0123456789:;?@0 - 兽类学报

8
!"#$202040 ): 19 - 26 Acta Theriologica Sinica DOI10 16829 / j slxb 150296 !"#$%&'()#*+ 31672307318019833137221531772475 );,-.#/0)123*+ J01003268 );,-.#4 56789:;<= J05011709%&'(>?@ 1989 - ),AB01CDEFGHIJ"KLDM#1C)*+,2019 - 02 - 15-.+,2019 - 07 - 30 NOPQCorresponding authorE - mailjhli@ ahu edu cn /0123456789:;<=>?@0 >?@ R2S TUV WXY ,-.#Z[\]^_`#abc 230601)( ,-.#Dd)##abc 230601bc9e#aDd)##abc 230601)( fgDhijk\lmnKLDM#%opb1Cqrbc 230601ABstuvwxyizi{IJ"|}q~7{k7 k~zk~ kwxkh~uL{k}u~ ¡L¢£¤¥ ¦§¨©ªKL~«¬-1C® 2017 7 ¯° 2018 7 ¯±²³®,-fg~lmn´µ¶ A1 | YA1 |~ 8 ~ 10 7{kL1C©·¸¹º»3h¼j½KL¼j½±¾¿HÀÁ½¸Ã7{k '(D~KLÄÅNÆÇÈÉ3tÊËÌtÊÍuÎÏÐKLy»ÑtÒÓPL}¥¦ÔMDÕ y»~Ö× C- ØÙÚ Urinary C - peptide UCP),GKLÍDÕÛ>Ü1C{klmnÝÞstuvwx ~ßàkáâ1CÊstuvã{k~É3tÊäåæçèËÌtÊÍuÎéåêëstuvãìí{kîïQt{k~ËÌtÊåðñstuvwx©{k~ UCP òóäåô õö÷{klmnstuvãø¥ùúÅ¥¦§¨~û±¾üýzkþÿ~ù]^©'K LXK±ðñstuvã~¥¦Z'ÝÞstuvwx~KLßàk:CDlmn{kstuvwxKLßàkÖ× C- Ø EFGHIQ958 1  JKLMNA  JOPI1000 - 1050 202001 - 0019 - 08 Behavioral adaptability for maintaining consortship in male Tibetan ma caques Macaca thibetanaFANG Xingli ZHANG Qixin XIA Dongpo LI Jinhua School of Resources and Environmental EngineeringAnhui UniversityHefei 230601ChinaSchool of Life SciencesAnhui UniversityHefei 230601ChinaSchool of Life SciencesHefei Normal UniversityHefei 230601ChinaInternational Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral EcologyHefei 230601ChinaAbstractIn primatesconsortship is an intersexual relationship in multimale and multifemale groupsit is usually ob served when an estrous / receptive female is followed by an adult maleespecially in the mating season among seasonally breeding species Consortship is one of the behavioral strategies for males to improve their mating success In order to in vestigate the constraints of energetic costs on this behaviorwe studied 8 - 10 adult male Tibetan macaques Macaca thi betanaof YA1 group at Mt HuangshanAnhui We used focal animal samplingbehavioral sampling and all occurrence recording to record adult male Tibetan macaques social behavior from August 2017 to January 2018 Herewe studied how male individuals maintain consortship by analyzing moving timefeeding timemating frequency and urinary Cpep tide levels UCPphysiological indicator of the individual energy stateby using noninvasive measuring method The re sults showed that there is no significant difference in moving timebut when males were in consortshipsthe feeding time and mating frequency increased significantlywhen facing potential malemale competition in consortshipsmalesfeeding time was significantly decreased In additionthere was no significant difference between consortships and nonconsortships in UCP levels These results suggest that male Tibetan macaques may adjust their behaviors according to energetic con sumption situation and social environment surrounding femalesthis change can cause reduction in energetic cost in con 兽类学报 Acta Theriologica Sinica 兽类学报 Acta Theriologica Sinica 兽类学报 Acta Theriologica Sinica

Transcript of 0123456789:;?@0 - 兽类学报

书书书

!"#$,2020,40 (1):19 - 26Acta Theriologica Sinica            DOI:10 16829 / j slxb 150296

!"#$:%&'()#*+ (31672307,31801983,31372215,31772475);,-.#/0)123*+ (J01003268);,-.#4

56789:;<= (J05011709)

%&'(:>?@ (1989 -),A,B01CD,EFGHIJ"KLDM#1C.

)*+,:2019 - 02 - 15;  -.+,:2019 - 07 - 30

NOPQ,Corresponding author,E - mail:jhli@ ahu edu cn

/0123456789:;<=>?@0>?@1,4   R2S1,4   TUV2,4   WXY1,3,4!

