A Cytogenetical Study on Some Plants Taxa in Nizip Region (Aksaray, Turkey

A Cytogenetical Study on Some Plants Taxa in Nizip Region(Aksaray, Turkey)

Meryem ÖZTÜRK, Esra MARTİN, Muhittin DİNÇ, Ahmet DURAN, Ayşe ÖZDEMİR, Özlem ÇETİN

Selçuk University, Ahmet Keleşoğlu Faculty of Education, Department of Biology, Konya - TURKEY

Received: 28.05.2008

Abstract: This cytological study was performed in 19 taxa grown naturally in Nizip region (Aksaray). These taxa are Conringia perfoliata(C.A.Mey.) Busch, Alyssum strigosum Banks & Sol. subsp. strigosum, Alyssum murale Waldst. & Kit. subsp. murale var. murale,Matthiola longipetala (Vent.) DC. subsp. bicornis (Sibth. & Sm.) P.W.Ball., Erysimum thyrsoideum Boiss. subsp. thyrsoideum(Brassicaceae), Silene alba (Mill.) E.H.L. Krause subsp. divaricata (Reichb.) Walters, Silene conoidea L., Silene otites (L.) Wibel.(Caryophyllaceae), Linum austriacum L. subsp. austriacum (Linaceae), Medicago × varia Martyn., Onobrychis argyrea Boiss. subsp.argyrea (Fabaceae), Astrodaucus orientalis (L.) Drude (Apiaceae), Centaurea patula DC., Centaurea solstitialis L. subsp. solstitialis,Cnicus benedictus L. var. benedictus, Tragopogon longirostris Bisch. ex Sch.Bip. var. longirostris (Asteraceae), Paracaryum ancyritanumBoiss., (Boraginaceae), Plantago major L. subsp. intermedia (Gilib.) Lange, Plantago lanceolata L. (Plantaginaceae), Erysimumthyrsoideum subsp. thyrsoideum, Paracaryum ancyritanum, and Onobrychis argyrea subsp. argyrea. Somatic metaphase chromosomenumbers of Paracaryum ancyritanum, Onobrychis argyrea subsp. argyrea, Erysimum thyrsoideum subsp. thyrsoideum, and Alyssummurale subsp. murale var. murale were determined for the first time. Moreover, karyotype analyses of Cnicus benedictus var.benedictus, Matthiola longipetala subsp. bicornis and Medicago × varia were carried out for the first time in the present study.

Key Words: Aksaray, chromosome number, karyotype, endemic, Turkey

Nizip (Aksaray, Türkiye) Bölgesindeki Bazı Taksonlarda Sitogenetik Bir Çalışma

Özet: Bu çalışma, Aksaray ilinin Nizip bölgesinde doğal olarak yetişen farklı familyalara ait 19 taksonun sitogenetik incelemesinikapsamaktadır. Çalışılan taksonlar; Conringia perfoliata (C.A.Mey.) Busch, Alyssum strigosum Banks & Sol. subsp. strigosum, Alyssummurale Waldst. & Kit. subsp. murale var. murale, Matthiola longipetala (Vent.) DC. subsp. bicornis (Sibth. & Sm.) P.W.Ball., Erysimumthyrsoideum Boiss. subsp. thyrsoideum (Brassicaceae), Silene alba (Mill.) E.H.L. Krause subsp. divaricata (Reichb.) Walters, Sileneconoidea L., Silene otites (L.) Wibel. (Caryophyllaceae), Linum austriacum L. subsp. austriacum (Linaceae), Medicago × varia Martyn.,Onobrychis argyrea Boiss. subsp. argyrea (Fabaceae), Astradaucus orientalis (L.) Drude (Apiaceae), Centaurea patula DC., Centaureasolstitialis L. subsp. solstitialis, Cnicus benedictus L. var. benedictus, Tragopogon longirostris Bisch. ex Sch.Bip. var. longirostris(Asteraceae), Paracaryum ancyritanum Boiss., (Boraginaceae), Plantago major L. subsp. intermedia (Gilib.) Lange, Plantago lanceolataL. (Plantaginaceae)’dır. Paracaryum ancyritanum ve Onobrychis argyrea subsp. argyrea. Paracaryum ancyritanum, Onobrychis argyreasubsp. argyrea, Erysimum thyrsoideum subsp. thyrsoideum ve Alyssum murale subsp. murale var. murale taksonlarının somatikmetafaz kromozom sayıları bu çalışma ile ilk kez belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca Cnicus benedictus var. benedictus, Matthiola longipetala subsp.bicornis ve Medicago × varia taksonlarının karyotip analizleri de yine ilk defa bu araştırma kapsamında yapılmıştır.

