普通化学 General Chemistry

分析化学 Analytical Chemistry

有机化学 Organic Chemistry

物理化学 Physical Chemistry

谱学导论 Introducton of Spectroscopy

无机化学 Inorganic Chemistry

普通化学和分析化学实验 Experiments of General and Analytical Chemistry

现在基础化学 The Principle of Mordern Chemistry

现在基础化学实验 Experiments of Modern Fundamental Chemistry

有机化学实验 Experiments of Organic Chemistry

仪器分析和物理化学实验 Experiments of Instrumental Analysis and Physical Chemistry

合成化学实验 Experiments of Synthetic Chemistry

现代化学专题 Topic of Modern Chemistry

化学综合实验 Experiments of Comprehensive Chemistry

化工原理 Principle of Chemical Engineering

化工原理实验 Experiments of Chemical Engineering

应用化学实验 Experiments of Applied Chemistry

无机合成化学 Synthetic Inorganic Chemistry

近代分析化学 Modern Analytical Chemistry

分离分析化学 Separation Analytical Chemistry

有机化合物波谱鉴定 Spectrum Identification of Organic Compounds

有机合成及反应机理 Organic Synthesis and Mechanics

化学进展 Progress in Chemistry

化学反应工程 Chemical Reaction Engineering

应用电化学 Applied Electrochemistry

工业催化 Industrial Catalysis

环境化学 Environmental Chemistry

环境监测 Environmental Monitoring

化学科技英语 Scientific English for Chemistry

数理方法在化学中的应用 Mathematical Statistics for Chemistry

化工制图 Chemical Engineering Cartography

计算机与化学测量实验 Computer and Chemical Measurement

化学信息学 Chemoinformatics or Chemical Informatics

应用化学专题 Special Topics in Applied Chemistry

关键词：化学 化工 装置 中英文对照 词汇 收藏帖子：

caozk 2007-5-19 18:13:00

化工装置常用词汇 1

一概论 introduction

方案(建议书) proposal

可行性研究 feasibility study

方案设计 concept design

工艺设计 process design

基础设计 basic design

详细设计 detail design

开工会议 kick-off meeting

审核会议 review meeting

外商投资 foreign investment

中外合资 joint venture

中外合营 joint venture

补偿贸易 compensation trade

合同 合同附件 contract

卖方 vendor

买方 buyer

顾客 client

承包商 contractor

工程公司 company

供应范围 scope of supply

生产范围 production scope

生产能力 production capacity

项目 project

界区 battery limit

装置 plant

公用工程 utilities

工艺流程图 process flow diagram

工艺流程方块图 process block diagram

管道及仪表流程图 piping and instrument drawing

物料及热量平衡图 mass & heat balance diagram

蒸汽及冷凝水平衡图 steam & condensate balance diagram

设备布置图 equipment layout

设备表 equipment list

成品(产品) product(final product)

副产品 by-product

原料 raw-material

设计基础数据 basic data for design

技术数据 technical data

数据表 data sheet

设计文件 design document

设计规定 design regulation

现场服务 site service

项目变更 project change

用户变更 client change

消耗定额 consumption quota

技术转让 technical transfer

技术知识 technical know-how

technical knowledge

技术保证 technical guarantee

咨询服务 consultative services

技术服务 technical services

工作地点 location

施工现场 construction field

报价 quotation

标书 bidding book

公司利润 company profit

固定价合同 fixed price contract

固定单价合同 fixed unit price contract

成本加酬金合同 cost plus award fee contract

定金 mobilization

银行保证书 bank guarantee letter

保留金 retention

所得税 income taxes

特别承包人税 special contractor's taxes

城市和市政税 city and municipal taxes

工作手册 work manual

工作流程图 work flow diagram

质量保证程序 QA/QC procedures

采购计划 procurement plan

施工计划 construction plan

施工进度 construction schedule

项目实施计划 project execution plan

项目协调程序 project coordination procedure

项目总进度计划 project master schedule

设计网络计划 engineering network logic

项目质量保证 project quality assurance

项目质量控制 project quality control

采购 procurement

采购周期 procurement period

会签 the squad check

计算书 calculation sheets

询价 inquiry

检验 inspection

运输 transportation

开车 start up / commission

验收 inspection & acceptance

校核 check

审核 review

审定 approve

版次 version

部门 department

专业 specialty

项目号 project number

图号 drawing number

目录 contents

序言 foreword

章 chapter

节 section

项 item

MR material requisition

SPEC engineering specification

DATA SHEET（技术表） technical data sheet

TBA(技术评标） technical bid analysis

PDP preliminary design package

PM (项目经理) project manager

LDE(专业负责人) lead discipline engineer

MRQ(材料询价单) Material requisition for quotation

MRP(材料采购单) material requisition for purchase

BEP(基础工程设计包) basic engineering package

P&ID(管道及仪表流程图) piping and instrument drawing(diagram)

PFD process flow diagram

NNF normally no flow

FO failure open

FC failure close

C/S/A civil/structure/architecture

DDP（详细设计阶段） detail design phase

caozk 2007-5-19 18:16:00

化工装置词汇

二. 工艺流程

连续过程 continuous process

间歇过程 batch process

工艺叙述 process description

工艺特点 process feature

操作 operation

反应 reaction

副反应 side reaction

絮凝 flocculation

浮洗 flotation

倾析 decantation

催化反应 catalytical reaction

萃取 extraction

中和 neutralization

水解 hydrolysis

过滤 filtration

干燥 drying

还原 reduction

氧化 oxidation

氢化 hydrogenation

分解 decomposition

离解 dissociation

合成 synthetics

吸收 absorption

吸附 adsorption

解吸 desorption

结晶 crystallization

溶解 solution

调节 modulate

控制 control

悬浮 suspension

循环 circulation

再生 regeneration

再活化 reactivation

沥取 leaching

破碎 crushing

煅烧 caloination

沉降 sedimentation

沉淀 precipitation

气化 gasification

冷冻 refrigeration

固化、结晶 solidification

包装 package

升华 sublimation

燃烧 combustion

引烧 ignition

蒸馏 distillation

碳化 carbonization

压缩 compression

caozk 2007-5-19 18:16:00

化工装置词汇

三、化学物质及特性

固体 solid

液体 liquid

气体 gas

化合物 compound

混合物 mixture

粉 powder

片状粉未 flake

小粒 granule

结晶 crystal

乳化物 emulsion

氧化物 oxidizing agent

还原剂 reducing agent

有机物 organic material

真空 vacuum

母液 master liquor

富液 rich liquor

贫液 lean liquor

萃出物 extract

萃余物 raffinate

絮凝剂 flocculants

冷冻盐水 brine

酸度 acidity

浓度 concentration

碱度 alkalinity

溶解度 solubility

凝固点 solidificalion point

沸点 boiling point

熔点 melting point

蒸发率 evaporation rate

粘度 viscosity

吸水的 water absorbent(a)

无水的 anhydrous(a)

外观 appearance

无色的 colorless(a)

透明的 transparent(a)

半透明的 translucent

密度 density

比重 specific gravity

催化剂 catalyst

燃烧 combustion

引燃 ignition

自然点 self-ignition temperature

可燃气体 combustible gas

可燃液体 inflammable liquid

易燃液体 volatile liquid

爆炸混合物 explosive mixture

爆炸性环境 explosive atmosphere(environment)

爆炸极限 explosive concentration limit

废水 waste water

废液 waste liquid

废气 off-gas

噪声 noise pollution

成分 composition

挠度 deflection

力和力矩 force and moment

弯矩 bending moment

应力-应变曲线 stress-strain diagram

百分比 percentage

环境温度 ambient temperature

工作温度 operating

设计温度 design temperature(pressure)

相对湿度 RH=relative humidity

油渣、淤泥 sludge

杂质 impurity

caozk 2007-5-19 18:17:00

化工装置词汇

四、化工设备

泵 pump

轴流泵 axial flow pump

真空泵 vacuum pump

屏蔽泵 canned pump

柱塞泵 plunger pump

涡轮泵 turbine pump

涡流泵 vortex pump

离心泵 centrifugal pump

喷射泵 jet pump

转子泵 rotary pump

管道泵 inline pump

双作用往复泵 double action reciprocating pump

计量泵 metering pump

深井泵 deep well pump

齿轮泵 gear pump

手摇泵 hand(wobble) pump

螺杆泵 screw (spiral) pump

潜水泵 submersible pump

斜转子泵 inclined rotor pump

封闭式电磁泵 hermetically sealed magnetic drive pump

气升泵 air-lift-pump

轴承 bearing

叶轮 impeller

虹吸管 siphon

高压容器 high pressure vessel

焚化炉 incinerator

火焰清除器 flame arrester

工业炉 furnace

烧嘴 burner

锅炉 boiler

回转窑 rotary kiln

加热器 heater

电加热器 electric heater

冷却器 cooler

冷凝器 condenser

换热器 heat exchanger

反应器 reactor

蒸馏釜 still

搅拌器 agitator

混合器 mixer

静态混合器 static mixers

管道混合器 line mixers

混合槽 mixing tanks

破碎机 crusher

磨碎机 grinder

研磨机 pulverizer

球磨机 ballmill

过滤器 filter

分离器 separator

干燥器 drier

翅片 fins

烟囱 stack

火炬 flare

筛子 screen

煅烧窑 calciner

倾析器 decanter

蒸发器 evaporator

再沸器 reboiler

萃取器 extractor

离心机 centrifuger

吸附（收）器 adsorber

结晶器 crystallizer

电解槽 electrolyzer

电除尘器 electric precipitator

洗涤器 scrubber

消石灰器 slaker

料仓 bin

料斗 hopper

加料器 feeder

增稠器 thickener

澄清器 clarifier

分级器 classifier

浮洗器 flocculator

废液池 sump

喷射器 ejector

喷头 sprayer

成套设备 package unit

仪器设备 apparatus

附属设备 accessory

旋转式压缩机 rotary compressor

往复式压缩机 reciprocating compressor

水环式压缩机 nash compressor

螺杆式压缩机 helical screw compressor

离心式压缩机 centrifugal compressor

多级压缩机 mutiple stages compressor

固定床反应器 fixed bed reactor

流化床反应器 fluidized bed reactor

管式反应器 tubular reactor

列管式换热器 tubular heat exchanger

螺旋板式换热器 spiral plate heat exchanger

萃取塔 extraction column

板式塔 plate column

填料塔 packed column

洗涤塔 scrubber

吸收塔 absorber

冷却塔 cooling tower

精馏塔 fractionating tower

汽提塔 stripper

再生塔 regenerator

造粒塔 prill tower

塔附件 tower accessories

液体分配（布）器 liquid distributor

填料支持板 support plate

定距管 spacer

降液管 downcomer

升气管 chimney

顶(底)层塔盘 top (bottom) tray

挡板 baffle

抽出口 draw nozzle

溢流堰 weir

泡罩 bubble cap

筛板 sieve plate

浮阀 float valve

除沫器 demister pad

塔裙座 skirt

椭圆封头 elliptical head

高位槽 head tank

中间槽 intermediate tank

加料槽 feed tank

补给槽 make-up tank

计量槽 measuring tank

电解槽 cell

溜槽 chute

收集槽 collecting tank

液滴分离器 knockout drum

稀释罐 thinning tank

缓冲罐 surge drum

回流罐 reflux drum

闪蒸罐 flash drum

浮顶罐 floating roof tank

内浮顶罐 covered floating roof tank

球罐 spheroid

气柜 gas holder

湿式气柜 wet gas-holder

干式气柜 dry gas-holder

螺旋式气柜 helical gas-holder

星型放料器,旋转阀 rotary valve

抽滤器 mutche filter

压滤器 filter press

压滤机 pressure filter

板框压滤器 plate-and-fram filter press

转鼓过滤器 rotary drum filter

带式过滤器 belt filter

翻盘式过滤器

袋滤器 bag filter

旋风分离器 cyclone separator

盘式干燥箱 compartment tray drier

真空干燥器 vacuum drier

隧道式干燥器 tunnel drier

回转干燥器 rotary drier

穿流循环干燥器 through circulation drier

喷雾干燥器 spray drier

气流干燥器 pneumatic conveyor drier

圆盘式加料器 dish feeder

螺旋式加料器 screw feeder

颚式破碎机 jaw crusher

回转破碎机 gyratory crusher

滚洞破碎机 roll crusher

锤式破碎机 hammer crusher

冲击破碎机 rotor impact breaker

气流喷射粉碎机 jet pulverizer

棍磨机 rod mill

雷蒙机 raymond mill

锤磨机 hammer mill

辊磨机 roller mill

振动筛 vibrating screen

回转筛 rotary screen

风机 fan

罗茨鼓风机 root's blower

起重机 crane

桥式起重机 bridge crane

电动葫芦 motor hoist

发电机 generator

电动机 motor

汽轮机 steam turbine

caozk 2007-5-19 18:18:00

化工装置词汇

五、管道工程 piping engineering

1 阀门 valve

阀杆 stem

内螺纹阀杆 inside screw

阀座 valve seat (body seat)

阀座环、密封圈 sealing ring

阀芯(包括密封圈,杆等) trim

阀盘 disc

阀体 body

阀盖 bonnet

手轮 hand wheel

手柄 hand level (handle)

压盖 gland

闸阀 gate valve

平行双闸板 double disc parallel seat

楔形单闸板 split wedge

截止阀 globe valve

节流阀 throttle valve

针阀 needle valve

角阀(角式截止阀) angle valve

Y型阀(截止阀) Y-valve(Y-body globe valve)

球阀 ball valve

三通球阀 3-way ball valve

蝶阀 butterfly valve

对夹式(薄片型) wafer type

偏心阀板蝶阀 offset disc (eccentric) butterfly valve

斜阀盘蝶阀 canted disc butterfly valve

连杆式蝶阀 link butterfly valve

止回式蝶阀 combined non-return butterfly valve

柱塞阀 piston type valve

旋塞阀 plug valve

三通旋塞阀 three-way plug valve

四通旋塞阀 four-way plug valve

旋塞 cock

衬套旋塞 sleeve cock

隔膜阀 diaphragm valve

橡胶衬里隔膜阀 rubber lined diaphragm valve

直通式隔膜阀 straight way diaphragm valve

夹紧式胶管阀 pinch valve

止回阀 check valve

升降式止回阀 lift check valve

旋启式止回阀 swing check valve

落球式止回阀 ball check valve

弹簧球式止回阀 spring ball check valve

底阀 foot valve

切断式止回阀 stop check valve

活塞式止回阀 piston check valve

翻板止回阀 flap check valve

蝶式止回阀 butterfly check valve

安全泄气阀 safety[SV]

安全泄放阀 relief valve[RV]

安全泄压阀 safety relief valve

杠杆重锤式 lever and weight type

罐底排污阀 flush-bottom tank valve

波纹管密封阀 bellow sealed valve

电磁阀 solenoid (operated) valve

电动阀 electrically(electric-motor)operated valve

气动阀 pneumatic operated valve

低温用阀 cryogenic service valve

蒸汽疏水阀 steam trap

机械式疏水阀 mechanical trap

浮桶式疏水阀 open (top) bucket trap

浮球式疏水阀 float trap

倒吊桶式疏水阀 inverted bucket trap

自由浮球式疏水阀 loose float trap

恒温式疏水阀 thermostatic trap

压力平衡式恒温疏水阀 balanced pressure thermostatic trap

热动力式疏水阀 thermodynamic trap

脉冲式蒸汽疏水阀 impulse steam trap

放汽阀(自动放汽阀) (automatic) air vent valve

换向阀 diverting (reversing) valve

呼吸阀 breather valve

减压阀 pressure reducing valve

控制阀 control valve

执行机构 actuator

差压调节阀 differential pressure regulating valve

切断阀 block (shut-off, stop) valve

调节阀 regulating valve

快开阀 quick opening valve

快闭阀 quick closing valve

隔断阀 isolating valve

三通阀 three way valve

夹套阀 jacketed valve

非旋转式阀 non-rotary valve

2管子,管件,法兰

管子 pipe(按标准制造的配管用管)

tube(不按标准规格制造的其它用管)

钢管 steel pipe

铸铁管 cast iron pipe

衬里管 lined pipe

复合管 clad pipe

碳钢管 carbon steel[C.S.]pipe

合金钢管 alloy steel pipe

不锈钢管 stainless steel[S.S.]pipe

奥氏体不锈钢管 austenitic stainless steel pipe

铁合金钢管 ferritic alloy steel pipe

轧制钢管 wrought-steel pipe

锻铁管 wrought-iron pipe

无缝钢管 seamless[SMLS] steel pipe

焊接钢管 welded steel pipe

电阻焊钢管 electric-resistance-welded steel pipe

电熔(弧)焊钢板卷管 electric-fusion(arc)-welded steel-plate pipe

螺旋焊接钢管 spiral welded steel pipe

镀锌钢管 galvanized steel pipe

排污阀 blowdown valve

集液排放阀 drip valve

排液阀 drain valve

放空阀 vent valve

卸载阀 unloading valve

排出阀 discharge valve

吸入阀 suction valve

取样阀 sampling valve

手动阀 hand operated(manually-operated) valve

(水)龙头 bibb;bib;faucet

抽出液阀(小阀) bleed valve

旁路阀 by-pass valve

软管阀 hose valve

混合阀 mixing valve

破真空阀 vacuum breaker

冲洗阀 flush valve

根部阀 root (primary, header) valve

水煤气钢管 water-gas steel pipe

塑料管 plastic pipe

玻璃管 glass tube

橡胶管 rubber tube

壁厚 wall thickness[WT]

壁厚系列号 schedule number[SCH.NO.]

加厚的,加强的 extra heavy (strong)

双倍加厚的,双倍加强的 double extra heavy (strong)

弯头 elbow

异径弯头 reducing elbow

长半径弯头 long radius elbow

短半径弯头 short radius elbow

长半径 180°弯头 long radius return

短半径 180°弯头 short radius return

三通 tee

异径三通 reducing tee

等径三通 straight tee

带支座三通 base tee

45°斜三通 45°lateral

Y型三通 true"Y"

四通 cross

异径管 reducer

同心异径管 concentric reducer

偏心异径管 eccentric reducer

管接头 coupling;full coupling

活接头 union

短管 nipple

预制弯管 fabricated pipe bend

U型弯管 "U"bend

法兰端 flanged end

万向接头 universal joint

对焊的 butt welded[BW]

螺纹的 threaded[THD]

承插焊的 socket welded[SW]

法兰 flange[FLG]

整体管法兰 integral pipe flange

钢管法兰 steel pipe flange

螺纹法兰 threaded flange

滑套法兰 slip-on flange

平焊法兰 slip-on-welding flange

承插焊法兰 socket welding flange

松套法兰 lap joint flange[LJF]

对焊法兰 weld neck flange[WNF]

法兰盖 blind flange;blind

异径法兰 reducing flange

压力级 pressure rating(class)

突面 raised face[RF]

凸面 male face

凹面 female face

全平面;满平面 flat face;full face[FF]

3.管道特殊件 piping speciality

粗滤器 strainer

过滤器 filter

临时过滤器 temporary strainer(cone type)

Y型过滤器 Y-type strainer

T型过滤器 T-type strainer

永久过滤器 permanent filter

洗眼器及淋浴器 eye washer and shower

视镜 sight glass

阻火器 flame arrester

喷咀;喷头 spray nozzle

喷射器 ejector

取样冷却器 sample cooler

消音器 silencer

膨胀节 expansion joint

波纹膨胀节 bellow

补偿器 compensator

软管接头 hose connection[HC]

快速接头 quick coupling

金属软管 metal hose

橡胶管 rubber hose

挠性管 flexible tube

特殊法兰 special flange

漏斗 funnel

8字盲板 spectacle (figure 8) blind

爆破板 rupture disk

4,其它材料

碳素钢 carbon steel [C.S.]

不锈钢 stainless steel[S.S.]

铸铁 cast iron[C.I.]

铝 aluminum

铜,紫铜 copper

钛 titanium

抗拉强度 tensile strength

非金属材料 non-metallic material

塑料 plastic

陶瓷 ceramic

搪瓷 porcelain enamel

玻璃 glass

橡胶 rubber

垫片 gasket[GSKT]

平垫片 flat gasket

填料 packing

型钢 shaped steel

角钢 angle steel

槽钢 channel

工字钢 I-beam

宽缘工字钢或 H钢 wide flanged beam

扁钢 flat bar

圆钢 round steel; rod

钢带 strap steel

网络钢板 checkered plate

材料表 bill of material[BOM]

材料统计 material take-off[MTO]

散装材料 bulk material

综合管道材料表 consolidated piping material summary

sheet[CPMSS]

汇总表 summary sheet

5.设备布置及管道设计

中心线 center line

装置边界 boundary limit[BL]

区界 area limit

设备布置 equipment arrangement (layout);plot plan

标高,立面 elevation[EL]

支撑点 point of support[POS]

工厂北向 plant north

方位 orientation

危险区 hazardous area classification

净正吸入压头 net positive suction head

绝对标高 absolute elevation

坐标 coordinate

管道研究 piping study

管道布置平面 piping arrangement plan[PAP]

管道布置 piping assembly; layout

详图 detail

"X"视图 view "X"

"A-A" 剖视 section "A-A"

轴测图 isometric drawing

索引图 key plan

管道及仪表流程图 piping and instrument diagram[P&ID]

管口表 list of nozzles

地上管道 above ground piping

地下管道 under ground piping

管线号 line number

总管 header; manifold

旁路 by pass

常开 normally open

常闭 normally closed

取样接口 sampling connection

伴热管 tracing pipe

蒸汽伴热 steam tracing

热水伴热 hot-water tracing

电伴热 electrical tracing

夹套管 jacketed line

全夹套管 full jacketed

比例 scale

图 figure

草图 sketch

图例 legend

符号 symbol

件号 part n

AC Alternating Current (AC) is electric current that alternates between a positive maximum value

and a negative maximum value at a characteristic frequency, usually 50 or 60 cycles per second

(Hertz).

交流 交流是指电流在正负最大值之间以特定的频率变动，通常频率为 50或 60赫兹。我国

工频为 50Hz。

Active Power Active power is the real power (kW) supplied by the generator set to the electrical

load. Active power creates a load on the generator set's engine and is limited by the horsepower

of the engine. Active power does the work of heating, turning motor shafts, etc.

有功功率 有功功率（kW），是指发电机组实际供应给负载的功率，它由发电机组的发动机

提供，受到发动机马力大小的限制。发热和驱动马达转动靠有功功率完成。

Amortisseur Windings The amortisseur windings of a synchronous AC generator are the

conductors embedded in the pole faces of the rotor. They are connected together at both ends of

the poles by end rings or end plates. Their function is to dampen waveform distortion during load

changes.

阻尼线圈 同步交流发电机的阻尼线圈是指嵌绕在转子磁极间的导线，他们分别在两极用端

环或端板相连接，主要功能是减弱因负载变化而引起的波形畸变。

Ampacity Ampacity is the safe current-carrying capacity of an electrical conductor in amperes as

defined by code.

载流容量 载流容量是以安培数来定义导线安全载流能力。

Ampere The ampere is a unit of electric current flow. One ampere of current will flow when a

potential of one volt is applied across a resistance of one ohm.

安培 安培是电流单位。1伏电压作用于 1欧姆的电阻上就会产生 1安培的电流。

Apparent Power Apparent power is the product of current and voltage, expressed as kVA. It is real

power (kW) divided by the power factor (PF).

视在功率 视在功率是电流和电压共同作用的产物，用 kVA表示。它等于有功功率（kW）除

以功率因数。

Armature The armature of an AC generator is the assembly of windings and metal core

laminations in which the output voltage is induced. It is the stationary part (stator) in a

revolving-field generator.

电枢 交流发电机电枢的是金属芯和绕组的总成，产生感应电压。电枢是旋转磁场交流发电

机的不动部分（定子）。

返回页首

Base Load Base load is that portion of a building load demand which is constant. It is the "base"

of the building demand curve.

基本负荷 基本负荷是指建筑负荷需求量中不变的那一部分， 是构成负荷需求曲线的基数。

Black Start Black Start refers to the starting of a power system with its own power sources,

without the assistance from external power supplies.

黑启动 黑启动是指依靠系统内部的电源，而不借助外部的电力进行的启动。

返回页首

CT (Current Transformer) Current transformers are instrument transformers used in conjunction

with ammeters, control circuits and protective relaying. They usually have 5 ampere secondaries.

电流互感器 电流互感器是一种仪表变压器，通常与电流表、控制电路、保护继电器配套使

用。

Circuit A circuit is a path for an electric current across a potential (voltage).

电路 电路是电流通过电势（电压）的路径。

Circuit Breaker A circuit breaker is a protective device that automatically interrupts the current

flowing through it when that current exceeds a certain value for a specified period of time. See

Air Circuit Breaker, Main Breaker, Molded Case Circuit Breaker and Power Circuit Breaker.

断路器 线路断路器是一个保护装置，当通过它的电流超过某个安全设定值一定时间后，它

就能够自动切断电流。（见空气线路断路器、主开关、塑壳线路断路器等）。

Circulating Harmonic Currents Circulating Harmonic Currents are currents that flow because of

differences in voltage waveforms between paralleled power sources, or induced by operation of

non-linear loads.

谐波环流 谐波环流是由并联电源间不同的电压波形或者非线性负荷运转而产生的电流。

Continuous Load A continuous load is a load where the maximum current is expected to continue

for three hours or more (as defined by the NEC for design calculations).

持续负荷 持续负荷是指使电流在 3个小时或更长时间（根据 NEC的定义）内需保持最大值

的负荷。

Current Current is the flow of electric charge. Its unit of measure is the ampere.

电流 电流是电荷的流动，以安培为单位。

Cycle A cycle is one complete reversal of an alternating current or voltage from zero to a positive

maximum to zero again and then from zero to a negative maximum to zero again. The number of

cycles per second is the frequency.

周期 周期是指交流电流或电压从零到正最大值再到零，然后从零到负最大值再到零这样一

个往复的过程；而频率则是指每秒可完成的周期数。

返回页首

Delta Connection Delta connection refers to a three phase connection in which the start of each

phase is connected to the end of the next phase, forming the triangle-shaped Greek letter Delta.

The load lines are connected to the corners of the triangle.

三角形连接 三角形连接是指在三相连接中，相临两相首尾相连，构成三角形的希腊字母

Delta，负荷线连接在三角形的角上。

Differential Relay A differential relay is a protective device that is fed by current transformers

located at two different series points in the electrical system. The differential relay compares the

currents and picks up when there is a difference in the two, which signifies a fault in the zone of

protection. These devices are typically used to protect windings in generators or transformers.

差动继电器 作为保护装置，差动继电器由位于系统中两个不同位置的电流互感器提供反馈

信息。差动继电器对电流进行比较，如果存在不同则表示受保护区域内有故障存在。这些装

置常被用于保护发电机或变压器的线圈。

Digital Master Control (DMC) This device is designed to control the power systems in a facility. It

is offered as an option on Cummins switchgear.

数字主控制器 数字主控制器是用于控制设备电力系统的装置。在康明斯开关柜中数字主控

制器是选配件。

Direct Current (DC) Direct current is current with no reversals in polarity.

直流 直流是指没有正负极性往复变化的电流。

Droop Load Sharing Droop load sharing is a method of making two or more parallel generator

sets share a system kW load. This is accomplished by having each governor control adjusted so

that the sets have the same droop (reduction of speed). Typical droop is two cycles in frequency

from no load to full load.

转速降负荷分配 转速降负荷分配是两台或多台机组负荷分配的一种方法。这通过每台并联

机组调速器具备相同的转速降。从空载到满载转速降一般为两赫兹。

返回页首

Efficiency (EFF) Efficiency is the ratio of energy output to energy input, such as the ratio

between the electrical energy input to a motor and the mechanical energy output at the shaft of

the motor.

效率 效率是输出能量与输入能量的比率，例如输入到电动机的电能与电机轴承输出的机械

能的之间的比率。

Emergency System An emergency system is independent power generation equipment that is

legally required to feed equipment or systems whose failure may present a life safety hazard to

persons or property.

应急系统 应急系统是指根据相关法规要求，为那些可能会危及生命安全或造成财产重大损

失的设备或系统提供电源的独立发电设备。

Energy Energy is manifest in forms such as electricity, heat, light and the capacity to do work. It is

convertible from one form to another, such as in a generator set, which converts rotating

mechanical energy into electrical energy. Typical units of energy are kW/h, Btu (British thermal

unit), Hp/h, ft/lbf, joule and calorie.

能量 能量以电能、热能、光能等形式存在，可以做功，也可以从一种形式转换为另一种形

式，例如发电机组能把机械能转变为电能。经常用的能量单位有： 千瓦/小时、英国热量单

位、马力/小时、焦耳、卡等。

返回页首

Fault A fault is any unintended flow of current outside its intended circuit path in an electrical

system.

故障 故障是指在电力系统中任何电流跑出正常电路以外的情况。

Frequency Frequency is the number of complete cycles per unit of time of any periodically

varying quantity, such as alternating voltage or current. It is usually expressed as (Hz) Hertz or CPS

(cycles per second).

频率 频率是指周期性变化的事物（如交流电压和电流等）在单位时间内完成的周期数，常

用单位是赫兹(Hz)或周期/秒(CPS)。

Frequency Adjust Potentiometer A frequency adjust potentiometer is used to manually bring the

frequency (speed) of the incoming set to that of the bus for synchronizing purposes. When the

generator set is paralleled, operation of this potentiometer will adjust the kW load assumed by

the generator set.

频率调整电位器 频率调整电位器是用于手动调整输入机组的频率使之与母排同步。当机组

并联后，电位器可以调整为机组输出功率值。

Frequency Regulation Frequency regulation is a measure that states the difference between

no-load and full-load frequency as a percentage of full-load frequency.

频率调整率 频率调整率是指空载和满载之间频率的差别与满载频率的百分比。

返回页首

Generator A generator is a machine which converts rotating mechanical energy into electrical

energy.

发电机 发电机是把（旋转）机械能转化为电能的装置。

Governor A governor is a device on the engine which controls fuel to maintain a constant engine

speed under various load conditions. The governor must have provision for adjusting speed

(generator frequency) and speed droop (no load to full load).

调速器 调速器是安装在发动机上的一个装置，在不同的负载条件下通过控制燃料量来保持

发动机的恒定转速。调速器必须具备转速调整（发电机频率）和降速降调整（零负荷到满负

荷）功能。

Grid The utility-owned power distribution system.

电网 电网是指电厂的电力输送系统。

Ground A ground is a connection, either intentional or accidental, between an electrical circuit

and the earth or some conducting body serving in place of the earth.

接地 接地是电路与地面或地面上的导体的连接，可以是有意的也可以是意外的。

Ground Fault Protection This function trips (opens) a circuit breaker or sounds an alarm in the

event that there is an electrical fault between one or more of the phase conductors and ground

(earth). This ground fault protection function may be incorporated into a circuit breaker.

接地故障保护 当一个或多个相导线与地之间出现电气故障时，接地故障保护通过跳脱断路

器或报警来示警。这种功能可以一体化设计在断路器上。

返回页首

Hertz (Hz) The term Hertz is the preferred designation for cycles per second (CPS) and is used to

describe frequency.

赫兹 赫兹是频率单位，也等于周期/秒(CPS)。

Hunting Hunting is a phenomenon that can occur upon load changes in which the frequency or

the voltage continues to rise above and fall below the desired value without reaching a

steady-state value. It is caused by insufficient damping.

游车 游车是一种在负载变化引起的频率、电压高于或低于期望值，无法达到稳定的现象。

它是由于阻尼不足而造成的。

返回页首

Insulation Insulation is non-conductive material used to prevent leakage of electric current from a

conductor. There are several classes of insulation in use for generator construction, each

recognized for a maximum continuous-duty temperature.

绝缘 绝缘体就是非导电材料，用来防止导体中电流的泄露。按最高持续耐热度划分，发电

设备中使用的绝缘体有多种等级。

返回页首

Lagging Power Factor Lagging power factor in AC circuits (a power factor of less than 1.0) is

caused by inductive loads, such as motors and transformers, which cause the current to lag

behind the voltage. See Power Factor.

滞后功率因数 交流电路中的滞后功率因数（小于 1.0）是由感应负荷引起的，例如发动机、

变压器，使电流滞后于电压。（参照功率因数）

Leading Power Factor Leading power factor in AC circuits (0.0 to -1.0) is caused by capacitive

loads or overexcited synchronous motors which cause the current to lead the voltage. See Power

Factor.

超前功率因数 交流电路中的超前功率因数(0.0 to -1.0)是由电容负荷或者过励的同步电动

机引起的，使电流超前于电压。（参照功率因数）

Line-To-Line Voltage Line-to-line voltage is the voltage between any two phases of an AC

generator.

线电压 线电压是指交流发电机任何两相间的电压。

Line-To-Neutral Voltage In a 3-phase, 4-wire, Y-connected generator, line-to-neutral voltage is the

voltage between a phase and the common neutral where the three phases are tied together.

相电压 在三相四线星形连接的发电机中，相电压是指三相连接点与每相之间的电压。

Load Factor The load factor is the ratio of the average load to the generator set power rating.

负荷系数 负荷系数指的是机组的平均负荷与额定功率之间的比率。

Load Shedding Load shedding is the process by which the total load on a paralleling system is

reduced, on overload of the system bus, so that the most critical loads continue to be provided

with reliable electrical service.

卸载 在超载的系统母排上，并联系统的总负载被降低的过程称为卸载，以确保最关键负载

获得可靠的电力供应。

Low Voltage AC system operating voltages from 120 to 600 VAC.

低压 交流电系统中从 120到 600 VAC的电压称为低压。

返回页首

Main Breaker A main breaker is a circuit breaker at the input or output of the bus, through which

all of the bus power must flow. The generator main breaker is the device, usually mounted on the

generator set, that interrupts the genset's power output. Main breakers provide overcurrent

protection and a single disconnect point for all power in a switchboard or device.

主开关 主开关是在母排输入或输出端的线路断路器，所有的电流都要从那通过。主开关通

常安装在发电机组上，用来切断输出电流。主开关能够提供过电流保护，是配电盘或设备的

电源断开点。

Mains Mains is a term used extensively outside of the United States to describe the normal

power service (utility).

市电 市电是美国以外的区域对常规电力服务的广泛称谓。

Master Control A control section in a typical paralleling system that provides total system

metering and the interface point between the paralleling system and the facility.

主控制 主控制是典型的并联系统计量控制设备，也是并联系统与用电设施之间的接口。

Medium Voltage AC system operating voltages from 601 to 15000 VAC.

中压 交流电系统中从 601 到 15000 VAC的电压称为中压。

Modbus “专用名词 ” An industrial networking system that uses RS-232 serial master-slave

communications at data transfer rate of up to 19.2 KBPS.

一种工业网络，它使用 RS232主从通讯模式传输数据，最快可达 19.2kBPS。

Modules Modules are also called nodes or devices. These are devices such as Genset

Communication Modules (GCMs), Control Communication Modules (CCMs), and Digital

Input/Output Modules (DIMs).

模块 模块也可以称作接点或组件，例如机组通讯模块(GCMs)、控制通讯模块(CCMs)以及数

字输入/输出模块(DIMs)。

Molded Case Circuit Breaker A molded case circuit breaker automatically interrupts the current

flowing through it when the current exceeds the trip rating of the breaker. Molded case refers to

the use of molded plastic as the medium of electrical insulation for enclosing the mechanisms,

and for separating conducting surfaces from one another and from grounded (earthed) metal

parts. Molded case circuit breakers usually contain thermal-magnetic trip units, although larger

sizes can be equipped with solid state trip sensors.

塑壳断路器 塑壳断路器能够自动切断电流在电流超过跳脱设定后。塑壳指的是用塑料绝缘

体来作为装置的外壳，用来隔离导体之间以及接地金属部分。塑壳断路器通常含有热磁跳脱

单元，而大型号的塑壳断路器会配备固态跳脱传感器。

返回页首

Network A collection of Nodes that communicate with one another over a common medium.

网络 在共同的介质上互相通讯的接点的集合就是网络。

Neutral Current Neutral current is the current that flows in the neutral leg of a paralleling system.

Often, this term is used in reference to circulating currents or cross currents.

零线电流 零线电流指的是通过并联系统零线的电流，在谈及环流电流或者交叉电流时常会

提到这个术语。

Nonlinear Load A nonlinear load is a load for which the relationship between voltage and current

is not a linear function. Some common nonlinear loads are fluorescent lighting, SCR motor

starters and UPS systems. Nonlinear loads cause abnormal conductor heating and voltage

distortion.

非线性负载 电压和电流之间是非线性关系的负载称为非性形负载。一些常见的非线性负载

有荧光灯、可控硅电动机启动器以及 UPS 系统。非线性负载能导致反常的导体发热和电压

畸变。

返回页首

Ohm The ohm is a unit of electrical resistance. One volt will cause a current of one ampere to

flow through a resistance of one ohm.

欧姆 欧姆是电阻单位。1伏特的电压通过 1欧姆的电阻能产生 1安培的电流。

One-Line Diagram A one-line diagram is a schematic diagram of a three-phase power distribution

system which uses one line to show all three phases. It is understood when using this easy to read

drawing that one line represents three.

单线图 单线图是用一条线来表示三相电力分布系统的示意。，

Overcrank Overcrank is an alarm function provided with most generator sets that indicate that

the generator set has failed to start.

盘车失败 盘车失败是机组的预警功能，表示发电机组启动失败，大多数机组都有这种功能。

返回页首

Paralleling Breaker A paralleling breaker is the circuit breaker that connects the generator set to

the emergency bus, and across which all the individual generator synchronizing functions occur.

并联开关 并联开关是连接发电机组和应急母排的线路断路器，所有的单个发电机通过它完

成同步运行。

Paralleling Control A paralleling control contains the electrical equipment provided in a paralleling

system for control of a single generator set.

并联控制 并联控制是并联系统中用来控制单个发电机组的电气设备。

Phase Angle Phase angle refers to the relation between two sine waves which do not pass

through zero at the same time. Considering one full cycle to be 360 degrees, the phase angle

expresses how far apart the two waves are in relation to each other in degrees.

相角 相角指的是两个不同时经过零点的正弦波之间的关系。一个完整周期为 360度，相角

就是用度数来表示两个波的距离。

Phase Rotation Phase rotation (or phase sequence) describes the order (A-B-C, R-S-T, or U-V-W)

of the phase voltages at the output terminals of a three-phase generator. The generator phase

rotation must match the facility phase rotation. This must be checked prior to operation of the

electrical loads in a facility with an on-site generator.

相序 相序表示的是三相发电机输出终端相电压的顺序。在用电负载运转之前必须检查确保

发电机的相序与用电设施的相序一致。

Port The external connector on a device at which the network cable or medium is attached.

接口 设备的外接口，用于连接网络线或者其它介质。

Power Factor Power factor is the cosine of the angle between the active power (kW) and

apparent power (kVA) in a circuit.

功率因数 功率因数是电路中有功功率(kW)和视在功率(kVA)之间夹角的余弦值。

Prime Power Prime Power describes an application where the generator set(s) must supply

power on a continuous basis and for long periods of time between shutdowns. No utility service

is present in typical prime power applications.

