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!"#$,2020,40 (1):19 - 26Acta Theriologica Sinica DOI:10 16829 / j slxb 150296
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NOPQ,Corresponding author,E - mail:jhli@ ahu edu cn
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AB:stuvwxyizi{IJ"|}q~���7{k�������7��� /k���~zk��~�kwx,���k��h�~�u������L��,�{k�}���u��~� ¡�。L¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª�KL~«¬,1C® 2017 7 8 ¯° 2018 7 1 ¯,±²³®,-fg~lmn´µ¶ A1 |(YA1 |)~ 8 ~ 10 ��7{kL1C©·,¸¹º»3h¼j½、KL¼j½±¾¿HÀÁ½¸Ã�7{k'(�D~KLÄÅ。NÆÇÈÉ3tÊ、ËÌtÊÍ�uÎÏÐKLy»,ÑtÒÓPL�}¥¦ÔMDÕy»~Ö× C -ØÙÚ (Urinary C - peptide ,UCP),GKLÍDÕÛ�>Ü1C{klmnÝÞstuvwx~ßàkáâ。1C�Ê,�stuv�ã,{k~É3tÊä�åæç,èËÌtÊÍ�uÎé�åêë;�stuv�ã,ìí�{kîïQt,{k~ËÌtÊ�åðñ;stuvwx©{k~ UCPòóä�åôõ。ö÷��,{klmn�stuv�ãø¥ùúÅ¥¦§¨~�û±¾üýzkþÿ~!ù]^©'"KLXK#$,±ðñ%�stuv�ã~¥¦&Z,��'"ÝÞstuvwx~KLßàk。
:CD:lmn;{k;stuvwx;KLßàk;Ö× C -ØEFGHI:Q958 1 JKLMN:A JOPI:1000 - 1050 (2020)01 - 0019 - 08
Behavioral adaptability for maintaining consortship in male Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana)FANG Xingli1,4,ZHANG Qixin1,4,XIA Dongpo2,4,LI Jinhua1,3,4
(1 School of Resources and Environmental Engineering,Anhui University,Hefei 230601,China)
(2 School of Life Sciences,Anhui University,Hefei 230601,China)
(3 School of Life Sciences,Hefei Normal University,Hefei 230601,China)
(4 International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology,Hefei 230601,China)
Abstract:In primates,consortship is an intersexual relationship in multimale and multifemale groups,it is usually observed when an estrous / receptive female is followed by an adult male,especially in the mating season among seasonallybreeding species Consortship is one of the behavioral strategies for males to improve their mating success In order to investigate the constraints of energetic costs on this behavior,we studied 8 - 10 adult male Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana)of YA1 group at Mt Huangshan,Anhui We used focal animal sampling,behavioral sampling and all occurrencerecording to record adult male Tibetan macaque’s social behavior from August 2017 to January 2018 Here,we studiedhow male individuals maintain consortship by analyzing moving time,feeding time,mating