienne cotiere par le service de diffusion(voir appendice I.3 (bis)

1.3 Adressage des paquets de donnees EGCApres etre entre en liaison avec la station ter

rienne cotiere, le service de diffusion doit fournir des

141

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
informations pour l'adressage du paquet de donneesEGC afin que les navires croisant dans les zonesconcernees pUissent recevoir les messages qui leur sontdestines. Ces informations sont transmises au moyend'un en-tete special place au debut des messages. Ceten-tete comprend cinq codes speciaux appeles codes Cqui peuvent etre precedes de caracteres supplementairesindiquant qu'il s'agit d'une transmission EGC. (11 seraitpeut-etre necessaire d'utiliser un code A Co pourdesigner la zone oceanique, lorsque les messages EGCsont adresses a des stations terriennes cotieres quidesservent plus d'une zone oceanique.)

Tous les services d'emission devront utiliser laforme de presentation generale des en-tetes de messagesen codes C. Les codes C transmis aux stations terriennes cotieres sont les suivants : Cl :C2:C3:C4:Cs OU :Cl est le code de priorite - 1 chiffreCz est le code de service - 2 chiffresC3 est le code d'adresse - jusqu'a 12 chitfresC4 est le code de repetition - 2 chiffresCs est le code de presentation - 2 chiffresChaque chiffre correspond a un caractere alphanumerique transmis par le reseau de Terre. La significationdes codes C est decrite plus loin mais on peut deja endonner un exemple :

Un message d'alerte (telex) envoye a une stationterrienne cotiere serait libelle comme suit :

1:31:01:11:00 (en-tete du message en code C)SECURITEAVIS DE METEOROLOGIE MARITIME POURMETAREA I DIFFUSE PAR LE SERVICEMETEOROLOGIQUE DU ROYAUME-UNI0245 UTCAVIS DE TEMPETE. A 190600 UTC, DEPRESSIONS970 57N 20W SE DEPLA<;ANT SE 15 NCEUDS.TEMPETE DE VENT 10 DANS UN RAYON DE240 KMNNNN

11 s'agit d'un appel EGC "securite" (Cl = 1) contenant unavis meteorologique (Cz=31) destine a la zone Metarea01 qui sera repete six minutes (C4 = 11) apres lapremiere transmission. Le texte de l'avis de tempHe esttransmis en alphabet international N" 5 (Cs =00).

1.3.1 Codes de priorite (Cl)Forme de presentation du message re<;:u par la stationterrienne coHere - un chiffre. Le code Cl indique a lastation le rang de priorite a respecter pour la diffusiondu message. Le chiffre est d'autant plus grand que lapriorite est eIevee :o ORDINAIRE les messages meteorolo-1 SECURITE giques se verront attribuer2 URC.g:NT URGENT le code securite (Cl=l) ou3 DETRESSE URGE~lT URGENT (Cz=2)NOTE: Le code de priorite~ URGENT (C j =2) ne doit etre

utilise que pour les avis urgents de cyclones tropicaux.

Tous [es autres avis meteorologiques se voient attribuer le

code SECURITE (C1=1).

1.3.2 Codes de service (Cz)Forme de presentation du message rec;:u par la stationterrienne cotiere - deux chiffres. Le code Cz indique defac;:on explicite au recepteur EGC la longueur del'adresse a decoder durant le traitement du message. Lescodes de service ass ignes a l'OMM sont decrits cidessous avec le nombre de chiffre correspondant ducode C3.a) 13 - Avis et previsions destines aux zones cotieres

Code C3- 4 chiffres24 - Avis mHeorologiques, avertissements de navigation et informations destinees aux operations derecherche et de sauvetage pour les zones circulairesCode Cr 10 chiffres

b) 31 - Avis mHeorologiques, avis NAVAREA et previsions meteorologiques destinees aux zones MetareaCode C3- 2 chiffres.

1.3.3 Code d'adresse (C3)

Le mode de transmission des adresses des paquets dedonnees EGC par les services de diffusion est indiqueci-dessous pour les deux types de service decrits au paragraphe 1.3.2 de cet appendice.

1.3.3.1 Code de service 13 - Avis et previsions desti-nes aux zones cotieres

Avis et previsions destines aux zones cotieres C3 = X1XZ pour designer la zone Metarea et B1Bz pouremuler NAVTEX. 11 convient de noter que les codes B1seront assignes par l'OMI conformement aux modalitesd'allocation de codes d'identification de l'emetteurNAVTEX, modalites ctecrites dans le Manuel del'OMI concernant le NAVTEX (Publication de l'OMI95188.08). Bz sera toujours Bpour les avis et E pour lesprevisions. Le code X1XZ designant la zone Metarea etles codes NAVTEX B1 et Bz sont envoyes aux CES sous laforme d'un groupe de 4 caracteres, dans l'ordreX1XzB1Bz·

1.3.3.2 Code de service 24 - Avis rneteoroIogiques etavertissernents de navigation, informationsdestinees aux operations de recherche et desauvetage pour Ies zones circulaires

L'adresse de la zone circulaire se compose de 10caracteres et se presente comme suit:

DIDzLaD3D4DsLoMlMzM3 ou :

DlDz indique la latitude du centre en degres, precedesd'un zero si necessaireLa indique l'hemisphere (N ou S)D3D4Ds indique la longitude du centre en degres,precedes d'un zero si necessaireLa indique la longitude E ou WM1M2M3 donne le rayon du cercle en milles nautiques(jusqu'a 999 milles)

Un cercle d'un rayon de 10 milles nautiques estchiffre comme suit: 56N034W010

142

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
1.3.3.3 Code de service 31 - Avis meteorologiques,avis NAVAREA et previsions meteorologiquesdestines aux zones Metarea

Les avis meteorologiques, les avis NAVAREA et les previsions meteorologiques sont adresses aux zones decritesdans I'appendice 1-2 au moyen des deux chiffres N1N2correspondant a la designation numerique de la zone.

1.3.4 Codes de repetition (C4)

Forme de presentation des messages re~us par lesstations terriennes cotieres - deux chiffres. Les codes derepetition C4 figurent dans les messages qUi devrontetre repetes a intervalles determines jusqu'a ce qu'ilssoient annules par le Membre charge de la diffusion enprenant en compte les besoins des fournisseurs d'informations MSl.

1.3.4.1 Codes de repetitionLe code de repetition permet de diffuser un messageune seule fois au moment de la reception (C4 =01) oude le diffuser des reception et de le repeter 6 minutesplus tard (C4 = 11). De nombreux autres types derepetition sont possibles, mais ils ne s'appliquent pasaux diffusions meteorologiques.

1.3.4.2 Procedure d'annulation11 est necessaire de definir un mode d'annulation applicable aux messages transmis a une station terriennecotiere dans lesquels figure un code de repetition. Unordre d'annulation peut prendre la forme suivante :

Message d'annulation : numero de reference dumessage a une date et a une heure donnees, lenumero de reference etant celui donne a I'expediteur par la station terrienne cotiere lors de lareception du message initial et la date et l'heureetant exprimees comme suit:DDHHMMZ espace MMM espace YY par exempie: 211430Z FEB 88

Si l'ordre d'annulation figure dans un message adiffuser, il apparaitra entre les caracteres NNNN et ++++comme indique ci-dessous :

Cl :C2:C3:C4:C5SECURITE"texte"NNNNANNULER (numero de reference du message) le(groupe date·heure)++++NOTES: 1) Seuls le mot SECURITE et le "texte" daivent

etre transmis.

2) Lorsqu'il est inclus dans un message adiffuser,

I'ardre d'annulation est place entre les carac

teres NNNN et ++++. Seule une ligne est

destinee acet effet mais il serait souhaitable depouvoir disposer de plusieurs !ignes.

3) Si I'ardre d'annulation ne comprend que le

numero de reference du message et que ni

l'heure ni la date ne sont precisees, il devra

etre execute immediatement.

4) 11 devrait egalement etre possible d'envoyer I'or

dre d'annulation aI'unite de reception et de

retransmission de la station terrienne cotiere.

1.3.5 Codes de presentation (Cs)L'attribution actuelle des codes de presentation est lasuivante (PQ173) :00 AI N° 5 (version IR.V) avec parite impaire01 Alphabet Katakana avec parite impaire02 Alphabet Devnagiri avec parite impaire03 Alphabet arabe avec parite impaire04 Alphabet cyrillique avec parite impaire05 Alphabet grec avec parite impaire06 Alphabet telegraphique international 207 DonneesDans le cas des informations pour la securitemaritime, le code de presentation est toujours 00.

APPENDICE 1-5 (his)

MANUEL INTERNATIONAL SAFETYNETANNEXE 4 -Directives

Cette annexe contient des directives a!'intention desservices agrees charges d'elaborer les messages quiseront transmis par I'intermediaire du Service international SafetyNET. LesGQdes decrits dans cette annexedevront etre obligatoirement utilises pour la transmission de tous Ies messages.

Les diverses sous-sections de cette annexe presentent des exempIes de divers types de messages et formesde presentation.a) Services d'avertissement de navigation;

""'bJ Services meteorologiques;c) Services de recherche et de sauvetage;cl) Services de correction des cartes (a cteveIopper).

e) Messages relatifs aux actes de piraterieLes parametres de diffusion sont definis au moyen

de 5 codes "e" qui forment I'en-tete general du message:

Cl :Cz:C3:C4:CS(Des espaces, deux points ou d'autres delimiteurs

seront requis, en fonction de la CES a laquelIe estadresse le message).

Chaque code "C" represente un parametre de diffusion et se voit associer un chiffre correspondant auxdiverses specifications repertoriees dans I'annexe 6.

Etant donne qu'une erreur dans I'en-tete dumessage peut faire obstacle a la transmission de celui-ci,Best essentieI que Ies foumisseurs d'informations MS!

143

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
s'equipent d'un recepteur SafetyNET de l'IJl'IMAR~AT

Inmarsat et cOJ)trolent les diffusions qu'ils assurent.

ANNEXE 4b - Services meteorologiques

1. Les procedures a. utiliser pour la diffusion de previsions et d'avis mHeorologiques via le serviceSafetyNET dans le cadre du SMDSM sont decritesci-dessous. Elles s'appliquent obligatoirement auxdiffusions effectuees par l'intermediaire du serviceinternational SafetyNET.

2. Ces directives doivent Hre consultees conjointement avec le Manuel de l'assistance meteorologique aux activites maritimes de 1'0MM amendepour repondre aux besoins du SMDSM.

3. Min d'assurer une diffusion normalisee desbulletins et avis meteorologiques a. l'echelle mondiale, les codes normalises "C" detinis ci-dessousdevraient Hre utilises pour la transmission desprevisions et avis meteorologiques via le serviceSafetyNET dans le cadre du SMDSM.Cl - Code de priorite

Cl = 2 URbg~IT URGENCE pour les avis decyclones tropicaux uniquementCl = 1 SECURlTE pour les previsions, et pourles avis autres que les avis urgents de cyclonestropicaux

Cz - Code de serviceAvis meteorologiques (Cl = 1 ou 2) destines a.la zone circulaire - Cz = 24Avis ou previsions meteorologiques (Cl = 1ou 2) destines a. la zone cotiere - Cz = 13Avis ou previsions meteorologiques destines a.la zone METAREA - Cz = 31

C3 - Code d'adresseAvis meteorologiques (Cl =1 ou 2) destines a. une

zone circulaire (code de service Cz = 24) - Cz =10 caracteres. Le code d'adresse des zones circulaires est decrit endetail a. l'annexe 6 paragraphe, 1.3.3.5 mais nous yrevenons ici par souci de clarte. L'adresse circulaire secompose de 10 caracteres et se presente comme suit:

010ZLa (3 caracteres) indique la latitude du centre endegres, et l'hemisphere Nord (N) ou Sud (S). Un zerodoit preceder les latitudes inferieures a. 10.0304DsLo (4 caracteres) indique la longitude du centreen degres, et la longitude Est (E) ou Ouest (0) dupremier meridien. Un zero doit preceder les longitudesinferieures a. 100.R1RzR3 (3 caracteres) indique le rayon du cercle enmilles nautiques; jusqu'a. 999.

Exemple: Un cercle dont le centre est situe a. 56° de latitude N et 34° de longitude Ouest et dont lerayon est de 10 MN est chiffre comme suit:56N034WOlO

Avis meteorologiques (code de service 31) C3 = les2 chiffres correspondant a. la zone de responsabilite dela diffusion (zone METAREA), precede d'un zero sinecessaire, par exemple 01, 06, 13.

C4 - Code de repetitionAvis meteorologiques (categorie a) code rep)

C4 = 11 diffuse des reception, repris 6 minutesplus tard. La reprise permet d'assurerque l'avis est re~u par le plus grandnombre de navires possible.

Previsions meteorologiques (categorie a) code rep)C4 = 01 Transmis des receptionCs - Code de presentationToujours Cs ='00, Alphabet international N° 5.

Exemples:Les exemples suivants devront etreremplaces par des exemples de messagesreels.Avis meteorologiques (a. la zone principale de diffusion (Metarea)).

1:31:01:11:00SECURlTE(texte) avis de tempete. A 190600 UTC depression970 57N 20W se depla~ant vers le NE 15 nceuds.Vents de tempete force 10 dans un rayon de 150millesNNNN.

Avis de cyclones tropicaux (pour la zone circulaire,c'est-a.-dire destine seulement aux navires croisantdans la zone indiquee en adresse).

2:24:20N065W500:11:00PAN PAN (texte) A 161200UTC ouragan Betty situe15 mn nord de San Juan, Porto Rico, se depla~ant

vers le NW 15 nceuds avec vents atteignant la forcede l'ouragan dans un rayon de 75 milles du centredans quadrants NW et NE et dans un rayon de 30milles du centre dans quadrants SW et SE.NNNN

Prevision meteorologique

1:31:08:01:00SEcURlTE(texte) texte de la prevision conforme au Mmlllel deI'assistance meteorologique allx activites maritil11esNNNN

144

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
JI :9; tcf I" ~ r-L.k.lJ ~"JJ' t.o..s.:J' r- ,; i w; ~, ~L.wJ 1~LU' ~l..o~

t.oy.,.,J4 a.-:. L;J, ~ l..o",.,w. 1

~ ~JUI , (d:..::..JUI ~Jl,...,) ~L;JI ~I L.:.L:..-9' \~V~ , .>~I ~ cJJ'>\' 1~JL.J 4-9..l11 ~U:;~I

, (4.:~1 JL..:,.>\'I .::.L..~)

~WI rl..1:uJ1 ~t.t; \~AA r~ ~ .>~I ~ [1-9.>\'1 ~JL.J 4-9..l11 ~lJ:;~1 ~ ..::.J..:,.Ji c;J1.::.Jl=J..LiJ1

U-c 4.:~1 JL..:,.>\, 1~ .::.l:k iJ:U ~i , »'li~ 0-:~ ~_~~ c;J1-9 .>~I ~ ~JL.JI-.9 ~l..i:i....u)l1

, \~W ~ij":,,i J-9i~ ~JL.J~ ~L;.,)I.::.L..#I J~I-9 ~ rl..k;,:. J)G..

.::.~I ~.>' 4.:1-9.J1 4.:.r-:J1~I .::.~~ , J:..o)W~ ~L;J/.::.L"-Jj,J1J~& 6.; rt..J;u t7",.>-Q

, IMO-951E

(\)

(I)

.::.~y ~~ ~I ~I ,,~\' ~~ ~u~I Il.b "~JL;,-'u d"I~~ ~WI dJW..>~10i (")

,i;.J~~1- - .~L...JI b~1 ~l L...L..ui ~Y'~)LJ~ ~L;.,)' .::.L..#I J~I-9~ ru;':' J)G.. U-c 4' .::.~ ~i (I)

, ,,~I~I U-c d:.::~I-.9

bl.b &.>-" ~~~ ~J)-9 ~ L...o.S:, d.:!~1 ~~I .JL::../Y/.::.~.Jd..~,.>-Q ~ .::.)\.;..u:J1 J~~ ~~

~~,j1J1

145

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
<)"J11~bJ~I.::.L:Jl=u.l1 ~.),jJ ~~~;i ~~I ~~I J~)lI.;:,L..~~1 J.e.WI J=~I J!~~l llAl ~ J.C.L...: ~i" ~)l....J~ d:....oL:JI .;:,la"w' J~'"~ tlJ:u J~ w.c d..:~1 JL=.,;YI ~.;:,~

'J6J1 ---. ~~

.;:,~~ ~,t".>J11 ~,~I;w;:J1 "w.c.i J! WJUI~' ~)-,.t:i .._.81 b~WI t~ ~i

~ d..>)l..J~ b~l .;:,L.."wl J~I" ~ t~

~I- .'Ij.i:J14..J J11d,j.:.'I 4..J J1IUI - ···'Id:.J::.:J.1 4..J J11d..- ·'1~lbL..:u1 - -i..J r.jJ""'":' _" ..Y'"'''. " . ..;c"""::It' "_,,.~ _ tr~ u

b lAl J! b,.,....t~~ I <s..r=:'J I .;:,~1I" d.c.1;:J.I" ~ L:..b......::.'J I C!l~ 14.b.u 1..J:l ~.r--:J I.;:,'J L.:.:i)l/ d.:1"J11

.~~I

( \" - "':' ~ i J) r 4--,,:;J I J.'l..)-O

~~I ~/.J~./:l1 ~Lo~ ~J-4 ~ ~y':~l

~Lo.".wl J~l", ~ f"Ui.l1 ~",..ul a.o~l f" 1;;11'; ~14hWI J-bUlI ~LoJ.i,.

(NAV1EX) a.o,}l,..J4~ l..QJ I

(\)

~t~ d.:1"J :cuu~ b~~ d...c:.l;J. ~~ Y. d..>)l..J~ ~L:JI .;:,L.."wl J~I" ~ t~ (i)

b~~" .~~WI .;:,la~1 w.c djj~" ~~I dj,fUll" ~JUI"~~I d)li¥1

d.. - .'1 ~I~ jJl L.:.....JI - d..>)l..J1 :Gl.i:i.....u)l/ t WI I..I:.:JI· I:' 4..J J11 d..>~l_~ :J r.j ,; .. ~ " ':! t u-".)-7-. "

~~ ~,;4¥1 d~1 w.c ()~ tl..l:.:Jl IlAl ~i • \'\w ~V,,:,i J"i .:G.c". d.:1"J11

~ 4:>~.u.:i", \'\Vi , ,;L.:....:JI ~ (I",;YI d..>)l..J d..:l"J11 ~l..ii'J1 t~i ~~ ~I~

~ \ a..AA

~,,:t...iu.:J1 J~,;¥I ~ c./' d..>)l..J4 d:.....::.~1 .;:,L.."wl J~I" ~ d.:1"J11 ~~I blAl" (,,:,)

t7.b: ~,; .b:~ 4.b.u 1..J:l ~.r-:J 1~)Lu.J I .;:, la"w kHz 0 \V JJji ~Y"-:' ..:...cUj.l1 J~'J I

~ ~.):.Ki¥I 4.ilI4 b,.,....t~ ;(].r.J.1 J:.L....u) I

146

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~ r~ ~yA ~.J ITU-R M.540-2 ~~I~ rLl;:JJ ~I.J d/: ; .7.;11~~I J..r=;.J (J)

~I ..::,L:.~) ~.J..ul ~~I ~I <G~ ~.:JI d...t,jL.,J~ LW! ..::,L~IJ~&

. (IMO-951E ..::,~I ~.> 4.:l.J..u 1d..:.r--:J I

Jl ~G:JI 4..0~~Lb.Jl d.-'I#I J~I.J~ rU:;".; <l;~ l5.:JI ci)1 ("-'-"lii t:'Lb""';~ t.> ".> \

. li....).1 ..::,[.",#1 JS.cJ~J~

~ d)~¥1 ':".I.;.J' r LkJ1 JL..u.>l b~i Jl "t~.:81 d)~~ d..:~1 J~pu~)I JSI..rl16~j.J t.>".> \.> \

.12i2;.J.>J.J~1 ~l:i.Il6;l1 ~I,,",,~.J 4-I~1

~.>u:u 6;l1 d.b.-'I~~d..:~ 4:...~1b.:wt~~.J . r.J:! ~ ~j-" bJL:.d~ 1~.J t.>".> \.>"

J~I.J ~ rLkJ JL..u.>!~~ bJ..l.:>..<>~d~1 b.L.b ~.:"i r-+1 10--".J' ~I~

. d....)W~ d.....::.~1 ..::,L...,#I

~ rl..l:;:, J:..rb 0'~I JL.::.}il ..::,L.,,~~ .)-"":11~~~li11 "l5J411t l:U 1~

: d....)W~ d.....::.~1 ..::,L...,#I J~I.J

bj-") b)~~ L~I d..:~1 d~I~.Jd..:~1 d)~~ JJ4=i dlL:....t. ~.:"i ""';~I0-" (i)

r LkJ1 J:..rb 0' Ub:J.1 ~ li..ktl d..:~1 JL.::.pu ~)I JSI).I~~ (~.J:! .:"l:i.)-".Ji

~ ~JUI.J ~1..::,'1L..A;JU ~WI

d..:~1 JL..:.pu~~~~~I J~pu J..:>.I.J ~.J JS.>-" dlL:....t.~ .:"i~ ('":-')

~L;JI..::,Lo"w.1 J~I.J"::"': rlJ;,.; J=..rb Uc b.>b.;lJ ~~I d~I.>I~l ~~~.J

~JL ~ CJfi: ~i 4.:~1 JL....:.»J~I ~).I .>'2;; I~ ..b3L.7'2..9 . 42;,11 u.blll ~ d....)W~

J~I ..:,.., l..l:;:, ..::,L.""G.. ..u:; . W[jJI <G....S: L.:.:.....e A ,1.'11 . d~ ···~II .,Lt....~i .. .J. r r= r.,r .>.J r--, r.,r ~ \Y" ~ . u-"

~ d....)W~ d.....::.~1 ..::,L...,#I

147

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~~LJ;,j~~! 41L......>!~~1 d)~~1 ~ lc">~0i ~~I..lLoptJ ~I ~~-.9

~j'-" vuLui~ d).)1I1 b.iA ",;;;-.9' ~1...l:uJ1 ~ l...b~ ~)W4 ~L;JI u~1 J~I-.9

~I dJLu)1 ~i <;?.:JI &).1 0-" ~).I ~ ulc~1 ,";-,..>WU -.9i d..tlll u~b. ~-.9" C~)I

~ (OTS) ~)lJI-.9 ~I u~~)lJ ~l.Jl ~1...l:uJ1 J:)::' d- d_o~1 ~t:i

~I ~W~I d)~~b~~I d~1 0-0 F JL......>H ~~I ..lL.....:.ptJ~I ~).I ~~

~}I &1).1~~!~)W4LL.:;JI ulc~1J~I-.9~ ~LJ;,j d:.b..o~~! uL.u)

~)lJI-.9 ~I u~~)lJ ~WI ~1...l:uJ1 J:~ d- dJj-.9 W:,:JI ~..G..:i ~I ~~I ..lLoptJ

- - --I, I -~t,d-t 9.!,,·,t ":'~...J-W

J~I-.9~ ~LJ;,j ..>lb!~ ~~I ..lL.....:.)11 d..a~ ~ b..l~1 ~-.9..J1 d,:9,: ",;;11 u4:Ujill J:-.,d:i..l..>:

~~I JLo)JI ulo~ e:::-->-" 0-" ~L.:ill ..J.:;..ll c:t ~I <;?j ~I c:t ' ~JL.J4 ~L;JI ulc#1

"~~I

0t~1~ ~)L.Jl; ~L.:;JI ulc~1 J~I-.9b;~~~I t,,>9,: ",;;11 J:~4 JL.::.:i~1 ~ : ~Jlo

:~l:i11- ''I~y

"..G1,4.J ..J1:L-·II~I~.>WL..LL;Jlulc-I_IIJ~I.::.u U;"i., ".• 11 " .. ···,-:11-;,'1u _-.9 _~ " lJ""'-"" -.9" ~ "~~ 0:..>""The Chainnan - -

Coordinating Panel on NAVTEX

International Maritime Organization

4, Albert Embankment

LONDON SEl 7SR

148

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
( ,~ - ":" ~ j J) t ~~,

(\)

Ill) :. L....o b ~i~LtL.. L~-: It~I d:.,..l..uJ1 jLc.:JL..~I <L...a.......uJI .,~- -:1/ A I.::. -t, cl ~ ,j'($".,j-'-U. ~ ~.~ ~ ~_ ~ (. ~ ~ r- U . ..) .-J

• (jWJI blA ~ ~~.ji b..l~ CJ~ ':".j..1.:>.

