7213 EN-211 1 Engelsk morfologi og ordlære

EN-2111Engelskmorfologiogordlære Candidate7213

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EN-211Emnekode

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EN-2111Engelskmorfologiogordlære


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1 Generalinformation-EN-21114.12.2016

Knyttehåndtegningertildenneoppgaven?Brukfølgendekode:

Coursecode:EN-211Coursename:EngelskmorfologiogordlæreDate:14.12.2016Duration:09:00-13:00Resourcesallowed:Notes:Whenyouareansweringquestionsimaginethatthepersoncorrectingtheexamhasnotreadthebook,i.e.makesureyourexplanationsmakesenseandarewrittenincompletesentences.Thisalsoincludesfullyexplainingyourexampleswherenecessary,i.e.ifyoulistawordsuchasbutterfliesasanexampleoftheplural,youranswershouldalsotellthereaderthatthiswordcontainsthepluralsuffix{-s}.Sinceyouarenotallowedtouseadictionary,thiswillbetakenintoconsiderationwhengradingthemorphologicaltreesandbracketing.Goodluck!-----------------------------Sometimesprofessorsaskforexamanswersthatcanbeusedforteachingpurposes,butinorderforthistotakeplace,theuniversityneedsyourconsent.DoyougranttheUniversityofAgderpermissiontouseyourexamanswerforteachingpurposes?

Yes

No

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2 Free&boundmorphemes


Pleaseexplainthedifferencebetweenfreeandboundmorphemesgivingtwoexamplesofeach(5pointstotal)Typeyouranswerintheboxbelow

Amorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitorpartofaword.Somecanstandontheirownandmakesense,suchascatorsea.Thesearecalledfreemorphemes.Aboundmorphemeiswhenaunitcannotstandaloneandmakesense,e.g.theplural-sincatsortheprefix-untonegateanadjective,asinunhappy.

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3 AllomorphsPleaseexplainwhatallomorphsare-givingexamples.Inyourexplanationalsoincludeatleasttwoofthedifferentwaysthatallomorphscanbeconditioned-withexamples(10pointstotal)

Typeyouranswerintheboxbelow


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Morphsarerepresentationsofthemorpheme.Sometimesthereareseveralrepresantsofthesamemorph,triggeredbydifferentconditions,andthesearecalledallomorphs.Theyhavethesamemeaning,buttheyarefoundindifferentenvironments,i.e.theycanonlyoccurincomplementarydistribution.Forexample,thechoiceoftheindefinitearticleisphonologicallyconditioned,aoccursbeforeaconsonantsoundandanbeforeavowel:ahouseandanhour.Ifyougetitmixedupandsayahour,thereisnochangeinmeaning,itisjustincorrect.Allomorphscanalsobelexicallyconditioned,whichmeansthattherearelexicalreasonsforthevariation.Forexample,LatinatewordstendtohavetheLatinpluralendinginsteadofthenormativeplural-s.Socactuswillnotbecomecactus-esbutcact-i.FromOldEnglishthepluralformofoxisox-en,notox-es.Athirdwaythatallomorphscanbeconditionedistriggeredbygrammaticalrules,forexamplegenderagreementinNorwegianapplyingalsototheadjective:neutertriggersa-taftertheadjective,asinetstor-thus,whileitdoesnotchangetheinflectionoftheadjectivewhenthegenderismasculin:enstor-Øhund.

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4 Wordstructure


Evidenceforstructurebelowtheleveloftheword.Pleaseanswerthefollowingquestions:a.)Howdoweknowthatwordsaremadeupofsmallerunits-giveatleast2arguments/evidenceb.)whataretheseunitscalled?(5pointstotal)Typeyouranswerintheboxbelow

