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50 MW WIND FARM NEAR EREYMENTAU (Interdisciplinary Design Project)

Bachelor of Engineering

(Electrical, Civil, Mechanical)

Yntymak Abukhanov

Sanzhar Korganbayev

Yelaman Serik

Yerkebulan Saparov

Shakarim Irmukhametov

2015

ii

DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this report entitled “title of report” is the result of our own

project work except for quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged.

We also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other

degree at Nazarbayev University.

Names:

Yntymak Abukhanov

Sanzhar Korganbayev

Yelaman Serik

Yerkebulan Saparov

Shakarim Irmukhametov

Due date: 20.04.2015

iii

Acknowledgement

We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our Professor

Alexander Ruderman whose advising was very helpful for this project.

iv

ABSTRACT

Increase of energy consumption in the world and importance of CO2 reduction

stimulate development of alternative sources of energy. Kazakhstan territory has high

potential for wind energy industry development. As a result, Republic of Kazakhstan

increases energy production from wind, solar and other renewable resources.

This purpose of the Project is Feasibility Report for construction of 50 MW wind farm

station near Ereymentau, Akomla region. Initially, current wind industry situation is

investigated in Chapter 1. After that, Ereymentau’ wind potential assessment is done in order

to calculate possible energy production. Then, turbine type is chosen and technical details of

wind park is analyzed. Afterward, detailed economy analysis of the project is given in

Chapter 6. Safety and Risk assessment are covered in Chapters 7 and 8. Next, environmental

impact is discussed in Chapter 9. Project Management is given in the last Chapter.

Summary of Final Feasibility of the wind park Project near Ereymentau and

recommendations are given in Chapter 11.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Copious amount of literature has been reviewed during wind farm project.

Nevertheless, several main sources of information can be described below. The main sources

of data related to site analysis and current wind industry condition in Kazakhstan are The

Kazakhstan electricity association Committee on renewable energy sources official site and

Samruk-Energy Report on Ereymentau wind farm. In addition, main source of wind theory is

Ali Sayigh’s “Comprehensive renewable energy: Volume 2-Wind Energy” issued in

Nazarbayev University library. Danish wind industry association official site and WindFarm

software tutorials from ReSoft company were intensively used for calculations of technical

aspects for this project.

v

Table of content List of tables: .......................................................................................................................................................................vii

List of figures: .....................................................................................................................................................................vii

GLOSSARY .......................................................................................................................................................................... viii

ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................................................................... ix

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Purpose and vision of project ........................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Wind energy development trend in the world.......................................................................................... 1

1.3 Origin and main characteristics of wind ...................................................................................................... 2

1.4 Energy industry in Kazakhstan ........................................................................................................................ 4

1.5 Promising wind farm constructions in Ereymentau region ................................................................ 6

CHAPTER 2. SITE SELECTION ................................................................................................................................................ 7

CHAPTER 3. SITE ANALYSIS................................................................................................................................................... 8

3.1 Ereymentau’s wind potential assessment................................................................................................... 8

3.2 Electricity consumption and load in Akmola region ............................................................................11

3.3 Climate of the region...........................................................................................................................................13

3.4 Wind energy development Law Regulations ...........................................................................................13

CHAPTER 4. TURBINE CHOOSE ...........................................................................................................................................14

4.1Wind turbine technologies and properties ................................................................................................14

4.2 Defining criteria for wind turbine choose .................................................................................................14

4.3 Wind turbine power curve, comparing alternatives over Weibull- power curve graphs...15

4.4 Power losses ...........................................................................................................................................................18

CHAPTER 5. PROJECT DETAILS............................................................................................................................................20

5.1 State authorities’ approval ...............................................................................................................................20

5.2 Project Location Details.....................................................................................................................................20

5.3 Internal roads and electrical grid..................................................................................................................21

5.4 Noise, shadow and aesthetic aspects...........................................................................................................21

5.5 Wake effect..............................................................................................................................................................22

5.6 Electrical characteristics of wind farm .......................................................................................................23

5.7 Power balance .......................................................................................................................................................24

5.8 Foundation ..............................................................................................................................................................25

CHAPTER 6. ECONOMY .........................................................................................................................................................28

6.1 Cost Estimation .....................................................................................................................................................28

6.2. Financial Costs. IRR. Payback Period..........................................................................................................31

CHAPTER 7: P ROFESSIONAL ETHICS. COMMUNITY HEALTH&SAFETY ..................................................................32

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7.1 Professional ethics ...............................................................................................................................................32

7.2 Community health & Safety .............................................................................................................................33

7.2.1 Ice throw ......................................................................................................................................................33

7.2.2 Electromagnetic interference .............................................................................................................33

7.2.3 Public Access ..............................................................................................................................................34

7.2.4 Shadow flicker ...........................................................................................................................................34

7.3 Effect on local population .................................................................................................................................34

CHAPTER 8. RISK ASSESSMENT .........................................................................................................................................36

CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................................................44

9.1 Soil and groundwater .............................................................................................................................44

9.2 Surface water .............................................................................................................................................44

9.3 Biodiversity and plant impact.............................................................................................................45

9.4 Cultural heritage aspects and plant impact .....................................................................................45

9.5 Landscape and visual aspects and plant impact .........................................................................45

CHAPTER 10. PROJECT MANAGEMENT ..............................................................................................................................46

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................................49

CONCLUSION ..........................................................................................................................................................................50

REFERENCE LIST ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1

APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................................................................. A

vii

List of tables: Table 1.3.1 Hellmann exponent and roughness length for different types of terrain

Table 1.3.2 Variation of Monin-Obukhov length L

Table 3.1.1 Wind data

Table 3.2.1 Electricity consumption and electrical load in numbers for Akmola region in 2010

Table 3.2.2 Electric energy consumption and generation for a period of 2012- 2021

Table 4.1.1 Comparison between HAWT and VAWT

Table 4.3.1 Results of capacity factor calculations for individual turbine

Table 4.3.2 Wind farm energy output data

Table 4.3.3 Final wind plant output parameters

Table 5.8.1 Power balance for Akmola oblast

Table 5.9.1 Main parameters for Terzaghi equation

Table 5.9.2 Additional parameters for General equation

Table 5.9.3 Obtained values for Terzaghi equation

Table 8.1 Identified risks of the project and their risk indexes

Table 8.2 General risk matrix

Table 8.3 Risk indexes’ criteria

Table 8.4 Risk frequency indexes’ definitions

Table 8.5 Risk matrix of the wind farm project

Table 10.1 Project management plan

List of figures: Figure 1.4.1 Energy resource use in Kazakhstan

Figure 3.1.1 Wind and energy roses for the site

Figure 3.1.2 Seasonal pattern of wind speed

Figure 3.2.1 Electric energy consumption by industry in Akmola region in 2010

Figure 4.3.1 Power curves for alternative considered.

Figure 4.3.2 Comparison of annual electric energy production by alternatives.

Figure 4.3.3 Comparison of power output for summer and winter seasons

Figure 5.3.1 Site layout map by Samruk-Green Energy

Figure 5.5.2 Shadow plot

Figure 5.7.1 Schematic diagram of wind farm connection to national grid.

Figure 5.9.1 The foundation

Figure 6.1.1 Declining Cost of Wind Energy over Time

Figure 6.1.2 Kazakhstan inflation rate, 2009-2015

Figure 10.1 Project organization

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GLOSSARY Capacity factor- ratio of actual energy production of the machine for a given time period to

the energy production of the same machine if it had operated at its rated power output

Feed-in tariff- policy mechanism developed for the support of renewable energy

technologies, through the award of a certain payment per kWh for electricity produced by

renewable resource and fed into the grid

Technical availability- time of actual operation of machine without scheduled maintenance,

unforeseen faults, etc

Wind farm-wind park- a group of wind turbines installed within the boundaries of a given

area

Betz limit- the maximum theoretical value that the aerodynamic coefficient may get=0.59

Cut- in speed- the wind speed at which a given wind turbine starts to operate

Cut-out speed- the wind speed at which a given wind turbine ceases to operate

Rated power speed – the minimum wind speed at which a given wind turbine operated at its

rated power

Hub- the center of a wind generator rotor, which holds the blades in place and attaches to the

shaft

Yaw- rotation parallel to the ground. A wind generator yaws to face winds coming from

different directions

Grid-connected- a wind turbine is grid-connected when its output is channeled directly into a

national grid

Social benefits- benefits for the society in terms of development, job positions, environmental

behavior and income increase

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ACRONYMS EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

KWh kilowatt-hour

UNDP United Nations Development Program

KEGOC Kazakhstan Electricity Grid Operating Company

CC Capital Costs (Initial Investments, Capital Investments)

CIF Cash- in-flows

COF Cash-out-flows

EUR Euro

FV Future Worth

GW Gigawatt

KEGOC Kazakhstan Energy Generation and Operation Company

kW Kilowatt

kWh kilowatt hour

KZT Kazakhstani Tenge

LCOE Levelised cost of energy

m/s metres per second

MW Megawatt

MWh Megawatt hour

NCF Net-Cash-Flows

NPV Net Present Value

O&M Operating and maintenance

PV Present Worth

UNDP United Nations Development Program

USD United States dollar

1

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose and vision of project For a last few decades, the high interest on renewable energy sources was shown by

companies and government. Consequently, it is important to analyse the perspective

construction sites. As a one kind of renewable energy sources, wind energy influences the

energy production industry. The aim of this paper is to analyse Ereymentau region,

Kazakhstan, and provide technical- economic justification for building wind power plant in

mentioned area. Other aspects considered include: environmental and social impacts, risk and

safety assessments. Results of individual aspect assessment will be analysed and used to

decide whether construction of wind farm is suggested or not.

1.2 Wind energy development trend in the world Wind energy is attractive renewable energy source that is under intense investigation

around the world. By definition, wind is a flow of air from high pressure area to low pressure.

In another words, wind flow is consequence of uneven sun energy distribution on plant’s

surface, which heats air up to different temperatures. Therefore, as far as earth will receive

sun radiation, wind will proceed blowing and wind energy will be used by humanity.

From ancient times, people were actively using the wind power. For instance, marine rs

using sails travelled long distances, farmers used wind mills to pump water or convert wind

energy into useful mechanical work. Modern world, moving towards sustainable and

renewable energy generation, utilizes wind resources to generate electricity since the first two

decades of XX and currently attempts to increase the green energy share in the overall energy

generation industry.

Ali Sayigh (2012) reports that wind energy, which generating 1 kilowatt of energy

replace use of 300-350 grams of coal in thermal power plants, is assumed to be the solution

for a greenhouse gas emission problem.

According to the world wind energy association (2014), the total wind energy capacity

has reached 336GW by the end of June 2014. Moreover, general trend shows that wind

capacity added energy year is becoming higher. For instance, the additional power generated

by introducing new wind farms in 2014 resulted in 17, 613MW more wind energy produced

and this number is substantially higher than in 2013 (13.9GW) and 2012 (16.4GW) (ibid).

Generally speaking, wind power generation constitutes the 4% of world’s electricity

consumption (ibid). The leading countries in wind energy utilization are China (98, 588

2

MW), USA (61, 946 MW), Germany (36, 488 MW), Spain (22, 970 MW), and India (21, 262

MW) (ibid). As a result, collectively these countries produce 72% of total wind energy

generated in the world (ibid). Apart from listed, around 80 countries are implementing wind

energy development programs and planning to construct wind farms that will generate

millions of MW energy. Moreover, those programs include development of wind machinery

industry, which illustrates long term perspectives and importance of field to future energy

system of country.

To conclude, wind energy is attractive due to the following factors:

Renewable energy source that doesn’t depend on fuel cost

Absence of negative emissions, e.g. greenhouse gasses, hazardous waste

Presence of developed wind energy generation technologies

Competitiveness of generated electricity cost, which has no dependence on

current fuel cost

Short construction period of wind farms and its flexibility in terms of local climate

and load characteristics

Opportunity to decentralize the energy generation system (Kaldellis, 2012).

1.3 Origin and main characteristics of wind Pressure differences, which are caused by temperature differences within the air layer,

centripetal and Coriolis forces induce winds- large-scale movements of air masses in the

atmosphere (Ali Sayigh, 2012). Due to the fact that pressure differences caused by

differential solar heating of the atmosphere, wind energy can be thought of as an indirect

form of solar energy.