常载 常载是指发电机组可长时间和连续的运行。通常在没有市电供应，发电机组作为首要

电源的场合使用。

Priority Control Priority control is the process by which the total loads on the bus is limited to the

most critical loads in the system until adequate generation capacity is available to serve all loads.

优先级控制 优先级控制是指当总负载电力需求大于发电机组的输出时，首先要满足最关键

负载的电力需求。

Protocol A set of rules used mutually by two or more devices to communicate. Also, known as the

"language" used in a network.

协议 两个或多个设施共同遵守的一些通讯规则，在网络中常称为“语言”。

返回页首

Radio Interference Radio interference refers to the interference with radio reception caused by a

generator set.

无线电干扰 无线电干扰是指发电机组对无线电信号接收造成的干扰。

Reactive Power Reactive power is power that flows back and forth between the inductive

windings of the generator and the inductive windings of motors, transformers, etc., which are

part of the electrical load. This power does no useful work in the electrical load nor does it

present load to the engine. It does apply load to the generator and limits the capacity of the

generator.

无功功率 无功功率是指电流在发电机、电动机、变压器等的感应线圈之间往复流动，这也

构成了电力负载的一部分。它并没做有用功，而且也不是发动机的负载，但是作为发电机负

载，限制了发电机的容量。

Reverse Power Relay A reverse power relay is a relay with a wattmeter movement that senses the

direction of power flow. In paralleled sets, a flow of reverse power (i.e., power flow into set) will

actuate the reverse power relay and disconnect the set from the system. If one set stops and

reverse power protection is not provided, the set still running will drive the set that has stopped.

The generator on the set that has stopped will act as a motor.

逆功率继电器 逆功率继电器是指带瓦特计的继电器，用来感知电流的方向。在并联机组中，

反方向电流（例如流回发电机组的电流）会启动逆功率继电器，把该机组与系统断开。如果

一台发电机组没有运转，并且没有逆功率继电器保护，运转的机组就会驱动这个机组，这台

机组上的发电机则变成电动机运行。

返回页首

SCR Silicon Controlled Rectifier -- a three-electrode solid-state device which permits current to

flow in one direction only, and does this only when a suitable potential is applied to the third

electrode, called the gate.

可控硅整流器 可控硅整流器——三电极固态元件，只有当匹配的电压作用于第三电极（选

通电极）时，才能够保证电流朝一个方向流动。

Short Circuit A short circuit is generally an unintended electrical connection between current

carrying parts.

短路 短路通常是指带电流的组件之间意外的电路连接。

Shunt Trip Shunt trip is a feature added to a circuit breaker or fusible switch to permit the remote

opening of the breaker or switch by an electrical signal.

分励脱扣 分励脱扣是线路断路器或可熔电闸的一个特性，可通过远程信号来进行分断或转

换。

Soft Loading Soft loading refers to the ramping of load onto or off of a generator in a gradual

fashion for the purpose of minimizing voltage and frequency transients on the system.

软加载 软加载是指在给发电机组增加或减少负载时要逐渐进行，以减少电压和频率对系统

的瞬变影响。

Sound Level Meter A sound level meter measures sound pressure level. It has several

frequency-weighted decibel (dB) scales (A, B, C) to cover different portions of the range of

measured loudness. Sound level meters indicate RMS sound, unless the measurements are

qualified as instantaneous or peak sound level.

声级表 声级表是用来测量声压级别的，它根据声音的频率分为几个分贝级（A, B, C）。声

级表表征的是均方根声音，除非是适合瞬间或峰值的度量。

Sound Pressure Level (SPL) Sound pressure level is a measurement of the pressure fluctuations of

a sound wave as it propagates through the air. Because of the wide range of pressures to which

the ear responds, a logarithmic scale is used and is expressed as a ratio of the measured pressure

referenced to a pressure of 2x10-5 N/m2 (20 m Pa) which is the threshold of human hearing at

1000 Hz. The measure is expressed in decibels (dB). The Bel unit is named after Alexander

Graham Bell.

声压级别 声压级别是表示在空气中传播的声波的起伏压。由于耳朵能感知的声压范围很

大，所以采用其对数值，并以 2x10-5 N/m2 (20 m Pa)的比率表示，这是人类在 1000 Hz所能

听到的极限，单位是分贝(dB)。贝尔（十分贝）是以亚历山大�格雷姆�贝尔的名字命名的。

Standby System A standby system is an independent power system that allows operation of a

facility in the event of normal power failure.

备用系统 备用系统是一个独立的电力供应系统，当常规电力供应失败时，备用系统就会运

行。

Star Connection See Wye Connection.

星形连接 参见 Y形连接。

Starting Current The initial value of current drawn by a motor when it is started from standstill.

启动电流 当发动机从停止状态启动时带来的初始电流值就是启动电流。

Surge Surge is the sudden rise in voltage in a system, usually caused by load disconnect.

突变 突变是指系统中电压突然升高，通常是由于负载断开而引起的。

Sync Check Relay A sync check relay is an electrical device that monitors the phase relationship

between two voltage sources and provides a signal when the voltage sources are within specific

preset parameters.

同步检查继电器 同步检查继电器是监测两个电压源之间的相位关系的电气设备，如果电压

源间的关系在预定的参数范围内，它就会发出相应信号。

Synchronizer A synchronizer is an electronic device that monitors the phase relationship between

two voltage sources and provides a connection signal to an engine governor, to force the

generator set to synchronize to the system bus.

同步器 同步器是用来监测两个电压源之间的相位关系的电子设备，它向发动机调速器发出

信号，以促使发电机组与系统母排能够同步。

Synchronous Generator A synchronous generator is an AC generator having a DC exciter.

Synchronous generators are used as stand-alone generators for emergency power and can also

be paralleled with other synchronous generators and the utility system.

同步发电机 同步发动机是配有直流励磁机的同步交流发电机。同步发动机能作为独立的紧

急电源，也可以与其他同步发电机或市电并联。

返回页首

Transfer Switch A transfer switch is an electrical device for switching loads between alternate

power sources. An automatic transfer switch monitors the condition of the sources and connects

the load to the alternate source if the preferred source fails.

转换开关 转换开关是能够把负载在备用电源和常规电源之间进行转换的电气设施。自动转

换开关能够进行监控，如果首选电源供应失败，就自动把负载连接到备用电源。

返回页首

Utility The utility is a commercial power source that supplies electrical power to specific facilities

from a large central power plant.

市电 市电是商业电源，从大型中央电站向各设施供电。

返回页首

Voltage Dip Voltage dip is the dip in voltage that results when a load is added, occurring before

the regulator can correct it, or resulting from the functioning of the voltage regulator to unload

an overloaded engine-generator.

电压暂降 电压暂降是在负荷增加而调整器还未能进行校正时、或电压调整器正在为过载的

发动机卸载时出现的电压下降。

Voltage Regulation Voltage regulation is a measure that states the difference between maximum

and minimum steady-state voltage as a percentage of nominal voltage.

电压调整率 电压调整率描述的是最大和最小稳态电压差与额定电压之间的百分比。

返回页首

Watt-Hour Meter A watt-hour meter records the total power output at a specific point in a

system. Typical recording increment is in kW-hours.

电度表 电度表记录系统中某一点的总电力输出，通常以千瓦时为记录单位。

Wye Connections A Wye connection is the same as a star connection. It is a method of

interconnecting the phases of a three-phase system to form a configuration resembling the letter

Y. A fourth (neutral) wire can be connected at the center point.

Y连接 Y连接就是星形连接，也就是把三相系统中的相按照字母 Y的形状连接起来，还可

以在中心点接上第四根（中性）线。

返回页首

Zero Sequence Zero sequence is a method of ground fault detection that utilizes a sensor (CT)

that encircles all the phase conductors as well as the neutral conductors. The sensor will produce

an output proportional to the imbalance of ground fault current in the circuit. This output is then

measured by a relay to initiate circuit breaker tripping or ground fault alarm.

零序 零序是一种接地故障检测方法，它使用一个传感器（CT）来把所有相导体和中性导体

连接在一起，传感器会按照线路中接地故障电流的不平衡程度等比例地产生输出，再由一台

继电器来测量这一输出，并断开断路器或释放接地故障警报。

柴油发动机

柴油机是内燃机的一种类型，是一种将燃料燃烧释放出来的热能转变为机械能的能量转换装

置。柴油机是发电机组的动力部分，一般由曲轴连杆机构与机体组件、配气机构与进排气系

统、柴油供给系统、润滑系统、冷却系统和电气系统等组成。

工作循环 内燃机中热能与机械能的转化，是通过活塞在气缸内工作，连续进行进气、压缩、

做功、排气四个过程来完成的。机器每进行这样一个过程称为一个工作循环。

上止点和下止点 当活塞在气缸中移动时，活塞顶处在气缸中的最高位置称为上止点（或称

上死点）；活塞顶在气缸中的最低位置，称为下止点（或称下死点）。

活塞冲程 上、下止点之间的最小直线距离称为活塞冲程（或称行程），通常用 S表示。曲

轴与连杆大端的连接中心到曲轴的旋转中心之间的最小直线距离称为曲柄的旋转半径。

工作容积 活塞从上止点到下止点所扫过的气缸容积，称为气缸工作容积（或称活塞排量）。

压缩比

新鲜气体吸入气缸后充满了整个气缸，即占有气缸总容积，而气缸总容积则包括燃烧室容

积和气缸的工作容积。压缩比的大小，说明气缸内的空气（或混合气）经压缩后体积缩小的

倍数，也表明气体被压缩的程度。压缩比越大，表明活塞运动时，气体被压缩得越厉害，其

气体的温度和压力就越高，内燃机的效率也越高。

进气冲程

进气冲程的目的是吸入新鲜空气，为燃料燃烧作好准备。要实现进气，缸内与缸外要形成

压差。因此，此冲程排气门关闭，进气门打开，活塞由上止点向下止点移动，活塞上方的气

缸内的容积逐渐扩大，压力降低，缸内气体压力低于大气压力约 68~93kPa。在大气压力的

作用下，新鲜空气经进气门被吸入气缸，活塞到达下止点时，进气门关闭，进气冲程结束。

压缩冲程 压缩冲程的目的是提高气缸内空气的压力和温度，为燃料燃烧创造条件。由于进、

排气门都已关闭，气缸内的空气被压缩，压力和温度亦随之升高，其升高的程度，取决于被

压缩的程度，不同的柴油机略有不同。当活塞接近上止点时，缸内空气压力达（3000~5000）

kPa ，温度达 500~700℃，远超过柴油的自燃温度。

膨胀(做功)冲程

当活塞上行将终了时,喷油器开始将柴油喷入气缸，与空气混合成可燃混合气，并立即自燃，

此时，气缸内的压力迅速上升到约 6000~9000kPa，温度高达（1800~2200）℃。在高温、高

压气体的推力作用下，活塞向下止点运动并带动曲轴旋转而做功。随着气体膨胀活塞下行其

压力逐渐降低，直到排气门被打开为止。

排气冲程

排气冲程的目的是清除缸内的废气。做功冲程结束后，缸内的燃气已成为废气，其温度下

降到（800~900）℃，压力下降到（294~392）kPa。此时，排气门打开，进气门仍关闭，活

塞从下止点向上止点移动，在缸内残存压力和活塞推力的作用下，废气被排出缸外。当活塞

又到上止点时，排气过程结束。排气过程结束后，排气门关闭，进气门又打开，重复进行下

一个循环，周而复始不断对外做功。

调速器 调速器的作用是在柴油机工作转速范围内，能随着柴油机外界负荷的变化而自动调

节供油量，以保持柴油机转速基本稳定。

范围

本标准适用于工业管道（或机器、设备）的通用阀门。

阀门分类

阀门 valve

用来控制管道内介质流动的，具有可动机构的机械产品的总体。

闸阀 gate valve, slide valve Water Control Valve

启闭件(闸板)由阀杆带动,沿阀座(密封面)作升降运动的阀门。

截止阀 Globe valve, stop valve

启闭式（阀瓣）由阀杆带动，沿阀座（密封面）轴线作升降运动的阀门

节流阀 throttle valve

通过启闭件（阀瓣）改变通路截面积，水力控制阀以调节流量、压力的阀门。

球阀 Ball valve

启闭式（球体）绕垂直于通路的曲线旋转的阀门。

蝶阀 butterfly valve

启闭式（蝶板）绕固定轴旋转的阀门。

隔膜阀 diaphragm valve

启闭式（隔膜）由阀杆带动，沿阀杆轴线作升降运动，并将动作机构与介质隔开的阀门。

旋塞阀 cock

启闭式（塞子）绕其轴线旋转的阀门。

止回阀 check valve, non-return valve

启闭式（阀瓣）借介质作用力，自动阻止介质逆流的阀门。

安全阀 safety valve, relief valve

启闭式（阀瓣）汉管道或机器设备内介质压力超过规定值时自动开启排放；低于规定值时自动关闭。

对管道或机器起保护作用的阀门。

减压阀 pressure reducing valve

通过启闭件（阀瓣）的节流，将介质压力降低，并借阀后压力的直接作用，使阀后压力自动保持在一定范围内的阀门。

疏水阀 steam trap

自动排放凝结水并阻止蒸汽泄漏的阀门。

排污阀

用于锅炉、压力容器等设备排污的阀门。

低压阀门 low pressure valve

公称压力 PN≤1.6MPa的各种阀门。

中压阀门 middle pressure valve

公称压力为 PN≥2.0~PN＜10.0MPa的各种阀门。

高压阀门 high pressure valve

公称压力 PN≥10.0MPa的各种阀门。

超高压阀门 super high pressure valve

公称压力 PN≥100.0MPa的各种阀门。

高温阀门 high temperature valve

用于介质温度＞450℃的各种阀门。

低温阀门 sub-zero valve

用于介质温度为-40℃~-100℃的各种阀门。

超低温阀门 cryogenic valve

用于介质温度＜-100℃的各种阀门。

2.2 结构与零部件

2.2.1 结构

结构长度 face-to-face dimension, face-to-centre dimension

阀门进、出口端面之间的距离；或进口端面至出口轴线的距离。

直通式阀门结构长度 through way type of valves Face to face dimensions

在阀体通道终端两个垂直于阀门轴线平面之间的距离。

2.2.1.3

角式阀门结构长度 angle type of valves Face to face,end to end, center to face and center

to end dimensions

在阀体通道某一终端垂直于轴线的平面与阀体另一终端轴线之间的距离。

结构形式 type of construction

各类阀门在结构和几何形状上的主要特征。

直通式 through way type

进、出口轴线重合或相互平行的阀体形式。

角式 angle type

进、出口轴线相互垂直的阀体形式。

直流式 y-globe type, y-type,diaphragm type

通路成一直线，阀杆位置与阀体通路轴线成锐角的阀体形式。

三通式 three way type

具有三个通路方向的阀体形式。

T形三通式 T-pattern three way

塞子（或球体）的通路呈“T”璩 的三通式。

L形三通式 L-pattern three way

塞子（或球体）的通路呈“L”璩 的三通式。

平衡式 balance type

利用介质压力平衡其对阀杆的轴向力的结构形式。

杠杆式 lever type

采用杠杆带动启闭件的结构形式。

常开式 normally open type

无外力作用时，启闭件自动处于开启位置的结构形式。

常闭式 normally closed type

无外力作用时，启闭件自动处于关闭位置的结构形式。

保温式 steam jacket type

带有蒸汽加热夹套结构的各种阀门。

波纹管式 bellows seal type

带有波纹管结构的各种阀门。

全径阀门 full-opening valve

阀门内所有部位流道内径尺寸与公称管道内径尺寸相同的阀门。

缩径阀门 reduced-opening valve

阀门内流道孔通径缩小的阀门。

缩口阀门 reduced-bore valve

阀门内流道孔通径缩小，且阀门关闭件流道口为非圆形的阀门。

单向阀门 un-directional valve

设计为仅一个介质流动方向密封的阀门。

双向阀门 bi-directional valve

设计为两个介质流动方向均密封的阀门。

双座双向阀门 twin-seat, both seats bi-directional, valve

阀门有两个密封座，每个阀座的两个介质流动方向均可密封的阀门。

一单向座、一双向座的双座阀 twin-seat, one seat un-directional and one seats

bi-directional, valve

阀门有两个密封座，一个阀座的单向密封，另一个座双方密封的阀门。

双关双泄放阀（DDB） double-block-and-bleed valve

具有两个密封副的阀门，在关闭位置时，两个密封副可同时保持密封状态，中腔内（两个密封副间）的阀体有一个泄放介质压力的

接口。

表示符号 DBB。

上密封 back seat, back face

当阀门全开时，阻止介质由填料函处渗漏的一种密封结构。

内压自封 pressure seal

利作介质压力使阀体与阀盖连接处实现自动密封的结构。

阀杆头部尺寸 dimension of valve stem head

阀杆与手轮、手柄或其它操纵机械装配连接部位的结构尺寸。

阀杆端部尺寸 dimension of valve stem end

阀杆与启闭件连接部位的结构尺寸。

连接槽尺寸 dimension of connecting channel

启闭件与阀杆装配连接部位的结构尺寸。

连接形式 type of connection

阀门与管道或机器设备的连接所采用的各种方式（如法兰连接、螺纹连接、焊接连接等）。

2.2.2 零部件

阀体 body

与管道（或机器设备）直接连接，构成介质流通流道的零件。

阀盖 bonnet, cover, cap, lid

与阀体相连并与阀体（或通过其它零件，如隔膜等）构成压力腔的主要零件。

启闭件 disc

用于截断或调节介质流通的一种零件的统称，如闸阀中的闸板、节流阀中的阀瓣等。

阀瓣 disc

截止阀、节流阀、止回阀等阀门中的启闭件。

阀座 bodyseat ring, shoulder seated, bottom seat

安装在阀体上，与启闭件组成密封副的零件。

密封面 sealing face

启闭件与阀座（阀体）紧密贴合，起密封作用的两个接触面。

阀杆 stem, apindle

将启闭力传递到启闭件上的主要零件。

阀杆螺母 yoke bushing, yoke nut

与阀杆螺纹构成运动副的零件。

填料函

在阀盖（或阀体）上， 充填填料，用来阻止介质由阀杆处泄漏的一种结构。

填料箱 stuffing box

充填填料，阻止介质自阀杆处泄漏的零件。

填料压盖 gland, gland flange, pne-piece glang

用以压紧填料达到密封的零件。

填料 packing,packing rings

装入填料函（或填料箱）中，阻止介质双阀杆处泄漏的填充物。

填料垫 packing seat, packing washer

支承填料，保持填料密封的零件。

支架 yoke

在阀盖或阀体上，用于支承阀杆螺母和传动机构的零件。

撞击手轮 impact handwheel, hammer blow handwheel

利用撞击作用力以减轻阀门操作力的手轮结构。

2.2.3 传动装置

驱动装置 actuator

用来操作阀门并与阀门相连接的一种装置。该装置可以用手动、电力、气力、液力或其组合形式的动力源来驱动，其运动过程可由

行程、

转矩或轴向推力的大小来控制。

多回转驱动装置 multi-turn-actuator

驱动装置向阀门传递转矩时，输出轴可至少旋转一圈，且能承受推力。

部分回转驱动装置 part-turn-actuator

驱动装置向阀门传递转矩时，输出轴的旋转圈数少于一圈。不要求一定能承受推力。

电动装置 electric actuator

用电力驱动启闭或调节阀门的装置。

气动装置 pneumatic actuator

用气压力驱动启闭或调节阀门的装置。

直线型气动装置 linear pneumatic actuator

在封闭的气体回路中，依靠压缩空气的作用使气动装置输出轴作直线运动的气动装置。

回转型气动装置 rotary pneumatic actuator

在封闭的气体回路中，依靠压缩空气的作用使气动装置输出轴作小于 360°回转运动的气动装置。

气动装置的行程 stroke of pneumatic actuator

在压缩空气的作用下，气动装置的输出轴沿其轴线方向的线位移或绕其轴线中心的角位移。

液动装置 hydraulic actuator

用液压力启闭或调节阀门的驱动装置。

电磁动装置 electro magnetic actuator

用电磁力启闭阀门的驱动装置。

电-液动装置 electro hydraulic actuator

用电力和液压力启闭或调节阀门的驱动装置。

电磁-液动装置 electro magnetic-hydraulic actuator

用电磁力和液压力启闭或调节阀门的驱动装置。

气-液动装置 pneumatic-hydraulic actuator

用气压力和液压力启闭或调节阀门的驱动装置。

蜗轮传动装置 wormgear actu7ator

用蜗轮机构启闭或调节阀门的装置。

圆柱齿轮传动装置 cylindrical gear actuator

用圆柱齿轮机构启闭或调节阀门的装置。

圆锥齿轮传动装置 conical gear actuator

用圆锥齿轮机构启闭或调节阀门的装置。

转矩 torque

通过驱动装置连接法兰和驱动件所传递的转动力矩。以牛顿米（N·m）表示。

推力 thrust

通过驱动装置连接法兰和驱动件所传递的轴向力。以牛顿（N）表示。

闸阀

闸阀分类

明杆闸阀 quts screw stem rising through handwheel type gate valve

阀杆作升降运动，其传动螺纹在体腔外部的闸阀。

暗杆闸阀 inside screw non-rising stem type gate valve

阀杆作旋转运动，其传动螺纹在体腔内部的闸阀。

楔式闸阀 wedge gate valve

闸板的两侧密封面成楔状的闸阀。

平行式闸阀 parallel Gate valve, parallel slide valve

闸板的两侧密封面相互平行的闸阀。

闸阀零部件

闸板 wedge, disc

闸阀中的启闭件，其型式有单闸板、双闸板、弹性闸板。

单闸板 single gate disc

整体制造的一种刚性闸板结构。

双闸板 double gate disc

由两块闸板组成的一种闸板结构。

弹性闸板 flexible gate disc

能产生弹性变形的一种闸板结构。

球阀 Hydraulic control valve

球体 ball

球阀中的启闭件。

浮动式球阀 float ball valve

球体不带有固定轴的球阀。

固定式球阀 fixed ball valve

球体带有固定轴的球阀。

蝶阀

蝶板 disc

蝶阀中的启闭件。

垂直板式蝶阀 vertical disc type Butterfly valve

蝶板与阀体通路轴线垂直的蝶阀。

斜板式蝶阀 indined disc butterfly valve

蝶阀与阀体通路轴线成一倾斜角的蝶阀。

隔膜阀

隔膜 diaphragm

隔膜阀中的启闭件。

屋脊式隔膜阀 weir diaphragm valve

阀体流道中以屋脊形结构与隔膜构成密封副的隔膜阀。

截止式隔膜阀 globe diaphragm valve

阀体与截止阀阀体形状相似的隔膜阀。

闸板式隔膜阀 wedge diaphragm valve

阀瓣与楔式闸阀的单闸板形状相似的隔膜阀。

旋塞阀

塞子 plug

旋塞阀中的启闭件。

填料式旋塞阀 gland packing Plug valve

采用填料密封的旋塞阀

油封式旋塞阀 lubricated plug valve

采用油脂密封的旋塞阀

止回阀

升降式止回阀 lift Check valve

阀瓣垂直于阀体进、出口轴线作升降运动的止回阀。

升降立式止回阀 vertical lift check valve

阀瓣沿阀体通路轴线作升降运动的止回阀。不推荐使用术语“立式升降式止回阀”。

旋启式止回阀 swing check valve

阀瓣绕体腔内固定轴作旋转运动的止回阀。

底阀 foot valve

安装在泵吸入管端，以保证吸入管内被水充满的止回阀。不推荐使用术语“莲蓬头”。

旋启双瓣式底阀 double disc swing foot valve

具有对称的两个阀瓣，并绕阀体内固定轴作旋转运动的底阀。

旋启多瓣式止回阀 multi-disc swing check valve

具有三个以上阀瓣的旋启式止回阀。

蝶式止回阀 butterfly swing check valve

形状与蝶阀相似，其阀瓣绕固定轴（无摇杆）作旋转运动的止回阀。

销轴 hinge pin

旋启式止回阀中，阀瓣绕其旋转的固定轴。

摇杆 arm, hinge

旋启式止回阀中，连接阀瓣与销轴，并绕销轴旋转的零件。

安全阀

安全阀分类

弹簧式安全阀 direct spring loaded safety valve

利用弹簧将作用力传递到阀瓣上的安全阀。

杠杆式安全阀 lever and weight loaded safety valve

利用杠杆将作用力传递阀瓣上的安全阀。

先导式安全阀 pilot actuated safety valve

由主阀和副阀组成，借副阀的动作带动

全启式安全阀 full lift safety valve

阀瓣开启高度等于或大于阀痤喉径的 1/4的安全阀。

微启式安全阀 low lift safety valve

阀瓣开启高度为阀座喉径的 1/40~1/20的安全阀。

波纹管平衡式安全阀 bellows seal balance safety valve

利用波纹管平衡背压的作用，以保持开启压力不变的安全阀。

双联弹簧式安全阀 duplex safety valve

将两个弹簧式安全阀并联，具有同一进口的安全阀组。

直接载荷式安全阀 direct-loaded safety valve

一种仅靠直接的机械加载装置如重锤、杠杆加重锤或弹簧来克服由阀瓣下介质压力所产生作用力的安全阀。

带动力辅助装置的安全阀 assisted safety valve

该安全阀借助一个动力辅助装置，可以在压力低于正常整定压力时开启。即使该装置失灵，阀门仍能满足本标准对安全阀的所有要

求。

带补充载荷的安全阀 supplementary loaded safety valve

这种安全阀在其进口压力达到整定压力前始终保持有一个用于增强密封的附加力。该附加力（补充载荷）可由外部能源提供，而在

安全阀

进口压力达到整定压力时应可靠地释放。补充载荷的大小应这样设定，即假定该载荷未能释放时，安全阀仍能在其进口压力不超过国家

法规规

定的整定压力百分数的前提下达到额定排量。

真空安全阀 vacuum relief valve

一种设计用来补充流体以防止容器内过高真空度的安全阀，当正常状况恢复后又重新关闭而阻止介质继续流入。

安全阀零部件

调节螺套 adjusting bolt, adjusting screw

安全阀中调节弹簧压缩量的套筒式零件。

弹簧座 spring plate

安全阀中支承弹簧的零件。

导向套 valve guide dise guide

安全阀中对阀瓣起导向作用的零件。

反冲盘 disc holder

安全阀中与阀瓣连接，用以改变介质流向、增加开启高度的零件。

调节圈 adjusting ring

安全阀中与阀座或导向套连接，用以调节启闭压差的零件。

压力释放装置

压力释放装置 pressure relief device

一种用来在压力容器处于紧急或异常状况时防止其内部介质压力升高到超过预定最高压力的装置。

重闭式压力释放装置 reclosing pressure relief device

一种在动作后再行关闭的压力释放装置。

非重闭式压力释放装置 non-reclosing pressure relief device

一种在动作后保持开启的压力释放装置。

爆破片装置 rupture disk device

一种由装置进出口静压差驱动的非重闭式压力释放装置，其功能系通过承压片的爆破而实现。

折断销装置 breaking pin device

一种由进口静压力驱动的非重闭式压力释放装置，其功能系通过承压件支承销承载截面的折断而实现。

弯折销装置 buckling pin device

一种由进口静压力驱动的非重闭式压力释放装置，其功能系通过承压件支承销承载截面的弯折而实现。

剪切销装置 shear pin device

一种由进口静压力驱动的非重闭式压力释放装置，其功能系通过承压件支承销承载截面的剪切而实现。

易熔塞装置 fusible plug device

一种非重闭式压力释放装置，其功能系通过一个用具有适当熔点的材料制成的塞子的屈服或熔化而实现。

安全阀的特性尺寸

排放面积 discharge area

阀门排放时流体通道的最小截面积。

流道面积 flow area

阀进口端至关闭件密封面间流道的最小横截面积。

流道直径 flow diameter

对应于流道面积的直径。

帘面积 curtain area

当阀瓣在阀座上方升启时，在其密封面之间形成的圆柱面形或圆锥面形排放通道面积。

开启高度 lift

阀瓣离开关闭位置的实际行程。

额定开高 rated lift

使阀门达到其额定排量的设计开高。

密封面斜角 seat angle

阀门轴线与密封面间的夹角。平面密封阀门的密封面斜角为 90 度。

密封面积 seat area

由密封面平均直径确定的面积。

密封面平均直径 seat mean diameter

阀瓣与阀座接触面的平均直径。

净流通面积 net flow area

非重闭式压力释放装置动作之后决定流量的面积。一个爆破片的（最小）净流通面积是其完全破裂后的计算净面积，它带有适当的

允差，

因为爆破片的某些结构件可能减小其净流通面积。

喉径 throat diameter

安全阀阀座通路最小截面的直径。

压力释放装置的动作和排量特性

整定压力 set pressure

安全阀在运行条件下开始开启的预定压力，在该压力下，在规定的运行条件下由介质压力产生的使阀门开启的力同使阀瓣保持在阀

座上的

力相互平衡。

超过压力 overpressure

超过安全阀整定压力的压力增量，通常用整定压力的百分数表示。

回座压力 re-seating pressure

安全阀排放后阀瓣重新与阀座接触，即开启高度变为零时的压力。

启闭压差 blowdown

整定压力同回座压力之差，以整定压力的百分数或以压力单位表示。

冷态试验差压力 cold differential test pressure

安全阀在试验台上调整到开始开启时的进口静压力。该压力包含了对背压力及温度等运行条件所作的修正。

排放压力 relieving pressure

整定压力加超过压力。

排放背压力 built-up back pressure

由于介质流经安全阀及排放系统而在阀出口处形成的压力。

附加背压力 superimposed back pressure

安全阀即将动作前在其出口处存在的静压力。是由其他压力源在排放系统中引起的。

排量 discharge capacity

理论排量 theoretical discharge capacity

流道横截面积与安全阀流道面积相等的理想喷管的计算排量，以质量流量或容积流量表示。

额定排量 certified (discharge) capacity

实测排量中允许作为安全阀应用基准的那一部分。额定排量可以取为下列三者之一：

a) 实测排量乘以减低系数（取 0.9）；

b) 理论排量乘以排量系数，再乘以减低系数（取 0.9）；

c) 理论排量乘以额定（即减低的）排量系数。

当量计算排量 equivalent calculated capacity

当压力、温度或介质情况等使用条件与额定排量的适用条件不同时，安全阀的计算排量。

频跳 chatter

安全阀阀瓣快速异常地来回运动，运动中阀瓣接触阀座。

颤振 flutter

安全阀阀瓣快速异常地来回运动，运动中阀瓣不接触阀座。

其它

独立监察机构 independent authority

承担监督试验、审核安全阀排量计算书及证明书等各方面职责的机构。

检查机构 inspection authority

负责审核是否符合本标准的主管机构。其与独立监察机构可能是，也可能不是同一机构。

封闭式 seal type

排放介质时，不允许介质向现场大气泄漏的一种安全阀结构。

不封闭式 unseal type

排放介质时，允许介质向现场大气泄漏的一种安全阀结构。

动作性能及排量试验 operational characteristics and flow capacity testing

用来确定压力释放装置的动作性能和实际排放能力的试验。

在用试验 in-service testing

当压力释放装置安装在系统上正在对系统实施保护时，单独利用系统压力或配合使用辅助开启装置或其他压力源以确定其某些或全

部工作

特性的试验。

工作台上定压试验 bench testing

为确定压力释放装置的整定压力和关闭件密封性而在一个加压系统上进行的试验。

减压阀

薄膜式减压阀 diaphragm reducing valve

采用薄膜作传感件来带动阀瓣升降运动的减压阀。

弹簧薄膜式减压阀 spring diaphragm reducing valve

采用弹簧和薄膜作传感件来带动阀瓣升降运动的减压阀。

活塞式减压阀 piston reducing valve

采用活塞机构来带动阀瓣升降运动的减压阀。

波纹管式减压阀 bellows seal reducing valve

采用波纹管机构来带动阀瓣升降运动的减压阀。

杠杆式减压阀 lever reducing valve

采用杠杆机构来带动阀瓣升降运动的减压阀

直接作用式减压阀

利用出口压力变化，直接控制阀瓣运动的减压阀。

先导式减压阀

由主阀和导阀组成，出口压力变化的变化通过导阀放大控制主阀动作的减压阀。

膜片 diaphragm

减压阀中起平衡阀前阀后压力作用的零件。

疏水阀

疏水阀分类

浮球式疏水阀 ball float steam trap

利用在凝结水中浮动的空心球，带动启闭件动作的疏水阀。不推荐使用术语“浮球式疏水器”。

钟形浮子式疏水阀 inverted bucket steam trap

利用在凝结水中浮动的仲形罩，带动启闭件动作的疏水阀。不推荐使用术语“倒吊桶式疏水阀”。

浮桶式疏水阀 open bucket steam trap

利用在凝结水中浮动的浮桶，带动启闭件动作的疏水阀。

双金属片式疏水阀 bimetal elements steamtrap

利用双金属片受热变形，带动启闭件动作的疏水阀。

脉冲式疏水阀 impulse steam trap

利用蒸汽在两级节流中的二次蒸发，导致蒸汽和凝结水的压力变化，而使启闭件动作的疏水阀。

热动力式疏水阀 thermodynamic steam trap

利用蒸汽和凝结水的不同热力性质，及其静压和动压的变化，而使阀片动作的疏水阀。

蒸汽疏水阀

是从贮有蒸汽的密闭容器内自动排出凝结水，同时保持不泄漏新鲜蒸汽的一种自动控制装置，在必要时也允许蒸汽按预定的流量通

过。

疏水阀性能术语

最低工作压力 minimum operating pressure

在正确动作情况下，蒸汽疏水阀进口端的最低压力。

工作背压 operating back pressure

在工作条件下，蒸汽疏水阀出口端的压力。

最高工作背压 maximum operating back pressure

在最高工作压力下，能正确动作时蒸汽疏水阀出口端的最高压力。

背压率 rate of back pressure

工作背压与工作压力的百分比。

最高背压率 maximum rate of back pressure

最高工作背压与最高工作压力的百分比。

工作压差 operating differential pressure

工作压力与工作背压的最大压差。

最大压差 maximum differential pressure

工作压力与工作背压的最大差值。

最小压差 minimum differential pressure

工作压力与工作背压的最小差值。

开阀温度 openting valve temperature

在排水温度试验时，蒸汽疏水阀开启时的进口温度。

关阀温度 closing valve temperature

在排水温度试验时，蒸汽疏水阀关闭时的进口温度。

排水温度 temperature at discharging condensate

蒸汽疏水阀能连续排放热凝结水的温度。

最高排水温度 maximum temperature at discharging condensate

在最高工作压力下蒸汽疏水阀能连续排放热凝结水的最高温度。

过冷度 subcooled temperature

凝结水温度与相应压力下饱和温度之差的绝对值。

开阀过冷度 subcooled temperature of open valve

开阀温度与相应压力下饱和温度之差的绝对值。

关阀过冷度 subcooled temperature of close valve

关阀温度与相应压力下饱和温度之差的绝对值。

最大过冷度 maximum subcooled temperature

开阀过冷度中的最大值。

最小过冷度 minimum subcooled temperature

关阀过冷度中的最大值。

冷凝结水排量 cold condensate capacity

在给定压差和 20℃条件下蒸汽疏水阀一小时内能排出凝结水的量大重量。

热凝结水排量 hot condensate capacity

在给定压差和温度下蒸汽疏水阀一小时内难排出凝结水的最大重量。

漏汽量 steam loss

单位时间内蒸汽疏水阀漏出新鲜蒸汽的量。

无负荷漏汽量 no-load steam loss

蒸汽疏水阀前处于完全饱和蒸汽条件下的漏汽量。

有负荷漏汽量 load steam loss

给定负荷率下蒸汽疏水阀的漏气量。

无负荷漏汽率 rate of no- load steam loss

无负荷漏汽量与相应压力下最大热凝结水排量的百分比。

有负荷漏汽率 rate of load steam loss

有负荷漏汽量与试验时间内实际热凝结水排量的百分比。

负荷率 rate of load condensate

试验时间内的实际热凝结水排量与试验压力下最大热凝结水排量的百分比。

疏水阀零件

阀片 disc

热动力式疏水阀中的启闭件。

钟形罩 inverted bucket

疏水阀中带动阀瓣动作的钟罩形零件。

浮球 ball float

疏水阀中控制启闭的空心球体。不推荐使用术语“浮子”。

浮桶 bucket float

疏水阀中带动阀瓣动作的桶形零件。

试验项目

强度试验 strength test

按规定的试验介质和强度试验压力，对阀门中受压零件材料的强度和紧密封性进行的试验。

强度试验压力 strength test pressure

阀门进行强度试验时规定的压力。

密封试验 seal test

按规定的试验介质和密封试验压力，对阀门的密封性进行的试验。

密封试验压力 seal test pressure

阀门进行密封试验时规定的压力。 Forged Steel Valve

上密封试验 back seal test

检验阀门上的密封结构的密封性而作的试验。不推荐使用术语“倒密封试验”。

静压寿命试验 potential pressure life test

在试验室条件下，阀门在受介质压力作用时，进行从全开到全关的循环操作的试验。

静压寿命试验次数 time of potential pressure life test

阀门进行静压寿命试验，能保持标准要求性能的开关循环总次数。

性能与其它

主要性能参数 specifica tion

表示阀门的主要参数如公称压力、公称口径、工作温度。

公称压力 nominal pressure china valve

阀门在指定温度下允许的工作压力。不推荐使用术语“名义压力”。

公称通径 nominal diameter

用于表示阀门口径的名义内径值。不推荐使用术语“公称直径、公称内径”。

工作压力 working pressure

阀门在适用介质温度下的压力。

最高工作压力 maximum operating pressure

在正确动作条件下，阀门进口端的最高压力。

最高允许压力 maximum allowable pressure

在给定温度下阀门壳体能够持久承受的最高压力。

工作温度 working temperature

阀门在适用介质下的温度。

最高工作温度 maximum operating temperature

与最高工作压力相对应的饱和温度。

最高允许温度 maximum allowable temperature

在给定压力下阀门壳体能持久承受的最高温度。

适用介质 suitable medium

阀门能适用的介质。

适用温度 suitable temperature

阀门适用的介质温度的范围。

渗漏量 leakage

作阀门密封试验时，在规定的持续时间内由密封面间渗漏的介质量。

吻合度 percent of contact area

密封副径向最小接触宽度与密封副中的最小密封面宽度之比。

类型 type

按用途或主要结构特点对阀门的分类。

型号 type

按类型、传动方式、连接形式结构特点、阀座密封面材料和公称压力等对阀门的编号。

主要外形尺寸 prime out-form dimensions, general dimensions

阀门的开启和关闭高度、手轮直径以及连接尺寸等。

连接尺寸 connection dimension

阀门和管道连接部位的尺寸。 Cast Steel Valve

锁紧装置 locking device

一个把阀固定在开启位置或关闭位置的装置。

最大压差（MPD） maximum pressure differential

阀门关闭件的上游与下游之间的最大压力差，在该压力差下，阀门可以进行操作。表示符号 MPD。

位置显示器 position indicator

显示阀门关闭件位置的装置。

驱动链 drive train

在操作者和阀门关闭件之间，被驱动的所有部件，它包括关闭件，但不包括操作者。

工艺包 process package

工艺设计 process design

工艺发表 process release

工艺预发表 initial process release

工作范围;项目任务范围 scope of work ; project scope

工作包 work package

工作项 work item

任务单项 line item

分解结构 breakdown structure

工作分解结构 work breakdown structure

组织分解机构 organizational breakdown structure

项目大项工作分解结构 project summary work breakdown structure

承包商标准工作分解结构;工程公司标准工作分解结构 contractor's standard

work breakdown structure

责任分工矩阵 responsibility assignment matrix

风险 risk

风险分析 risk analysis

风险备忘录 risk memorandum

公司本部 home office

公司本部服务 home office service

公用工程 utility

计划 plan

项目计划 project plan

(项目)设计计划 (project)engineering plan

(项目)采购计划 (project)procurement plan

(项目)施工计划 (project)construction plan

(项目)开车计划 (project)start-up plan

专利 patent

专利权 patent right

产权技术 proprietary technology

专利技术 licensed technology

专有技术;技术诀窍 know-how

许可证 license

专利商;许可方 licensor

受许可放;受让方 licensee

(技术)转让费;提成费 royalty

许可证费 license fee

专有技术费 know-how fee

专业 discipline

工艺 process design ; process engineering

系统 systems engineering

设备 equipment engineering

布置 plant layout engineering

管道设计 piping design

管道机械 piping mechanical engineering

仪表 instruments engineering

电气 electrical engineering

建筑 architectural engineering

土建 civil engineering

开车 start-up

试车 commissioning

投料试车 start-up ; test run ; initial operations

性能考核,生产考核 performance test run ; performance guarantee tests

用户验收 client acceptance

支付条件;付款条件 terms of payment ; conditions of payment ; terms and

conditions of payment

预付款 advance payment ; down payment

按实物进度付款 progress payment

按日工程进度付款 schedule payment

保留金;扣留款 retention money

最终付款 final payment

代码;编码 code ; number

组码 group code

标 准 分 类 记 帐 码 ;记 帐 码 standard classification of account

numbers[SCAN];account codes ; code of accounts

可编码 variable code ; optional variable code

通用型活动码 generic activity type(numbers)[GAT]