a)Awordcanbemorphologicalsimplex,thatmeansthatitonlyconsistsofonesinglemorpheme,suchasdogorhappy.Manywordsaremadeupbyseveralpartsthatcanbeaddedtodifferentwordssothattheybecomecomplex.Hence,weknowthatwordsaremadeupbysmallerpartsthathavemeaningbecausesomeofthesepartscanbetakenoffandtheremainderstillgivessense.Ifwetakeaway"un-"inunhappy,"happy"stillhasmeaning,butadifferentonethanintheoriginalword.Theun-iscalledaprefixandithasafairlystablemeaning,althoughitcannotstandaloneandmakesense.Whenitisaddedtoanadjective,itmeans"notX(whatevertheadjectivemeans)".Unhappilyisamorphologicalcomplexwordbecauseitconsistsofthreemorphemes,thefreemorpheme"happy"(belongingtothewordclassadjective)andtheboundmorphemes"un-"and"-ly".Thefirstiscalledaprefixandthelatterasuffix.Thefirstchangesthemeaningofthewordtobecome"nothappy".Whenweapplythistootheradjectives,weseethattheprefixhasaquitestablemeaning:"notX":untidy,unlogical,unfaithful,etc.The"un-"cannotstandalone,butgivesmeaningtothewholewhenitisattachedtoanadjective.

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5 Borrowing(1)Languagesborrowwordsfromotherlanguagesallthetime.Pleaseexplainthefollowing:a)Whydolanguagesborrowfromotherlanguages-listatleastthreereasons(10pts)b)Whatdolanguagesexactlyborrow,i.e.whatkindofloansarethere?(5pts)Pleasedonotforgettogiveexamples.



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a)Thereareseveralreasonsforborrowingwordsfromotherlanguages.Onehastodowithidentity,e.g.whenimmigrantswanttoshowthattheybelongtoaspecificgroup,theymightusesomevocabularyfromtheirnativelanguagemixedintothenewlanguage.Itcanalsobedoneforsolidarity,tosignalthat"webelongtogether".Sometimeswordsareborrowedfromotherlanguagestoshowoffhoweducatedoneis,oritcanbeanattempttomakethenativelanguagemoresophisticated.InEnglishonemightuseLatinatewordsinsteadofthenative:receiveinsteadofget,Sometimestherearenowordsinthenativelanguagetodescribethenewphenomenon.AsaresultofexpansionoftheBritishEmpireandtradewithnewnations,newcommoditiesenteredanditwaseasiertoadopttheexisitingwordthantoinventanewtonamethethings.SoEnglishgotwordslikecatamaran,mango,kimono,andbungalowfromcountriesinAsia.Bashfulnesscanbeanotherreasonforborrowing.Sometimesforeignwordsareusedtoavoidsayingembarrassingthings,likeb)Nounsarebyfarthemostcommontoborrowfromotherlanguages,followedbyverbs,adjectivesandadverbs.Whenalanguageborrowwordsfromanotherlanguage,thiscanhappendirectlyorindirectly.Directborrowingiswhenawordentersfromtheoriginallanguagedirectlyintothenewlanguage,Englishinourcase.WhenawordgoesthroughdifferentlanguagesbeforeitendsupinEnglish,thisiscalledindirectborrowing.TheTurkishwordkahvecametoArabic(qahwa)andthentoDutchbeforeitenteredEnglishandbecamecoffee.Duringthisprocess,itismorelikelythatthewordwillbeadaptedandassimilatedtothepronunciationandthespellingrulesofthehostcountry.Thereareloanwordsfromotherlanguages,wordsthathavebeenadoptedastheyare,suchaspizzaorkebab.TheyhavebeenintegratedintotheEnglishlanguage.Anotherkindofborrowingiscalledloanshift,orcalque.Thisiswhenthewordsfromtheoriginallanguagearetranslatedliterallyintothenewlanguage,inthiscaseEnglish.ForinstancetheGermanwordLehnworthasbeentranslatedandadaptedintoEnglishasloanword.Englishhasalsoexportedwords,suchasskyscraper,whichhasbeentakenoverandtranslatedbytheNorwegiansintoskyskraper.

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6 Borrowing(2)


Integrationprocess:Whatnormallyhappenstoloanwords(e.g.withtheirpronunciation,spelling,meaning,inflections)?Pleasegiveexamples.(5pointstotal)Typeyouranswerintheboxbelow