frequency and urinary Cpeptide levels (UCP:physiological indicator of the individual energy state)by using noninvasive measuring method The results showed that there is no significant difference in moving time,but when males were in consortships,the feeding timeand mating frequency increased significantly;when facing potential malemale competition in consortships,males’feedingtime was significantly decreased In addition,there was no significant difference between consortships and nonconsortshipsin UCP levels These results suggest that male Tibetan macaques may adjust their behaviors according to energetic consumption situation and social environment surrounding females,this change can cause reduction in energetic cost in con
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sortship and improve the behavioral adaptability for maintaining consortshipsKey words:Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana);Male;Consortship;Behavioral adaptability;Urinary Cpeptide
stuvwx (Consortship)y~��i{izIJ"3hq,k�(~{kÍzk��~stk~�kwx (Fedigan and Gouzoules,1978)。�)wxq,N*�{k+Þ�,zk-E3��、,./、JtÊüýzk,+Þ0*13~Ñ2k,-\uvzkÎ��u (De Marco et al,2011;Rakhovskaya,2013;Lisa and Ryne,2014)。�i{izIJ"|}q,34h�~{kNÆ\��zk��stuvwx~� 5êë'"~�u6 ù (0 n,Macaca fuscata,Matsubara,2003)Í���� (78n,M mulatta,Bercovitch,1997;Ì9n,M fascicularis,de Ruiteret al,1994;Engelhardt et al,2006;g:,Mandrill ussphinx,Setchell et al,2005)。(;,{k<\ª�KL~Þ�tÊ�h�¡Êí�=.~>� (Manson,1997),ª�>�ø¥5'\)?w~¥¦§¨ (Alberts et al,1996)。
�IJ"~1Cq,@i1CQABCD¦çstuvwx©{k¥¦EFÍGHwIJ�KÇ~ôõ,è1C~ö÷L�MDÓ~。NO©fPP (Papio cynocephalus)~1C��,{k�stuv�ã~ËÌtÊðñ (Alberts et al,1996);0n�QR~{k�stuv�ã=%S�}TU=ñ~ËÌtÊ (Matsubara,2003);Ì9nstuvwx~ÝÞVW{kËÌtÊÍXYÉ3./ðñ (GirardButtoz et al,2014b)。(;,ZU�41C[\�stuv�ã{k�}~ËÌÍÉ3ÐKLM�stuvwx~ôõ,NOU]PP(P anubis) (Bercovitch,1983)、J^_`n(Saguinus mystax) (Huck et al,2004)±¾an(M assamensis)(Schülke et al,2014)Ð。©),1CbcdL%q��efø¥�KL<Ä~gÓ-M¥hiDjkl�}¥¦òó (Schülkeet al,2014)。*®),m5mi~1CQno¸¼pLøq~DÕy»5nr¥¦§¨~1C。
Ö× C -Ø (Urinary C - peptide,UCP)�stuevçLstut~wxyh,%�Dh}ã~òóz{[\\�}~¥¦EF|�å}?wk(Deschner et al,2008),,75zPL}��}