(1 ,-.#Z[\]^_`#a,bc 230601)(2 ,-.#Dd)##a,bc 230601)

(3 bc9e#aDd)##a,bc 230601)(4 fgDhijk\lmnKLDM#%opb1Cqr,bc 230601)

AB:stuvwxyizi{IJ"|}q~���7{k�������7��� /k���~zk��~�kwx,���k��h�~�u������L��,�{k�}���u��~� ¡�。L¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª�KL~«¬,­1C® 2017 7 8 ¯° 2018 7 1 ¯,±²³®,-fg~lmn´µ¶ A1 |(YA1 |)~ 8 ~ 10 ��7{kL1C©·,¸¹º»3h¼j½、KL¼j½±¾¿HÀÁ½¸Ã�7{k'(�D~KLÄÅ。NÆÇÈÉ3tÊ、ËÌtÊÍ�uÎÏÐKLy»,ÑtÒÓPL�}¥¦ÔMDÕy»~Ö× C -ØÙÚ (Urinary C - peptide ,UCP),GKLÍDÕÛ�>Ü1C{klmnÝÞstuvwx~ßàkáâ。1C�Ê,�stuv�ã,{k~É3tÊä�åæç,èËÌtÊÍ�uÎé�åêë;�stuv�ã,ìí�{kîïQt,{k~ËÌtÊ�åðñ;stuvwx©{k~ UCPòóä�åôõ。ö÷��,{klmn�stuv�ãø¥ùúÅ¥¦§¨~�û±¾üýzkþÿ~!ù]^©'"KLXK#$,±ðñ%�stuv�ã~¥¦&Z,��'"ÝÞstuvwx~KLßàk。

:CD:lmn;{k;stuvwx;KLßàk;Ö× C -ØEFGHI:Q958 1        JKLMN:A        JOPI:1000 - 1050 (2020)01 - 0019 - 08

Behavioral adaptability for maintaining consortship in male Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana)FANG Xingli1,4,ZHANG Qixin1,4,XIA Dongpo2,4,LI Jinhua1,3,4

(1 School of Resources and Environmental Engineering,Anhui University,Hefei 230601,China)

(2 School of Life Sciences,Anhui University,Hefei 230601,China)

(3 School of Life Sciences,Hefei Normal University,Hefei 230601,China)

(4 International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology,Hefei 230601,China)

Abstract:In primates,consortship is an intersexual relationship in multimale and multifemale groups,it is usually observed when an estrous / receptive female is followed by an adult male,especially in the mating season among seasonallybreeding species Consortship is one of the behavioral strategies for males to improve their mating success In order to investigate the constraints of energetic costs on this behavior,we studied 8 - 10 adult male Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana)of YA1 group at Mt Huangshan,Anhui We used focal animal sampling,behavioral sampling and all occurrencerecording to record adult male Tibetan macaque’s social behavior from August 2017 to January 2018 Here,we studiedhow male individuals maintain consortship by analyzing moving time,feeding time,mating frequency and urinary Cpeptide levels (UCP:physiological indicator of the individual energy state)by using noninvasive measuring method The results showed that there is no significant difference in moving time,but when males were in consortships,the feeding timeand mating frequency increased significantly;when facing potential malemale competition in consortships,males’feedingtime was significantly decreased In addition,there was no significant difference between consortships and nonconsortshipsin UCP levels These results suggest that male Tibetan macaques may adjust their behaviors according to energetic consumption situation and social environment surrounding females,this change can cause reduction in energetic cost in con

兽类

学报

Act

a Th

erio

logi

ca S

inic

a

类学

报 A

cta

Ther

iolo

gica

Sin

ica

兽类

学报

Act

a Th

erio

logi

ca S

inic

a

!  "  #  $ 40 '

sortship and improve the behavioral adaptability for maintaining consortshipsKey words:Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana);Male;Consortship;Behavioral adaptability;Urinary Cpeptide

    stuvwx (Consortship)y~��i{izIJ"3hq,k�(~{kÍzk��~stk~�kwx (Fedigan and Gouzoules,1978)。�)wxq,N*�{k+Þ�,zk-E3��、,./、JtÊüýzk,+Þ0*13~Ñ2k,-\uvzkÎ��u (De Marco et al,2011;Rakhovskaya,2013;Lisa and Ryne,2014)。�i{izIJ"|}q,34h�~{kNÆ\��zk��stuvwx~� 5êë'"~�u6 ù (0 ­ n,Macaca fuscata,Matsubara,2003)Í���� (78n,M mulatta,Bercovitch,1997;Ì9n,M fascicularis,de Ruiteret al,1994;Engelhardt et al,2006;g:,Mandrill ussphinx,Setchell et al,2005)。(;,{k<\ª�KL~Þ�tÊ�h�¡Êí�=.~>� (Manson,1997),ª�>�ø¥5'\)?w~¥¦§¨ (Alberts et al,1996)。

�IJ"~1Cq,@i1CQABCD¦çstuvwx©{k¥¦EFÍGHwIJ�KÇ~ôõ,è1C~ö÷L�MDÓ~。NO©fPP (Papio cynocephalus)~1C��,{k�stuv�ã~ËÌtÊðñ (Alberts et al,1996);0­n�QR~{k�stuv�ã=%S�}TU=ñ~ËÌtÊ (Matsubara,2003);Ì9nstuvwx~ÝÞVW{kËÌtÊÍXYÉ3./ðñ (GirardButtoz et al,2014b)。(;,ZU�41C[\�stuv�ã{k�}~ËÌÍÉ3ÐKLM�stuvwx~ôõ,NOU]PP(P anubis) (Bercovitch,1983)、J^_`n(Saguinus mystax) (Huck et al,2004)±¾an(M assamensis)(Schülke et al,2014)Ð。©),1CbcdL%q��efø¥�KL<Ä~gÓ-M¥hiDjkl�}¥¦òó (Schülkeet al,2014)。*®),m5mi~1CQno¸¼pLøq~DÕy»5nr¥¦§¨~1C。