Anahtar Sözcükler: Aksaray, kromozom sayısı, karyotip, endemik, Türkiye

Introduction

Given Turkey is located in a warm climate zone, it isdistinguished from many countries having similarenvironment by its plant diversity. The number of plantspecies growing in Turkey is close to Europe. The plant

taxa in Turkey have reached to 12.000 by recentlydiscovered new taxa (1). The richness of the Turkish Florais based on geographic, climatic, topographic and edaphicfactors. These factors bring about the plant formationdiversity and infraspecific variations (2). Turkey is also one

35

Turk J Biol33 (2009) 35-44 © TÜBİTAKdoi:10.3906/biy-0805-22

of the richest countries with more than 3000 endemicspecies and with an endemism ratio of 34.4% (3).

There are a few studies on plant cytogenetics in ourcountry. The determination of somatic chromosomenumbers and chromosome morphologies of taxa isimportant for the revision and monograph study in plantsystematics. The aim of the present study is to obtaincytogenetic data from Nizip region (Aksaray, Türkiye) taxato contribute to future plant systematics studies.

Chromosome numbers of some species were reportedin previous studies (4-19). The diploid chromosomenumbers of some taxa in the genus Centaurea were alsoreported (4, 12). The somatic chromosome number ofConringia perfoliata, Cnicus benedictus var. benedictus,Astrodaucus orientalis, Medicago × varia, Onobrychisargyrea subsp. argyrea, Plantago major subsp. intermedia,P. lanceolata and Plantago major subsp. major, subsp.intermedia, Tragopogon longirostris var. longirostris,Linum austriacum subsp. austriacum, taxa weredetermined (5-9, 11, 13, 15). The karyomorphologicalstudies on some taxa in the genus Matthiola wereidentified. (14, 17-18). The karyological studies on sometaxa of Silene were studied. (10, 16, 19).

Karyotype analyses have been conducted in recent yearsusing similar computer programs with different names.The Image Analysis Program plays a vital role in theminimization of errors in karyotype analyses. Moreover,the use of the Image Analysis Program, compared tokaryotype analyses that are performed using scales andcompasses, has three chief advantages. First, thepreparation of karyotypes takes less time. Second, it ismore practical in the measurement of chromosomes.Third, the karyograms and ideograms are preparedautomatically.

Somatic metaphase chromosome numbers ofParacaryum ancyritanum, Onobrychis argyrea subsp.argyrea, Erysimum thyrsoideum subsp. thyrsoideum andAlyssum murale subsp. murale var. murale weredetermined for the first time. Moreover, karyotypeanalyses of three taxa (Cnicus benedictus var. benedictus,Matthiola longipetala subsp. bicornis and Medicago × varia)were performed for the first time in the present study.

Materials and Methods

Study Area: Nizip region (Aksaray, Turkey) isgeographically located in Central Anatolia belonging to the

Irano-Turanian phytogeographical region. According to thegrid-square system adopted for the Flora of Turkey (20),the study area is in the B5 square. The research area,which is approximately 15 km long and 4 km wide, isbordered on the south by Sağlık village, on the north byAkin village, on the west by Aksaray city centre, and on theeast by Gençosman village. The altitude of the area variesfrom 900 to 1273 m (21).

The plant specimens were collected from Nizip region(Aksaray province) during the vegetation seasons of 2004-2006 and dried using standard herbarium methods. Theplant specimens were stored in the Herbarium at SelçukUniversity Faculty of Education. The map of the studiedtaxa is given in Figure 1. The localities, collectors, andchromosome numbers of the studied taxa are given inTable 1.

For somatic chromosome numbers, root tips wereobtained from seeds germinated for 10 days on wet filterpaper in petri dishes. Root tips were pretreated with -monobromonaphthalene for 16 h at 4 °C, fixed inethanol:glacial acetic acid (3:1) for 24 h and stored at 4 °Cuntil use. Root tips were washed in distilled water toremove the fixative, hydrolyzed in 1 N HCl for 13 min atroom temperature, and stained in 2% aceto-orcein for 2 h.Permanent slides were made with the standard liquidnitrogen method; slides were dried for 24 h at roomtemperature and mounted in depex. Photographs weretaken using a BX50 Olympus microscope. The ideogramswere prepared with measurements taken on enlargedmicrographs of 5 well spread metaphase plates. Theclassification of chromosomes, the length of long and shortarms, arm ratios, centromeric index, and relativechromosomal lengths were measured by Image AnalysisSystem (Bs200Pro).