"}ÔM~�~�Fy»{��à¹。NO�78nÍ��� (Pan troglodytes)~1Cq��stuvwx ~ Ý Þ V W { k UCP ò ó ~ � �(Higham et al,2011;Georgiev,2012);(;,{kÌ9n�stuv�ã~ UCP òó�ä�åæç (GirardButtoz et al,2014b)。�)ø�,stuvwx~ÝÞ\{k¥¦&Z~wx?©��,;ª4>�ø¥[®��k��~>�。����k��~h���u��ø¥ù§¨.¦~¥¦,è�����u�����U.¦~tÊ��'"¥¦� í (Alberts et al,1996;Higham et al,2011);]����k��~h�,{k�7��H~¥¦w�ø¥\����k��~h���H~¥¦w�?Ñ,è�®%Ç�~t�=J,f)h�{�� (GirardButtoz et al,2014b)。%Ï,¥¦、}�、"}.�©{k��=�~QR-M� � © ~ (Schülke et al, 2010; Georgiev,2012),�°ñí�Û�MÑ~� ,�{kNÆ��~{kîï Q{kp¡~>¢��=�~QR (Van Schaik and Van Noordwijk,1985;Gilbyet al,2013)。£��� �"}¤~¥¦VW{kyD��~¥¦§¨,LÝÞQR~§ÓX;������,{k�stuv�ã�¨ù©'"KLXK#$±ðñ¥¦~GH©ªX�21C。
lmn (Macaca thibetana)«i{iz~|}D1,%�u¬¢L®~¯�®,{kÊTU��~°kбwx (WXYͲ³g,1996;WXY,1999)。zk~��Ãq��u��,|ã{zU´kµð�,{k�uîï¶Ú��,L{k·¸��zk�¹¢6ùÍø¥ (²ºÐ,2009)。zklmn»¼®½¾'¿~ÀÁ,{k¥ÂÃÇÄ���ÍM��~zk,èM¥©Ñ�zk~DÕÔMÅHiDÆÇ (Li et al,2005)。�stuv�ã,{klmn�¨í�KL� ~#$º�©MÈÉ。1C±²³®,-fg~lmnL1C©·,NƸÃ�u��{k�}~ËÌ、É3Í�uÐKLy»,ÒÓÖ× C - Ø(UCP)òó,ÇÈstuvwx©{kKLÍUCPòó~ôõ。)Ê,Ë�X�2ÇȢܩ
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1 � >?@Ð:{klmnÝÞstuvwx~KLßàk
{kîïQt,{k~KLæç,±�GKL�®ÍDÕáâÛ�>ÜÌbÇÈ{klmnÝÞstuvwx~¥¦&Z\ßàk� 。
1 !"#$1 1 1C©·
1C® 2017 7 8 ¯° 2018 7 1 ¯,G²³�,-ÍfgÎÏÃÐÑgÒ~lmn´µ¶ A1| (YA1 |)q,·¼�7{k 8 ~ 10 �PLÓÔ©·。�U1C©·Õ¥úÅ�}'(áâXK
"Ö×Ø。1C�Ê (2017 7 10 ¯ 25 0°2017 711 ¯ 15 0),UÛ�{k�}/|�{kQR�D¢æç,QRæç�ÙT�L£�QR�},QRæÚÛÜÝÞL£�QR�}。U´ÓÔtÊL 139 d,%q{kÓÔßtÊL 7 020 min。бQR (Dominance rank)~<à>½¸¹*®áâµN~ãä—åæçè<à DS é (David’sscore,DS,Gammell et al.,2003),DS ém.w�бm�,k¡ê(。1C�7�}~QR\¼jtÊÍÖjÄ�� 1。
Q 1 RS,TUV/0<WX、YZ7T[\]Z^_Table 1 The rank and focal animal duration for sampling and the distribution of urine samples of adult male during study period
{kMale
DS
QR(QRæç�)
Before the
change of rank
QR(QRæçÛ)
After the
change of rank
]stuv�
¼jtÊFocal sample
duration in
nonconsortship (min)
stuv�
¼jtÊFocal sample duration
in consortship (min)
stuv�
JÚeÿ (ë)
Range of
consortship length
(blocks)(day)
Ö×j¦Number of
urine samples
ÙT� HXM 13 (1) 17 (2) 432 978 1 ~ 70 22
Üì TG 10 5 (2) /|Disperse 128 82 2 ~ 55 9
íî ZB 4 5 (3) 10 (3) 600 174 2 ~ 56 19
ïÝð YRB 0 5 (4) 0 (4) 618 — — 23
ñÜ BT - 0 5 (5) - 1 (5) 636 — — 14
Çò DS - 2 5 (6) - 5 (6) 624 — — 5
ïóô YCL - 4 5 (7) - 16 (7) 612 — — 12
ïݶ YRQ -5 (8) /|Disperse 162 — — 10
ÜÝÞ TRG -7 (9) 23 (1) 210 1116 4 ~ 100 35
fõ HM -9 (10) - 5 (6) 648 — — 3