J..:>,.~ ~ t4:i1 J~ 0.a (~)I ~ ~L:JI (I~)U d~9~:bjtl (jWJI ~Wj'~ <:?~I ~I

· (t.9-4~4~1 (jW~ 0.a~ jLb:J1 t-'""I.j

(\)

149

(\)

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
(\)

J),J-l1 J-9J..=. <:t-9 "L.;.:;jjll~,~I "'.:9"l i <:t~I "w.c.i J! i)~L...J.1 r=JJ:i ~WI ~\'I J!~~I~I <:t hl:i.l.1

0-'>~ J~~ dl.:ub vu=J-9 ' di.'~o ~lc. 4..b..o o· J! i.~ 0-'> .b.U ~l.:i..., (t~)U 4:' ~,J-l1 d~)1.. J

c"F1, di.'ill WWI d ..bll .y,~.)~~ ..::...o..G.:W.u1 ~-9' 4:' ~b.l1 d~)1 ~Iy.:; ~I dY-oI)~1

J,u r:1 LQ\'1~~~I ~I ~La......; C;A' ~I~I ~ I~ ~I b411<:t di.'';11 WWI d ..bll ~ 0-'>

.~~~I

.:;,]-9 LA).u.a~ d~-9 (J:.b.:i) .. + ~)I ~-9 ~ c"lc.L..u.;:..u. js: (jWI & ~I~I ~-9

J,ij ~~-9J:' ';-'~~ J! oGl.:7'1 c"Wa~ js: Ju..;:i-9' (o.)l~ Ijl) ~L..u \, '-9 ~"\-9 V'-9 iA-9 H + ~)I

(jWJI ~-9 d~)1~ ~....lla JI~! ~~ i)~1~4 ~y;J1 JL....o;jll i))IJ <:t t WJ.I (ftp)oWlI

~ i)~1 ~4 ~~I JL.",J\'I i))IJ <:t "t W:J.I ';-',j-'-UbJl"~ oLillI b.lA tJ~-9' ,J.S: I). I~ 0-'> i)J)~1

. ~J W:..l1 J-9 Lu.o <:t~

(S..J.I 4.h...u~1 ~~I d~ l.:f.-9JJ\' I ~).I <:t oGL::J1 b.lA~ i)~).1 OU.,~,,~¥I J-9I..l-7-~-9

<:t 0fi:i~ i).l.=Ul1~4 ~~I JL.",J\'I i))IJ <:t "t L.tll ';-',j-'-U~I" J! bj..:..,J-l1 oLillI J........;:i-9 (ECMWF)

,::,GL.:-:JI oWa ~-9 . JJ4:iJ1~~~~ <sjll ~I ,,~ t'"""~ ~ 1~-9' ~JL.t11 J-9L:.:i...a- -~~I J~J\'I b)IJ <:t "t W:J.I ';-',j-'-UbJl" J:'C ~4--a hl:i...a <f)-;JI~4 6L;,~ d ..Uo ~i-9 oU.,.::,,~¥I-9

.b~I~4

150

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~ '\"'\..9 ~.)L.t.a ~I..>-"~ 0-0 ~J))I ..::J.:'~I ~.)l.ic~ 0~1 ~i,..9 I~ JJ~I .11.:, -IS,..9

-::.l:.~ Ji...:i .. + J-L.o)I~,..9 ~ ~'w 0-0 cG~ L" bpl ~L:>:JI-::.~i,..9'~J:Wd~ u..-J,..9 d;:~ 0 WI.c.

t:'l:i1I-::.l:.~ ~ ~I (jWI dl:i -::.~i,..9 : ERS-I ~)!1 J)-J-C ..jl..J:.S:i.....u~ sr-~~I t:'l:i14 t Lg:j.)~l ~~

(I~~I tU:;).}~.)-'-" bJ~':' -::.~i ~ , f' ,')"1 - ~ b)J.ia (1..9_81 t L.g:;) .} I':'~I ERS-I <:r-~~I

~~WI0J.j IlJl0C~,..9' -::.l:.~1 blJl Ji...w r.l ~l ~1)'4 d::..)l.ic,~~,..9~I0=ykJl,..9 t:'.)'il -::.I.c.WI J)G.

.:,~~I J=),..9' ~1,..9 -::.:.l.5: ERS-2 sr-l:.1....:.~1 t-:'L.:JI-::.L.:.~ f'1~1 ~l \C\C\"\ f'~ J.:.1,..9i.}J~ d..:~1

. (1y>)U ~WI t ~.)~I~ 1.SJ7- ~ 0-0,..9' •• + J-L.o)1 ~s ~ f' '')''( - t141 1

~ .1..9-7",..9 0C - -::.lc.L..u "\ J,S: d..Lt..::»I.b...u~,..9 d..:..&J 1d..Lt..::»1 ~.)Li...: - -::.l:.~1 JJI...;:i~,..9

.} ~J~",lI,..9b~1~4 d..:~1 JL..o;~1 b;l..J WWI d.h~1 0-0 (I~~l ..>:.)l.ii: J.h.:i: ~ d..:.)4JI -::.~l

0C ~l..u..uJ.U ~l:.~.} ~~I J=.. 0i Fb <!lJ~ d,..9J'i1 ~~ ~~~I t~l ~,..9' l~..>:i ,-:,y:.

. I.S.?-i d~.J:' WWI Jk.:;~1 d~s

(1",..81 ..::..lc.L.g:;),..9 (jWI d..b....u1,J-:'~~I (tJ-C~1 -::.lc.lJ:i) -::.l:.~ ~)I Ju,JL.,.J.I ~.)L:i..c 1.S..J,..9

c.FSJj'il ~).l.} (WAM) (L~~I J=..b:; (j~ 0i ~, \C\C\o ~~/<:?C111 0=~ ~ bL...:...s ' ~J,..9-W"').1

'-:'~ "t:.:ii bJ~).1 (b-.a)U~I -::.lc.lii.)~1 ,-:,L.....:..})~4 Ji.=..i I.S~I d..b....u~r d..:~1 -::.I~

dJ+i.l1 ~..>--".} f";; 1,,11 (b...c'il J:.b.:i (jyU 0L.S;~ . ~'il ~l ,-:,..;-i. ~ ~I ~I~I

(I-J-C~I J=..b.:i (j~ ~tu 0 i 0:': IlJl,..9' ~J,..9-W"').1 ~I J1 ,-:,~i ~..>--"~l d..:.r--:J.l t-!l:i11 d..:J..uJ1 d..:J1.;C~~,..9'i1

.4....~1 L,)I-::.l:.~ I~ ( .. j--~II;w..1,J1 ~1d::.Lu .•_.81)~IJ.,.u..:.L.g:; 1~..lAW-ISC _ _. rr-..9 (~ .... ,..9 _ .. . .. .. r..s-

J9 0' jll ~,JJJI ! .! • ,0 11 ~ b hi a Jl a j cl u-o b~.,>11 b,J .! :<11 ~l~l - .,-

~ 1.J-6''J I ~ j W~ u-o

• .':<'~ l..a..fi..a, .bL.t.:J1 IlJl' .. I ~L, ,.~~tL, ~I t,--I/ JL..:.\II d....:...b.1/ .... / 'I' .':<'~ -ISV"~.. _ V"(Y' .~. ...!Y:'" ~ .. l.J' &..r V"~.. ..

61.)~ ~ (jL.c:J1~ 0-0 ,-,:~iI10l.5: 0'11~,..9' G,..9J ~~I ~4~1 0-0 ~I.>:=~ JJ4=i 0-001..J.:11

. ~,..9.) ~~ 4..::..l:1l1~I (jW ~I~ 61.).1 0-0 ~~~ -::.~L::..

si d..:~1 .,lL...o}11 ~I..>-" jb:J 0i (1y>~1 (jW ~Ul.:' ~L;jl -::.l.a,Jh.l1 J1 ~)I ~~ 0L~ 0-0..9

~WI f"1kJ1~ WWI d.b~1d~~~~I 4Jli4: ,.,.....;~I ..:;"j)1 ~ Ju,~ ~ c;;J1 ~1~,..9.)J-.1-&-II

~ ~ I J-bl:..ll .} ( Iy>~ I Cj!..a:.~ 0-0 Jb:i14~ <:tl:i14,..9 <!lJj J.Ui 0 i~ ~)IJ b ¥L-J 1-::.~ Lw..:;)IJ

. ~I).I blJl ~

151

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
-..L

01I\.)

-E),:'t:~.,.,~I::..

'L.~-

£t(;;"

'"<f..c

.~'

r't'1,~

fe'~

,t' 1.t ~.~' ".~ tf ~~t

-------{---

~

,t'

t,t'i[..

[..c-C'b

1'tl;E-

fe'~

I

------'-'

I·c'"c...-----{

c

~

------<---

-'"s>"s><I-'"s>"s>-t

iiE~E

'"<t..c

~C7~

I

------'-'

I·c

'"-0

c...---.....

'f'~

------'---

'-~-l~lo·~-

,tl

1{

L-

[t<:'-

·rc..<>-

..-0(

••-~~

<0"

~

t~

E(.1

f~

1[:'

~

-.-..-0(

I.[(.1

c...-o

'ft

,t ,t: 1;\ '"E'~ - <t- "'_ \ 'c:;~. ~ l' ,t'[, ,t '6

f~ t ~ o~

.- f= .t"'l' ~. f tCj;.1, " • '" ,,-

.~ ~ t t..f' t - ,[E I~ ~t I

- .r. ,e; 'L.(, f> -10· ~-

b ~, (I r"t ~ ,[ ,t- (., ,(;\

}.- ,e-" ' (~o~. ~ (;;" 1:,

, P [.. Ptf= r" ~ (;;"[.., 'v <e...: b~ ~'.- ~!) e, ( {'-'J; 1> l'~t; p. (;;" Er 'L r: ,~': l' g tt l' ,~'r.'f;! ~ ~,. ,[

.f 'b ~t t '" -

~~ _:~ ~,.

.~ t ,t ~, ~~ _ Er

'" ~ [.. c...~ ~. [ f:~ <i, ~ l'

'~ .~'(;, tt' '1..,~ ,Cr'·.,.,~ ,

~~

t,(;\

s ~~

- ~C' .e~ ,(;\j;;: [..

h t- -.~' ~:t ~

t· ~,, [

, l'

'tfl- I -

~e- f= Ile-"c..... [... ~.e- 1(;\ _

'<E ~o f~ [;, t:.- (0 er-t ,t' ~:,~ 1 ~

1tol'L. ~. (.,., g

t .~

]. f r ,~[... (, c, 1 C7 ~c' ,t

l

f'l ~. E (;" t<t!)f~-..c - t. [...e- ~ C' [.. ft.E' c;~ ~

ilfi%,e; - '" c... f-10 [... [..(,' r [.[ ;r

e - (0, c.. b' c.. '"

11\ Il -0 -

, 'e... t: It klL'i L.' -

'G:,- t r;;( 't[.. C7 ~r . !t ~ ",'

l,', ~ "r-: 'r' [L""t..' l'- (., -(, _o.e- '1.. t.f ]; ~- C'~ g0_ ~ ~ t: :tc... C t -.r.=- ,t' 't c.-:I:l hi' ~'1 '" ' -C' i[..· '" 1;\C7 [..,-

~ !t . 1 1

f t't· 1: l'[.. '" ,. ,I: [f. f ~ t ;- f 't - ,c.. ' : t (0

Or;;; , , 6• • - 00<-

'" (

'k f 'f [

,t'

t(-[..

[..c

-Ei,:st:~.,.,~!=~.

't-''i.of~

~

----------------------_._----~-------------------------------------------------------------

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
r;;1y,'5I/ ~(.j..>:' - ~1~Y~..9i ~i 0-c 4-7 J.h.:i= L...9 d.-;.r--:JI ~~I ..l~..))/I 0' \ ~ ~..) .,;:.;-i:iJ1

..:;,{.j..)I.i1.& ~.J..uJ/ r;; ty,'5I/ r;;Jf-o.j,J r;; ty,'5I/V"~ ..:;,(. ig;~ \~M fW d}j.b,y/ ~..JU;jJ/ :~C;l::J/

,~ 1/ \ 4b)l., (io - ~~I u,:;-I/) I,~·_WlS'. '-9~") _ _l}' ~ ..

(\)

Wi..9' LJ:#~~ J! (1..9-,84 ~j<> u~~ ~~ 4:~ ~.r--:JI ~I .,L....o..c.i~ wi (\)

t7l:J1 ~J.9-.81 ~~>.' \/,;; 0-c byt4-c ..Jj,oi"'2"" ~d.-;~I ~~I ..l~..))/I~..9' .,~)/I .,'1j..4l

_~li....::...9.lI~)/1 ~1~ •• \-\o.,'\Vb-:~IIJ)l;.~ 1111 1)/1 ~ . '--i~ ..9~ ~ t7 (;j-O ~ >.'~u

~ ~~I t>.l.b &.>-0

(\)

(i)

~I "Wu:.i t" ..:uL-wJ4..9 ~~I ~~I ..l~..))/l ~ ~..) t'" .J..9~4 ' ,j.C..~ wi tL.JI 0.;-0\'1 ~! ~

~ ~1.:J.1 ~ ~l:i11 ..l)y.1 ..l..9..1.=o <:t ~~..r.J1 "'2 0;i~ ' b»,.,...:.11~~I ~~I u~~"

153

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~L:aL.uJ I - ...ui...

~..r--:JI d~' ~~i 0-<> i)~ C>WJ~4 d.il4 ~idj d~~ (t,.':~14.i..U"lY"~ ~-'= - \

~l c>u4:Jl0-" i).J:lyll-9 i).&1' c>l.;LJ1 0 1· ~~-9~WI-9 ~..r:--:ll ~W.I~ ~1-9 t W.I ~~i-9

~~ (Iy>)U ~~~I --sl:-b~1 ~L;,-9) (L9-0~1 ()W-9 ~1~.b..w,:81 t;'1.,:J4 <Uy=ll .)~J'I i)~i Lb~,ji

~~I J~~ ~'p-~ld~1~ J,£JI ljA ~-9" ~.:P-:i-9 c>lc"bll ~jA JL.u.)~ 4..:'1.U-9 i),,~ dj S>L.u-9

1·-:1L.<U---11 L~_•.t:;,.....81i)" i l • l - -:11c>uL....J1 i~l.:i.1I~--II4..i..bl1 L. d ..:.L....· d9j,7.11~-·1It;'~. ~ .) -*'='" ""il""""'.>"' r.,r _. -9 .~. (. -.) •. '-"'" -~

. 4.L:J1.;:,Ij .;::WI-9~I u<='~1 IjA~ d..o4-'1 ~L...Q.gJ1 0-<>-9. (~~I F~) ~u,.b..w:81

(i)

r# ~~I4.}-9..1l1~I) LWI r; ty,Yt ufJl;:: JJL;:;J0"'~t J.:lJ ~ i)J)~1 c>L.u.)WI ~~

!(u~1

~W.I d ...,... I.)..1lI-9~I --s)UlI-9 c>~1 ~ Je.li:ilI-9 (. ~)I ~ ~l:J1 (t,.,81 ~.i..U.;:.,.b:i 01 - ~

.)J~~ 0'11 ~..J.;1:i rl-9" (L9-0)U d.:;.:.)Li.l1 c>u~1 J! Jy..o~1 ~..>JoOi ~ ~.?~I c>~I~-9

. i~ .. :.. . 1".:-: 11 • I. -I~I d....U~1 .. k....;l ~<-: J' I. ~."" .... L.)l..... 'i L.S:, c>uL....J1 ~jAv ~~ '-""'-9 ~ r.,r '1t""'" ..... u r.r-"" "'tI-':~ U .....

--s~ d.:", b ".11 (. ~)'-9 (1y>~IlY"L.:.9c>u~ i)J-,"?,y.1 ~L.;JI-9 d..oWI .)Jl.d.1 ~~ J! ~I)I ~L.......o ~I,ji

~W~4-9" c>u~1 JJ~ <)-9..1l1 rlJ:.:J1 ~. ~i Ij!, ~J-9 4J! Jy..o~I-9 c>L.:.~1 ~~ 0-<>'11 .:>:.?:i.l l 0Lc...;

. c>u~1 ~-4J rl~1 J..,..::,ji J,:9'" j ~ ~~i i).lC.L.......:LJ;:...Jl ~.illj J!

154

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
o ~jill

4-.i.c ~~I) u:.~~1 ~~~I ~.r--:JI (~.A.9 (tJ04~I'::'G~ ~ ~.l~.,ll d~~1 '"'=~ (1)

~ ("Iy.J1~ ~.>l:i1I.,9

'::'G~I ~ J~I ~~I ~).I d.b....ul,,:, d,..g.,9,;-tiI.::.G4:J1 .>..l~~ (.,l1..:i5: ..ll~! t.:? .7., (";-')~ .::.~I~.,w ~~I ~.,9.l11 d..:..;JJ ).b! c,t (1.,9-")0 ~1';'~~.,9~1

~I .::.G~I ~.)! ~WI ~ J.J-'-""'.,9 ~~ .::.G4:J4 wWI~ U:.>..lUJI d,..g~ c,L.........; (..l)

~ (1.,9-")0 ~1';'~~.,9~1 .::.Gl;::J1 ~J~I ~",JI ~).I (.,l~1 t.} 4-:--.>,",=

~ 1,J-O}U<.p~ I ~,J11

dj..fLi1l.,9 ~W.I .::.L..uI.>.l11 t.} ~ '':' i 11.11.,9 (tJ-4~4 ~~I .::.L..~I ~ ~I ~~I ~ - r

~~ ~1..G....:i....u1~.,9' (~~I ..u-.::.)I~~ d......=.L.::...,9) UhJIl}.,t.~~ ~~I d..u-.::.)I ~ d.:ii.::bitl

t.} ~~I ..l~4 .::.G4-:JI ~~ ~~.,9 . ~..l~1 ~ ~ '::'.,9u:J1 ~~~ ~! jl.>l.:J1 ~j:J .::.1..:.4:J1

~,}I cJ~.J ..::..!.J.Ji J=.l.J t.} ~..l).,ll ..ill:;5: , ~..l~.>~1 ..ll.,ll r-=..Ii;.,9 ,,:,:.>.ilJ1 J~ ~ .illj.,9 ~)4 d......=.b11 .::.L..u.>WI

. (V." rS.>~I t~) ~J:Wl!.J[!J.oY/~J=.l.J t.}J (/\ rS.> d..rJ;:J.1 t~)

u~ ~I u...:..J1 dj ~.>..Gl1 ~1.>.l11dlbJl t.} (1.,9-"~1 ~.> .::.L..u).~ d......=.b11 ..ll.,ll (I.>..l!

