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Chapter 4Chapter 4

ROUTER ROUTER COMPONENTSCOMPONENTS

}}Semester 2Semester 2

Le Chi TrungLe Chi Trung

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}}ObjectiveObjective

üExamine the router components that ensure efficient and effective delivery of data on a network. üLearn the correct procedures and commands

to access a router, examine and maintain its components, and test its network connectivity.

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1:30:00Router Show Commands à LAB0:30:00Router Components à

1:00:00Basic Network Testing Commands à LAB1:00:00Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) à LAB

DurationTopic#Day

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ROUTER COMPONENTSROUTER COMPONENTS

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T}}Internal ComponentsInternal Components

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}}Internal Components:Internal Components: RAM/DRAMRAM/DRAM

• Stores routing tables, ARP cache, switching cache, packet buffering, and packet hold queues.

• Provides temporary and/or running memory for a router's configuration file while the router is powered;

• RAM content is lost during a power down or restart

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T}}RAM RAM -- Working StorageWorking Storage

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}}Internal Components:Internal Components: NVRAMNVRAM

• Non-volatile RAM stores the router's backup/startup configuration file.

• NVRAM content is retained during power down or restart

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T}}Internal Components:Internal Components: FLASHFLASH

• Erasable, reprogrammable ROM.

• Holds the operating system image and microcode.

• Flash memory enables software updates without removing and replacing processor chips.

• Flash content is retained during power down or restart.

• Flash memory can store multiple versions of IOS software

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}}Internal Components:Internal Components: ROMROM

• Contains power-on diagnostics, a bootstrap program, and operating system software.

• Software upgrades in ROM require removing and replacing pluggable chips on the CPU.

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T}}Internal Components:Internal Components: ConsoleConsole

• Send commands to Router through a PC serial connection as COM1 or COM2.

• Use a rollover cable and TERMINAL adapter.

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}}Internal Components:Internal Components: AuxiliaryAuxiliary

• Send commands to Router through a MODEM connection.

• Use a rollover cable and MODEM adapter.

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T}}Internal Components:Internal Components: InterfacesInterfaces

• Network connections on the motherboard or on separate interface modules, through which packets enter and exit a router.

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}}External Configuration SourcesExternal Configuration Sources

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T}}External Configuration:External Configuration: ConsoleConsole

• Used to initially configure the router.

• Connect to PC serial interface.

• Use rollover cable and TERMINAL adapter – RJ-45 to DB-9 Female.

• Send commands from a console terminal as Hyper Terminal

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}}External Configuration:External Configuration: AuxiliaryAuxiliary

• Used to remotely configure the router when unable to reach them by network.

• Connect to a modem at Auto Answer mode.

• Use rollover cable and MODEM adapter –RJ-45 to DB-25 Male.

• Send commands from a console terminal as Hyper Terminal.

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T}}External Configuration:External Configuration: VTYVTY

• Virtual Terminal as Telnet.

• Used to remotely administrate the router when able to reach them through network connection.

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ROUTER SHOW COMMANDSROUTER SHOW COMMANDS

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T}}Router Commands: Router Commands: ShowShow

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}}Command:Command: show version

Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-IS-L), Version 11.2(14), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Copyright (c) 1986-1998 by cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Mon 18-May-98 12:43 by tlaneImage text-base: 0x0302F4E4, data-base: 0x00001000

ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.0(10c), SOFTWAREBOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-BOOT-R), Version 11.0(10c), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)

LAB_A uptime is 0 minutesSystem restarted by reloadSystem image file is "flash:I11214.POO", booted via flash

cisco 2500 (68030) processor (revision N) with 6144K/2048K bytes of memory.Processor board ID 09218746, with hardware revision 00000000Bridging software.X.25 software, Version 2.0, NET2, BFE and GOSIP compliant.1 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)2 Serial network interface(s)32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.8192K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY)

Configuration register is 0x2102

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T}}Command:Command: show flash

System flash directory:File Length Name/status

1 5895768 I11214.POO [5895832 bytes used, 2492776 available, 8388608 total]8192K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY)

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}}Command:Command: show processes cpu

CPU utilization for five seconds: 12%/12%; one minute: 13%; five minutes: 10%PID Runtime(ms) Invoked uSecs 5Sec 1Min 5Min TTY Process