In order to predict performance of a wind farm it is important to have data about wind

characteristics in selected site. According to WindFarm data, height, turbulence, roughness,

atmospheric stability, direction, topography and frequency distribution of speed are main

characteristics of wind speed (WindFarm software Tutorial). They will be briefly introduced

in this part of the report; detailed information for Ereymentau wind characteristics will be

given in part 3: Ereymentau’s wind potential assessment.

Height At heights lower than 100m, wind is strongly dependent on surface through

friction (roughness) which lows wind speed. Moreover, density and temperature of air

changes with height.

Two main equations (Bañuelos-Ruedas et al.,2011) describe wind shear:

3

Where, u1 is wind velocity at reference height h1, u2 is wind velocity at h2

is Hellmann exponent, depends on the nature of the surface

z0 is roughness length, depends on the nature of the surface

is wind speed at a reference height

Turbulence Rapid changes of wind speed and direction, which decreases power output and

create unwanted vibrations in the turbine

Roughness Surface frictional effect upon wind speed near surface (Equations 1.3.1, 1.3.2)

Table 1.3.1: Hellmann exponent and roughness length for different types of terrain

(WindFarm software Tutorial, 2015)

Atmospheric Stability

Parcel of air is displaced vertically and stable (highest speed) – tends to return to its original

position.

for h/L>0 neutral– stays at displaced location.

for h/L~0 unstable (lowest speed)– continue to move by reason of buoyancy forces.

for h/L<0 unstable conditions create greater

mixing of air and lower gradient of speed.

Equation 2 is modified to:

Where , L is Monin-Obukhov length from Table 2, h is height

under study.

4

Table 1.3.2 Variation of Monin-Obukhov length L

Atmospheric conditions L

Strongly convective days -10

Windy days with some solar heating -100

Windy days with little sunshine -150

No vertical turbulence 0

Purely mechanical turbulence infinity

Nights where temp stratification slightly

dampens mechanical turbulence generation

>0

Nights where temp stratification severely

suppresses mechanical turbulence generation

>>0

(Ali Sayigh, p 142)

Abovementioned equations will be used in Ereymentau’s wind potential assessment to

show the fact that even in best-scenario with stable conditions and higher speed at hub height

wind production is not paid back during life time of the wind farm.

Wind Direction- direction from which wind blows; it is measured from true north. Wind

rose will be used in the report to make micro site selection.

Topography- hills and hollows significantly affect wind shear. Ereymentau case will be

discussed in part 3.

Frequency distribution of speed Weibull distribution will be used to describe wind

regimes. Two main parameters of the distribution are scale factor “c” and shape factor “k”.

Detailed discussion is provided in part 3. Formula is given below:

1.4 Energy industry in Kazakhstan Republic of Kazakhstan is wealthy to natural resources that constitute 4% of total

global natural resource stock (KazEnergy, 2014). Following pie chart shows that most of

energy produced in Kazakhstan is from coal. Ministry of Energy of Republic of Kazakhstan

(2014) reports that most of the resource consumption is done by electricity and heat

generation industry and reaches 25 millions of tons in oil equivalent.

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Figure 1.4.1 Energy resource use in Kazakhstan

Consequently, nearly 70% of electricity generated in Kazakhstan is produced out of coal,

14.6% of hydropower resources, 10.6% of natural gas, 4.9% of oil products, and less than 1%

of other energy sources (ibid). The total rated capacity of a ll power stations in Kazakhstan is

20, 844.2 MW (KEGOC, 2014). However, actual effective power is 16, 945.5MW (ibid). It’s

worth mentioning that most of the power plants have lifetime more than 25 years and require

capital reconstruction in order to satisfy future growth in energy consumption.

In general, the development of renewable energy sources in Kazakhstan depends on the

amount of coal and hydrocarbons. For instance, it’s been estimated that the amount of coal in

the region suffice to more than a century, whereas oil and gas resources will last for 40- 50

years (ibid). Another factor, influencing the rate of renewable energy resources mastering is

emissions affecting environment and being the reason for a global climate change issue.

Kazakhstan possesses vast areas of deserts and land that currently being used as

pastures or ores, but ready to be converted under renewable energy plants, such as solar-

wind farms. In case of presence of progressive technological and economical strategies of

renewable energy resources development, energy produced on these lands can be used to

decentralize energy system and satisfy local energy consumption. Kazenergy association

(2013) claims that potential of Kazakhstani renewable energy sources is:

Wind potential- 1820 MW*h/year

Solar energy- 1300- 1800 kW*h/m2/year

Hydropower- 170 MW*h/year

Geothermal energy- 520 MW.

6

Therefore, it’s easy notice that Kazakhstan has strong wind potential across the country,

which is shown in the Figure (Map of the Republic of Kazakhstan with distribution of wind

speed value at height of 80 m above ground level and a resolution of 9 km, can be found in

appendix).

Taking into account statements above, it can be concluded that for the country with

well wind energy development perspectives one of the main task is to detailed wind data

acquisition and analysis. This task is performed through use of meteorological mast that

usually collects wind data in 10- 50 m height during the long period of time. One of the

examples of such data collection is UNDP wind energy development program conducted in

Kazakhstan, to be precise, Ereymentau, Shelek, Zhongarian gates, port Shevchenko and

others regions. Thus, analyzing collected data it is possible to construct renewable energy

plants that will provide locals, which are usually live in the countryside and lack of constant

electricity supply, with green energy.

1.5 Promising wind farm constructions in Ereymentau region Currently, the Ereymetau region is becoming intensively involved in the wind farm

constructions and plans. Wind farm Project is located at south-east of Ereymentau town, 156

km north-east of Astana, in Akmola region. Coordinates of the town are

51° 37′ 0″ N, 73° 6′ 0″ E (Samruk-Green Energy, 2014). Following list shows the ongoing

projects:

Chevron Company is developing 30- 50MW wind farm plant project. The location of

project is planned to be to north- west of Ereymentau city. The estimated cost of

project- 30, 000 million tenge (162 million $) (Samruk- Green Energy, 2014). The

construction dates are unknown (ibid).

First wind power plant LLP company that is daughter company of Samruk Green

Energy LLP. Company is working on the 300 MW wind power station project. The

first stage that considers construction of 45MW wind farm has already started (ibid).

The location of the 45MW wind farm is 2.5 km away in south- west direction from

city. First stage is 17, 709 million tenge worth (95.7 million $) (ibid).

7

CHAPTER 2. SITE SELECTION

The site selection was the main issue during the project development. Several areas

located in different regions of Kazakhstan were considered:

- Port Shevchenko

- Dzhongar gates

- Ereymentau

In order to choose the most appropriate location, criteria had to be determined. Thus,

several factors were mentioned as area, landscape, wind capacity, demand of local population

and perspectives for the future development. The area is an important factor due to the lack of

installation experience in Kazakhstan. Thus, large area is required in order to have

opportunity for future expansion and stable wind energy development in region. Despite the

fact that Dzhongar gates have high wind velocity due to the concentrated wind flow, this

region was denied due to the presence of small area, which means that the project cannot

increase its capacity and no additional turbines can be installed. However, other two options

still appropriate for the wind farm.

The construction of wind farm in Port Shevchenko seems to be suitable for mentioned

criteria due to the presence of big area, which allow the expansion of the project, it has

appropriate landscape which means that the soil is appropriate to sustain the load of wind

towers and it has the opportunity to plug in central network. However, this location is not

desirable for investors as it is far from political and financial centers of the Republic.

Thus, it was decided to construct the project in Ereymentau, which has good capacity

for the project expansion and appropriate value of wind velocity. Moreover, this location is

attractive for investors as it can be demonstrated in EXPO 2017 exhibition. The main theme

of exhibition is “Future Energy”, which will be based on current innovations in this field.

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CHAPTER 3. SITE ANALYSIS

3.1 Ereymentau’s wind potential assessment A. Wind Monitoring Equipment

Main source of wind data in Kazakhstan is information collected during the project between

the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and UNDP/GEF “Kazakhstan — Wind Power

Market Development Initiative”. According to this project 50 meter meteorological mast was

constructed near Ereymentau. Wind data was collected during 2006-2007 period with

availability 75.3%. Incorrect data (due to icing of sensors) was not used (Ermentau Wind

Farm, 2008). Wind data collected will be given in part 3.1 C of the report. During the report

higher data (speed, Hellman exponent) will be considered (best scenario) in order to show

that even in this case project need to be supported by the government of Kazakhstan in order

to improve wind energy development in the region.

B. Long-term Correlation

Due to the fact that amount of wind speed data is limited (for 1 year) Measure-

Correlate-Predict method is used to predict long-term speed at the site. UNDP Project used

long-term wind speed data from National Center for Atmospheric Research for place near the

wind farm site. Thus, it was calculated that long-term speed in the site for 50 m is 7.79 ms-1.

As a result, measured data during 2006-2007 period (7.89 ms-1) and long-term speed (7.79

ms-1) for 50 m are similar. Therefore, probability of wind speed volatility (decrease) in long-

term is very low.

C. Collected Information

UNDP collected data is given below in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1.1: Wind data

Wind statistics Level

1

Level

2

Level

3

Height 50.9 49.0 26.5

Minimal wind speed (ms-1) 0.0 0.0 0.0

Average wind speed (ms-1) 7.89 7.83 7.34

Maximal wind speed (ms-1) 29.8 29.9 27.3

Gust speed (ms-1)

IEC (15 ms-1) turbulence intensity

37

7.7%

38

7.6%

35

9.0%

(Wind station near Ereymentau, p 6)

9

It was calculated by UNDP that Weibull scale factor is equal to 8.82 ms-1 and shape

factor is 1.86. Measured air density is equal to 1.197 kgm-3, measured roughness length is

z0=0.03m (Wind station near Ereymentau, p 9). In addition, according to meteomast data

wind rose was created. It is shown in Figure 3.1.1.

According UNDP, territory in the wind farm site is an open area with rolling hills

covered with short grass. Therefore, according Table 1: Hellmann exponent and roughness

length for different types of terrain, it can be classified as featureless land, smooth bare soil,

mown grass or level country with low vegetation, heather, moor and tundra. As a result,

roughness length and Hellman exponent values can be found in Table 3.1.1.

Figure 3.1.1: Wind and energy roses for the site

(ibid, p 6)

Figure 3.1.2: Seasonal pattern of wind speed

(ibid, p 8)

D. Wind Data Analysis

All UNDP Data is measured in 50 m height. Thus, it is needed to correlate all values

with wind turbine hub height. 80 m height was chosen due to the fact that most of 2-3 MW

10

turbines have approximately this height. The main parameters for correlation are roughness

length z0 and Hellman exponent α.

It was found by UNDP that z0=0.03. It is possible to find α from equation 3.1.1 (Ali

Sayigh, 2012, p 78). Thus, α=0.1001

α value can be checked by Equation 11. Where u1= 7.89ms-1, u2=7.34ms-1, h1= 50.9m and

h2=26.5m. Thus, α=0.1107. Value is similar to previous and related to same type of terrain

mentioned in Table 3.1.2. Higher value of α will be used as best scenario case.

Height

Equation 3.1.1 is used to calculate speed at 80 m height, u2=8.295 ms-1

Turbulence

According to Table 3.1.1, turbulence intensity (15 ms-1) is 7.7% at 50 m height. This value is

not high and does not affect wind farm significantly.

Atmospheric Stability

Stability is related to speed of wind through Equation 3.1.2. Thus, different speeds can be

found for different atmospheric conditions.

According to formula, speed at stable conditions with z0 is 9.3509 ms-1, neutral is 8.295 ms-1

and for unstable is 8.2195 ms-1. Again, best scenario can be considered in the report to prove

the need of support from the government.

Wind Direction

As can be seen in Figure 3.1.1, prevailed wind direction is from South-West.

Therefore, it is necessary to construct wind farm on SW site of the Ereymentau in order to

have the highest possible winds.

Topography

As mentioned above, territory is rolling hills covered with short grass which have

highest efficiency for wind farm site (Ali Sayigh, 2012).

Frequency distribution of wind

UNDP shape and scale factors are given for 50m height. Thus, equations 3.1.2 and

3.1.3 (Ali Sayigh, p 144) are used.

11

For 80 m k=1.95059 and c=9.2727 ms-1

3.2 Electricity consumption and load in Akmola region According to the annual electricity consumption report provided by KEGOC

(Kazakhstan Electricity Grid Operation Company) in 2013, the electricity consumption and

electrical load in Akmola oblast is as in the table below.