不可预见费 contingency

发表 issue ; release

汇票 bill of exchange ; draft

议付汇票 bill for negotiation

业主 owner

用户;客户 client

设计;工程设计 design ; engineering

设计阶段 engineering phase

工艺设计阶段 process design phase

基础工程设计阶段 basic engineering phase

分析设计阶段 analytical engineering phase

平面设计阶段 planning engineering phase

详细工程设计阶段 detailed engineering phase ; final engineering phase ;

production engineering phase

会议 meeting

开工会议 kick-off meeting

报价开工会议 proposal kick-off meeting

用户开工会议 client kick-off meeting

项目开工会议 project kick-off meeting

设计开工会议 project kick-off meeting

施工动员会议 construction mobilization meeting

审核会 review meeting

合同;承包 contract

合同生效日期 effective date of the contract

合同终止 termination of contract

合同失效 frustration of contract

总价合同 lump-sum contract[L-S]

(固定)单价合同 (fixed) unit price contract

偿付合同;成本加抽筋合同 (cost) reimbursable contract ; cost-plus (fee)

contract [C-P]

成本加固定酬金合同 cost plus fixed fee contract [CPFF]

成本加浮动酬金合同 cost plus fluctuating fee contract ; cost plus sliding

scale fee contract

目标成本加奖罚合同 (target) cost plus fee contract , with bonus or

penalty conditions

限定最高价偿付合同;限定最高成本加抽筋合同 reimbursable guaranteed

maximum price contract [RGMP] ; guarantee maximum cost plus fee contract

承包商 contractor

分包商 subcontractor

合营企业 joint venture [JV]

交货 delivery

交货日期 delivery date ; date of delivery

交货周期 lead time

交货到现场 delivery to job-site

交货单 delivery note

提货单 delivery order

提单 bill of lading

交货条件 delivery terms

离岸价 free on board [FOB]

铁路交货(价);敞车上交货(价) free on rail [FOR] ; free on truck [FOT]

成本加运费(价) cost and freight [CFR] or [C&F]

到岸价 cost insurance and freight ; cost insurance freight [CIF]

船边交货(价) free alongside ship [FAS]

货交承运人(价) free carrier [FCA]

工厂交货(价) ex works [EXW]

估算;费用估算 estimate ' cost estimate

估算方法类别 types of estimate

详细估算(发) detailed estimate ; defined estimate

设备详细估算(发);确切估算(发) defined equipment estimate ; definitive

estimate

设备估算 equipment estimate

分析估算 analysis estimate

报价估算 proposal estimate

控制估算 control estimate

初期控制估算 interim control estimate ; initial control estimate [ICE]

批准的控制估算 initial approved cost [IAC]

核定估算 check estimate

首次核定估算 first check estimate [FCE]

二次核定估算 production check estimate [PCE]

人工时估算 man-hour estimate

证书;证明书 certificate

产地证明书 certificate of origin

机械竣工证书 mechanical completion certificate

用户验收证书;合同项目验收证书 client acceptance certificate (of plant)

材料 material

设备 equipment

散装材料 bulk materials ; commodities

材料分类 material class

材料统计 material take-off [MTO]

材料表;材料清单 bill of materials [BOM]

材料管理 material management

材料控制 material control

进度;进度表;进度计划 schedule

进展;进度;实物进度 progress ; physical progress

编制进度计划 scheduling ; time scheduling

(项目)初期工作进度计划 starter schedule ; early work schedule

项目主进度计划 project master schedule ; master project schedule

详细进度计划;详细进度表 detailed schedule

网络(图);网络(进度)计划 network (diagram)

里程碑网络图 milestone network

详细网络图 detailed network

关键线路法 critical path method [CPM]

关键工序;关键活动 critical activity

工序;活动 activity

里程碑 milestone

进度控制 schedule control ; progress control

进度曲线;S曲线 progress curve ; "S" curve

资源负荷曲线 resource loading curve ; Bell curve

进度提前 ahead of schedule

进度拖延 schedule delay

违约 default

违约通知 default notice

(违约)罚款条款 penalty clause

违约罚金 liquidated damages

运费 freight [Frt.] ; carriage

运费付讫 freight paid ; carriage free ; carriage paids

运费待收;货到收运费 freight collect ; freight to be collected ; freight

payable at destination

运费预付 freight prepaid ; advance(d) freight

货到付运费;运费未付 freight forward ; carriage forward

运费担保函 freight indemnity

运费单 freight note

运输商;承运商 forwarding agent

采购 procurement

采买 purchasing

催交 expediting

检验 inspection

运输 traffic ; transport

报关单 bill of entry

报告 report

费用和进展月报告 monthly cost and progress report

(项目)进展月报 (job) monthly progress report

设计进展月报 engineering monthly progress report

项目费用汇总报告 project cost summary report

项目实施费用状态报告 project operation cost status report

进度报告 schedule report

控制索引 control index

执行效果报告 performance report

劳动生产率报告 productivity report

异常报告 exception report

材料异常报告 material exception report [MER] ; equipment & materials

exception report

采购状态报告 procurement status report

材料状态报告 material status report

请购单和订单状态报告 purchase order and requisition status report

供货厂商图纸状态报告 vendor drawing status report ; vendor data

scheduling status report

检验报告 inspection report

(项目)完工报告 close-out report

报价;投标 bid ; quotation ; proposal ; tender ; offer

讯价文件评审委员会 inquiry review committee [IRC]

报价策略会议 bid strategy meeting

报价经理 proposal manager

投标书;标书;建议书 proposal ; quotation ; bid ;tender ;offer

标书评审;报价评审 bid evaluation

标书评选表;报价评选表 bid tabulation form ; tabulation of bids

谈判 negotiation

厂商协调会议;协调会议 vendor coordination meeting [VCM] ; coordination

meeting

订货合约;定约;成交 commitment

订货电传;订货通知 telex order ; notification of commitment

订单(即定单);采买订单;订货合同 purchase order

签订合同;合同签约 contract award

询价;招标 inquiry ; invitation to bid

资格预审 pre-qualification

合格投标商表;合格供货商表 qualified bidders list ; qualified vendors

list

询价书;招标文件 inquiry(package) ; request for quotation(package) [RFQ];

request for proposal [RFP] ; invitation to bid [ITB]

请购文件;请购单 requisition (package) ; requisition documents

采购规格书;采购说明书 purchasing specification [PS]

投标者须知;报价须知 instructions to bidders [ITB]

变更 change

用户变更;合同变更 client change ;contract change

待定的用户变更 pending client change

认可的用户变更 approved client change

用户变更(通知)单;合同变更(通知)单 client change notice [CCB] ; contract

change order [CCO]

项目变更;内部变更 project change ; internal change

项目变更(通知)单;内部变更(通知)单 project change notice [PCN] ;internal

change order [ICO]

变更申请单;偏差通知单 change request ; deviation notice [DN]

质量 quality

质量方针 quality policy

质量管理 quality management

质量策划 quality planning

质量控制 quality control [QC]

质量保证 quality assurance [QA]

质量体系 quality system

质量改进 quality improvement

质量手册 quality manual

质量计划 quality plan

图纸 drawing

工艺流程图 process flow diagram [PFD]

工艺控制图 process control diagram [PCD]

管道仪表流程图 piping and instrument diagram [PID] [P&ID]

装置布置图 plot plan

管道平面设计图 piping planning (drawing)

管道平面布置图 piping layout drawing

管段图;管道空视图 isometric drawing

"批准用于详细工程设计"图纸 drawing issued "Approved for Design"

"批准用于施工"图纸 drawings issued "Approved for construction" [AFC]

供货厂商先期确认图(纸) advanced certified final drawings [ACF] ;

advanced certified vendors' drawings ; preliminary vendor drawings

供货厂商最终确认图(纸) certified final drawings [CF] ; certified vendor

drawings[CD]

图表 diagram ; chart

直方图 histogram

横道图 bar ; bar-chart ; Gantt chart

进度趋势展示图 schedule trend display chart

费用趋势展示图 cost trend display chart

项目;工程项目 project

项目实施费用状态报告 project execution

项目实施阶段 project phase

项目初始阶段 initial phase of project execution

施工阶段 construction phase

开车阶段 start-up phase

项目建设周期 project duration's

项目管理 project management

项目控制 project control

项目组 project team

专责项目组 task force

项目经理 project manager [PM]

项目设计经理 project engineering manager [PEM]

项目采购经理 project procurement manager [PPM]

项目施工经理 project construction manager [PCM]

项目工艺经理 project process manager

项目控制经理 project controls manager

项目进度计划工程师 project scheduling engineer ; project scheduler

项目估算师 project estimator

项目费用控制工程师 project cost control engineer ; project cost engineer

项目材料控制工程师 project material control engineer

项目财务经理 project financial manager

项目质量经理 project quality manager

项目开车经理 project start-up manager

项目安全工程师 project safety engineer

项目秘书 project secretary

项目控制手段 project controlling ; tools for project control

控制基准;执行效果测量基准;实物进度基准 control baseline ; performance

measurement baseline ; progress baseline

偏差;差异 deviation ; variance

执行效果;效绩;性能 performance

跟踪 tracking ; follow up

监控 monitoring

趋势分析;趋势预测 trending ; trend projection

偏差预测值 projected deviations

预测 projection ; forecasting

纠正措施 corrective action ; corrective measures

项目综合控制 integrated project control

赢得值原理 earned value concept [EVC]

计划工作量的预算费用 budgeted cost for work scheduled [BCWS]

已完工作量的预算费用 budgeted cost for work performed [BCWP]

已完工作量的实耗费用 actual cost for work performed [ACWP]

费用差异 cost variance [CV]

进度差异 schedule variance [SV]

费用指数 cost index [CI]

进度指数 schedule index [SI]

费用执行效果指数 cost performance index [CPI]

进度执行效果指数 schedule performance index [SPI]

竣工差异 at completion variance [ACV]

竣工预算费用 budgeted cost at completion [BAC]

竣工预测费用 estimated cost at completion [EAC]

费用;成本 cost0m6m

建设总费用 total installed cost [TIC]

材料费用;直接材料费用 material cost ; direct material cost

设备费用;设备购买费用 equipment cost ; purchased cost of equipment

散装材料费用;散装材料购买费用 bulk materials cost ; purchased cost of

bulk materials ; commodities cost

(直接)材料相关费用(运费和保险费等) cost of material related freight ;

insurance , etc.

施工费用 construction cost

施工人工费用;施工劳力费用 labor cost ; erection labor cost ;

construction force cost

设备安装人工费用 labor cost associated with equipment

散装材料施工人工费用 labor cost associated with bulk materials

人工时估算定额;施工人工时估算定额;标准工时定额 standard man-hours ;

standard labor man-hours ; standard construction man-hours ; standard

hours

劳动生产率;劳动生产率系数 labor productivity ; productivity factor ;

productivity ratio

修正的人工事估算值 adjusted man-hours

人工时单价 man-hour rate

施工监督费用;施工监督和管理费用cost of construction supervision ; cost

of construction management and supervision ; field administration and

direct supervision cost

施工间接费用 cost of construction indirect

分包合同费用;现场施工分包合同费用 subcontract cost ; field subcontract

cost

公司本部(服务)费用 home office cost ; cost of home office servers

公司管理费 overhead ; home office overheads

非工资费用 non-payroll ; home-office expenses

试车费用 commissioning activities cost

投料试车费用 start-up cost

其他费用 other costs

利润;预期利润 profit ; expected profit

服务酬金 service gains

内部费用转换 internal transfer

认可的预计费用 anticipated approved cost

费用控制;成本控制 cost control

预算(值);项目控制预算 budget ; project control budget

预算结余(值);费用结余(值) under-run ; cost under-run

预算超支(值);费用超支(值) over-run ; cost over-run

施工 construction

施工工种 construction craft

试车准备 precommissioning

机械竣工 mechanical completion [MC]

界区 battery limit [BL]

工艺界区 process battery limit ; inside battery limit [ISBL]

界外设施区;辅助设施界区 offsite battery limit [OSBL]

工艺装置 process section ; process unit

界外设施;辅助设施;通用设施 offsite section ; offsite unit ; offsite

facilities ; general facilities

保证;担保 guarantee ; warranty

性能保证 performance guarantees

绝对保证 absolute guarantees

违约罚款保证 penaltiable guarantees

工作质量保证 workmanship guarantees

机械保证;机械担保 mechanical guarantees ; mechanical warranties

保函;担保(书) bond

投标保函 bid bond

履约保函;履约担保(书);为履约出具的银行保证书 performance bond ;

performance bank guarantee

预付款保函;为预付款出具的银行保证书 advance payment bond ; bank

guarantee for advance payment

保证书;保险公司出具的保函 surety bond

银行保证书;信用保证书 bank guarantee ; letter of guarantee [L/G]

安慰信 letter of comfort

保密协议 secrecy agreement

保险 insurance ; assurance

保险单 insurance policy

保险证书 insurance certificate

保险费 insurance premium

保税货物 bonded goods

保税仓库 bonded warehouse

信用证 letter of credit [L/C]

不可撤销信用证 irrevocable L/C

可撤销信用证 revocable L/C

即期信用证 sight credit ; sight L/C

远期信用证 term credit ; term L/C

保兑信用证 confirmed L/C

可转让信用证 transferable L/C

备用信用证 stand-by L/C

信用证提款 drawing on L/C

信贷 CREDIT

卖方信贷 SUPPLIER'S CREDIT [S/C]

买方信贷 buyer's credit [B/C]

信贷额度 line of credit

项目融资;工程项目筹资 project finance

贷款 loan

即期贷款 demand loan

索赔 claim ; claim indemnity

培训 training

税;税金 tax(es)

所得税 income taxes

关税 duties

合法避税 tax avoidance

程序 procedure

项目协调程序 project coordination procedure

项目实施程序 project execution procedure

项目设计程序 project engineering procedure

项目采购程序 project procurement procedure

项目检验程序 project inspection procedure

项目控制程序 project control procedure

变更控制程序 change control procedure

预算变更程序 budget change procedure

项目试车程序;项目开车程序 project commissioning procedure ; project

start-up procedure ; project test run procedure

化学清洗程序 chemical cleaning procedure

性能考核程序;生产考核程序 performance test run procedure ; performance

guarantee test procedure

装置验收程序 plant acceptance procedure

数据 data

条件数据;设计条件 supporting data

返回的条件数据;返回的设计条件 resultant feedback of data

意向书 letter of intent

、项 目 建 议

1.项目建议概况

资格 qualification

预备资格 prequalification

商务条款与条件 commercial terms and condition

商务 commercial

技术 technical

技术说明 technical specification

建议书 proposal book

资料费 information price

估价 estimated price

报价 quoted price

报价书 quotation

2报价资料

工艺说明 process description

工艺特点 process feature

经验记载 experience record

工艺特性 process performance

设备表 equipment list

说明规定规格 specification

简要说明 short specification

条件图 sketch drawing

流程图 flow diagram

平衡图 balance diagram

方框图 block diagram

P&I 图 P&I diagram

单线图 single line diagram

布置图 layout

平面布置图 plot plan

总图 general plot plan

附件 appendix

资料文件 document

3.合同技术用语

保证 guarantee

性能保证 performance guarantee

时间保证 time guarantee

交货保证 delivery guarantee

建造保证 workmanship guarantee

生产能力 capacity

质量 quality

消耗量 consumption

原材料 feedstock

原料 raw material

辅助原料 sub-raw material

产品 product

付产品 by-product

中间产品 intermediate

公用工程 utility

燃料 fuel

化学品 chemical

界区 battery limit

(界区)进料 incoming

(界区)出料 outgoing

界区条件 battery limits condition

(配管图)分界区 match line

工厂装置 plant

设备 equipment

关键设备 critical equipment

专利设备 proprietary equipment

有位号设备 itemized equipment

无位号设备 non-itemized equipment

散装材料 bulk material

施工材料 material of construction

仪表 instrument

备品备件 spare part

建筑工具 construction aid

(现场)居住设施 accommodation

现场派遣 expatriate

运转率 on stream factor

运转天数 stream day

系列 train

日历日 calendar day

日历月 calendar month

机械(试车)完工 mechanical completion

试车 trial operation

初次试车 initial operation

开车 start up

注油 oil in

投料 fees in

首次出料 first drop

保证试运转 guarantee test run

装置验收 plant acceptance

移交 turnover

议定书 protocol

4估算

估算 estimate

概算 budgetary estimate

推算 slide

幂指数 power term

(费用)分类,分项价格 breakdown

外汇 foreign currency

当地货币 local currency

可兑换货币 convertible currency

专利费 license fee

专利权税 royalty

变动专利权税 running royalty

专有技术费 know-how fee

基础设计费 basic engineering fee

代理费 agent fee

手续费 commission

不可预见费 contingency

外汇风险 exchange risk

易货补偿 compensation

直接费用 direct cost

间接费用 indirect cost

项目管理费 project expense

现场管理费 field expense

一般管理费 overhead

利润 profit

生活费 living expense

出勤津贴 daily allowance

(出差)准备费 outfit allowance

劳务费 labor cost

基本工资 base wage

补偿费 payroll burden

福利费 fringe benefit

5可行性研究

可行性 feasibility

现场选定 site selection

(现场)位置 location

市场 marketing

可获利润率 profitability

生产成本 production cost

经营费 operation cost

可变成本 variable cost

不变成本 fixed cost

总投资 total capital cost

折旧费 depreciation

现金流量 cash flow

折现现金流量 discount cash flow

工况研究 case study

产权资本,自有资金 equity

建设资本利息 interest during construction

6业务范围

现场勘测 site survey

工艺设计 process design

基础设计 basic engineering

基础设计包 basic design package

详细设计 detail engineering

采购 procurement

海运 ocean transportation

陆运 inland transportation

安装 erection work

土建工作 civil work

施工 construction work

临时工作 temporary work

投料试车 commissioning

培训 training

(现场)指导 supervisory service

顾问 advisor service

初步设计 preliminary project

最终设计 final project

基础设施 infrastructure

上部结构 superstructure

软件 software

硬件 hardware

7工厂分类与设计

处女地工厂 grass root plant

总厂 integral plant

分厂 single plant

成套装置 package plant

翻版(设计)厂 copy plant

生产厂 commercial plant

中试工厂 pilot plant

实验室规模装置 bench scale unit

石化总厂 petrochemical complex

下游(厂) downstream

(工业)放大 scale-up

扩建 expansion

改建、更改 modification

镜象布置 mirror image

设计余量 over design

降负荷运转 turndown

消除瓶颈 Debottlenecking

工厂模型 plant model

8设备

工艺装置 process plant

装置区内 on site

装置区外 off site

界区内 inside battery limit

界区外 outside battery limit

公用工程设施 utility facility

贮存设施 storage facility

辅助设施 auxiliary facility

衔接 interconnection

主变电所 main substation

发电设施 power generation facility

事故发电设备 emergency power generation facility

水处理装置 water treatment facility

冷却塔 cooling tower

抽水设施 water intake facility

海水淡化装置 desalination facility

蒸汽发生装置 steam generation facility

仪表空气发生装置 instrument gas generation facility

惰性气发生装置 inert gas generation facility

空分装置 air separation facility

罐区 tank yard

散装贮藏设备 bulk storage facility

包装机械 bagging facility

制袋设备 bag making facility

装瓶设备 bottling facility

装货设施 loading facility

卸货设施 unloading facility

铁路侧线 railway siding

栈桥 jetty

行政办公楼 administration building

维修车间 maintenance shop

中央化验室 central laboratory

内部通用设施 intercommunication facility

广播系统 public address system

询呼设施 paging facility

消防设施 fire fighting facility

安全器具 safety equipment

生活设施 colony

公用设施 town-shop

娱乐设施 recreation facility

9相关企业

承包商 contractor

主承包商 prime contractor

分包商 subcontractor

直接雇佣 direct hire

专利商 licenser

转专利者 sub-licenser

专利使用者 licensee

专利拥有者 patent-owner

竞争者 competitor

国际财团 consortium

合作者 collaborator

买方 (1)buyer (2)purchaser

卖方 seller

厂商 vendor

制造商 (1)maker (2)manufacture

业主 owner

顾问 consultant

技术顾问 Technical adviser

用户 User

最终用户 End user

客户 (1)customer (2)client

代理商 agent

挂名人 dummy

2. 投标合同

2.1 投标概况

询价 inquiry

报价估价书 quotation estimation

投标投标书 bid tender

投标资料 bid document

预审 pre-qualification

意向书 letter of intent

2.2合同用语

协议 agreement

合同契约 contract

注销 cancellation

约定 Consideration

合同转让 Assignment of contract

不可抗力 force majeure

仲裁 attribution

基本法 governing law

秘密条款 (1)secrecy clause (2)non-disclosure clause

预定损坏赔偿费 liquidated damages

总赔偿额度 total liability

连带(债务) joint and several

预先债权 lien

免除 waiver

保证 guaranty

担保 warranty

赔偿 indemnity

定义 definition

增额 escalation

罚款 penalty

支付条款 terms of payment

税金 tax and duties

侵犯专利 patent infringement

最高限额 ceiling

委任书 power of attorney

保证金 bond

2.3合同形式

投标合同 competitive bid contract

议付合同 negotiated contract

FOB合同 fob-type contract

成套承包合同 (1)turnkey contract (交钥匙合同) (2)chef montage contract

总付合同 lump sum price contract

单价契约 unit price contract

正价加附加费合同 cost plus fee contract

预投标协议 pre-bid agreement

产品抵债 products sharing

互购交易 counter-purchase transaction

3. 支付 金融 财务

3.1支付 金融

支付条款 支付条件 payment terms

延期付款 deferred payments

存留款项 保留资金 retention payment

定期付款 schedule payment

施工分期付款 progressive payment

付款交单 D/P documents against payment

承兑交单调 D/A documents against acceptance

信贷 信用 credit

卖方信贷供应商信贷 supplier’s credit

买方信贷 buyer’s credit

银行借贷 bank loan

财政 金融 finance

借款 借贷 loan

偿还 reimburse reimbursement

保证书 letter of guarantee

信用证信贷书 letter of credit

外汇兑换率 exchange rate

兑换单 汇款单据 documentary bill of exchange

汇款 汇兑基金 remittance

3.2财务

自然增长基数 accrual basis

资产负债表决算表 balance sheet

损益报表 P&L profit and loss statement

4.采购运输保险

4.1进出口手续

出口许可证 export license

出口许可证变更 E/L amend

COCOM coordinating committee

标准结算方法 standard payment

非标准结算方法 non-standard payment

DBC draw back cargo(dbc)

出口申报银行 export declaration bank e/d

进口申报单 export declaration custom

进口许可证 import license

保税区域 bonded area

关税 import duty

原产地说明书 certificate of origin

发票 Invoice

4.2运输

装箱单 packing list

提单 bill of lading (B/L)

指示提单 order B/L

直接提单 straight B/L

装运提单 shipped B/L, on board B/L

备运提单 received B/L

不附带条件的提单 clean B/L

不洁提单 dirty B/L, foul B/L

直运提单 direct B/L

联运提单 through B/L

船上收货单 mate’s receipt

装货通知单 shipping order (S/O)

交货单 delivery order (D/O)

空运货单 airway bill

海上运费 ocean freight

海上运费同盟 freight conference

目的地付费 freight payable at destination

码头人工搬运费 stevedorage

空载运费 dead freight

船到港预定时间 expected time of arrival (ETA)

船离港预定时间 expected time of departure (ETD)

海关快速发货 custom quick despatch (CQD)

滞船费 demurrage

码头搬运商 stevedore

超尺寸运输 over-dimension cargo (ODC)

4.3保险

海上保险 marine cargo insurance

现场指导失误保险 supervisor’s risk insurance

4.4贸易条件

出厂价 (1)ex works (2)ex factory (3)ex mill

海上交货 fob-named port of shipment

含保险海上交货 cif-named port of destination

国境交货条件 franco frontier

4.5采购

采购 procurement

厂家 vendor

厂家一览表 vendor list

市场价 market price

黑市价 dark price

现价 up-to-date price level

报价 quotation

偏差表 deviation list

到货时间 time of delivery

支付方式 (1)terms of payment (2)payment condition (3)payment terms

延缓支付 deferred payment

现金支付 cash on delivery

预先支付 down payment

发货前支付 advance payment

到货后支付 progress payment

计划支付 scheduled payment

购买条件 terms and conditions of purchase

折价 discount

谈判 交涉 negotiation

澄清 clarification

购买意向 intent to purchase

比较表 tabulation

评语 evaluation

价格分析 value analysis

定购单 purchase order

变更定购单 change order

支付方式 method of payment

现金 cash

支票 check

期票 promissory note

催货 expediting

跟踪系统 follow-up system

4.6包装

包装 packing

防锈包装 rust-proof packing

防潮湿包装 moisture-proof packing

防水包装 water-proof packing

软包装 shrink packing

木箱 wooden box

板条箱 crate

滑橇底座 skid base

框架箱 framed box

码垛盘 pallet

侧板 side plate

吊具 sling fitting

花篮螺栓 turnbuckle

钢带 steel strapping

角保护袋 edge protector closure plate

防护角 corner protector

板 board

合板 plywood

缓冲材料 cushioning material

通气孔盖 ventilation cover

超载 superimposed load

开包 unpacking

船上标志 shipping mark

注意标志 care mark

5.项目执行及费用管理

5.1项目执行

总图会议 kick-off meeting

项目研究会议 project study meeting

开工会议 launching meeting

项目报告 project reporting

审查会议 screening meeting

进展报告 progress report

协调过程 coordination procedure

变更指示 change order

认可 approval

复阅 review

5.2工程

项目完工报告 job close-out report

项目执行报告 job performance report

完工汇编 close-out book

反馈系统 feed back system

项目设计条件 project design information

会签 inter-department check

工程设计 engineering design

工艺条件确认 engineering review

工艺条件校核 engineering checking

项目完成指标审核表 project performance check sheet

施工版 approved for construction (afc)

设计变更 error report

技术文件 technical data book

管道材料工艺条件 process data for piping material

载荷条件 loading data

关键路径法 critical path method

关键路径进度表 critical path scheduling

PERT program evaluation and review technique

5.3费用及工时管理

工程预算 project control budget

工时 man-hour (M/H)

工日 man-day (M/D)

人月 man-month (M/N)

考勤表 time sheet

工作号 work number

项目号 job number

预期项目号 proposal number

改进工作 improvement work

闲滞 idle

工时报告 man-hour report

项目工时汇总 job man-hour performance report

5.4费用分类

费用分类 code of account

主账 major account

分账 sub-account

设备位号 item number

5.5组织

指定 assign

借调 on-loan

项目成员 project number

项目经理 project manager (PM)

项目经理助理 assistant project manager (APM)

施工经理 construction manager (CM)

开工经理 operation manager (OM)

现场指挥 field manger

项目前期经理 proposal manager

估算员 estimator

原始采购员 originator

协调员 coordinator

项目设计协调员 project design coordinator (PDC)

6.标准化 资料管理 法规 规格

6.1标准化

标准化 standardization

标准 规格 standard

工程规定 engineer specification

项目特殊要求 specific job requirement

工程手册 engineering manual

标准图 standard drawing

工程用表格 engineering form

法规 law and regulation

法律 law

6.2资料管理

情报管理 information and documentation

信息中心 information center

调研(追述) retrospective searching

信息选择服务 selective dissemination of information

情报跟踪 current awareness

检索效率 retrieval efficiency

资料 documents

原文献 primary sources

文献摘抄 secondary sources

连载刊物 serials

定期刊物 periodieals

(学会)纪要 memoirs

会报 transactions

会议论文 conference paper

会议记录 proceedings

索引期刊 index journal

文摘期刊 abstract journal

情报摘要 information abstract

提示文稿 indicative abstract

图书目录 book catalog

标题目录 title catalog

总目录 union catalog

标准目录 standard catalog

关键词 keyword

省略词 stopword

KWIC索引 keyword-in-context index

KWOC索引 keyword-out-of-context index

顺序索引 permuted index

相关索引 coordinate index

主题分析 subject analysis

统计分类 statistical classification

国际十进分类法 universal decimal classification

阅读卡片 visible card

书卡 book card

档案系统 filing system

微缩复制 microcopy

微缩系统 micro-system

穿孔卡夹 aperture card

微缩胶片 fiche film

6.3法规

高压气体取缔法 high pressure gas control law

消防法 fire service law

劳动安全卫生法 industry safety and health law

建筑基本法 building standard law

单位制 system of units

国际单位制 international system of units

系统图、设备布置图、配管图及材料统计

7 图纸、条件表

工艺流程图 Process flow diagram(PFD)

管道仪表流程图 Process piping & instrument flow diagram(PID)

公用工程流程图 Utility balance diagram(UFD)

框图 Block flow diagram

公用工程介质平衡图 Utility balance diagram(UBD)

平面布置图 Plot plan

立面布置图 General arrangement

总图 General plot plan

规划图 Planning drawing

管道研究图 Piping study drawing

管道布置图（配管图） Piping arrangement drawing

分区图 Key plan

管道走向研究图 Piping routing study drawing

地下管道图 Underground piping drawing

管道特殊管件图 Piping special parts drawing

管架详图 Piping hanging drawing

预制图 Prefabrication drawing

参考图 Reference drawing

通用图 Typical drawing

制造厂图 Vendor’s drawing

管道轴测图 Isometric piping drawing

竣工图 As-built drawing

模型 Model

管线表 Line schedule

计算书 Calculation sheet

图纸目录 Drawing schedule

发图阶段 Issue stage

版次 Revision number

编号体系 Numbering system

比例 Scale

工厂北向 Plant north

海平面标高 Over-sea mean level(OSL)

标高 Elevation(EL)

已有钢结构 Existing structure

装货区 Loading area

公用工程站 Utility station

柱号 Column number

净空 headroom

通道 Access way

小通道 Cat way

钢结构顶部标高 Top of structure elevation

管底标高 Bottom of piping elevation

主管口径 Run size

顶平偏心异径管 Eccentric reducer top flat

中心到面的距离 Center to face

工作点标高 Working point elevation

管架标注 Hanging marking

冷拉 Cold spring

管线记号 Line symbol

管线接口 Line connection

物流号 Stream NO.

管线号 Line NO.

管道等级号 (1) class designation (2) spec designation

阀门号 Valve NO.

等级分界 Specification break

重要管道 Critical piping

总管 Header pipe

仪表管道 Instrument piping

排放管道 Blowdown piping

火炬气管道 Flare piping

输送管线 Transfer line

入口管线 Suction line

排水管 Effluent line

旁通管 Bypass line

吹扫系统 Purge system

放空接口 Vent connection

软管接口 Hose connection

双切断阀及排放阀 Double block and bleeder

污水沟 Sewer ditch

冷凝液池 Condensate pit

积水坑 Sump box

漏斗 Drip funnel

管段 Spool piece

垫环 Space ring

限流孔板 Restriction orifice

流量喷嘴 Flow nozzle

液体混合用三通 Mixing tee

喷头 Spray nozzle

粗滤器 Strainer

临时粗滤器 Temporary strainer

疏水阀 Steam trap

爆破膜 Rupture disk

蒸汽伴热管道 Steam-traced piping

夹套管道 Jacketed piping

地下管道 Underground piping

管道要素

钢管 Steel pipe

螺纹端管 Threaded pipe

法兰端管 Flanged pipe

锻制的 Swage

光滑弯管 Smooth bend

U型弯管 U-bend

弯管 Bending pipe

波纹管膨胀节 Expansion bellows

柔性管 Flexible pipe

管件接头 Pipe fitting joint

机械连接 Mechanical joint

活套连接 Lapped joint

环型垫连接 Ring type joint

扩口接头 Flare type joint

非扩口接头 Flareless type joint

承插连接 Bell and spigot

Victaulic 接头 Victaulic joint

弯头 Elbow

异径管 Reducer

管接头 Coupling

活接头 Union

短管 Nipple

法兰 Flange

配对法兰 Companion flange

法兰盖 Blind flange

异径法兰 Reducing flange

八字盲板 (1) spectacle blind (2) reversible blind

平板式法兰 Plate flange

带颈法兰 Hubbed flange

对焊法兰 Welding flange

松套法兰 Loose flange

管端突缘 Stub end

法兰面 Flange face

垫片沟槽 Gasket groove

满平面 Full face

突面 Raised face

大准槽面 Large tongue and groove face

双凹凸面 Double male & female face

大凹凸面 Large male & female face

金属垫片 Metallic gasket

非金属垫片 Non-metallic gasket

O型环

半金属垫圈 Semi-metallic gasket

透视垫 Lens ring

对焊 Butt weld

承插焊 Socket weld

滑套焊接 Slip-on weld

插入环 Insert ring

管帽 Cap

材料表 Bill of material

材料统计 Take-off

管段表 Line bill of material

估算汇总表 Estimation summary sheet

备品备件表 Spare parts list

报价单 Quotation sheet

订货表 Purchase order schedule

材料汇总表 Bill of material summary

状态报告 Status report

分布报告 Distribution report

价格、重量一览表 Cost & weight summary

价格、重量汇总表 Cost & weight total

定货管理表 Order control

管道材料管理表 Piping material control sheet

元件代码 Item code

标记号 Tag number

标准形态 Standard shape

轴测图 Isometric drawing

管线号 Line reference

批号 Batch reference

管子下料表 Piping cutting list

制作件表 Fabrication parts list

组装件表 Erection part list

固定架 Anchor

滑动架 Resting support

导向架 Guide

限位架 Directional stop

减振架 Dampener

支架 Support

管托 Shoe

保冷管托 cradle

鞍座 Saddle

耳轴 Trunnion

吊架 Hanger

刚性吊架 Rigid hanger

弹簧吊架 Spring hanger

恒力吊架 Constant hanger

阀门 Valve

截止阀 Globe valve

闸阀 Gate valve

针行阀 Needle valve

球阀 Ball valve

止回阀 Check valve

隔膜阀 Diaphragm valve

三通阀 Three-way valve

角阀 Angle valve

蝶阀 Butterfly valve

旋塞阀 Cock

伸长杆操作 Extension stem-operation

链操作 Chain-operated

齿轮操作 Gear-operated

扳手操作 Wrench-operated

电动操作 Motor-operated

阀芯 Trim

阀盖 Bonnet

焊接支管 Weld branch

偏置 Offset

焊缝根部间隙 Weld root gap

现场调整后再下料和焊接 Cut and weld after adjusting

坡度 Slope

工作点 Working point

管架说明 Notes for piping hanging

部门间校核版 Interdepartmental check print

平端 Plain end

坡口端 Beveled

管道联接图 Piping hook-up drawing

管道图说明 Notes for piping drawing

标题栏 Title block

询价单 Piping requisition sheet

8 配管及一般设备设计

8.1 保温、保冷

绝热 Insulation

设备绝热表 Equipment insulation schedule

绝热符号 Insulation code

保温设计 Design of cold insulation

正常操作所用的保温 Insulation for stable operating

人身防护 Personnel protection

防火层 Fire-proofing

防结露 Anti-sweat

防冻 Winterizing

防音 Sound protection

保温材料 Hot insulation material

保冷材料 Cold insulation material

石棉 asbestos

硅藻土 Diatomaceous earth

岩棉 Rock wool

玻璃棉 Glass wool

碳酸镁 Magnesium carbonate

硅酸铝 Calcium silicate

珍珠岩 Perlite

软木板 Cork boards

毛毡 Hair felt

泡沫聚氨酯 Foam polystyrene

硬泡沫氨基甲酸乙酯 Rigid foam urethane

硬泡沫橡胶 Rigid foam rubber

玛碲脂 Mastic

耐磨损材料 Anti-abrasion coating material

管壳 Lagging cloth

铁丝网 Hexagonal wire netting

填缝材料 Caulking material

保护层 (1) jacketing sheet (2) cover sheet

波纹铝板 Corrugated aluminum sheet

有色镀锌钢板 Precoated galvanized sheet

搭板 Butt strap

Z型接头 Z-joint

防腐、涂漆

色标 Colour-code

孟塞尔色系 Munsell notation

管道识别色 Identification of piping system

防腐层 External coating

油漆 Paint

清漆 Varnish

防腐漆 (1) anti-corrosive paint (2) rush-proof paint

含铝漆 Aluminum paint

底漆 Primer

耐酸漆 Acid-proof paint

耐碱漆 Alkali-proof paint

耐热漆 Heat-resisting paint

测温漆 Thermo-paint

绝缘漆 Insulating varnish

表面处理 Surface preparation

涂漆 painting

阴极保护 Cathodic protection

振动解析

机械振动 Mechanical vibration

自由振动 Free vibration

强制振动 Forced vibration

自励振动 Self-excited vibration

固有频率 Natural frequency

固有周期 Natural period

波谷 Loop

波峰 Node

正弦振动 Sinusoidal oscillation

非线性振动 Non-linear oscillation

阻尼振动 Damped vibration

临界阻尼 Critical damping

衰减系数 (1) attenuation (2) decay coefficient (3) decay factor

共振 Resonance

扭曲振动 Torsional vibration

挠性振动 Flexural vibration

极限速度 Critical speed

固有值 Characteristic value

临界条件 Boundary condition

弹簧系数 Spring constant

惯性矩 Moment of inertia

回转半径 Radius of gyration

振动吸收装置 Dynamic vibration absorber

液压减振器 Hydraulic damper

弹簧减振器 (1) spring dampener (2) spring damper

油压锁定 Oil lock

耐振设计

固有振动方式 Natural frequency mode

卓越周期 Predominant period

基本周期 First natural frequency

横波 Transverse wave

纵波 Longitudinal wave

相对位移 Relative displacement

质量比 Mass ratio

静解析法 Static method

修正静解析法 Corrected static method

动解析法 Modal analysis

时历响应解析法 Time history response analysis

设计响应光谱 Design response spectrum

加速响应光谱 Acceleration response spectrum

地板响应光谱 Floor response spectrum

标准响应光谱 Standard response spectrum

加速响应增幅比 Acceleration response amplitude ratio

刚性结构 Rigid structure

柔性结构 Flexible structure

长周期结构 Long-period structure

刚性框架 Rahmen rigid frame

地震波 Earthquake accelerogram

位移量记录 Displacement record

设计地震 Design earthquake

设计震度 Design seismic coefficient

地震 Earthquake

震源距离 Distance to centrum

震中距离 Distance to epicenter

震级 Magnitude

地震波显示仪 Seismoscope

地震仪 Seismograph

耐震等级 Seismic class

基岩 Base rock

应力分析

外力 External force

内力 Internal force

反作用力 Reaction force

力偶 Couple of force

弯矩 Bending moment

扭矩 Twist moment

应力 Stress

弯曲应力 Bending stress

扭曲应力 Torsional stress

圆周应力 Hoop stress

峰值应力 Peak stress

一次应力 Primary stress

二次应力 Secondary stress

轴向应力 Axial stress

重复应力 Repeated stress

脉动应力 Pulsating stress

交变应力 Alternating stress

应变 Strain

应变能 Strain energy

主应力 Principal stress

主应力理论 Principal stress theory

最大剪切应力理论 Maximum shearing stress theory

残余应力 Residual stress

热应力 Thermal stress

热破坏 Thermal shock

疲劳 Fatigue

疲劳曲线 S-N diagram

疲劳极限 (1) fatigue limit (2) endurance limit

腐蚀疲劳 Corrosion fatigue

蠕变 Creep

蠕变疲劳 Creep fatigue

尺寸效应 Size effect

应力集中系数 Coefficient of stress concentration

形状系数 Shape coefficient

缺口系数 Notch factor

应力强度系数 Stress intensity factor

几何惯性矩 Geometrical moment of inertia

断面系数 Modulus of section

断面极惯性矩 Polar moment of inertia of area

杨氏模量 Young’s modulus

横向弹性系数 Modulus of transverse elasticity

体积弹性系数 Modulus of volumetric elasticity

泊松比 Poissor’s ratio

弹性极限 Elastic limit

屈服点 Yield point

拉伸强度 Tensile strength

伸长 Elongation

永久变形 Permanent set

弹性 Flexibility

弹性分析 Elastic analysis

弹性屈服 Elastic buckling

塑性 Plasticity

塑变滞后 Plasticity hysteresis

极限分析 Limit analysis

弹塑性分析 Elastic-plastic analysis

疲劳分析 Fatigue analysis

有限元法 Finite element method

静荷载 Dead load

流体流动

水锤 Water hammer

急关 Rapid closure

缓关 Slow closure

冲击波 Shock closure

液压振动 Acoustic vibration of liquid flow

脉动 Pulsation flow

两相流 Two-phase flow

气压振动 Acoustic vibration

卡门涡街 Karman eddies

颤动 Fluttering

气蚀 cavitation

噪音

噪音 (1) noise (2) undesired sound

听力范围 Auditory sensation area

掩蔽 Masking

背景噪音 Background noise

声强 Sound intensity

声压 Sound pressure

声压值 Sound pressure level

噪声值 (1) noise level (2) sound level

噪声计 Sound level meter

听觉校正回路 Weighting network

音平 Soundness level

音能 Sound power

音能值 Sound power level

总体值 Overall level

90%范围 90% range

中间值 Median

NR数 Noise rating number

频率分析器 Frequency analyzer

倍频器 Octave band

1/3的倍频带 1/3 octave band

波段值 Band level

音场 Sound field

方向性 Directivity

方向系数 Directivity factor

衍射 Diffraction

声源 Sound source

房间常数 Room constant

吸音率 Sound absorption coefficient

穿透率 Transmission coefficient

穿透损失 Transmission loss

质量原理 Mass law

设计条件

操作压力 Operating pressure

最高操作压力 Maximum operating pressure

操作温度 Operating temperature

最高操作温度 Maximum operating temperature

温度基准 Base temperature

腐蚀裕度 Corrosion allowance

许容应力 Allowable stress

安全系数 Safety factor

地理条件 Geological conditions

9. 塔、槽、换热器、加热炉

9.1图面用语

设备表 vessel schedule

工程图 engineering drawing

管口表 (1)nozzle chart (2)nozzle schedule

管口方位 nozzle orientation

予焊件图 clip schedule

切线 tangent line(TL)