Duringtheintegrationprocessawordgetsassimiliatedtothenewlanguage.ThewordundergoeschangesinpronunciationtoadapttoEnglishstresspatternsandphonotactics,i.e.whichsoundscombineandwheretheycanoccur(theng-soundcanneverbeginasyllable,forinstance).Englishdoesnothavenasalvowelsnortherubbing"r",sotheFrenchword"parent"ispronouncedAstimegoesby,thenewwordgetslessandlessspecialtreatment.Forexample,theâintheFrenchwordtheâtrehasbeenreplacedwiththeplainainEnglish,asEnglishdoesnothavetheletterâ.AmericanEnglishhasalsotakenthesteptospellitmoresimilartothewayitisspoken:theater.Whenawordisfullyassimilated,italsoattachestoEnglishaffixes,e.g."-hood"inparenthood,andithasregularinflection,forexampletheEnglishplural-s,asinparents.Meaning:hastoknow(orthinktheyknow)themeaningoftheword.Inflection:Fullyintegrated:e.g.pasttense:-ed.

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7 Inflection&derivation


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7 Inflection&derivation


Drag&drop:Allofthewordsin"quotationmarks"belowaremorphologicallycomplex.Pleasedrageachwordintotheboxcorrespondingtowhetherthemorphologicalcomplexityofthewordisofaninflectionalorderivationalnature.(5pointstotal)

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8 Wordformation(1)Examinethefollowingdataandanswerthequestionsbelow.(15pointstotal)a)Iduckedb)twoyoungducksc)heducksd)hewassheepishe)threeducklingsf)youareduckingtheissue1.)Identifythemorphologicalcomplexityofthewordsthatareunderlinedbyputtingthemorphemesintobracketslikewedidinclass.RemembertoshowwhatwordclasstheforminbracketsbelongstobywritingacapitalNfornoun,V,Adj,Advetc..2)Foreachsuffixstatewhetheritisderivationalorinflectionalandbrieflygiveareasonforyourchoice.Exampleofhowitshouldbedone:heflaggedherdown[[[flagN]V]edV]-edisainflectionalsuffix.Itisinflectionalbecauseitmarksthepasttenseof"toflag".Theverb"toflag"isaconversionfromthenoun"flag".NOTE:theverb"toduck"andthenoun"duck"areetymologicallyrelatedbutitisnotacaseofconversion.Sojustassumethereisaverb"duck"andnoun"duck"


"rabbits"

"pronoun"

"feet"

theduckswere"quacking"

"happily"


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a)[[duck]V-ed]V-edisaninflectionalsuffixbecauseitmarksthepasttenseof"toduck".b)[[duck]N-s]N-sisaninflectionalsuffixbecuaseitmarksthepluralof"aduck".c)[[duck]V-s]V-sisaninflectionalsuffixbecauseitmarksthethirdpersonsingularinthepresenttenseof"toduck".d)[[sheep]N-ish]Adj-ishisaderivationalsuffixbecauseitturnsthenoun"sheep"intotheadjective"sheepish".e)[[duckling]N-s]N-sisaninflectionalsuffixbecauseitmarksthepluralformof"aduckling".f)[[duck]V-ing]V-ingisaninflectionalsuffixbecauseitmarkstheprogressiveaspectoftheverb"toduck".

Besvart.

9 Wordformation(2)Showhowthefollowingwordsaremorphologicallycomplexbyputtinginbrackets(15pointstotal)Note:

RemembertoshowwhatwordclasstheforminbracketsbelongstobywritingacapitalNfornoun,V,Adj,Advetc.Afteryouhavedonethat,listeachsuffixandstatewhetheritisderivationalorinflectionalandbrieflygiveareasonforyourchoice.Giveanyothernecessaryinformationforyourbracketing

Note:gradingwilltakeintoconsiderationthatyoudonothaveaccesstoadictionary-butallthewordsinthisexamhavebeenchosenwiththatinmind.Howeverifyouareindoubt-alwaysexplainwhyyoudiditthewayyoudid.Words:a)researcherb)barefootc)electricityd)manageriale)overseer