Table 3.2.1 Electricity consumption and electrical load in numbers for Akmola region in 2010

Parameter Quantity

Electricity consumption, kW*h 7.5 millions

Maximum electrical load(including Unified

Energy system of Kazakhstan), MW

1313

Nominal power plant output, MW 562

Effective power plant output, MW 517

Electricity produced , kW*h 3.1 millions

Also, following table illustrates electric energy consumption and generation (in the past,

current, and prediction for future years) for a period of 2012- 2021 years. Additionally,

difference of these two will result in energy deficiency. Lack of energy is compensated on

account of extra energy generated in other regions through Unified Energy System of

Kazakhstan. The main reasons for restrictions on energy generation increase include

unsatisfactory technical condition of turbo generators, deficiency of boiler capacity, and

issues with insulation. Prediction analysis has been done according to the general economic

development trends, taking into account future population expansion, industrial constructions,

technical condition of energy generation facilities, and energy saving technologies.

Table 3.2.2 Electric energy consumption and generation for a period of 2012- 2021

Parameter,

billion kW*h

Fact Prediction

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

1. Consumption 7.5 7.5 7.7 7.8 7.9 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.6 8.8

2. Generation 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.2 4.8 4.6 4.8 4.8 4.6 4.6

Existing 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.9

TPP1-1

Astana-Energy

LLP

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

12

TTP-2 Astana-

Energy LLP

2.3 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.1

TPP Jet-7 LLP 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

Planning 0 0 0 0.2 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7

New

constructions

0 0 0 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

45MW WPP2

Ereymentau

city

0 0 0 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

WPP near

Ereymentau

0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Expansion of

existing PPs

0 0 0 0 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

TTP-2 Astana-

Energy LLP

0 0 0 0 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

3. Deficiency 4.4 4.4 4.7 4.6 3.1 3.5 3.4 3.5 4.0 4.2

1TPP- thermal power plant

2WPP- wind power plant (KEGOC, 2013).

Analyzing data above, it’s easy to come into conclusion that the electric energy consumption

and generation in the Akmola oblast increases by around 1.3% and 4% respectively. This

trend might be due to the rise in local population and construction of new buildings, factories,

and industry.

Moreover, table provides information about existing power plants: TPP1 Astana-

energy LPP, TPP-2 Astana- energy LPP, and TPP Jet-7 LPP. 74.2% of all electric energy

produced is belongs to TPP-2 share (KEGOC, 2014). Also, influence of future construction

as wind farms and extension of existing ones is can be found. To be precise, 45MW

Ereymentau wind power plant produces 0.2 billion kW*h energy and starting from next year

additional wind plant begins operation (ibid).

As reported by Kazakhstan Electricity Grid Operation Company in 2013, the e lectric

energy consumption by industry is given below.

13

Figure 3.2.1 Electric energy consumption by industry in Akmola region in 2010

Generally speaking, 30% of energy was consumed by municipal buildings and little less

(27%) by industry (ibid).

3.3 Climate of the region The main characteristics of climate were measured by UNDP and mentioned before.

However, it should be mentioned that Baltabayeva and Bogolyubova (2012) states that

Ereymentau and wind farm site are located in intermountain basin and accumulate cold air

during winter. As a result, temperature in Ereymentau is colder than average temperature in

Akmola region. This cause higher air density and higher power production at winter.

3.4 Wind energy development Law Regulations After gaining independence Kazakhstan has started to pay attention to wind industry.

In 1995 Kazakhstan had committed United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change (Government Regulation of Republic of Kazakhstan, 2003). According to National

Program of wind energy development in Republic of Kazakhstan in 2007-2015 with

perspective to 2024 year (Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Republic of

Kazakhstan, 2007), the main aim for wind industry is production of 900 million KW/hour of

electricity in 2015 year and 5 billion KW/hour in 2024 year. Moreover, Law of the Republic

of Kazakhstan “About support of use of renewable sources of energy” (2003) and “Rules of

definition of the nearest point of connection to the grid or thermal networks and connections

of the objects on use of renewable” (2009) declare support and regulations for wind energy

sector from the government.

In general, Kazakhstan government has developed many wind energy related laws in

2000-2015 period which solve legislation problems and improve wind energy development in

the region (The Kazakhstan Electricity Association Committee on Renewable Energy

Sources, 2015).

14

CHAPTER 4. TURBINE CHOOSE

4.1Wind turbine technologies and properties Wind turbine is machine that converts kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy. As

it’s been mentioned previously, ancestor of wind turbines is wind mills. However,

technological progress changes wind mills in many ways and currently two types of wind

turbines differentiated: horizontal and vertical axis. Wind turbine that has vertical axis of

rotation is said to be vertical- axis wind turbine (VAWT), and machine with horizontal axis

of rotation is horizontal- axis wind turbine (HAWT). Last one is used from ancient times and

implemented more often. Table below demonstrates characteristics of two types of machinery

(Kaldellis, 2014).

Table 4.1.1 Comparison between HAWT and VAWT

HAWT VAWT

Axis of rotation Horizontal Vertical

Pointing direction Into the wind (sensors are

used)

Any

Efficiency High Lower

Ripple torque Low High

Integration into a building No Yes

Accessibility to maintenance Medium High

Although, vertical axis turbines have several advantages that include better reliability due to

the less components involved, convenience during installation, universal wind capture

direction, less maintenance; there are also major drawbacks behind. For instance, efficiency,

which is one of the most important parameter, problems in design: low ability to handle

stress. Therefore, horizontal axis wind turbines are further considered as a power generation

machine appropriate in wind farm design.

4.2 Defining criteria for wind turbine choose However, there are even more turbine selection criteria that should be considered.

Following list most important ones:

Presence of pitch control mechanism

Presence of variable speed mode

Implementation of direct drive technology

Presence of 3 blades

15

Satisfactory cost/quality relation.

Pitch control- power control technology that implemented by means of adjusting the angle of

attack of individual blade, thereby controlling driving lift force (ibid).

The advantage of variable speed mode over fixed is in the better power capture, which is

achieved by designing the turbine so that it have peak performance at a wide range of wind

speeds (ibid).

Direct drive technology is replacement to most failure- prone component of wind turbine-

gearboxes (ibid).

4.3 Wind turbine power curve, comparing alternatives over Weibull- power curve graphs. Graph below illustrates the power curves for all turbines considered. General Electric,

Siemens and Vestas wind turbine manufacturers were considered, as they are major

companies in the world. In total, 5 turbines satisfied criteria stated above and preceded to the

power output calculation stage.

Figure 4.3.1 Power curves for alternative considered.

According to turbine manufacturers, the highest rated power among alternatives belongs to

Siemense SWT- 107 turbine and constitutes 3.6MW (Siemens, 2011). In a range of 1- 1.5

MW turbines, the General Electrics 1.5xle turbine was chosen as it satisfied turbine choose

criteria stated above. As a result, following graph was obtained (General Electric, 2009).

16

Figure 4.3.2 Comparison of annual electric energy production by alternatives.

The calculations were performed based on the wind turbine power curve and the wind

velocity Weibull probability density distribution. According to method used, specific wind

speed corresponds to one Weibull probability density value and power output value. Weib ull

probability density value illustrates how long specific wind blows per year. The wind

turbine’s power curve implies a specific power output during these hours. The product of

total hours per year to power output results in total annual electricity production by each

turbine. Therefore, figure N shows the annual energy generation by turbines relative to each

other. The highest energy generation belongs to Siemens SWT- 107 3.6MW turbines,

whereas others nearly the same, except GE turbine. Calculation included in appendix.

Table 4.3.1. Results of capacity factor calculations for individual turbine

Turbine GE 1.5xle Siemens SWT-

108

Siemens SWT-

107

Vestas V117 Vestas V126

Capacity factor,

%

56 60.9 42.4 41.5 41.2

Analyzing annual energy output, it is possible to obtain important parameter- capacity

factor. Capacity factor represents ratio of effective annual energy produced by turbine to

energy produced at rated power output during the same period of time. Capacity factor of

Siemens SWT- 108 is the highest among others and constitutes 60.9%. However, during the

calculations different losses that occur during the operation are not included.

17

To sum up, even if Siemens SWT- 107 turbine gives the highest annual energy generation, its

capacity factor is lowest, which mean turbine is not used efficiently. However, turbine SWT-

108 2.5MW from the same manufacturer shows relatively high output and has the highest

capacity factor value (60.9%). Therefore, team decided to use Siemens SWT- 108 wind

turbine and further in the design this turbine is used.

Table 4.3.2 Wind farm energy output data

Parameters Per turbine Wind farm

Number of turb ines 1 22

Rated power, MW 2.3 50

Annual rated energy generate,

MW*h

20,148 443,256

Annual effective energy

generation,

MW*h

12,285.69 270,285. 33

Table above suggests that total number of Siemens SWT-108 used in the design is 22, so that

rated power of plant will constitute 50MW and effective energy generation per year is 270

GW*h.

Another important output characteristic of wind power plant is seasonal dependence.

This happens due to the seasonal fluctuations of wind speed mentioned in Chapter 3. Figure

4.3.3 illustrates numerical difference between winter and summer seasons in terms of power

output by wind farm. It is obvious that Ereymentau wind farm will generate far more energy

during winter. Generally speaking, seasonal dependence of power generation has both

positive and negative effect on plant’s energy production.

Figure 4.3.3 Comparison of power output for summer and winter seasons

18

4.4 Power losses It was calculated that power output of SWT-108 turbine is 12.3 GWh per year through

use of Weibull distribution, power curve and Excel software. It is know that total nominal

energy output per year is 20.2 GWh. Thus, capacity factor is equal to 0.610=cf.

However, different losses should be added to calculate real power output of the farm.

1) Cut- in and cut-out losses

These losses occur due to the fact that SWT-108 produce power when speed is more than

3 ms-1 and less than 25 ms-1 (to prevent mechanical damage). These losses are included in

initial calculation (cf)

2) Wake effect losses

Wake losses are calculated in Chapter 5 of the report and equal to 10 percent (with

distance between turbines equal to 7D in wind direction). Thus, new capacity factor is

0.9*cf

3) Electromechanical and transformer losses

According to Ali Sayigh (2012), electromechanical losses are usually equal to 3-10%.

However, it is possible to state that electromechanical losses are taken into account in power

curve calculation. Nevertheless, wind farm transformer losses (5-10%) can be added to

these losses. As a result, new capacity factor is equal to 0.9*0.9*cf

4) Technical availability

Ali Sayigh (ibid) states that technical availability of a wind park varies from 95-98%.

Therefore, technical availability is taken as 95% due to the fact that after 10 years of wind

farm operation technical availability decreases. New capacity factor is 0.9*0.9*0.95*cf

5) Hysteresis losses

As mentioned before, wind farm stops operation when speed is lower than 3 ms-1 and higher

than 25 ms-1. When wind speed is decreased from cut-out region to normal conditions, the

wind turbine does not continue work immediately. Some time is necessary to start operation

again. Thus, hysteresis loss is occurred. Approximate hysteresis losses are 4-5 percents (ibid).

Thus, new capacity factor is 0.96*0.9*0.9*0.95*cf

6) Electricity transmission losses

Internal electricity load has loss of energy due to transmission from turbines to transformer

station. Approximate value was chosen 97% (ibid). New capacity factor is 0.97*

0.96*0.9*0.9*0.95*cf

7) Network rejection losses

19

Some restrictions introduced in the regional electrical grid system’s operation by KEGOC

(Kazakhstan Electricity Grid Operation Company) can affect wind farm operation. Thus,

losses are approximated as 98 percent. Final capacity factor of the wind farm is 0.98*0.97*

0.96*0.9*0.9*0.95*cf. By substituting corresponding values we obtain final capacity factor, cf

= 0.428=42.8%

Taking into account above statements, following can be produced:

Table 4.3.3 Final wind plant output parameters

Parameter Numeric value

Capacitor factor, cf, % 42.8

Annual effective energy generation,

MW*h

190 GWh

20

CHAPTER 5. PROJECT DETAILS

In this part of the report number and position of wind turbines will be defined. Noise,

shadow and aesthetical aspects will be considered. In addition, other different aspects related

to micro-siting will be discussed.

5.1 State authorities’ approval According to Samruk-Green Energy (2014), approval for 20 Wind turbine generators

of 2.5 MW capacity each (Fuhrlaender FL 2500) was given. However, capacity of the wind

turbines is 2.3 MW for this project. Thus, it is needed to increase number of turbines to 22

turbines. Differences between turbine model and number in abovementioned report and this

project is not crucial due to the fact that according to a technical diligence performed in the

“Supplementary environmental and social impact assessment informat ion addendum to

Project Pre-IEA Report” alternative wind turbines can be used to improve efficiency (ibid).