焊缝线 weld line(WL)

参照线 working line(WL)

基准线 base line

9.2容器

容器 vessel

塔 tower

自支承塔 self-supported tower

板式塔 tray tower

填料塔 packed tower

喷淋塔 spray tower

槽、罐 drum

贮罐 tank

球罐 (1)spherical tank (2)ball tank

浮顶罐 floating roof tank

锥顶罐 cone roof tank

拱顶罐 dome roof tank

双壁罐 double wall tank

湿式气柜 wet gas holder

干式气柜 dry gas holder

料仓 (1)silo (2)bin

料斗 hopper

9.3内件

内件 internals

塔盘 tray

泡罩塔盘 bubble cap tray

筛板塔盘 perforated tray

浮阀塔盘 valve tray

单流向式塔盘 uni-flux tray

波纹塔盘 ripple tray

塔盘板 deck

溢流堰 weir

降液管 downcomer

密封槽 seal pot

取液槽 draw-off pot

密封盘 seal pan

塔盘支承环 tray support ring

鲍尔环 Pall ring

泪孔 weep hole

填料 packing

拉希环 Rasching ring

矩鞍形填料 intalox saddle

分布器 distributor

除沫器 demister

进料挡板 feed deflecter

防涡流挡板 vortex breaker

内筒 cartridge

9.4主要附属品

壳体 shell

变颈段 reducing section

封头 head

椭圆形封头 ellipsoidal head

碟形封头 (1)dished head (2)torispherical head

半球形封头 hemispherical head

椎形封头 conical head

平封头 flat head

加强圈 reinforcing ring

夹套 jacket

人孔 manhole

手孔 hand hole

检查孔 inspection hole

接管 nozzle

凸缘 pad nozzle

锻制接管 forged nozzle

补强板 reinforcing pad

信号孔 tell-tale hole

容器支座 vessel support

裙座 skirt

支腿 leg

支耳 support lug

底座 base block

基础环 base ring

筋板 gusset plate

压环 compression ring

鞍座 saddle

模板 template

通道 acess opening

套管 pipe sleeve

连结板 lug

予焊件 clip

接地板 earth lug

吊耳 lifting lug

平台 platform

梯子 ladder

保温支承 insulation support

吊柱 davit

人孔绞链 manhole hinge

放空口 vent nozzle

呼吸阀 breather valve

计量口 gauge hatch

9.5换热器

换热器 heat exchanger

换热面积 heat transfer area

总传热系数 overall heat transfer coefficient

境膜传热系数 film coefficient

对数平均温差 logarithmic mean temperature difference(LMTD)

平均温差 mean temperature difference(MTD)

污垢系数 fouling factor

布管图 tube arrangement

三角形排列 triangular arrangement

转角三角形排列 rotated triangular arrangement

正方形排列 square arrangement

转角正方形排列 rotated square arrangement

最大布管图 outside tube limit

管壳式换热器 sheet and tube heat exchanger

固定管板式换热器 fixed tube sheet heat exchanger

浮头式换热器 floating head type heat exchanger

U形管式换热器 U-tube type heat exchanger

釜式换热器 kettle type heat exchanger

套管式换热器 double tube type heat exchanger

冲洗式冷却器 irrigation cooler

蛇管式换热器 coil type heat exchanger

插管式换热器 bayonet type heat exchanger

板式换热器 plate type heat exchanger

螺旋板式换热器 spiral heat exchanger

夹套式换热器 jacket type heat exchanger

石墨换热器 graphite heat exchanger

空冷式换热器 air-cooled heat exchanger

换热管 tube

折流板 baffle plate

管箱 channel

分程隔板 pass partition plate

浮头 floating head

防冲挡板 impingement baffle

管束 tube bundle

管板 tube sheet

管子与管板的连接 tube-to-tube sheet joint

管接头 ferrule

9.6加热炉

加热炉 direct-fired heater

热负荷 (1)heat duty (2)heat release

热损失 heat loss

加热炉效率 efficiency of heater

热流率 heat flux

管壁温度 tube skin temperature

体积热负荷 volumetric heat release

辐射段 radiant section

对流段 convection section

屏蔽段 shield section

坝墙 bridge wall

暴露墙 exposed wall

屏蔽墙 shielded wall

管支承 tube support

炉管 (1)heater tube (2)furnace tube

扩大表面管 extended surface tube

联箱 (1)header (2)header box

回弯头 return bend

管群间连接管 crossover

通风 draft

烟道 flue

（烟道）挡板 damper

烟囱 stack

烧嘴 burner

过量空气 excess air

风箱 wind box

观察孔 (1)observation door (2)peep door

检修孔 access door

防爆门 explosion door

吹灰器 soot blower

油漆清车导轨 painter trolley

陶瓷纤维 ceramic fiber

耐火砖 fire brick

保温耐火砖 insulation fire brick

保温板 insulation board

可铸耐火材料 castable

衬里支撑 linking anchor

炉壁横梁 lintel

膨胀节 expansion joint

10. 转动机械

10.1转动机械

轴 shaft

轴承 bearing

轴承箱 bearing housing

联轴节 shaft coupling

滑轮 pulley

V形皮带（三角皮带） V-belt

转动设备 turning equipment

润滑 lubrication

润滑油 (1) lubricating oil (2)lube oil

密封 seal

轴封 shaft seal

填料函 packing

填料箱 stuffing box

油膜密封 oil film seal

油封 seal oil

机械密封 mechanical seal

齿轮 gear

曲轴 crankshaft

连杆 connecting rod

十字头 crosshead

气缸 cylinder

缸套 cylinder liner

气缸阀 cylinder value

活塞 piston

金属填料 metallic packing

予埋板 soleplate

基座 baseplate

柱塞 plunger

箱体（壳体） casing

转子 rotor

平衡活塞 balance piston

迷宫密封 labyrinth

叶轮 impeller

轴套 sleeve

耐磨环 wearing ring

灯笼环 (1)latern ring (2)seal cage

10.2转动机械性能

轴动力 (1)shaft power (2)brake horsepower

额定制动马力 rated brake horsepower

齿轮传动损失 gear loss

机械效率 mechanical efficiency

机械损失 mechanical loss

额定转数 rated speed

最大连续转数 maximum continuous speed

旋转油膜 oil whirl

临界速度 critical speed

顺时针 clockwise

转矩 torque

起动转矩 starting torque

性能 performance

特性 characteristics

压头 head

液压功率 hydraulic horsepower

活塞位移 piston displacement

体积效率 volumetric efficiency

显示图 indicator diagram

压力脉冲率 pressure pulsation ratio

10.3泵

泵 pump

泵效率 pump efficiency

气蚀 cavitation

气蚀系数 cavitation coefficient

净正吸入压头 net positive suction head

离心泵 centrifugal pump

混流泵（斜流泵） mixed-flow pump

轴流泵 axial pump

容量泵 displacement type pump

往复泵（活塞泵） reciprocating pump

旋转泵 rotary pump

再生泵 regenerative pump

底阀 foot valve

10.4压缩机，风机等

压缩机 compressor

压缩机效率 compressor efficiency

往复式压缩机 reciprocating compressor

间隙容积 clearance volumn

隙囊 clearance pocket

减压器 unloader

离心式压缩机 centrifugal compressor

轴面压缩机 axial compressor

涡轮压缩机 turbocompressor

鼓风机 blower

风机 fan

涡轮式鼓风机 turboblower

涡轮风机 turbofan

多叶片风机 multi-blade fan

旋桨式风机 propeller fan

罗茨鼓风机 (1)roots blower (2)two-lobe blower

螺杆式压缩机 screw compressor

湍振 surging

中间冷却器 intercooler

后冷却器（二次冷却器） aftercooler

缓冲器 snubber

10.5透平

透平 turbine

冲动式透平 impulse turbine

反作用式透平 reaction turbine

凝汽式透平 condensing turbine

抽气式透平 extraction turbine

背压式透平 back pressure turbine

透平效率 turbine efficiency

调速器 governor

速度范围 speed range

速度调节阀 speed governing valve

应急调速器 emergency governor

跳闸速度（应急速度限） trip speed

应急阀 trip valve

操纵阀 sentinel valve

10.6冷冻机

冷冻机 refrigerator

制冷剂 refrigerant

换热器的常用英文单词

tubular heat exchanger 管壳式换热器

fixed tube sheet exchanger 固定管板式换热器

U-tube heat exchanger U形管式换热器

internal-floating head exchanger 浮头式换热器

pull-through floating head exchanger 可抽式浮头换热器

outside packed floating head exchanger (外)填料函式浮头换热器

kettle type reboiler 釜式重沸器

bayonet type exchanger 内插管式换热器

stacked exchanger 重叠式换热器

tank suction heater 贮罐抽吸加热器

U-tube bundle U形管束

coil heater 盘管式加热器

spiral tube exchanger 螺旋管式换热器

spiral coil 螺旋盘管

hairpin U形盘管

plate exchanger 板式换热器

air cooled heat exchanger 空冷器

channel cover 管箱盖板,平盖

stationary head flange 管箱法兰

instrument connection 仪表接口

stationary head nozzle 管箱接管

pass partition 分程隔板

stationary tubesheet 固定端管板

shell nozzle 壳体接管

impingement plate 防冲板

tie rod and spacer 拉杆和定距管

transverse baffle (横向)折流板

floating head backing device 浮头钩圈

floating tube sheet 浮头管板

saddle 鞍座

fixed support saddle 固定鞍式支座

sliding support saddle 活动鞍式支座

shell side 壳程

tube side 管程

skid way 滑道

pad reinforcement 补强圈

TRANSVERSE BAFFLES 折流板

SUPPORT PLATES 支持板

TUBESHEET 管板

pulling lug 拉耳板

shell & tube heat exchanger管壳式换热器

Fin tube heat exchanger翅片式换热器

transverse pitch管间距

longitudinal pitch排间距

flanger/nozzle法兰

baffle cut-fraction圆缺系数

膨胀节 expansion bellows

波纹管 bellow

分程隔板 pass partion

流体分配带 distribution belt

exchanger type换热器型式

front head 前端封头(管箱)