1 0 76 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 Load Meter 2 784 131 5984 0.00% 0.39% 0.20% 0 Exec3 456 13 35076 0.00% 0.08% 0.06% 0 Check heaps 4 0 1 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 Pool Manager 5 4 2 2000 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 Timers 6 0 8 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 ARP Input 7 0 1 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 SERIAL A'detect8 4 7 571 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 IP Input 9 16 40 400 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 CDP Protocol

10 0 77 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 TCP Timer 11 0 1 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 TCP Protocols 12 0 1 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 Probe Input 13 0 1 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 RARP Input 14 4 1 4000 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 BOOTP Server 15 100 388 257 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 IP Background 16 0 7 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 IP Cache Ager17 0 1 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 Critical Bkgnd18 16 5 3200 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 Net Background 19 8 6 1333 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 Logger 20 80 371 215 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 TTY Background 21 4 377 10 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 Per-Second Jobs

--More--

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T}}Command:Command: show memory

Head Total(b) Used(b) Free(b) Lowest(b) Largest(b)Processor 52E80 5947776 672308 5275468 5272472 5271472

I/O 600000 2097152 335396 1761756 1761756 1761304

Processor memory

Address Bytes Prev. Next Ref PrevF NextF Alloc PC What52E80 1064 0 532D0 1 315915C List Elements532D0 2664 52E80 53D60 1 315915C List Headers53D60 2552 532D0 54780 1 310ACDC TTY data54780 2000 53D60 54F78 1 310CF9C TTY Input Buf54F78 512 54780 551A0 1 310CFCC TTY Output Buf551A0 3000 54F78 55D80 1 316C88A Interrupt Stack55D80 44 551A0 55DD4 1 358EB34 *Init*55DD4 1064 55D80 56224 1 315915C messages--More--

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}}Command:Command: show protocols

Global values:Internet Protocol routing is enabled

Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is downInternet address is 192.168.2.250/24

Serial0 is down, line protocol is downInternet address is 192.168.20.250/24

Serial1 is administratively down, line protocol is down

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T}}Command:Command: show interfaces

Serial0 is down, line protocol is down Hardware is HD64570Internet address is 192.168.20.250/24MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255Encapsulation HDLC, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)Last input never, output never, output hang neverLast clearing of "show interface" counters neverInput queue: 0/75/0 (size/max/drops); Total output drops: 0Queueing strategy: weighted fairOutput queue: 0/1000/64/0 (size/max total/threshold/drops)

Conversations 0/0/256 (active/max active/max total)Reserved Conversations 0/0 (allocated/max allocated)

5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec

0 packets input, 0 bytes, 0 no bufferReceived 0 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 0 abort0 packets output, 0 bytes, 0 underruns0 output errors, 0 collisions, 7 interface resets0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out0 carrier transitionsDCD=down DSR=down DTR=down RTS=down CTS=down

--More--

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}}Command:Command: show ip interfaces brief

Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status ProtocolEthernet0 192.168.2.250 YES manual up down Serial0 192.168.20.250 YES manual down downSerial1 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

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T}}Command:Command: show running-config

Building configuration...

Current configuration:!version 11.2service password-encryptionno service udp-small-serversno service tcp-small-servers!hostname LAB_A!enable secret 5 $1$OkzE$dktf8hFFpJJQTaqz2CMQ/.!!interface Ethernet0ip address 192.168.2.250 255.255.255.0

!interface Serial0ip address 192.168.20.250 255.255.255.0

!interface Serial1no ip addressshutdown

!--More--

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}}Command:Command: show startup-config

Using 487 out of 32762 bytes!version 11.2service password-encryptionno service udp-small-serversno service tcp-small-servers!hostname LAB_A!enable secret 5 $1$OkzE$dktf8hFFpJJQTaqz2CMQ/.!!interface Ethernet0ip address 192.168.2.250 255.255.255.0

!interface Serial0ip address 192.168.20.250 255.255.255.0

!interface Serial1no ip addressshutdown

!router rip--More--

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T}}Preparation for LABPreparation for LAB

• Lab companion:

– 4.2.4: router show commands.

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CISCO DISCOVERY PROTOCOLCISCO DISCOVERY PROTOCOL

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T}}OverviewOverview

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}}CDP in OSI ModelCDP in OSI Model

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T}}How CDP Work?How CDP Work?