“—”�öÓÔ�Ê�}G÷<\stuvwx~��“—”indicates that the individual never participate in consortships during the observation period;DS:David’s score
1 2 stuvwx~DÓ���7{kÍ��k�ø�~�7zk+Þ
5 m,.Þ�°ñ 30 min,�)�Êz{�}Ñ2É3 (���KL~�D)ÛϾ±¤ (VanNoordwijk and Van Schaik,1985;Li et al.,2005;Dubuc et al.,2012)。O÷%q�>/nù��}úÆ 5 m� 10 min ãûU��KL,�dLstuvwxö¬ (Brauch et al.,2008)。1 3 KL¼j¾KLÓü
KLÄÅ~¸Ã�Û�1CQýÑþ�,ÿ¹Â!"-#±"Â,¸¹º»3h¼j½ (Focalanimal sampling)、KL¼j½ (Behavioral sam
pling)、¿HÀÁ½ (All occurrence recording)�$%¾%&,©KLXKÓÔÍÁ (Altmann,1974;Berman et al.,2004)。stuvwx~�D�lmnq=L�� (WXY,1999),úÅ1CQi7~'ÊÓÔ()h*+©{k�¨��stuvwxXKÆÓ。�ÁÂstuvwx~Æ`q,Lðñstuvwx�,Ê~KLÇu>�,óÕÇustuvwx~ÓÔtÊ,ÇL 4 �tÊ- (08:00—10:00、10:00—12:00、13:30—15:30、15:30—17:30),��tÊ-��Á 30 min。)Ê,¸¹º»3h¼j½øÃ|ã�U�7�}~KLÄÅ,¼jtÊL 10 min。¼j�¹�6./
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~>½©�U�7�}XKÀ0±DÓÓÔQ0,ÄÅøÃ~Æ`q,����1CQÓÔ~*1¤2ÏÆǼj©·�¨�stuv�。
¸¹º»3h¼jt,Þ�Áº»3h~KL,34ËÌ、É3、�u、��、56、,.、/nÐ。Ñt,Ë�¸¹¿HÀ¼j½ÁÂuvw
xquvzkþÿ 5 m ã%S�}~"Ö。)Ê,�7�DãäKL,¸¹KL¼j½ÁÂãä�8Q、åæ��Q、ãä`Ú (9:、äj、;<、=Ð)、ãä"® (ãä>Þ、v?ãäÐ)¾áâ�û,¸¹ David’s score >½XK�}бQR~<à,T}KL<ÄÓü�� 2。
Q 2 ^RS<=>`aTable 2 Behavioral definitions in this study
KL Behavior Óü Definition
É3 Moving ���}äº~kj @ABC~>¼DEAn individual is walking without intention or toward obvious site
ËÌ Feeding �}FG、HIÍ / JK LÕÌh,M34Mò GNOq�¼ÌhAn individual was ingesting food items,chewing,and / or reaching for or handling food items,excluding drinking orfood from the cheek pouch
�u Mating {k�}=Pzk~QR,STU�zk~.V¡¤,$�"}W�zk~Q¤,XFYZ-�¡.3~KLThe act of a male holding onto a female’s back hair,placing his feet on her thighs,placing his whole body on herback,inserting his penis,and twitching accordingly
�� Following ��}�8"É3tù��}Z�¡¼Ñ��>¼É3One individual follows along with another individual when it moves away
56 Guarding ì A�}M� B�}['eÿ (\� 90°)ãt,B ùMtj]3ÜKÓÔ A �}�LÔM~KL3PWhen A is out of the range of B’s field of vision (the fan 90 °),B will occasionally twist his head to observe the behavior and action of A’s state
�, Approach �}�^;,ɼù��}~3�eÿ¡ã (O 1 m)One individual moves toward to another individual within a certain range (e g 1 meter)
/n Leave �}Gù��}~&,�,¾^~É3One individual moves away from another individual
ãäKL Aggression ��}©ù��}XK9:、äj、;< =_An individual stared,hit on the ground,chased or bit another individual