Ö× C -Ø (Urinary C - peptide,UCP)�stuevçLstut~wxyh,%�Dh}ã~òóz{[\\�}~¥¦EF|�å}?wk(Deschner et al,2008),,75zPL}��}

"}ÔM~�~�Fy»{��à¹。NO�78nÍ��� (Pan troglodytes)~1Cq��stuvwx ~ Ý Þ V W { k UCP ò ó ~ � �(Higham et al,2011;Georgiev,2012);(;,{kÌ9n�stuv�ã~ UCP òó�ä�åæç (GirardButtoz et al,2014b)。�)ø�,stuvwx~ÝÞ\{k¥¦&Z~wx?©��,;ª4>�ø¥[®��k��~>�。����k��~h���u��ø¥ù§¨.¦~¥¦,è�����u�����U.¦~tÊ��'"¥¦� í (Alberts et al,1996;Higham et al,2011);]����k��~h�,{k�7��H~¥¦w�ø¥\����k��~h���H~¥¦w�?Ñ,è�®%Ç�~t�=J,f)h�{�� (GirardButtoz et al,2014b)。%Ï,¥¦、}�、"}.�©{k��=�~QR-M� � © ~ (Schülke et al, 2010; Georgiev,2012),�°ñí�Û�MÑ~� ,�{kNÆ��~{kîï Q{kp¡~>¢��=�~QR (Van Schaik and Van Noordwijk,1985;Gilbyet al,2013)。£��� �"}¤~¥¦VW{kyD��~¥¦§¨,LÝÞQR~§ÓX;������,{k�stuv�ã�¨ù©'"KLXK#$±ðñ¥¦~GH©ªX�21C。

lmn (Macaca thibetana)«i{iz~|}D1,%�u¬¢L­®~¯�®,{kÊTU��~°kбwx (WXYͲ³g,1996;WXY,1999)。zk~��Ãq��u��,|ã{zU´kµð�,{k�uîï¶Ú��,L{k·¸��zk�¹¢6ùÍø¥ (²ºÐ,2009)。zklmn»¼®½¾'¿~ÀÁ,{k¥ÂÃÇÄ���ÍM��~zk,èM¥©Ñ�zk~DÕÔMÅHiDÆÇ (Li et al,2005)。�stuv�ã,{klmn�¨í�KL� ~#$º�©MÈÉ。­1C±²³®,-fg~lmnL1C©·,NƸÃ�u��{k�}~ËÌ、É3Í�uÐKLy»,ÒÓÖ× C - Ø(UCP)òó,ÇÈstuvwx©{kKLÍUCPòó~ôõ。)Ê,Ë�X�2ÇȢܩ

02

兽类

学报

Act

a Th

erio

logi

ca S

inic

a

类学

报 A

cta

Ther

iolo

gica

Sin

ica

兽类

学报

Act

a Th

erio

logi

ca S

inic

a

1 � >?@Ð:{klmnÝÞstuvwx~KLßàk

{kîïQt,{k~KLæç,±�GKL�®ÍDÕáâÛ�>ÜÌbÇÈ{klmnÝÞstuvwx~¥¦&Z\ßàk� 。

1  !"#$1 1  1C©·

­1C® 2017 7 8 ¯° 2018 7 1 ¯,G²³�,-ÍfgÎÏÃÐÑgÒ~lmn´µ¶ A1| (YA1 |)q,·¼�7{k 8 ~ 10 �PLÓÔ©·。�U1C©·Õ¥úÅ�}'(áâXK

"Ö×Ø。1C�Ê (2017 7 10 ¯ 25 0°2017 711 ¯ 15 0),UÛ�{k�}/|�{kQR�D¢æç,QRæç�ÙT�L£�QR�},QRæÚÛÜÝÞL£�QR�}。U´ÓÔtÊL 139 d,%q{kÓÔßtÊL 7 020 min。бQR (Dominance rank)~<à>½¸¹*®áâµN~ãä—åæçè<à DS é (David’sscore,DS,Gammell et al.,2003),DS ém.w�бm�,k¡ê(。­1C�7�}~QR\¼jtÊÍÖjÄ�� 1。

Q 1  RS,TUV/0<WX、YZ7T[\]Z^_Table 1  The rank and focal animal duration for sampling and the distribution of urine samples of adult male during study period

{kMale

DS

QR(QRæç�)

Before the

change of rank

QR(QRæçÛ)

After the

change of rank

]stuv�

¼jtÊFocal sample

duration in

nonconsortship (min)

stuv�

¼jtÊFocal sample duration

in consortship (min)

stuv�

JÚeÿ (ë)