5.2 Project Location Details Location is placed on south-east and its total area is 2.242 ha. The main advantages of

location are availability of public roads, near railway, grid 35, 110 and 220kV. Location of

wind turbines and roads in abovementioned report is shown in Figure 5.3.1.

Figure 5.3.1: Site layout map by Samruk-Green Energy (ibid, p 10)

21

5.3 Internal roads and electrical grid Internal roads should have adjacent trenches for storm water drainage. Moreover, according

to “Technical and commercial aspects in wind project development” (p18, 2014), minimal width of

roads, turning radius, ride height should be declared by wind turbine manufacturer.

Internal electrical grid will be underground cables within radial display to connect wind

turbines. This is common practice in wind industry (Samruk-Green Energy, 2014).

5.4 Noise, shadow and aesthetic aspects Parameters which affect population of Ereymentau are important for this project. The nearest

residence to a wind farm is located within a distance of 700m (ibid). Thus, abovementioned effect

can be calculated.

Ali Sayigh (2012) states that distance for acceptable noise level is equal to 4 t imes the total

height (hub height+0.5 rotor diameter). Therefore, acceptable distance is 532 m, which has not

negative effect to local residents.

Danish Wind Industry software is used for turbine proposed in this project in order to measure

shadow effect. Moreover, it is important to notice the fact that residents are placed only in North,

North-East direction from wind turbines. Whereas maximum shadow effect distance from Figure

5.5.2 in this direction is 360m, while closest resident is at distance 700m. Therefore, shadow effect

does not influence local residents. In addition to abovementioned calculations it is worth to

mentioned noise modeling which was done by Samruk-Green Energy (2014). In this modeling

worst-scenario was considered and it was concluded that there is no noise disturbance for local

residents.

Aesthetic aspect is not very important for this project due to the fact that wind farm is placed at

distance from the town. Nevertheless, Ali Sayigh (2012) states that three-bladed wind turbine has

higher aesthetic value than other types of turbine.

22

Figure 5.5.2: shadow plot

5.5 Wake effect Wake effect significantly decreases wind speed and affects to power output of turbine.

The main equation for wake speed is given below

Where v is wind speed x meters behind the motor, u is initial speed, R is radius of rotor

and α is wake decay constant and equal to 0.075 m. Moreover, normal power loss due to

wake is approximately 10 percent (ibid). Speed-power relation is cubic relation. Thus, if

normal power loss is 10% then wake speed- initial speed ratio is

Therefore, X distance can be found from equation X as

X distance equal to 2444.5 meters. With this distance between two turbines in wind

direction loss of power available in wind will be 10 percent. However, according to

23

calculation and comparison of energy available in wind and energy produced by power

available in wind is equal to 5.952*Betz limit MW=3.51MW; while turbine can produce only

2.3 MW. Thus, 2444.5 meters between turbines is very high and inefficient value.

As a result, for this project common thumb rule (7 D in wind direction, 5 D

perpendicular in direction) can be used. Distance of seven turbine diameters is equal to 756

m. With u=7.89 ms-1 ratio between velocities after X meters and initial velocity will be

0.841364 from Equation 5.6.1. From cubic power-speed relation power ratio will be

0.595596. Thus, possible power output in 7 D distance will be

5.952MW*0.59=2.0905 MW

And park efficiency will be equal to

As a result wake losses of the project are equal to 10 % of power production. According

to Ali Sayigh (2012, p 402) 10% is optimal wake loss for wind park design.

5.6 Electrical characteristics of wind farm Connection of the wind farm to existing national grid depends on total power output. In

considered case it is 50MW, thus 220kV high voltage transmission line was chosen. There is

a reason to eliminate connection to existing 35kV, 110kV transmission lines. According to

technical specification of electrical substation, 110/35 kV Ereymentau substation’s maximum

transformer power output possible to transmit into the grid 30MW and 18MW respectively

(Yakovenko, 2014). These amounts are insufficient to transmit 50MW of wind farm power.

Thus, additional reconstruction is required, which results in extra expenditures. Therefore,

it’s suggested to connect wind farm to 220kV transmission lines.

Wind farm substation will consist of 220kV switchgear with power transformer

(35/220kV, 63kVA) installed (ibid). Also, 4 km transmission line construction is required

that will connect switchgear to Erkinshilik- Ereymentau transmission line with use of AC-300

high voltage cable (ibid).

24

Figure 5.7.1 Schematic diagram of wind farm connection to national grid.

5.7 Power balance Table 5.8.1 illustrates power balance conducted for Akmola region that considers

period between 2017 to 2021. The objective of table is to show the influence of wind farm in

case of project will be implemented. It is observable that electric load in the region will

increase, as so energy deficiency does. Therefore, this power will be compensated from

Unified energy system of Kazakhstan.

Table 5.8.1 Power balance for Akmola oblast

Parameter

2017 2019 2021

1. Consumption

Max electrical load, MW 1485 1575 1680

2. Power generated

Rated, MW 897 897 897

Effective, MW 839 839 839

Construction of new capacities

45MW Wind power plant 45 45 45

50MW wind power plant 50 50 50

Reconstruction of existing

plants, MW

244

244

244

3. Introduction of wind farm considered in this paper

Rated power, MW 50

50

50

Power deficiency, MW

257

347

502

25

Share of wind energy in total

regional electricity

generation, %

8.3

5.8 Foundation The main objective of wind turbines is to produce green energy. Thus, electrical

engineers deal with problems that are related to the production of energy, while the

construction of the whole plant is the responsibility of civil engineers. Due to the reason that

wind energy turbines are located on places, which are characterized by high wind speed, it is

necessary to keep the whole structure stable under high wind load. Therefore, the main

objective of civil engineers is to provide stable foundation for such construction. There are

several types of foundations:

Spread foundation

Shallow foundation

Pile foundation

The Terzaghi equation is the main equation for foundation design in geotechnical

engineering which is shown in equation 5.9.1. The bearing design is one of the main steps in

foundation design, which allow sustaining the required load.

Qu = c Nc + qDNq + 0.5 γ B Nγ

Table 5.9.1. Main parameters for Terzaghi equation

Term Description

C cohesion of soil (has to be determined experimentally from the site)

Nc cohesion bearing capacity factor

Nq load bearing capacity factor

Ny unit weight bearing capacity factor

Q load

D depth of foundation

Γ Unit weight of soil

B width of foundation

This formula is not sufficient to consider aggregate exposure to the structure. Thus it was

suggested to use general equation, which is similar to Terzaghi equation.

Qu = c NcFcsFcdFci + qDNqFqsFqdFqi + 0.5 γ B NγFγsFγdFγi

26

Second formula introduces next parameters:

Table 5.9.2. Additional parameters for General equation

Factor Parameter Description

Shape Fcs cohesion shape factor

Fqs load shape factor

F γs unit weight shape factor

Depth F cd cohesion depth factor

F qd load depth factor

F γd unit weight depth factor

Inclination F ci cohesion inclination factor

F qi load inclination factor

F γ i unit weight inclination factor

Table 5.9.3. Obtained values for Terzaghi equation

C(kN/m2) Nc Nq Ny phi Fcs Fqs Fys Fqd Fcd

20 20.72 10.66 10.88 25 1.514 1.466 0.6 1+0.466/B 1+0.514/B

Fyd Fyi Fci Fqi Q FS d

1 1 1 1 4000 4 2

By substituting values from table 5.9.3 to equation 2 it is possible to find the value

for dimensions of foundation. As a result, from table 1 and equation 2 B=L=3,5. Table 5.9.3

represents the values which were used during the calculation. The average for medium stiff

clays is about 20-40 kN/m2. Thus, in order to provide most safe design the minimum value

for cohesion was taken into account. Moreover, the maximum value for safety factor for

foundation design is 4, which was used in calculations in order to provide save structure. This

means that when the required load is 4000kN, the foundation was designed for 16000 kN in

order to sustain all possible loads as wind, transport and the structure load. Moreover, the

friction angle was also chosen as 250 in order to ensure the stability. The next parameter

which was taken into account was unit weight of soil. Due to the fact that water table located

at the depth of 10 m below the ground, the dry unit weight was used for the construction.

Moreover, this value was taken by considering safety issues. However, all these safety issues

influenced the cost for foundation, so it could be said that it is better to make some

27

investigation in the field to obtain actual values for required parameters which can minimize

the cost of project. The foundation is shown on figure 5.9.1.

Figure 5.9.1. The foundation

Due to the reason that the construction of foundations depends on the ground and the

load, so types of piles would be defined. Actually, there are two types of piling: friction piles

and cohesion piles. Due to the presence of strong clay in the field, cohesion piles will be used

with a length less than 10 m. These piles are driven piles, which will be penetrated into the

soil layers by hydraulic machine, which use heavy hummers and penetrate piles in specific

frequency. Therefore, piles can be penetrated without any break along the length. Moreover,

it is necessary to use well covered piles to avoid corrosion. Due to the fact that the ground

water level is located at depth of 10m, 6 m and 8 m length piles could be sufficient in order to

support the load. Pile types are made of wood, concrete and steel. Reinforced concrete piles

will be used due to its advantages as durability and strength.

28

CHAPTER 6. ECONOMY

6.1 Cost Estimation Wind energy has no fuel costs related with the electricity generation process.

Therefore, all costs are associated with initial investments. Initial investments consist of the

connection to the grid, construction of a foundation, purchase and installation of turbines,

land rent (if it is a commercial, non-governmental project), electric installations, consultancy,

financial cost, road construction(in places where there is no road near the construction site)

and control systems (International Renewable Energy Agency, 2015). More detailed cost

constituents are listed below:

Total costs of initial investment consist of (The European Wind Energy Association, 2009):

Turbine Cost – 75.6% (of the total capital costs)

Grid Connection – 8.9%

Foundation – 6.5%

Land Rent – 3.9%

Electric Installation – 1.5%

Consultancy – 1.2%

Financial Costs – 1.2%

Road Construction – 0.9%

Control Systems – 0.3%

Operations and maintenance costs are associated with the cost elements that emerge after the

start of wind farm operation (Windustry, 2015). Some are fixed and some may alter with the

capacity of the farm. They consist of raw materials, operation personnel, tax payments and

insurance, land lease, access fee (cost of the access to connect to the grid), preventive

maintenance (system check-ups), and repair works.

There are also some financial costs associated with the project, depending on the type of

project investment. In this project, interest rate of bank loan was taken as 3% per annum,

which is an average interest rate for funding wind energy projects in Europe according to

Yoursri.com, 2013.

Three main elements drive the cost of electricity in wind energy according to Awea.org:

capital costs, capacity factor and operation costs. Figure 6.1.1 describes the global trends in

wind energy prices, which are constantly falling from the beginning of 1980s.

29

Figure 6.1.1. Declining Cost of Wind Energy Over Time (Awea.org)

In order to access the cost of the electricity of the wind project, we should find LCOE

(levelized cost of energy). LCOE is a main source of metrics for cost of the electricity

produced by the generator, in this case wind generators (Renewable Energy Advisors, 2011).

Levelised cost of electricity generation (LCOE) is the electricity price required for

project revenues to be equal to costs (International Renewable Energy Agency, 2012).

Therefore, the price for electricity greater than LCOE, will result in the greater return of

investments.

;

Figure 6.1.1 shows that cost of wind energy is declining each year, and at year 2013, its

average value reached $0.05/kW of installed turbine power. This means that wind energy has

become more accessible and profitable.

Modern wind turbines are supposed to operate for 120,000 hours over 20 years, which is

68% of time operating and the rest staying still (Windmeasurementinternational.com, 2015).

Maintenance cost increases as turbines ages. It also varies with the number of generation of

the turbines, where newer generations have lower maintenance costs. Modern turbines

maintenance cost ranges from 1% to 5% of the initial cost of the turbine per year, depending

30

on the operation time, the older the wind farm, more operation works are necessary. Moving

turbine parts will have more frequent breakages rather than static parts. The fastest wearing

out parts are the gearbox and the rotor blades. Total O&M cost have been calculated by

UNDP in 2008 year as 1.665 KZT/kW*h, with the inflation rate taken into account in Figure

6.1.2, it becomes 2.63 KZT/kW*h ($0.0142) in year 2015 (Government of Kazakhstan and

UNDP Kazakhstan, 2015). However, in order to give more accurate cost estimations another

method was used. According to this method, average annual O&M costs are (Ali Sayigh,

2012):

1% of CC at years 1-2

1.9% of CC at years 3-5

2.2% of CC at years 6-10

3.5% of CC at years 11-15

4.5% of CC at years 16-20

Figure 6.1.2, shows that according to the trend of inflation rate from 2009 to 2015,

average inflation rate is 6.75% which is the average of the highest rate and lowest inflation

rates in that period.