åæKL Submission ��}�{ãät,]"`Hab~cd efa¼ãäQ?k~>¼An individual was attacked by another,but away quickly or fled in opposite direction
k��� Sexually receptive O÷��zk{ÓÔg°ñU�Ï�uKL YKhU��~ijC×,�dL)zkL®k���。k���L�u13���D~t�,�ÿU 1 ~ 2 d ÷ÓÔg�uKL,è¡Û~�ëkÓÔg�uKL,�÷ÓÔg�uKL~ 1 ~ 2 dL[Lk���A female was considered sexually receptive if she was observed ejaculatory copulation at least once or with a visiblesperm plug Each receptive period were defined as a continuous period of mating activity surrounded by periods lackingmating activity,although 1 l2 days lacking observed mating activity was included into the receptive period when mating continued afterwards
Ä�{kîïQPotential male competitors
stuv�ã~zkþÿ 5mãmuvnoÊ~%S�7{k�}The adult males except consort partner within 5m of female during consortship
KLÓü<pWXY (1999)、Dubuc et al (2012)Behavioral definitions followed Li (1999)and Dubuc et al (2012)
1 4 Ö×j~øÃÍ�uÇÈ1C�Ê,��0 15:00—17:30 ¸ÃÖ×j
。Y�ÓÔg�7{k�}ÀÖ¡Û,¹ 5 mL~�ÏkvÉq¾tr¼jÜ %S6s�Ü
(Otï、uv)~÷�wx %Syz~Öj,-Å{�}"Ö»Á。|¸Ãg~Öj}F 10 mL~/rqq,»Á0�、tÊÍ�}~�,¹ð��t+í,��Ï'Ê_Pö¬Ûhg\)*j,
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1 � >?@Ð:{klmnÝÞstuvwx~KLßàk
¹/r6/rÛ,|j��� - 20℃~ð�q。óÕ�� 45 d,|j��3�¤ð,¹��ð�����J\)�XKÖ× C -Ø (UCP)ÙÚ�Ò。
<p Higham (2011)>½,-úÅA��~\o�P2�©Ö×j���。1 mL Öj±3 000 r / min /r 20 min,r¼¤È× 0 5 mL�FAqqªÒ。�¹¤�4·Dh)�U���Dy~�¹�p� A��,¡¹�p� r&ÒÓ½ÒÓ{k�}Öjq~ UCP ¢¦。��Öj��Ò¦ÛÏ,¼óÕéPL£¤Öjq~ UCP¢¦。C -Ø�ÒA��~¥ãÍ¥Êæ�xÄÇØ�6 5% Í 11 8%。 UCP � Ò I ¦ Ú � ®0 01 pmoL / mL,C -ØÙÚ± ng / mg§¨�ö。1 5 ÇÈ>½
ÄÅÇÈt,stuv�Í]stuv�~Äŵ=±�Ϻ»¼jtÊPLÇÈ©R;Ä�{kîïQ©{kKLôõ~ÇÈ,±��uv©q{kº»¼jßtÊPLÇÈ©R,ÇØ<àHËÌtʪǵ (ËÌtÊ«¼jtʪǵ)、É3tʪǵ (É3tÊ«¼jtʪǵ)、�uÎÏ (º»{k\¬zk~�uÏÄ«¼jtʵé,vÚ�ÎÏ /�t)。XKDÕÄÅÇÈt,±��Ö×j~ÕéLÇÈ©R。�®ÜÝÞ�£�QRtG÷��stuvwx,f)|%� 11 ¯ 15 0�~KLÄÅÍDÕÄÅÀm。1 6 ÄÅLÕ\ÇÈ
ÿ¹�ü°k¯b¬® (Generalized linearmixed model,GLMMs)ÇÈstuvwx©{kÉ3tÊ、ËÌtÊ、�uÎÏÍ UCP òó~ôõ,|�}"ÖPL�6ôõfu。� R 3 5 3 ®<¯Àqÿ¹ lmer Test ,°3q~ lmer ±Ä©ÄÅXKÇÈ。)Ê,� SPSS 22 0 for windows ®<¯Àq,ÿ¹ Paired - samples T�)ÇÈstuvzkþÿí�~Ä�{kîïQ©{kKL~ôõ。P <0 05 >��å,P <0 01 >�²�å。
2 %&2 1 {kKL\stuvwx
1C�Ê,�U�³QR~{k�}\��zk��stuvwx (� 1),ÿ¹�ü°k¯b