rear head 后端封头（管箱）

exchanger position换热器布置形式（指立式或卧式）

tube pitch管间距

tube pattern换热管布置形式

baffle spacing center-center折流板间距

fouling resistance污垢热阻

total heat exchanged 热负荷

effective surface area有效传热面积

MTD corrected修正平均温差

Type of exchanger换热器型式

Nomber of passes程数

Wall metal temperature of tube and shell换热管和壳体的金属壁温

Heat transfer area换热面积

channel flange 设备法兰

base plate 底板

expansion joint 膨胀节

tie rod 拉杆

sliding side/fixed side 固定端/滑动端

earth lug / earth piece 接地片

ligament 管桥

tell-tale hole 信号孔

fouling allowance 污垢裕度

tubeside pressure drop 管程压降

shell side pressure drop 壳程压降

baffle spacing 板间距

falling film evaporator 降膜蒸发器

pressure drop 压降

reflux exchanger 回流冷凝器

impingement plate 防冲板

tube layout pattern 管子排列方式

rod baffle 折流杆

single segmental baffle 单弓形折流板

double segmental baffle 双弓形折流板

heat-transfer coefficient 传热系数

specific heat 比热

thermal conductivity 导热系数

阀门英语词汇

范围

本标准适用于工业管道（或机器、设备）的通用阀门。

阀门分类

阀门 valve

用来控制管道内介质流动的，具有可动机构的机械产品的总体。

闸阀 gate valve, slide valve Water Control Valve

启闭件(闸板)由阀杆带动,沿阀座(密封面)作升降运动的阀门。

截止阀 Globe valve, stop valve

启闭式（阀瓣）由阀杆带动，沿阀座（密封面）轴线作升降运动的阀门

节流阀 throttle valve

通过启闭件（阀瓣）改变通路截面积，水力控制阀以调节流量、压力的阀门。

球阀 Ball valve

启闭式（球体）绕垂直于通路的曲线旋转的阀门。

蝶阀 butterfly valve

启闭式（蝶板）绕固定轴旋转的阀门。

隔膜阀 diaphragm valve

启闭式（隔膜）由阀杆带动，沿阀杆轴线作升降运动，并将动作机构与介质隔开的阀门。

旋塞阀 cock

启闭式（塞子）绕其轴线旋转的阀门。

止回阀 check valve, non-return valve

启闭式（阀瓣）借介质作用力，自动阻止介质逆流的阀门。

安全阀 safety valve, relief valve

启闭式（阀瓣）汉管道或机器设备内介质压力超过规定值时自动开启排放；低于规定值时自动关闭。

对管道或机器起保护作用的阀门。

减压阀 pressure reducing valve

通过启闭件（阀瓣）的节流，将介质压力降低，并借阀后压力的直接作用，使阀后压力自动保持在一定范围内的阀门。

疏水阀 steam trap

自动排放凝结水并阻止蒸汽泄漏的阀门。

排污阀

用于锅炉、压力容器等设备排污的阀门。

低压阀门 low pressure valve

公称压力 PN≤1.6MPa的各种阀门。

中压阀门 middle pressure valve

公称压力为 PN≥2.0~PN＜10.0MPa的各种阀门。

高压阀门 high pressure valve

公称压力 PN≥10.0MPa的各种阀门。

超高压阀门 super high pressure valve

公称压力 PN≥100.0MPa的各种阀门。

高温阀门 high temperature valve

用于介质温度＞450℃的各种阀门。

低温阀门 sub-zero valve

用于介质温度为-40℃~-100℃的各种阀门。

超低温阀门 cryogenic valve

用于介质温度＜-100℃的各种阀门。

2.2 结构与零部件

2.2.1 结构

结构长度 face-to-face dimension, face-to-centre dimension

阀门进、出口端面之间的距离；或进口端面至出口轴线的距离。

直通式阀门结构长度 through way type of valves Face to face dimensions

在阀体通道终端两个垂直于阀门轴线平面之间的距离。

2.2.1.3

角式阀门结构长度 angle type of valves Face to face,end to end, center to face and center

to end dimensions

在阀体通道某一终端垂直于轴线的平面与阀体另一终端轴线之间的距离。

结构形式 type of construction

各类阀门在结构和几何形状上的主要特征。

直通式 through way type

进、出口轴线重合或相互平行的阀体形式。

角式 angle type

进、出口轴线相互垂直的阀体形式。

直流式 y-globe type, y-type,diaphragm type

通路成一直线，阀杆位置与阀体通路轴线成锐角的阀体形式。

三通式 three way type

具有三个通路方向的阀体形式。

T形三通式 T-pattern three way

塞子（或球体）的通路呈“T”璩 的三通式。

L形三通式 L-pattern three way

塞子（或球体）的通路呈“L”璩 的三通式。

平衡式 balance type

利用介质压力平衡其对阀杆的轴向力的结构形式。

杠杆式 lever type

采用杠杆带动启闭件的结构形式。

常开式 normally open type

无外力作用时，启闭件自动处于开启位置的结构形式。

常闭式 normally closed type

无外力作用时，启闭件自动处于关闭位置的结构形式。

保温式 steam jacket type

带有蒸汽加热夹套结构的各种阀门。

波纹管式 bellows seal type

带有波纹管结构的各种阀门。

全径阀门 full-opening valve

阀门内所有部位流道内径尺寸与公称管道内径尺寸相同的阀门。

缩径阀门 reduced-opening valve

阀门内流道孔通径缩小的阀门。

缩口阀门 reduced-bore valve

阀门内流道孔通径缩小，且阀门关闭件流道口为非圆形的阀门。

单向阀门 un-directional valve

设计为仅一个介质流动方向密封的阀门。

双向阀门 bi-directional valve

设计为两个介质流动方向均密封的阀门。

双座双向阀门 twin-seat, both seats bi-directional, valve

阀门有两个密封座，每个阀座的两个介质流动方向均可密封的阀门。

一单向座、一双向座的双座阀 twin-seat, one seat un-directional and one seats

bi-directional, valve

阀门有两个密封座，一个阀座的单向密封，另一个座双方密封的阀门。

双关双泄放阀（DDB） double-block-and-bleed valve

具有两个密封副的阀门，在关闭位置时，两个密封副可同时保持密封状态，中腔内（两个密封副间）的阀体有一个泄放介质压力的

接口。

表示符号 DBB。

上密封 back seat, back face

当阀门全开时，阻止介质由填料函处渗漏的一种密封结构。

内压自封 pressure seal

利作介质压力使阀体与阀盖连接处实现自动密封的结构。

阀杆头部尺寸 dimension of valve stem head

阀杆与手轮、手柄或其它操纵机械装配连接部位的结构尺寸。

阀杆端部尺寸 dimension of valve stem end

阀杆与启闭件连接部位的结构尺寸。

连接槽尺寸 dimension of connecting channel

启闭件与阀杆装配连接部位的结构尺寸。

连接形式 type of connection

阀门与管道或机器设备的连接所采用的各种方式（如法兰连接、螺纹连接、焊接连接等）。

2.2.2 零部件

阀体 body

与管道（或机器设备）直接连接，构成介质流通流道的零件。

阀盖 bonnet, cover, cap, lid

与阀体相连并与阀体（或通过其它零件，如隔膜等）构成压力腔的主要零件。

启闭件 disc

用于截断或调节介质流通的一种零件的统称，如闸阀中的闸板、节流阀中的阀瓣等。

阀瓣 disc

截止阀、节流阀、止回阀等阀门中的启闭件。

阀座 bodyseat ring, shoulder seated, bottom seat

安装在阀体上，与启闭件组成密封副的零件。

密封面 sealing face

启闭件与阀座（阀体）紧密贴合，起密封作用的两个接触面。

阀杆 stem, apindle

将启闭力传递到启闭件上的主要零件。

阀杆螺母 yoke bushing, yoke nut

与阀杆螺纹构成运动副的零件。

填料函

在阀盖（或阀体）上， 充填填料，用来阻止介质由阀杆处泄漏的一种结构。

填料箱 stuffing box

充填填料，阻止介质自阀杆处泄漏的零件。

填料压盖 gland, gland flange, pne-piece glang

用以压紧填料达到密封的零件。

填料 packing,packing rings

装入填料函（或填料箱）中，阻止介质双阀杆处泄漏的填充物。

填料垫 packing seat, packing washer

支承填料，保持填料密封的零件。

支架 yoke

在阀盖或阀体上，用于支承阀杆螺母和传动机构的零件。

撞击手轮 impact handwheel, hammer blow handwheel

利用撞击作用力以减轻阀门操作力的手轮结构。

2.2.3 传动装置

驱动装置 actuator

用来操作阀门并与阀门相连接的一种装置。该装置可以用手动、电力、气力、液力或其组合形式的动力源来驱动，其运动过程可由

行程、

转矩或轴向推力的大小来控制。

多回转驱动装置 multi-turn-actuator

驱动装置向阀门传递转矩时，输出轴可至少旋转一圈，且能承受推力。

部分回转驱动装置 part-turn-actuator

驱动装置向阀门传递转矩时，输出轴的旋转圈数少于一圈。不要求一定能承受推力。

电动装置 electric actuator

用电力驱动启闭或调节阀门的装置。

气动装置 pneumatic actuator

用气压力驱动启闭或调节阀门的装置。

直线型气动装置 linear pneumatic actuator

在封闭的气体回路中，依靠压缩空气的作用使气动装置输出轴作直线运动的气动装置。

回转型气动装置 rotary pneumatic actuator

在封闭的气体回路中，依靠压缩空气的作用使气动装置输出轴作小于 360°回转运动的气动装置。

气动装置的行程 stroke of pneumatic actuator

在压缩空气的作用下，气动装置的输出轴沿其轴线方向的线位移或绕其轴线中心的角位移。

液动装置 hydraulic actuator

用液压力启闭或调节阀门的驱动装置。

电磁动装置 electro magnetic actuator

用电磁力启闭阀门的驱动装置。

电-液动装置 electro hydraulic actuator

用电力和液压力启闭或调节阀门的驱动装置。

电磁-液动装置 electro magnetic-hydraulic actuator

用电磁力和液压力启闭或调节阀门的驱动装置。

气-液动装置 pneumatic-hydraulic actuator

用气压力和液压力启闭或调节阀门的驱动装置。

蜗轮传动装置 wormgear actu7ator

用蜗轮机构启闭或调节阀门的装置。

圆柱齿轮传动装置 cylindrical gear actuator

用圆柱齿轮机构启闭或调节阀门的装置。

圆锥齿轮传动装置 conical gear actuator

用圆锥齿轮机构启闭或调节阀门的装置。

转矩 torque

通过驱动装置连接法兰和驱动件所传递的转动力矩。以牛顿米（N·m）表示。

推力 thrust

通过驱动装置连接法兰和驱动件所传递的轴向力。以牛顿（N）表示。

闸阀

闸阀分类

明杆闸阀 quts screw stem rising through handwheel type gate valve

阀杆作升降运动，其传动螺纹在体腔外部的闸阀。

暗杆闸阀 inside screw non-rising stem type gate valve

阀杆作旋转运动，其传动螺纹在体腔内部的闸阀。

楔式闸阀 wedge gate valve

闸板的两侧密封面成楔状的闸阀。

平行式闸阀 parallel Gate valve, parallel slide valve

闸板的两侧密封面相互平行的闸阀。

闸阀零部件

闸板 wedge, disc

闸阀中的启闭件，其型式有单闸板、双闸板、弹性闸板。

单闸板 single gate disc

整体制造的一种刚性闸板结构。

双闸板 double gate disc

由两块闸板组成的一种闸板结构。

弹性闸板 flexible gate disc

能产生弹性变形的一种闸板结构。

球阀 Hydraulic control valve

球体 ball

球阀中的启闭件。

浮动式球阀 float ball valve

球体不带有固定轴的球阀。

固定式球阀 fixed ball valve

球体带有固定轴的球阀。

蝶阀

蝶板 disc

蝶阀中的启闭件。

垂直板式蝶阀 vertical disc type Butterfly valve

蝶板与阀体通路轴线垂直的蝶阀。

斜板式蝶阀 indined disc butterfly valve

蝶阀与阀体通路轴线成一倾斜角的蝶阀。

隔膜阀

隔膜 diaphragm

隔膜阀中的启闭件。

屋脊式隔膜阀 weir diaphragm valve

阀体流道中以屋脊形结构与隔膜构成密封副的隔膜阀。

截止式隔膜阀 globe diaphragm valve

阀体与截止阀阀体形状相似的隔膜阀。

闸板式隔膜阀 wedge diaphragm valve

阀瓣与楔式闸阀的单闸板形状相似的隔膜阀。

旋塞阀

塞子 plug

旋塞阀中的启闭件。

填料式旋塞阀 gland packing Plug valve

采用填料密封的旋塞阀

油封式旋塞阀 lubricated plug valve

采用油脂密封的旋塞阀

止回阀

升降式止回阀 lift Check valve

阀瓣垂直于阀体进、出口轴线作升降运动的止回阀。

升降立式止回阀 vertical lift check valve

阀瓣沿阀体通路轴线作升降运动的止回阀。不推荐使用术语“立式升降式止回阀”。

旋启式止回阀 swing check valve

阀瓣绕体腔内固定轴作旋转运动的止回阀。

底阀 foot valve

安装在泵吸入管端，以保证吸入管内被水充满的止回阀。不推荐使用术语“莲蓬头”。

旋启双瓣式底阀 double disc swing foot valve

具有对称的两个阀瓣，并绕阀体内固定轴作旋转运动的底阀。

旋启多瓣式止回阀 multi-disc swing check valve

具有三个以上阀瓣的旋启式止回阀。

蝶式止回阀 butterfly swing check valve

形状与蝶阀相似，其阀瓣绕固定轴（无摇杆）作旋转运动的止回阀。

销轴 hinge pin

旋启式止回阀中，阀瓣绕其旋转的固定轴。

摇杆 arm, hinge

旋启式止回阀中，连接阀瓣与销轴，并绕销轴旋转的零件。

安全阀

安全阀分类

弹簧式安全阀 direct spring loaded safety valve

利用弹簧将作用力传递到阀瓣上的安全阀。

杠杆式安全阀 lever and weight loaded safety valve

利用杠杆将作用力传递阀瓣上的安全阀。

先导式安全阀 pilot actuated safety valve

由主阀和副阀组成，借副阀的动作带动

全启式安全阀 full lift safety valve

阀瓣开启高度等于或大于阀痤喉径的 1/4的安全阀。

微启式安全阀 low lift safety valve

阀瓣开启高度为阀座喉径的 1/40~1/20的安全阀。

波纹管平衡式安全阀 bellows seal balance safety valve

利用波纹管平衡背压的作用，以保持开启压力不变的安全阀。

双联弹簧式安全阀 duplex safety valve

将两个弹簧式安全阀并联，具有同一进口的安全阀组。

直接载荷式安全阀 direct-loaded safety valve

一种仅靠直接的机械加载装置如重锤、杠杆加重锤或弹簧来克服由阀瓣下介质压力所产生作用力的安全阀。

带动力辅助装置的安全阀 assisted safety valve

该安全阀借助一个动力辅助装置，可以在压力低于正常整定压力时开启。即使该装置失灵，阀门仍能满足本标准对安全阀的所有要

求。

带补充载荷的安全阀 supplementary loaded safety valve

这种安全阀在其进口压力达到整定压力前始终保持有一个用于增强密封的附加力。该附加力（补充载荷）可由外部能源提供，而在

安全阀

进口压力达到整定压力时应可靠地释放。补充载荷的大小应这样设定，即假定该载荷未能释放时，安全阀仍能在其进口压力不超过国家

法规规

定的整定压力百分数的前提下达到额定排量。

真空安全阀 vacuum relief valve

一种设计用来补充流体以防止容器内过高真空度的安全阀，当正常状况恢复后又重新关闭而阻止介质继续流入。

安全阀零部件

调节螺套 adjusting bolt, adjusting screw

安全阀中调节弹簧压缩量的套筒式零件。

弹簧座 spring plate

安全阀中支承弹簧的零件。

导向套 valve guide dise guide

安全阀中对阀瓣起导向作用的零件。

反冲盘 disc holder

安全阀中与阀瓣连接，用以改变介质流向、增加开启高度的零件。

调节圈 adjusting ring

安全阀中与阀座或导向套连接，用以调节启闭压差的零件。

压力释放装置

压力释放装置 pressure relief device

一种用来在压力容器处于紧急或异常状况时防止其内部介质压力升高到超过预定最高压力的装置。

重闭式压力释放装置 reclosing pressure relief device

一种在动作后再行关闭的压力释放装置。

非重闭式压力释放装置 non-reclosing pressure relief device

一种在动作后保持开启的压力释放装置。

爆破片装置 rupture disk device

一种由装置进出口静压差驱动的非重闭式压力释放装置，其功能系通过承压片的爆破而实现。

折断销装置 breaking pin device

一种由进口静压力驱动的非重闭式压力释放装置，其功能系通过承压件支承销承载截面的折断而实现。

弯折销装置 buckling pin device

一种由进口静压力驱动的非重闭式压力释放装置，其功能系通过承压件支承销承载截面的弯折而实现。

剪切销装置 shear pin device

一种由进口静压力驱动的非重闭式压力释放装置，其功能系通过承压件支承销承载截面的剪切而实现。

易熔塞装置 fusible plug device

一种非重闭式压力释放装置，其功能系通过一个用具有适当熔点的材料制成的塞子的屈服或熔化而实现。

安全阀的特性尺寸

排放面积 discharge area

阀门排放时流体通道的最小截面积。

流道面积 flow area

阀进口端至关闭件密封面间流道的最小横截面积。

流道直径 flow diameter

对应于流道面积的直径。

帘面积 curtain area

当阀瓣在阀座上方升启时，在其密封面之间形成的圆柱面形或圆锥面形排放通道面积。

开启高度 lift

阀瓣离开关闭位置的实际行程。

额定开高 rated lift

使阀门达到其额定排量的设计开高。

密封面斜角 seat angle

阀门轴线与密封面间的夹角。平面密封阀门的密封面斜角为 90 度。

密封面积 seat area

由密封面平均直径确定的面积。

密封面平均直径 seat mean diameter

阀瓣与阀座接触面的平均直径。

净流通面积 net flow area

非重闭式压力释放装置动作之后决定流量的面积。一个爆破片的（最小）净流通面积是其完全破裂后的计算净面积，它带有适当的

允差，

因为爆破片的某些结构件可能减小其净流通面积。

喉径 throat diameter

安全阀阀座通路最小截面的直径。

压力释放装置的动作和排量特性

整定压力 set pressure

安全阀在运行条件下开始开启的预定压力，在该压力下，在规定的运行条件下由介质压力产生的使阀门开启的力同使阀瓣保持在阀

座上的

力相互平衡。

超过压力 overpressure

超过安全阀整定压力的压力增量，通常用整定压力的百分数表示。

回座压力 re-seating pressure

安全阀排放后阀瓣重新与阀座接触，即开启高度变为零时的压力。

启闭压差 blowdown

整定压力同回座压力之差，以整定压力的百分数或以压力单位表示。

冷态试验差压力 cold differential test pressure

安全阀在试验台上调整到开始开启时的进口静压力。该压力包含了对背压力及温度等运行条件所作的修正。

排放压力 relieving pressure

整定压力加超过压力。

排放背压力 built-up back pressure

由于介质流经安全阀及排放系统而在阀出口处形成的压力。

附加背压力 superimposed back pressure

安全阀即将动作前在其出口处存在的静压力。是由其他压力源在排放系统中引起的。

排量 discharge capacity

理论排量 theoretical discharge capacity

流道横截面积与安全阀流道面积相等的理想喷管的计算排量，以质量流量或容积流量表示。

额定排量 certified (discharge) capacity

实测排量中允许作为安全阀应用基准的那一部分。额定排量可以取为下列三者之一：

a) 实测排量乘以减低系数（取 0.9）；

b) 理论排量乘以排量系数，再乘以减低系数（取 0.9）；

c) 理论排量乘以额定（即减低的）排量系数。

当量计算排量 equivalent calculated capacity

当压力、温度或介质情况等使用条件与额定排量的适用条件不同时，安全阀的计算排量。

频跳 chatter

安全阀阀瓣快速异常地来回运动，运动中阀瓣接触阀座。

颤振 flutter

安全阀阀瓣快速异常地来回运动，运动中阀瓣不接触阀座。

其它

独立监察机构 independent authority

承担监督试验、审核安全阀排量计算书及证明书等各方面职责的机构。

检查机构 inspection authority

负责审核是否符合本标准的主管机构。其与独立监察机构可能是，也可能不是同一机构。

封闭式 seal type

排放介质时，不允许介质向现场大气泄漏的一种安全阀结构。

不封闭式 unseal type

排放介质时，允许介质向现场大气泄漏的一种安全阀结构。

动作性能及排量试验 operational characteristics and flow capacity testing

用来确定压力释放装置的动作性能和实际排放能力的试验。

在用试验 in-service testing

当压力释放装置安装在系统上正在对系统实施保护时，单独利用系统压力或配合使用辅助开启装置或其他压力源以确定其某些或全

部工作

特性的试验。

工作台上定压试验 bench testing

为确定压力释放装置的整定压力和关闭件密封性而在一个加压系统上进行的试验。

减压阀

薄膜式减压阀 diaphragm reducing valve

采用薄膜作传感件来带动阀瓣升降运动的减压阀。

弹簧薄膜式减压阀 spring diaphragm reducing valve

采用弹簧和薄膜作传感件来带动阀瓣升降运动的减压阀。

活塞式减压阀 piston reducing valve

采用活塞机构来带动阀瓣升降运动的减压阀。

波纹管式减压阀 bellows seal reducing valve

采用波纹管机构来带动阀瓣升降运动的减压阀。

杠杆式减压阀 lever reducing valve

采用杠杆机构来带动阀瓣升降运动的减压阀

直接作用式减压阀

利用出口压力变化，直接控制阀瓣运动的减压阀。

先导式减压阀

由主阀和导阀组成，出口压力变化的变化通过导阀放大控制主阀动作的减压阀。

膜片 diaphragm

减压阀中起平衡阀前阀后压力作用的零件。

疏水阀

疏水阀分类

浮球式疏水阀 ball float steam trap

利用在凝结水中浮动的空心球，带动启闭件动作的疏水阀。不推荐使用术语“浮球式疏水器”。

钟形浮子式疏水阀 inverted bucket steam trap

利用在凝结水中浮动的仲形罩，带动启闭件动作的疏水阀。不推荐使用术语“倒吊桶式疏水阀”。

浮桶式疏水阀 open bucket steam trap

利用在凝结水中浮动的浮桶，带动启闭件动作的疏水阀。

双金属片式疏水阀 bimetal elements steamtrap

利用双金属片受热变形，带动启闭件动作的疏水阀。

脉冲式疏水阀 impulse steam trap

利用蒸汽在两级节流中的二次蒸发，导致蒸汽和凝结水的压力变化，而使启闭件动作的疏水阀。

热动力式疏水阀 thermodynamic steam trap

利用蒸汽和凝结水的不同热力性质，及其静压和动压的变化，而使阀片动作的疏水阀。

蒸汽疏水阀

是从贮有蒸汽的密闭容器内自动排出凝结水，同时保持不泄漏新鲜蒸汽的一种自动控制装置，在必要时也允许蒸汽按预定的流量通

过。

疏水阀性能术语

最低工作压力 minimum operating pressure

在正确动作情况下，蒸汽疏水阀进口端的最低压力。

工作背压 operating back pressure

在工作条件下，蒸汽疏水阀出口端的压力。

最高工作背压 maximum operating back pressure

在最高工作压力下，能正确动作时蒸汽疏水阀出口端的最高压力。

背压率 rate of back pressure

工作背压与工作压力的百分比。

最高背压率 maximum rate of back pressure

最高工作背压与最高工作压力的百分比。

工作压差 operating differential pressure

工作压力与工作背压的最大压差。

最大压差 maximum differential pressure

工作压力与工作背压的最大差值。

最小压差 minimum differential pressure

工作压力与工作背压的最小差值。

开阀温度 openting valve temperature

在排水温度试验时，蒸汽疏水阀开启时的进口温度。

关阀温度 closing valve temperature

在排水温度试验时，蒸汽疏水阀关闭时的进口温度。

排水温度 temperature at discharging condensate

蒸汽疏水阀能连续排放热凝结水的温度。

最高排水温度 maximum temperature at discharging condensate

在最高工作压力下蒸汽疏水阀能连续排放热凝结水的最高温度。

过冷度 subcooled temperature

凝结水温度与相应压力下饱和温度之差的绝对值。

开阀过冷度 subcooled temperature of open valve

开阀温度与相应压力下饱和温度之差的绝对值。

关阀过冷度 subcooled temperature of close valve

关阀温度与相应压力下饱和温度之差的绝对值。

最大过冷度 maximum subcooled temperature

开阀过冷度中的最大值。

最小过冷度 minimum subcooled temperature

关阀过冷度中的最大值。

冷凝结水排量 cold condensate capacity

在给定压差和 20℃条件下蒸汽疏水阀一小时内能排出凝结水的量大重量。

热凝结水排量 hot condensate capacity

在给定压差和温度下蒸汽疏水阀一小时内难排出凝结水的最大重量。

漏汽量 steam loss

单位时间内蒸汽疏水阀漏出新鲜蒸汽的量。

无负荷漏汽量 no-load steam loss

蒸汽疏水阀前处于完全饱和蒸汽条件下的漏汽量。

有负荷漏汽量 load steam loss

给定负荷率下蒸汽疏水阀的漏气量。

无负荷漏汽率 rate of no- load steam loss

无负荷漏汽量与相应压力下最大热凝结水排量的百分比。

有负荷漏汽率 rate of load steam loss

有负荷漏汽量与试验时间内实际热凝结水排量的百分比。

负荷率 rate of load condensate

试验时间内的实际热凝结水排量与试验压力下最大热凝结水排量的百分比。

疏水阀零件

阀片 disc

热动力式疏水阀中的启闭件。

钟形罩 inverted bucket

疏水阀中带动阀瓣动作的钟罩形零件。

浮球 ball float

疏水阀中控制启闭的空心球体。不推荐使用术语“浮子”。

浮桶 bucket float

疏水阀中带动阀瓣动作的桶形零件。

试验项目

强度试验 strength test

按规定的试验介质和强度试验压力，对阀门中受压零件材料的强度和紧密封性进行的试验。

强度试验压力 strength test pressure

阀门进行强度试验时规定的压力。

密封试验 seal test

按规定的试验介质和密封试验压力，对阀门的密封性进行的试验。

密封试验压力 seal test pressure

阀门进行密封试验时规定的压力。 Forged Steel Valve

上密封试验 back seal test

检验阀门上的密封结构的密封性而作的试验。不推荐使用术语“倒密封试验”。

静压寿命试验 potential pressure life test

在试验室条件下，阀门在受介质压力作用时，进行从全开到全关的循环操作的试验。

静压寿命试验次数 time of potential pressure life test

阀门进行静压寿命试验，能保持标准要求性能的开关循环总次数。

性能与其它

主要性能参数 specifica tion

表示阀门的主要参数如公称压力、公称口径、工作温度。

公称压力 nominal pressure china valve

阀门在指定温度下允许的工作压力。不推荐使用术语“名义压力”。

公称通径 nominal diameter

用于表示阀门口径的名义内径值。不推荐使用术语“公称直径、公称内径”。

工作压力 working pressure

阀门在适用介质温度下的压力。

最高工作压力 maximum operating pressure

在正确动作条件下，阀门进口端的最高压力。

最高允许压力 maximum allowable pressure

在给定温度下阀门壳体能够持久承受的最高压力。

工作温度 working temperature

阀门在适用介质下的温度。

最高工作温度 maximum operating temperature

与最高工作压力相对应的饱和温度。

最高允许温度 maximum allowable temperature

在给定压力下阀门壳体能持久承受的最高温度。

适用介质 suitable medium

阀门能适用的介质。

适用温度 suitable temperature

阀门适用的介质温度的范围。

渗漏量 leakage

作阀门密封试验时，在规定的持续时间内由密封面间渗漏的介质量。

吻合度 percent of contact area

密封副径向最小接触宽度与密封副中的最小密封面宽度之比。

类型 type

按用途或主要结构特点对阀门的分类。

型号 type

按类型、传动方式、连接形式结构特点、阀座密封面材料和公称压力等对阀门的编号。

主要外形尺寸 prime out-form dimensions, general dimensions

阀门的开启和关闭高度、手轮直径以及连接尺寸等。

连接尺寸 connection dimension

阀门和管道连接部位的尺寸。 Cast Steel Valve

锁紧装置 locking device

一个把阀固定在开启位置或关闭位置的装置。

最大压差（MPD） maximum pressure differential

阀门关闭件的上游与下游之间的最大压力差，在该压力差下，阀门可以进行操作。表示符号 MPD。

位置显示器 position indicator

显示阀门关闭件位置的装置。

驱动链 drive train

在操作者和阀门关闭件之间，被驱动的所有部件，它包括关闭件，但不包括操作者。

普通化学 General Chemistry

分析化学 Analytical Chemistry

有机化学 Organic Chemistry

物理化学 Physical Chemistry

谱学导论 Introducton of Spectroscopy

无机化学 Inorganic Chemistry

普通化学和分析化学实验 Experiments of General and Analytical Chemistry

现在基础化学 The Principle of Mordern Chemistry

现在基础化学实验 Experiments of Modern Fundamental Chemistry

有机化学实验 Experiments of Organic Chemistry

仪器分析和物理化学实验 Experiments of Instrumental Analysis and Physical Chemistry

合成化学实验 Experiments of Synthetic Chemistry

现代化学专题 Topic of Modern Chemistry

化学综合实验 Experiments of Comprehensive Chemistry

化工原理 Principle of Chemical Engineering

化工原理实验 Experiments of Chemical Engineering

应用化学实验 Experiments of Applied Chemistry

无机合成化学 Synthetic Inorganic Chemistry

近代分析化学 Modern Analytical Chemistry

分离分析化学 Separation Analytical Chemistry

有机化合物波谱鉴定 Spectrum Identification of Organic Compounds

有机合成及反应机理 Organic Synthesis and Mechanics

化学进展 Progress in Chemistry

化学反应工程 Chemical Reaction Engineering

应用电化学 Applied Electrochemistry

工业催化 Industrial Catalysis

环境化学 Environmental Chemistry

环境监测 Environmental Monitoring

化学科技英语 Scientific English for Chemistry

数理方法在化学中的应用 Mathematical Statistics for Chemistry

化工制图 Chemical Engineering Cartography

计算机与化学测量实验 Computer and Chemical Measurement

化学信息学 Chemoinformatics or Chemical Informatics

应用化学专题 Special Topics in Applied Chemistry

关键词：化学 化工 装置 中英文对照 词汇 收藏帖子：

caozk 2007-5-19 18:13:00

化工装置常用词汇 1

一概论 introduction

方案(建议书) proposal

可行性研究 feasibility study

方案设计 concept design

工艺设计 process design

基础设计 basic design

详细设计 detail design

开工会议 kick-off meeting

审核会议 review meeting

外商投资 foreign investment

中外合资 joint venture

中外合营 joint venture

补偿贸易 compensation trade

合同 合同附件 contract

卖方 vendor

买方 buyer

顾客 client

承包商 contractor

工程公司 company

供应范围 scope of supply

生产范围 production scope

生产能力 production capacity

项目 project

界区 battery limit

装置 plant

公用工程 utilities

工艺流程图 process flow diagram

工艺流程方块图 process block diagram

管道及仪表流程图 piping and instrument drawing

物料及热量平衡图 mass & heat balance diagram

蒸汽及冷凝水平衡图 steam & condensate balance diagram

设备布置图 equipment layout

设备表 equipment list

成品(产品) product(final product)

副产品 by-product

原料 raw-material

设计基础数据 basic data for design

技术数据 technical data

数据表 data sheet

设计文件 design document

设计规定 design regulation

现场服务 site service

项目变更 project change

用户变更 client change

消耗定额 consumption quota

技术转让 technical transfer

技术知识 technical know-how

technical knowledge

技术保证 technical guarantee

咨询服务 consultative services

技术服务 technical services

工作地点 location

施工现场 construction field

报价 quotation

标书 bidding book

公司利润 company profit

固定价合同 fixed price contract

固定单价合同 fixed unit price contract

成本加酬金合同 cost plus award fee contract

定金 mobilization

银行保证书 bank guarantee letter

保留金 retention

所得税 income taxes

特别承包人税 special contractor's taxes

城市和市政税 city and municipal taxes

工作手册 work manual

工作流程图 work flow diagram

质量保证程序 QA/QC procedures

采购计划 procurement plan

施工计划 construction plan

施工进度 construction schedule

项目实施计划 project execution plan

项目协调程序 project coordination procedure

项目总进度计划 project master schedule

设计网络计划 engineering network logic

项目质量保证 project quality assurance

项目质量控制 project quality control

采购 procurement

采购周期 procurement period

会签 the squad check

计算书 calculation sheets

询价 inquiry

检验 inspection

运输 transportation

开车 start up / commission

验收 inspection & acceptance

校核 check

审核 review

审定 approve

版次 version

部门 department

专业 specialty

项目号 project number

图号 drawing number

目录 contents

序言 foreword

章 chapter

节 section

项 item

MR material requisition

SPEC engineering specification

DATA SHEET（技术表） technical data sheet

TBA(技术评标） technical bid analysis

PDP preliminary design package

PM (项目经理) project manager

LDE(专业负责人) lead discipline engineer

MRQ(材料询价单) Material requisition for quotation

MRP(材料采购单) material requisition for purchase

BEP(基础工程设计包) basic engineering package

P&ID(管道及仪表流程图) piping and instrument drawing(diagram)

PFD process flow diagram

NNF normally no flow

FO failure open

FC failure close

C/S/A civil/structure/architecture

DDP（详细设计阶段） detail design phase

caozk 2007-5-19 18:16:00

化工装置词汇

二. 工艺流程

连续过程 continuous process

间歇过程 batch process

工艺叙述 process description

工艺特点 process feature

操作 operation

反应 reaction

副反应 side reaction

絮凝 flocculation

浮洗 flotation

倾析 decantation

催化反应 catalytical reaction

萃取 extraction

中和 neutralization

水解 hydrolysis

过滤 filtration

干燥 drying

还原 reduction

氧化 oxidation

氢化 hydrogenation

分解 decomposition

离解 dissociation

合成 synthetics

吸收 absorption

吸附 adsorption

解吸 desorption

结晶 crystallization

溶解 solution

调节 modulate

控制 control

悬浮 suspension

循环 circulation

再生 regeneration

再活化 reactivation

沥取 leaching

破碎 crushing

煅烧 caloination

沉降 sedimentation

沉淀 precipitation

气化 gasification

冷冻 refrigeration

固化、结晶 solidification

包装 package

升华 sublimation

燃烧 combustion

引烧 ignition

蒸馏 distillation

碳化 carbonization

压缩 compression

caozk 2007-5-19 18:16:00

化工装置词汇

三、化学物质及特性

固体 solid

液体 liquid

气体 gas

化合物 compound

混合物 mixture

粉 powder

片状粉未 flake

小粒 granule

结晶 crystal

乳化物 emulsion

氧化物 oxidizing agent

还原剂 reducing agent

有机物 organic material

真空 vacuum

母液 master liquor

富液 rich liquor

贫液 lean liquor

萃出物 extract

萃余物 raffinate

絮凝剂 flocculants

冷冻盐水 brine

酸度 acidity

浓度 concentration

碱度 alkalinity

溶解度 solubility

凝固点 solidificalion point

沸点 boiling point

熔点 melting point

蒸发率 evaporation rate

粘度 viscosity

吸水的 water absorbent(a)

无水的 anhydrous(a)

外观 appearance

无色的 colorless(a)

透明的 transparent(a)

半透明的 translucent

密度 density

比重 specific gravity

催化剂 catalyst

燃烧 combustion

引燃 ignition

自然点 self-ignition temperature

可燃气体 combustible gas

可燃液体 inflammable liquid

易燃液体 volatile liquid

爆炸混合物 explosive mixture

爆炸性环境 explosive atmosphere(environment)

爆炸极限 explosive concentration limit

废水 waste water

废液 waste liquid

废气 off-gas

噪声 noise pollution

成分 composition

挠度 deflection

力和力矩 force and moment

弯矩 bending moment

应力-应变曲线 stress-strain diagram

百分比 percentage

环境温度 ambient temperature

工作温度 operating

设计温度 design temperature(pressure)

相对湿度 RH=relative humidity

油渣、淤泥 sludge

杂质 impurity

caozk 2007-5-19 18:17:00

化工装置词汇

四、化工设备

泵 pump

轴流泵 axial flow pump

真空泵 vacuum pump

屏蔽泵 canned pump

柱塞泵 plunger pump

涡轮泵 turbine pump

涡流泵 vortex pump

离心泵 centrifugal pump

喷射泵 jet pump

转子泵 rotary pump

管道泵 inline pump

双作用往复泵 double action reciprocating pump

计量泵 metering pump

深井泵 deep well pump

齿轮泵 gear pump

手摇泵 hand(wobble) pump

螺杆泵 screw (spiral) pump

潜水泵 submersible pump

斜转子泵 inclined rotor pump

封闭式电磁泵 hermetically sealed magnetic drive pump

气升泵 air-lift-pump

轴承 bearing

叶轮 impeller

虹吸管 siphon

高压容器 high pressure vessel

焚化炉 incinerator

火焰清除器 flame arrester

工业炉 furnace

烧嘴 burner

锅炉 boiler

回转窑 rotary kiln

加热器 heater

电加热器 electric heater

冷却器 cooler

冷凝器 condenser

换热器 heat exchanger

反应器 reactor

蒸馏釜 still

搅拌器 agitator

混合器 mixer

静态混合器 static mixers

管道混合器 line mixers

混合槽 mixing tanks

破碎机 crusher

磨碎机 grinder

研磨机 pulverizer

球磨机 ballmill

过滤器 filter

分离器 separator

干燥器 drier

翅片 fins

烟囱 stack

火炬 flare

筛子 screen

煅烧窑 calciner

倾析器 decanter

蒸发器 evaporator

再沸器 reboiler

萃取器 extractor

离心机 centrifuger

吸附（收）器 adsorber

结晶器 crystallizer

电解槽 electrolyzer

电除尘器 electric precipitator

洗涤器 scrubber

消石灰器 slaker

料仓 bin

料斗 hopper

加料器 feeder

增稠器 thickener

澄清器 clarifier

分级器 classifier

浮洗器 flocculator

废液池 sump

喷射器 ejector

喷头 sprayer

成套设备 package unit

仪器设备 apparatus

附属设备 accessory

旋转式压缩机 rotary compressor

往复式压缩机 reciprocating compressor

水环式压缩机 nash compressor

螺杆式压缩机 helical screw compressor

离心式压缩机 centrifugal compressor

多级压缩机 mutiple stages compressor

固定床反应器 fixed bed reactor

流化床反应器 fluidized bed reactor

管式反应器 tubular reactor

列管式换热器 tubular heat exchanger

螺旋板式换热器 spiral plate heat exchanger

萃取塔 extraction column

板式塔 plate column

填料塔 packed column

洗涤塔 scrubber

吸收塔 absorber

冷却塔 cooling tower

精馏塔 fractionating tower

汽提塔 stripper

再生塔 regenerator

造粒塔 prill tower

塔附件 tower accessories

液体分配（布）器 liquid distributor

填料支持板 support plate

定距管 spacer

降液管 downcomer

升气管 chimney

顶(底)层塔盘 top (bottom) tray

挡板 baffle

抽出口 draw nozzle

溢流堰 weir

泡罩 bubble cap

筛板 sieve plate

浮阀 float valve

除沫器 demister pad

塔裙座 skirt

椭圆封头 elliptical head

高位槽 head tank

中间槽 intermediate tank

加料槽 feed tank

补给槽 make-up tank

计量槽 measuring tank

电解槽 cell

溜槽 chute

收集槽 collecting tank

液滴分离器 knockout drum

稀释罐 thinning tank

缓冲罐 surge drum

回流罐 reflux drum

闪蒸罐 flash drum

浮顶罐 floating roof tank

内浮顶罐 covered floating roof tank

球罐 spheroid

气柜 gas holder

湿式气柜 wet gas-holder

干式气柜 dry gas-holder

螺旋式气柜 helical gas-holder

星型放料器,旋转阀 rotary valve

抽滤器 mutche filter

压滤器 filter press

压滤机 pressure filter

板框压滤器 plate-and-fram filter press

转鼓过滤器 rotary drum filter

带式过滤器 belt filter

翻盘式过滤器

袋滤器 bag filter

旋风分离器 cyclone separator

盘式干燥箱 compartment tray drier

真空干燥器 vacuum drier

隧道式干燥器 tunnel drier

回转干燥器 rotary drier

穿流循环干燥器 through circulation drier

喷雾干燥器 spray drier

气流干燥器 pneumatic conveyor drier

圆盘式加料器 dish feeder

螺旋式加料器 screw feeder

颚式破碎机 jaw crusher

回转破碎机 gyratory crusher

滚洞破碎机 roll crusher

锤式破碎机 hammer crusher

冲击破碎机 rotor impact breaker

气流喷射粉碎机 jet pulverizer

棍磨机 rod mill

雷蒙机 raymond mill

锤磨机 hammer mill

辊磨机 roller mill

振动筛 vibrating screen

回转筛 rotary screen

风机 fan

罗茨鼓风机 root's blower

起重机 crane

桥式起重机 bridge crane

电动葫芦 motor hoist

发电机 generator

电动机 motor

汽轮机 steam turbine

caozk 2007-5-19 18:18:00

化工装置词汇

五、管道工程 piping engineering

1 阀门 valve

阀杆 stem

内螺纹阀杆 inside screw

阀座 valve seat (body seat)

阀座环、密封圈 sealing ring

阀芯(包括密封圈,杆等) trim

阀盘 disc

阀体 body

阀盖 bonnet

手轮 hand wheel

手柄 hand level (handle)

压盖 gland

闸阀 gate valve

平行双闸板 double disc parallel seat

楔形单闸板 split wedge

截止阀 globe valve

节流阀 throttle valve

针阀 needle valve

角阀(角式截止阀) angle valve

Y型阀(截止阀) Y-valve(Y-body globe valve)

球阀 ball valve

三通球阀 3-way ball valve

蝶阀 butterfly valve

对夹式(薄片型) wafer type

偏心阀板蝶阀 offset disc (eccentric) butterfly valve

斜阀盘蝶阀 canted disc butterfly valve

连杆式蝶阀 link butterfly valve

止回式蝶阀 combined non-return butterfly valve

柱塞阀 piston type valve

旋塞阀 plug valve

三通旋塞阀 three-way plug valve

四通旋塞阀 four-way plug valve

旋塞 cock

衬套旋塞 sleeve cock

隔膜阀 diaphragm valve

橡胶衬里隔膜阀 rubber lined diaphragm valve

直通式隔膜阀 straight way diaphragm valve

夹紧式胶管阀 pinch valve

止回阀 check valve

升降式止回阀 lift check valve

旋启式止回阀 swing check valve

落球式止回阀 ball check valve

弹簧球式止回阀 spring ball check valve

底阀 foot valve

切断式止回阀 stop check valve

活塞式止回阀 piston check valve

翻板止回阀 flap check valve

蝶式止回阀 butterfly check valve

安全泄气阀 safety[SV]

安全泄放阀 relief valve[RV]

安全泄压阀 safety relief valve

杠杆重锤式 lever and weight type

罐底排污阀 flush-bottom tank valve

波纹管密封阀 bellow sealed valve

电磁阀 solenoid (operated) valve

电动阀 electrically(electric-motor)operated valve

气动阀 pneumatic operated valve

低温用阀 cryogenic service valve

蒸汽疏水阀 steam trap

机械式疏水阀 mechanical trap

浮桶式疏水阀 open (top) bucket trap

浮球式疏水阀 float trap

倒吊桶式疏水阀 inverted bucket trap

自由浮球式疏水阀 loose float trap

恒温式疏水阀 thermostatic trap

压力平衡式恒温疏水阀 balanced pressure thermostatic trap

热动力式疏水阀 thermodynamic trap

脉冲式蒸汽疏水阀 impulse steam trap

放汽阀(自动放汽阀) (automatic) air vent valve

换向阀 diverting (reversing) valve

呼吸阀 breather valve

减压阀 pressure reducing valve

控制阀 control valve

执行机构 actuator

差压调节阀 differential pressure regulating valve

切断阀 block (shut-off, stop) valve

调节阀 regulating valve

快开阀 quick opening valve

快闭阀 quick closing valve

隔断阀 isolating valve

三通阀 three way valve

夹套阀 jacketed valve

非旋转式阀 non-rotary valve

2管子,管件,法兰

管子 pipe(按标准制造的配管用管)

tube(不按标准规格制造的其它用管)

钢管 steel pipe

铸铁管 cast iron pipe

衬里管 lined pipe

复合管 clad pipe

碳钢管 carbon steel[C.S.]pipe

合金钢管 alloy steel pipe

不锈钢管 stainless steel[S.S.]pipe

奥氏体不锈钢管 austenitic stainless steel pipe

铁合金钢管 ferritic alloy steel pipe

轧制钢管 wrought-steel pipe

锻铁管 wrought-iron pipe

无缝钢管 seamless[SMLS] steel pipe

焊接钢管 welded steel pipe

电阻焊钢管 electric-resistance-welded steel pipe

电熔(弧)焊钢板卷管 electric-fusion(arc)-welded steel-plate pipe

螺旋焊接钢管 spiral welded steel pipe

镀锌钢管 galvanized steel pipe

排污阀 blowdown valve

集液排放阀 drip valve

排液阀 drain valve

放空阀 vent valve

卸载阀 unloading valve

排出阀 discharge valve

吸入阀 suction valve

取样阀 sampling valve

手动阀 hand operated(manually-operated) valve

(水)龙头 bibb;bib;faucet

抽出液阀(小阀) bleed valve

旁路阀 by-pass valve

软管阀 hose valve

混合阀 mixing valve

破真空阀 vacuum breaker

冲洗阀 flush valve

根部阀 root (primary, header) valve

水煤气钢管 water-gas steel pipe

塑料管 plastic pipe

玻璃管 glass tube

橡胶管 rubber tube

壁厚 wall thickness[WT]

壁厚系列号 schedule number[SCH.NO.]

加厚的,加强的 extra heavy (strong)

双倍加厚的,双倍加强的 double extra heavy (strong)

弯头 elbow

异径弯头 reducing elbow

长半径弯头 long radius elbow

短半径弯头 short radius elbow

长半径 180°弯头 long radius return

短半径 180°弯头 short radius return

三通 tee

异径三通 reducing tee

等径三通 straight tee

带支座三通 base tee

45°斜三通 45°lateral

Y型三通 true"Y"

四通 cross

异径管 reducer

同心异径管 concentric reducer

偏心异径管 eccentric reducer

管接头 coupling;full coupling

活接头 union

短管 nipple

预制弯管 fabricated pipe bend

U型弯管 "U"bend

法兰端 flanged end

万向接头 universal joint

对焊的 butt welded[BW]

螺纹的 threaded[THD]

承插焊的 socket welded[SW]

法兰 flange[FLG]

整体管法兰 integral pipe flange

钢管法兰 steel pipe flange

螺纹法兰 threaded flange

滑套法兰 slip-on flange

平焊法兰 slip-on-welding flange

承插焊法兰 socket welding flange

松套法兰 lap joint flange[LJF]

对焊法兰 weld neck flange[WNF]

法兰盖 blind flange;blind

异径法兰 reducing flange

压力级 pressure rating(class)

突面 raised face[RF]

凸面 male face

凹面 female face

全平面;满平面 flat face;full face[FF]

3.管道特殊件 piping speciality

粗滤器 strainer

过滤器 filter

临时过滤器 temporary strainer(cone type)

Y型过滤器 Y-type strainer

T型过滤器 T-type strainer

永久过滤器 permanent filter

洗眼器及淋浴器 eye washer and shower

视镜 sight glass

阻火器 flame arrester

喷咀;喷头 spray nozzle

喷射器 ejector

取样冷却器 sample cooler

消音器 silencer

膨胀节 expansion joint

波纹膨胀节 bellow

补偿器 compensator

软管接头 hose connection[HC]

快速接头 quick coupling

金属软管 metal hose

橡胶管 rubber hose

挠性管 flexible tube

特殊法兰 special flange

漏斗 funnel

8字盲板 spectacle (figure 8) blind

爆破板 rupture disk

4,其它材料

碳素钢 carbon steel [C.S.]

不锈钢 stainless steel[S.S.]

铸铁 cast iron[C.I.]

铝 aluminum

铜,紫铜 copper

钛 titanium

抗拉强度 tensile strength

非金属材料 non-metallic material

塑料 plastic

陶瓷 ceramic

搪瓷 porcelain enamel

玻璃 glass

橡胶 rubber

垫片 gasket[GSKT]

平垫片 flat gasket

填料 packing

型钢 shaped steel

角钢 angle steel

槽钢 channel

工字钢 I-beam

宽缘工字钢或 H钢 wide flanged beam

扁钢 flat bar

圆钢 round steel; rod

钢带 strap steel

网络钢板 checkered plate

材料表 bill of material[BOM]

材料统计 material take-off[MTO]

散装材料 bulk material

综合管道材料表 consolidated piping material summary

sheet[CPMSS]

汇总表 summary sheet

5.设备布置及管道设计

中心线 center line

装置边界 boundary limit[BL]

区界 area limit

设备布置 equipment arrangement (layout);plot plan

标高,立面 elevation[EL]

支撑点 point of support[POS]

工厂北向 plant north

方位 orientation

危险区 hazardous area classification

净正吸入压头 net positive suction head

绝对标高 absolute elevation

坐标 coordinate

管道研究 piping study

管道布置平面 piping arrangement plan[PAP]

管道布置 piping assembly; layout

详图 detail

"X"视图 view "X"

"A-A" 剖视 section "A-A"

轴测图 isometric drawing

索引图 key plan

管道及仪表流程图 piping and instrument diagram[P&ID]

管口表 list of nozzles

地上管道 above ground piping

地下管道 under ground piping

管线号 line number

总管 header; manifold

旁路 by pass

常开 normally open

常闭 normally closed

取样接口 sampling connection

伴热管 tracing pipe

蒸汽伴热 steam tracing

热水伴热 hot-water tracing

电伴热 electrical tracing

夹套管 jacketed line

全夹套管 full jacketed

比例 scale

图 figure

草图 sketch

图例 legend

符号 symbol

件号 part n

* asterisk

# 读法很多：

pound

pound sign

hash

number （sign）

sharp

（garden）fence

octothorp

括号内的单词可以省略。

+ plus 加号；正号

- minus 减号；负号

± plus or minus 正负号

× is multiplied by 乘号

÷ is divided by 除号

＝ is equal to 等于号

≠ is not equal to 不等于号

≡ is equivalent to 全等于号

≌ is equal to or approximately equal to

等于或约等于号

≈ is approximately equal to 约等于号

＜ is less than 小于号

＞ is more than 大于号

≮ is not less than 不小于号

≯ is not more than 不大于号

≤ is less than or equal to 小于或等于号

≥ is more than or equal to 大于或等于号

% per cent 百分之⋯

‰ per mill 千分之⋯

∞ infinity 无限大号

∝ varies as 与⋯成比例

√ (square) root 平方根

∵ since; because 因为

∴ hence 所以

∷ equals, as (proportion) 等于，成比例

∠ angle 角

⌒ semicircle 半圆

⊙ circle 圆

○ circumference 圆周

π pi 圆周率

△ triangle 三角形

⊥ perpendicular to 垂直于

∪ union of 并，合集

∩ intersection of 交，通集

∫ the integral of ⋯的积分

∑ (sigma) summation of 总和

° degree 度

′ minute 分

″ second 秒

℃ Celsius system 摄氏度

{ open brace, open curly 左花括号

} close brace, close curly 右花括号

( open parenthesis, open paren 左圆括号

) close parenthesis, close paren 右圆括号

() brakets/ parentheses 括号

[ open bracket 左方括号

] close bracket 右方括号

[] square brackets 方括号

. period, dot 句号，点

| vertical bar, vertical virgule 竖线

& ampersand, and, reference, ref 和，引用

* asterisk, multiply, star, pointer 星号，

乘号，星，指针

/ slash, divide, oblique 斜线，斜杠，除号

// slash-slash, comment 双斜线，注释符

# pound 井号

backslash, sometimes escape 反斜线转义符，

有时表示转义符或续行符

~ tilde 波浪符

. full stop 句号

, comma 逗号

: colon 冒号

; semicolon 分号

? question mark 问号

! exclamation mark (英式英语) exclamation

point (美式英语)

' apostrophe 撇号

- hyphen 连字号

dash 破折号

⋯ dots/ ellipsis 省略号

" single quotation marks 单引号

"" double quotation marks 双引号

‖ parallel 双线号

& ampersand = and

～ swung dash 代字号

§ section; division 分节号

→ arrow 箭号；参见号

性能特性 performance characteristic ：确定仪器仪表功能和能力的有关参数及其定量的表述。

参比性能特性 reference performance characteristic ：在参比工作条件下达到的性能特性。

范围 range ：由上、下限所限定的一个量的区间。

注："范围"通常加修饰语。例如：测量范围，标度范围。它可适用于被测量或工作条件等。

测量范围 measuring range：按规定准（精）确度进行测量的被测量的范围。

测量范围下限值 measuring range lower limit ：按规定准（精）确度进行测量的被测量的最

小值。

测量范围上限值 measuring range higher limit ：按规定准（精）确度进行测量的被测量的最

大值。

量程 span ：范围上限值与下限值的代数差。例如：范围为-20℃至 100℃时，量程为 120℃。

标度 scale ：构成指示装置一部分的一组有序的标度标记以及所有有关的数字。

标度范围 scale range ：由标度始点值和终点值所限度的范围。

标度标记 scale mark ：指示装置上对应于一个或多个确定的被测量值的标度线或其它标记。

注：对于数字示值，数字本身等效于标度标记。

零[标度]标记 zero scale mark ，同义词：零标度线：标度盘（板）上标有"零"数字的标度标

记或标度线。

标度分格 scale division ：任何两个相邻标度标记之间的标度部分。

标度分格值 value of scale division ，又称格值：标度中对应两相邻标度标记的被测量值之差。

标度分格间距 scale spacing, length of a scale division ：沿着表示标度长度的同一线段上所测

得的任何两个相邻标度标记中心线之间的距离。

标度长度 scale length ：在给定的标度上，通过所有最短标记中点的线段在始末标度标记之

间的长度。注：此线段可以是实在的或假想的曲线或直线。

标度始点值 minimum scale value ：标度始点标记所对应的被测量值。

标度终点值 maximum scale value ：标度终点标记所对应的被测量值。

标度数字 scale numbering ：标在标度上的整组数字，它对应于标度标记所确定的被测量值，

或只表示标度标记的数字顺序。

线性标度 linear scale ：标度中各分格间距与对应的分格值呈常数比例关系的标度。注：标

度分格间距为常数的线性标度称为规则标度。

非线性标度 nonlinear scale ：标度中各标度分格间距与对应的分格值呈非常数比例关系的

标度。 注：某些非线性标度有专门的名称，例如对数标度、平方律标度。

抑零标度 suppressed-zero scale ：标度范围内不包含与被测量零值相对应的标度值的标度。

例如：医用温度计的标度。

扩展标度 expanded scale ：标度范围内，不成比例的扩展部分占了大部分标度长度的标度。

测量仪器仪表的零位 zero of a measuring instrument ：当测量仪器仪表工作所需的任何辅助

能源都接通和被测量值为零时，仪器仪表的直接示值。 ①在测量仪器仪表使用辅助电源的情况

下，此术语通常称为"电零位"。 ②当仪器仪表的任何辅助能源都切断而未工作时，经常采用"机

械零位"这个术语。

仪器仪表常数 instrument constant ：为求得测量仪器仪表的示值，必须对直接示值相乘的

一个系数。 注：当直接示值等于被测量值时，测量仪器仪表的常数为 1。

特性曲线 characteristic curve ：表明仪器仪表输出量稳态值与一个输入量之间（其它输入量

均保持为规定的恒定值）函数关系的曲线。

在规定特性曲线 specified characteristic curve ：在规定条件下，表明仪器仪表应有的输出量

稳态值与一个输入量之间函数关系的曲线。

调整 adjustment ：为使仪器仪表处于正常工作状态和消除偏差以适合于使用所进行的操

作。

用户调整 user adjustment ：允许用户进行的调整。

校准 calibration ：规定条件下，为确立测量仪器仪表或测量系统的示值或实物量具所体现

的值与被测量相对应的已知值之间关系的操作。

校准曲线 calibration curve：在规定条件下，表示被测量值与仪器仪表实际测得值之间关系

的曲线。

校准循环 calibration cycle ：仪器仪表校准范围极限间的上行校准曲线和下行校准曲线的组

合。

校准表格 calibration table ：表示校准曲线的数据表格形式。

压力容器工程规定

Engineering Specification for Pressure Vessels

C O N T E N T S

目录

1. GENERAL 概述

1.1 Scope 范围

1.2 Codes, Standards and Regulations 规范、标准及规章

1.3 Units 单位

1.4 Purchaser’s Drawing and Documents 买方图纸及文件

1.5 Vendor’s Drawings and Documents 卖方图纸及文件

1.6 Site Condition 现场条件

2. DESIGN 设计

2.1 Design Pressure 设计压力

2.2 Design Temperature 设计温度

2.3 Corrosion Allowances 腐蚀余度

2.4 Materials 材料

2.5 Loading Conditions and Strength Calculation 负荷条件及强度计算

2.6 Tolerances 允许偏差

3. DETAIL DESIGN 详细设计

3.1 Shells and Heads 容器壁及顶

3.2 Internals 内件

3.3 Nozzles and Manholes 设备口及人孔

3.4 Bolts, Nuts and Gaskets 螺栓、螺母及垫片

3.5 Supports 支架

3.6 Miscellaneous 其它

4. FABRICATION 制作

4.1 Plate Layout 排板

4.2 Forming 成型

4.3 Welding 焊接

4.4 Heat Treatment 热处理

5. INSPECTION AND TESTS 检测及试验

6. NAMEPLATE, PAINTING AND MARKING 铭牌、刷漆及标识

6.1 Nameplate 铭牌

6.2 Painting 刷漆

6.3 Marking 标识

7. PACKING AND SHIPPING 包装和运输

7.1 General 概述

7.2 Packing and Preparation for Shipping 包装与运输准备

7.3 Shipping 运输

Appendix A: Tolerance for Pressure Vessels 附A：压力容器允许偏差

1. GENERAL

1.1 Scope

1.1.1 This specification together with the engineering drawings covers the requirements for the

materials, design, fabrication, inspection, testing and supply of pressure vessels used for CIBA

SBR 3rd line project in

Zhenjiang, the People’s Republic of China.

本规范及工程图纸包含对中国镇江CIBA SBR第3条线工程中使用的压力容器的材料、设计、制作、检测、

试验及供应的要求。

This specification shall be referred to also for the non-pressure vessels except for the

requirements of local regulation if vessel shape is similar to pressure vessels.

本规范也可用于外形与压力容器相同的非压力容器。

1.1.2 The definition of pressure vessels shall be in accordance with “The Pressure Vessels Safety

Technology Supervision Procedures” in the People’s Republic of China.

压力容器的限定根据中国的“压力容器安全技术监督程序”进行。

1.1.3 This specification does not apply, in general, to auxiliary pressure vessels which are

attached to turbines, engines, pumps, compressors and other mechanical equipment which are

normally designed under the manufacturer’s standard.

一般情况下，本规范不适用于涡轮、发动机、泵、压缩机及其它依照厂家标准设计制造的机械设备的附属

压力容器。

1.2 Codes, Standards and Regulations 规范、标准及规章

1.2.1 Pressure vessels fabricated in China shall be designed, fabricated, inspected and tested

in accordance with the requirements of the following codes, standards and regulations of the latest

edition.

中国制作的压力容器必须根据以下最新版的规范、标准及规章的要求进行设计、制作、检测及试验。

(1) The Pressure Vessels Safety Technology Supervision Procedures (1999 edition)

压力容器安全技术监督程序（1999年版）

(2) Steel Pressure Vessels GB150－1998 钢制压力容器

(3) Technical Specification for Fabrication of Steel Chemical Vessels HG20584-1998

钢制压力容器制作技术规范

(4) Steel Welded Atmospheric Pressure Vessels JB/T4735－1997 钢制焊接常压容器

(5) Basic Specification for Steel Chemical Vessel Design HG20580-1998 钢制化学容器设计基本规

范

(6) Specification for Materials Selection of Steel Chemical Vessels HG20581-1998

钢制化学容器材料选择规范

(7) Specification for Stress Calculation of Steel Chemical Vessel HG20582-1998

钢制化学容器强度计算规范

(8) Specification for Structural Design of Steel Chemical Vessel HG20583-1998

钢制化学容器结构设计规范

(9) Technical Requirements for Fabrication of Steel Chemical Vessels HG20584-1998

钢制化学容器制作技术要求

(10) Mechanical Agitation Equipment HG/T20569-94 机械搅拌设备

(11) Mechanic Properties Test of Welding Specimen for Steel Pressure Vessels JB 4744-2000

钢制压力容器焊接样品机械性能试验

(12) Nondestructive Test of Pressure Vessels JB4730-2000 压力容器无损检测

(13) Carbon Steel and Low Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessels JB 4726-2000

碳钢及低合金钢锻制压力容器

(14) Stainless Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessels JB 4728-2000 不锈钢锻制压力容器

(15) Seismic Protection Code for Petrochemical Equipment HG 3048-1996

石化设备地震保护规范

1.2.2 Vendor shall be responsible for making all aspects of materials, design, fabrication,

inspection and testing conform to the requirements of the specified codes, standards and local

regulations.

卖方负责根据指定的规范、标准和地方规章的要求提供材料、设计、制作、检测及试验。

Where there are conflicts between the requirements in Purchaser’s drawings/specifications and

the specified codes/standards or local regulations, the order of precedence shall be as follows:

如果买方图纸/规范同指定的规范、标准或地方规章之间存在冲突，按以下先后顺序加以遵守：

(1) Local regulations 地方规章

(2) Engineering drawings 工程图纸

(3) Engineering specifications 工程规范

(4) Codes and standards 规范和标准

In such a case, Vendor shall promptly refer the conflicts to Purchaser in writing to obtaining

Purchaser’s instruction.

在此情况下，卖方需及时书面告知买方以获得买方指示。

1.3 Units 单位

Unless otherwise specified, SI units shall be applied as the measurement system for the drawings

and documents to be submitted. However, nominal sizes of piping components shall be in accordance

with inch system.

除非另有规定，图纸及文件中所提及的单位均为国际制。但是，管道部件的公称尺寸应符合英制

1.4 Purchaser’s Drawing and Documents 买方图纸和文件

1.4.1 Purchaser will provide Engineering Drawing for each pressure vessel which contains such

information as the shape, basic dimensions, estimated thickness and weight, design conditions,

materials for primary parts, nozzle specifications, and details of internals as required by Vendor

to accomplish his mechanical design of the pressure vessel.