Figure 6.1.2. Kazakhstan inflation rate, 2009-2015 (Tradingeconomics.com)

Capital cost for the project was taken as an average cost for European project in 2006

(The European Wind Energy Association, 2009). These prices are given in euros. They were

converted to USD using data for USD/EUR rates in 2006 (X-rates.com, 2015). Then, Future

worth of these numbers was obtained for year 2015 using the formula:

where PV – present worth, FV – future worth, i –price indexation (6.75%), n – time from

year 2006 to year 2015. Therefore, value of $140 368 506 was obtained as a capital

investments of the whole project. Using actual power 1.395675 MW, total power output of

the plant was calculated as 242.242 GW*h. Using online calculator at Figure 6.1.3 (Nrel.gov,

31

2015) (see Appendix), LCOE was calculated as $0.083/kW*h (15.355KZT/kW*h). This

number is much smaller than the price for wind energy set by KEGOC in 2014, which is

$0.130/kW*h (24.211 KZT/kW*h) (Rfc.kegoc.kz, 2014).

6.2. Financial Costs. IRR. Payback Period There are two scenarios applied to this project in order to show the alternative way of

developing of project. First scenario in Figure 6.5(see Appendix), applies a feed- in-tariff,

which was implemented by the government in year 2014, and according to this incentives,

cost for wind energy is $0.130/kWh, which is quite high. Second scenario in Figure 6.2.3(see

Appendix), was done without governmental incentives, and the average price for electricity in

Astana region, $0.0746 was taken.

In scenario 1, (Table 6.2.1(see Appendix)) Project is to be funded by taking a bank

loan for 20 years with an interest rate of 3%. Each year, $7 228 978 will be paid to bank,

which 5.15% of overall money that should be paid to bank. Project can be profitable in this

case, because of the feed-in-tariff, which allow to sell electricity to KEGOC at a level higher

than LCOE. Payback period is calculated as 9-10 years, after that project will give profits to

investors. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) in this scenario is 8%. IRR can be calculated by the

formula below:

Cash- in-flow were estimated to be $24 827 815, which is high enough to pay off bank

loan and O&M costs. Positive balance is achieved at the year 14, and keeping this tendency at

the end of year 20 net revenue of $129 211 913 was obtained.

Scenario 2 (Figure 6.2.2(see Appendix)) has a bank loan for 20 year with an interest

rate of 3%. Figure 6.2.2 shows that project will not be efficient. Net Cash Flows in each year

is negative, giving no profit to investors at all. IRR is zero, because NPV is negative.

Figure 6.7 (see Appendix) shows how the total revenue increases each year. There is a

steady grow in scenario 1, and a long term debt left in scenario 2. Figure 6.8 (see Appendix)

shows how O&M costs changes over time. A gradual increase can be noticed in this graph.

Figure 6.9 (see Appendix) represents all cash flows in scenario 1 over 20 years.

32

CHAPTER 7: PROFESSIONAL ETHICS. COMMUNITY

HEALTH&SAFETY

7.1 Professional ethics Professional ethics are professionally accepted standards of personal and business

behavior, values and guiding principles. Codes of professional ethics are often established by

professional organizations to help guide members in performing their job functions according

to sound and consistent ethical principles.

The construction of a wind farm, as nearly all engineering-related endeavors, raises

the question of several ethical concerns, each of which should be addressed objectively and

appropriately as required by the codes of ethics an engineer is bound by.

Wind turbines can pose a certain threat level to bird life because of mid-air collisions with

large rotating blades of a turbine, or even a tower and non-rotating blades. Therefore, as

engineers, bounded by ethical standards, we should address a concern of danger to wildlife.

One of the solutions of this problem is constructing the wind farm outside of known

migratory patterns to minimize the chance of collisions. Another solution could be shutting

down of the wind turbines during peak times of migration.

Also, an engineer should consider environmental impact and sustainable development.

Environmentally conscious engineers should recognize that the process of producing

alternative energy at the cost of a direct and negative effect on a region’s ecosystem does not

reflect the moral standards expected of an engineer.

Wind turbines, while considered renewable and clean sources of energy, can pose some

health threats to humans that should be addressed. Large wind turbines can produce

infrasound that can cause significant sound-related hearing loss as well as more immediate

health problems. One such possible risk, usually considered minor as the symptoms include

mainly headaches or high stress levels, is caused by the interference between audible noises

and infrasound, resulting in a slightly pulsating frequency known as a beat.

Human health and safety must be a first priority for engineers regardless of field. In

terms of the wind farm, an ethically appropriate response would include addressing of

potential health risks to humans as well as research aimed at reducing the generation of

dangerous infrasound.

The wellbeing of both life and property should be addressed to inform the public of all

possible dangers, regardless of how likely or serious they may be. Doing so, which may at

first stir opposition, would maintain the integrity of the engineering profession.

33

7.2 Community health & Safety

7.2.1 Ice throw Wind turbines operating during cold weather may have the risk of throw and shedding of

ice formed on the blades. Accumulated icing can be shed from the turbine due to both the

mechanical forces of the rotating blades and gravity. A change in conditions, such as increase

in ambient temperature, wind, or solar radiation can result in falling of sheets or fragments of

ice, making the area near the turbine subject to a great risk. Furthermore, rotating blades of a

turbine can throw ice fragments some distance from a turbine, up to several hundred meters

under right conditions. It may cause injuries to people and damage to structures and vehicles;

therefore, some prevention measures should be made to avoid the risk.

To mitigate the risk several actions should be considered:

Turbine siting.

Wind Energy Production in Cold Climate gives the following formula for calculating a safe

distance from the turbine:

1.5 * (hub height + rotor diameter)

The residential houses and other buildings in Yerementau are situated at a distance far from

the wind farm, where ice throw is not considered.

Also, area of the wind farm will be used only for grazing, which is not possible during cold

weather; therefore, public traffic during winter will be minimized and as a result the risk

associated with ice throw.

Turbine deactivation.

If ice accumulation is detected, the turbine is remotely switched off. In addition, some

scenarios can cause an automatic shutdown of the turbine:

Detection of ice by an ice sensor placed in nacelle of the turbine

Detection of rotor imbalance by a shaft vibration sensor due to formed ice in blades

Anemometer icing that result in a measured wind speed below cut- in

Restriction of public access.

While ice remains on the turbine, restrict access to the wind farm by site personnel.

7.2.2 Electromagnetic interference Another effect from wind turbines is electromagnetic interference (EMI) with

radiocommunications links, aviation and meteorological radar, wireless internet, emergency

services etc.

Since there are no airports in the area aviation radar interference risks are not considered.

34

Interference to radiocommunication signals can be caused by the reflection or obstruction of

the signal by blades of the turbine. It will be minimized by usage of glass reinforced plastic

blades.

7.2.3 Public Access The area of the project is used for grazing by individuals. Measures to provide safe access

for them will be determined and applied after discussion with local authorities and land users.

Mitigation will include cogitable instructions to be followed by contractors, comprising

Construction and Traffic Management Planning.

Measures that will be employed for safety reasons:

Proper public communication to allow timely announcement of local land users

before construction operations or traffic in area open to public access

Appropriate training of security service to avert unauthorized access to project area

Usage of appropriate warning signs to prevent access to unsafe, hazardous place

7.2.4 Shadow flicker Shadow flicker is the flickering effect caused when rotating blades of a wind turbine

periodically cast shadows through constrained openings. The scale of this problem depends

on several factors, such as wind direction and speed, the position of the sun and cloud iness.

For example, it is worse during winter periods since wind speed is high or when she sun is

low in the sky.

7.3 Effect on local population It is important to investigate in details effect of the wind farm to local population. It is

important to notice the fact that wind farm in Astana region are classified as “Category A” by

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). Thus, this project has

potentially significant and diverse social and environmental impacts which need to be

carefully analyzed (Samruk-Green Energy, 2014).

CO2 emission aspect

Operation of a wind farm does not have carbon dioxide emissions. Moreover, it

significantly reduces CO2 emissions in the region due to the fact that it replaces electricity

produced by conventional power plant. Kaldellis (2012) states that approximately 300-350

grams of coal in thermal power plants produce 1 kWh of electricity. While project wind farm

produces about 190 GWh per year which results to 57000 tons of coal savings in one year

and decreasing of CO2 emissions.

35

Involuntary Resettlement and Land Aspects

Project territory does not belong to individual owners, it is state-owned. Thus, there is

no resettlement or physical displacement of people during this project.

Area near the project is used by local residents for open range grazing. Main grazing

area is placed on south and cattle are grazing by moving through project territory. Moreover,

there is huge are near wind farm for grazing and project does not create problem in this

aspect. In addition, after construction phase wind farm area can be used for grazing, while

area near wind turbines will be fenced (Samruk-Green Energy, 2014).

Economic aspect

Taxes paid by the wind farm company to the government of Republic of Kazakhstan

can be classified as indirect economical effect to local residents and can be not considered in

details due to the fact that it is unknown what part from taxes will go to Ereymentau region’s

budget.

In addition, wind farm creates additional jobs for local residents. In construction phase

25-50 unskilled and semi-skilled can be created, for operation phase only security positions

can be necessary to the wind farm. Moreover, it is possible to consider indirect economical

aspect as business, transport services for Project employees. In general, job creation is not

significant for local residents in long-term.

Effect from technical aspects

Shadow flicker, noise effects and aesthetic aspects are considered in Chapter 5.

Literature review and appropriate calculations have shown that wind farm operation does not

affect local residents. However, it is important to consider construction phase which has high

noise. Nevertheless, construction works are planned to be performed during day time. It is

important to notice the fact that constructions phase does not take long time comparing with

life period of the project. In addition, Figure 5.1 shows that most of turbines are placed in

distance from town and noise from their construction will not affect local residents.

Summary of effects on population

In general, there is no huge impact on local society. Negative effects are not significant and

mainly include technical noise and shadow flicker effect which were calculated as not

causing disturbance during operational phase. As shown above, disturbance during

construction phase is not significant too. Positive effects are mainly small economic growth

and CO2 reduction. However, CO2 reduction does not have strong effect on Ereymentau

residents in short-term period due to the fact that there is no huge coal power plant in the

36

town. Nevertheless, the wind farm project is a huge step in wind energy development in

region which is important for CO2 emission reduction in Kazakhstan.

CHAPTER 8. RISK ASSESSMENT

Wind farm managers are under the pressure to minimize the life cycle costs whilst

maintaining reliability or availability aims, and to operate within safety regulation. In this

section a risk based decision-making methodology for undertaking run-repair-replace

decisions with the ultimate target of maximizing the Net Present Value (NPV) of the

investment in maintenance.

The risks cover the three main phases of the project:

Planning and development;

Building, testing, putting into operation;

Operation of the project.

Different stages of the project have distinct risk profiles and concerns for lenders and

financiers. All the risks associated with the project are described below.

Planning and development stage:

Contract bankability

This is the risk of the project being incapable of providing security of bankable offtaker

contracts. Offtaker contract, actually, is one of the conditions to receive financing. It is the

most significant contractual risk. It can effectively terminate the project. So, the severity of

this risk is 5 out of 5. However, with proper control and track of the process the probability of

this risk is very rear and its value is 2 out of 5.

Planning delays

This relates to the risk of delay caused by failure to obtain planning, building permission, and

other necessary authorizations. It can lead to the delay of the project’s start and revision of

permission processes. Since it can increase the cost and timeliness of the project the value

severity level of this risk is set to be 3. Value of probability level is set to be equal to 3 since

delays happen often enough.

Risk of possible prohibition by government

This is the risk of prohibition of the project by the federal government being approved by

local and state administration, though. Severity level of this risk is set to be equal to 4 since it

37

is necessary for the project to obtain an agreement from government. However, having

extensive community consultation probability of this risk reduces significantly and becomes

rare so that probability level is equal to 2.

Environmental impact assessment

Environmental impact assessment is the method used by permission committees to check if

the environmental impact is justified by the approval of the process. The Environmental

Impact Assessment process includes different studies concerning influence on flora and

fauna, noise, cultural heritage and electromagnetic interference. Usually this assessment

requires commitment of subject specialists and can be tedious and expensive. The conclusion

of the EIA will show the probability of successful approval of the project, but it is not always

the case. Severity of this event is relatively big and set to be 4 since it is necessary to obtain a

successful approval from environmental site; however, such assessments are not usual and

therefore, probability level of this risk is set to be equal to 1.