.~l

~ '~'~Il.~ ~ t.:J, a:- L..,'~' Q l.o~ , - ~ 4

~ .~ ~ tf * * . tJ • I ...... ~":tfl '''lll .1- ~~ ~.".. ~ ~~,J~~ ~

i s' ~)J ('.:.:ii J.oI~1 ~1 ..1.::>.1 41''' b",11 (4)1 ..::..~~~ W)\.o..::..~Jl J,.w:..,ll JI~ ~ - t

4-o1~1~~I ~ttl.1 ~I..::..Y~ d......=.~I..::..~ J:.9..l.>:..Ii; "I~l ~10-0.,9' ~j..fLi1b (1.,9-")0

d.: ::, b".11 (~,)I "::"G~ C,1~ Y.,9' 4-; j-Fl1.,9 (b-c)O <:?~I ..u-.::.,)I c,t.,9 (I>-,,~I (jW t 1~1 ! at;.; 0 c,t

. (1.,9-"~b (~)4 d......=.b11 d.;;.a>J1 ~ J,.:....G ~L:J........:,YI t!ljill"::"G~ ~ d'01':"11.11

155

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
-::.l.a~1 ~ tl~'YI;Ub~ r.:i: jl' 4..d ..:,~II..,9 tl~'Y1 J:.b.:i c} tl~'Y1 d~Jr~ LJ.g - 0

l.c5:~I~I c} ((1.:)1..,91 tl"':~I.::..UI.:-:"t, .....) b..l~).1 d.j~1 rl~1~~ ~~..,9' (1.:)4 ~L:JI

~bJl cl) I c}0~~'YI ~..,9' J..Fl1 ~}W c} ~)I d..:sl.:-:~ii..ly;.~1 d.!;ajll ~I~I~ ~ ~

1.lA ~G..., l.j;;:";..,9' ..u.:~ iiJ' .7.j!!l1l d.! .. b".11 J.:.r--:l l (1.:)1..,9 tl~'Y4 ~L:JI.::..u~1 J;....:i~ r..IhJl )J""l

. d ..b:!,::"A.1I ~~~I t;'1,jiJl; ~I J;lll t-" dly...t~4 t~~1

ttJ-O'YI t jW~ ~~~It:'1~1 ~ q~U1.::..uL:-:J1rl~1 ~1~..,9 d.!;aj~ 4:.....uIJ..l ..ll..u:.l

(1.:)1..,9 ~ ~ iiJ,.j'.j". I1 tl~'YI.::..U~ ~L;...,9) ~)I.::..u~ J;....:i~..,9 dp b".11 ~.r--:ll (1.:)1..,9

... 1 'YL L"·~II .. ,jW .. (- L ..·11' 4.....";;1/t..9-" ..~ t tF c:-- '-'"" ..~j'""

c} (,.!ao ~k 0-0j11 ~~",.b ii,;>lJ..,9 ~WI ii..l~1 dj~I ,,4.Q)I.::..u~~ c} ~10lS - '\

~l..,j J:!~~ ~ Jl j:gJL ~,j/I .;-o'Y1 , 4:'d~b tb..oW d:..k..)U1 ~I .::..L.ul.:J.l1 ~~I J4-c

t jW~~I cl)1c} Jb.:il.I ~..,9,.,....t..o tL9..,81~.ki ~k....;.1 ~ J:~ Jl.b1 .ill,j/..,9. 4:!~I..,9 tL~,,'Y1

J=6.:i11 d J4-0f.!.!aj c}..1C.~ 01.bWI I~ 0'W.~..,9· Jb.:ill d,,~~~I J..lLpJI..,9 J~I ~I)I tl~'YI

~ J)l;. . I 'YL ~. ~~ 11 .::..~ .-L~ I.. 1l:iJL ~ -1/ •<' I 'I '.':<' .J I •. L ".~ 'I . I W 1·-11~ '-'""t..9-" ..~ ~ J:!~~if .'.J ~ lJ' ~.r '-'""~r.s ~~..,9t'-'"'" ~

L..:.L.:JI dJ-:~1 rl~1 ~.illj ~ iifllc...,9. a.:&J1~I di4-0 J:J.:U..,9 iiJflU,1 ,j~~1 "lb.:..1

. .::..uL::J1~d.!;aj..>:~ c}..,9 .::..~I ~ c}J:Wll..,9 J=b..:i.II c} ii..lk6~ ~I" lb.:..'Y4

~\.:] dL~~..9..9' ~ ~I d~b tl~'YIj(I.:)1 ~I.::..~I ~~ Jb.:ill~ (1)

~ UoWI :fi1).1~~ ~Jb.:ill d"~lJ..l4='~~bJ::!WI ~

156

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
o ~jill

d.>..)1.i,. ";-'..)~ Uh:ill (,g.j~1 Jk~1 ~ .J:..)l.ii.ll jS:~ , ~.,ll .::.~I~~I Jl..b:.~ ,~I (";-')

. 4.L..d1 dj ~I.)I dlj ~ ~,~~ Jb:ill.j ~jL.uJl.j d.j.NI

. ~~.j ~~ f"Gb jJL.::.. ..::.8411~ d.S:~1 .::.~I ~ ~b-,,'~I d:'~~ u1 -v

)l....W, ,<....~ dJ.a~1 ~I d:..:.,WI ..l . J,:;...J:i ~~I L.)I I ~I d.:.~~ l.9 ~ ~.. ~ ",r ~.. c:....j ~ ;yo ...

. d.:..r"'-;' d.:~.ji d.:..r"'-;' d.:..;; ~l5: "I,y-u ~l:.J:.9~ .::.)lc.\j:j J.jl:.:i:i <:?11 .::.~I ~ ~l.b ~W

~ 4=i~.j ~I;yo~4 ~L.:JI.::.L...~1 ~ .::.4l.b:iJ.I~.j ~ uL..c......; ~I;yo~1 ~l.i..r.J ~;-=-i.!.j -/\

, (dlj~.j ~WI .::.l~..~lI.j ,:?...r--:J l .=,pl J;...o) ~.j.J1I.j ~.,ll f"Lu.A~4 ~ <:?1 1o~4-l1

"~l~.j· (Lb~.j .::.t;.UI ~ji.j ~l.a..u.~1 ~b....j uL-J1 d..)L..u...a) c.s..r=:~l ~t.=J1 .::.L...~I.j

ulW1 f"U;:Jj ~jy.:J1 d.J.:>.)1 dI:i;J. ~yUl ~I;yo~4 bt.=J1 .::.l.a~1 ~.::.~ 0"'>L.:.. f"L...:i.A1

• .::.l.b:-=-ll .l.l.o)

~l.b ~ c.sy,..~l >,",,"l.W4 ~)lc..j 4J1s.!:bi.j c:.l:)I.j ~tJ-"~4 4.....:.t.=JI.::.l.a~1 ~ .::.4Jb:i.1I ~~

..l-o.a) ~~l f"~ 4j~1 d~.,ll ' ati; 0: l+-o~ L.... ~L:...j ,~l .::.~I ~

• .::.~I

c.s..li ~)Ul uul.:i11J:~ ~ ~1-.9-'l~1 .::.~~ ~~ ~i ~ ~1-.9-'l)U d.:..l..u.ll ~jl.a.ill f"1~1 ~'';:; u1 -'\JI~L; d:......::.~I...J) ..~...l1 Jl.b..i .::.l.i~I~.Lb t-'-"ji". ~~~1I tl~~1 ~~~ u-o i)~ .J:.1lio~ Jl. i~i d.j..l~1 olAl J;.... ~~.jj r1 ~I J1.L:J1 J! G:.1-.9-'l~1 V"~ b~i ~ ~~I J1.tll ~~ G:I~~I

V"l.:i1 I .ji J.:>.)l/I V"l.:i1 1V"Lu.i ~",,,",",,, u.j~1 .::.~w.~ Wli ~,¥il&(Z ty."t/~~/J:!l.J1/~ ~.jj.j

. ,:?.J.9i1 1

157

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
't:B:

It'

t{(..

[.e

.~

i,:

&,

~b~.<f-''t.'[l-c~

.t

l11

~~I\(.

r'E(,

'f~

r:~

1r,·

, ,t

,~ ~t~-0

('1. 'f~ .e

it'\ ~'~ ('1

~~- [fel ,(:-~ v'~ .f1- &'~' E

'f t~~f" .~t..!. \.

(."t

~t;:

~

'"1:

o GL. ~<t- ~- ~,

.e ~ Lr; ,[" Q..

~ f r): ~~ ~

t ,t C::..-I V l:T

: s ft'(, f ~~ 'f; " r:t rr ~, ~(., .6, ~ (.,~' <e... G &,

~ *} t- c.. t..!. -0_ .r· t (,1: ~ 't t(I' \. 't;-

G .e 'I:-

~ 0- c-: <;;-~' F.' 1) ~,t: ,~ ~ :fIo~ I::.:. (0 t&, (., , '.

~ , .-.. '1.-' ,~ c.. c;-l> (.. g 0(.. P - -~ ~,!t ~f'<' <t ~ ''t.t, t p ~<t-.. (, ~ l:-e- IJ- C .<:~ bb 'L (., ~ ~

t· t l f\~t 11~! ~. ~

~ E0 f;" I'p c;- l. .-"I\(. ~ ~~ ~

-1>

i

f ~ -"t:. t

f. J <t l-c, <e... ~ b, e- ~. l-t"

''h b' ~ .Ii\0~ ~ 1. ~(.., lr ..- t:[ <t.. ~ ~

(., ~, ~ -~, t: '6 et'~ [ ~ ~~, ~' .~ .[~ ~ {:' .

- b .C-

':; t: t' '~~, ~,~ [~ ,( et c;-

t- t· ,f't. ~ t ~ -:~, e'. ..- et' 11l .F ~ 'GL. ~1:: r;; ~r ~ <i"

""!.... r ~ ~ et'~ ~ 'f' t ..(, ~ - (;

~ ,~- r I: tU"'. -~ <p Plv- ~ ,t: J [''.1<., .r.. 1;.' ,<e - • ~!

'l\,:, '~: ~ 't ~~;~ ~ - ..~" r: ~ f ~E (.., -;t 'L

r; \- ~: ~

E} '~: <t ~- (0 ;~ .C- .-

c·11

,r"r tg~ I~

C e· r,-b. _t' 1::.~ ''\. -~~: I[ E(I .-.. 1'-~ ~ '~ r

'L. -"t, f ..:.~~- ~ ~

~ t i t~~ - c;- <e...

,f'<' c.. ~

et ~ [ -fl! I: '- ~hg ~ <D

i ~ ,'~ [.~~ t ",,-~ ~ [.~, ~

PI _ l ""!....0_ 1 ~ <[ ~

1:. [- ~~.e ~ ""!.... 'g't 'f ~ ~~ ,t~t ~ .t· 11 E(.. (.. ~.. ~ f'I> Cs ' •t ' ~ ~ Et> (., b~, 'fi ~ , ),. ~ f~~" ~ ~ ~ ~ \·q:~~1' E~f ~-" F: I -

l' I ~ t-.-.. ~.- 'I:... _ ,( .-.. "10(.

-< L. t. -- ..=:

......0100

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
o ~ji11

~~ 4.J:-u.-J~I ~~~I-J LI.> lb~ ~.r;-:;JI-J~I (I~\'I (jW ~4--)l.:i.S ..d~! ~i -\i

-"- -Wi" "lj dlj" ~. "kJl ci·'I .~~I jWI ~l.=.. ~~/ ,,~i t")1..,'1&-'-c 1..9 ,.y=>~ u. ut:- 1.9 ~ ~ r.F ( ~ _"" ".(jW U-" ~I.b~/ ~t.~-J .w1..r=J4 ~t...;J/"";~1 Jl..."j\' l,f'""~1 ~~I,)~ ~ d",.1'" C<'-J 4=k

. (I~\'I

.:>,u ~-J' ~I~ C::'"~~b ~/ (I~\'I (jW ()~ (0;:-0'-' jS:)~~~~ ..l·I~!

. W;,J./ d~~ t.} (I~\'I tt""t..>:-:' bWI ~"p-\'I ~L.#I C::'" G?I~I

..ll-J-C (1.>..l¥~.;J jS: t'"L:.:ii.1 ~-J' ~~ ~)Il1 '7':.>..wJ4 '1! ~L..GJI ~-J "WU!~ '1 -\ i

f.::S;"~ L.S:, d.:..r--:J 1~~1..lL...::..>\'4 ~w/ ~.>..Gl1 ~I.>..JI d.ibJb~1 ~lil.::.. t.} ~ ~I-J (I~\'I J:.b:;

0~ ~.>..G I~p d.),J..JI.:>'u~~~~I ..lL...::.;'11 J~ t.}~ d.),J..l F c;tll ,,~\'I J-J..JI~

. I. - ~ .~-:Ij / \' I L4b:iI.f:t-:'~-J(~ _

t'"~ (t.,.~\'I,.y=>~ ~J:..l.:;o- ~-J..l-J ~-Jtt""Ij.l "~!7~ ~~~WI t'"~ 0i~~~ -\0

. (~\'I (jW ".19;; ~-J (1~\'4 d:ik:ill ~L.~I ,,~!J~~ W;:J,I ,,~i ~! ~~WI-Jd..lW..>¥1

~.),J..l ~ ..l1~1.:>l.!l (I.>..l! ~-J' ~~I-J (I~\'I J:.h.:i~~.>..G J-...c ~t.ih-J d.),J..l~ (",:,)

~ '7':'>~ ~¥I ~.)I ~ d.:~1 ~~l ..lL...:..>\'b ~l:~1 4-91.;i.~~-J\'1 J4-c ~~..Ii:i..a

~ ~-J~~ d.:~1 ..lL...::..>\' I

159

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
"~l J~ ~ ~I "L..:.ci 0-" '::'~~.ji U:J.I ,,~i ~l ' o.)..9y..:..J1 ~ , O.JLWI r:..u:JGJI ~.ILUk.:a/l...=.·I.~<~lIl'.:~ b~ dJj .~, I \lLUh:ilI.::.oL.~1 .. L~

':F~ ~:)7' • .. .:.J"~ V"'-' (.)0 • :J-! t.F. {;. y. . ">:~.j

. ,-:,~l.::J4 ~/ d ..b.:....o.j ~..I.".g.J1 ";-'-.9-'-"WI ~ 4..c1 ..\~.....8 d~ l:P"j~1

~/.)..JI ~l.::.oJ......=,.j L. ~i ~l:1.c o.)..9~ Jl o~\l1 tt.~,\l1 ~ {;./-J-<l\ll ~.i..u ~ t-=.;-uJ1 ~I <sji -\\

~.j' ~b 4':1 0 10;jll.::.~1~ ..I~I0-<>~ ~~I :;;'..>-:..j' ~I ,,~\I.::.L.~I blA hCl-.9 4.:',JJjll

i"Lu...b~1 0-<> J:.J-c Jl {;.~ ~/ J.c/~I 0-<> ..I.JL dl:..A .::.~I blA ~ 4J~ ~~I ~~':l'1 O..l~':' I.JL

r}b-c ";-'~ c ~)I JJ:U.j' d)~b .).:r.JI.j .lll o.J.J.t.j' ~I bL:J.l.j , o.iliJ,1 ~I.;L~~I d~'u J:i.c,~4

J)G.. 0-<>~.j' (.)Ob i"l...c:iJ,4.;:~ {;.b-o)U~I {;.jWll ~..I~I ·,.:9j;1I ~i w:. t:Jl ..· ~I.j ~I JL..o:iI

.::.L.~I blA~ ..IJ.J..<:JI IlA~ ~10-<>.j' 4,:'o,o;ill.::.4J.b:i11 blA ~.~ ~I o~1 r:~ {;.I-J-<l\ll ~~..>:'

. {;.I-J-<l\ll~.i..u ~~i~ Lb~ ~I d .....".)W/ ~1fiu.14.L..o/-J-<l.j ~I

(i)

~ , 0oi.:.i-<.t~d~l:U ~L;JI J.bLaI ~ ~t,...,\l1 {;.jW~ bL;J1 .::.L.#I ..Il.JLl

~ ~l··· .).:r:JI.j ..J./"~/ ~~I.j d.)t::tll.j o.w.tl ~I';'~~/

, C~)I ~ ~1.lJ1 {;.I-J-<l\ll {;.jW..>:~ t~ ~I <s~\l1 ~1.bL.......ji t-" .::.lj)W1 4.L..o1-J-<l.j L,ljl

. ~ 4.L::.:i11.::.~4J.t.9 {;.I-J-<l\ll~~ ~L;,JI ~b ~I ~I~I ~ ~.j..J1 ill~1 Jl.W &"-,,,i:J.j

J..I'-:U~ ~",..':':l'1 .)..9..1.j . ~I .J)li.../b .::.~I ~ Je:.~1 jlbl.l:..c 0-<>~ ..I~ ~ {;.'"",,\l1 -\V

d:.o~1 .::.~I <s~l~ "~..r--:JI #1 - ~1.J)I..i11 - .::.~I" t~ ~ d.:,Wb o)..rJI.j d~1 ,::,~

~ ~ 0-<>..9 ({;.I-J-<l\ll >",) ~I (lL:..~ 4..bJ1 dj <s~\l1 d.;:lllb..r--:J1,,;-,I~I ~.j' .::.~I J4--c~

0-<> .::.l..;Jb:il1 J.jl:u Jl ~GJI.¥-..G L..S: . ~l .J)I.i1I.j db.:'" 0" 4,.;.)L:i:il1 {;.jW11 ~ ~~I ~ ~,i:J wi

. ~I IlA 0-" d.:~:.!11 .::.~I ~ {;.I-J-<l\ll.j C~)I .::.~I.:-:

160

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
.=.~I u;J4-a 0-c,j~ ~ (1.:)1 ~ ~l:J1 (t,...)U ~u:; (.h."'; ~I~Iu~""';I~I

J=~I J..:Wl1,j tl:J.1 ~~L.....a JL) ~1-..JJliJI,jdb: ... 11 ~~I (jL..:J1 ~I~I~~

. (~4<s..ll1

~I~ i""'""~~~ ~,,~ u G4-t11~ ~J:~ tb~i ~I~;J ~I ,,~i ,jl~! w! -\A

:L.i.& uGW ~..iJ~1 uLU..G.11 W·~II d :"G1~:LI,j I~ ~I ,,~i . '<"i ... ~..l.l~1 b·I.~<~'1__ .'-9 _. _. ~ ~ • _ J r..r- ~u~,j _. _ .:.J"~

.~I~I

~)~I ~I~I uo.,; ~l.:u.CI0-c~~i~,j~~~I "l.....;.c.\! uL.#1 ~l:i! w! -\~

~)I ~I jSlj-C 0-c y1b: (t.~...81 (jW "I '00; ".1 ~,j. ~,j..JI,j ~)I d J,j411~ d:S}.~til,j ~J:~I

~ d:ioill J:!~~ .:,.rJ.1 ~~I..,k. J,j'~ ~,ji ~I "l.....;.c.i tlb: ~~,j. ~,j.,)-'-11 Jk\!l ~~,jJ:!Jl.i:i JI..1'!

~)I &1).1 ~ u.:LW1 ~y.1 d:SJL.t..c~ ~)I,j ~,j..J1 .=.~I t=JL.t..c t"" W'-9l£;JI ~,j -" •

.b1..;J1 ~ ~~I ~ w: . ~)I ~I ~I..>-" JU 0-c d:S}....till>l.Al ~~,j. ~~I ,j~~

JL.b:J1 ~I)I ~,j..JI ,j~1 J.u-t.: 11.Al,j' y:."i4~l -..JI~\!I W'-9~ i~ l...b ',: sii t"").1 u~1 '-:'J4-:i,j

.~~l:i11 1 "il G I •. - -:11 ~I' • .-- -:11• (~ ~ J:! 'it':'~rr ~ ~~rr

uGl:-:JI0-c ~J:~I t 1"il)U~I~ d:ioi,j d"IJ':"!~,J-!~~I ,j~~~~I &1).1 ~~ (i)

~ ~~;JIttl~l0-c~l.9:u....t1

161

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
(\ ~ - ~ ~ ; J) '\ ~~ I

: fl..........:.:; Jlc.r~ ~ 9i

~~I ..I~)il .=:u....:...~J -::.~ ~J ~ UL...u.:..l1 ~~I -::.Lb.J.1 (\ \ - '";-' ~ i J) "\ ~~I

, ~I.A.~~J~IIJ

- (v •• .."j ~~I do \~.II) J YI.ll:J.I, '~Il" -'I, W:..o.Jl~/f/J::S/U·Lf/4..b,;J/I!) - -~ J . sr..r:w .J" .. _~

..l~!)YI d.i~ ~~.>:' - (V. i ~!) 4....J:u..Jj ~I ~~I) t;'1)1 ~tJ' -~~WI ~I).I

,~~I

",ll.;J.!l.J - (\'\'\0) ~ ~!) -::.~4-:J1 F ~~I-::.Lb.J.1 J~ ~ u,WJI~.;-iJ ~I dii/~l

(S..rJ~W/~~~L:;J/ dJ ." 4,,,1/ ~y.ul/ ~/..j..>:' .;I.1:,j~ ~~J.)l.;J/ iiL.ul1/ ~W/.:;,ll.::J.I

, .:;, f..b:::J./

(\)

(i)

(0)

("\)

.d1.;....t~4, -::.~4:J1 F WWI-::.Lb.J.1 J~~ u,LuJI~.;J 4J-l:: ~I J~4 ~.ii:U1 (;-6~~ J!"0C rlW1l'Wi ~ ~J~IWWI-::.Lb.J.1 y-t.i J\..b,j t=-'"".,,:tl, ~WI.::..~I ~I.>:'J t UlI .1.J"Q) ~WI ~IJ;:JI t-"- -

~ C#~I ~I ~,J ~~l ~I '";-'~ ~ JWI-JrA w: ~J:~ d.:o.:lii!~ J') l'WU!~.):.