¬®ÇÈstuvwx©{k~É3tÊ、ËÌtÊ、�uÎÏ~ôõ。�stuv�{kÉ3tÊL (Mean ± SE =7 507% ±0 618%,N =227),]stuv�{k~É3tÊL (Mean ± SE =7 826% ±1 265%,N =118),stuvwxÝÞ©{k~É3tÊä�åôõ (GLMMs:coefficient ±SE =3 504 ± 1 260,t = 0 278,P = 0 781,B 1a);�stuv�{k~ËÌtÊL (Mean ± SE =14 130% ± 1 690%,N = 227),]stuv�{k~ËÌtÊL (Mean ± SE = 6 040% ± 1 490%,N =118),stuvwx~ÝÞ©{k~ËÌtÊôõ�å (GLMMs:coefficient ± SE = - 0 074 ±0 026,t = - 2 904,P = 0 007,B 1b);{k�stuv�~�uÎÏL [Mean ± SE = (2 039 ±0 253)Ï /�t,N =227],{k�]stuv�~�uÎÏL [Mean ± SE = (0 483 ± 0 147)Ï /�t,N =118],stuvwx~ÝÞ©{k~�uÎ Ï ô õ � å (GLMMs: coefficient ± SE =- 1 524 ± 0 387,t = -3 937,P =0 001,B 1c)。2 2 UCPòó\stuvwx
�³QR{k~ UCP òó�stuv�L[Mean ± SE = (2 672 ± 0 072)ng / mg §¨,N =42],]stuv�L [Mean ± SE = (2 529 ±0 097)ng / mg§¨,N = 33],¬®ÇÈ��stuvwx©{k~ UCPòóä�åôõ (GLMMs:coefficient ± SE = - 0 143 ± 0 118,t = - 1 209,P =0 231,B 1d)。2 3 Ä�{kîïQ\{kKL
1C�Ê,ý© 16 ©stuvwxq{k~KLXK¢´µ~ÁÂ。ìstuvzkþÿUÄ�{kîïQt,{k~ËÌtÊ (Mean ± SE =3 127% ±1 031%)�å�®stuvzkþÿäÄ�{kîïQt~ËÌtÊ (Mean ± SE =10 066% ±2 494%,Paired - samples T �),N =16,t =2 932,df = 15,P = 0 01,B 2a)。stuvzkþÿUÄ�{kîïQt,{k~�uÎÏ[Mean ± SE = (1 357 ±0 393)Ï /�t]\stuvzkþÿäÄ�{kîïQt~�uÎÏ[Mean ± SE = (2 028 ±0 425)Ï /�t]ä�å>� (Paired - samples T �),N = 16,t = 1 242,df =15,P =0 233,B 2b)。
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B 1 stuvwx©{k (a)É3tÊ,(b)ËÌtÊ,(c)�uÎÏ,(d)UCPòó~ôõ �ö>�²�å,P <0 01Fig 1 Influence of consortship on males’(a)moving time,(b) feeding time,(c) frequency copulation,(d)UCP levels indicates that the difference is extremely significant,P < 0 01
B 2 stuvzkþÿÄ�{kîï©{k (a)ËÌtÊ,(b)�uÎÏ~ôõ. �ö>�²�å,P < 0 05
Fig 2 The influence of potential malemale competition around consort females on males’(a) feeding time,(b) frequency copulation
indicates significant difference,P < 0 05
3 '(�1C�Ê,{klmn�stuv�ãÉ3
tÊä�åæç,èËÌtÊÍ�uÎé�åêë;ìÜ©Ä�~{kîïQt,{k~ËÌtÊ�å��;stuvwx~ÝÞ-÷©{k~
UCPòóyD�åôõ。ª4ö÷��{k�stuv�ãø¥ùúÅ¥¦§¨~�û±¾üýzkþÿ~!ù]^©'"KLXKßàk#$,±ðñ%�stuv�㥦~§¨。
Ë�~1C��{klmn�stuv�ãËÌtÊ�åêë,è�%Sh�,O0n、fP
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P (Alberts et al,1996;Matsubara,2003)~1Cq��{k�stuv�ãËÌtÊ�åðñ,ªø¥��®1CQÓÔ~]^MѶ�~。{klmn~ÓÔEFÃq�$%¾$%&,~·¸,�}{¹Ì~κ?©=�,f),{kù»ø¥ijê륦~EF±¼§�uKLêë�h5~¥¦§¨。)Ê,1C��stuvwx~ÝÞ-÷©{klmn~É3tÊyD�åôõ,ªø¥�stuv�ãzk~bPVW,�fPP~1CqZ��,��u��zk~bPù��{k©zk~½Ç� (Rasmussen,1980)。
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