Construction agreement

The construction contract is the formal agreement for construction, alteration, or repair of

structures. It should include all details from the beginning of the performance until

completion of the project. Since lack of this agreement or presence of shortcomings in it put

the construction of the project into the risk severity level is set to be equal to 4 out of 5.

However, with appropriate control measures during signing the agreement probability level

becomes very rare and corresponds to 1 out of 5.

Public opinion

Adverse public opinion is considered a risk to the project, because even a small number of

protests can stop the proceeding of the project. Public judgement in opposition of wind farms

is usually the greatest during the development and construction phases. After the

construction, number of protests tends to reduce. There are various factors that affect public

opinion; however, they are not always reasonable. Severity of negative public opinion risk is

set to be equal to 3 since it can affect the development process and increase cost of the

project. Probability is set to be equal to 2, because with governmental agreement public

opinion rarely becomes negative.

Competition risk

This type of risk is associated with the competition with other developers working in the

same place, searching the same network or grid connection or competing for finance from the

38

same organization. Since the wind power potential in the chosen place in Ereymentau is

strong competition in this place for land in place, where the grid has sufficient capacity for

extra generation can be strong. This aspect can moderately increase the development costs of

the project; thus, the severity of this risk is 3. Since competition in this field of study in the

country is very low, the probability of this risk is minimum and therefore, value of

probability is said to be equal to 1.

Construction stage:

Non-fulfilment of a contract

This jeopardy implies on the turnkey contractor being unable to bring the specifications on

arranged schedule and at the assigned cost. The contractor non-performance is considered to

be relatively low with a limited negative impact; therefore, severity of this risk is assigned to

be equal to 3. Probability level is set to be equal to 3, because likelihood of this event is

occasional.

Engineering risks

Engineering hazards come from imperfections in design, material and qualification. They can

cause a physical damage to the wind farm. Imperfections are usually found during the testing

and putting into operation phase, when the whole project’s productive capacity is being tested

under operating conditions. Defects observed at the late stage of construction can lead to

more expensive repair and replacement costs, can probably result in a considerable delay to

the start of operation of the wind farm. Severity of this risk is said to be equal to 4 out of 5

since imperfections in design as written before can increase the overall cost of the project and

cause a delay, which is undesirable. With appropriate control measures probability of this risk

can be reduced to rare level or level of 2 out of 5.

Physical hazard (caused by human or nature)

This risk involves natural hazards and human caused accidents or in other words

nontechnological nature failures resulting in a physical damage to the structure during the

construction stage. Natural hazards like ice storms, earthquakes and floods are of the most

concern. They can cause great harm to machinery even if they happen very rarely. Severity of

natural hazards is rated higher during the construction stage than during the operation stage.

Overall, severity of these natural hazards is very big and is set to be equal to 5; however, as

was written before probability of these events is very rare and is assigned to equal to 1 out of

5.

39

Offtaker contract failure

This is the risk of power offtakers to draw back from contract subsequent to financial closure

or after the financial closing date, but before the project is started to operate. This risk is

similar to offtaker default, but due to the shorter timeframe, this risk is less possible to occur.

Overall this risk is still considered to be of a high importance. These means that severity of

this risk is crucial and can be assigned to be equal to 4 out of 5, while probability of this

event is 2 out of 5

Grid connection agreement

Getting a grid connection contract for a wind farm requires invitation and approval by the

local network provider. This is commonly the result of expensive and tedious grid connection

studies, which are normally carried out by the network service provider and are able to show

that the project does not negatively affect the stability and reliability of the transmission line

to which it is connected. Severity of this risk is considerable since the costs associated with

connecting a wind farm are usually higher than required, because of the typical requirement

for over-engineering to provide the network service provider with a high degree of

confidence in the electrical stability systems employed. So, severity level is set to be equal to

3 and probability is set to be equal to 2.

Market risk

Market risk is the risk of the wind farm neither getting a power purchase agreement, nor

obtaining funding and is closely related to competitive risk. This risk also concerns the level

of investor confidence and the quantity and quality of investor funds available in the

marketplace for similar projects. Since it is important to obtain finance, severity of this event

is moderate.

Operation stage:

Natural hazards

It relates to the risk of physical damage to the structure and machinery due to natural during

the operation stage. Natural hazards during operating phase have the same impacts as during

construction phase, but with a slightly less pronounced financial impact. Severity of this risk

is set to be equal to 4 and probability is assigned to be equal to 1 due to rare likelihood of the

event.

40

Process Interruption

This risk considers a complete plant shutdown resulting in a overall process interruption at

any time due to unscheduled maintenance. A maintenance event could be triggered by design

imperfection, or other engineering hazards. Severity of this risk is not so significant, but the

probability is occasional.

Offtaker default

This risk concerns the electricity offtaker defaulting from contractual obligations under the

Power Purchasing Agreement after starting of operation of the project. Since this agreement

provides the long-term revenue assurance for the project, it is of an essential concern for the

lenders. Moreover, changes in the bidding proceedings for securing long-term electricity

tariffs for wind power projects in Kazakhstan must be taken into consideration.

Creditworthiness and reputation are also crucial factors of the risk related to Power

Purchasing Agreements.

Warranty non-fulfilment

Warranty non-fulfilment is related to the risk of the turbine fabricant failing to meet

contractual duties under the equipment warranty. This is usually of a significant concern for

wind farm projects. They commonly have a five-year manufacturing warranty to cover all the

equipment service and repair costs. Severity of this risk is set to be equal to 4 and probability

– 2 out of 5.

Wind volatility

This type concerns the risk that average wind speeds can drop below the required levels to

produce economically efficient power outputs and electricity. This risk is considered of

moderate importance and it value is set to be equal to 3 out of 5. Probability of this risk is

very rare and was calculated in part 3.1.

Legal liability

This risk relates to the legal liability caused by bodily injury or property damage to third

parties. It is of medium importance overall. Severity and probability levels of this event are

set to be equal to 2 out of 5 for both of them

Vandalism

The physical hazards caused by a third party to wind energy projects are not well understood,

nor documented. Such acts of vandalism have been known to comprise deliberate damage

41

like graffiti, damage from gun fire, and loosening of guy ropes from monitoring towers. Since

acts of vandalism have the potential to increase costs of maintenance and reduce returns from

energy production, due to turbine down-time severity of this risk is set to be equal to 3 out of

5. However, probability level can be reduced to a minimum level 1 out of 5 with

implementing increased security measures and insurances.

All considered risks and their risk indexes in this project are shown in the table below.

Table 8.1 Identified risks of the project and their risk indexes

№ Name of the risk Severity Probability Risk Index

1 Contract bankability A 2 1A

2 Planning delays C 3 3C

3 Planning issues B 2 2B

4 Environmental impact

assessment

B 1 1B

5 Construction agreement B 1 1B

6 Public opinion C 2 2C

7 Competition risk C 1 1C

8 Contractor non-performance B 2 2B

9 Engineering risks C 3 3C

10 Physical hazard (caused by

man or nature)

A 1 1A

11 Catastrophic design failure B 1 1B

12 Offtaker contract failure B 2 2B

13 Grid connection agreement C 2 2C

14 Market risk D 2 2D

15 Natural hazards B 1 1B

16 Process Interruption D 3 3D

17 Physical hazard (caused by

third party)

C 1 1C

18 Offtaker default A 1 1A

19 Warranty non-performance B 2 2B

20 Wind volatility C 1 1C

21 Legal liability D 2 2D

22 Vandalism C 1 1C

42

The qualitative risk matrix analysis was used to evaluate the risk level of the hazards of the project. To make the analysis 5 levels of severity and 5 levels of risk probability were

adopted in the risk matrix (Table 8.2) Table 8.2 General risk matrix

Risk probability Severity of the accident

Extreme

A=5

Crucial

B=4

Moderate

C=3

Insignificant

D=2

Negligible

E=1

5-Frequent 5A=25 5B=20 5C=15 5D=10 5E=5

4-Likely 4A=20 4B=16 4C=12 4D=8 4E=4

3- Occasional 3A=15 3B=12 3C=9 3D=6 3E=3

2-Rare 2A=10 2B=8 2C=6 2D=4 2E=2

1-Almost impossible 1A=5 1B=5 1C=3 1D=2 1E=1

Here in the table 8.3, 4 risk labels are described for the wind farm project

ordered by quantities of multiplication of risk probability with severity.

Table 8.3 Risk indexes’ criteria

Assessment Risk Index Criteria

5A, 5B, 5C, 4A, 4B, 3A

(15 25)

Unacceptable risk level

Requires immediate action under existing circumstances

5D, 4C, 4D, 3B, 3C, 2A, 2B

(8 12)

Unsatisfactory risk level

Manageable under risk control & mitigation. Requires Risk

Analysis Board & management decision

5E,4E, 3D, 2C, 1A, 1B

(4 6)

Acceptable after review of the operation.

Requires continued tracking and recorded action plans.

3E, 2D, 2E, 1C, 1D, 1E

(1 4)

Acceptable risk level

Acceptable with continued data collection and trending for

continuous improvement.

The frequency definitions are shown in the table 8.4.

Table 8.4 Risk frequency indexes’ defin itions

Frequency Definition

Frequent (5) > 1 in 10 years

Probable (4) 1 in 10 years to 1 in 100 years1

Occasional (3) 1 in 100 years to 1 in 1000 years

Remote (2) 1 in 1000 years to 1 in 10000 years

Improbable (1) < 1 in 10000 years

43

Severity of the risk is also divided on 5 parts, where severity of 5 implies high financial

losses and inability to continue the project and severity of 1 – negligible financial losses and project can be continued working as before.

Table 8.5 Risk matrix of the wind farm pro ject

Risk probability Severity of the accident

Extreme

A=5

Crucial

B=4

Moderate

C=3

Insignificant

D=2

Negligible

E=1

5-Frequent

4-Likely

3- Occasional 2

2-Rare 1 3,8,11,17 6,12,13 19

1-Almost impossible 10,16 4,5,14 7,18,20

As can be seen from the risk matrix no one risk lays on unacceptable levels. With appropriate

mitigation measures risks laying in the unsatisfactory risk level could be reduced to

acceptable levels.

44

CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENT

9.1 Soil and groundwater The land of the wind farm project is covered by a brownish humus-rich prairie soils

(Kastanozem). Therefore, the area is primarily utilized for grazing ra ther than agriculture.

Impacts of construction of the project on soil and groundwater will include disposal and

processing of topsoil, soil densification, and possible leakages of fuels and greases.

To minimize the impacts usage at the extent possible of the present roads with an eye

to reduce land take. Furthermore, good practice soil processing technology is to be introduced

comprising the following:

Topsoil will be separately conserved and used for revision of the damaged places after

the construction period;

Reducing topsoil dismantling to the footprint of the turbines, base, new access roads

parts;

Excess of soil will be conserved at special locations specified by local authorities for

future reuse.

To avoid leaks of fuel and greases the following measures should be done:

Every fuel leakages will be instantly cleaned up, and polluted areas will be recovered;

Limitation of facility service refueling at appointed impenetrable hard-standing

locations with introduction of leakage restraint and appropriate control measuresl

Introduction of actions for emergency response

No considerable impacts to groundwater and soil are expected at operation period of the

project.

9.2 Surface water Only little water streams are located in the lowlands on the area of the project.

Activities related to digging or excavation will be stopped during strong rainfall periods in

order to minimize the risk of precipitation, chemicals or oil spilled into natural draining

system. Complete recovery of water streams affected during construction will be

implemented.

During operation period, the project will not need water and therefore, no discharges

will occur. No considerable impacts are expected on the run-off rates and the draining

system throughout the operation period of the project.

45

9.3 Biodiversity and plant impact Possible impacts come from direct habitat loss and demolition of local flora and fauna

during construction, with impacts more probable for organisms that are less mobile like

plants and invertebrates. Damage to rarely met plants and invertebrates is likely if they live

on sites of construction. Furthermore, they can be affected by a dust coming from the

construction site or unexpected shedding of waste. The major operational hazards are

associated with collision and dislocation associated with work of wind turbine. They are

mostly associated with birds and bats.

To mitigate the risks land-take will be minimized where it is possible and land will be

recovered to its natural state. To regulate dust and waste appropriate constructio n practice

will be used. Also to minimize the chance of collisions the wind farm construction could be

outside of known migratory patterns or shutting down of the wind turbines during peak times

of migration will be done.