Range of

consortship length

(blocks)(day)

Ö×j­¦Number of

urine samples

ÙT� HXM 13 (1) 17 (2) 432 978 1 ~ 70 22

Üì TG 10 5 (2) /|Disperse 128 82 2 ~ 55 9

íî ZB 4 5 (3) 10 (3) 600 174 2 ~ 56 19

ïÝð YRB 0 5 (4) 0 (4) 618 — — 23

ñÜ BT - 0 5 (5) - 1 (5) 636 — — 14

Çò DS - 2 5 (6) - 5 (6) 624 — — 5

ïóô YCL - 4 5 (7) - 16 (7) 612 — — 12

ïݶ YRQ -5 (8) /|Disperse 162 — — 10

ÜÝÞ TRG -7 (9) 23 (1) 210 1116 4 ~ 100 35

fõ HM -9 (10) - 5 (6) 648 — — 3

“—”�öÓÔ�Ê�}G÷<\stuvwx~��“—”indicates that the individual never participate in consortships during the observation period;DS:David’s score

1 2  stuvwx~DÓ���7{kÍ��k�ø�~�7zk+Þ

5 m,.Þ�°ñ 30 min,�)�Êz{�}Ñ2É3 (���KL~�D)ÛϾ±¤ (VanNoordwijk and Van Schaik,1985;Li et al.,2005;Dubuc et al.,2012)。O÷%q�>/nù��}úÆ 5 m� 10 min ãûU��KL,�dLstuvwxö¬ (Brauch et al.,2008)。1 3  KL¼j¾KLÓü

KLÄÅ~¸Ã�Û�1CQýÑþ�,ÿ¹Â!"-#±"Â,¸¹º»3h¼j½ (Focalanimal sampling)、KL¼j½ (Behavioral sam

pling)、¿HÀÁ½ (All occurrence recording)�$%¾%&,©KLXKÓÔÍÁ (Altmann,1974;Berman et al.,2004)。stuvwx~�D�lmnq=L�� (WXY,1999),úÅ1CQi7~'ÊÓÔ()h*+©{k�¨��stuvwxXKÆÓ。�ÁÂstuvwx~Æ`q,Lðñstuvwx�,Ê~KLÇu>�,óÕÇustuvwx~ÓÔtÊ,ÇL 4 �tÊ- (08:00—10:00、10:00—12:00、13:30—15:30、15:30—17:30),��tÊ-��Á 30 min。)Ê,¸¹º»3h¼j½øÃ|ã�U�7�}~KLÄÅ,¼jtÊL 10 min。¼j�¹�6./

12

兽类

学报

Act

a Th

erio

logi

ca S

inic

a

类学

报 A

cta

Ther

iolo

gica

Sin

ica

兽类

学报

Act

a Th

erio

logi

ca S

inic

a

!  "  #  $ 40 '

~>½©�U�7�}XKÀ0±DÓÓÔQ0,ÄÅøÃ~Æ`q,����1CQÓÔ~*1¤2ÏÆǼj©·�¨�stuv�。

¸¹º»3h¼jt,Þ�Áº»3h~KL,34ËÌ、É3、�u、��、56、,.、/nÐ。Ñt,Ë�¸¹¿HÀ¼j½ÁÂuvw

xquvzkþÿ 5 m ã%S�}~"Ö。)Ê,�7�DãäKL,¸¹KL¼j½ÁÂãä�8Q、åæ��Q、ãä`Ú (9:、äj、;<、=Ð)、ãä"® (ãä>Þ、v?ãäÐ)¾áâ�û,¸¹ David’s score >½XK�}бQR~<à,T}KL<ÄÓü�� 2。

Q 2  ^RS<=>`aTable 2  Behavioral definitions in this study

KL Behavior Óü Definition

É3 Moving ���}äº~kj @ABC~>¼DEAn individual is walking without intention or toward obvious site

ËÌ Feeding �}FG、HIÍ / JK LÕÌh,M34Mò GNOq�¼ÌhAn individual was ingesting food items,chewing,and / or reaching for or handling food items,excluding drinking orfood from the cheek pouch

�u Mating {k�}=Pzk~QR,STU�zk~.V¡¤,$�"}W�zk~Q¤,XFYZ-�¡.3~KLThe act of a male holding onto a female’s back hair,placing his feet on her thighs,placing his whole body on herback,inserting his penis,and twitching accordingly

�� Following ��}�8"É3tù��}Z�¡¼Ñ��>¼É3One individual follows along with another individual when it moves away

56 Guarding ì A�}M� B�}['eÿ (\� 90°)ãt,B ùMtj]3ÜKÓÔ A �}�LÔM~KL3PWhen A is out of the range of B’s field of vision (the fan 90 °),B will occasionally twist his head to observe the behavior and action of A’s state

�, Approach �}�^;,ɼù��}~3�eÿ¡ã (O 1 m)One individual moves toward to another individual within a certain range (e g 1 meter)

/n Leave �}Gù��}~&,�,¾^~É3One individual moves away from another individual

ãäKL Aggression ��}©ù��}XK9:、äj、;< =_An individual stared,hit on the ground,chased or bit another individual