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a)[[research]V-er]N-erisaderivationalsuffixbecauseitmakestheverbintoanagent,thusanoun.b)[[bare]Adj[foot]N]AdjThislooksmorelikeacompoundtome,butitcanalsobearguedthattheadjectivebarefunctionsasaderivationalprefixtothenounfootsothatittogetherbecomestheadjective"barefoot".c)[[electric]Adj-ity]N-ityisaderivationalsuffixbecauseitturnstheadjective"electric"intoanoun.d)[[[manag(e)]V-er]N-(i)al]AdjIassumethatthenoun(agent)canbederivedfromtheverb"tomanage"althoughtheyhaveaslightlydifferentmeaning*,thusmakingthe-eraderivationalsuffix.Thesuffix-(i)alturnsitintoanadjective,andisthereforeaderivationalsuffixaswell.I'veputthe(i)inbracketsbecausethisisaformative,aunitwithnomeaning,butitisthereforphonologicalpurposes.*Becauseofthisdifferenceinmeaning,itisalsopossibletoarguethat"manager"ismonomorphemic,andtheword"managerial"wouldthenbedimorphemic:[[manager]N-ial]Adje)[[over]Adv[see]V-er]NTheadverbcanbeseenasaderivationalprefixtotheverb"tosee"andthederivationalsuffix-erturnsthewholeintoanoun.Againthiscanbeseenasacompoundwiththeadverb"over"andtheverb"tosee"makingtheverbto"oversee".Thederivationalsuffix-(e)rthenturnstheverbintoanoun(anagent):[[[over]Adv+[see]V]V-er]NInmyopinionthisoptionismorelikelythanthefirstbracketinganalysis.

Besvart.

10 Terminology(ch8)Explainthefollowingtermsgivingatleastoneexampleforeach:(10pointstotal)a)rhymingslangb)clichésc)jargond)arbitrarinessofthelinguisticsigne)semanticnarrowing



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a)Rhymingslangiswheninformallanguageisusedinawaythatrhymes.AnexampleofthisisCockney,wherethewordyouwanttosayisexchangedwithanexpressionorawordthatrhymeswiththeoriginalword.Forexample"porkpies"means"lies",or"DukeofKent"issaidinsteadof"rent".b)Clichésareexpressionsthatoncewerecatchybutnowoverusedandthusboring,forexample"tobeornottobe"orbiblicalphraseslike"turntheothercheek".c)Jargonisterminologybelongingtoorusedinaspecificfield,e.g.linguisticsorcomputertechnology.Inthefirstcasewordslikemorphemes,semanticfield,andlexemesareusedtotalkaboutit.Inthelatterwordslikemouse,noteook,PCorcomputerareused.d)Becausethereisnoconnection,noresemplancebetweenanobjectforinstanceanditsnameorwhatitiscalle,wetalkofarbitrarinessofthelinguisticsign.Becauseofthisawordcanenterfromonelanguagewhereithasonemeaningbutobtainanewmeaninginthenewlanguage.TheCzechwordfor"catapult",hounice,cameoverDutchintoEnglish,whereitisspelthowitzerandhasthemeaning"alightgun".e)Semanticnarrowingiswhenawordlosessomeofitmeaning,ormaybemoreaccurat,itsmeaningbecomesnarrower.InOldEnglish,theword"adder"wasusedforallserpents,buttodayitisonlyusedinthesenseof"vipers".Anotherexampleistheword"accident".Originally,itmeantallevents,especiallythoseunforeseen.Todayitmeansonlysuddeneventswithunpleasantoutcome,e.g.whenyougethitbyacar.

Besvart.

11 CompoundsThewordsbelowarecompounds.Foreachonesaywhetherthecompoundisendocentricorexocentricandstateyourreasonforthischoice.(10pointstotal)a.)battlefieldb.)scarecrowc.)graveyardd.)toothachee.)tableclothd.)bluebirdg.)inmateh.)postcodei.)pickpocketj.)showoff



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a)battlefield:exocentric,itisnotakindoffield.Althoughitcanhappenatthefield,itisalsousedinametaphoricalsense,e.g.thelivingroomlookedlikeabattlefield.b)scarecrow:exocentric.Notakindofcrow.c)graveyard:Endocentric.Akindofyard.d)toothache:Endocentric.Itisakindofache.e)Tablecloth:endocentric.Itisakindofcloth(thusclothfunctionsasthehead).f)bluebird:endocentric:itisakindofbird.g)inmate:exocentric.Notakindofmate.i)postcode:endocentric.i)pickpocket:Exocentric.Notakindofpocket.j)showoff:exocentric.