9.4 Cultural heritage aspects and plant impact In Yereymentau area 25 archaeological entities are registered, which comprise antique

graves, ancient settlements and fences etc. However, none of them are located on the site of

the Project. An archaeological field survey will be carried out to avoid potential impacts on

unfound cultural patrimony.

9.5 Landscape and visual aspects and plant impact The implementation of two dozens of wind turbines having maximum height of 140 m

to tip and maximum 80 m to hub will affect visual aspects and local landscape. They will

make artificial elements of significant scale comparing to the natural landscape setting a new

landmark in views from far apart. The wind farm means a clear, obvious and continuous shift

in landscape features involving a bigger area. But, the susceptibility of the landscape is not

high, which means that the landscape impact of the project is in medium.

To minimize impacts on the landscape several mitigation measures should be made:

Minimization of Vegetation removal;

Prohibit all advertising and brands on the turbines;

Removal of all signs that are not related to Health and Safety issues on turbine doors

Increase vegetation or planting of trees to minimize visual impacts

However, implementing these measures will not completely remove the visual impact on the

landscape. They can only mitigate it to a certain level.

46

CHAPTER 10. PROJECT MANAGEMENT

The project organization is to be described in perspective of project owner organization.

Figure 10.1 illustrates the organization of project: owner will contract subcontractors. These

are tower/turbine supplier and project developer, which will manage majority of construction

processes. Apart from that owner is responsible for construction of power lines and

environmental aspect of project, e.g. obtaining environmental permission acts,

impact/mitigation measure analysis. Moreover, owner will be head of on-site project

management, quality control, and documentation during realization period.

Figure 10.1 Project organization

Tower/Turbine supplier has been chosen as Siemens Company, turbine to be supplied is

Siemens SWT- 2.3 108 and more detailed information can be found in chapter 4.

As you might notice from figure above, most of the construction work is performed by

developer. In practice, the developer is an organization that initially proposed the wind farm

design and informed about it in detail.

Project is divided into 5 phases that supposed to fulfill certain requirements during each

stage. Very first stage has been accomplished by team, which is mostly dedicated to the

feasibility analysis for construction. Next stage includes throughout analysis of wind in

Ereymentau area, test of soil, and simulation of preliminary farm layout along with start of

permission documentation issuing. Phases III and IV are strongly interconnected so that the

tasks done in 3rd stage will contribute to the efficient construction strategy in terms of time

and resource management in the upcoming stage. Finally, last phase of Ereymentau wind

farm project is dedicated to the commercial operation of plant as far as the testing and

finalization of construction is conducted. During last phase, crew training and safety related

tasks are held. As far as the all considered phases carried through, the Ereymentau wind farm

47

is ready to operated at its rated power and generate green energy. Table below, summarizes

the tasks to be conducted during each phase and specifies duration, current status.

Table 10.1 Project management plan

Phases Tasks Period or duration Current status

Phase I:

Preliminary studies

Site evaluation

Prefeasibility study

Wind resource

assessment

Preliminary

economics study

Wind turbine

choose

Stakeholders

engagement plan

preparation

Calculations on

chosen wind turbine

performance

Wind farm layout

1st

year Completed

Phase II:

Design preparation

Permitting

Technical details

Detailed wind data

collection

Begin collection of

permission

documentation

Preliminary farm

layout

Local soil testing

Layout optimization

1st

and 2nd

years Complete

Phase III:

Project finalizat ion

Complete permitting

Finalize budgeting

Order wind turbines

Road construction

completed

Foundation

construction begins

2nd

and 3rd

year Incomplete

Phase IV:

Construction

*Weather condition

Foundation

completed

Collection system

3rd

year Incomplete

48

might influence

duration

and cabling

completed

Turbines delivered

to construction site

Transmission lines

built

220/35 kV

substation with

63MVA transformer

completed

Relay protection

and automation

installed

Turbine erection

done

Service supervisory

control unit build

Inspection and

testing

Optimization and

maintenance

Phase V:

Commercial operation

Operation and

maintenance

Crew training

Safety issues

Incomplete

49

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Analytic and mathematical methods of assessment were used to conduct feasibility

analysis for Ereymentau wind farm construction. Therefore, the aim of the study is assumed

to be reached. To sum up, study determines current energy generation sector of Kazakhstan

and reveals that majority of energy produced is by use of coal- mine resource. Consequently,

the greenhouse gasses emission is high and as consumption of electricity rises it becomes

even higher. As a possible solution, use of renewable energy sources is suggested. To be

precise, one of the most attractive, in terms of energy output, the wind farm is proposed. As a

result of site selection study, the Ereymentau region was determined to be suitable for wind

power plant construction. Next, wind potential has been assessed, which reveals that

Ereymentau has strong wind energy potential. Therefore, wind turbine choose stage analysis

demonstrates that Siemens SWT- 108 2.3MW turbine performance is the highest among

other alternatives and 22 turbine will result in 190GW*h green energy annually with capacity

factor of 40%. Further development provides the results of detailed analysis of technical,

bureaucratic, strategic aspects result in the overall energy deficiency reduction in the region.

Additionally, economic analysis illustrates that total initial investment required is $140

million and with support of governmental policies project will bring revenue after 9-10 years.

The consideration of environmental, community health and safety, risk assessment

complements the study and shows that there are no drawbacks of this project on above

mentioned aspects. The project is planned to be implemented in 3 years and divided to 5

phases, which are described in the project management chapter of this paper.

Generally speaking, the study was conducted according to mathematical models and

supported by reliable sources. The information used in analysis is more or less up to date and

obtained results are realistic. Specific engineering solutions were provided and various

aspects, including engineering, social, and environmental, were taken into account in final

wind farm design and project management plan.

Chapter 4 mentions that wind farm energy production is seasonal. Therefore, it is

suggested to integrate PV panels into design that will result in higher energy output during

summer times. Such systems are well knows as hybrid and widely practiced in the world.

50

CONCLUSION

Technical and economical analyzes were done in the Project Report. According to technical

analysis, Ereymentau has high wind potential and developed infrastructure for electricity

production. Moreover, the most effective SWT-108 2.3MW turbine is chosen for the project.

Power calculation for wind park shows opportunity to have 40% capacity factor which is

higher than average capacity factor in industry. However, it must be stated from economical

analysis that support from Government of Kazakhstan is absolutely necessary due to the fact

that the wind farm is not profitable without support and greed tariffs. This is caused mainly

by extremely low prices for coal- main source of energy in the region. As a result, Project is

feasible only with support from Government of Kazakhstan. Nevertheless, importance of the

Project for wind industry development and CO2 emission reduction in Central Asia region is

significant.

1

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10. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). (2014). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2014.

IRENA, Bonn, Germany.

11. KazEnergy (2013) Green Energy of Kazakhstan, Available at:http://www.kazenergy.com/ru/5-49-

2011/3445-green-energy-of-kazakhstan.html(Accessed: 10th April 2015).

12. KEGOC (2015) Электроэнергетика Казахстана: ключевые факты, Availab le

at:http://www.kegoc.kz/elektroenergetika/elektroenergetika-kazakhstana-klyuchevye-fakty/(Accessed: 10th

April 2015).

13. Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan «ABOUT SUPPORT OF USE OF RENEWABLE SOURCES OF

ENERGY».(2003). Unofficial translation. Retrieved at March, 2 from:

http://www.windenergy.kz/files/1265263663_file.pdf

14. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Republic of Kazakhstan. (2007). Nacionalnaiya programma

razvitiya vetroenergetiki do 2015g s perspektivoi do 2024. Project of Republic of Kazakhstan Government

and United Nation Development Program. Retrieved at March, 2 from:

http://www.windenergy.kz/files/1213794277_file.pdf

2

15. Ministry of Energy of Republic Kazakhstan (5th November 2014) “GREEN BRIDGE” FOR

DEVELOPMENT OF COOPERATION, Available at : http://en.energo.gov.kz/index.php?id=1662 (Accessed:

12th April 2015).

16. Nrel.gov. (2013). NREL: Energy Analysis - Levelized Cost of Energy Calculator. [Online]. Availab le:

http://www.nrel.gov/analysis/tech_lcoe.html. [Accessed: 13- Apr- 2015].

17. Rules of definit ion of the nearest point of connection to the grid or thermal networks and connections of the

objects on use of renewable.(2009). Retrieved at March, 2 from:

http://www.windenergy.kz/files/1264479839_file.pdf

18. Renewable Energy Advisors. (2011) LCOE. [Online]. Available:http://www.renewable-energy-

advisors.com/learn -more-2/ levelized-cost-of-electricity/. [Accessed: 10- Mar- 2015].

19. Rfc.kegoc.kz. (2014). V Kazakhstane utverzhdeny tarify na “zelenuyu” elektroenergiyu | LLP “Raschetno -

finansovyi tsentr po podderzhke vozobnovlyaemyh istochnikov energii”. [Online]. Availab le:

http://www.rfc.kegoc.kz/v-kazaxstane-utverzhdeny-tarify-na-zelenuyu-elektroenergiyu/. [Accessed: 11-

Mar- 2015].

20. Samruk- Green Energy (July 28, 2014) http://samruk-

green.kz/project/possilke/preEIA_Addendum_Report_Yereymentau.pdf, Siemensstasse 9; 63263 Neu-

Isenburg Germany: ERM Frankfurt.

21. Schuller M. (2010). Technicheskie i kommercheskie aspekti razrabotki vetroenergeticheskih proektov,

abridged version. Ukrainian Sustainable Energy Lending Facility. FICHTNER GmbH & Co. K.

Sarweystraße 3, 70191 Stuttgart. Retrieved at February, 27 from:

http://www.uself.com.ua/fileadmin/documents/WS4_Wind_Markus_Schueller_rus.pdf

22. Siemens (2011) Siemens Wind Turbine SWT-2.3-108, Lindenplatz 2 20099 Hamburg, Germany: Siemens

Wind Power A/S.

23. The Kazakhstan Electricity Association Committee on Renewable Energy Sources.(2015). Retrieved at

February, 27 from: http://www.windenergy.kz/eng/pages/Legislation.html

24. The World wind energy association (2014) Half-year report, Charles-de-Gaulle- Str. 5; 53113 Bonn,

Germany: WWEA.

25. The European Wind Energy Association. (2009). The Economics of W ind Energy. EW EA, Belg ium.

26. Tradingeconomics.com. (2015). Kazakhstan Inflation Rate | 1992-2015 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast.

[Online]. Availab le: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/kazakhstan/inflation-cpi. [Accessed: 17- Apr- 2015].

27. Vestas (2014) V126-3.3 MW™ at a Glance, Available at: V126-3.3 MW™ at a Glance(Accessed: 10th April

2015).

28. Vestas (2014) V117-3.3 MW™ at a Glance, Available at: V126-3.3 MW™ at a Glance(Accessed: 10th April

2015).

29. WindFarm software Tutorial.(2015).The Nature of Wind. Retrieved at February, 25 from

http://www.resoft.co.uk/English/index.htm

30. Windmeasurementinternational.com. (2015). W ind Turbines. [Online]. Availab le:

http://www.windmeasurementinternational.com/wind-turbines/om-turbines.php. [Accessed: 17- Apr- 2015].

31. Windustry. (2015). How much do wind turbines cost? [Online]. Available:

http://www.windustry.org/how_much_do_wind_turbines_cost . [Accessed: 17- Apr- 2015].

3

32. X-rates.com. (2015). Exchange Rate Average (Euro, US Dollar) - X-Rates. [Online]. Available:

http://www.x-rates.com/average/?from=EUR&to=USD&amount=1&year=2006. [Accessed: 17- Apr- 2015].

33. Yakovenko, O.V. (2014) Parallnaya rabota vetroelectrostancii v EES na primere Ereimentauskoi VES,

Almaty: Almaty university of energy and communication.

34. Yoursri.com. (2013). Topic o f the month Summer 2013 (July/August): Onshore Wind Energy – A Case

Study — yourSRI - Socially Responsible Investments. [Online]. Available: https://yoursri.com/responsible-

investing/newsletter/Topic%20of%20the%20month%20July%202013. [Accessed: 17- Apr- 2015].