åæKL Submission ��}�{ãät,]"`Hab~cd efa¼ãäQ?k~>¼An individual was attacked by another,but away quickly or fled in opposite direction

k��� Sexually receptive O÷��zk{ÓÔg°ñU�Ï�uKL YKhU��~ijC×,�dL)zkL®k���。k���L�u13���D~t�,�ÿU 1 ~ 2 d ÷ÓÔg�uKL,è¡Û~�ëkÓÔg�uKL,�÷ÓÔg�uKL~ 1 ~ 2 dL[Lk���A female was considered sexually receptive if she was observed ejaculatory copulation at least once or with a visiblesperm plug Each receptive period were defined as a continuous period of mating activity surrounded by periods lackingmating activity,although 1 l2 days lacking observed mating activity was included into the receptive period when mating continued afterwards

Ä�{kîïQPotential male competitors

stuv�ã~zkþÿ 5mãmuvnoÊ~%S�7{k�}The adult males except consort partner within 5m of female during consortship

KLÓü<pWXY (1999)、Dubuc et al (2012)Behavioral definitions followed Li (1999)and Dubuc et al (2012)

1 4  Ö×j­~øÃÍ�uÇÈ1C�Ê,��0 15:00—17:30 ¸ÃÖ×j

­。Y�ÓÔg�7{k�}ÀÖ¡Û,¹ 5 mL~�ÏkvÉq¾tr¼jÜ %S6s�Ü

(Otï、uv)~÷�wx %Syz~Öj,-Å{�}"Ö»Á。|¸Ãg~Öj}F 10 mL~/rqq,»Á0�、tÊÍ�}~�,¹ð��t+í,��Ï'Ê_Pö¬Ûhg\)*j,

22

兽类

学报

Act

a Th

erio

logi

ca S

inic

a

类学

报 A

cta

Ther

iolo

gica

Sin

ica

兽类

学报

Act

a Th

erio

logi

ca S

inic

a

1 � >?@Ð:{klmnÝÞstuvwx~KLßàk

¹/r6/rÛ,|j­��� - 20℃~ð�q。óÕ�� 45 d,|j��3�¤ð,¹��ð���­��J\)�XKÖ× C -Ø (UCP)ÙÚ�Ò。

<p Higham (2011)>½,-úÅA��~\o�P2�©Ö×j���。1 mL Öj±3 000 r / min /r 20 min,r¼¤È× 0 5 mL�FAqqªÒ。�¹¤�4·Dh)�U���Dy~�¹�p� A��,¡¹�p� r&ÒÓ½ÒÓ{k�}Öjq~ UCP ¢¦。��Öj��Ò¦ÛÏ,¼óÕéPL£¤Öjq~ UCP¢¦。C -Ø�ÒA��~¥ãÍ¥Êæ�xÄÇØ�6 5% Í 11 8%。 UCP � Ò I ¦ Ú � ®0 01 pmoL / mL,C -ØÙÚ± ng / mg§¨�ö。1 5  ÇÈ>½

ÄÅÇÈt,stuv�Í]stuv�~Äŵ=±�Ϻ»¼jtÊPLÇÈ©R;Ä�{kîïQ©{kKLôõ~ÇÈ,±��uv©q{kº»¼jßtÊPLÇÈ©R,ÇØ<àHËÌtʪǵ (ËÌtÊ«¼jtʪǵ)、É3tʪǵ (É3tÊ«¼jtʪǵ)、�uÎÏ (º»{k\¬­zk~�uÏÄ«¼jtʵé,vÚ�ÎÏ /�t)。XKDÕÄÅÇÈt,±��Ö×j­~ÕéLÇÈ©R。�®ÜÝÞ�£�QRtG÷��stuvwx,f)|%� 11 ¯ 15 0�~KLÄÅÍDÕÄÅÀm。1 6  ÄÅLÕ\ÇÈ

ÿ¹�ü°k¯b¬® (Generalized linearmixed model,GLMMs)ÇÈstuvwx©{kÉ3tÊ、ËÌtÊ、�uÎÏÍ UCP òó~ôõ,|�}"ÖPL�6ôõfu。� R 3 5 3 ®<¯Àqÿ¹ lmer Test ,°3q~ lmer ±Ä©ÄÅXKÇÈ。)Ê,� SPSS 22 0 for windows ®<¯Àq,ÿ¹ Paired - samples T�)ÇÈstuvzkþÿí�~Ä�{kîïQ©{kKL~ôõ。P <0 05 >��å,P <0 01 >�²�å。