买方需根据卖方要求为每台压力容器提供工程图纸说明形状、基本尺寸、估计厚度和重量、设计条件、主

部件材质、设备口规格及内件详情，以便完成压力容器的机械设计。

When sketches, data sheets or duty specifications are provided, Vendor shall prepare Engineering

Drawings covering the same contents as specified above. Such drawings may be used as Vendor’s

assembly drawings with necessary information added.

在提供了草图、数据表或相关规格后，卖方应绘制包含上述同样内容的工程图纸。这些图纸在加上必要的

信息后可用作卖方装配图。

1.4.2 Purchaser will provide D-123 “Vessel Standard” which supplements the above drawings and

determines the detail construction of pressure vessels.

买方将提供D-123“容器标准”作为上述图纸的补充，并决定压力容器的具体施工。

When sketches or data sheets are provided, Vendor shall confirm Purchaser the application of each

drawing in Vessel Standard.

在提供了草图或数据表后，卖方需根据容器标准对图纸进行确认。

1.5 Vendor’s Drawings and Documents 卖方图纸和文件

1.5.1 Vendor shall submit to Purchaser drawings and documents as called for in Purchaser’s

requisition sheets.

卖方将根据买方需求单向买方提供图纸和文件。

1.5.2 All drawings and documents shall give the name of Client (end user), Purchaser’s Work No.,

Item No. and service of the commodity.

所有图纸和文件上需给出业主名称（最终用户），买方工程编码、设备位号及系统名称。

1.5.3 Drawings shall be prepared to scale and in third angle projection.

图纸需按比例使用每三角投影法进行绘制。

1.5.4 Drawings shall contain: 图纸需包括：

(1) Title block (Purchaser’s Work No., Requisition No., Item No. and service of the commodity)

工程图明细表（买方工程编码、投标邀请号、设备位号及系统）

(2) Design Data (conforming to Purchaser’s drawings or data sheet)

设计数据（根据买方图纸或数据表）

(3) Material list (material specifications and quantities for all parts including spare parts)

材料清单（所有部件、包括备件的材料规格和数量）

(4) Nozzle list (conforming to Purchaser’s drawings or data sheet) 设备口清单（根据买方图纸

或数据表）

(5) All weld seams, and weld and surface finish symbols 所有焊缝及表面加工符号

(6) Detailed dimensions and thickness 详细尺寸及厚度

1.5.5 Strength calculations shall cover: 强度计算包括：

(1) Code calculations for all pressure retaining parts including reinforcements for nozzle

openings

所有压力保持部件，包括设备口加固件的代码计算

(2) Structural calculations for internals 内件结构计算

(3) Structural calculations for lifting lugs and transportation fittings 吊耳和运输装置的结构

计算

(4) Stability check of vessel and support for wind/seismic load

容器及支架的风力/地震力载荷的稳定检查

(5) Stability check of vessel and support at transportation, loading & unloading and erection

在运输、装载、卸载及安装过程中容器的稳定性检查

(6) Local stress analysis against external loading on nozzles 设备口外部负荷局部应力分析

1.5.6 For pressure vessels fabricated and/or assembled at job site, Vendor shall submit the

instruction for the work.

对于在现场制作或组装的压力容器，卖方应提供指导书。

1.5.7 Purchaser’s “Approved” on Vendor’s document means that Vendor may proceed his work

without resubmitting the documents unless further revisions are made. “Approved as noted” on

Vendor’s document means that Vendor may proceed his work provided the notes are concurred by

Vendor. Re-submission of the revised documents are required for confirmation. “Not approved”

on the document means that Vendor may not proceed the work without re-submission of the corrected

document for approval. Purchaser’s approval for Vendor’s drawings and documents shall not

relieve Vendor of his responsibility to meet all requirements of the purchase order.

买方在卖方文件上签署“批准”表示卖方不需再递交这些文件就可进行工作，除非进行了改版。卖方文件

上的“说明后批准”指卖方在提供说明后可进行工作。在进行改版后需重新递交买方确认。“不批准”指

卖方在重新递交正确的文件并获批前不能进行工作。买方对卖方图纸及文件的批准不能解除卖方的定购合

同上的责任。

1.6 Site Condition 现场条件

Data to be used for stability check of vessel and support for wind/seismic load and other climate

data are as follows,

容器及支架的风力/地震力载荷及其它气候下的稳定性检查所用数据如下：

(1) Basic wind pressure 0.35kN/m2 at 10 m above ground 地面10m上基本风力0.35kN/m2

(2) Earthquake intensity 7 deg. 地震强度 7级

(3) Class of site soil Class II 现场土壤等级 II级

(4) Atmospheric temperature: 气温

Annual average 14.3℃ 年平均气温 14.3℃

Extreme highest in past years 40.9 ℃ 以往最高气温 40.9℃

Extreme lowest in past years -12 ℃ 以往最低气温 -12 ℃

Min. average in the coldest month -3.5℃(Reference to HG 20580-1998)

最冷月份的最低平均气温 -3.5℃（参见 HG 20580-1998)

2. DESIGN 设计

2.1 Design Pressure 设计压力

2.1.1 Design pressure shall be as specified on Purchaser’s drawing or data sheet.

设计压力在买方图纸或数据表中加以指定。

2.1.2 Design pressure shall mean the gauge pressure at the top of a completed vessel in its

operating position. Unless otherwise agreed in advance, internal static head shall be added to

the design pressure to determine the thickness of any specific part of the vessel.

设计压力指完工的容器在操作位置时顶部压力表的压力值。除非提前另外同意，需加设内置静压受感器以

确定容器特殊部件的厚度。

2.1.3 When design pressure of “F.V. (Full Vacuum)” is specified, vessels shall be designed to

withstand for external pressure of 101.3 kPa.

如果设计压力指定为“F.V.（真空）”，容器需设计为能经受101.3 kPa 的外部压力。

2.1.4 Vessel parts subject to different internal pressure on both sides shall be designed to

withstand the most severe combination of the pressures.

容器两侧承受不同内部压力的部件需设计为能经受最大整体压力。

2.2 Design Temperature 设计温度

2.2.1 Design temperature shall be as specified on Purchaser’s drawing or data sheet. Two kinds

of design temperature, one for maximum design temperature (called as “Design Temperature”) and

the other for minimum design temperature (called as “Minimum Design Metal temperature” = MDMT)

are specified.

设计温度在买方图纸或数据表中指定。共两种设计温度，一种为最大设计温度（称为“设计温度”），另

一种为最小设计温度（称为“最小设计金属温度”）。

2.2.2 When different temperatures are predicted for different zones of a vessel, these

temperatures are indicated for the respective zones of the vessel.

如果容器的不同设备口预计的温度不同，应在各自的部位加以指明。

2.2.3 When design temperature or MDMT cannot coincide with the maximum pressure, the corresponding

design pressure shall be designated together with the temperature.

当设计温度或最小设计金属温度与最大压力不符，应根据温度指定相应的设计压力。

2.2.4 Vessel parts in contact with two fluids having different temperatures shall be designed

for both higher and lower design temperatures.

如果容器部件会接触到两种不同温度的介质，应同时根据高的设计温度及低的设计温度进行设计。

2.3 Corrosion Allowances 腐蚀余度

2.3.1 The corrosion allowance for the shell shall be as specified on Purchaser’s drawing or data

sheet.

容器壁板的允许偏差在买方图纸或数据表中指定。

2.3.2 Unless otherwise specified in the drawings, data sheet or other applicable Engineering

Specifications, the corrosion allowance for internal parts of vessels shall be as follows:

除非在图纸、数据表或其它相关工程规范中另有规定，容器内件的腐蚀余度如下：

(1) Parts directly welded to the shell or parts not removable from a manhole:

直接焊到壁板上的部件或人孔上不可拆除的部件：

1. Parts separating two pressure chambers, a corrosion allowance shall be provided on

(strikethrough: either) each side of the parts.

两个压力室的分隔部件，应对部件的的每侧提供一个腐蚀余度。

2. Other parts add 1/2 of the specified corrosion allowance on each side.

对于其它部件，在每侧的腐蚀余度上加上1/2倍。

(2) Parts removable from a manhole: 可从人孔上拆除的部件：

Add 1/4 of the specified corrosion allowance on each side (min. 1.0 mm total for both sides).

在每侧腐蚀余度上加上1/4倍（最小1.0mm）

Notes: 1.Generally no corrosion allowance is added for high alloy and nonferrous internals.

注：1、对于高合金及非铁内件通常不加腐蚀余度。

2. For the internal parts specified in Vessel Standard such as lugs and support rings, corrosion

allowance shall conform to the stipulations in it.

容器标准中规定的内件，如耳轴及支撑环的腐蚀余度应符合标准中的规定。

3. The specified corrosion allowance shall mean the corrosion allowance for the shell.

指定的腐蚀余度是指壁板的腐蚀余度。

4. Shell as used herein shall mean all pressure holding parts of the vessel in contact with the

service fluid, including heads, nozzles, manholes and manhole covers.

这里的壁板指与系统介质接触的所有压力部件，包括封头、设备口、人孔及人孔盖板。

2.3.3 No corrosion allowance is required for such parts not in contact with the inside fluid as

the outside surface of shell, skirt, support lugs and so on, except for anchor bolts.

对于不同内部介质接触的部件，如外表面、防护罩及支承凸缘等不需腐蚀余度，地脚螺栓除外。

Corrosion allowance of 3 mm shall be taken for anchor bolts.

地脚螺栓的腐蚀余度为3mm。

2.4 Materials 材料

2.4.1 The materials for primary parts shall be as specified on Purchaser’s drawing or data sheet.

主要部件的材料在买方图纸或数据表中指定。

2.4.2 Materials of the parts not specified on Purchaser’s drawings, data sheet or Vessel Standard

shall be decided by Vendor and shall be submitted by showing them on the Vendor’s drawings for

Purchaser’s approval. 如果部件材料在买方图纸、数据表或容器标准中未加指定，则由卖方决定所有材

料并在卖方图纸中指明，递交买方审批。

2.4.3 Materials for external attachments and vessel support welded directly to the pressure

retaining parts shall be similar material as the pressure parts. When external attachments made

of carbon steel is to be welded to stainless steel pressure parts, stainless steel pad plate is

required on pressure parts.

直接焊接到压力保持部件上的外部配件及容器支架的材料应与压力部件相同。在将外部碳钢附件焊接到不

锈钢压力部件上时，需在压力部件上加不锈钢垫板。

2.4.4 Vendor may propose the use of alternative materials. Such alternatives shall be clearly

indicated on his proposal giving official material designation or the chemical composition and

physical properties for such materials having only a trade or supplier designation, and shall

be submitted for Purchaser’s approval.

卖方可建议几种材料供选择。卖方可在投标中详细指明这些材料的正式材料名称，或对仅有市场或供应商

名称的材料说明化学成分及物理性能，以便买方审批。

2.4.5 Gaskets, bolts and nuts for blind nozzles and manholes shall be as specified in Purchaser’s

drawing or data sheet.

盲设备口及人孔所用的垫片、螺栓及螺母在买方图纸或数据表中指定。

When not specified in Purchaser’s drawing or data sheet, Vendor in China may select by the

following criteria subject to Purchaser’s approval.

如果未指定，中国的卖方可根据以下标准选择并报买方审批：

(1) Materials of bolts (studs) and nuts used for equipment shell flange shall be selected according

to table 2 to table 5 in JB/T 4700-2000.

设备口法兰用单头螺栓（双头螺栓）及螺母的材料根据JB/T 4700-2000中表2～表5选择。

(2) Materials of bolts (studs) and nuts used for nozzle flange shall be selected according to

CIBA 3rd Line Project Piping Materials Classification (CSTL-T1300/H103).

设备口法兰用单头螺栓（双头螺栓）及螺母的材料根据CIBA第3条线工程管道材料等级表（CSTL-T1300/H103)

选择。

(3) Gasket for equipment shell flange shall be selected by the following table.

设备法兰用垫片根据下表选择

Table 1 Materials for Girth Flange Gaskets

MEDIA

介质

NOMINAL PRESS.

PN(MPa)

公称压力

FLANGE TYPE

法兰形式

GASKET MATERIAL

垫片材料

Hydrocarbons, organic

compound

碳氢化合物，有机化合物

PN≤1.6 Welding Neck Type

焊颈法兰

Spiral Wound Gasket Hoop:316L

Filler: Flexible Graphite

缠绕垫：316L

填料：挠性石墨

Steam, air, inert gases

蒸汽、空气及惰性气体

PN≤2.5 Any type

任意型

Graphite corrugated gasket

石墨垫

(4) Materials of gaskets used for nozzle flange shall be selected according to CIBA 3rd Line Project

Piping

Materials Classification (CSTLT1300/H103).

设备口法兰用垫片材料根据CIBA第3条线工程管道材料等级表（CSTL-T1300/H103) 选择。

2.4.6 Vendors in China shall apply imported material for stainless steel plates used for pressure

parts. In this case allowable stress of imported material shall be those for equivalent material

in GB150-1998 as follows.

中国的卖方应为压力部件用的不锈钢板使用进口材料。在此情况下，进口材料的允许应力与GB150-1998中

的相当材料相同。

ASME Material Equiv. GB Material

ASME材质 相应的GB材质

304 SS 0Cr18Ni9

304L SS 00Cr19Ni10

316 SS 0Cr17Ni12Mo2

316L SS 00Cr17Ni14Mo2

2.4.7 All material used for pressure parts shall be killed steel.

压力部件所有的所有材料均应为脱氧钢。

Following requirements shall apply for Vendors in China.

以下为对中国的卖方的要求：

Q-235 material may be used only for utility service such as steam, air etc. with the other

limitations specified in GB150-1998.

根据GB150-1998中限制，Q-234仅可用丰公用系统上，如蒸汽、空气等。

In general, steel 20R and 16MnR shall be applied for carbon steel plates used for pressure parts.

If calculated thickness exceeds 12 mm by applying 20R material, then 16MnR material shall be used.

一般情况下，压力部件碳钢板应用20R和16MnR钢铁。如果使用20R总计厚度超过12mm，则使用16MnR。

2.5 Loading Conditions and Strength Calculation 负荷条件及强度计算

2.5.1 The thickness indicated on Purchaser’s drawings are those proposed by Purchaser. Vendor

shall check and confirm under his guarantee that such thickness provide the proper strength under

the specified conditions. Any lesser thickness considered by Vendor shall immediately be referred

to Purchaser, but in no case, any proposed thickness will be decreased without Purchaser’s prior

approval, even if it has an extra margin beyond the required thickness.

买方图纸中指定的厚度为买方建议厚度。卖方应加以检查确认以保证买方建议的厚度在指定条件下达到强

度要求。如果卖方认为厚度不够应立即告知买方，但不论什么情况下买方建议的厚度不得有所减少，即使

建议的厚度超过所需厚度的最大值，除非得到买方批准。

2.5.2 The hydrostatic test condition in the installed position shall be considered for design

of all vessels.

所有容器的设计时应考虑安装后的水压试验条件。

2.5.3 Wind load and Seismic load to be used for calculation shall be in accordance with Para.1.6

of this specification. 风力载荷与地震力应符合本规范第1.6节要求。

2.5.4 Maximum allowable tensile stress of foundation bolts of A307 Gr.B or Q-235 shall be 100

N/mm2 for long-term and 150 N/mm2 for short-term loading conditions.

A307 Gr.B or Q-235材质的基础螺栓的最大容许拉应力为：长期负荷条件100 N/mm2，短期负荷条件150 N/mm

2。

2.5.5 Local stresses at shell around attachments such as nozzle, vessel support and lifting lug

and so on, shall be calculated and evaluated when requested by Purchaser.

如买方有要求，设备口、容器支架及吊耳等附件周围壳体的局部应力应加以计算及估测。

The following generally accepted calculation procedure, or the equivalent, may be applied.

可用以下计算程序或相当的程序：

(a) Bulletin of Welding Research Council No. 107 or 297 焊接研究委员会通告第107期或297期

(b) BS 5500 appendix G BS5500附录G

(c) Pressure Vessel Handbook (By E.F. Megyesy) 压力容器手册（E.F. Megyesy著）

(d) Process Equipment Design (By L.E. Brownell & E.H. Young)

工艺设备设计（L.E. Brownell 及E.H. Young著）

(e) Specification for Stress Calculation of Steel Chemical Vessel (HG20582-1998)

钢制化学容器应力计算规范（HG20582-1998）

2.6 Tolerances 容许偏差

2.6.1 Tolerances shall be in accordance with Appendix A Fig.A “Tolerances for Pressure Vessels”

unless otherwise specified on Purchaser’s drawings.

容许偏差应符合附录A图A“压力容器容许偏差”的要求，除非买方图纸中另有指定。

2.6.2 The thickness after forming of any pressure retaining parts shall not be less than the

calculated thickness. Plates with an under tolerance of not more than the smaller value of 0.25

mm or 6 % of the nominal thickness may be used, unless requested otherwise by the applicable code.

压力保持部件在成型后的厚度不得小于计算厚度。所用板的容许偏差不得超过0.25mm或公称厚度的6％，

除非相关规范另有要求。

2.6.3 The flange face of agitator mount nozzle shall be perpendicular to vessel axis within

tolerance of 1/500. 安装搅拌器的设备口的法兰面同容器轴线的垂直度容许偏差为1/500。

3. DETAILED DESIGN 详细设计

3.1 Shells and Heads 壳体及封头

3.1.1 The shape the formed head shall be as specified on Purchaser’s drawing or data sheet. 2:1

ellipsoidal or dish head (with knuckle radius=0.10xdiameter ) shall be used.

成形加工的封头形状应符合买方图纸或数据表中的规定。封头应为2:1椭圆体或碟形（封头过渡区半径为

直径的0.10倍）。

3.1.2 The nominal thickness of 2:1 ellipsoidal or dished head shall be selected to assure the

minimum thickness after forming shall not be less than the minimum required thickness of head.

Also, the nominal thickness shall not be less than the minimum required thickness of connecting

cylindrical shell.

2:1椭圆体或碟形封头的公称厚度的选择需保证成型后的最小厚度不小于封头的最小要求厚度。而且，公

称厚度不得小于柱形连接处的最小要求厚度。

3.1.3 Gasket contact surface of girth flange shall have a finish equivalent to the following in

μm.

同法兰表面接触的垫片的磨光应符合下列要求，单位μm

(1) For spiral wound gasket : from Ra 1.6 to Ra 3.2 缠绕垫：从Ra 1.6至Ra 3.2

(2) For metal jacket, solid metal gasket : Ra 1.6 and finer 金属包覆垫、固体金属垫片：Ra 1.6

及更好的

3.2 Internals 内件

3.2.1 Unless otherwise specified in Purchaser’s requisition sheets or indicated on Purchaser’s

drawings, all internals are included in the scope of Vendor’s supply. Vendor shall design

internals in accordance with the information indicated on Purchaser’s drawings.

除非在买方的需求单或图纸中另有指定，所有内件属于卖方供应范围。卖方应根据买方图纸中信息进行内

件的设计

3.2.2 Unless otherwise specified, removable internal parts shall be designed in units as large

as can be put in and out from the vessel through the nearest upper manhole. The weight of one

block to be withdrawn shall not generally exceed 40 kg except for support beams.

除非另有规定，可拆除内件在能够从上方最近的人孔拿出、放入的情况下尽可能设计为最大。除了支撑梁

外，容器内可拆除硬块的重量通常不超过40kg。

3.2.3 Internal bolts subject to vibration, fluctuating load, impact load or dynamic load shall

be protected against loosening. Double nuts, unti-loose washers, tack welding, etc. shall be used.

可能受到振动、波动载荷、冲击载荷或动力载荷的内部螺栓应加以保护防止松动。可采用双螺母、防松动

垫圈、点焊等。

3.2.4 All removable internals shall be checked by suitable methods to ensure their insertability

and removability through the manhole.

所有可拆除内件均需使用适当的方法进行检查以确保其通过人孔的可嵌入性及可拆除性。

3.3 Nozzles and Manholes 设备口及人孔

3.3.1 Nozzle and manhole size shall not be changed by Vendor. However, if nozzles, reinforcement

pads, and main seams should interfere with each other, these dimensions may be changed upon

Purchaser’s approval.

卖方不能改变设备口及人孔的尺寸。但是，如果设备口、加强垫及主梁相互防碍，在事先得到买方批准后

可变更其尺寸。

3.3.2 The type, rating and facing of nozzle flanges shall conform to those specified in

Purchaser’s drawing or data sheet.

设备口法兰的类型、等级及端面应符合买方图纸或数据表的规定。

3.3.3 Nozzle and manhole location specified by the Purchaser shall not be changed by Vendor. If

nozzles and manhole interfere with each other or other attachment, Vendor shall promptly contact

with Purchaser for instruction.

卖方不能改变买方指定的设备口及人孔位置。如果设备口与人孔彼此防碍或同其它附件有所防碍，卖方应

及时同买方联系以获得指示。

3.3.4 Bolt holes in nozzle flange and manhole flange shall straddle plant north-south line or

vessel horizontalvertical line.

设备口及人孔法兰上的螺栓孔应为北-南线或容器水平垂直线。

3.3.5 Each manhole cover with mass over 20 kg shall be supported by a davit or hinge as specified

on Purchaser’s drawing. The details of davit or hinge shall be in accordance with Vessel Standard.

超过20kg的人孔盖板应根据买方图纸的规定用吊柱或铰链支撑。吊柱或铰链的详情应符合容器标准。

3.3.6 Nozzle flanges 24 inch and smaller shall be as per ASME B16.5.

等于或小于24英寸的设备口法兰应符合ASME B16.5。

Nozzle flanges larger than 24 inch nominal shall be as per ASME B16.47 Series B or designed per

Code.

大于24英寸的设备口法兰应符合ASME B16.47 B系列或根据规范设计。

In case a non standard flange is designed by vendor, the companion flange with bolt, nut and gasket

shall be supplied with by vendor.

在卖方设计非标法兰时，应同时提供螺栓、螺母及垫片。

3.3.7 The minimum nominal thickness for nozzle neck shall be in accordance with the following

table.

设备口颈部的最小公称厚度应符合下表：

Table 2 Min. Nozzle Neck Thickness

表2 设备口颈部最小厚度

Material

材质

Nozzle Size

设备口尺寸

Neck Thickness

颈部厚度

Carbon steel

碳钢

DN≤2” Sch 80

DN > 2” Sch 40

Stainless

steel

不锈钢

DN≤6” Sch 40s

DN > 6” Sch 10s

3.3.8 The pipe material for nozzle neck shall be seamless, unless otherwise approved by Purchaser.

设备口颈部应为无缝管材，除非买方另外批准。

3.3.9 Unless otherwise specified, the nozzle gasket surface shall be flat smooth surface and

serration specified in ANSI standard is not to provide.

除非另有规定，设备口垫片表面应光滑平整，ANSI标准规定的锯齿形不能使用。

3.3.10 When male and female (M&F) or tongue and groove (T&G) type flanges are specified, the nozzle

flange facing of the vessel shall be of female or groove type.

如指定使用外螺纹及内螺纹或榫面及槽面法兰，容器设备口法兰端面应为凹槽型。

3.3.11 Welding neck type flange shall be made by forgings.

焊颈法兰应锻造。

For Vendors in China, the following forgings shall be of Class III or higher, other forgings shall

not be of less than Class II.

对于中国的卖方，以下锻件应为III级或以上，其它锻件不应小于II级。

(1). Equipment flange with thickness ≥ 100mm or nominal diameter ≥1200mm.

厚度≥100mm或公称直径≥1200mm的设备法兰

(2). Forgings for Class 3 vessels. 3级容器的锻件

3.3.12 Nozzles for level gauge and other long projection nozzles shall be reinforced by bars of

suitable size to resist bending moment on nozzles.

液面计及其它长颈设备口应使用适当尺寸的条棒进行加固以防止设备口挠矩。

3.3.13 For length of the nozzle see Vessel Standard D-123.

设备口的长度见容器标准D-123

3.4 Bolts, Nuts and Gaskets 螺栓、螺母及垫片

3.4.1 Unless otherwise specified, all bolting threads to be used for pressure vessels shall be

ISO Metric System. When bolt size are M30 and over, metric fine screw threads of 3 mm pitch series

shall be used. When bolt size are M27 and less, metric coarse screw threads shall be used.

除非另有规定，压力容器所用的所有螺栓的螺纹应为ISO公制。如果螺栓尺寸为M30或以上，公制螺纹螺

旋间距应为3mm。如果螺栓尺寸为M27或以下，使用公制粗牙螺纹。

Girth flange bolting shall be of stud bolt type, threaded full length, and at least M16 for flange

of 600 mm and smaller inside diameter and at least M20 for over 600 mm inside diameter flange.

All nozzle flange and girth flange bolts shall be of stud bolt type.

翼缘法兰螺栓应为双头螺栓，螺纹为全长型，内径600mm或以下的法兰的螺栓至少为M16，内径600mm以

上的法兰的螺栓至少为M20。所有设备口法兰及翼缘法兰螺栓应为双头螺栓。

3.4.2 Threads of bolts and nuts shall be coated before installation with anti-galling agent.

在安装前螺栓的螺纹及螺母应用防磨损剂包覆。

3.5 Supports 支撑

3.5.1 Saddles, lugs or legs for pressure vessels shall be as per the tables in Vessel Standard.

For vessels which meet all the conditions stipulated in the tables such as maximum weight or saddle

height, strength calculations may not be submitted to Purchaser.

压力容器的承台、吊耳或支腿应符合容器标准中的表格的要求。对于满足表格所有条件，如最大重量、承

台高度、强度计算等的容器，可以不报买方。

3.6 Miscellaneous 其它

3.6.1 External shell attachments such as lifting lugs, clips for platforms/ladders and piping

supports, insulation support rings, etc. shall be provided as required.

外壳体附件如吊耳、平台/梯子的卡具及管道支架、保温支承圈等应符合要求。

3.6.2 Tailing lugs shall be provided for vertical vessels, towers and reactors of mass 10,000

kg and over.

对于重量为10000kg或以上的立式容器、塔、反应器应有凸耳。

3.6.3 Lifting lugs and tailing lugs shall be designed taking account of vessel weight and lifting

method, etc.

Materials, procedures of welding them to the shell and inspection method shall also be carefully

checked. The shock factor of 1.25, as minimum, shall be considered in the design of lugs and shell.

在设计吊耳及凸耳时应考虑容器重量及吊装方法等。吊耳及凸耳的材料及同壳体焊接的程序及检测方法应

仔细检查。在进行吊耳及凸耳的设计时应考虑最小冲击系数1.25。

3.6.4 According to Purchaser’s information, Vendor shall check the strength of the vessels during

transportation and field erection, and provide necessary reinforcements prior to shipment. The

shock factor of 1.25, as minimum, shall be considered in these design. Vendor shall submit such

strength calculations to Purchaser.

根据买方信息，卖方在容器运输及现场安装过程中应检查容器强度，并在运输前进行必要的加固。在设计

时应将最小冲击系数1.25考虑在内。卖方应向买方递交强度计算。

3.6.5 When specified in Purchaser’s requisition, vendor shall design platforms & ladders and

lugs for them in accordance with Purchaser’s platform & ladder arrangement drawings.

如果买方有要求，卖方应根据买方平台及梯子布置图设计平台、梯子及凸耳。

3.6.6 In general, vessels shall be provided with two earth lugs.

一般情况下容器应有两个接地耳。

4 FABRICATION 制作

4.1 Plate Layout 排板

4.1.1 Shell plates shall be laid out so that there will be a minimum of welded seams.

壳板布置应使焊缝最小

4.1.2 Longitudinal and circumferential welded seams shall not interfere with nozzle openings,

reinforcement plates and saddle pads, as far as possible. If the seams is covered with

reinforcement plates or saddle pads under Purchaser’s approval, they shall be ground flush with

shell surface and radiographically examined in full length prior to welding of plates or pads.

纵向及环形焊缝应尽可能不防碍设备口、加强板、支承垫等。如果经过同意焊缝被加强板或支承垫覆盖，

在焊接加强板或支承垫前应对焊缝进行打磨并探伤。

4.1.3 Longitudinal welded seams on adjacent shell segments shall be separated by at least 4 times

the wall thickness of the thicker plate but not less than 100 mm.

相邻壳段上的纵向焊缝应相隔最厚板壁厚的4倍但不小于100mm。

4.1.4 Longitudinal and circumferential welded seams shall be kept out of the internal welds insofar

as practical, and shall be so located that they can be easily inspected with internals in place.

纵向及环向焊缝应避开内部焊缝，且在内件安装后便于检查。

4.2 Forming 成型

4.2.1 Selection of hot or cold forming of materials may be made by Vendor, but heat treatment

after forming shall conform to the requirements of applicable material specifications.

材料的热成型或冷成型的选择由卖方进行，但成型后热处理应符合相关材料规范的要求。

4.2.2 Austenitic stainless steel including clad plate shall generally be subjected to cold forming.

If hot forming is unavoidable, solution heat treatment after forming shall be employed subject

to Purchaser’s approval.

奥氏体不锈钢包括包装板通常使用冷成型。如果必须使用热成型，应根据买方批准在成型后进行热处理。

4.2.3 Austenitic stainless forging shall require solution heat treatnment.

奥氏体不锈钢的锻造需进行热处理。

4.2.4 A formed head shall generally be made of single plate.

成型的封头通常应用单板制作。

In case head diameter is equal to or larger than 1300 mm, Vendors in China may provide minimum

number of welding seams for formed heads provided such seams shall be fully inspected by

radiography and confirm soundness before forming.

在封头直径等于或大于1300mm时，成型的封头上可有最小数量的焊缝，但成型前需进行射线探伤以确定完

全坚固。

4.2.5 When temporary attachments are required during the forming work, they shall be welded to

the shell plate using the same welding procedures as for the main seams. After removing these

attachments, the surface shall be ground flush and examined by magnetic particle method. In case

of high alloy steel or nonferrous materials, liquid penetrate method can be substituted.

在成型过程中需要临时附件，应使用同主焊缝的相同焊接程序将临时附件焊到壳板上。在拆除这些附件后，

对表面进行打磨并进行磁粉探伤。在使用高合金钢或无铁材料时，可用渗透探伤进行检测。

4.3 Welding 焊接

4.3.1 Vendor shall obtain Purchaser’s approval for start of welding.

卖方在焊接前应先获得买方批准。

4.3.2 As a rule, vessels shall be welded by fusion arc process.

作为规定，容器应用熔接弧焊工艺进行焊接。

4.3.3 Welding procedures and welders shall be qualified in accordance with the specified code

or standard.

焊接程序及焊工应符合指定的规范或标准的要求。

4.3.4 Pressure holding seams shall normally be fullpenetration double-welded butt joints.

Single-welded butt joints which ensure full-penetration may be used, where double-welded butt

joints are impractical. Butt joint with backing strip needs to obtain Purchaser’s prior written

approval.

通常情况下，应力焊缝应使用两遍对接焊并完全焊透。在两遍对接焊不切实际的情况下，可使用一遍对接

焊，但需保证完全焊透。

4.3.5 Welding electrodes and wires shall have chemical compositions and mechanical properties

equal to or of higher grade than the base material.

焊条及焊丝的化学成分及机械性能应同母材的等级相同或更高。

4.3.6 Welding procedures shall be selected to minimize the residual stresses insofar as practical.

在选择焊接工艺时应使残余应力最小化。

4.3.7 Preheating shall be carried out for carbon and low alloy steel welding where required.

Preheating temperature shall be kept uniform from the start to the end of welding.

在进行碳钢及低合金钢的焊接时应进行预热。预热温度在焊接开始到结束期间应保持均衡。

4.4 Heat Treatment 热处理

4.4.1 Unless otherwise stated, postweld heat treatment shall be carried out in accordance with

the applicable codes or standards.

除非另有规定，应根据相关规范或标准的要求进行焊后热处理。

4.4.2 No welding shall be performed on vessels after the final postweld heat treatment without

Purchaser’s approval.

未得到买方允许，在最终焊后热处理后不得在容器上进行任何焊接。

4.4.3 The gasket faces of girth flanges shall be machined after final heat treatment.

在最终热处理后翼缘法兰的垫片的端面应进行加工。

5. INSPECTION AND TESTS

检测及试验

5.1 General Requirement 总体要求

5.1.1 All pressure vessels shall be inspected and tested in accordance with the applicable local

regulations, applied code and inspection and test plan approved by Purchaser.

所有压力容器必须根据相关地方规章、规范及买方批准的检测、试验计划进行检测及试验。

5.1.2 Vender shall submit a detailed inspection and test plan for Purchaser’s approval.

卖方应递交一份详细的检测及试验计划给买方审批。

5.1.3 The free chloride content of water used for hydrostatic test of austenitic stainless steel

vessel shall be limited to 25 mg/L. After testing, vessels shall be drained and dried.

奥氏体不锈钢容器的水压试验所用水的氯含量应不超过25 mg/L。在试验后，容器内的水应排出并对容器

进行干燥。

6. NAMEPLATE, PAINTING AND MARKING 铭牌、刷漆及标识

6.1 Nameplate 铭牌

A nameplate as shown in Vessel Standard shall be mounted on each vessel. Mounting on the removable

parts is prohibited. 在每个容器上应装上容器标准中所示的铭牌。禁止将铭牌装在可拆除部件上。

The location of nameplate is specified on the engineering drawing.

铭牌的位置在工程图纸中指定。

6.2 Painting 刷漆

6.2.1 As a rule, all external surface of vessels shall be painted in accordance with CIBA 3rd

Line Project Piping Materials Classification (CSTLT1300/O301), except the following.

作为规定，除了以下情况所有容器的外表面应根据CIBA第3条线工程管道材料等级表（CSTLT1300/O301）

的要求进行刷漆。

A. Surface of Stainless Steel and high alloy steels; Not painted.

不锈钢及高合金钢的表面不需刷漆。

B. Gasket sheet surface; See Par. 6.2.2 垫片的表面，见6.2.2

6.2.2 All flange faces and other machined surfaces shall be coated with a readily removable rust

preventive paint.

所有法兰面及其它加工面应用易去除防尘漆保护。

6.2.3 Vendor shall submit a detailed procedure of applicable painting system (Painting

Specification) for Purchaser’s approval.

卖方应递交一份详细有刷漆程序（油漆规范）给买方审批。

6.3 Marking 标识

6.3.1 Each Pressure Vessels shall be marked in accordance with Vessel Standard D-123.

每台压力容器应根据容器标准D-123进行标识。

6.3.2 Pressure Vessels subject to P.R.C. regulations shall be provided with the name and

identification plate stipulated in the regulations.

根据中国法规制造的压力容器应依据规章要求配备铭牌及标识牌。

6.3.3 All removable parts shall be identified. 所有可拆除部件均需标识。

6.3.4 Furthermore, all vessels shall be provided with an identification plate fitted with rivets

on a supporting plate according to Identification plate/Nameplate standard drawings.

此外，所有容器应根据标识牌/铭牌标准图将标识牌铆固到支承板上。

6.3.5 The location of Identification plate/Nameplate is specified on Purchaser’s drawing or data

sheet.

标识牌/铭牌的位置在买方图纸或数据表中指定。

7. PACKING AND SHIPPING 包装及运输

7.1 General 概述

Packing and shipping shall be in accordance with Engineering Specification R-453 “Packing and

Transportation” and the following additional requirements.

包装及运输及符合工程规范R-453“包装及运输”及以下附加要求：

7.2 Packing and Preparation for Shipping 包装及运输准备

7.2.1 All vessels shall be dried up by draining and air blowing, thoroughly cleaned inside and

outside and free of all dirt and loose foreign materials before shipping.

在运输前所有容器应使用排水及吹扫的方式进行干燥，彻底清理内外部，去除灰尘及异物。

7.2.2 All flanged openings shall be provided with bolted steel cover of minimum 4.5 mm thickness

with gaskets. Number of bolting is one forth of the service bolt but not less than 4 sets.

所有法兰口应配备最小厚度为4.5mm的带垫片的螺栓连接钢盖板。连接的螺栓数量为总螺栓数的1/4，但

不少于4套。

7.2.3 Spare parts shall be packed separately from the vessels.

备件应同容器分开包装。

7.3 Shipping 运输

7.3.1 Templates and foundation bolting shall be shipped separately from the vessels according

to Purchaser’s instruction.

样板及地脚螺栓应根据买方指导同容器分开运输。

7.3.2 Internals within Vendor’s scope of supply shall be installed and assembled at Vendor’s

shop before shipping, unless otherwise instructed by Purchaser.

在运输前，卖方供应的内件应在卖方车间安装好，除非买方另有指示。

7.3.3 No vessels shall be released for shipment from Vendor’s shop until it has been approved

by Purchaser’s inspector.

再未经买方检查人员批准前不得将容器从卖方车间运出。

Appendix A 附录A

Fig. TOLERANCES FOR PRESSURE VESSELS

图表：压力容器容许偏差

[SHELLS AND HEADS] 壳体及封头

Tolerances for shape of formed heads and out-of-roundness of shells shall be as specified in the

applicable codes.