(\)

162

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~ld~1 ~ ~..rlI-9i t;JL::.. WUJI ~L..u:J.1 WWI ~l..b..ll~ d~", 0-a.& ..l~ J=~ wi (~)

, db 6~1 ~1J:l .,4.:u~ ~>U ~ ~~II>-uWi-9' 6~1 ~1J:l J~ w.o 1.S..r:-: (..,..l~1

~~ ..lLo) d..j~~~I~i w.o UJS:J/~4 4.lLU ~Lu-9 ~ 4JL..u:J.1 WWI d ..6..11 wi (\)

,~~I r.:t ~~ J.bL:...a~~~1';'>il;g-9i-9

~~I ..lL....o;~1 ~l..a~-9~ ~Wl ~I..rll ~..J WWI ~l..b..ll ~~~ ~ i;..l.i=>.ll ~4lb=U1 ~i (~)

, <JWI t ~I d ..,... I,)..l-9~~I

~ .J..:>, Jl JL:..:i ~~4-:J1 ~ WWI d.b~1 Jl;...a ~ U-9~1 J;~ c:.~ wi t~i l.A..J~1 ~ ~ J!".. ..1~.,Li81 ...J~I.,~i<L=..I" -:1li;..l.lI·-:tl~G- .. ·-Il·i ,J~i d...b...t,ji· :~Il-:·····II<l. ul..a~~ •• e.,r . ~c.r" .. ..>-"" .~ u-9 -9 u-"r.,r- ~ • r ..

, I>-U~I 4921;-9 ~)~I ..l~ ~~I ~UI ~~4---u~1

,I>-U~ 4.]L...ll1 WWI -::.l..bJ.1 ~-9 i;':'~ r.:t ~,)WJ.I ~~I-9 ~Lu...u.~I-9 ~~~)I Jl~l+i~u w.o .J;,j: Lc..c~1 i;)~-9.r--:J1 F i;)~-9 ~1.b.i......:J1 \J"~ i;~~ WWI ~l..bJ.1

~I 4 'og; ill SVP-B 4]L..u:J.1 d..ol~1 f"l~1 ~ ~-9' ~l ~1J:l ~ i;~~.J-"-?'-" ~Y

~ ,ilij~i ~

~ J=",..uW~ ~..l~ d"~1 ~ WWI d ..b..11 J4--c r.:t U-9~1 J;.)-9~I .,~i ~I~

~ i;..l~16~1 ~1J:l.,4.:ul ~ 42'2;'::'; ~i ~-9J=).J1 .J.oYI~ ~L..u:J.1 ~WI ~L.bJ.1

J~ . ..J . k:iJ1 ~ ~a.... L.:JI ·lAt.~1 .. ~ . ..J ~1.,W:..e.i· .< - - ...JWI ..l~ . ·<'i ~L.u..... e.,r c.JJ '-'=...r-: U""" u • 1..9-' e.,r u-" u--'" ":r • ~ ,- ..

~I ~l ~-9 ~ .l;lbJl-9 ~6J1 ~L...J.I ,,~i \ 9.:9; ;1,ilij-9 .::..~1.&1 ~ WUlI.::..l..bJ.1

~ ~I ,,~i~~ i;~W~..l~ <:?11 ~L.I.m

163

(\)

(i)

(0)

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
.......(j)

~

tEE-,t'

~'f:~

t~

c-;~<..Ir~-

'1.,(,c-;~t

'\: ~'Go, ,~,

f fr:!=:\- -;

~: E.(:- -~. tc>, ~'

t i~

·t' ,~

i}'t." c.I::.. .("~

.-.-(--

'""C>,

c<e::8:

.~ f~t> f'-"t, '

~~E 1;'

~ <t'.'r ~-- ,e:t, -b.'l C>'c•- <e::

tit.. _

r '~~~

c' ~b ,~, ...:.~ 't."~ I::..

'"" ffiC E-- -l~ ~E£ 'L

.-.

----..

1\'e.

,t' ,[~ ~'~' ffiri ((, 'E~ ~~ E'c-; •~ ..:<.. ,.

~Ir f'"" -.C>' '£.:~ ,f,t' <toJ ~st: ~f~

Cs 1c-;

lE""

~; ~~c' tle'1 I;

.~ r-"~(', ~. -.,[ -~

• 0"_

, t;..- ~I'0' - "lP-

<[.~ ~'1/>-,.~ -!t>. _ •

11\ /"-'1> '~ 1..-

t~~

,t'

t'f:~(,

[-~

c-;~

Cs

'f<t'(I

. ~ c-;C>' ,[t '-.f: 1~ 't'L E~ ~'t." ~I::.. -

tE"fE: kt'~1. f~I c-:

.("~

~: ~<t' "bf 1..