2  %&2 1  {kKL\stuvwx

1C�Ê,�U�³QR~{k�}\��zk��stuvwx (� 1),ÿ¹�ü°k¯b

¬®ÇÈstuvwx©{k~É3tÊ、ËÌtÊ、�uÎÏ~ôõ。�stuv�{kÉ3tÊL (Mean ± SE =7 507% ±0 618%,N =227),]stuv�{k~É3tÊL (Mean ± SE =7 826% ±1 265%,N =118),stuvwxÝÞ©{k~É3tÊä�åôõ (GLMMs:coefficient ±SE =3 504 ± 1 260,t = 0 278,P = 0 781,B 1a);�stuv�{k~ËÌtÊL (Mean ± SE =14 130% ± 1 690%,N = 227),]stuv�{k~ËÌtÊL (Mean ± SE = 6 040% ± 1 490%,N =118),stuvwx~ÝÞ©{k~ËÌtÊôõ�å (GLMMs:coefficient ± SE = - 0 074 ±0 026,t = - 2 904,P = 0 007,B 1b);{k�stuv�~�uÎÏL [Mean ± SE = (2 039 ±0 253)Ï /�t,N =227],{k�]stuv�~�uÎÏL [Mean ± SE = (0 483 ± 0 147)Ï /�t,N =118],stuvwx~ÝÞ©{k~�uÎ Ï ô õ � å (GLMMs: coefficient ± SE =- 1 524 ± 0 387,t = -3 937,P =0 001,B 1c)。2 2  UCPòó\stuvwx

�³QR{k~ UCP òó�stuv�L[Mean ± SE = (2 672 ± 0 072)ng / mg §¨,N =42],]stuv�L [Mean ± SE = (2 529 ±0 097)ng / mg§¨,N = 33],¬®ÇÈ��stuvwx©{k~ UCPòóä�åôõ (GLMMs:coefficient ± SE = - 0 143 ± 0 118,t = - 1 209,P =0 231,B 1d)。2 3  Ä�{kîïQ\{kKL

1C�Ê,ý© 16 ©stuvwxq{k~KLXK¢´µ~ÁÂ。ìstuvzkþÿUÄ�{kîïQt,{k~ËÌtÊ (Mean ± SE =3 127% ±1 031%)�å�®stuvzkþÿäÄ�{kîïQt~ËÌtÊ (Mean ± SE =10 066% ±2 494%,Paired - samples T �),N =16,t =2 932,df = 15,P = 0 01,B 2a)。stuvzkþÿUÄ�{kîïQt,{k~�uÎÏ[Mean ± SE = (1 357 ±0 393)Ï /�t]\stuvzkþÿäÄ�{kîïQt~�uÎÏ[Mean ± SE = (2 028 ±0 425)Ï /�t]ä�å>� (Paired - samples T �),N = 16,t = 1 242,df =15,P =0 233,B 2b)。

32

兽类

学报

Act

a Th

erio

logi

ca S

inic

a

类学

报 A

cta

Ther

iolo

gica

Sin

ica

兽类

学报

Act

a Th

erio

logi

ca S

inic

a

!  "  #  $ 40 '

B 1  stuvwx©{k (a)É3tÊ,(b)ËÌtÊ,(c)�uÎÏ,(d)UCPòó~ôõ �ö>�²�å,P <0 01Fig 1  Influence of consortship on males’(a)moving time,(b) feeding time,(c) frequency copulation,(d)UCP levels indicates that the difference is extremely significant,P < 0 01

B 2  stuvzkþÿÄ�{kîï©{k (a)ËÌtÊ,(b)�uÎÏ~ôõ. �ö>�²�å,P < 0 05

Fig 2  The influence of potential malemale competition around consort females on males’(a) feeding time,(b) frequency copulation

indicates significant difference,P < 0 05

3  '(�1C�Ê,{klmn�stuv�ãÉ3

tÊä�åæç,èËÌtÊÍ�uÎé�åêë;ìÜ©Ä�~{kîïQt,{k~ËÌtÊ�å��;stuvwx~ÝÞ-÷©{k~

UCPòóyD�åôõ。ª4ö÷��{k�stuv�ãø¥ùúÅ¥¦§¨~�û±¾üýzkþÿ~!ù]^©'"KLXKßàk#$,±ðñ%�stuv�㥦~§¨。

Ë�~1C��{klmn�stuv�ãËÌtÊ�åêë,è�%Sh�,O0­n、fP

42

兽类

学报

Act

a Th

erio

logi

ca S

inic

a

类学

报 A

cta

Ther

iolo

gica

Sin

ica

兽类

学报

Act

a Th

erio

logi

ca S

inic

a

1 � >?@Ð:{klmnÝÞstuvwx~KLßàk

P (Alberts et al,1996;Matsubara,2003)~1Cq��{k�stuv�ãËÌtÊ�åðñ,ªø¥��®1CQÓÔ~]^MѶ�~。{klmn~ÓÔEFÃq�$%¾$%&,~·¸,�}{¹Ì~κ?©=�,f),{kù»ø¥ijê륦~EF±¼§�uKLêë�h5~¥¦§¨。)Ê,­1C��stuvwx~ÝÞ-÷©{klmn~É3tÊyD�åôõ,ªø¥�stuv�ãzk~bPVW,�fPP~1CqZ��,��u��zk~bPù��{k©zk~½Ç�­ (Rasmussen,1980)。

|ã~%S�7{kø¥ù¼wstuv{k, QNÆpbãästuv{k~>¢��\zk~�u6ù (Ronald and Sluijter,1990)。ìstuvzkþÿí�%S{kt,{kø¥ù©'"KLXK#$±p{jÝÞstuvwx。­1C��,{k�stuv�ã,Ü©Ä�~{kîïQt,ËÌtÊ�åðñ。©¾*¿n (Mtonkeana)~1C��,ìstuvzk\%S{k,.t,stuv{kù#$'"RÀÁ�ÛQqÊ (De Marco et al,2011)。©Ì9n~1C��,{k�}~ãäÎé�Astuvnoþÿ�7{kĦ~êë;êë (GirardButtoz et al,2014a)。