Results

In this study, 19 taxa belonging to 8 families werestudied. These families are Cruciferae (5 taxa), Asteraceae(4 taxa), Fabaceae (2 taxa), Caryophyllaceae (3 taxa),Linaceae (1 taxa), Apiaceae (1 taxa), Boraginaceae (1 taxa),and Plantaginaceae (2 taxa). The somatic chromosomenumbers of Paracaryum ancyritanum, Onobrychis argyreasubsp. argyrea, Erysimum thyrsoideum subsp.thyrsoideum, and Alyssum murale subsp. murale var.murale were determined for the first time.

The somatic chromosome numbers observed inConringia perfoliata is 2n = 14, in Alyssum strigosum

A Cytogenetical Study on Some Plants Taxa in Nizip Region (Aksaray, Turkey)

36

subsp. strigosum is 2n = 16, in A. murale subsp. muralevar. murale is 2n = 16, in Matthiola longipetala subsp.bicornis as 2n = 14, in Erysimum thyrsoideum Boiss.subsp. thyrsoideum is 2n = 14, in Silene alba subsp.divaricata is 2n = 24, in S. conoidea is 2n = 20, in S. otitesis 2n = 24, in Linum austriacum subsp. austriacum is 2n =

18, in Medicago × varia is 2n = 32, in Onobrychis argyreasubsp. argyrea is 2n = 16, in Astrodaucus orientalis is 2n= 20, in Centaurea patula is 2n = 14, in C. solstitialissubsp. solstitialis is 2n = 16, in Cnicus benedictus var.benedictus is 2n = 22, in Tragopogon longirostris var.longirostris is 2n = 12, in Paracaryum ancyritanum is 2n

M. ÖZTÜRK, E. MARTİN, M. DİNÇ, A. DURAN, A. ÖZDEMİR, Ö. ÇETİN

37

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Figure 1. Map of the study area (1). Conringia perfoliata, (2). Alyssum strigosum subsp.strigosum, (3). A. murale subsp. murale var. murale, (4). Matthiola longipetala subsp.bicornis, (5). Erysimum thyrsoideum subsp. thyrsoideum, (6). Silene alba subsp.divaricata, (7). S. conoidea, (8). S. otites, (9). Linum austriacum subsp. austriacum,(10). Medicago × varia, (11). Onobrychis argyrea subsp. argyrea, (12). Astrodaucusorientalis, (13). Centaurea patula, (14). C. solsitialis subsp. solsitialis, (15). Cnicusbenedictus var. benedictus, (16). Tragopogon longirostris var. longirostris, (17).Paracaryum ancyritanum (18). Plantago major subsp. intermedia, (19). P.lanceolata.

= 24, in Plantago major subsp. intermedia is 2n = 12 andin P. lanceolata is 2n = 12 (Figure 2).

Karyotype analyses of Cnicus benedictus var.benedictus, Matthiola longipetala subsp. bicornis andMedicago × varia were performed for the first time in thisresearch. Details of karyotypes in these taxa are givenbelow:

Matthiola longipetala subsp. bicornis

The somatic chromosome number was observed as 2n= 14. Two pairs of chromosomes are metacentric, 4chromosome pairs are submetacentric, and 1 chromosomepair is subtelocentric. Total chromosome length is 1.34-2.86 mm, while the total haploid chromosome length is13.58 mm (Table 2, Figure 3).

Medicago × varia

The somatic chromosome number was observed as 2n= 32. Karyotype of this species is given for the first time.The karyotype formula is 11m + 5sm. Total chromosomelength is 0.85-1.90 mm and total haploid chromosomelength is 17.94 mm (Table 2, Figure 4).

Cnicus benedictus var. benedictus

The somatic chromosome number was observed as 2n= 22. Karyotype of this species is given for the first time.

The karyotype formula is 7m + 4sm. Total chromosomelength is 0.69-1.55 mm and total haploid chromosomelength is 11.38 mm (Table 2, Figure 5).

Discussion

In this cytological study of 19 taxa growing in Nizipregion of Aksaray revised previous knowledge in literatureproviding the somatic chromosome numbers of four taxafor the first time. In addition, chromosome morphologiesof the 3 taxa are given for the first time.