成型封头的形状及壳体的不圆度的容许偏差应符合相关规范的规定。

1. Overall length between T.L.: 切线间的总长

±13 or ±1.5 per 1000, whichever is greater, but not exceed the following value

±13，或每1000为±1.5，但不能超过以下数值

Length, (L) 长度 Tolerances 容许偏

差

L ≤30000 ±25

L > 30000 ±40

2a. Inside diameter as determined by circumferential measurements: 内径（通过圆周测量法确定）

Nominal I.D., (D)

公称内径

Tolerances 容许偏

差

D ≤ 1200

1200 < D ≤ 2100

2100 < D ≤ 4000

4000 < D ≤ 6000

6000 < D ≤ 8000

8000 < D ≤ 10000

10000 < D

±3

±5

±6

±7

±8

±10

±15

2b. Inside diameter of vessels with internal trays (by direct measurements): 带内塔盘的容器内

径（直接测量）

±0.5 % x Nominal I.D. ±0.5 %×公称内径

3. Straightness (deviation of shell external surface from a straight line) 笔直度（壳体外表面

与直线的偏差）

(1) Max.6 in any 6000 length 每6000长最大偏差为6

(2) As measured in the total length (from bottom to top T.L.): 总长下测量值（从底到顶部切线）：

Length, (L) 长度 Tolerances 容许偏

差

L ≤30000 Max.19 最大19

L > 30000 Max.25 最大25

[NOZZLES, MANHOLES AND OTHER ATTACHMENTS] 设备口、人孔及其它附件

4a. Location of nozzle from T.L. 设备口到切线位置: ±6

4b. Orientation of nozzle from reference centerline 设备口到参考中心线的方位: ±6

4c. Nozzle flange face from shell external surface 从壳体外表面到设备口法兰面: ±5

4d. Alignment of nozzle flange face 设备口法兰面对中: ±1/2°

4e. Rotation orientation of bolt hole at bolt circle : Max. 1.5 螺栓孔圆周内直径偏差：最大1.5

4f. Top (or bottom) flange face from adjacent T.L. 顶部（或底部）法兰面到相邻切线: ±10

4g. Location of nozzle on top head from center of head 顶部封头上的设备中到封头中心的位置: ±6

4h. Flange face of bottom draw-off nozzles from reference centerline: ±10

5a. Location of manhole from T.L. 人孔到切线的位置: ±10

5b. Orientation of manhole from reference centerline 人孔从参考中心线的方位: ±10

5c. Manhole flange face from shell external surface 人孔法兰面到壳体外表面: ±10

5d. Alignment of manhole flange face 人孔法兰面对中: ±1°

6. Location of nozzle and manhole (related to trays) from tray support ring: ±3

设备口及人孔到塔盘支承圈（涉及到塔盘）

7.Any pair of nozzles (i.e. nozzles for liquid level gauge and connected to reboiler)

任意一对设备口（如液位计设备口及连接到重沸器的设备口）

7a. Difference in nozzle length : Max.1 设备口长偏差：最大为1

7b. Distance between nozzles 设备口间距: ±2

7c. Difference in orientation 方位偏差: Max.2

7d. Alignment of flange face 法兰面对中: ±1/4°

8. Clips or other similar structural attachments for platform, ladder or pipe support

平台、梯子或管架上的卡具或其它相同结构附件

8a. Location from T.L. 到切线的位置: ±10

8b. Orientation from reference centerline 到参考中心线的方位: ±10

8c. Distance between any pair of clips 任意一对卡具的间距: ±3

[SUPPORTS (SKIRT, LUGS, LEGS AND SADDLES)] 支撑物（侧缘、凸耳、支腿及承台等）

9a. Distance from T.L. to bottom of baseplate (height of skirt or leg):

从切线到基座底的间距（侧缘或支腿高）

Nominal I.D., (D)

公称内径

Tolerances

容许偏差

D ≤ 2100

D > 2100

±6

±9

9b. Out-of-level of baseplate (difference between max. and min. distances from T.L. to bottom

of baseplate):

基座不平度（从切线到基座底的最大间距与最小间距间的差距）

Nominal I.D., (D)

公称内径

Tolerances 容许偏

差

D ≤ 2100

2100 < D ≤ 4000

4000 < D ≤ 6000

6000 < D ≤ 8000

8000 < D ≤10000

10000 < D

Max. 3

Max. 6

Max. 7

Max. 8

Max. 10

Max. 15

10. Distance from T.L. to support lug 从切线到支撑耳的间距: ±6

11. Bolt circle diameter and pitch between bolt holes: 螺栓圆周直径及螺栓孔间距：

Nominal I.D., (D)

公称内径

Tolerances

容许偏差

D ≤ 2100

D > 2100

±3

±6

12. Horizontal vessels 卧式容器

12a. Distance from reference centerline to bottom of support saddle 从参考中心线到承台底的间

距: ±6

12b. Distance from T.L. to bolt hole center of support saddle 从切线到承台螺栓孔中心的间距: ±6

12c. Distance between bolt holes of support saddle: 承台螺栓孔间距

Nominal I.D., (D)

公称内径

Tolerances

容许偏差

D ≤ 2100

D > 2100

±3

±6

REMARKS: 备注

1. Unless otherwise stated, all dimensions and tolerances are given in (mm).

除非另有规定，所有尺寸及容许偏差均以mm计。

2. T.L.: Tangent Line 切线

3. Tolerances are not cumulative. 容许偏差不能累积

4. Tolerances indicated on Vessel Drawing shall govern. 以容器图纸中指出的容许偏差为主

5. Tolerances shown herein are intended to apply to both vertical and horizontal vessels.

这里给出的容许偏差适用于立式容器及卧式容器。

6. For vessels fabricated from pipes, diameter tolerances shall be in accordance with the relevant

pipe specification.

用管道制作的容器，直径的容许偏差应符合相关的管道规范。

7. Tolerances as shown in 2a, 2b and 3 are not applied to distortion caused by welding for attaching

parts, such as nozzles, support rings, lugs and other fittings to shells and heads. Measurements

shall be made to the surface of the parent plate and not to a weld, fitting or other raised parts.

在2a、2b、3中所示的容许偏差不适用于因将附件（如设备口、支撑环、凸耳及其它配件）焊接到壳体及

封头上所产生的变形。应对母板表面进行测量，而非焊缝、配件或其它凸出的部件。

8. Even if the distance to flange face of nozzles (or manholes) from centerline of vessel is

specified on Vessel Drawing, measurements shall be made as shown in 4c (or 5c).

即使在容器图纸中指定了从容器中心线到设备口（或人孔）法兰面的间距，应根据4c（或5c）所示进行测

量。

ASME常用词汇

Abrasion, allowance for 磨损，裕量

Accessibility，pressure vessels 压力容器可达性

Access openings 通道孔

Allowance for corrosion, erosion, or abrasion 腐蚀裕量侵蚀或/磨损裕量

Applied linings, tightness 应用衬里密封性

Approval of new materials, 新材料的批准

Articles in Section V 第 V卷中的各章

Article 1, T-150 第 1章 T150

Article 2 第 2章

Attachments 附件

lugs and fitting 支耳和配件

lugs for platforms, ladders, etc. 平台，梯子等的支耳

nonpressure parts 非受压件

nozzles 接管

pipe and nozzle necks to vessel walls 在器壁上的管子和接管颈

stiffening rings to shell 壳体上的刚性环

Backing strip 垫板

Bending stress, welded joints 弯曲应力，焊接接头

Bend test 弯曲试验

Blind flanges 盲板法兰

Bolted flange connections 螺栓法兰连接

bolt lands 螺栓载荷

bolt stress 螺栓应力

design of 关于设计

flange moments 法兰力矩

flange stresses 法兰应力

materials 材料

studs 双头螺栓

tightness of 紧密性

types of attachment 附件类型

Bolts 螺栓

Braced and stayed surfaces 支持和支撑面

Brazed connections for nozzles 接管的钎焊连接

Brazed joints, efficiency of 钎焊接头，焊缝系数

maximum service temperature 最高使用温度

strength of 强度

Brazing, cleaning of brazed surfaces 钎焊，钎焊的表面清理

fabrication by 用……制造

filler metal 填充金属

fluxes 钎焊剂

heads into shells 封头接入壳体

operating temperature 操作温度

Buttstraps, curvature 对接盖板，曲率

forming ends of 成型端

thickness and corrosion allowance 厚度和腐蚀裕量

welding ends of 焊接端

Carbon in material for welding 焊接用材料中的碳

Cast ductile iron vessels, design 可锻铸铁容器，设计

pressure-temperature limitations 压力-温度界限

service restrictions 使用限制

Castings 铸件

carbon steel 碳钢

defects 缺陷

impact test 冲击试验

inspection 检查

quality factor 质量系数

specifications 标准

Cast iron circular dished heads 铸铁碟形封头

Cast iron standard parts, small 铸铁标准部件，小件

Cast iron pipe fittings 铸铁管件

Cast iron vessels 铸铁容器

corners and fillets 圆角和倒角

head design 封头设计

hydrostatic test 水压试验

nozzles and fittings 接管和配件

pressure-temperatures limitations 压力-温度界限

Certificate of Authorization for Code Symbol Stamp 规范符号标志的认可证书

Certification of material 材料证明书

Certification of Nondestructive Personnel 无损检验人员证明书

Magnetic Particle Examination 磁粉检验

Liquid Penetrant Examination液体渗透检验

Radiographic Examination 射线超声检验

Ultrasonic Examination 超声检验

Chip marks on integrally forged vessels 整体锻造容器上的缺口标志

Circumferential joints alignment tolerance环向连接，组对公差

assembling装配

brazing钎焊

vessels subjected to external pressure 承受外压的容器

Clad material, inserted strips 覆层材料，嵌条

examination 检查

Clad plate 复合板

Cleaning ,of brazed surfaces 钎焊表面清理

of welded surfaces 焊接表面

Clearance between surfaces to be brazed 钎焊表面间的间隙

Combination, of different materials 不同材料组合

of methods of fabrication制造方法

Computed working pressure from hydrostatic tests 由水试验计算的工作压力

Conical heads 锥形封头

Conical sections 圆锥截面

Connections ,bolted flange (see Bolted flange connections)连接，螺栓法兰（见螺栓法兰连接）

brazed 钎焊

clamp 卡箍

expanded 胀接

from vessels to safety valves 由容器至安全阀

studded 双头螺栓

threaded 螺纹

welded 焊接

Cooling, after postweld heat treating 冷却，焊后热处理

Corrosion allowance 腐蚀裕度

Corrosion resistant linings 防腐蚀衬里

Corrugated shells 波纹形壳体

Corrugating Paper Machinery 波纹板机械

Cover plates 盖板

on manholes and handholes 在人孔和手孔上的

spherically dished 球形封头

Cracking, stress corrosion 应力腐蚀裂缝

Cutting plates 板材切割

Cylindrical shells, supplementary loading 柱状壳体，附加载荷

thickness 厚度

transition in 过渡段

Data report, guide for preparation 准备数据报告的指南

Defects in welded vessels, repair 修理焊接容器中的缺陷

Definitions 定义

Design, brazed vessels 设计钎焊容器

carbon and low alloy steel vessels 碳钢及低合金钢容器

cast ductile iron vessels 可锻铸铁容器

cast iron vessels 铸铁容器

clad vessels 覆层容器

ferritic steel vessels with properuts

enhanced by heat treatment 经热处理后提高抗拉性能的铁素体钢容器

forged vessels 锻造容器

high-alloy steel vessels 高合金钢容器

loadings 载荷

multichamber vessels 多受压室容器

nonferrous vessels 非铁金属容器

welded vessels 焊接容器

design pressure 设计压力

Diameter exemption 直径的豁免

Dimensions, checking of 尺寸，校核

Discharge of safety valves 安全阀泄放

Dished heads (see formed heads) 碟形封头(见成形封头)

Disks, rupture 防爆膜

Dissimilar weld metal 不同金属的焊接

Distortion, of welded vessels 大变形、焊接容器

supports to prevent 用支撑防止

Drainage, discharge from safety and relief valves 排放，由安全阀和泄压阀泄放

Drop weight tests 落锤试验

Eccentricity of shells 壳体的偏心度

Edges of plates, metal removal from 由加工板边去除金属

tapered 锥度

Efficiency, around openings for welded attachments 焊缝系数，环绕焊接附件孔口

Elasticity, modulus of 弹性模量

Electric resistance welding 电阻焊

Ellipsoidal heads 椭圆封头

Erosion, allowance for 侵蚀裕量

Etching, of sectioned speciments 侵蚀，关于截面试样

solutions for examination for materials 检验材料的溶液

Evaporators 蒸发器

Examination, of sectioned speciments 剖面试样的检验

of welded joints 焊接接头的检验

Exemptions diameter and volume 直径和容积的豁免

Expanded connections 胀接连接

External pressure, tube and pipe 外压管

External pressure vessels 外压容器

allowable working pressure for 许用工作压力

charts 算图

design of heads for 封头设计

joints in shells of 壳体上的接头

reinforcement for openings 开孔补强

stiffening rings in shells 壳体上的刚性环

supports for 支承

thickness of shell 壳体厚度

reducers 变径段

Fabrication, brazed vessels 制造，钎焊容器

Ferritic steels vessels with tensile proper

ties enhanced by heat treatment, design

经热处理后提高抗拉性能的铁素体钢容器，设计

fabrication 制造

head design 封头设计

heat treatment热处理

heat treatment verification tests 热处理验证试验

marking 标志

materials 材料

stamping 标记

welded joints 焊接接头

Field assembly of vessels 容器的现场安装

Filler plugs for trepanned holes 锥孔的管塞

Fillet welds 角焊

Fired process tubular heaters 直接火管式加热炉

Fitting attachments 附件装配

Flange connections 法兰连接

Flange contact facings 法兰接触面

Flanges 法兰

bolted design 螺柱法兰设计

of formed heads for welding 用于焊接成型封头

type of attachment 附件的类型

Flat heads and covers, unstayed 无支撑平封头和盖板

reinforcement of openings 开孔补强

Flat spots on formed heads 成型封头上的平坦部分

Flued openings 翻边开孔

Forged parts, small 锻造部件，小的

Forged vessels 锻造容器

heat treatment 热处理

localized thin areas 局部薄壁区

welding 焊接

Forgings 锻件

identification of 识别

Ultrasonic Examination 超声检验

Form

manufacturer’s data report 制造厂数据报告格式

partial report 零部件数据报告

Formed heads 成型封头

flued openings in 封头上翻边开孔

insertion of, welded vessels 插入，焊接容器

joint efficiency 接头系数

knuckle radius 转角半径

length of skirt 直边长度

on welded vessels 在焊接容器上

reinforcement for openings 开孔补强

Forming 成型

ends of shell plates and buttstraps 壳体板和对接搭板端

forged heads 锻造封头

shell sections and heads 筒节和封头

Furnaces 炉子

temperatures for postweld head treatment 焊后热处理温度

Furnaces for heat treating 热处理炉

temperature control of 炉温控制

Galvanized vessels 镀锌容器

Gasket materials 垫片材料

Girth joints (see circumferential joints) 环缝接头(见环向接头)

Handhole and manhole openings 手孔和人孔开孔

Head flange (skirt) length 封头翻边(直边)长度

Head joints 封头接头

brazing 钎焊

welded 焊接

Head openings 封头开孔

entirely in spherical portion 全部在球体部分

Head joints 封头接头

concave and convex 凹面和凸面

flat (see flat heads) 平板(见平封头)

forged 锻造的

formed (see Formed heads) 成型的(见成形封头)

forming 面型

thickness, after forming 厚度，成型之后

Heads, design, conical 封头，设计，锥形

ellipsoidal 椭圆形

hemispherical 半球形

spherically dished 球状碟形

toriconical 带折边的锥形

torispherical 带折边的球形

torispherical, knuckle radius 带折边的球形，转角半径

Heads and shells 封头和壳体

external pressure, out-of-roundness 外压，不圆度

openings through or near welded joints 通过或靠近焊缝处的开孔

roundness tolerance 不圆度公差

Heat exchangers 热交换器

Heat treatment 热处理

by fabricator 由制造厂进行

carbon and low-alloy steel vessels 碳钢和低合金钢容器

ferritic steel vessels with tensile properties enhanced by heat treatment 经过热处理后提高抗拉性

能的铁素体的容器

forged vessels 锻造容器

furnaces 炉子

high-alloy vessels 高合金容器

of test specimens 试样的热处理

verification tests of 热处理验证试验

Hemispherical heads 半球形封头

High pressure vessels 高压封头

Holes 小孔

for screw stays 用于螺丝固定

for trepanning plug sections, refilling 用于穿孔螺塞部分，再填充

telltale 指示孔

unreinforced, in welded joints 不补强，在焊缝上

Hubs, on flanges 高颈，在法兰上

Hydrostatic proof tests 水压验证试验

destructive 破坏性

prior pressure application 在升压之前

Hydrostatic test 水压试验

cast iron vessels 铸铁容器

combined with pneumatic 与气压试验混合的

enameled vessels 搪玻璃容器

external pressure vessels 外压容器

galvanized vessels 镀锌容器

standard 标准

welded vessels 焊接容器

Identification 识别

of forging 锻件

of plates 平板

of welds 焊接

Identification markers, radiographs 识别标志，射线照相

Impact test 冲击试验

certification 证明

properties 性能

specimens 试样

temperature 温度

Inspection 检查

before assembling 组装之前

carbon and low-alloy steel 碳钢和低合金钢

cast ductile iron vessels 可锻铸铁容器

cast iron vessels 铸铁容器

clad vessels 覆层容器

during fabrication 在制造期间

ferritic steel vessels with tensile properties enhanced by heat treatment 经过热处理后提高抗拉性

能的铁素体的容器

fitting up 组对

forged vessels 锻造容器

heat treatment, forgings 热处理，锻件

high-alloy steel vessels 高合金钢容器

magnetic particle 磁粉

material 材料

nonferrous vessels 非铁金属容器

plate 板材

postweld heat treatment 焊后热处理

pressure vessels, accessibility 压力容器，可达性

quality control 质量管理

sectioning of welded joints 焊接接头的剖面检验

spot examination 抽样检查

steel castings 铸钢件

surfaces exposed and component parts 暴露的表面和元件部分

test specimens 试样

vessels 容器

vessels exempted from 免检容器

welded vessels 焊接容器

Inspection openings 检查孔

Inspectors 检查师

access to plant 在厂内应有的便利

control of stamping 打印管理

duties 职责

facilities 装备

qualification 资格

reports 报告

Installation 安装

pressure-relieving devices 泄压装置

pressure vessel 压力容器

Integral cast iron dished heads 整体铸铁碟形封头

integrally finned tubes 整体翅片管

Internal structures 内部构件

Jacketed vessels 夹套容器

Joints 接头

brazed 钎焊

circumferential (see Circumferential joints) efficiency, brazed 环缝(见环向接头)系数，钎焊

welded 焊接

electric resistance, butt welding 电阻，对接焊

in cladding and applied linings 在覆层及衬里

in vessels subjected to external pressure 在承受外压的容器

lap (see Lap joints) 搭接(见搭接接头)

longitudinal (see Longitudinal joints) 纵向(见纵向接头)

tube-to-tubesheet 管子对管板

Jurisdictional Review 权限审查

Knuckles 过渡圆角

radius 半径

transition section 变径段

Lap joints 搭接接头

amount of overlap 搭接量

brazed 钎焊

longitudinal under external pressure 在外压作用下纵向的

welded 焊接

Laws Covering Pressure Vessels 涉及压力容器的法规

Lethal gases or liquids 致命的气体或液体

Ligaments, efficiency of 孔带，系数

Limitation on welded vessels 焊接容器的限制

Limit of out-of-roundness of shells 壳体不圆度的限制

Linings 衬里

corrosion resistant 抗腐蚀

Liquid penetrant examination 液体渗透检验

Loadings 载荷

Local postweld heat treatment 局部焊后热处理

Longitudinal joints 纵向接头

alignment tolerance 对准公差

brazing 钎焊

vessels subjected to external pressure 承受外压的容器

Low-temperature operation 低温操作

Low-temperature vessels brazed 低温容器，钎焊

for gases and liquids 用于气体和液体

impact test requirements 冲击试验要求

impact test, when not required 冲击试验，当不要求时

marking 标志

materials 材料

testing of materials 材料试验

Lugs for ladders, platforms, and other 梯子，平台及其它附件的支耳

Magnetic particle inspection 磁粉检查

Manholes, and handholes 人孔，手孔

cover plate for 盖板

minimum vessel diameter requiring 所需最小容器直径

Manufacture, responsibility of 制造者，职责

Manufacturer’s Data Report (see Data Report) 制造厂数据报告(见数据报告)

Manufacturer’s stamps 制造厂的印记

Marking castings 标志，铸件

materials 材料

plates 板材

standard pressure parts 标志受压件

valves and fittings 阀门和配件

with Code symbol 带有规范符号

Markings, transfer after cutting plates 标志，板材切割以后的转移

Materials, approval of new 材料，新材料的批准

approval of repairs 修补的批准

brazed vessels 钎焊容器

carbon and low-alloy steel vessels 碳钢和低合金钢容器

cast ductile iron 可锻铸铁

castings 铸铁

cast iron vessels 铸铁容器

certification 合格证

clad vessels 覆层容器

combination of 组合材料

ferritic steel vessels with tensile properties enhanced by heat treatment 经热处理后提高抗拉性能

的铁素体钢容器

forged vessels 锻造容器

for nonpressure parts 非受压元件

heat treatment of 热处理

high-alloy steel vessels 高合金钢容器

inspection of 检查

nonferrous vessels 非铁金属容器

pipe and tube 管子

plate 板

rods and bars 杆和棒

specification for 标准

standard pressure, parts 标准受压元件

unidentified 未鉴别的

use of over thickness listed in Section Ⅱ采用超过列于第Ⅱ卷表中的厚度

welded vessels 焊接容器

Measurement, 测量

dimensional 尺寸

of out-of-roundness of shells 壳体不圆度

Metal temperature determination 金属温度，确定

control of 控制

Mill undertolerance 钢厂负公差控制

Minimum thickness of plate 板材的最小厚度控制

Miscellaneous pressure parts 其它受压件控制

Multichamber vessels design 多承压室容器，设计

Multiple duplicate vessels 多个相同的容器

Multiple safety valves 多个安全阀

Nameplates 铭牌

New materials 新材料

Noncircular vessels 非圆形容器

ligament efficiency 孔带系数

nomenclature 术语

obround design 长圆形设计

rectangular design 矩形设计

reinforcement 补强

examples 实例

Nonpressure parts, attachment of 非受压元件的连接

Notch ductility test 缺口韧性试验

Nozzle openings, reinforced 接管开孔，补强的

unreinforced 非补强的

vessels subjected to external pressure 承受外压得容器

Nozzles attachment of to shell 接管，与壳体的连接

minimum thickness of neck 缩颈的最小厚度

(see also Connections)(也可见连接件)

Nuts and washers 螺母和垫圈

Offset of edges of plates at joints 在接头处板边的偏差

Openings adjacent to welds 开孔，邻近焊缝

closure of 封闭

for connections to brazed vessels 用于对钎焊容器的连接

for drainage 用于排放

head (see Openings head and shell) 封头(见开孔，封头和壳体)

in flat heads 在平板封头上

inspection 检查

manhole (see Manholes) 人孔(见人孔)

nozzle (see Nozzle opening) 接管(见接管开孔)

shell (see Openings, head and shell) 壳体(见开孔，封头和壳体)

through welded joints 通过焊接接头

Openings, head and shell, computation of 开孔，封头和壳体，计算

not requiring additional reinforcement 不需要附加补强

reinforced, size 补强，尺寸

reinforcement for adjacent openings 邻近开孔的补强

reinforcement of 补强

requiring additional reinforcement 需要附加补强

shapes permissible 许用形式

unreinforced, size 不补强的，尺寸

Outlets, discharge, pressure relieving devices 排放口，出料，泄压装置

Out-of-roundness 不圆度

Overpressure limit for vessels 容器的超压极限

Partial data report, manufacturer’s 零部件数据报告，制造厂的

Parts, miscellaneous 部件，各种各样的

Peening 捶击

Pipe connections openings for 管子的连接，用于开孔

Pipe fittings vessels built of 管子配件，制造的容器

Pipe and tubes 各类管子

Pipe used for shells 用作壳体的管子

piping external to vessel 容器外的管子

Plate, curvature 板，曲率

measurement, dimensional check 测量，尺寸校核

Plate edges cutting 板边，切割

exposed left unwelded 留下不予焊接的显露部分

inspection of 检查

Plates 平板

alignment 找准

cover 盖板

cutting 切割

forming 成型

heat treatment 热处理

identification 标志

impact test 冲击试验

inspection 检查

laying out 划线

less than 6 mm thickness 厚度小 6mm

markings transfer after cutting 标志，在切割以后的转移

minimum thickness 最小厚度

repair of defects 缺陷修理

specifications 标准

structural carbon steel 结构碳钢

Plug welds 塞焊

Pneumatic test 气压试验

pressure 压力

yielding 屈服

Porosity welded joints 气孔，焊接接头

Porosity charts 气孔图

Postheat treatment 后热处理

connections for nozzles and attachments 用于接管和附件的连接

cooling after 随后的冷却

furnace temperature 炉温

inspection 检查

local 局部

requirements 要求

temperature range 温度范围

welded vessels 焊接容器

Preheating 预热

Preparation of plates for welding 焊接板材的准备

pressure, design 压力，设计

limits 极限

(see also Working pressure, allowable) (也可见工作压力，许用)

Pressure parts miscellaneous 受压件，其它的

Pressure relieving devices 泄压装置

discharge 排放

installation and operation 安装和运转

rupture disks 防爆模

setting 整定

Pressure vessels 压力容器

exempted from inspection 免检

Produce form of Specification 产品技术条件

Proof test hydrostatic (see Hydrostatic proof test) 验证试验，水压(见水压试验)

Qualification 评定

of brazers 钎焊工

of welders 焊工

of welding procedure 焊接工艺

Quality Control System 质量保证体系

Quenching and tempering 淬火及回火

Quick-actuating closures 快开盖

Radiograph factor 射线照相系数

Radiographing 射线照相

examination by 检查

partial 部分

quality factors 质量系数

requirements 要求

spot examination 抽样检查

retests 重新试验

thickness, mandatory minimum 规定最小厚度

Radiographs, acceptance by inspector 射线照相，由检查员认为合格

gamma rays, radium capsule γ射线，装镭的盒子

interpretation by standard procedure 由标准程序的说明

rounded indications 圆形显示

Reaming holes for screw stays 为固定螺钉用的铰孔

Reducer sections, rules for 变径段，规程

Reinforcement 补强

defined limits 规定的范围

head and shell openings 封头及壳体开孔

large openings 大开孔

multiple openings 多个开孔

nozzle openings 接管开孔

of openings in shells, computation of 壳体上开孔，计算

openings subject to rapid pressure fluctuation 经受压力突然波动的开孔

Fluctuation 经受压力突然波动的开孔

strength 强度

Relief devices 泄放装置

(see also Pressure relieving devices, Safety and relief Valves)(也可见泄压装置，安全阀和泄压阀)

Relieving capacity of safety valves 安全阀排量

Repairs, approval of defects in material 修理，材料中缺陷的认可

defective Brazing 有缺陷的钎焊

defects in forgings 锻件中的缺陷

defects in welds 焊缝中的缺陷

Responsibility of manufacturer 制造者的职责

Retention of Records 记录的保存

Radiographs 射线照相

Manufacturer’s Data Reports 制造厂的数据报告

Retests, frogings 复试，锻件

impact specimens 冲击试样

joints, welded 接头，焊接

Rods, bars, and shapes 杆棒喝型材

Rolled parts, small 轧制件，小件

Rupture disks 爆破模

Safety 安全性

safety relief, and pressures relief valves, adjustable blow down, capacity certification 安全泄放和泄

压阀，可调节的泄放，排放量证明

capacity, conversion 排量，换算

connection to vessels 连接至容器

construction 结构

discharge pipe 排放管

indirect operation 间接操作

installation 安装

installation on vessels in service 容器在役时的安装

liquid relief 液体泄放

marking 标志

minimum requirements 最低要求

pressure setting 压力整定

spring loaded 受载弹簧

springs, adjustment 弹簧，调节

stop valves adjacent to 邻近的截止阀

test 试验

protective devices 防护装置

for unfired steam boiler 对非直接火蒸气锅炉

Scope 适用范围

sectioning, closing holes left by 解剖，解剖孔的封闭

etching plugs taken 解剖样的侵蚀

examination by 检查

Service restriction 使用限制

Shapes, special 形状，特殊

Shell plates, forming ends of 壳体用材料，封头成型

Shells 壳体

allowable working pressure 许用工作压力

computation of openings in 开孔计算

forming 成型

made from pipe 由管子制造的

stiffening rings 刚性环

thickness 厚度

Transition section 过渡段

Sigma-phase formation σ相的形成

Skirts length on heads 直边、封头上的长度

support of vessels 裙座，容器支撑

Slag inclusion welds 焊缝中的夹渣

Special constructions 特殊结构

Specification for materials 材料标准

Spherical sections of vessels 容器的球形部分

Spot examination of welded joints 焊接接头的抽样检查

Springs for safety valves 安全阀的弹簧

Stamping location of 打印位置

multipressure vessels 多重压力容器

omission of 省略

safety valves 安全阀

with Code symbol 带有规范标记

Stamps, certificate of authorization 钢印，授权

low stress 低压力

not to be covered 不应覆盖

to be visible on plates 在板上可见

Static head, in setting safety valves, effect of on limiting stresses 静压头，在整定安全阀时，影响，

对极限应力

Stayed surfaces 支撑表面

Staying formed heads 成型封头的支撑

Stays and staybolts, adjacent to edges of staybolted surface 支撑件及拉撑螺栓，邻近用螺栓拉撑得

表面周边处

allowable stress 许用应力

area supported 支撑面

dimensions 尺寸

ends 端部

location 位置

pitch 节距

screw, holes for 螺孔

upset for threading 为车制螺纹的镦粗

welded 焊接的

Steam generating vessels, unfired 蒸汽锅炉，非直接火

Steel, carbon content 钢，含碳量

Stenciling plates for identification 在板材上打印标志

Stiffening rings, attachment to shell 刚性环，和壳体的装配

for vessels under external pressure 用于外压容器

Stiffness, support of large vessels for 刚性，大容器支座

Stop valves 截止阀

adjacent to safety and relief valves 邻近于安全和泄压阀

Strength of brazed joints 钎焊接头的强度

Stress corrosion cracking 应力腐蚀裂缝

Stress values, attachment weld 应力值，连接焊缝

basis for establishing 确定的基础

carbon and low-alloy steel 碳钢和低合金钢

cast iron 铸铁

ferritic steels with tensile properties enhanced by heat treatment 经热处理后提高抗拉性能的铁

素体刚

high-alloy steel高合金钢

nonferrous metals 非铁金属

Stud bolt threads 双头螺栓螺纹

Studded connections 双头螺纹连接

Supplementary design formulas 补充设计公式

Supports, design 支座，设计

pressure vessels 压力容器

temperature free movement under 在温度下活动不受约束

types of steel permissible for 容许的钢材类型

vessels subjected to external pressure 承受外压的容器

Surface Weld Metal Buildup 金属堆焊表面

Tables, effective gasket width b 表，有效垫片宽度 b

gasket materials and contact facings 垫片材料和接触面

maximum allowable efficiencies for arc and gas welded joints 电弧焊和气焊接头的最大许用系数

minimum number of pipe threads for connections 管螺纹连接的最少螺纹牙数

molecular weights of gases and vapors 气体和蒸汽的分子量

of stress values, carbon and low-alloy steel 应力值，碳钢和低合金钢

cast iron 铸铁

cast ductile iron 可锻铸铁

ferritic steels with tensile properties enhanced by heat treatment 经热处理后提高抗拉性能的铁

素体钢

high-alloy steel 高合金钢

nonferrous metals 非铁金属

welded carbon low-alloy pipe and tubes 焊接低合金碳钢管

of values factor Ｋ 系数Ｋ值

factor M 系数Ｍ

factor 系数

postweld heat treatment requirements 焊后热处理要求

recommended temperature ranges for heat treatment 推荐的热处理温度范围

spherical radius factor K1 球半径系数 K1

Telltale holes 指示孔

in opening reinforcement 开孔补强

Temperature, definitions 温度，定义

design 设计

determination 确定

free movement of vessel on supports 支座上的容器活动不受约束

heat treatment 热处理

limitations, of brazed vessels 限制，钎焊容器

of cast ductile iron 可锻铸铁

of postweld heat treating 焊后热处理

metal, control of 金属，控制

operating or working, definitions 操作或工作，定义

zones of different 不同区域

Termination point of a vessel 容器的界限点

Test coupons 试样

Test gages requirements 试验仪表，要求

Test plates heat treatment 试板，热处理

impact test 冲击试验

production 生产

Tests, hydrostatic proof 试验，水压验证

pneumatic (see pneumatic test) 气压，见气压试验

vessels whose strength cannot be calculated 不能由计算求得强度的容器

calculated 不能由计算求得强度的容器

Thermal buffers 热缓冲器

Thermocouples attachment 热电偶，安装

Thickness gages, details 厚度量规，细节

Thick shells, cylindrical 厚壳体，圆柱形

spherical 球形

Thin plates marking 薄板，标志

Threaded connection 螺纹连接

Threaded inspection openings 螺纹检查孔

Threads, stud bolts 螺纹，双头螺栓

Tolerances, forged shells and heads 公差，锻造容器及封头

Toriconical heads 带折边的锥形封头

Torispherical heads 带折边的球形封头

Transfering marking on plates 板上标志的移植

Transition in cylindrical shells 柱状壳体的过渡

Trays and baffles, acting as partial shell stiffeners 塔盘及挡板，作为部分壳体加强圈

Tubes and pipe 管子

Tube-to-tubesheet joints 管子与管板的连接

Ultrasonic examination of welds 焊缝的超声检验

UM vessels UM 容器

Unfired steam boiler 非直接火蒸汽锅炉

Unidentified materials 未识别的材料

Valves, connections 阀，连接

safety and relief (see safety and relief valves) 安全和泄压装置

Valves and fittings, marking 阀及其配件，标志

Verification tests, heat treatment 验证试验，热处理

Volume exemption 容器的免检

Weld deposits, cleaning 焊接熔敷金属，清理

peening 捶击

Welded joints, category 焊接接头，类别

description of types 类型的描述

efficiency 焊缝系数

impact test, across 冲击试验，横向

postweld heat treating 焊后热处理

radiographic examination, complete 射线照相检查，整个的

rounded indications 圆形显示

sectioning, etch test 解剖，侵蚀试验

spot examination 抽样检查

staggered, longitudinal 错开，轴向

taper, plates of unequal thicknesses 锥度，不等厚板

types around openings 类型，环绕开孔

ultrasonic examination of 超声检验

Welded reinforcement of nozzle openings 接管开孔的焊缝补强

Welded vessels 焊接容器

holes in joints of 接头处的孔

inspection 检查

limitations on 限制

tests of 试验

Welders and welding operators 焊工和自动焊工

identifying stamps 识别标记

records of, by manufacturers 由制造厂所作的记录

test of qualification 评定试验

Welding 焊接

cleaning of welded surfaces 焊件表面清理

details, limitations 细节，限制

forged vessels 锻造容器

materials 材料

materials having different coefficients of expansion 膨胀系数不同的材料

of attachment around openings 开孔周围的连接

plate, fitting up joints 平板，连接处的装配

plate edges, matching 板边，匹配

preparation of plates 钣材的制备

procedure qualification 工艺评定

processes 工艺

test requirement 试验要求

Weld metal, composition 焊缝金属，成分

Welds acceptability, when radiographed 焊缝合格，用射线照相时

when sectioned 解剖时

fillet 填角

identification of 识别

plug 塞焊

reinforcement, butt welds 补强，对接焊

repairs of defects in 焊缝中缺陷的修补

sharp angles, avoid at weld edges 尖角，避免在焊缝边上

structural 结构

tack 定位焊

types, description 类型，描述

ultrasonic examination of 超声检验

Working pressure allowable, braced and stayed surfaces 许用工作压力，有拉撑和支撑表面

by proof test 验证性试验

definition of 定义

2 一般部分

2.1 配管

piping 按工艺流程、生产操作、施工、维修等要求进行的管道组装。

2.2 公称直径

nominal diameter 表征管子、管件、阀门等口径的名义内直径。

2.3 公称压力

nominal pressure 管子、管件、阀门等在规定温度下允许承受的以压力等级表示的工

作压力。

2.4 工作压力

working pressure 管子、管件、阀门等在正常操作条件下承受的压力。

2.5 设计压力

design pressure 在正常操作过程中①,在相应设计温度下，管道可能承受的最高工作压

力。

2.6 强度试验压力

strength test pressure 管道强度试验的规定压力。

2.7 密封试验压力(严密性试验压力)

sea1 test pressure 管道密封试验的规定压力。

2.8 工作温度

working temperature 管道在正常操作条件下的温度。

2.9 设计温度

design temperature 在正常操作过程中①，在相应设计压力下，管道可能承受

的最高或最低温度。

2.10 适用介质

suitable medium 在正常操作条件下，适合于管道材料的介质。

3 管子与管道

3.1 管子

pipe 一般为长度远大于直径的圆筒体，是管道的主要组成部分。

3.2 管道(管路)

piping (pipe line) 由管子、管件、阀门等连接成的，输送流体或传递流体压

力的通道口。

3.3 管道系统（管系）

piping system 单独一组设计条件相互联系的管道。

3.4 管道组成件

piping components 连接或装配成管道系统的元件，包括管子、管件、法兰、阀

门、支撑件以及补偿器等。

3.5 管子表号

pipe schedule number 工作压力与工作温度下的管子材料许用应力的比值乘以一

个系数，并经圆整后的数值，是表征管子壁厚系列的代号。

3.6 无缝钢管

seamless steel pipe 钢坯经穿孔轧制或拉制成的管子，以及用浇注方法制成的管

子。

3.7 有缝钢管

seamed steel pipe 由钢板、钢带等卷制，经焊接而成的管子。

3.7.1 电阻焊接钢管

electricresistancewelded steel pipe 具有纵向对接焊缝的钢管,利用管子的电阻热

经加压将预先成型的管坯焊合而成。

3.7.2 电熔焊接钢管

①“正常操作过程”是相对意外事故而言的,但包括允许的波动、再生情况。

electricfusionwelded steel pipe 具有纵向对接焊缝的钢管，利用人工或自动电弧焊

将预先成型的管坯焊合而成。

3.7.3 双面埋弧焊接钢管

double submerged arc welded steel pipe 具有纵向对接焊缝的钢管,利用埋弧焊双面

焊接而成。

3.7.4 螺旋焊缝钢管

spiral welded steel pipe 用卷材制成的、焊缝为螺旋形的钢管。

3.7.5 镀锌焊接钢管

galvanized welded steel pipe 管壁镀锌的焊接钢管。

3.8 渗铝钢管

aluminiumimpregnated steel pipe 管壁表面层渗铝的钢管。

3.9 金属软管

metallic hose 用金属薄板等制成的、管壁呈波纹状的并用金属编制物铠装的

柔性管。

3.10 有色金属管

nonferrous pipe 用铝、铜、铅等非铁金属材料制成的管子。

3.11 非金属管

nonmetallic pipe 用玻璃、陶瓷、石墨、塑料、橡胶、石棉水泥等非金属材料

制成的管子。

3.12 衬里管

lined pipe 在内壁设置保护层或隔热层的管子。

3.13 总管(主管)

run pipe(header ) 汇合支管或分出支管的管道。

3.14支管(分管)

branch (branch pipe) 从总管上分出的或向总管汇合的管道。

3.15 袋形管

bagshape pipe 呈“U”形，流体不能自行排尽的管段。

3.16 盘管

coil 螺旋形或排管形的管子。

3.17 架空管道

overhead piping 离开地面敷设的、一般在下方可通过行人或车辆的管道。

3.18 沿地管道

piping installed along ground 接近地面或贴地敷设的管道。

3.19 管沟管道

trench piping 敷设在管沟中的管道。

3.20 埋地管道

buried piping 埋设在地下的管道。

3.21 穿墙(板)管道

piping passing through wall(floor) 穿过建筑物的墙、板等的管道。

3.22 跨线

jumpover connection 连通两条管道(非端点)的管段。

3.23 旁通管(旁路)

by-pass 从管道的一处接出，绕过阀门或设备，又从另一处接回，具有备用或

调节等功能的管段，如调节阀的旁通管。

3.24 穿越管道

cutacross piping 在铁路、公路、河、沟等下方通过的管道。

3.25 跨越管道

crossover piping 架空通过铁路、公路、河、沟的管道。

3.26 挂越管路

hungover piping 挂在桥上等的管道。

3.27 工艺管道

process piping 输送原料、中间物料、成品、催化剂、添加剂等工艺介质的管道。

3.28 公用工程管道

utility piping 工艺管道以外的辅助性管道，包括水、蒸汽、压缩空气、惰性

气体等的管道。

3.29 低压管道

low pressure piping 管内介质表压力为0至1.57MPa的管道。

3.30 中压管道

medium pressure piping 管内介质表压力大于1.57至10.0MPa的管道。

3.31高压管道

high pressure piping 管内介质表压力大于10.0MPa的管道。

3.32 真空管道

vacuum piping 管内绝对压力低于大气压力的管道。

3.33 SHA级管道

grade SHA piping

管内为毒性程度为极度危害介质（苯除外）、毒性程度为高度危害的丙烯腈、光气、二硫

化碳和氟化氢介质，或设计压力大于或等于10.0MPa介质的管道。

3.34 SHB级管道

grade SHB piping

管内毒性程度为为极度危害苯、毒性程度为高度危害(丙烯腈、光气、二硫化碳和氟化氢除

外）介质，或甲类、乙类可燃气体和甲A类液化烃、甲B类、乙 A类可燃介质管道。

3.35 SHC级管道

grade SHC piping 管内为毒性程度为中度、轻度危害介质，或乙B类、丙类可燃介质管

道。

3.36 SHD级管道

grade SHD piping 设计温度低于-29�C的低温管道。

3.37 SHE级管道

grade SHE piping 设计压力小于10.0MPa且设计温度高于或等于-29�C的无毒、非可

燃介质的管道。

3.38 气液两相流管道

two phase (gasliquid)flow piping 输送气液混相流体的管道。

3.39 平衡液体管道

equilibrium liquid piping 输送泡点状态下液体的管道。

3.40 暖泵管道

warm up pump piping 为避免切换泵时，较高温度的液体急剧涌入备用泵内使

泵受到损坏，在泵出口跨越切断阀与止回阀之间的一根小直径管道。

3.41 泵入口平衡管道

pump inlet balancing piping 输送的液体处于泡点或真空状态，为防止产生

气蚀或为平衡压力，在泵前容器的上部与泵入口的高点之间连接的管道。

3.42 塔顶热介质气相旁通管

hot vapor bypass at top of column 为保持塔顶或塔顶受液罐的压力，连接于塔顶出口管道与塔顶受液罐

之间的管道。

3.43 泵防凝管道

pump piping for solidification prevention 为防止常温下易凝的液体堵塞备用泵，在泵出口管道上，跨

越于切断阀与止回阀之间的一根小直径管道。

3.44 取样管

sampling pipe 为取出管道或设备内用于分析化验的介质而设置的管道。

3.45 排液管

drain 为管道或设备低点排液而设置的管道。

3.46 放气管

vent 为管道或设备高点放气而设置的管道。

4 常用管件

4.1 管件

pipe fittings(fittings) 管道系统中用于直接连接、转弯、分支、变径以及用作端部

等的零部件,包括弯头、三通、四通、异径管、管箍、内外螺纹接头、活接头、快速接头、螺纹

短节、加强管接头、管堵、管帽、盲板等(不包括阀门、法兰、紧固件、垫片)。

4.2 弯头

elbow 使管道转向的管件。

4.2.1 异径弯头

reducing elbow 两端直径不同的弯头。

4.2.2 长半径弯头

long radius elbow 弯曲半径等于1.5倍管子公称直径的弯头。

4.2.3 短半径弯头

short radius elbow 弯曲半径等于管子公称直径的弯头。

4.2.4 45o弯头

45o elbow 使管道转向45

o的弯头。

4.2.5 90o弯头

90o elbow 使管道转向90

o的弯头。

4.2.6 180o弯头(回弯头)