r~

1-l-

f..e{

.~ ~

<t' g~ (.,

- 'G\<t'. Y.~ ·l~ -"" ("I.s ~

<.. -

S}<.. 'r-- .<..--c· 'e:Lsl'l

~~~ fe'~ ~,.J ~'

t '[" -c. C>'

.[ t·~ '"J: f

:F }c.-

~tL

.-.-(--

--<..-o

l'F:r£~

o

t:..c~--~.-.

oo>~,

E1--,t,t-

.~'It'c>' •

t ;:.~ r-

IO, \.:

~ ~,r c't btE ~.'E: ~_ 1

.-.----

~

1~t..-..-

,t'

t{

l:-

f~-,[c.'~-

~.

i-£:~

f'EI:..

~E

--..-(

I-((."t

-"c...-<'ft

<to

1~.(.,

E,.

[C>

'f;-'l\

P

~'~-

(,c:~[

·1I;" "",\:. 1: •

fi ~''t", (,

~ [-. -

E·f\) ''t.,[ ~:~ E;:

f }£~'t!. ~.;- 1>

1;' ~

5=: ,~,..e1 -

..elL.c- ~_:t -~

,t'

~

{-l-

f..e-·Ei,:'t:Ei;-C>'

~1::~.

~

''I..'[}c.

~

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
V~jiJl

ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION 7 (CMM-XII)

MINIMUM QUALITY CONTROL STANDARDS

NOTE: See specification for quality control indicators Ql to Ozo at the end of this annex. !:J. = space (ASCII 32)

Element

123456

7

8

Error

iT *0-5AAAA valid yearMM *01-12YY *valid day of monthG *00-23Q* 1, 3, 5,7Q=ALaLaLa *000-900LaLaLa = AAALoLoLoLo *0000-1800LoLoLoLo =AAAA

Action

Correct manuallyCorrect manually otherwise rejectCorrect manually otherwise rejectCorrect manually otherwise rejectCorrect manually otherwise rejectCorrect manually and Qzo = 5, otherwise Qzo = 4Qzo=2Correct manually and Qzo = 5, otherwise Qzo = 4Qzo=2Correct manually and Qzo = 5, otherwise Qzo = 4Qzo=2

~.aJ ~~I,J4:~¥4c;.o).J l.ib J~ *4::>-'""'4 ~:ll ~J J"",,-,

165

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
But

Element

LaLaLa =LoLoLoLo =tiM(l1)

Error

Correct manually otherwise reject

Action

Time sequence checks

Change in latitude> 0.7°/hrChange in longitude> O.r/hrwhen latitude 00-39.9Change in longitude> 1.00 /hrwhen latitude 40-49.9Change in longitude> 1.4°/hrwhen latitude 50-59.9Change in longitude> 2.00/hrwhen latitude 60-69.9Change in longitude> 2.7°/hrwhen latitude 70-79.9

Correct manually otherwise Qzo = 3Correct manually otherwise Qzo = 3

Correct manually otherwise Qzo = 3




9

10

11

12

13

1415

1617

h *0-9,1:1h=11VV*90-99, MVV=MN *0-9,1:1, /N<Nhdd * 00-36, 99, Mdd =M,I/dd versus ffdd = 00, ff * 00

dd * 00, ff = 00

iw * 0, 1,3,4ff> 80 knotsff=M,1/Sn *0,1TIT = 11M, 1//If -25 > TTT >40 thenwhen latitude < 45.0TIT < -25TIT> 40when latitude >= 45.0TIT < -25TIT> 40

No checkingCorrect manually and Ql = 5, otherwise Ql = 4Ql =9Correct manually and Qz = 5, otherwise Qz = 4Qz=9Correct manually and QI = 5, otherwise QI = 4Correct manually and QI = 5, otherwise QI = 2Correct manually and ~ = 5, otherwise~ = 4~=9

Correct manually and~ or Qs = 5 otherwise~=Qs=2

Correct manually and ~ or Qs = 5 otherwise~=Qs=2

Correct manually, otherwise Qs = 4Correct manually and Qs = 5, otherwise Qs = 3Qs =9Correct manually, otherwise 06 = 406=9

06=406=3

06=306=4

TTT versus humidity parameters

1819

20

21

22,23

TIT < WB (wet bulb)TIT < DP (dew point)sn *0, 1,2, 5, 6, 7, 9DP>WBDP>TTTWB=DP=11M930 > PPPP > 1 050 hPa870> PPPP > 1070 hPaPPPP=MMww = 22-24, 26, 36-39, 48,49,56,57,66-79,83-88,93,94 and latitude <20°W1 = WZ = 7 and latitude <20°W1 <WZ

166

Correct manually and 06 = 5, otherwise 06 = Q19 = 2Correct manually and 06 = Q7 = 5, otherwise 06 = Q7 = 2Correct manually, otherwise Q7 =4Correct manually and Q7 = 5, otherwise Q7 = Q19 = 2Correct manually and Q7 = 5, otherwise Q7 = 06 = 2Q7=9Correct manually and Qg = I, 3 and, if corrected, Qg = 5Correct manually and Qg = 5, otherwise Qg = 4Qg=9Correct manually and Q9 = 5, otherwise Q9 = 4

Correct manually and Q9 = 5, otherwise Q9 = 4Correct manually and Q9 = 5, otherwise Q9 = 4

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
24-27

Element

2829

303132

33

34

35

36

3738394041424344454647

48495051

52

53

54

55

5657

W1=Wz=6., IN = 0, /:;,.,9 and NhCLCMCH * /:;,.

Error

sn *0, 1TwTwTw = M!::J., IIIif -2.0> TwTwTw > 37.0 thenwhen latitude < 45.0TwTwTw < -2.0TwTwTw > 37.0when latitude >= 45.0TwTwTw < -2.0TwTwTw > 37.0Indicator * 0-7,6.Indicator * 0-9, 6.20< PwPw < 30PwPw > 30 and * 99PwPw=M, I135< HwHw < SOHwHw > =50HwHw=M, I1dW1 dW1 * 00-36, 99, Mswelll = swellz = /:;,.25 < Pw1Pw1 < 30Pw1Pwl > 30 and * 9935 < HwlHw1 < SOHwIHwr>=50Is * 1-5, 6.EsEs * 00-99, MRs *0-4, /:;,.Source * 0-6Platform * 0-9No call signNo country code

Q*0-6,9ix *1-7iR = 0-2 and RRR = 000, III, f::,.M

iR = 3 and RRR * 000, Ill, 6.MiR = 4 and RRR * Ill, 6.MRRR * 001-999 and iR = I, 2tR*0-9sn *0, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9WB<DPWB = Ill, M!::J.WB>TTTa*0-8, /:;,.a = 4 and ppp * 000a=6.ppp> ISOppp > 250ppp = 6.MDs *0-9,/:;,.Ds =6., IVs *0-9, 6.Vs =/:;,., Idwzdwz * 00-36, 992S < PwzPwz < 30

V~jill

Q9=9Correct manually and ~ = 5, otherwise~ = 4

Action

Correct manually otherwise QlO = 4QlO= 9

Control manually and QlO = 5, otherwise QlO = 4Control manually and QlO = 5, otherwise QlO = 3

Control manually and QlO = 5, otherwise QlO = 3Control manually and QlO = 5, otherwise QlO = 4Correct manually, make it 6. if not correctableCorrect manually, make it /:;,. if not correctableQll =3Qll =4Qll =9Qlz=3Qlz=4QIZ= 9Correct manually and Q13 = 5, otherwise Q13 = 4Q13 =9Q13 = 3Q13 =4Q13 = 3Q13 =4Correct manually, otherwise /:;,.Correct manually, otherwise MCorrect manually, otherwise /:;,.Correct manuallyCorrect manuallyInsert manuallyInsert manuallyNo quality controlCorrect manuallyCorrect manuallyCorrect manually, otherwise Q14 = 4Correct manually, otherwise Q14 = 2Correct manually, otherwise Q14 = 2Correct manually and Q14 = 5, otherwise Q14 = 2Correct manually and Q14 = 5, otherwise Q14 = 4Correct manually, otherwise Q19 = 4Correct manually and Q19 = 5, otherwise Ql9 = Q7 = 2Q19 =9Correct manually and Q19 = 5, otherwise Q19 = <4 = 2Correct manually and Q15 = 5, otherwise Q15 = 4Correct manually and Q15 = 5, otherwise Q15 '" Q16 '" 2Qls=9Cortect manually and Q16 = 1, 3 and if corrected Q16 = 5Correct manually and Q16 = 5 otherwise Q16 = 4Q16= 9Correct manually and Q17 = 5, otherwise Q17 = 4Q17 =9Correct manually and Q18 = 5, otherwise Q18 = 4Q18 =9Correct manually and Q13 = 5, otherwise Q13 = 4Q13 =3

167

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
58

Element

5960616263

PwzPwz > 30 and '* 9935 < HwzHwz < 50HwzHwz >= 50

Error

Ci'* 0-9,11si'* 0-9, 11bi ,* 0-9,11Di '* 0-9,11zi '* 0-9,11

Q13=4Q13 =3Q13=4

Action

Correct-manually, otherwise 11Correct manually, otherwise 11Correct manually, otherwise 11Correct manually, otherwise 11Correct manually, otherwise 11

Specifications for quality control indicators Ql to Qzo

o No quality control (QC) has been performed on this element1 QC has been performed; element appears to be correct2 QC has been performed; element appears to be inconsistent with other elements3 QC has been performed; element appears to be doubtful

4 QC has been performed; element appears to be erroneous5 The value has been changed as a result of QC

6-8 Reserve9 The value of the element is missing

168

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$

NORMES MINIMALES DE CONTROLE DE QUALITE

NOTE: Voir ala fin du present appendice les specifications concernant les indications de contr61e de qualite Q1 a020 D = espace (ASCII 32)

Element

123456

7

8

Mais

Erreur

iT 1t 0-5AAAA 1t annee valableMM 1t 01-12YY 1t jour du mois valableG 1t 00-23Q 1t 1,3,5,7Q=DLaLaLa 1t 000-900LaLaLa = DDDLoLoLoLo 1t 0000-1800LoLoLoLo = DD DLaLaLa = LoLoLoLo = DD D(D)

Suite iz donner

Corriger cl la mainCorriger cl la main, sinon rej eterCorriger cl la main, sinon rejeterCorriger cl la main, sinon rejeterCorriger cl la main, sinon rejeterCorriger cl la main et Qzo = 5, sinon Q20 = 4Qzo = 2Corriger cl la main et Qzo = 5, sinon Qzo = 4Qzo= 2Corriger cl la main et Qzo = 5, sinon Qzo = 4Qzo=2Corriger cl la main, sinon rejeter

Verifications chronologiques

Changement de latitude> O,r/hrChangement de longitude > OJo/hrpour latitude 00-39,9Changement de longitude> l,Oo/hrpour latitude 40-49,9Changement de longitude> l,4°/hrpour latitude 50-59,9Changement de longitude > 2,Oo /hrpour latitude 60-69,9

Corriger cl la main, sinon Qzo =3Corriger cl la main, sinon Qzo = 3

Corriger cl la main, sinon Qzo =3

Corriger cl la main, sinon Qzo = 3

Corriger cl la main, sinon Q20 = 3

169

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
Element

910

11

12

13

1415

1617

Elfeur

Changement de longitude> 2,7°Ihrpour lat. 70-79,9

h 11: 0-9, D

h=D

VV 11: 90-99, DD

VV=DD

N 11: 0-9, DJN<Nhdd 11: 00-36,99, DD

dd =DD, IIdd en fonction de ffdd =00, ff 11: 00

dd 11: 00, ff = 00

iw 11: 0, I, 3, 4ff > 80 noeudsff = DD, IISn 11: 0,1TIT = DDD, IIISi -25> TIT > 40alors: pour latitude < 45,0TIT < -25TIT> 40alors: pour latitude> 45,0TIT < -25TIT> 40

Suite adOn/ler

Corriger ala main, sinon Q20 = 3

Pas de verificationCorriger ala main et Q1 = 5, sinon Q1 =4Q1 = 9Corriger ala main et Q2 = 5, sinon Q2 = 4Q2= 9Corriger ala main et Q3 = 5, sinon ~ = 4Corriger ala main et Q3 = 5, sinon ~ = 2Corriger ala main et 04 = 5, sinon 04 =404=9

Corriger ala main et C4 ou Qs = 5,sinon C4 = Qs = 2Corriger ala main et C4 ou Q5 = 5 ,sinon C4 = Qs = 2Corriger ala main, sinon Qs = 4Corriger ala main et Qs = 5, sinon Qs = 3Qs = 9Corriger ala main, sinon ~=4~=9

~=4

~=3

~=3

~=4

TIT en fonction des parametres d'humidite

1819

20

21

22, 23

24,25,26,272829

TIT < WB (thermometre mouille)TIT < DP (point de rosee)

Sn 11: 0, I, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9DP>WBDP >TITWB = DP =DDD

930> PPPP > 1050 hPa

870> PPPP > 1070 hPaPPPP = DDDD

ww =22-24, 26, 36-39, 48, 49, 56, 57,66-79, 83-88, 93, 94 Y latitude < 20°W1 =W z = 7 Y latitude < 20°W1<WZ

W1=WZ=D,1

N =O,D, 9 YNhCLCMCH*DSn11:0,lTwTwTw =DDD, IIISi -2,0 > TwTwTw > 37,0alors pour Latitude < 45,0TwTwTw < -2,0TwTwTw > 37,0pour latitude> 45,0

Corriger ala main et ~ = 5, sinon ~ = Q19 = 2Corriger ala main et ~ = Q7 = 5,sinon Q6 = Q7 = 2Corriger ala main, sinon Q7 = 4Corriger ala main et Q7 = 5, sinon Q7 = Q19 = 2Corriger ala main et Q7 = 5, sinon Q7 = ~ = 2Q7 = 9Corriger ala main et Qg = 1,3, et si corrigeQg = 5Corriger ala main et Qg = 5, sinon Qg = 4Qg = 9Corriger ala main et Qg = 5, sinonQg =4Corriger ala main et Qg = 5, sinon Q9 = 4Corriger ala main et Qg = 5, sinon Qg = 4Q9 =9

Corriger ala main et Q3 = 5, sinon Q3 = 4Corriger ala main, sinon Q10 = 4QlO = 9

Contr6ler a la main et Q10 = 5 , sinon QlO = 4Contr6ler ala main et Q10 = 5 , sinon QlO = 3

170

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
Element Erreur

TwTwTw< -2,0TwTwTw> 37,0

30 Indicateur n 0-7, D

31 Indicateur n 0-9, D

32 20 < PwPw< 30PwPw > 30 Y n 99PwPwn DD,!I

33 35 < HwHw< 50HwHw>=50HwHw = DDJI

34 dW1 dW1 n 00-36, 99, DD

mar de fondo 1 = mar de fondoz = D

35 25 < Pw1Pw1 < 30Pw1Pw1 > 30 Y n' 99

36 35 < Hw1Hw1 < 50HW1 HW1 -> = 50

37 "Is n 1-5, D

38 EsEs n 00-99, DD

39 Rs n 0-4, D

40 Source n 0-641 Plate-forme n 0-942 Pas d'indicatif d'appel43 Pas d'indicatif de pays4445 Q n 0-6,946 ix n 1-747 iR n 0-2 y RRR = 000, Ill, DDD

iR n 3 y RRR n 000, Ill, DDD

iR n 4 y RRR n 000, III, DDD

48 RRR n 001 - 999 YiR = I, 249 t R n 0-950 Sn n 0, I, 2, 5, 6, 7, 951 WB<DP

WB = Ill, DDD

WB>1TI'52 an 0-8, D

a = 4 Yppp n 000

a=D53 ppp> 150

ppp > 250ppp =DDD

54 Ds =0-9, D

Ds =Dill55 Vs = 0-9, D

Vs=DIII56 dwzdwz n 00-36, 9957 25 < PwzPwz < 30

PwzPwz > 30 Yn 9958 35 < HwzHwz < 50

HwzHwz > = 5059 ci n 0-9, D

60 Si n 0-9, D

V~~I

Suite adOlll1er

Contr6ler ala main et QlO = 5 , sinon QlO = 3Contr6ler ala main et QlO = 5 , sinon QlO = 4Corriger ala main, mettre D si la correction n'estpas possibleCorriger ala main, mettre D si la correction n'estpas possibleQl1 = 3Ql1 = 4Ql1 = 9QIZ= 3QIZ = 4Q12 = 9Corriger ala main et Q13 = 5, sinon Q13 = 4Q13 = 9Q13 = 3Q13 =4Q13 = 3Q13 =4Corriger ala main, sinon D

Corriger ala main, sinon DD

Corriger ala main, sinon D

Corriger ala mainCorriger ala mainInserer ala mainInserer ala mainPas de contr6le de qualiteCorriger ala mainCorriger ala mainCorriger ala main, sinon Q14 = 4Corriger ala main, sinon Q14 = 2Corriger ala main, sinon Q14 = 2Corriger ala main et Q14 = 5, sinon Q14 = 2Corriger ala main et Q14 = 5, sinon Q14 = 4Corriger ala main, sinon Q19 = 4Corriger ala main et Q19 = 5,sinon Q19 = Q7 = 2Q19 = 9Corriger ala main et Q19 = 5, sinon Q15 = Q16 =2Corriger ala main et Q15 = 5, sinon Q15 = 4Corriger ala main et Q15 = 5,sinon Q15 = Q16 = 2Q15 = 9Corriger ala main et Q16 = 1,3, sinon Q16 = 5Corriger ala main et Q16 = 5, sinon Q16 = 4Q16 = 9Corriger ala main et Q17 = 5, sinon Q17 = 4Q17 = 9Corriger ala main et Q18 =5, sinon Q18 =4Q18 = 9Corriger ala main et Q13 = 5, sinon Q13 = 4Q13 = 3Q13 = 4Q13 = 3Q13 = 4Corriger a la main, sinon D


171

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
Element

616263

Erreur

b i n; 0-9, D

Di n; 0-9, D

:q n; 0-9, D

Suite adonner




Specifications des indicateurs de contr6le de qualite Ql a Qzo

o Aucun controle de qualite (CO) n'a ete effectue pour ces elements1 L'element a ete soumis aun CQ; il semble correct2 L'el~ment a ete soumis aun CQ; il ne semble pas Hre compatible avec d'autres elements3 L'element a ete soumis aun CQ; il semble douteux4 L'element a ete soumis aun CQ; il semble errone5 La valeur a ete modifiee par suite du CQ

6-8 En reserve9 La valeur de l'element fait defaut

172

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
( \ ,,- ~ ~ j J) ;.. ~~ I

~~l ~~l J~,J~ c;,JJJI .b;~l ~ ~ uIJ.4lI~.;J ~~l ~l

(iV~..) ~I t.~) ci.UW/.,J d*.(.oS'ill.,J b,)~1~ ~.,J.J11 ~W/.,J

: If ~ jltrfl~ F

t~) d::,JW&~&;;..;l:i.dJ./~~J.J/~liJl~ .:.:.Jl:..l£j - (\ \ - "="' t i J) \"\ ~~l

'UV~J~I

(\)

~A d::..l W1 l+iJ..9..l ~ d::~1 d::~1 ..lL.aJYI~~~~~ ~ ~v ~J ~I t~ ui (\)

~ JL•.~-,.,81 ~ - .L· .illj • L.u, . ~<'1I ~ . J~)t1l.:..L:u '~I i• 1..9:..>= ue- ~. sr,j..r--"'-'. ~ U ~,j

, ..:.U~~I ~~ d::~1 ..l~PL/ d::lW1

.u e,,>'""l.:-jJl ~;JJ ~,jJ11~ Alpha-2 Ub..:J.1,ji #'~~~L.:.:ill d::~YI d.;-LtJ1 ui,j (")

, d::,JW&~&;;j~/~~J.J/~liJl ~;W .:.:.JAicI

.illj,j -=.,1..l.1:J1d~1 tl£u~tl~1 ~~~ ,:?~I tL..l1 rlc. .:.:.L;~ ~IQ'i!!!! ~~ ~YI (\)

sr',jJ1I.b:~1~~ .:.:.1.:.4:11J..l4=i c.j,j' d::,JW&~&;;.Jt:;;J.1~~J.JI~WI 0-" ~ ~

, d::..r--:J' ~L..l' Cl~1 d~~~) ~J' (IMMT) d::..r--:J' d::~' ",IL.a.PL/

~1..i:J1 d::~YI d~1 Jla..u....u~ j,,;,)U d::.r>-;JI ~L..l1 .:.:.L...o...:;.lll d..il.:-7~) ~~ .wi,j (")

, WJI "l.l.:..-~Itd..J ..111~e,,>'""- _:Y-"'_,j

173

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
..,..g~ )~I e;.a' ~.)\'I ~ i)~~~~I ~~ ~,j..J1 ~I d~ ~t/l..A.1.c. ~i jl",

,~L....JI~I4Jld~

~~I~~ ~,j..J1 W;:...J1 Alpha-2 d.i1.:J.1,ji 411~~~L:.:JI :t.:~\'1 d.;iJ:J1 rl~1.;> (\)

~~l JL..:.flj c),j..J1 ~~I J.......i c.} ~14I1 d,;-L-t ~>.' .illj,j~~I ~14l &.>-" c.} i)J)~1

JJl.;U Jy.io '-:?.>-'-'"':. ~i ~, .::.uL:-:J1 ~14l~.;i c.},j ~..ro-:Jl ~~I .::.~I.::.u4; JJl.;Ul ~~I

~ \'\'\A lli/ -G11 - -IS: \ - I L:ic1.::.uL...J1.>: J e,r U..9-' u-o.) _ --

J.=...o J=,.:; ~ ' Uv\ ~.) d:.J;:J.1 t~) 4:~/4:y;J1 -ll.w=,../Y/.:;,Lt...b. J:1-l c.} d.;iJ:J1 ~14l t 1.)..1,1.;> (t)

- ~.)l:i11 ~ 0-0 I.)~I ~..r--:ll ~~IJbflj c),j..JI.b:y.tl1~~~1~1d~

* ('" - ~ [ i J) A ~.,,:aJ1 ~.J-G

Wl..-.:.'11 'I 'Wu.b.lll iJl.J1 - 1~~L.iJI~I·~'-·"_ ,~ $- "" (.S~",s- _ _ ~

ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION 8 (CMM-XII)

STANDARD COUNTRY OR AREA CODES FOR STATISTICAL USE

Interim list, November 1995

NOTE

This interim list contains the latest available information on numerical codes and 12-character abbreviationsof the English language names of countries or areas,

174

assigned for statistical use by the United NationsStatistics Division (UNSD). It also includes corresponding two- and three-character alphabetical codes

~.;Ji.J~~14~).I I':"" JJ:! *. ~.»14 ';""'il ~I J-p'--'r.....J

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
assigned by the International Organization forStandardization (ISO).

The names of countries or areas shown in thisinterim list are the English language names in the formgenerally used in publications of UNSD. These are notthe full names usually used in formal documents suchas treaties; rather these are the names used for generalpurposes at the United Nations. For information aboutofficial country names of the United Nations MemberStates see Terminology Bulletin No. 347, CountryNames, and its corrigenda.

The ISO alphabetical codes are printed with thepermission of:

International Organization for Standardization3166 Maintenance Agency

DIN. Burgrafenstrasse 6D-10787 BerlinGERMANYQuestions about alphabetical codes should be

addressed to ISO directly. Any other questions shouldbe addressed to:

The DirectorUnited Nations Statistics Division, United NationsNew York, N.Y. 10017USAThis interim list will be subject to final adjustments

when formally incorporated into the next version of theUnited Nations publication Standard Country or AreaCodes for Statistical Use, series M. No. 49. For furtherinformation, see Standard Country or Area Codes forStatistical Use, series M. No. 49, Rev. 2.

PART I - Current Country or Area Codes

[Country or area codes assigned since 4 June 1990 are identified by an asterisks (*). See Part II for information aboutrelated country or area codes for former listings.]

Code Country or area Standard abbreviationISO-Code

Alpha-2 Alpha-3

004008012016020024660028032051*533036040031*044048050052112056084204060064068070*072076086092096100854

AfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAmerican SamoaAndorraAngolaAnguillaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaArubaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijanBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBeninBermudaBhutanBoliviaBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBrazilBritish Indian Ocean TerritoryBritish Vergin IslandsBrunei DarussalamBulgariaBurkina Faso

AFGHANISTANALBANIAALGERIAAMERSAMOAANDORRAANGOLAANGUILLAANTIGUA,BARBARGENTINAARMENIAARUBAAUSTRALIAAUSTRIAAZERBAl]ANBAHAMASBAHRAINBANGLADESHBARBADOSBELARUSBELGIUMBELIZEBENINBERUMDABHUTANBOLIVABOSNIA HERZGBOTSWANABRAZILBR.UBD.IC.TRBR.VIRGIN ISBRUNEI DARSMBULGARIABURKINA FASO'

175

AFALDZASADAOAIAGARAMAWAUATAZBSBHBDBBBYBEBZBJBMBTBOBABWBR10VGBNBGBF

AFGALBDZAASMANDAGOAlAATGARGARMABWAUSAUTAZEBHSBHRBGDBRBBLRBELBLZBENBMUBTNBOLBIHBWABRAlOTVGBBRNBGRBFA

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
ISO-CodeCode Country or area Standard abbreviation Alpha-2 Alpha-3

108 Burundi BURUNDI BI BDI116 Cambodia CAMBODIA KH KHM120 Cameroon CAMEROON CM CMR124 Canada CANADA CA CAN132 Cape Verde CAPE VERDE CV CPV136 Cayman Islands CAYMANIS KY CYM140 Central African Republic CENT.AFR.REP CF CAF148 Chad CHAD TD TCD830 Channel Islands CHANNEL IS152 Chile CHILE CL CHL156 China CHINA CN CHN162 Christmas Island [Australia] CHRISTMAS IS CX CXR166 Cocos (Keeling) Islands COCOS IS CC CCK170 Colombia COLOMBIA CO COL174 Comoros COMOROS KM COM178 Congo CONGO CG COG184 Cook Islands COOK IS CK COK188 Costa Rica COSTA RICA CR CRI384 Cote d'lvoire COTE DIVOIRE Cl CIV191* Croatia CROATlA HR HRV192 Cuba CUBA CU CUB196 Cyprus CYPRUS CY CYP203* Czech Republic CZECH REP CZ CZE208 Denmark DENMARK DK DNK262 Djibouti DjIBOUTI Dj DjI212 Dominica DOMINICA DM DMA214 Dominican Republic DOMINICAN RP DO DOM626 East Timor EAST TlMOR TP TMP218 Ecuador ECUADOR EC ECU818 Egypt EGYPT EG EGY222 El Salvador EL SALVADOR SV SLY226 Euatorial Guinea EQ.GUINEA GQ GNQ232* Eritrea ERlTREA ER ERI233* Estonia ESTONIA EE EST231* Ethiopia ETHIOPIA ET ETH234 Faeroe Islands FAEROE IS FO FRO238 Falkland Islands (Malvinas) FALKLAND IS FK FLK242 Fiji FIJI Fj FjI246 Finland FINLAND PI FIN250 France FRANCE FR FRA254 French Guiana FR.GUIANA GF GUF258 French Polynesia FR.POLYNESIA PF FYF266 Gabon GABON GA GAB270 Gambia GAMBIA GM GMB268* Georgia GEORGIA GE GEO276* Germany GERMANY DE DEU288 Ghana GHANA GH GHA292 Gibraltar GIBRALTAR GI GIB300 Greece GREECE GR GRC304 Greenland GREENLAND GL GRL308 Grenada GRENADA GD GRD312 Guadeloupe GUADELOUPE GP GLP316 Guam GUAM GU GUM320 Guatemala GUATEMALA GT GTM324 Guinea GUINEA GN GIN624 Guinea-Bissau GUINEABISSAU GW GNB

176

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