• Cisco Discovery Protocol.

• Access a summary of configurations on other directly-connected routers.

• Runs over data-link layer.

• From IOS release 10.3, CDP starts up automatically by default.

• Update timer: 60s

• Hold timer: 180s

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}}CDP Neighbor device informationCDP Neighbor device information

• Device identifiers

• Address list

• Port identifiers

• Capabilities list

• Version

• Platform

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T}}CDP CommandsCDP Commands

• CDP run• CDP enable• CDP timer• CDP holdtime• Show CDP• Show CDP interface• Show CDP neighbor• Show CDP entry

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}}CDP Configuration CommandsCDP Configuration Commands

LAB_A#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.LAB_A(config)#cdp runLAB_A(config)#cdp timer 60LAB_A(config)#cdp holdtime 180

LAB_A(config)#interface ethernet 0LAB_A(config-if)#no cdp enable

LAB_A(config-if)#exitLAB_A(config)#exitLAB_A#

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T}}Command:Command: show cdp

Global CDP information:Sending CDP packets every 60 secondsSending a holdtime value of 180 seconds

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}}Command:Command: show cdp interface

Serial0 is down, line protocol is downEncapsulation HDLCSending CDP packets every 60 secondsHoldtime is 180 seconds

Serial1 is administratively down, line protocol is downEncapsulation HDLCSending CDP packets every 60 secondsHoldtime is 180 seconds

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T}}Command:Command: show cdp neighbor

Capability Codes: R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route BridgeS - Switch, H - Host, I - IGMP, r - Repeater

Device ID Local Intrfce Holdtme Capability Platform Port IDSCA0425051J Fas 0/24 158 T S WS-C6509 3/20Switch Fas 0/23 147 T S WS-C2924-XFas 0/24

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}}Command:Command: show cdp entry

-------------------------Device ID: SCA0425051JEntry address(es):

IP address: 192.168.4.254Platform: WS-C6509, Capabilities: Trans-Bridge Switch Interface: FastEthernet0/24, Port ID (outgoing port): 3/20Holdtime : 138 sec

Version :WS-C6509 Software, Version McpSW: 5.4(2) NmpSW: 5.4(2)Copyright (c) 1995-2000 by Cisco Systems

advertisement version: 2VTP Management Domain: 'SSP'Native VLAN: 20Duplex: full

-------------------------Device ID: SwitchEntry address(es): Platform: cisco WS-C2924-XL, Capabilities: Trans-Bridge Switch Interface: FastEthernet0/23, Port ID (outgoing port): FastEthernet0/24Holdtime : 127 sec

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T}}Preparation for LABPreparation for LAB

• Lab companion:

– 4.3.5: CDP neighbors

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BASIC NETWORKING TESTINGBASIC NETWORKING TESTING

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T}}OverviewOverview

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}}TelnetTelnet

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T}}Telnet operationTelnet operation

LAB_A

LAB_B

Telnet LAB_B

Connect LAB_B

Ctrl-Shift-6 x

Enter

1

Exit

Disconnect

Show sessions

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}}PingPing

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T}}Ping operationPing operation

LAB_A

LAB_B

Echo request

Echo reply

• Indicate: ! or . ?

• User EXEC and privileged EXEC ?

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}}TraceTrace

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T}}Trace operationTrace operation

LAB_A

LAB_B

TTL = 1

Time Exceed

LAB_C

TTL = 2

Time Exceed

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}}Show CommandsShow Commands

• show IP route

• show interface

• show IP interface

• clear counters

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T}}Debug CommandsDebug Commands

• debug ?

• undebug all

• no debug all

• terminal monitor

• logging 192.168.2.113

Never:

• debug all

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}}Preparation for LABPreparation for LAB

• Lab companion:

– 4.4.2: Remote telnet access

– 4.4.3: ICMP ping

– 4.4.4: Traceroute command

– 4.4.7: Show interface and clear counters

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T}}Troubleshooting skillTroubleshooting skill

• Identify problems

• Check physical connections

• Check configurations

• Fix the problems

• Make reportPing, Trace

Telnet

show interface

show ip route

sh running-config

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}}Physical topologyPhysical topology

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