{klmn UCP òó�stuv�ãÊ-ä�åk>�。ª�ö÷\Ì9n~1Cö÷�W(GirardButtoz et al,2014b),��{k�}�stuv�ÊûU TU=ñ~¥¦§¨。;HighamÐ (2011)�©78n~1Cq,��{k UCPòó��uüý�Ê�å��,yDª�ö÷~efø¥['h���k��~>�±¾��4dб~>¢MÑ。©����k��~78n~1C��{kN*��u����íÂÃ,�Û%"}Ôû��u��ÄÅÆ�� (Cooperet al,2004)。©®]����k��~Ì9n,{k¥F+ÞÇÂ~¥¦òó,±à©D�îï~ÈÉ。)Ê,&Ì|~{k78nNÆÊR ÀË~�¢��=�~4dQR (Berard,1999),;�QR~{kÌ9nNÆ��~{kîïÝÞQR~§Ó (Van Schaik and Van Noordwijk,1985),ªÌÍA{kÌ9n¿7Î¥FLà©%S{k~ÈÉPiÏ,f)M¥þ¿¨»'"~¥¦�í。

lmnÐL��~��k��~h�,è{k¡Ê~îï=L�� (WXY,1999),LÝÞQR~§ÓÍ=�~����,{klmn¥F©'"~¥¦ÔMXK�Ó~#�。

)Ê,lmn~�u�� 7 ¯°Ñ7 1 ¯,%q�u�Ò�Ãq� 8—12 ¯,stuv~��Z.iÃq�ª�tÊ-,9—11 ¯Óh÷\=LÔÕ (WXY,1999),lmnÌhs¦� @¥¼§�}ÝÞstuvwx�h5~¥¦§¨。

­1CÖÇÈ¢��u��{klmnÝÞstuvwx~¥¦&Z,×ØD���~ÄÅP©µ,±£¤{klmn��u��~¥¦&Zæç,ªUªX�2£C。

bc:ÙxfgÚ¸Û、fg'DnÜqÕqr¿}_Pbc±¾ÝU`�Þ¿&©PQD1Í'Ê_Pßà~>ÞÍáâ。Ùx,-.# Naziamahtab/0©ãäåF~æç。

deJK:

Alberts S C,Altmann J,Wilson M L 1996 Mate guarding constrains

foraging activity of male baboons Animal Behaviour,51 (6):

1269 - 1277

Altmann J 1974 Observational study of behavior:sampling methods

Behaviour,49 (3):227 - 267

Brauch K,Hodges K,Engelhardt A,Fuhrmann K,Shaw E,Heister

mann M 2008 Sexspecific reproductive behaviours and paternity

in freeranging Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) Behavioral E

cology and Sociobiology,62 (9):1453 - 1466

Berard J 1999 A fouryear study of the association between male domi

nance rank,residency status,and reproductive activity in rhesus ma

caques (Macaca mulatta) Primates,40 (1):159 - 175

Bercovitch F B 1997 Reproductive strategies of rhesus macaques Pri

mates,38 (3):247 - 263

Bercovitch F B 1983 Time budgets and consortships in olive baboons

(Papio anubis) Folia Primatologica,41:180 - 190

Berman C M,Ionica C S,Li J 2004 Dominance style among Macaca

thibetana on Mt Huangshan,China International Journal of Pri

matology,25 (6):1283 - 1312

Cooper M A,Chaitra M S,Singh M 2004 Effect of dominance,repro

ductive state,and group size on body mass in Macaca radiate Inter

national Journal of Primatology,25 (1):165 - 178

de Ruiter J R,Van Hooff J A R A M,Scheffrahn W 1994 Social and

genetic aspects of paternity in wild longtailed macaques (Macaca

fascicularis) Behaviour,129:203 - 224

Deschner T,Kratzsch J,Hohmann G 2008 Urinary Cpeptide as a

52

兽类

学报

Act

a Th

erio

logi

ca S

inic

a

类学

报 A

cta

Ther

iolo

gica

Sin

ica

兽类

学报

Act

a Th

erio

logi

ca S

inic

a

!  "  #  $ 40 '

method for monitoring body mass changes in captive bonobos (Pan

paniscus) Hormones and Behavior,54 (5):620 - 626

DeMarco A,Cozzolino R,DessìFulgheri F,Thierry B 2011 Interac

tions between third parties and consortship partners in Tonkean ma

caques (Macaca tonkeana) International Journal of Primatology,

32 (3):708 - 720

Dubuc C,Muniz L,Heistermann M,Widdig A,Engelhardt A 2012

Do males time their mateguarding effort with the fertile phase in or

der to secure fertilisation in cayo santiago rhesus macaques?Hor

mones and Behavior,61 (5):696 - 705

Engelhardt A,Heistermann M,Hodges J K,Nürnberg P,Niemitz C.