ISO-CodeCode COllntry or area Standard abbreviation Alpha-2 Alpha-3

328 Guyana GUYANA GY GUY332 Haiti HAITI HT HTI336 Holy See HOLY SEE VA VAT340 Honduras HONDURAS HN HND344 Hong Kong HONG KONG HK HKG348 Hungary HUNGARY HU HUN352 Iceland ICELAND IS ISL356 India INDIA IN IND360 Indonesia INDONESIA ID IDN364 Iran, Islamic Republic of IRAN IR IRN368 Iraq IRAQ IQ IRQ372 Ireland IRELAND lE IRL833 Isle of Man ISLE OF MAN IM IMY376 Israel ISRAEL IL ISR380 Italy ITALY IT ITA388 Jamaica JAMAICA JM JAM392 Japan JAPAN JP JPN396 Johnston Island JOHNSTONIS JT JTN400 Jordan JORDAN JO JOR398* Kazakstan KAZAKSTAN KZ KAZ404 Kenya KENYA KE KEN296 Kiribati KIRIBATI KI KIR408 Korea, Democratic People's Republic of KOREA D P RP KP PRK410 Korea, Republic of KOREA REP. KR KOR414 Kuwait KUWAIT KW KWT417* Kyrgyzstan KYRGYZSTAN KG KGZ418 Lao People's Democratic Republic LAO P.DEM.R. LA LAO428* Latvia LATVIA LV LVA422 Lebanon LEBANON LB LBN426 Lesotho LESOTHO LS LSO430 Liberia LIBERIA LR LBR434 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya LIBYA LY LBY438 Liechtenstein LIECHTENSTEN LI LIE440* Lithuania LITHUANIA LT LTU442 Luxembourg LUXEMBOURG LU LUX446 Macau MACAU MO MAC450 Madagascar MADAGASCAR MG MDG454 Malawi MALAWI MW MWI458 Malaysia MALAYSIA MY MYS462 Maldives MALDIVES MV MDV466 Mali MALI ML MLI470 Malta MALTA MT MLT584* Marshall Islands MARSHALL IS MH MHL474 Martinique MARTINIQUE MQ MTQ478 Mauritania MAURITANIA MR MRT480 Mauritius MAURITIUS MU MUS484 Mexico MEXICO MX MEX583* Micronesia, Federation States of MICRONESIA FM FSM488 Midway Islands MIDWAY IS MI MID492 Monaco MONACO MC MCO496 Mongolia MONGOLIA MN MNG500 Montserrat MONTSERRAT MS MSR504 Morocco MOROCCO MA MAR508 Mozambique MOZAMBIQUE MZ MOZ104 Myanmar MYANMAR MM MMR516 Namibia NAMIBIA NA NAM

177

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~~I ~~l JL..o "11~ b ~ J...uGlI b ~. ~I '4-:J1 .;g:tll-. - • .) • ~_ ,)J.,r.-, '-E' ->=

ISO-CodeCode Country or area Standard abbreviation Alpha-2 Alpha-3

520 Nauru NAURU NR NRU524 Nepal NEPAL NP NPL528 Netherlands NETHERLANDS NL NLD530 Netherlands Antilles NETHANTILLES AN ANT540 New Caledonia NEW CALEDONIA NC NCL554 New Zealand NEW ZEALAND NZ NZL558 Nicaragua NICARAGUA NI NIC562 Niger NIGER NE NER566 Nigeria NIGERIA NG NGA570 Niue NIUE NU NIU574 Norfolk Island NORFOLK IS NF NFK580* Northern Mariana Islands N.MARIANA IS MP MNP578 Norway NORWAY NO NOR512 Oman OMAN OM OMN586 Pakistan PAKISTAN PK PAK585* Palau PALAU PW PLW275* Palestine PALESTINE591 Panama PANAMA PA PAN598 Papua New Guinea PAPUA N.GUIN PG PNG600 Paraguay PARAGUAY PY PRY604 Peru PERU PE PER608 Philippines PHILIPPINES PH PHL612 Pitcairn PITCAIRN PN PCN616 Poland POLAND PL POL620 Portugal PORTUGAL PT PRT630 Puerto Rico PUERTO RICO PR PRI634 Qatar QATAR QA QAT498* Republic of MoIdova REP MOLDOVA MD MDA638 Reunion REUNION RE REU642 Romania ROMANIA RO ROM643* Russian Federation RUSSIAN FED RU RUS646 Rwanda RWANDA RW RWA654 Saint Helena ST.HELENA SH SHN659 Saint Kitts and Nevis ST.KITTS-NEV KN KNA662 Saint Lucia ST.LUCIA LC LCA666 Saint Pierre and MiqueIon ST.PIERRE.MQ PM SPM670 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ST.VINCENT.G VC VCT882 Samoa SAMOA WS WSM674 San Marino SAN MARINO SM SMR678 Sao Tome and Principe SAO TOME PRN ST STP682 Saudi Arabia SAUDI ARABIA SA SAU686 Senegal SENEGAL SN SEN690 Seychelles SEYCHELLES SC SYC694 Sierra Leone SIERRA LEONE SL SLE702 Singapore SINGAPORE SG SGP703* Slovakia SLOVAKIA SK SVK705* Slovenia SLOVENIA SI SVN090 Solomon Islands SOLOMON IS SB SLB706 Somalia SOMALIA SO SOM710 South Africa SOUTH AFRICA ZA ZAF724 Spain SPAIN ES ESP144 Sri Lanka SRI LANKA LK LKA736 Sudan SUDAN SD SDN740 Suriname SURINAME SR SUR744 Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands SVALBARD IS SJ SJM748 Swaziland SWAZILAND SZ swz

178

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
ISO-CodeCode Country or area Standard abbreviation Alplla-2 Alpha-3

752 Sweden SWEDEN SE SWE756 Switzerland SWITZERLAND CH CHE760 Syrian Arab Republic SYRIA SY SYR762* Tajikistan TAjIKISTAN T] T]K764 Thailand THAILAND TH THA807* The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia TFYR MACEDNA MK MKD768 Togo TOGO TG TGO772 Tokelau TOKELAU TK TKL776 Tonga TONGA TO TON780 Trinidad and Tobago TRINIDAD TBG IT ITO788 Tunisia TUNISIA TN TUN792 Turkey TURKEY TR TUR795* Turkmenistan TURKMENISTAN TM TKM796 Turks and Caicos Islands TURKS.CAICOS TC TCA798 Tuvalu TUVALU TV TUV800 Uganda UGANDA UG UGA804 Ukraine UKRAINE UA UKR784 United Arab Emirates UNTDARABEM AE ARE826 United Kingdom UK GB GBR834 United Republic of Tanzania TANZANIA TZ TZA840 United States USA US USA850 United States Virgin Islands US.VIRGIN IS VI VIR858 Uruguay URUGUAY UY URY860* UZbekistan UZBEKlSTAN UZ UZB548 Vanuatu VANUATU VU VUT862 Venezuela VENEZUELA VE VEN704 VietNam VIETNAM VN VNM872 Wake Island WAKE IS WK WAK876 Wallis and Futuna Islands WALIS FUT.I WF WLF732 Western Sahara WESTN.SAHARA EH ESH887* Yemen YEMEN ZR ZAR891* Yugoslavia YUGOSLAVIA YU YUG180 Zaire ZAIRE ZR ZAR894 Zambia ZAMBIA ZM 2MB716 Zimbabwe ZIMBABWE ZW ZWE

PART 1: TRANSITIONAL RESERVATIONS

Former codes used in ISO 3166:1988

Former codes should not be used during a period of at least five years after a change (Clause 6.4.1 of ISO 3166:1993)

The dates of reservation are indicated in brackets.

LIST OF RESERVED ALPHA-2 CODES

BUCSNTSFSU

BurmaCzechoslovakiaNeutral ZoneFinlandUSSR

(1989-12)(1993-06)(1993-07)(1995-09)(1992-09)


BURBYS

BurmaByelorussian SSR

179

(1989-12)(1992-06)

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
CSKNTZSUN

CzechoslovakiaNeutral ZoneUSSR

(1993-06)(1993-07)(1992-09)

PART 2: EXCEPTIONAL AND INDETERMINATE RESERVATIONS

Exceptional ReservationsCodes may be reserved exceptionally for entities for which the Maintenance Agency has not found reasons forinclusion in the entity list, but for which an exchange requirement exists. Before such codes are reserved approvalof the relevant entity authority must be obtained (Clause 6.4.3 of ISO 3166:1993). Exceptional reservations weremade on behalf of:CCC = Code reserved on special request of Customs Cooperation CouncilFR Code reserved on special request of FranceGB Code reserved on special request of the United KingdomITU Code reserved on special request of the International Telecommunication UnionUPU = Code used by the Universal Postal Union

Indeterminate ReservationsCertain code designations existing in other coding systems at the time of publication of ISO 3166 but differing fromthose established in this Standard should not be used for designating different entities in ISO 31661). Code designations of coding systems other than ISO 3166 may be reserved for an indeterminate period.

1) The Maintenance Agency has noted that the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) uses the folloWing nine code elements:

AP African Regional Industrial Property OrganizationBX Benelux Office for Industrial PropertyEF Union of Countries under the European Community Patent Convention

EM European Trademark OfficeEP European Patent OrganizationEV Eurasian Patent Organization

IB International Bureau of WIPOOA African Intellectual Property OrganizationWO World Intellectual Property Organization

Additionally, the Maintenance Agency has noted that the follOWing code elements are used in ISO/IEC 7501-1 (1993) IdenficationCards - Machine Readable Travel Documents. Part 1: Machine readable passport:GBD Identifies a British Passport holder who is a "dependent territories citizen"GBN Identifies a British Passport holder who is a "Overseas National"

GBO Identifies a British Passport holder who is a "Overseas Citizen"GBP Identifies a British Passport holder who is a "Protected Person"GBS Identifies a British Passport holder who is a "Subject"UNO Used to designate the United Nations Organization as the issuer and used as a substitute for nationality where the

holder is an official of the United Nations OrganizationUNA Used a substitute for nationality where the holder is an Official of a Specialized Agency of the United Nations Organization

The ISO 3166/MA will not use these alpha-2 and alpha-3 code elements at the present stage.This applies to country designations notified under the 1949 and 1968 United Nations Conventions on Road Traffic:

R 49 1949 United Nations Convention on Road TrafficR 68 1968 United Nations Convention on Road TrafficR List of car vehicle distinguishing signs notified to the Secretary-General of the United Nations

on 1994-01-01 under the 1949/68 Conventions on Road TrafficR *) 1949 United Nations Conventions on Road Traffic

(Signs in use, but not notified to the Secretary-General of the United Nations)


ACDGDY

Ascension IslandDiego GarciaBenin

180

UPUITUR

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
EAEWFLFXGGICIM

JAJELFLTMEPIRARB

RBRCRHRIRLRMRNRPRUTAUKWGWLWVYV

Ceuta, MelilIaEstoniaLiechtensteinFrance, MetropolitanGuernseyCanary IslandsIsle of ManJamaicaJerseyLibya FezzanLibya TripoliWestern SaharaPhilippinesArgentinaBolivia

BotswanaChinaHaitiIndonesiaLebanonMadagascarNigerPhilippinesBurundiTristan de CunhaUnited KingdomGrenadaSaint LuciaSaint VincentVenezuela

CCCRR *)FRUPUCCCUPUR49UPUR *)R *)R *)R49R49R *)identical code elementR49R49RR49R49R49R68R68R *)UPUGBRRRR


ADNASCBDSBRUCDNDGAEAKEATEAUEAZFXXGBAGBGGBJGBMGBZGCAGGYHKJIMNJEYMALRCARCB

AdenAscension Island ITU useBarbadosBruneiCanadaDiego GarciaKenyaTanganyika (Part of Tanzania, United Republic of)UgandaZanzibar (Part of Tanzania, United Republic of)France, MetropolitanAlderneyGuernseyJerseyIsle of ManGibraltarGuatemalaGuernseyJordanIsle of ManJerseyMalaysiaCentral African RepublicCongo, People's Republic of

1 81

RUPURRRITURRRRFRRRRRRRUPURUPUUPURRR

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
RCHRMMRNRROKROURSRRSMSLOSMETAATMNWAGWALWANZRE

ChileMaliZambiaKorea, Republic ofUruguaySouthern Rhodesia (now ZW Zimbabwe)San MarinoSloveniaSurinamTristan da CunhaTurkmensitanGambiaSierra LeoneNigeriaZaire, People's Republic of

182

R

RRRRRRRRUPURRRRR

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$

CODES DE PAYS OU DE ZONES NORMALISES AUSAGE STATISTlQUE

Liste provisoire, novembre 1995(en anglais seulement)

NOTE

Cette liste provisoire contient les dernieres informations disponibles sur les codes numeriques et lesabreviations a12 caracteres des noms de pays ou dezones en langue anglaise attribues par la Division destatistique de YONU ausage statistique. Elle contientegalement les codes alphabetiques adeux et trois caracteres attribues par YOrganisation internationale denormalisation (ISO).

Les noms de pays ou de zones contenus dans cetteliste provisoire sont les noms en langue anglaise sous laforme generalement utilisee par la division de statistique de l'ONU. 11 ne s'agit pas des noms dans leurforme complete habituellement utilises dans les documents officiels tels que les traites, mais plutot des nomsutilises d'ordinaire aYOrganisation des Nations Unies.Pour tout renseignement concernant les noms officielsdes Etats Membres de l'Organisation des NationsUnies, se reporter au Bulletin de terminologie N° 347,Noms de pays et ases con·igenda.

Les codes alphabetiques de 1'lSO sont reproduitsavec permission de :

Organisation internationale de normalisation3166 Maintenance AgencyDIN. Burgrafenstrasse 60-10787 BerlinAllemagnePour toute question se rapportant aux codes

alphabetiques, s'adresser a1'lSO directement. Touteautre question devant etre adressee a :

Monsieur le OirecteurDivision de statistique de l'Organisation desNations UniesOrganisation des Nations UniesNew York, N.Y. 10017Etats-Unis d'Amerique

Cette liste provisoire est sujette ades modificationsfinales lors de son insertion officieIle dans la prochaineversion de la publication de 1'0rganisation des NationsUnies intitulee Codes standard des pays et des zones ausage statistique, serie M. N° 49. Pour plUS de renseignements se reporter aladite publication, Rev. 2.

PART I - Current Country or Area Codes

[Country or area codes assigned since 4 June 1990 are identified by an asterisks (*). See Part II for information aboutrelated country or area codes for former listings.]

ISO-CodeCode Country or area Standard abbreviation Alp}w-2 Alp}w-3

004 Afghanistan AFGHANISTAN AF AFG008 Albania ALBANIA AL ALB012 Algeria ALGERIA DZ DZA016 American Samoa AMERSAMOA AS ASM020 Andorra ANDORRA AD AND024 Angola ANGOLA AO AGO660 Anguilla ANGUILLA AI AlA028 Antigua and Barbuda ANTIGUA,BARB AG ATG032 Argentina ARGENTINA AR ARG051* Anhenia ARMENIA AM ARM533 Aruba ARUBA AW ABW036 Australia AUSTRALIA AU AUS040 Austria AUSTRIA AT AUT031* Azerbaijan AZERBAI]AN AZ AZE044 Bahamas BAHAMAS BS BHS048 Bahrain BAHRAIN BH BHR050 Bangladesh BANGLADESH BD BGO052 Barbados BARBADOS BB BRB

183

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~~l ~~I JL.:,.)~I ~ by-tc. ~l:i.Il b.)J.lll ~"ll ;l+JI..>:!..>~1

ISO-CodeCode COlllltry or area Standard abbreviatioll Alpha-2 Alplw-3

112 Belarus BELARUS BY BLR056 Belgium BELGIUM BE BEL084 Belize BELIZE BZ BLZ204 Benin BENIN Bj BEN060 Bermuda BERUMDA BM BMU064 Bhutan BHUTAN BT BTN068 Bolivia BOLIVA BO BOL070* Bosnia and Herzegovina BOSNIA HERZG BA BIH072 Botswana BOTSWANA BW BWA076 Brazil BRAZIL BR BRA086 British Indian Ocean Territory BRUBD.IC.TR IQ lOT092 British Vergin Islands BR.VIRGIN IS VG VGB096 Brunei Darussalam BRUNEI DARSM BN BRN100 Bulgaria BULGARIA BG BGR854 Burkina Faso BURKINA FASO BF BFA108 Burundi BURUNDI El BDI116 Cambodia CAMBODIA KH KHM120 Cameroon CAMEROON CM CMR124 Canada CANADA CA CAN132 Cape Verde CAPE VERDE CV CPV136 Cayman Islands CAYMANIS KY CYM140 Central African Republic CENT.AFR.REP CF CAF148 Chad CHAD TO TCD830 Channel Islands CHANNEL IS152 Chile CHILE CL CHL156 China CHINA CN CHN162 Christmas Island [Australia] CHRISTMAS IS CX CXR166 Cocos (Keeling) Islands COCOS IS CC CCK170 Colombia COLOMBIA CO COL174 Comoros COMOROS KM COM178 Congo CONGO CG COG184 Cook Islands COOK IS CK COK188 Costa Rica COSTA RICA CR CRI384 Cote d'Ivoire COTE DIVOIRE Cl CIV191* Croatia CROATIA HR HRV192 Cuba CUBA CU CUB196 Cyprus CYPRUS CY CYP203* Czech Republic CZECH REP CZ CZE208 Denmark DENMARK OK DNK262 Djibouti DJIBOUTI Dj DjI212 Dominica DOMINICA OM DMA214 Dominican Republic DOMINICAN RP DO DOM626 East Timor EASTTIMOR TP TMP218 Ecuador ECUADOR EC ECU818 Egypt EGYPT EG EGY222 El Salvador EL SALVADOR SV SLY226 Equatorial Guinea EQ.GUINEA GQ GNQ232* Eritrea ERITREA ER ER!233* Estonia ESTONIA EE EST231* Ethiopia ETHIOPIA ET ETH234 Faeroe Islands FAEROE IS FO FRO238 Falkland Islands (Malvinas) FALKLAND IS FK FLK242 Fiji FIJI Fj FjI246 Finland FINLAND FI FIN250 France FRANCE FR FRA254 French Guiana FR.GUIANA GF GUF

184

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
ISO-CodeCode COllntry or area Standard abbreviation Alplla-2 Alplla-3

258 French Polynesia FR.POLYNESIA PF FYF266 Gabon GABON GA GAB270 Gambia GAMBIA GM GMB268* Georgia GEORGIA GE GEO276* Germany GERMANY DE DEU288 Ghana GHANA GH GHA292 Gibraltar GIBRALTAR GI GIB300 Greece GREECE GR GRC304 Greenland GREENLAND GL GRL308 Grenada GRENADA GD GRD312 Guadeloupe GUADELOUPE GP GLP316 Guam GUAM GU GUM320 Guatemala GUATEMALA GT GTM324 Guinea GUINEA GN GIN624 Guinea-Bissau GUINEABISSAU GW GNB328 Guyana GUYANA GY GUY332 Haiti HAITI HT HTI336 Holy See HOLY SEE VA VAT340 Honduras HONDURAS HN HND344 Hong Kong HONG KONG HK HKG348 Hungary HUNGARY HU HUN352 Iceland ICELAND IS I5L356 India INDIA IN IND360 Indonesia INDONESIA ID IDN364 Iran, Islamic Republic of IRAN IR IRN368 Iraq IRAQ IQ IRQ372 Ireland IRELAND lE IRL833 Isle of Man ISLE OF MAN IM IMY376 Israel ISRAEL IL I5R380 Italy ITALY IT ITA388 Jamaica JAMAICA JM JAM392 Japan JAPAN JP JPN396 Johnston Island JOHNSTON IS ]T JTN400 Jordan JORDAN JO JOR398* Kazakstan KAZAKSTAN KZ KAZ404 Kenya KENYA KE KEN296 Kiribati KIRIBATI KI KIR408 Korea, Democratic People's Republic of KOREA D P RP KP PRK410 Korea, Republic of KOREA REP. KR KOR414 Kuwait KUWAIT KW KWT417* Kyrgyzstan KYRGYZSTAN KG KGZ418 Lao People's Democratic Republic LAO P.DEM.R. LA LAO428* Latvia LATVIA LV LVA422 Lebanon LEBANON LB LBN426 Lesotho LESOTHO LS 150430 Liberia LIBERIA LR LBR434 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya LIBYA LY LBY438 Liechtenstein LlECHTENSTEN Ll LIE440* Lithuania LITHUANIA LT LTU442 Luxembourg LUXEMBOURG LU LUX446 Macau MACAU MO MAC450 Madagascar MADAGASCAR MG MDG454 Malawi MALAWI MW MWI458 Malaysia MALAYSIA MY MYS462 Maldives MALDIVES MV MDV466 Mali MALI ML MLI

185

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
;("~J ;("~l JL..::. yl~b~ ;L.;GJI- .ill' &1 ·~I .;g:iJ1- • -. '->. - I>..).j ~ c,F .>:!

ISO-CodeCode COlllltry or area Stalldard abbreviatioll Alplza-2 Alplla-3

470 Malta MALTA MT MLT584* Marshall Islands MARSHALL IS MH MHL474 Martinique MARTINIQUE MQ MTQ478 Mauritania MAURITANIA MR MRT480 Mauritius MAURITIUS MU MUS484 Mexico MEXICO MX MEX583* Micronesia, Federation States of MICRONESIA FM FSM488 Midway Islands MIDWAY IS MI MID492 Monaco MONACO MC MCO496 Mongolia MONGOLIA MN MNG500 Montserrat MONTSERRAT MS MSR504 Morocco MOROCCO MA MAR508 Mozambique MOZAMBIQUE MZ MOZ104 Myanmar MYANMAR MM MMR516 NAMIBIA NAMIBIA NA NAM520 Nauru NAURU NR NRU524 Nepal NEPAL NP NPL528 Netherlands NETHERLANDS NL NLD530 Netherlands Antilles NETHANTILLES AN ANT540 New Caledonia NEW CALEDONIA NC NCL554 New Zealand NEW ZEALAND NZ NZL558 Nicaragua NICARAGUA NI NIC562 Niger NIGER NE NER566 Nigeria NIGERIA NG NGA570 Niue NIUE NU NlU574 Norfolk Island NORFOLK IS NF NFK580* Northern Mariana Islands N.MARIANA IS MP MNP578 Norway NORWAY NO NOR512 Oman OMAN OM OMN586 Pakistan PAKISTAN PK PAK585* Palau PALAU PW PLW275* Palestine PALESTINE591 Panama PANAMA PA PAN598 Papua New Guinea PAPUA N.GUlN PG PNG600 Paraguay PARAGUAY PY PRY604 Peru PERU PE PER608 Philippines PHILIPPINES PH PHL612 Pitcairn PITCAIRN PN PCN616 Poland POLAND PL POL620 Portugal PORTUGAL PT PRT630 Puerto Rico PUERTO RICO PR PRI634 Qatar QATAR QA QAT498* Republic of Moldova REP MOLDOVA MD MDA638 Reunion REUNION RE REU642 Romania ROMANIA RO ROM643* Russian Federation RUSSIAN FED RU RUS646 Rwanda RWANDA RW RWA654 Saint Helena ST.HELENA SH SHN659 Saint Kitts and Nevis ST.KITTS-NEV KN KNA662 Saint Lucia ST.LUCIA LC LCA666 Saint Pierre and Miquelon ST.PIERRE.MQ PM SPM670 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ST.VINCENT.G VC VCT882 Samoa SAMOA WS WSM674 San Marino SAN MARINO SM SMR678 Sao Tome and Principe SAOTOME PRN ST STP.682 Saudi Arabia SAUDI ARABIA SA SAU

186

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
ISO-CodeCode COllntry or area Standard abbreviation Alpha-2 Alpha-:~

686 Senegal SENEGAL SN SEN690 Seychelles SEYCHELLES SC SYC694 Sierra Leone SIERRA LEONE SL SLE702 Singapore SINGAPORE SG SGP703* Slovakia SLOVAKIA SK SVK705* Slovenia SLOVENIA SI SVN090 Solomon Islands SOLOMON IS SB SLB706 Somalia SOMALIA SO SOM710 South Africa SOUTH AFRICA ZA ZAF724 Spain SPAIN ES ESP144 Sri Lanka SRI LANKA LK LKA736 Sudan SUDAN SD SDN740 Suriname SURINAME SR SUR744 Svalbard and]an Mayen Islands SVALBARD IS S] S]M748 Swaziland SWAZILAND SZ SWZ752 Sweden SWEDEN SE SWE756 Switzerland SWITZERLAND CH CHE760 Syrian Arab Republic SYRIA SY SYR762* Tajikistan TA]IKISTAN T] T]K764 Thailand THAILAND TH THA807* The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia TFYR MACEDNA MK MKD768 Togo TOGO TG TGO772 TokeIau TOKELAU TK TKL776 Tonga TONGA TO TON780 Trinidad and Tobago TRINIDAD TBG TT TTO788 Tunisia TUNISIA TN TUN792 Turkey TURKEY TR TUR795* Turkmenistan TURKMENISTAN TM TKM796 Turks and Caicos Islands TURKS.CAICOS TC TCA798 Tuvalu TUVALU TV TUV800 Uganda UGANDA UG UGA804 Ukraine UKRAINE UA UKR784 United Arab Emirates UNTDARAB EM AE ARE826 United Kingdom UK GB GBR834 United RepUblic of Tanzania TANZANIA TZ TZA840 United States USA US USA850 United States Virgin Islands US.VIRGIN IS VI VIR858 Uruguay URUGUAY UY URY860* Uzbekistan UZBEKISTAN UZ UZB548 Vanuatu VANUATU VU VUT862 Venezuela VENEZUELA VE VEN704 VietNam VIETNAM VN VNM872 Wake Island WAKE IS WK WAK876 Wallis and Futuna Islands WALIS FUn WF WLF732 Western Sahara WESTN.SAHARA EH ESH887* Yemen YEMEN ZR ZAR891* Yugoslavia YUG<JSLAVIA YU YUG180 Zaire ZAIRE ZR ZAR894 Zambia ZAMBIA ZM 2MB716 Zimbabwe ZIMBABWE ZW ZWE