A

APPENDIX

Figure 6.1.3. Calculation of Simple Levelized Cost of Electricity (Nrel.gov, 2013)

Table 6.1.1 Cost estimations and IRR

Name Unit cost Quantity Cost

Turbine Cost $1 165 000/MW

50.6 MW

$58 949 000

Grid Connection $137 000/MW $6 932 200

Foundation $100 000/MW $5 060 000

Land Rent $60 000/MW $3 036 000

Electric Installation $23 000/MW $1 163 800

Consultancy $19 000/MW $961 400

Financial Costs $19 000/MW $961 400

Road Construction $14 000/MW $708 400

B

Control Systems $5 000/MW $253 000

Initial Investments

(as for 2006) $1 541 000/MW $77 975 600

Initial Investments, average

inflation rate 6.75% (2015) $2 774 046/MW $140 368 506

Rated Power of WF 0.984 MW

22 turbines

50.6 MW

Actual Power of WF 1.395675 MW 21.657 MW

Annual Power Output of WF 8 623 344 kWh 189 713 568 kWh

Average Annual O&M Costs

1% at years 1-2

1.9% at years 3-5

2.2% at years 6-10

3.5% at years 11-15

4.5% at years 16-20

Simple Levelised Cost of

Energy (LCOE)

15.355 KZT/kW*h

($0.083/kW*h)

Average Cost of Electricity

(Astana, January 2015)

13.80 KZT/kW*h

($0.0746/kW*h)

Cost for Wind Energy 24.2109 KZT/kW*h

($0.13087/kW*h)

Lifetime of the Project more than 20 years

Payback Period 9-10 years (feed- in-tarif)

20-21 year (no incentives)

Annual Average Price

Indexation 6.75%

Capacity Factor 42.8%

Loan Interest Rate 3%

Annual Return of Loan

(100+3)/20%=5.15%

Internal Rate of Return

(feed- in-tarif) 8%

Internal Rate of Return

(no incentives) 0%

Table 6.2.1. Scenario 1 Cash-flows

Cost of Wind

Energy

Annual Power

Output

Cash-in-

Flows

Capital

Costs Credit Operations &

Net-Cash-

Flows Revenue

feed-in-tarif,

2014 feed-in-tarif feed-in-tarif Management Costs feed-in-tarif feed-in-tarif

Year

Cost WE ($/kWh)

Power Out (kWh)

CIF FIT ($/year)

CC ($) Credit FIT

($) O$M Costs

($/year) NCF FIT ($)

Revenue FIT ($)

0 -140368506 -140368506

1 0,13087 189 713 568 24827815

-7228978 -1403685 16195152 -124173354

2 0,13087 189 713 568 24827815

-7228978 -1403685 16195152 -107978203

3 0,13087 189 713 568 24827815

-7228978 -2667002 14931835 -93046368

4 0,13087 189 713 568 24827815

-7228978 -2667002 14931835 -78114533

C

5 0,13087 189 713 568 24827815

-7228978 -2667002 14931835 -63182698

6 0,13087 189 713 568 24827815

-7228978 -3088107 14510729 -48671969

7 0,13087 189 713 568 24827815

-7228978 -3088107 14510729 -34161239

8 0,13087 189 713 568 24827815

-7228978 -3088107 14510729 -19650510

9 0,13087 189 713 568 24827815

-7228978 -3088107 14510729 -5139780

10 0,13087 189 713 568 24827815

-7228978 -3088107 14510729 9370949

11 0,13087 189 713 568 24827815

-7228978 -4912898 12685939 22056888

12 0,13087 189 713 568 24827815

-7228978 -4912898 12685939 34742827

13 0,13087 189 713 568 24827815

-7228978 -4912898 12685939 47428766

14 0,13087 189 713 568 24827815

-7228978 -4912898 12685939 60114705

15 0,13087 189 713 568 24827815

-7228978 -4912898 12685939 72800644

16 0,13087 189 713 568 24827815

-7228978 -6316583 11282254 84082897

17 0,13087 189 713 568 24827815

-7228978 -6316583 11282254 95365151

18 0,13087 189 713 568 24827815

-7228978 -6316583 11282254 106647405

19 0,13087 189 713 568 24827815

-7228978 -6316583 11282254 117929659

20 0,13087 189 713 568 24827815

-7228978 -6316583 11282254 129211913

Tota

l 3794271360 496556293

-182479058 -82396313 8%

Table 6.2.3 Cash Flows in Scenario 2

Cost of

Electricity Annual Power

Output Cash-in-

Flows Capital Costs

Credit Operations & Net-Cash-

Flows Revenue

Astana,

Jan 2015 no tarif

no tarif

Management

Costs no tarif no tarif

Year Cost EE

($/kWh)

Power Out

(kWh)

CIF

($/year) CC ($) Credit ($)

O$M Costs

($/year) NCF ($) Revenue ($)

0 -140368506 -140368506

1 0,0746 189 713 568 14152632

-7228978 -1403685 5519969 -134848537

2 0,0746 189 713 568 14152632

-7228978 -1403685 5519969 -129328568

3 0,0746 189 713 568 14152632

-7228978 -2667002 4256652 -125071915

4 0,0746 189 713 568 14152632

-7228978 -2667002 4256652 -120815263

5 0,0746 189 713 568 14152632

-7228978 -2667002 4256652 -116558610

6 0,0746 189 713 568 14152632

-7228978 -3088107 3835547 -112723063

7 0,0746 189 713 568 14152632

-7228978 -3088107 3835547 -108887516

8 0,0746 189 713 568 14152632

-7228978 -3088107 3835547 -105051969

9 0,0746 189 713 568 14152632

-7228978 -3088107 3835547 -101216422

10 0,0746 189 713 568 14152632

-7228978 -3088107 3835547 -97380875

11 0,0746 189 713 568 14152632

-7228978 -4912898 2010756 -95370119

12 0,0746 189 713 568 14152632

-7228978 -4912898 2010756 -93359363

13 0,0746 189 713 568 14152632

-7228978 -4912898 2010756 -91348606

14 0,0746 189 713 568 14152632

-7228978 -4912898 2010756 -89337850

15 0,0746 189 713 568 14152632

-7228978 -4912898 2010756 -87327093

16 0,0746 189 713 568 14152632

-7228978 -6316583 607071 -86720022

17 0,0746 189 713 568 14152632

-7228978 -6316583 607071 -86112951

18 0,0746 189 713 568 14152632

-7228978 -6316583 607071 -85505879

19 0,0746 189 713 568 14152632

-7228978 -6316583 607071 -84898808

20 0,0746 189 713 568 14152632

-7228978 -6316583 607071 -84291737

Total

3794271360 283052643

-144579561 -82396313 0

D

Figure 6.7. Total Revenue in two scenarios

Figure 6.8 Operations and Maintenance Costs

Figure 6.9 Cash flows

-$150 000 000

-$100 000 000

-$50 000 000

$0

$50 000 000

$100 000 000

$150 000 000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

To

tal

Re

ve

nu

e

years

Total Revenue

Revenue (no tarif)

-$7 000 000

-$6 000 000

-$5 000 000

-$4 000 000

-$3 000 000

-$2 000 000

-$1 000 000

$0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

O&

M C

ost

s

years

Operations and Mainetance Costs

O&M Costs

-$160 000 000

-$140 000 000

-$120 000 000

-$100 000 000

-$80 000 000

-$60 000 000

-$40 000 000

-$20 000 000

$0

$20 000 000

$40 000 000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Ca

sh F

low

s

years

Cash-in-flows and Cash-out-flows

CIF

CC

Credit

O&M

E

Wind turbine annual energy generation calculations for each alternative.

F

Gantt chart used by the group to schedule the task to be done during design development

1

Team contract

Mission: The purpose of the mission definition is to provide an explanation of the team functions.

The mission of the NurlyZhel team is to conduct feasibility analysis for construction of 50 MW

wind farm near Ereymentau town

Section 1—Name

This organization shall be known as NurlyZhel.

Section 2—Membership

The purpose of this section is to define who is part of the team and the specific roles needed to

manage team business.

A. Members of the team include: Yntymak Abukhanov, Sanzhar Korganbayev, Yelaman Serik,

Yerkebulan Saparov, Shakarim Irmukhametov

B. No member shall purport to represent the team unless so authorized by the team.

C. Each member shall be provided a copy of the team bylaws.

D. Members of the team shall include those listed below with their designated responsibilities.

(spell out specific responsibilities of each officer position).

1. Team Chief: Yntymak

a. Call meetings

b. Facilitate meetings

c. Track Deadlines for Submissions

d. Set meetings with Adviser

2. Deputy Team Chief: Yerkebulan Saparov

a. Economical Aspect

b. Analysis of information from Lectures

c. Dealing with appropriate methodology

3. Secretary/Recorder: Sanzhar Korganbayev

a. Electrical Engineering Leader

b. Weekly Log

c. Evaluation of member’s activity

d. Involvement of each member in work

4. Deputy Team Chief of Civil and Mechanical Engineering: Yelaman Serik

a. Intercommunication of Mechanical and Civil Engineering Parts (construction and

materials)

b. External Communication

5. Mechanical Engineer: Shakarim Irmukhametov

a. Mechanical Part

b. Evaluation of Report Progress

c. Compromise in Conflict Situation

2

E. Removal of members

Uninterested in project, low attendance to meetings, negligence with completing allocated tasks,

conflicts with team members

Section 3—Decision Making

The purpose of this section is to explain how decisions are made by the team. The following

suggestions are offered.

Discussion among team members through providing reliable arguments is main decision making

method. Voting method of decision making has been omitted due to the fact that it may cause

conflict and misunderstanding within the group. Additionally, it negatively influences team spirit

and diminishes motivation of individuals. In order to resolve inconsistency of team members’

opinions discussion of details with team adviser is also assumed to influence decision making.

This method agreed to be reliable because of experience and knowledge of adviser in discussed

area. Among the other methods of decision making, further research is an option. To be precise,

each member familiarizes himself in the area of discussion by further reading and data analysis.

In the next meeting, group is more likely to come to single solution.

Section 4—Meetings

The purpose of this section is to make known to the team and others when meetings are held and

guidelines for meetings. The following suggestions are offered.

A. All affairs of the team shall be governed by Yntymak Abukhanov, unless otherwise specified.

B. Meetings shall be held each Monday and Thursday in order to provide time for each member

for research,the work is processing during the whole week, which maximize the efficiency of

team(when).

C. Unless otherwise noticed, all meetings will be held at the dormitory.

D. Special meetings of the team may be called by team Chief or by request of team

members(how).

E. Approved minutes of meetings and sign- in sheets to record attendance, must be kept for all

meetings.

F. Meeting discussions will be conducted in a conversational format with special regard for a

dialogue that is respectful and considerate of all members in attendance.

G. A meeting agenda, defined by Shakarim Irmukhametov, whose responsibilities include this

part, will guide meeting topics and timing.

H. The length of meetings is not limited in order to work effectively.

I. All meetings will be publicized to members using: phone calls, team websites, e-mail, and

texting.

J. Meetings are planned according to point B.

K. Failure to receive notice does not invalidate a meeting, but the efforts must be made in good

faith.

Section 5—Committees or Work Groups

The purpose of this section is to discuss the formation, responsibilities and disbanding of any

standing or special i.e. ad-hoc work groups. The following suggestions are offered.

3

A. The team lead, with other team members, may organize ad-hoc groups to facilitate specialized

tasks of the team, e.g. economic evaluation, establishing contact with external committee, and

others.

B. Work groups shall report to the team and these reports shall be entered into the minutes.

C. Committees can be permanent or temporary.

D. One team member can enroll to several committees.

E. Each committee have its leader who is responsible for tasks completion.

Section 6—Documentation and Communication

A. Individual members shall document project work as follows:

B. Project work shall be considered confidential, the exception is made for Academic staff

C. Communication with project clients will be held by Yelaman Serik, who is responsible for

external communication.

D. All meeting and ideas are documented by Sanzhar Korganbayev and shared by university

mail system.

F. The Documentation is analyzed and approved by adviser Alexander Ruderman.

D. Corrections which proposed by adviser are made by all group members

Section 7—Amendments

The purpose of this section is to define the process by which these by-laws can be amended. The

following suggestion is offered.

A. By-laws in the contract may be amended due to the demand of the team, such as

obsolescence of initial by- laws, or by the offer of one of the team member.

B. In order to change these by- laws, member who is offering to change a by-law should

prove its necessity and persuade all other team members to agree with him.

C. After that, team should design a new by- law and adopt it to entire team contract at the

meeting time where the voting on whether to change a specific by- law or not has been

done.

Section 8—Effective Date (Required)

The purpose of this section is to state the date of the initial adoption of these by-laws. Statement

of an effective date is required.

A. These by- laws of the “Nurly Zhel” team shall become effective on Monday, February 16,

2015.

B. Dates of amendment must be recorded in minutes of meetings at which amendments were

approved, together with a revised set of bylaws.