The chromosome number of 2n = 14 for Conringiaperfoliata literature supports an earlier report (5). In thisstudy, chromosome numbers of the 2 taxa, which belongto the genus Alyssum, were inspected. Somaticchromosome numbers of both taxa were determined as 2n= 16. The chromosome number of A. strigosum subsp.strigosum was given previously as 2n = 16 (22). Ourkaryological results show similarities with this taxon.Chromosome numbers of A. murale subsp. murale var.murale were given in this study for the first time.

The somatic chromosome number of Matthiolalongipetala subsp. bicornis was identified as 2n = 14. Ourresults are similar to those given in the literature (14).


38

Table 1. Localities, collectors, and chromosome numbers of the taxa studied cytologically.

Taxa Localities Collectors Somatic chromosomeand no number

Conringia perfoliata Aksaray: Regulator, 1050 m, 20.05.2005 M.Öztürk 545 14

Alyssum strigosum subsp. strigosum Aksaray: Kuş hill, 1100 m, 14.08.2005 M.Öztürk 1071 16

A. murale subsp. murale var. murale Aksaray: Kalanlar, 1050-1138 m, 09.04.2006 M.Öztürk 1050 & M.Dinç 16

Matthiola longipetala subsp. bicornis Aksaray: Taşkestik hill, 1186-1273 m, 19.05.2005 M.Öztürk 420 14

Erysimum thyrsoideum subsp. thyrsoideum Aksaray: Zafer, Darukini, 850-1000 m, 09.07.2005 M.Öztürk 775 14

Silene alba subsp. divaricata Aksaray: Kalanlar, 1100 m, 10.07.2005 M.Öztürk 839 24

S. conoidea Aksaray: Bedirmuhtar, 1000-1100 m, 26.07.2006 M.Öztürk 1164 20

S. otites Aksaray: Farsak, 1050 m, 16.06.2005 M.Öztürk 673 24

Linum austriacum subsp. austriacum Aksaray: Hüyük hill, 1050 m, 30.05.2004 M.Öztürk 202 & M.Dinç 18

Medicago × varia Aksaray: Kılıçarslan hill, 1100 m, 13.05.2005 M.Öztürk 192 & M.Dinç 32

Onobrychis argyrea subsp. argyrea Aksaray: Zafer, Darukini, 850-1000 m, 09.07.2005 M.Öztürk 773 16

Astrodaucus orientalis Aksaray: Kuş hill, 1100 m, 14.08.2005 M.Öztürk 1057 20

Centaurea patula Aksaray: Taşkestik hill, 1100 m, 19.05.2005 M.Öztürk 746 14

C.solstitialis subsp. solstitialis Aksaray: Darukini, 850-1000 m, 09.07.2005 M.Öztürk 766 16

Cnicus benedictus var. benedictus Aksaray: Kılıçarslan hill, 1150 m, 23.05.2004 M.Öztürk 178 22

Tragopogon longirostris var. longirostris Aksaray: Regulator, 1100 m, 11.10.2005 M.Öztürk 611 12

Paracaryum ancyritanum Aksaray: Hüyük hill, 1050 m, 16.06.2004 M.Öztürk 676 24

Plantago major subsp. intermedia Aksaray: Kılıçarslan hill, 1050 m, 23.05.2004 M.Öztürk 171 12

P. lanceolata Aksaray: Kireçlik hill, 1100 m, 12.08.2005 M.Öztürk 628 12


39

Figure 2.

1 2

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Figure 2.

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41

Figure 2.

13 14

15 16

17 18

Furthermore, the karyotype of this taxon was studieddifferently compared to the literature. The karyotypeformula was determined as 2m + 4sm + 1st. Totalchromosome length was 1.34 - 2.86 mm. Total haploidchromosome length was 13.58 mm. The karyological dataof M. longipetala subsp. bicornis showed varyingdifferences from M. trojana T.Dirmenci, F.Satıl &G.Tümen. The chromosome number of M. trojana was


42

Figure 2. Somatic metaphase chromosomes in the study taxa (1).Conringia perfoliata (2n = 14), (2). Alyssum strigosum subsp.strigosum (2n = 16), (3). A. murale subsp. murale var.murale (2n = 16), (4). Matthiola longipetala subsp. bicornis(2n = 14), (5). Erysimum thyrsoideum subsp. thyrsoideum(2n = 14), (6). Silene alba subsp. divaricata (2n = 24), (7). S.conoidea (2n = 20), (8). S. otites (2n = 24), (9). Linumaustriacum (2n = 18), (10). Medicago × varia (2n = 32), (11).Onobrychis argyrea subsp. argyrea (2n = 16), (12).Astrodaucus orientalis (2n = 20), (13). Centaurea patula (2n= 14), (14). C. solsitialis subsp. solsitialis (2n = 16), (15).Cnicus benedictus var. benedictus (2n = 22), (16).Tragopogon longirostris var. longirostris (2n = 12), (17).Paracaryum ancyritanum (2n = 24), (18). Plantago majorsubsp. intermedia (2n = 12), (19). P. lanceolata (2n = 12),Scale Bar: 5 μm.