187

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
PART 1: TRANSITIONAL RESERVATIONS

Former codes used in ISO 3166:1988

Former codes should not be used during a period of at least five years after a change. (Clause 6.4.1 of ISO 3166:1993)

The dates of reservation are indicated in brackets.


BUCSNTSFSU

BurmaCzechoslovakiaNeutral ZoneFinlandUSSR

(1989-12)(1993-06)(1993-07)(1995-09)(1992-09)


BURBYSCSKNTZSUN

BurmaByelorussian SSRCzechoslovakiaNeutral ZoneUSSR

(1989-12)(1992-06)(1993-06)(1993-07)(1992-09)

PART 2: EXCEPTIONAL AND INDETERMINATE RESERVATIONS

Exceptional ReservationsCodes may be reserved exceptionally for entities for which the Maintenance Agency has not found reasons for inclusion in the entity list, but for which an exchange requirement exists. Before such codes are reserved approval of therelevant entity authority must be obtained (Clause 6.4.3 of ISO 3166:1993). Exceptional reservations were made onbehalf of:CCC = Code reserved on special request of Customs Cooperation CouncilFR Code reserved on special request of FranceGB Code reserved on special request of the United KingdomITU Code reserved on special request of the International Telecommunication UnionUPU = Code used by the Universal Postal Union

Indeterminate ReservationsCertain code designations existing in other coding systems at the time of publication of ISO 3166 but differing fromthose established in this Standard should not be used for designating different entities in ISO 31661). Code designations of coding systems other than ISO 3166 may be reserved for an indeterminate period.

1) The Maintenance Agency has noted that the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) uses the following nine code elements:AP African Regional Industrial Property Organization

BX Benelux Office for Industrial Property

EF Union of Countries under the European Community Patent Convention

EM European Trademark Office

EP European Patent Organization

EV Eurasian Patent Organization

III International Bureau of WIPO

OA African Intellectual Property Organization

WO World Intellectual Property Organization

188

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
Additionally, the Maintenance Agency has noted that the following code elements are used in lSO/lEC 7501-1 (1993) IdenficationCards - Machine Readable Travel Documents. Part 1: Machine readable passport:GBD Identifies a British Passport holder who is a "dependent territories citizen"

GBN Identifies a British Passport holder who is a "Overseas National"

GBO Identifies a British Passport holder who is a "Overseas Citizen"

GBP Identifies a British Passport holder who is a "Protected Person"

GB5 Identifies a British Passport holder who is a "Subject"

UNO Used to designate the United Nations Organization as the issuer and used as a substitute for nationality where theholder is an official of the United Nations Organization

UNA Used a substitute for nationality where the holder is an Official of a Specialized Agency of the United Nations Organization

The ISO 3166/MA will not use these alpha-2 and alpha-3 code elements at the present stage.This applies to country designations notified under the 1949 and 1968 United Nations Conventions on Road Traffic:

R 49 1949 United Nations Convention on Road TrafficR 68 1968 United Nations Convention on Road TrafficR List of car vehicle distinguishing signs notified to the Secretary-General of the United Nations

on 1994-01-01 under the 1949/68 Conventions on Road TrafficR *) 1949 United Nations Conventions on Road Traffic

(Signs in use, but not notified to the Secretary-General of the United Nations)


ACDG

DYEAEWFLFXGG

ICIMJAJELFLTMEPIRARB

RBRCRHRIRLRMRNRPRUTAUKWGWLWVYV

Ascension IslandDiego GarciaBeninCeuta, MelillaEstoniaLiechtensteinFrance, MetropolitanGuernseyCanary IslandsIsle of ManJamaicaJerseyLibya FezzanLibya TripoliWestern SaharaPhilippinesArgentinaBolivia

BotswanaChinaHaitiIndonesiaLebanonMadagascarNigerPhilippinesBurundiTristan de CunhaUnited KingdomGrenada

Saint LuciaSaint VincentVenezuela

189

UPUITURCCCRR *)FRUPUCCCUPUR49UPUR *)R *)R *)R49R49R *)identical code elementR49R49RR49R49R 49R 68R 68R *)UPUGBRRRRI

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$

ADNASCBDSBRUCDNDGAEAKEATEAUEAZFXXGBAGBGGBJGBMGBZGCAGGYHKJIMNJEYMALRCARCBRCHRMMRNRROKROURSRRSMSLOSMETAATMNWAGWALWANZRE

AdenAscension Island ITU useBarbadosBruneiCanadaDiego GarciaKenyaTanganyika (Part of Tanzania, United Republic of)UgandaZanzibar (Part of Tanzania, United Republic of)France, MetropolitanAlderneyGuernseyJerseyIsle of ManGibraltarGuatemalaGuernseyJordanIsle of ManJerseyMalaysiaCentral African RepublicCongo, People's Republic ofChileMaliZambiaKorea, Republic ofUruguaySouthern Rhodesia (now ZW Zimbabwe)San MarinoSloveniaSurinamTristan da CunhaTurkmensitanGambiaSierra LeoneNigeriaZaire, People's Republic of

190

RUPURRRITURRRRFRRRRRRRUPURUPUUPURRRRRRRRRRRRUPURRRRR

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
b"W'" d.:'.: o<i"" b,Jl.:i.:".U u-L-U ~"JJ' WW, ~ ~~~

(f V ~,J d 01;;11 t~)

t~) d:.;JW&~&6j.,:uJ./~~J.JIJ....o:,WI ~~~.u:,- (\\- '-:' (i J) \""\ ~jiJl

,uv~.;~I(\)

('I')

d..u.-o)1 ~-J-i ~I.)-O ~~ iil..li d:.;JW& ~&6.;{:j;,.11 ~~ ~(;JI~~J.JI ~t:~1I ~i (\)

, t lill LI.;..l ~I";''''i d..u.-o)1 /IoU ~~ ~ l!.U.:lS:,j ,~I ~r-:JI

~~I ~)I ~ c;...c~ ~~I ..lL.....::..;"'i1 d,j..li ~~,j t-J-i,j ~~ d- ~W~I ~L,~I ~i ('I')

,,,I~I ~ d./i .. :II,j~I ~1";'\'I0-0~ ~~ ~I /IoU 0-" iilUill d..u.-o)1~~JJy.O

iiJJ..uJ ~ d:.;JW&~&6..)t:..J./~~J.J/~W/~d:..::..~I~~.u:J1 ~t-: ~J.ilII t"O.~ ~ j!", lA "2"jj ~.j.Q ~.r-:JI ~~I ..lb.;\' I 4.Jl ii~ ~..ll.:J1

~~I ~ ""\ ..l~1 ~ ~I';..ll ~..rll,j ~I 0-" iilitll ~)I d..:'y-~I (ii:r.--,J-lI) ~~L.::JI ..ll~!-:

..l,j~~,j ~L,'~I ii..lC.~ l!.Uj,j , ,:?.r-:J1t lill r-h7 ~I if"~1 J=~I <l;>~t,j~ ~L:..l1

~ ,,~I,J-l1 ~ ~~I ..lb.;"'il ~.J-" C:" ~~I JJw.:J4,j' d:..::..ti.l.1 ..l),J-l1

191

(\)

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
,,~~ e..;:J,jl"~~~ ~JW&~&;,.)G-;.j/~~J.J/~liJl.:;,l:.~ b.,1C.L..g'=':~ (i)

- , - -:c:"lyl :'~'1 Jb..a -iI~I ~L..u.. - ,,-_c:" 0.:..... .:;,I:.WI ~I <L.k t)lb~ ~Iu-" r.F"~ ~ - "T _ u-" ~ -- ~ ,,-

~UWI"~ --I"~ - ~IJw:;.....1 ~J)l;.- -~ - r.F -

.:;,1:.471 1b..l£.L..g .:;,y4J.~d_i~l~ JI..l£.! d:jL..~1 ulb <,?~I t~1 ~ ~I sr~1 J:~I ~! ~

. ~I ,,~i ~ ~" ty-ui ~ ~jYJ

192

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
(* '" ":' ~ i J) , ~.".:U I JAJ-O

(.;",W/", ;:(.o5"j l l", 4J~1~ 4:J",.u1 ~WI

.:.l:!~' - , J.3~' - (fV~.) ~l JL..:..»)U ~Wl ~I t.~)

Column No. Column/field Description of fieldcode name

1 name Ship's name2 call Ship's call sign3 lMOn lMO number*4 rcnty Recruiting country5 vssl Vessel type6 vsslP Vessel digital image (profile)*7 vsslD Vessel dimensions (in metres) -length, breadth, freeboard, draft, cargo height8 brdg Position of bridge - distance from the bow*9 vsslM Type of meteorological reporting ship

10 Atm Automation*11 bIc Baseline check*12 rte Route(s)13 barm Type of barometer14 bMS Model (brand) of barometer (manufacturer/series no.)*15 brmH Height of barometer (tenths of metres)16 brmL Barometer location*17 brmU Pressure units *18 brmC Barometer calibration date*19 thrm Type of thermometer - dry bulb20 thMS Model (brand) of thermometer (manufacturer/series no.)*21 thmE Conditions of exposure of thermometer22 thmL Location of instruments used to measure dry bulb/hygrometer*23 thmH Height of thermometers*24 tscale Temperature scale; original units*25 hygr Type of hygrometer26 hgrE Conditions of exposure of hygrometer27 sstM Method of obtaining sea surface temperature28 sstD Depth of sea temperature measurement (tenths of metres)29 barg Type of barograph30 anHL Height of anemometer (above the maximum load line) (tenths of metres)31 anHD Height of anemometer (above the deck)*32 anmL Anemometer location*33 anDB Anemometer distance (from the bow)*34 anDC Anemometer distance (from the center)*35 anml Anemometer instrument type (manufacturer/series no.)*36 anmU General anemometer usage*37 anmC Anemometer calibration date*38 wwH Visual wind/wave observational height*39 othl Other meteorological instruments40 phGr Telephoney and telegraphy41 prSt Teleprinter and satellite42 chgd Change date*

• New data requirements.

Bold denotes modification of specifications.

193 ~.>-<JI"~fi~4 ,.¥.).I I:u,~.>:! *. ~~4~)l1~1 ~.P.H",.]

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$

LlSTE INTERNATIONALE DES NAVIRES SELECTIONNES, SUPPLEMENTAIRES ET AUXILIAIRESTABLEAU 1 - CONTENU

Colmme N° Nom de code de la Description dll champcolOlme/du champ

1 name Nom du navire2 call lndicatif d'appel du navire3 lMOn Numero OMl*4 rcnty Pays ayant recrute le navire5 vssl Type de navire6 vsslP Image numerique du navire (profiI)*7 vsslD Dimensions du navire (en metres) - longueur, largeur, franc-bord, tirant d'eau,

hauteur de la cargaison8 brdg Position du pont - distance depuis la proue*9 vsslM Type de navire effectuant les releves mHeorologiques

10 Atm Automatisation*11 blc Contr6le d'Halonnage*12 rte Route(s)13 barm Type de barometre14 bMS Modele (marque) du barometre (fabricant/N° de serie)*15 brmH Hauteur (en dixiemes de metres) du barometre16 brmL Emplacement du barometre*17 brmU Unites de pression*18 brmC Date d'Halonnage du barometre*19 thrm Type de thermometre - thermometre aboule seche20 thMS Modele (marque) du thermometre (fabricant/N° de serie)*21 thmE Conditions d'exposition du thermometre22 thmL Emplacement des instruments de mesure - thermometre aboule seche/hygrometre*23 thmH Hauteur des thermometres*24 tscale EcheIIe de temperaturej unites originales*25 hygr Type d'hygrometre26 hgrE Conditions d'exposition de l'hygrometre27 sstM Methode employee pour obtenir la temperature de surface de la mer28 sstD Profondeur alaquelle la temperature de la mer est mesuree (en dixiemes de metres)29 barg Type de barographe30 anHL Hauteur (en dixiemes de metres) de J'anemometre (calculee apartir de la Iigne de

charge maximale)31 anHD Hauteur de I'anemometre (calculee apartir du pont)*32 anmL Emplacement de l'anemometre*33 anDB Distance de l'anemometre (caIculee depuis la proue)*34 anDC Distance de I'anemometre (calculee depuis le centre)*35 anml Type d'instrument anemometrique (fabricant/N° de serie)*36 anmU Usage general de I'anemometre*37 anmC Date d'Halonnage de I'anemometre*38 wwH Hauteur d'observation visueIIe du vent/des vagues*39 othl Autres instruments mHeorologiques40 phGr TeIephonie et teiegraphie41 prSt Teleimprimeur et satellite42 chgd Date de changement*

* Nouveaux besoins en donnees

Caracteres gras = modification des specifications

194

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
\.~~,

, ( i V\ ~J W;.111 t~) ~~I ~y;J1 J~./YI ~L~ J!.1J (\)

I~~.;.c <;,>.:JI ~~I ~~I J~)1l ~la~ ~I j.oWI J.=.;&JI - (\ \ - '7' (. i J) '" ).;-&11 C~')

, ~y:..;.J1 ~y;J1 J~J;;I ~LJ.O,.. J!.1JcJo;;: ,~~ a

~G11 ~l ).l.4.o1 ~ ~.r--:JI ~~I J~)ll ~l.a..G.. J4--a ~ u:.J.::.. ~I iiJ:~1 d~1 ~ (\)

reJ f"~,J Jl.::....;J1 ~ L)l..J I,J 4:il..i:i.....uJU ~Wl f"l.l=U11 u<=>L::.. ~.J:ll!lJj ~ la: , \~A 't ~ J=1.ill, ~I ~.r--:JI ~W.I ~b.:.J.l1 ~G~,J <;,>~I":"~I (s)",.,bl <;,>~I

~.u..i ~I (ooA ~J ~I t~) 4.:~1~I J~..J;;I~L~ J!.1J ~ ~L...81~~l Cr), ~UI ~I d~1 JJL,;.

~,J~.r--:JI ~~I Jb)1l~ j;.IJ ~I,Jii~ u....O~1 ~ J!.1J1JiiJ:~1~I iiJ~ ~.l.:' d..)~ ,j!,3

, ~I~YI 1l4l vuL.ui~ l!lJj ~

195

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
( \ ~ - ~ ~ j J) \ \ ~~,

: ., ~ jl~ ~..."...--- j;

l+i J.-Q 4... L..t.:i.......81 ':. :-:11~~ l:i.Il 4.....6. W I ': L~ I .::.l...b....:JL~ I 4:..u:. ~II:tb.l.11 4:..li I.JJ':r~'; ~ ... ,J~ ~,J ~ .. ~ ~? .. ,J-C

.:;,~/~i Jlu.!~ L...u~I ~ ('c\w ..>:!G:/~~I ~[S;, ~WI ~I,J) L......cL.:J1

~ c..j~ ~ 'C\C\A f'~ ~WI ~~I J)G. ~,Ji ~)yU ~~ f'~ (S:JI,J' il~1 r"~1 ~- - - - -

(' )

(i)

'E'"..>:!' "~~~I" ~ ~,JCD-ROM ~ Cti..c ~,J~! ~~.;~ (f:JI, C~I uJ..b~10i (')

..:.GL:-:JI ~! ..G:i-u.U d.:?.:ily.......1 ..:.~ ~ ~ rlWI..:.~ d ..c.Lbi.l1 ilJ.u..:i-c~~lk!~!

~ ..:.~4 ~I dj il~1 r"~I..:.~~,J~ ~I~,J t=.;W:...e .;L.b!~ ~~~I ~I~I,J

~L..t. d ..c~!~ t~4 ~I ~~~I..:.L.4=J.1 ~,Jd::.r--:JI d::~1 JL..::..)~I":'~,J~I~.:,i (~)

ilyblli Ju) db.:::, oll..:.l.c.~1 ilJJ.£ilI..:.~ ..:.G~,Ji l+i1j J.:>, ~ ~I.J--'-'" ~~I I~ ~

~ (dl.a..u..~I..:.G,J.?c,J~1

(')

196

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
"'7~ (j.:J1 ~~/:;.;illc~ ts~ 0-c I::r.- -.jlbll d.:~ ~~ ~ ~I~I b~~ ui (i)

~~I

0-c'~b~1 ra'il ~ u~/uulbi 0-c I::r.- ~ ~~~I uJl:.b.:ilIJ~I>J1 ~LS: ui (i)

~ LA.)..u..:W ~I u~LS:yIJ ~I.)I dLc ~I~~

JL..u'i1 ~ ~I~I r=..u.:;J ~,J-!I &1.)1 0-c ~~I J~IJ ,-:,slbl l j..uJ1 ~I..;."...; 4-14~ ":'~ ':l j!,J

~ cGl1 dyl ~ ~~I

J)y.1 JJ.l.::>. ~ dJjJ' b~1 ra'il ~ u~/uulbi).iJ..::>G JI~! ~ ~WJ~I ~.)L..;:.:; u~ (\)~ ~I~I ~ d..::..GlI

~ ,~I ~~~ ~J J)y.1 "'7~ le.)~ , d.:~1 J~~ ~)I &1.)1 & ut;, C")- < .- -:11~ I. - --- ~ 11 .. L:..lL 4.L:.:i.11 'v .~'1 d.b..•.:..11 A I,. ~ -·11 ~ .. -11 Jl....=. 'il -I"("-": ':?~~ .. ~~ ':!"'" c.. r.E -~ - r J -~ -~ .) It'~

~ uulbY/~ 4-7-1.)J!

197

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
U:tt.-JI ~~~I ~! b 1;; ... 1 I ,:?\:g;;ll ~I ~1,)1.".i ~,;li..U' b.J~!

~~I~~' J~,)'~I ~ us- b,).JL-:JI

,"'-.9 '-.9 Uo - ..::.. ~) '\-.9 (, 0 - ..::..~) \\-.9 (" - ..::..~) \ 0 d).,rill~ 0'-:->-'""~~ 0'~ (,)

·UA -..::..~)

198

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
1 1 1c.

t

..E

t

~

•

-

L-

f~-

C'b

t! 1b '~.~ ~

(" -,t' rt E~' fe'.t.. ~

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
Noo

1L-

'~. [~ ~

r c'E b,-, }

'(i\ ,'t: 'ty, ~ .·L ("f ,~' ~~ ~ El> tt' re,.f .~ ~

~. 1 1

C'b

~.' }b't~ .~ ,~, );-

~ E~' re,i~

b.

t-t

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
..- ..- l;.•-{ -{

tI .-{ I 1.( · .(·\01 · \01 {c.... c....

(.. (.. (.. (..

r s' 't r f f~ c _ ~ ~ ~

E-

~ <r-- -

(, (, (, t-.' (,bb <.;- E b b ~ b

;- ~. 't ~l t-.' 1 <.;- ~.r'~(.. .

~'t b't ~'t<.;- ~ .<;""~

;( <.;- - <0 _ <.;- - 't,t-' <r- e ,t' <r- ,t' <r- ,t-' <r-1 ~ 1 1 1E <.;- E E E

{ re' fl { re' { re' { re'~ ~ , ~ ~ ~<.;- .L

.~ f=~.rt

(..0

'L t '",. ~. {~.~ .f fI - C=..

\01 (, f (..

t <.;- ,t'~ f1

.~ -~

(.. ~ 0-

't ~N <;""~ - t0 -t l:-. -- (,

t { (,

t.~ [ t'.~( '",. t

f)

1 (, (..0\01 f t '

(..~~

'~(..

T oL 's.....t ~.c.... ~ r r' ~:f 1: -

~. ~(..

(;" ~ ~ E -r - <.;-

t~ ''''0.f :r (,

~--- .~ ~'l\

b t (,

~: '~ (, ",. ~. t~ b~ .. ~0-,

~ [ (.. ..- [ l c·~ <e: ~ l t=c:- (, <.;-

.F '",. ~c....

~ f) 'l\

Of,t' - '( "0(..

[ 1(, 't' (, \01 (,

~t. ~ e- t <t .~-..

f Cs E'[ <.;-

'",. (,ft,S

(, (, ~ .E'b (.. -c b

~,b ,l:- f. b (.. I ~ .. \-l l l t - .~

fT t c c:-

l~ .~

~ 'l\- (.. 1 c.... .F..-,. -.. -.. -.. --- r . 10 "1 V:-e. 0 "" -{ .-{ ..- .~- --- --- --- --- -- ..- , (.. -........ ..-..,.. ........ --G.. G\ lr rt--- --- -- ---

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
IVoIV

-(,c;-

~[

1

-(,

b

1't

It' <t-t Etf' fe'L~

1 1

(,b

1't

It' <t-t E~' fe''L ~

-"C-

-(Ib

1't

,t' <t-t Etf' fe''L ~

.-C-.........,.

b,

t-t

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
1L-

ft.C

C'b

1't

,t' ),-

~ E~' fe''L ~

1 1

Now

~t.C

t'~.

n·~

1.['l:<flfi

~.c'

.g::..-<>-'

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
1

C'b

1't

It"' 1;-t E~' fe'.~ ~

L;..

t

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
NoVI

1 1

-

!I>

.f:'trE

''h.E

1b.

t-t

t-'

EI>

'£

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
1 1

b.

t

t t t t e-.' t-'C.... 'C.... r- 'C....

I> I> I> I> ~ -

.f .f .f .f Ef:'\; 't '\; 't ~: 't'E~

);-~

);- r );-~ ~~ E ~ E G:""~ E

'(;\ ~, e-.' '(;\~,

'(;\~,

t~ ~t ~ t ~(" -

.~

(,.~ tN 'E .~ (, ,e-' t0 ~0\ C7 ~ -

~ 1,' ~ ![ f (,

l' ('l.

l' 'f Y( f:: f ~-.e- ~,

\- f:' fl B.~

C;'t 'r' ~

.~ ''h Ir. E {'''i-L:: - [ 1 .e-'(, ,e-' - c·

E ~'E

.~ t l:-~ .~ E E

11' [ 1. f:: - }c'(, - ~ ,e-' ~ (, .V- I>

f:: ~, f ''b. .~

t l- ~: £

1! C7 11' ~ ~C7

-~

(, ![ [ g (.; - ![ l' .~:f ~ - ~~ ~~, - l' (, ,~, s' ~~-~. 't, -1- 'f

l- ~.l- ~. (, l- 'i.. (0' <to t ''b.t, c- ,~,

'E~ 1.

1: 1I::... .e-' [ ~,

~. f:'l-

~ ~r Fl- r f~, ,e- ,~,

l- J' ~. ~ _'tI 'fI_

t ~ 1:~ f ~ .f' -.. -.. -.. -..-..~ - 0 "" -t -< ..... ~

~- - - - -- -..-.. .- b.~. ("- - -

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
1-- b.

~ t,t' -£t

N0 <to-...l {' ,I:- ~ ~ ''L,.

x' ~c (, 't & lf fi ~-

[ 'E" I.C....(, \- L V'~~ l:7 [ ~

(,- l[ r: ~, E.~

<:L,~, $ - l-'

1. - E '(.,- • I> (,

~ .Q' ~

f ''L,. <t E b~ (i\-. t'

~, ::l

1:c;- l- 1· 3 (,'~

c;-

.[ r-.. » $l:> ~ l:7 (I;J> t>C.., - 'tV>

aCl I> - $l:>~ l[

'Efl '7~

I>0 n

~ £.c- V>'--' 1, [ f:.Q (I Iv I> ,~: 'f -

I> t~ [ f; ~c t' f; g ~ (, ,,- t~

" -"~l:- - f f t ,t' - f(... ,

- Ib, t ~. f E f~f ~;l-' ~ tS" .c- ..

1 I>e- ('I.

[ 1..---.. ..-V: ~--< .-

---- -- <;.

~ .........Ir ('I-- --

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
No00

---1

I

'CPI 1

Cl,e-~

1 1

-...f'rerE

b.

t-t

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
-I>

,{ l~E

.-.-.

o<""

1

No\0

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
-' C.-t tI

·c

1 1-

1 1 (o't

t->

c....

{ St' [}'(i\ t! t(... t ~[ ~ 'L c.... ft

<.;; 'f ~..e E ~c' : [S1. c'b

t.. -' . b t! t!

1 .f: " ~ E: ~. b ~ 'E..ef. & E;\ ~ ~

'\: - '\: f:! f:! -(;" .l- - C' l[ ~' _ E E

);- ~ t- sE 1 ~. );- -(;,. (;,.

E ~ E . ~ E~ ~(... -

~- r: { ~st' re· f res 1 1~ ~ . ~ 1: E· ~<., - - - -

N......o

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
-- b.-- -"'t

t1 1 1 -"'t 1 II ,C

" 1-1

t-"e.....

~ 't;£ ,[I.- r- t.' r-Es. b <;;-<;;- E ~ E

1 - <;;- ;£ -fe' '(j\ I.- fe'

t~I.- Es. ~.c- f <;;-

't :f; 1-, . .

<;;- '(j\ '(j\ '(j\I.- ~ l.- t l.- t;£ f -r- r- f "~ .c- J fI.- ,

~'tE Es. E -<;;- ~ ~ ;£ ~

fe' fel - E ~-

1 r- r- I.- r-~ E ~ E ~ E Es. E<;;- <;;-

't<;;- .c- - . t.' -

1t.' 't fel I.- fe'~

fe' felb

~ ~ ~ ~ ~<;;- ~ <;;- .c-

-~

f f' ,t'G" " f 1N t,. \- [ po

....... - - (;, Ji....... -. ,Cc' [.. [.. I(j\ f..-. l ·t [ [ler..:. t ..

t -- ('<> tt· Cl ~>wC _

[...1,· 'E

-c' t [:f e..... ..-( .(

f -- b 0"'

~" -- 1 [.. ~c· - :~. l -

't '",. ~ t " .(G" :t r::t,. &: .t'0"1 e..... G' :f; ~. .c- ,!:

[ ,t' ~ ,t' ~,t' ~. 1. -ll t E:- t ~:. :t .~ F":f <;;- t:.~ 'C,f '~

0"'<;;-

t 'Ll.-

f :f; J'(, .~ [..<.;;'E

- <e... "~~ ~. -..

f -,[.. t.- It' .( r' l[

(,

C' <;t l C' e..... ~ 'ttI.-

'~ [ 1.--

1-F <;;- [..

fe'~-. ..

~ E.~:,t' f ,t'

~ C' .~:'f 1. ~ t l 1 b 1.<.;; \ 1" 1,' ~. \-G

..-. .......... ~........ b. .-..Pt ,C ..-.(., [.. -"-- -- -- -- --

C'b e.....

'1.l f ,.....<;;-'", ,.....

~

& Cl'~

-' \:~c ("'C' t,t' C' \e;. (.,

l 'f- 'k -".t-" -

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
b.

-- l' l' l' -- l' t~ ~

~ ~ -< > tc;"

't~-

fe'1~ ~;( ;t (;, ~

'i;-\., \., ,t' ,t'E!. E!. t t't E ~ ~

1 1- -

fe' f t.' ,t'~~ &;1- 't;(~

.c- .c-~ -

\.,

t.' 't 't L- L-

E!. ~ ~ f 'Ii\ f\.,~ E E t.' ~ f ~1 &; 'i;- - 'i;- b" -c;" c;"

~~ E ~ E ~ [ t>l;. .[

'\ 1- 't<.0 • -

fe' 1 fe' r: 'i;- 1.~ ~ E 1. E~ - I.:. I.:.

N.......N

1:''b.

e,

'Et~h~

L-

j;.-''b.t'[~

~~ ~

t E

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
-' (,.--{

tI -' 1.( pp

P1 <

t-"L

't 't (, (, t' '\rr t tG""" ~-

:£ ;t -c. c. 1: & t fesh hG""" G""" ~ - ~

t t 't' s~ ~ ::-r ~ ': s~ 't.c- .c-I ~ t r't 't 'L t - IG . ~

~ ..£ ~- .c-' -r r t'(~rE ~.' E ~- E~ .~' ,~ 1 -

fe' fe' fes~ re ~ IT ~ , ~G""" _ .c-

't I.- 0'N [t.......

G""" ~w .c f <to

;t - '--'

c. I It.l s\h --{ ~

.- £!2 t< f;,'b ~G""" .,

I.-

~- (, ~- {L I .c

'EG""".( '1. - :£1 .t'

[' £!2 I.- C. 1:- f t h.( ~

G"""G""" <to t ~

l ,t' ''io '~ £,

t~ E1 ..- r--{G " ,J. l.-

t~

(s ,t' "" f tt[ ~ ~, ~.c

- b~" - t'\ 't ~

b''' ,l::- t ,Q'~.1 t t ·t...:. <t ~s

G---...-

""'--' ~ ----

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~I

~.)J!~

~~I J~pu ~,J11 ~I

~.,; ,j:.J.'.l1 ~

~~I J~pu ~,J11 ~I