2006 Determinants of male reproductive success in wild longtailed

macaques (Macaca fascicularis) - male monopolisation,female

mate choice or postcopulatory mechanisms?Behavioral Ecology and

Sociobiology,59 (6):740 - 752

Fedigan L M,Gouzoules H 1978 The consortship in a toop of Japanese

monkeys In:Chivers D J,Herbert J eds Recent Advances in Pri

matology London:Academic Press,493 - 495

Gammell M P,De Vries H,Jennings D J,Carlin C O M,Hayden T J

2003 David’s score:a more appropriate dominance ranking method

than CluttonBrock et al.’s index Animal Behaviour,66 (3):

601 - 605

Gilby I C,Brent L J N,Wroblewski E E,Rudicell R S,Hahn B H,

Goodall J 2013 Fitness benefits of coalitionary aggression in male

chimpanzees Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology,67 (3):373 -

381

Girardbuttoz C,Heistermann M,Rahmi E,Agil M,Ahmad F P,En

gelhardt A 2014a Costs of mateguarding in wild male longtailed

macaques (Macaca fascicularis):physiological stress and aggres

sion Hormones and Behavior,66 (4):637 - 648

Girardbuttoz C,Heistermann M,Rahmi E,Marzec A,Agil M,Ahmad

F P,Engelhardt A 2014b Mateguarding constrains feeding activi

ty but not energetic status of wild male longtailed macaques (Maca

ca fascicularis) Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology,68 (4):1 -

13

Georgiev A V 2012 Energetic costs of reproductive effort in male chim

panzees Ph D thesis Harvard University

Higham J P,Heistermann M,Maestripieri D. 2011. The energetics of

male -male endurance rivalry in freeranging rhesus macaques(Macaca

mulatta) Animal Behaviour,81 (5):1001 - 1007

Huck M,Lottker P E 2004 Proximate mechanisms of reproductive mo

nopolization in male moustached tamarins(Saguinus mystax). Ameri

can Journal of Primatology,64 (1):39 - 56

Lisa D,Ryne P 2014 “Following”,an alternative mating strategy used

by male olive baboons (Papio hamadryas anubis):quantitative be

havioral and functional description International Journal of Prima

tology,35 (2):394 - 410

Li J H,Wang Q S 1996 Dominance hierarchy and its chronic changes

in adult male Tibetan macaque (Macaca thibetana) Acta Zoologica

Sinica,42 (3):330 - 333 (in Chinese)

Li J H,Yin H B,Wang Q S 2005 Seasonality of reproduction and sex

ual activity in female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) at

Huangshan,China Acta Zoologica Sinica,51 (3):365 - 375

Manson J H 1997 Primate consortships:a critical review Curr An

thropol,38:353 - 374.

Matsubara M 2003 Costs of mate guarding and opportunistic mating a

mong wild male Japanese macaques International Journal of Prima

tology,24:1057 - 1075

Rasmussen K L R 1980 Consort behaviour and mate selection in yellow

baboons (Papio cynocephalus)during sexual consortship Ph D the

sis. University of Cambridge

Rakhovskaya M V 2013 Correlates of male consortship rate in freeran

ging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) International Journal of

Primatology,34 (4):662 - 680

Ronald N OЁ,Sluijter A A 1990 Productive tactics of male savanna

baboons Behaviour,113 (1 - 2):117 - 169

Setchell J M,Charpentier M,Wickings E J 2005 Mate guarding and

paternity in mandrills:factors influencing alpha male monopoly Ani

mal Behaviour,70:1105 - 1120

Schülke O,Heistermann M,Ostner J 2014 Lack of evidence for ener

getic costs of mateguarding in wild male Assamese macaques

(Macaca assamensis) International Journal of Primatology,35

(3 - 4):677 - 700

Schülke O,Bhagavatula J,Vigilant L,Ostner J 2010 Social bonds en

hance reproductive success in male macaques Current Biology,20

(24):2207 - 2210

Van Noordwijk M A,Van Schaik C P 1985 Male migration and rank ac

quisition in wild longtailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) Animal

Behaviour,33 (3):849 - 861

Wang X,Li J H,Xia D P,Chen R,Zhu Y,Zhang M,Wang S

2009 Comparisons on reproductive and aggressive behaviors in male

Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana)of two different operational

sex ratio troops at Huangshan,China Zoological Research,30 (1):

83 - 89 (in Chinese)

²º,WXY,TUV,èé,êë,R¦,²ì 2009 Û�kµ

"|~{kfglmn��KLÍãäKLµ= 3h#1

C,30 (1):83 - 89

WXY,²³g 1996 {klmn4dQRwx¾æç~1C

3h#$,42 (3):330 - 333

WXY 1999 'Dlmn~!ù bc:,-.#Hí!

62

兽类

学报

Act

a Th

erio

logi

ca S

inic

a

类学

报 A

cta

Ther

iolo

gica

Sin

ica

兽类

学报

Act

a Th

erio

logi

ca S

inic

a