Table 2. Karyological properties of the taxa studied. Abbreviations: AR (arm ratio); CI (centromeric index); THC (total length of haploid complement);M (metacentric chromosomes); SM (submetacentric chromosomes); ST (subtelocentric chromosomes).

Taxa 2n Chromosomes AR CI THC M SM STsize difference (μm) (μm)

Matthiola longipetala subsp. bicornis 14 1.34-2.86 2.28 4.94 13.58 2 4 1Medicago × varia 32 0.85-1.90 1.46 2.53 17.94 11 5 -Cnicus benedictus var. benedictus 22 0.69-1.55 1.61 3.49 11.38 7 4 -

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19

reported as 2n = 12. The karyotype formula wasdetermined as 4m + 2sm. Total chromosome length was2.44-4.27 mm (17). Although the karyotype of M.longipetala subsp. bicornis has 2 subterminal chromosomepairs, M. trojana was not observed. The chromosomelength of M. longipetala subsp. bicornis was smaller thanM. trojana. M. odoratissima (Pall.) R.Br. was similar to M.trojana. The somatic chromosome number of M. trojanawas reported as 2n = 12. The karyotype formula wasdetermined as 4m + 2sm. The total chromosome lengthwas much longer than M. longipetala subsp. bicornis (6.06-2.85 μm). In this study, another Brassicaceae member isErysimum thyrsoideum subsp. thyrsoideum. This taxon isendemic for Turkey. Diploid chromosome number ofErysimum thyrsoideum subsp. thyrsoideum (2n = 14) wascounted for the first time.

Somatic chromosome numbers of Silene alba subsp.divaricata and S. otites were observed as 2n = 24. Ourresults are similar to those given in the literature (10, 16,19).

Somatic chromosome number of Linum austriacumsubsp. austriacum was observed as 2n = 18 and showedparallelism with the literature (13).

This study consists of 2 taxa belonging to Fabaceae(Medicago × varia and Onobrychis argyrea subsp. argyrea).Medicago × varia is one of the natural hybrid and somaticchromosome number is the same as in literature 2n = 32(8).

Chromosome morphology of Medicago varia wasobserved as 11m + 5sm. The total chromosome lengthwas of 0.85 - 1.90 mm. Total haploid chromosome lengthwas 17.94 mm. Onobrychis argyrea subsp. argyrea isendemic for Turkey. The chromosome number wascounted (2n = 16) for the first time.

The somatic chromosome number of Astrodaucusorientalis was identified as 2n = 20 and showed parallelismwith the literature (7).

Regarding the 2 taxa C. patula and C. solstitialis subsp.solstitialis, belonging to Asteraceae family and Centaureagenus, diploid chromosome numbers were observed as 2n= 14 and 2n = 16, respectively. Diploid chromosomenumbers of taxa were in line with the literature. (4, 12).

Somatic chromosome number of Cnicus benedictus var.benedictus was observed as 2n = 22 in the literature (6).Furthermore, the karyotype of this taxon was studieddifferently compared to the literature. Chromosomemorphology of Cnicus benedictus var. benedictus was 7m+ 4sm. Total chromosome length was 0.69 - 1.55 μm.Total haploid chromosome length was measured as 11.38μm. Diploid chromosome number (2n = 12) ofTragopogon longirostris var. longirostris was observed tobe the same as in the literature (11).

Paracaryum ancyritanum is endemic for Turkey and itschromosome number (2n = 24) is reported for the firsttime.

Diploid chromosome numbers of Plantago major subsp.intermedia and P. lanceolata taxa in this study wereobserved to be the same as in the literature (9, 15).

This is the only study to date utilizing cytologicalmethods in floristic research.

Acknowledgement

We would like to thank the Research Fund of SelçukUniversity for its financial support (Project No:05101019).

Corresponding Author:

Esra MARTİN

Selçuk University, Faculty of Education,

Department of Biology,

42090 Konya – TURKEY

E-mail: [email protected]


43

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A Cytogenetical Study on Some Plants Taxa in Nizip Region (Aksaray, Turkey

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