~~~~I J~pu ~,J11 ~I

fl)..l· .) . '-'. .~~IJ~)/I~

.fi.:J ':?J . ':?~~~~I J~pu ~I ~I

<t:~J. i.f"~.)~I~~lb)J!

f:>lyb ~

~I c.J- ~~I J~)/1 b)J!

214

~I

", - q~ ..r!'"

IS..!? '.'

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~I ~I

j...>:-"I,)~I~ . J,

~~J JL:.pt1 ~yl ~I

~J~·t

dJ-J.ill ~l:l11 ~Y-J,)~I-J~~I JL:.)t1 ii)Jl

L;:;I-Jfi~ ~~I ~~I JL:.)11 ii)Jl

j->=-: j~~. J . ~~~ I JL:.,)Y I~

~~ (,)oUl:l1~,)~ . t

~~ I JL:.,)Y I~

-J.J=,)~ (,)oU I,;:,)4· i . J~~I JL:.,)YI~

'J:""4-~~. i (ii~l)~~I JL:.,)YI~

j.G[.j.;:A J..9-'-" J:J. i (ii~l)~~, JL:.,) YI~

~,)la <G)-JJ. ~

~~ I JL:.,)Y I~

fi jJ..>Ji j.G[.j.J:-"l . ..J

~~I JL:.,)YI~

..Jli ~~I~. <:? (ii~l)~~I JL:..)YI~

J~) If'IY=-o' 1(ii~l)~~I JL:.,)YI~

215

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~I

j~~,j-4. i~~I JL...:..)~I ~

~.>J.JJi j..>::; . ( . '-:'

~~I JL...:..)~I ~

~"i. <? 0"

dj<U I..J I~ ~~I JL...:..)~I ~

j~~~~~i. i . ..J

~~I JL...:.J)U ~,.,JI ~I

~1r1L...~

~)I ~.)~~I.)lb.a

~~I ~~I JL...:..)~I ~

lJ..:~,j-4§. . J . ~ (~~I)

I~~~~I JL...:..)~I ~

ulj:j 1-':1 • (

b~~~~1 JL...:..)~I ~

~IJ.,-:,

b~~~~1 JL...:..)~I ~

~.)~~. ~

b~~ ~~I JL...:..)~I ~

..w,,[S;;. J

~lli ~ ~~I JL...:..)~I ~

216

~I

~Ui

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~.,; ":'-9..G..4 -9J-9.J-9. J~li. ~ :t:~1 JL...,,;~I il)J!

~.,; ":'-9..G..4 0"'~~ . (

u~~1 ~ ~)I :t:~1 JL...,,)11 il)J!

~.,; ":'-9..G..4 ~~ . J . -9

~ I ..l-<.o,) I

~.,; ":'-9..G..4 ~.,;[jI~L;,. Jl

~JL.u'YI u1,.>:1 :t:~ ~ :t:~ I JL...,,;~ I~

J:..l7 CS.,;l...;""g • Jl

~JL.u¥1 ul.,;:!:t:~~ :t:~1 JL...".,;'YI~

":'-9..G..4 f'~~ CS.,;l:~ • Jl

~JL.u¥1 ul.,;:!:t:~~ :t:~1 JL...".,;'YI~

~I

~I,)li.~ . J

ul;l:J I~ :t:~ I JL...".,;'Y I 4.J~-9

-LWIl.J _ •

~L...L.... J

ul;l:J1~ :t:~1 JL...".,;'Y14.J~-9

0"'.,;[j . f'~

:t:~ I JL...".,;'Y I il)J!

uJ~~I.,; . 0'"

:t:~1JL...".,;'Y I .:" laJ.:>.

~.J7~

~)I :t:~1 JL...,,;~I il)J!

~~I~~~I

4.::.:"1

217

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~I

~I-,:I. i. J~.r--:JI ~I ~..\.:>.J

~~I ,jL...",.)\, I .:..1o..G.. ~),j!

~~.).~

t>l.:ll ~),jG~~1 ,jL...",.)\'1~

,J1 Lg.) IS: • ...j

~~I ,jL...",.)\'1~

~~. cs~~ ~ ~~I ,jL...",.)\'1 ~),j!

~,j"";' . 0" . 0"

~UI ~~I ,jL...",~ ~,jW'i1 ~),j~1

;;2\:.'II~I).IJ

J.: I.),): !. '?

~,J1fi:'iIJc}WI t WoI~

~.)lo. i . ...j

~UI ~~I ,jL...",~ ~,jW'i1 ~),j~1

;;h.'II~I).IJ

~.':".,?

~.)i,:-,~~~~I,jL...",.)\'I~

:t:,..~IJ~I~~),j!

I..>::I~~. ...j

~~I ,jL...",.»)U If'-b~1 ~I

218

~I

L .-~

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~I r--u'/I

~..)..wi . V'"

~~I ~ ~~J..)~IJ~~I j~;~1~

<;?~~ I ~..)4-c <;?ju'

~~I ~1.)IJ~~lj~)lI ;))..11

~~l ~)I..I.;'C-y-oG

~~I ~1.)IJ~~lj~..)\l1 ;))..11

sf'Ji . ~ . V'" ~lS:

t Lg.JI;))i.9

V"'~' u (;)~I)

~~I ;))j11j~~1 j~PU ~~I &.)1

~1..J~bu~

~I

~~l ~1.)L.a)'1

b~l

b~las.wl

~l~~~

W~IIJ.lJ I- ~ •..j

":"'J..G.a ~1· ~

~~I ;))j11j~l:J.1 uGl=-:J1~)I ~.)I

~1..J~IJu~

<;?Lt ~Jj ,:,Ii'~)J..)~ls~~ljL=..)\l1 ;))..11

(?.JJ3 sf' ..J:~~)J..)~IJ~~ljL..::...)\l1 ;))..11

219

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
VU-..9..l. i . .)~.)\'I (""k~

A&MVU~~4-

.)4!1· J . ..I

~.)\'I (""k~A&Mvu~~4-

~);' . .). ":'

~~I ..lL..::..)\'1~

l.:J1,;.....i,~~

~..lL:.~I.) • vu

~~ I ..I L..::.;J' I ..:"1...G..

VU~JJ-O

220

~I

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~I

Ji'.,J) • '7'

~..>-"\'16..l-::>.3l1 u~':/~I

~,j.) ~.)la . t

~J~b~I';c,j.)~16.)IJl

~fi

~.)J,j.) .J:).ili . t

~J~I,j~I';c,j.)~16.)IJl

~fi

L:;~. J'" <::.

~~I ~)l..J16)Jl

6..l-::>.3l1~1

)~ . J" . iInmarsat

6..l-::>.3l1~1

221

~I~I ..l:!~,j d.j~1 ~ vuy;..)

(eLS/Argas) ~1..J..b....:::,':/1 t:'t.~I,j

t:'I~ I~ '..9-;' 4.:~ I u':/ L...:.:i)lJ ~,jJ11 ;w;:J.1

(Inmarsat) ~1..J..b....:::,':/1

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
.:;.,~>JI,j d)~1

b~1

PINKl

PINK 1

~.J,JJJ 1 C ';;91

~.J,JJJI ~

\

"

\~>JI

1; 2

13; 32; PINK 11;

PINK 14

14; 14, ADD. 1; 21;

22; PINK 1

19; 27; PINK 2

28; PINK 2

17; 17, ADD. 1;

17, ADD. 2; PINK 2

18; PINK 16

6; PINK 3

222

. WJI~L..;:w1 ~ ,iu . • -'

UAW 1J.;lJ 1 j: L..,,j.J .J:.J U::l

~.J.;-U I"

~L_..814:~I4:~1 JL..o..)~1 d.",~

d':'QIO;jll,j

~~I"::'~I~(S)~~~I~J ~lJ;,j

(MPERSS)

~~~l ",--.;-11 ~'.!jg;,J ~ ,

~~L:-:JI

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
..:;,~jiJIJ d),;ill

~~I

16; PINK 18

9; PINK 18

12; 12, ADD. 1;

PINK 18

7.

15; PINK 5; PINK 19

3; PINK 5

11; II,ADD. 1 ;

11, ADD. 2; PINK 17

~)I~J(VOS)~~I ~)I~

(SOO)~~I

0-c~I "I~ ~L..,,ji;~I..:;,Lu~1 ~\..j.Y.

(ASAP)~ I U'-c~

~~I ~)lJIJ~I..:;,~l...=:i~I..:;,4:=iji

4JLu,)lJ..:;,\..jL::J1~

v

33

24; 24, ADD. 1; PINK 4

PINK 9

10; 29; PINK 6

~\..j.Y. ~ ~~I ~~I ..lL...::.;~14J ~~l V,) \

~WltL:J1

14; 14, ADD. 1;

PINK 8 "

223

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~~~1.9 d.;l.;iJ1

i)~1

~ '-11 ..G11 ~I~i \\.,) \d.: "ell o .. ! "':':.,) ,j ~

~I ..l~i b)~I~ \\.,)\- ~ ,j -'

30 ..lb\'l~ -~I~~ld~1 \\.,)1:) ,~- -~.

4.:~I4.:~1

dot; i 0 "l.>~'~ 1~l~ 1e:-o ~Lh"'a.J 1 \,

I.>~'~1~~ I" ~ l.cJi.U 1~I~"

20; PINK 9 ~ '\'I I~I \'.,)\l.S..?- ~ ,

5; PINK 9 ..::.~I ..;.,lo~ J.e~1 c;WI f"~1 \\.,)'

(IGOSS)

26; 26, ADD. 1; (GOOS) -::.~I "l....Q) c;WI f'U=u.l1 \ '.,)1

PINK 15 (GCOS) t GlI "l....Q) c;WI f'U=u.lI,j

8; PINK 9 ~I~~ ~I,j ..::.liL81~ 4S~1 ~I \\.,)i

(ICSPRO)..::.~IF~I~I

<s.,P.\' 1~~ 1.9 d ..J:.:J.I,j

\\~~I 31; PINK 9 ~L~I ~~I \' 1 ~. Jki ~ti.o \\.,)0~"- ~ ~~ ,

~I- ,j

23; PINK 6 de 1; jolt J.~l:~ I ~.".b.J 1tb.dJ 1 \f

34; PINK 12 ~I ~1~L:J.1 \ i

i - \ d.;l.;iJ I 25; PINK 10 '. ill I~ ~WI -.;.lIII"~1 \ 0lJ:,J _" 1.9 •

o .;I.;iJ I 4; PINK 13 ~~,J:a.Il" ~ 1,J l.;.if I uO I~ I \'\

\,~~I ~1,J1~"~l~ b,JJL..:J1 ~L..J1

~l ~lj~i.!Qi;1l ~l

PINK 7; PINK 20 ~ll"~j~~:al \V

224

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
..::,,~,j1lt..9 d).;-iJ1

b~1

PINK 20

PINK 20

225

~w I i..J,JJJ I J~ I ~LS.o,J J,&.~

i~

\A

\'\

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
"Doe" •• la. • t I • I f ~ ..t·(,j-Iu~ 4 f 11 '" - iI.,J I

\

i

\"\

\ .

v

0'~.)..lL....d1 ~L...JI..:,,~,j>JIJd)~1 ~I~I

~Idj ':? \:9;;11~I d),.;gJ~'

V'-o~ <>#' ",I~ ~1.o~;~1..:"L.....~1 ~[,j~

(ASAP)~I

- -11 • L:J.I A I,..':?~ C \

\ :t.9L...; I•

226

o

v

A

\ .

\\

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
4...~I4...~1 J~ YI~ b :. 4..,.;[;]1 b ..ill' &1 '~I ~I- • -' ~ • ~- .)J..T:': '-F ..>:!

.J.i., ri-,j..o~..Jk Jk.YIJ;..J.;>- 0~1 ~'y1

~I - ~I • \~~ ·YI~L..u~1 UI . ·w ·~I~L:.b....::.~1 1,jiJ1 \'"if" ~ ~~ c.s~ J _ ..;c~ _J - C!

~d-~~)lJ

~~~I 1,jiJL.~1 ~I - ~I • --- C!. _ if" ~ ~~..>:!~

C!l:11I,,(OSRS)~ d-~~YIJ~I~.i>I;g;YI

~WI r-U:.:JIJ(CMM) 4.:~I4.:~1 J~;~I ~

c)"..JIJJ~I,,(IGOSS) .;:,~I ..::,la~ J-o~1

(IODE)UI . 'w YI..::,uL..JJ_ ..;c~ _ J _.

\ ~W.I•

~I • ~I • -- \i. ~~ • ~.;..>:!~

JaWI - ~I • \\ " ~ .J:.;.;iI.IJ U.WIJ~ I " L....j.) ..>:!.; IJ:i \i~ ~.)

'-'-' ..l.i.I1 ~L.~IJ.aWI - ~I • --.-.) ,,- • - ~ ~.;..>:!~

\:"ij tIrc-J"

\ ~W.I•

r- W1 ~YI \.;\ ~~~1~)lJ I" ¥J....ull ..::,Y L:.:iY 1"::'~ji \0

4JL..u.)~U~1

r-WI~YI \.;'" ~~I .l.<.Q)1 0hu" (VaS) ~".l:J1 J.wQ)I0hu \\

(SOO)

r-WI~YI 0.;1 -1-iJ1~~)lJ1 d...a....J1..::,YL....:.:iYI..::,Lu:; - \V~ _ J _ ._ y

~WI r-U:.:JI )..61~~4.:~1 ~lj~1 r-~

W I . ~JL.J I 4:i~)lJ.) . r.F "

\ :taL..,; I•

"'~W.I.~I- ~I • o.;~ ~ C!l:111 ~tJ-OYI ~L:....r.' \Aif" ~ ~.)

227

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
" "J,..~I~ --

l:J1 j.oWI " ~I ' 0.) \ ~Lu..\'1 ~~I ~~I J~.)\'I.::.la~ \~~ ~~.)

.=.JUJ I~¥ I JL::..:i)U d211> '0; ill,J

JL...::..)\'I d.a~ ~I,J

~~I~~I

r WI 0..W>\'1 \~.) \ ~ . \'1 1.;:11 ~.(5';:::' ~ .

j.oWI "~I ' 0=.)jill,J ;u,.W1J~1" L......,j.) .J:!.)Lg:; ~\~ ~.)

..r--:JI ~)IF~lj.oWI - ~I ' "-'? . . _ ~ V"::".) .J:!.;9-'

j.oWI - ~I ' 0=.)jill,J ;u,.W1J~ I " L......,j.) .J:!.)Lg:; n~ ~.)

JL...::..)\' Id.a~~I j.oWI ~~I~.).J:!~

~~I~~I

rWI~~1 \r ~~\'I~~I~I ~r

~I ~I- ~I ' A ,?~I~I H_ c.r ~ ~.)

~L.:i.II,J(5~1 ~4

L:~IJ~;~I~

~~I\ 4jW,1,

rWI0..W>\'1 \0 . jill~ ;u,.WI -~I"L.:u1 ~o0:.) _ 1.9 1..9 ,

r WI 0..W>\'1 \ ~.)r rlJ:.:Jb(GOOS) .::.~I ~) c;WI rlJ:.:J1 ~"\

(GCOS) t L:J.I ~) c;WI

\ :LgW,1,

r WI 0..W>\'1 0.)\ d2'010;ill,J~L......\'1~~I ~~I JL...::..)\'I.::.la~ ~V

~~I ~~I JL...::..)\'I.::.la~~I.;.a

228

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~.ro-:JI ~y;J1 J~)lI~b~ ~l:>J1 b,)J~ ~~I <:?~l ~.):ill

..Li.J ~.J

~<L...tio JkY/J.;.J.;>- :;&:aJ1 ~yl

tWI~~1 0.)"( CS~I ..::.,~I "CS)".bJ CS~I ~J tl..l.;:, "(A- -

(MPERSS)

tWI~~1 \ . CS~~I ~I uLc.#I.j <V.NI "('\

tWI~~1 \\)" :Ly;JJJ~~I~ -~I~~ld~1 I._ . .) .~- --.~~I

tWI~~1 \ "(.)0 ~L~I b~1 ~ I -. Jki ~l:i.o i\_.. _ re yu~ .

(UNCED);/..: o.;,II.j

~I • ~I • -- 1"(. ~.) • ~.J~~

:Ly;J1 J~pu UWI~I' . ~l _:. -_ . _ ~ uJ ~.J-'

u~1 t#~~I ~.jJ11 ~I.j (WMO)

(lOC)

b~lu~~}1 V)" ~I . ~I ~ o.k:i.ll . ~I ~WI II<:? . C. • cs.?

uL;WI~~IF ·:LJl..::..~luL;WI_. ~ -. _.(ODAS)u~~ 6b11

tWI~~1 \t ~ld~W.1 n

~I •. ~.)

0.)"(,,9 0.) \

0.)1,.,

J~ I "Lu..,j.) ~.) I.i; ! b,)JJ11~ ~ b,)JJ11 C.~ I

w=.)pl.j4LWI

~L....~I ~~I4..:~1 JL...::..) ~I uL..~

.::.,."tJ I "c.s),.,JJ <S~ I ~.l f"U;:. ! ;/":''''' ... ; ;11,,9

~I u~L...:.:;~1 d~';! (MPERSS)<:?~I

-1··":'~I:L - .lj ~)lI1~Y" ~ _~ _ .j

229

\

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
A

"~L," ~I •.. ~.)

"~L,"~I •.. ~.)

~I •• V"::!"'.)

~I •• V"::!"'.)

4.bJJ1 •• V"::!"'.)

~I •• V"::!"'.)

~I •• V"::!"'.)

~I •• V"::!"'.)

\V

\\

n.) \..9 '\\ "(.)t,J \ "(.)"(,J

\ "(.)O,J

\0

\"\

..,le~~I ~I~ ~L.,ji;~I.:;,L.u~1 ~G..>;'

~I d~~ .:;,~I,J (ASAP) .:,.iuJ1 (j..e.

..lL:.)lI~~ s?1 ~I ~)l11 ..ll,y> ~I~I

~~ (S.?~I ~I.;;JI ~ (CMM) d::~1 d::~1

~ (IGOSS) .:;,~I .:;,L.~ J.c~1 ~WI ~U;:JI

~I l·tL,4...w..l1 ,:;,GL.~I· ~-::..II4.:..::Jl1_ ~..>:"._,J 0.::' ~ •

.:;,~I,Jd..J;:J.I,J(ICSPRO) .:;,~I ~Uh.:ill

~I b~1 ~~I .;Ai.}o JL.c.i ~ti.o ~ (S.?~I

~I~L,.... ... ....

~I • --• V"::!"'.).;:~

0C b.)..lLdI ~L.JI.:;,~,J:iJI,Jd)~1~I~I

~I dj<?j29',ill~Id),~,J~1

230

o

v

A

\ .

\\

$: A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)$
~ W:.l1~)1~ ~ ~ ~

"JJi"~

~~W:.lI~)1

"so~"~

d:b..111 '• 0"':!-'~

v

tLJ;:J/J(OOOS) Cl~1 ~) ~W/ tLJ;:J/

(OCOS) t L:J./ ~) ~W/

. - .fI . L:J./ A I,..r.,?.)=7' ( r

..IJ,..Q)/ 0huJ (VOS) ~~I ~)I0hu

U~/ ~WI Cll.bJ.I~ (SOO)~~I

~[,j,.b.•.,,8/ /.~I/ ~ d.":'W/ • A_I d j,';I/~ ~..J-'" ~. r.::--:- . J

~JlI 'Y/ "L..u.1/ UI . ·w YI~ 15~ u-> tY J ~ ~~ _ :J

~~

~~I ~JlIIJ~1 Cl~l...=u~1 Cl~ji

4JL..u~!J Cl[,j~/ ~

~~.Jl ..ll.h,jl 0~J ~J-" ~ ~/ soL..:.c.i ,,:",L::..:;.jl

~~.JI t~/ ~ ~A ~t11

231

\0

\"'\

\V

\A

\'\

A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)

Documents

Transcript of A,,\. ~.; ~~I .!~,;)U ~WI ~I t~ (WMO·No. 860)