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12 Mentallexicon


Pleaseanswerthefollowingquestions:a)Whatisthementallexicon?b)Whatkindsofthingsdoesitcontain?c)Whatkindsofthingsdoesitmostlikelynotcontain?d)Whatarethereasonsforassumingitmighthavedifferentlayers?Pleaseexplainyouranswers(20pointstotal)Typeyouranswerintheboxbelow

a)Thementallexiconisakindoflexiconinourmindwhereinformationisstored,forexamplelanguagewithallthatconnectstoit:meaning,pronunciation,grammar,syntax(howtobuildsentencesandorusetheverbsetc),butalsoassociationsconnectedtothedifferentwords.Adogisnotonlyafourleggedanimal,butweknowthatitb)Thementallexiconcontainsphonologicalinformation(howitispronounced),morphological(whichmorphemescanattachtochichwordsetc)andgrammatical(inflection)informationinadditiontomeaning,andifthepersonisliterate,spelling(orthography)

Besvart.

13 Neutralvs.non-neutralaffixesConsidertheaffixesinbrackets.Pleasedrageachwordintothecorrespondingboxaccordingtowhethertheaffixinbracketsisaneutralornon-neutralaffix.(5pointstotal)

Draganddrop


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Draganddrop

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14 Terminology

Knyttehåndtegningertildenneoppgaven?

Explainthefollowingtermsgivingatleastoneexampleforeach:(10pointstotal)a)conversionb)cliticc)rootd)basee)headofacompoundTypeyouranswerintheboxbelow

a)conversioniswhenaword-formischangedintoadifferentwordclasswithoutchangingthespelling(zeroderivation).Forexample:Tojumpcanbeconvertedintothenounajump.ItcanalsobeStressplacement,ashiftinstress:theverb"toimport"hasthestressonthesecondsyllable,whereasthenoun"import"hasthestressonthefirst.b)Acliticissomethingthatisnotasuffixbutthatisattachedtoaword.Itcanbethepossessivemarker's(whichisdependent)oritcanbeareducedformofauxuliaryverbs:'masin(Iam-->I'm)or'dasin(Iwould-->I'd)c)Arootiswhatisleftwhenallaffixesaretakenaway.Itcanbeafreeroot,asmention,oraboundroot,astox-Tox-cannotstandalone,butneedsanaffix,e.g.-ic:toxic.d)Abaseisaword-formthataffixescanbeaddedto.Mentionisthebase(andtheroot)whichto-ablecanbeattached-->mentionable.Wecanaddun-tothisbaseagain-->unmentionable.e)Thesemanticheadofacompund:iswhenthecompundshowswhatkindoftypeitis:Atableclothisakindofcloth,soclothisthehead,atoothbrushisakindofbrush,sobrushisthehead.

Besvart.

[dis]courage

Japan[ese]

[il]legal

[co]-driver

[under]cover

editor[ial]

generos[ity]

investigat[ive]

agree[ment]

help[ful]


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15 Reconstructionword-formationstories:EXAMPLE


Belowisasetofrelatedwordslistedinstepsfrom1-5.Pleaseindicatethewordprocessthatcorrespondstothewordatthedifferentstages.TogiveyouanexampleIwilltellyouthatthecorrectanswerfor1.rapmusicis"compound"-thereforeclickonthecirclecorrespondingtorow1andthecompoundcolumn.Nowcompletetherest.(5pointstotal)EXAMPLE:hereyouwouldmarkthefollowing1.rapmusic>"compound";2.rap>"clipping";3.torap>"conversion";4.rapper>"derivation"

inflection compoundback

formation conversion blend derivation clipping

3.torap

4.rapper

1.rapmusic

5.I'm"rapping"

2.rap

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16 Morphologicaltrees


Pleaseshowthemorphologicalstructureforthefollowingwordsbydrawingtreesontheseparatesheetsofpaperprovided.(25pointstotal)a,)disclaimerb.)peacefullyc.)correctionsd.)statesmanshipe.)unmentionableUsetheseparatesheetsprovidedtodrawthetrees.Makesuretofollowtheinstructionsonthesesheets.

c)Ihaveassumedthatsomethingiscorrect,henceanadjective,beforeonecangettheverbtocorrect,butI'mfarfromsureoftheetymology.d)e)Onecannotunmentionsomething,thereforetheprefixisaddedintheend.

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7213 EN-211 1 Engelsk morfologi og ordlære

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