180o elbow(return bend) 使管道转向180

o的弯头。

4.2.7 无缝弯头

seamless elbow 用无缝钢管加工的弯头。

4.2.8 焊接弯头(有缝弯头)

welded elbow 用钢板成型焊接而成的弯头。

4.2.9 斜接弯头(虾米腰弯头)

miter(miter elbow) 由梯形管段焊接的形似虾米腰的弯头。

4.3 弯管

bend 在常温或加热条件下将管子弯制成所需要弧度的管段。

4.4 三通

tee 一种可连接三个不同方向管道的、呈T形、Y型的管件。

4.4.1 等径三通

straight tee 直径相同的三通。

4.4.2 异径三通

reducing tee 直径不同的三通

4.5 四通

cross 一种可连接四个不同方向管道的、呈十字型形的管件。

4.5.1 等径四通

straight cross 直径相同的四通。

4.5.2 异径四通

reducing cross 直径不同的四通。

4.6 异径管(大小头)

reducer 两端直径不同的直通管件。

4.6.1 同心异径管(同心大小头)

concentric reducer 中心线重合的异径管。

4.6.2 偏心异径管(偏心大小头)

eccentric reducer 中心线不重合、一侧平直的异径管。

4.7 管箍

coupling 用于连接两根管段的、带有内螺纹或承口的管件。

4.7.1 双头螺纹管箍

full thread coupling 两端均有螺纹的管箍。

4.7.2 单头螺纹管箍

half thread coupling 一端有螺纹的管箍。

4.7.3 双承口管箍

full bell coupling 两端均有承口管箍。

4.7.3 单承口管箍

half bell coupling 一端有承口管箍。

4.8 内外螺纹接头(内外丝)

bushing 用于连接直径不同的管子，一端为内螺纹，一端为外螺纹的管接头。

4.9 活接头

union 由几个元件组成的，用于连接管段，便于装拆管道上其他管件和阀门等的

管接头。

4.10 快速接头

quick joint 可迅速连接软管的管接头。

4.11 螺纹短节

nipple 带外螺纹的直通管件。

4.11.1 单头螺纹短节

half nipple 一端带外螺纹的短节

4.11.2 双头螺纹短节

fu11 nipple 两端带外螺纹的短节。

4.12 加强管接头

olet 焊接在主管分支处，起加强作用的管接头。

4.12.1 螺纹加强管接头

thredolet 用螺纹连接支管的加强管接头。

4.12.2 焊接加强管接头

weldolet 用对焊连接支管的加强管接头。

4.12.3 承口加强管接头

sockolet 用承插焊连接支管的加强管接头。

4.12.4 弯头加强管接头

elbolet 焊接在弯头上的加强管接头。

4.12.5 斜接加强管接头

1atrolet 与主管45o斜接的加强管接头。

4.13 管堵（丝堵）

plug 用于堵塞管子端部的外螺纹管件，有方头管堵、六角管堵等。

4.14 管帽(封头)

cap 与管子端部焊接或螺纹连接的帽状管件。

4.14.1 碟形管帽

dish cap 有折边的球形管帽。

4.14.2 椭圆形管帽

ellipsoid cap 呈椭圆形的管帽。

4.14.2 螺纹管帽

thread cap 螺纹连接的管帽。

4.15 盲板

blank(blind) 插在一对法兰中间，将管道隔开的圆板。

4.15.1 8字盲板

spectac1e blank (spec1acle blind) 形似8字的隔板，8字一半为实心板用

于隔断管道，一半为空心在不隔断时使用。

5 管法兰、垫片

5.1 法兰

flange 用于连接管子、设备等的带螺栓孔的突缘形元件。

5.1.1 平焊法兰（平面板式法兰）

slipon flange 须将管子插入法兰内圈焊接的法兰。

5.1.2 对焊法兰

welding neck flange 带颈的、有圆滑过渡段的、与管子为对焊连接的法兰。

5.1.3 承插焊法兰

socket welding flange

带有承口的、与管子为承插焊连接的法兰。

5.1.4 螺纹法兰

threaded flange (screwed flange) 带有螺纹，与管子为螺纹连接的法兰。

5.1.5 松套法兰

lapped joint flange (loose flange) 活套在管子上的与翻边短节或焊环组合使用的

法兰。

5.1.6 特殊法兰

special flange 非圆形的法兰，如菱形法兰、方形法兰等。

5.1.7 异径法兰(大小法兰)

reducing flange 与标准法兰连接，但接管公称直径小于该标准法兰接管公称

直径的法兰。

5.1.8 全平面法兰

flat face flange 密封面与整个法兰面为同一平面的法兰。

5.1.9 凸台面法兰

raised face flange 密封面略高出整个法兰面的法兰。

5.1.10 凹凸面法兰

male and female face flanges 一对法兰，其密封面，一呈凹型，一呈凸型。

5.1.11 榫槽面法兰

tongue and groove face flanges 一对法兰其密封面，一个有榫，一个有与榫相配的

槽。

5.1.12 环连接面法兰 （环槽面法兰)

ring joint face flanges 法兰的密封面为一梯型环槽。

5.1.13 法兰盖 （盲法兰）

blank flange(blind flange) 与管道端法兰连接，将管道封闭的、带螺栓孔的圆板。

5.2 紧固件

fastener 起紧固和连接作用的机械零件。

5.2.1 螺栓

bolt 一端有头，一端有螺纹的紧固件， 如六角头螺栓等。

5.2.2 螺柱

stud 两端或全长均有螺纹的柱形紧固件。

5.2.3 螺母

nut 与螺栓或螺柱配合使用，有内螺纹的紧固件，如六角螺母等。

5.2.4 垫圈

washer 垫在连接件与螺母之间的零件, 一般为扁平形的金属环。

5.3 垫片

gasket 为防止流体泄漏设置在静密封面之间的密封元件。

5.3.1 非金属垫片

nonmetallic gasket 用石棉、橡胶、合成树脂等非金属制成的垫片。

a 非金属包覆垫片

nonmetallic jacket gasket 外包一层合成树脂等的非金属垫片。

5.3.2 半金属垫片

semimetallic gasket 用金属和非金属材料制成的垫片， 如缠绕式垫片、金属包覆垫片。

a 缠绕式垫片

spiral wound gasket 由V形或W形断面的金属带夹非金属带，螺旋缠绕而成

的垫片。

1) 内环

inner ring 设置在缠绕式垫片内圈的金属环。

2) 外环

outer ring 设置在缠绕式垫片外圈的金属环。

b 金属包覆垫片

metallic jacket gasket 在非金属垫外包覆一层金属的垫片。

5.3.3 金属垫片

metallic gasket

用钢、铝、铜、镍或蒙乃尔合金等金属制成的垫片。

6 常用阀门

6.1 阀门

valve 用以控制管道内介质流动的、具有可动机构的机械产品的总称。

6.2 闸阀

gate valve 启闭件为闸板，由阀杆带动，沿阀座密封面作升降运动的阀门。

6.3 截止阀

globe valve 启闭件为阀瓣，由阀杆带动,沿阀座(密封面)轴线作升降运动的阀。

6.4 节流阀

throttle valve 通过启闭件（阀瓣）改变通路截面积，以调节流量、压力的阀门。

6.5 球阀

ball valve 启闭件为球体，绕垂直于通路的轴线转动的阀门。

6.6 蝶阀

butterfly valve 启闭件为蝶板，绕固定轴转动的阀门。

6.7 隔膜阀

diaphragm valve 启闭件为隔膜，由阀杆带动，沿阀杆轴线作升降运动，并将动作机构

与介质隔开的阀门。

6.8 旋塞阀

plug valve (cock ) 启闭件呈塞状，绕其轴线转动的阀门。

6.9 止回阀

check valve 能自动阻止介质逆流的阀门。

6.10 安全阀

safety valve 当管道或设备内介质的压力超过规定值时，启闭件(阀瓣)自动开

启排放,低于规定值时自动关闭，对管道或设备起保护作用的阀门。

6.11 减压阀

pressure reducing valve 通过启闭件(阀瓣)的节流，将介质压力降低，使阀后压力自

动保持在一定范围内的阀门。

6.12 疏水阀

steam trap 自动排放凝结水并阻止蒸汽通过的阀门。

6.13 调节阀

control valve 根据外来信号或流体压力的传递推动调节机构，以改变流体流量的阀门。

6.14 延伸杆阀

valve with exetended spindle 将阀门的阀杆接长以便操作的阀门。

6.15 链轮阀

valve with chain wheel 用链条带动手轮进行操作的阀门。

6.16 齿轮阀

valve with gear 由齿轮传动启闭的阀门

6.17 气动阀

pneumatic valve(pneumatic operated valve) 用压缩空气启闭的阀门。

6.18 电动阀

electric valve (electrically operated valve ) 用电机传动启闭的阀门。

6.19 电磁阀

electro magnetic va1ve (solenoid operated valve) 用电磁力启闭的阀门。

6.20 液压阀

hydraulic valve 用液体压力启闭的阀门。

6.21 柱塞阀

piston type valve 用柱塞启闭的阀门。

6.22 低温阀

cryogenic service valve 用于介质温度为-40至-100℃的阀门。

6.23 高温阀

high temperature valve 用于介质温度高于450℃的阀门。

6.24 换向阀

change direction valve(diverting valve) 能改变管内流体方向的阀门。

6.25 衬里阀

lined valve 为防止阀门内部腐蚀或磨损，在阀门内壁设保护层的阀门。

6.26 带吹扫孔阀

valve with blowing hole 阀体上设有吹扫孔的阀门。

6.27 夹套阀

valve with jacket 阀体外带有夹套的阀门。

6.28 底阀

foot valve 设置在离心泵吸入管端部，内有止回机构的阀门。

6.29 呼吸阀

breather valve 设置在储罐顶部，当气温和液面变动时，将罐外气体吸入或罐内气体排出，

并自动将罐内气压保持在规定值的阀门。

7 管道上用的设备 （小型设备）

7.1 气液分离器

separator 设置在气体管道上，可将气体中夹带的液体分离出来的小型设备。

7.2 阻火器

flame arrester (flame trap) 设置在可燃气体管道上, 用以阻止回火的一种小型设备。

7.3 过滤器

strainer 设置在管道上用以滤去流体中固体杂质的小型设备。

7.3.1 临时过滤器

temporary strainer 临时设置，用以滤去施工或检修时落入管道内的固体杂物的过滤

器。

7.3.2 固定过滤器 (永久性过滤器)

permanent strainer 在正常运行中使用的过滤器。

7.4 消声器

silencer 设置在管道上用以减轻或消除噪声的小型设备。

7.5 管道混合器

line mixer 设置在管道上用以混合两种或两种以上流体的小型设备。

7.6 视镜

sight glass (sight flow indicator) 设置在管道上， 通过透明体观察管内流体流动情况

的小型设备。

7.6.1 浮球式视镜

floating ball sight glass 带有浮球，便于观察管内液体流动的视镜。

7.6.2 全视视镜

full view sight glass 四周为透明体，便于从不同方向观察管内流体流动的视

镜。

7.7 取样冷却器

sample cooler 由冷却盘管及外壳组成，用以冷却样品的小型冷却器。

7.8 排液漏斗

drain funnel 承接设备或管道排液的漏斗。

7.9 爆破片 (爆破膜)

rupture disk 设置在管道或设备上的一种膜片,当管道或设备超压时破裂,起保护作

用。

7.10 限流孔板

restriction orifice 设置在管道上，限制流量的孔板。

7.11 混合孔板

mixing orif1ce 设置在管道上混合两种或两种以上流体的孔板。

8 管道隔热

8.1 隔热

thermal insulation 为减少管道或设备内介质热量或冷量损失，或为防止人体烫伤、稳定操

作等，在其外壁或内壁设置隔热层，以减少热传导的措施。

8.2 保温

hot insulation 为减少管道或设备内介质热量损失而采取的隔热措施。

8.3 保冷

cold insulation 为减少管道或设备内介质冷量损失而采取的隔冷措施。

8.4 防烫伤隔热

personal protection insulation 为防止热管道烫伤人体而采取的局部隔热措施。

8.5 裸管

bare pipe 无外隔热层的管道。

8.6 经济保温厚度

economic insulation thickness 保温后的管道年热损失费用和保温工程投资的年分摊

费用之和为最小值时的保温层计算厚度。

8.7 表面温度保温厚度

insulation thickness for surface temperature 根据规定的保温层外表温度,计算确

定的保温层厚度。

8.8 隔热材料

insulation material 为保温、保冷、防烫伤或稳定操作等目的而采用的具有良好的隔热

性能及其它物理性能的材料。

8.9 隔热结构

insulation structure 一般由隔热层、防潮层和防护层组成的结构。

8.9.1 隔热层

insulation lagging (insulation) 为减少热传导，在管道或设备外壁或内壁设置的

隔热体。

a 保温层

hot insulation lagging (hot insulation) 为保温目的设置的隔热层。

b 保冷层

cold insulation lagging (cold insulation) 为保冷目的设置的隔热层。

8.9.2 防潮层

moisture resistant lagging 为防止水或潮气进入隔热层,在其外部设置的一层防潮结

构。

8.9.3 保护层

jacketing 为防止隔热层或防潮层受外界损伤在其外部设置的一层保护结构。

8.9.4 支承圈

support ring 固定在直立金属管道或设备外壁上，用以支承其上部隔热结构的金属圈。

8.9.5 金属网

metallic wire mesh 包裹隔热层用的金属丝编织的网。

8.9.6 自攻螺钉

selftapping screw 用于固定隔热层外金属保护层的具有自攻能力的螺钉。

8.9.7 扎带

band 固定隔热层或金属保护层用的金属带。

9 管道伴热

9.1 伴热

tracing 为防止管内流体因温度下降而凝结或产生凝液或粘度升高以及为保持温度稳

定等，在管外或管内采用的间接加热方法。

9.2 蒸汽伴热

steam tracing 以蒸汽为加热介质的伴热。

9.2.1 蒸汽外伴热

external steam tracing 在管道外设置蒸汽伴热管的伴热。

a 隔离外伴热

external tracing with spacer 在管道与外蒸汽伴热管之间采取隔离措施，防止局部

过热的一种伴热。

9.2.2 蒸汽内伴热

internal steam tracing 在管道内设置蒸汽伴热管的伴热。

9.2.3 蒸汽夹套伴热

steamjacket tracing 在管道外设置蒸汽套管的伴热。

9.3 电伴热

electric tracing 以电能为热源的伴热。

9.3.1 直接法电伴热

direct method electric tracing 直接向管道通电以电阻热为热源的伴热。

9.3.2 中间法电伴热

intermediate method electric tracing 以高频电流在钢管的表皮产生的感应电流为

热源的伴热。

9.3.3 间接法电伴热

indirect method electric tracing 利用电热带等提供热量的伴热。

9.4 热流体伴热(热载体伴热)

hot f1uid tracing 以热流体(如热水、热油等)为加热介质的伴热。

9.5 伴热管

tracing piping 用于间接加热管内介质，伴随在管道外或内的供热管。

9.6 蒸汽伴热(允许)长度

steam tracing length 蒸汽伴热管的供汽点与疏水点之间的最大允许距离。

9.7 伴热蒸汽供汽管

tracing steam supply piping 为蒸汽伴热管供汽的管道。

9.8 伴热蒸汽冷凝水管

tracing steam condensate piping 收集和输送由疏水阀排放出的伴热蒸汽凝结水的管

道。

10 管道柔性及应力

10.1 管道柔性

piping flexibility

管道通过自身的变形吸收热胀、冷缩和其它位移的能力

10.2 柔性分析

flexibility analysis 对管道是否具备通过自身变形吸收热胀、冷缩和其它位移能力

的分析。

10.3 柔性设计

flexibility design 对有热胀、冷缩和其它位移要求的管道,为满足柔性要求而进行的

配管设计。

10.4 管道热应力

thermal stress of piping 管道由于温度变化产生的变形受到阻碍时,在管道中产生的

应力。

10.5 管道一次应力

primary stress of piping

管道在内压和持续外载的作用下产生的应力。

10.6 管道二次应力

secondary stress of piping

管道由于变形受阻而产生的应力。

10.7 管道材料许用应力

allowable stress of piping material 在一定温度下，在内压、持续外载的作用下，管道材料容

许承受的应力。

10.8 管道材料许用位移应力范围

allowable displacement stress range of piping material 在管道热胀、冷缩或位

移受限制时，管道材料容许承受的应力范围。

10.9 管道热胀量(管道热伸长量)

piping thermal expansion 管道受热膨胀后伸长部分的长度。

10.10 线膨胀系数

linear expansion coefficient 管道材料由常温升至t℃，每温升1℃单位长度的线膨胀量。

10.11 端点附加位移

additional end displacement 与管道连接的设备等因热胀、冷缩、下沉等造成的管道

端点位移。

10.12管道热补偿

piping thermal compensation 利用管道自身的几何形状及适当的支撑结构或设置补偿

器等，以满足管道的热胀、冷缩或位移要求。

10.12.1 管道自然补偿

piping natural compensation 利用管道自身的几何形状及适当的支撑结构，以满足管

道的热胀、冷缩或位移要求。

10.13 管道弹性

piping elasticity 在外力的作用下管道出现变形，在外力消失后管道又恢复原状的性

能。

10.14 管道塑性变形

piping plastic deformation 管道变形超过弹性范围，即使除去外力，也不能恢复原

状的变形。

10.15 管道冷紧

piping cold spring 在安装管道时，有意识地预先造成管道变形，以产生要求的初始位移和应力。.

10.16 冷紧比

cold spring ratio 管道冷紧值与其全补偿量之比。

10.17 补偿器

expansion joint 设置在管道上吸收管道热胀、冷缩和其他位移的元件。

10.17.1 波纹补偿器（波纹管膨胀节）

bellow expansion joint 壳体呈波纹状的补偿器。

a 单波补偿器(单波膨胀节)

single bellow expansion joint 由单个波壳组成的波纹管膨胀节。

b 单式补偿器(单式波纹管膨胀节)

single expansion joint 由一组波壳单独构成的补偿器。

c 复式补偿器(复式波纹管膨胀节)

double expansion joint 由一固定的中间管段和其两端连接的两组波壳组成的

补偿器。

d 单式铰链补偿器 (单式饺链波纹管膨胀节)

single expansion joint with hinges 由一组波壳和一对铰链机构组成，可在

一个平面内作角偏转的补偿器。

e 复式铰链补偿器(复式饺链波纹管膨胀节)

double expansion joint with hinges 在同一个平面内用连杆连接的两对铰链和

以中间管段连接的两组波壳组成，可在一个平面内作横向位移和角偏转的补偿器

f 万向接头式补偿器(万向接头式波纹管膨胀节)

gimbal expansion joint 由波壳和两对铰链加一个平衡环组成，可在任意平面内

作角偏转的补偿器。

g 单式连杆补偿器(单式连杆波纹管膨胀节)

single expansion joint with connecting rod 由一组波壳和一组连杆组成的，

可在任意平面内作横向位移和角偏转的补偿器。

h 复式连杆补偿器（复式连杆波纹管膨胀节）

double expansion joint with connecting rod 由一组长连杆或两组短连杆与中间管段连接的两组波壳组成，

可在任意平面内作横向位移和角偏转的补偿器。

i 压力平衡补偿器（压力平衡波纹管膨胀节）

pressure-balanced expansion joint 根据补偿器作横向轴向位移或角偏转的要求, 采取相应

的结构措施使波壳的内压推力在补偿器内平衡, 从而减轻支架或设备接管的荷载的补偿器。

10.17.2 ∏形补偿器

expansion “∏” bend 用管子煨制或焊接成∏形的补偿器。

10.17.3 Ω形补偿器

double offset expansion“Ω”bend 用管子煨制或焊接成 Ω形的补偿器。

10.17.4 套筒式补偿器

sleeve type expansion joint 由两个相匹配的套筒及填料密封组成，可沿轴向伸缩的补

偿器。

11 管道支架与吊架

11.1 管道支架（管架）

piping support 支承管道的结构。

11.1.1 固定支架

anchor support 使管道在支撑点上无线位移和角变位的支架。

a 次固定支架

secondary anchor support

承受由管段热变形产生的弹性力、摩擦力及管段自重、风力荷载的支架，其总荷载值为作用在固定

点上的这些作用力的矢量和。

b 主固定支架

main anchor support 除承受次固立支架所承受的各种荷载外，还承受管段和补偿

器的不平衡内压推力的支架，其总荷载值为作用在固定点上的所有作用力的矢量和。

c 重载固定支架(终端固定支架)

heavy loading anchor support 设置在直管段末端或设备附近的固定支架。

d 减载固定支架(中间固定支架)

reduced loading anchor support 设置在直管段中部的固定支架, 其所受

的推力为不同方向作用力的矢量和。

11.1.2 滑动支架

sliding support 管道可以在支承平面内自由滑动的支架。

11.1.3 导向支架

guide support 限制管道径向位移,,但允许轴向位移的支架。

a 带附加裕量的导向支架

guide support with additional allowance 对有轴向位移又有径向位移和角偏转的管段，

除可在轴向位移外，还在指定的方向上允许有一定位移量的导向支架。

l1.1.4 滚动支架

rolling support 装有滚筒或球盘使管道在位移时产生滚动摩擦的支架。

11.1.5 可变弹簧支架

variab1e spring support 装有弹簧使管道在限定位内可竖向位移的支架。

11.1.6 衡力弹簧支架

constant spring support 根据力矩平衡原理，利用杠杆及圆柱螺旋弹簧来平衡外载的

支架。支撑点产生竖向位移时，支架荷载变化很小。

11.1.7 平衡锤支架

counterweight support 利用平衡锤提供恒定支撑力的支架。

11.1.8 液压支架

hydraulic support 利用液压装置提供恒定支撑力的支架。

11.1.9 铰接支架

hinge support 支架的柱脚与基础饺接以适应架顶管道位移的支架。

11.1.10 柔性支架

fiexible support 当管道产生位移时，支架本体(柱子)可以产生相应变形以适应架顶管

道位移要求的支架。

11.1.11 刚性支架

rigid support 当管道产生位移时支架本体基本不变形的支架。

11.1.12 可调支架

adjustable support 高度可以调节的支架。

11.1.13 止推支架

stop support 可以阻止管道向某一方向位移的支架。

11.1.14 假管支架

dummy support 在管端或弯头处焊接一段与管道不连通的直管，延伸至另一支撑结构

上的支架。

11.1.15 管道支耳

piping lug 焊接在管道外壁的径向支撑件。

11.1.16 管托

pipe shoe 固定在管道底部与支承面接触的以利隔热等目的的构件。

11.1.17 管卡

pipe clamp 用以回定管道、防止管道脱落，为管道导向等的构件。

a 隔热管卡

insulation clamp 用于隔热层外部的管卡。

11.1.18 管墩

pipe sleeper 一般高出地面几百毫米，支撑管道的枕状结构。

1l.2 管道吊架

piping hanger 吊挂管道的结构

11. 2.1 刚性吊架

rigid hanger 基本无变形的吊架。

11.2.2 可变弹簧吊架

variable spring hanger 装有弹簧，允许管道在限定范围内作竖向位移的吊架。

11.2.3 恒力弹簧吊架

constant spring hanger 根据力矩平衡原理，利用杠杆及圆柱螺旋弹簧来平衡外载的

吊架, 支撑点产生竖向位移时，吊架荷载变化很小。

11.2.4 吊耳

ear(lug) 固定在管道上用以与吊杆连接吊挂管道的元件。

11.2.5 吊杆

hanger rod 与其它元件连接用以吊挂管道的金属直杆。

11.2.6 花篮螺母(调节螺母)

turnbuckle 两端分别具有左右螺纹用以调节吊杆长度的零件。

11.3 荷载

load 施加在支架或吊架上的力、力矩。

11.3.1 活荷载

live load 管内输送或试压介质以及管道上面对冰、雪、行人等荷载。

11.3.2 静荷载(固定荷载)

dead load 管道组成件、隔热材料以及其它加在管道上的永久性荷载。

11.3.3 动力荷载

dynamic load 由管道振动等产生的荷载。

11.3.4 集中荷载

concentrated load 管道上设置小型设备、阀门、平台及支管等处的荷载。

11.3.5 均布荷载

uniform load 沿管道长度呈均匀分布的荷载。

11.3.6 竖向荷载

vertical load 垂直于水平面的荷载，包括管道组成件、隔热结构、管内输送或试压介

质以及冰、雪、平台和行人等形成的荷载。

11.3.7 轴向水平荷载

axial horizontal load 沿着水平管道轴线方向的荷载，包括管道或补偿器的弹力、不

平衡内压力、管道移动的摩擦力或支吊架变位弹力等。

11.3.8 侧向水平荷载

lateral horizontal load 与管道轴线方向成侧向垂直的荷载，包括风荷载、弯曲管道

或支管传来的推力、管道侧向位移产生的摩擦力等。

11.3.9 补偿器弹力

reacting force from expansion joint(reaction from expansion joint) 管道伸缩

时补偿器变形产生的弹性力。

11.3.10 牵制系数

tie-up coefficient 在设置多根管道的同一支架上,无热变形或热变形已经稳定的管

道阻止变形管道推动管架,使管道的水平推力部分低消。表示这种牵制作用的系数,称为牵制系

数。

11.4 管道跨距(管道跨度)

piping span 管道两个相邻支撑点之间的距离。

11.5 管道挠度

piping deflection 两相邻支点间的管道因自重或受外力引起弯曲变形的程度。

12 管道振动与防振

12.1 管道振动

piping vibration 由于管内介质的不规则流动或由于某种周期性外力的作用,管道相

对于其平衡位置所作的往复运动。

12.2 流体脉动

fluid pulsation 管道内流体因速度或压力不稳定而形成的呈周期性变化的流动状态。

12.3 脉动振动

pulsation vibration 由于流体脉动而引起的管道振动。

12.4 管道喘振

piping surging 由于泵、压缩机和高压鼓凤机内流量过小引起的一种自振并波及与其

连接管道的一种振动。

12.5 管道共振

piping resonance 管道的固有频率或气柱固有频率与激发频率相同时发生的振动。

12.6 弯头处的激振力

exciting force at e1bow 在弯头处由压力脉动产生的力。

12.7 水锤

water hammer 管道系统由于流量急剧变化而引起的较大的压力变动。

12.8 减振器

cushion 由弹簧或液压元件等组成用以减少管道振动的构件。

13 管道腐蚀与防护

13.1 管道腐蚀

piping corrosion 由于化学或电化学作用，引起管道的消损破坏。

13.1.1 化学腐蚀

chemical corrosion 不导电的液体及干燥的气体造成的腐蚀。

13.1.2 电化学腐蚀

galvanic corrosion 由有电子转移的化学反应(即有氧化和还原的化学反应)造成的腐

蚀。

13.1.3 应力腐蚀

stress corrosion 金属在特定腐蚀性介质和应力的共同作用下所引起的破坏。

13.1.4 局部腐蚀

localized corrosion 在金属管道等的某些部位的腐蚀。

13.1.5 晶间腐蚀

intercrystalline corrosion 沿金属或合金晶界发生的局部腐蚀。

13.1.6 轻微腐蚀

light corrosion 年腐蚀速率不超过0.lmm的腐蚀。

13.1.7 中等腐蚀

medium corrosion 年腐蚀速率在0.1mm以上，1.0mm以下的腐蚀。

13.1.8 强腐蚀

strong corrosion 年腐蚀速率等于或大于1.0mm的腐蚀。

13.2 腐蚀裕度(腐蚀裕量)

corrosion allowance 在确定管子等壁厚时，为腐蚀减薄而预留的厚度。

13.3 管子表面处理

pipe surface preparation 在防腐施工前对管子表面进行的处理。

13.3.1 脱脂

degreasing 消除管道表面沾有的油脂。

13.3.2 除锈

rust removal 消除管道表面的金属氧化物。

13.4 涂料

paint 涂敷于管道等表面构成薄薄的液态膜层，干燥后附着于被涂表面起保护作用。

13.4.1 面漆

finishing coat 涂敷于管道最外一层的涂料。

13.4.2 底漆

prime coat 施涂于经过表面处理的管道外壁上作为底层的涂料。

13.5 涂敷

coating 将涂料涂敷于管道表面上。

13.6色标

colour mark 为表明管道内介质的特征，在管道外表面涂敷的颜色标记。

14 装置布置

14.1 工艺设备

process equipment 工艺装置内为实现工艺过程(反应、换热、分离、储存)所需的容器、

工业炉、机、泵以及有关机械等的总称。

14.2 建筑物

building 直接在其内部进行生产活动或生活活动的厂房，如控制室、配电室、泵房、

压缩机房、更衣室等房屋的总称。

14.3 构筑物

structure 一般不直接在其内部进行生产活动的水池、水塔、管架、烟囱等以及较少在

内进行生产活动的框架等的总称。

14.4 管带

pipe way (pipe group) 成排敷设的管道。

14.5 管桥(管廊)

pipe rack 成排架空管道及其多跨、框架式支撑结构的总称。

14.6 火炬

flare 烧掉未被利用的或事故排放的可燃气体的设施。

14.7 管沟

pipe trench 地面下敷设管道的沟槽型构筑物。

14.8 电缆沟

electric cable duct 地面下敷设电缆的沟槽型构筑物。

14.9 明沟

open trench 排放液体的敞开式沟槽型构筑物。

14.10 软管站

hose station 装置内水、蒸汽、压缩空气等的集中供应站，其管道端部可与软管

连接。

14.11 防火间距

fire protection spacing 在进行装置平面布置时, 为防止火灾或减少火灾危害所要求的

设备、建筑物、构筑物之间的最小距离。

14.12 明火地点

open fire place 室内外有外露火焰或有赤热表面的固定地点。

14.13 散发火花地点

sendout spark place 有飞火的烟囱或室内外的气焊、电焊、砂轮、非防爆电气开关等

的固定地点。

14.14 检修通道

access road 为检修设备等留出的通道口。

14.15 支架间距

support spacing 相邻两支架的中心距离。

14.16 管道间距(管间距)

piping spacing 相邻两管道中心线间或管道中心线与墙壁、柱边、容器外表面等之间的

距离。

14.17 管道净距

piping clearance 相邻两管道最外表面间或管道最外表面与墙壁、柱边、容器外表面等

之间的距离。

14.18 管底标高

elevation of pipe bottom 管道中管子外表面底部与基准面间的垂直距离。14.19 管

中心标高

elevation of pipe center 管道中心线与基准面间的垂直距离。

14.20 管顶标高

elevation of pipe top 管道中管子外表面顶部与基准面间的垂直距离。

14.21 地面铺砌

ground paving 在地面上，铺以预制的砌块或进行整体浇灌。

14.22 地面坡度

ground grade 地面倾斜的起止点的高差与其水平距离的比值。

14.23 装置坐标

plant coordinate 标注在装置边界线上表明装置在总图上位置的坐标。

14.24 装置边界线

battery limit 区分装置内外的界线。

14.25 接续分界线

match 1ine 装置内各区域的界线。

14.26 建北

construction north 平面布置图中的坐标方位， 接近真北的朝向。

15 管道施工

15.1 现场

fie1d 管道等施工的场所。

15.2 管道预制

piping fabrication 管道装配前的预制工作，包括管子的调直、切割、坡口或螺纹加

工、弯曲以及管段预组装等。

15.3 容许偏差

tolerance 标准规定的施工或制造误差的限定范围。

15.4 管子冷弯

pipe cold bending 在常温下对管子进行弯曲。

15.5 管子热弯

pipe hot bending 将管子加热后进行弯曲。

15.6 支管补强

branch reinforcement 在支管接头处增加强度的一种措施。

15.7 铅封关

car seal close 表示铅封着的阀门是关闭的。

15.8 铅封开

car seal open 表示铅封着的阀门是开启的。

15.9 静电接地

static grounding 将管道上的静电荷导入大地的措施。

15.10 螺栓热紧

bolt hot tightening 介质温度高于250℃的管道螺栓，除在施工时紧固外，还要在达

到工作温度或规定温度时再进行的紧固。

15.11 螺栓冷紧

bolt cold tightening 介质温度低于-20℃的管道螺栓，除在施工时紧固外，还要在达

到工作温度或规定温度时再进行的紧固。

15.12 隐蔽工程

concealed work 施工后被封闭无法直接观测和检查的工程。

15.13 焊接

welding 通过加热或加压，或两者并用，并且用或不用填充材料，使焊件达到原子结合的

一种加工方法。

15.14 坡口

groove 根据设计或工艺需要，在焊件的待焊部位加工的一定几何形状的沟槽。

15.15 母材

base material (base metal) 被焊接的材料的统称。

15.16 焊缝

weld 焊件经焊接后所形成的结合部分。

15.17 焊趾

toe of weld 焊缝表面与母材的交界处。

15.18 焊脚

leg 角焊缝的横截面中，从一个焊件上的焊趾到另一个焊件表面的最小距离。

15.19 焊缝长度

weld length 焊缝沿轴线方向的长度。

15.20 手工焊

manual welding 用手工完成全部焊接操作的焊接方法。

15.21 自动焊

automatic welding 用自动焊接装置完成全部焊接操作的焊接方法。

15.22 半自动焊

semi-automatic welding 用于工操作完成焊接热源的移动, 而送丝、送气等则由

相应的机械化装置完成的焊接方法。

15.23 定位焊

tack welding 为装配和固定焊件接头的位置而进行的焊接。

15.24 连续焊

continuous welding 为完成焊件上的连续焊缝而进行的焊接。

15.25 断续焊

intermittent welding 沿接头全长获得有一定间隔的焊缝进行的焊接。

15.26 对焊

butt welding 焊件装配成对接接头进行的焊接。

15.27 角焊

fillet welding 为完成角焊缝而进行的焊接。

15.28 搭接焊

lap welding 焊件装配成搭接接头进行的焊接。

15.29 现场焊接

field welding 焊接结构在现场安装后就地进行的焊接。

15.30 补焊

repair welding 为修补工件(铸件、锻件、机械加工件或焊接结构件)的缺陷而

进行的焊接。

15.31预热

preheating 焊接开始前, 对焊件的全部或局部进行加热的工艺措施。

15.32 焊接应力

welding stress 焊接过程中焊件内产生的应力。

15.33 焊接残余应力

welding residual stress 焊接后残留在焊件内的焊接应力。

15.34 焊件

weldment 焊接对象的统称。

15.35 熔焊

fusion welding 焊接过程中，将焊件接头加热至熔化状态，不加压力完成焊接的方法。

15.36 单面焊

welding by one side 仅在焊件的一面施焊, 完成整条焊缝所进行的焊接。

15.37 双面焊

welding by both side 在焊件两面施焊，完成整条焊缝所进行的焊接。

15.38 气焊

gas welding 利用气体火焰作热源的焊接法，最常用的是氧乙炔焊。

15.39 电弧焊

arc welding 利用电弧作为热源的熔焊方法，简称弧焊。

15.40 钎焊

brazing (soldering) 采用比母材熔点低的金属材料作钎料，将焊件和焊料加热到高于

焊料熔点，低于母材熔点的温度，利用液态焊料润湿母材，填充接头间隙并与母材相互扩散实现

连接焊件的方法。

15.40.1 硬钎焊

brazing 使用硬焊料进行的钎焊。

15.40.2 软钎焊

soldering 使用软焊料进行的钎焊。

15.41 焊条

covered electrode 涂有药皮的供手弧焊用的熔化电极。它由药皮和焊芯两部分组成。

15.42 焊丝

welding wire 焊接时作为填充金属或同时作为导电的金属丝。

15.43 保护气体

shielded gas 焊接过程中用于保护金属熔滴、熔池及接头区的气体，它使高温金属免

受外界气体的侵害。

15.44 热切割

thermal cutting 利用热能使材料分离的方法。

15.44.1 气割

gas cutting 利用气体火焰的热能将工件切割处预热到一定温度后喷出高速切割氧流，

使其燃烧并放出热量实现切割的方法。

15.44.2 电弧切割

arc cutting 利用电弧热能熔化切割处的金属，实现切割的方法。

15.44.3 等离子弧切割

plasma cutting 利用等离子弧的热能实现切割的方法。

15.45 焊接缺陷

weld defects 焊接过程中在焊接接头中产生的不符合设计或工艺文件要求的缺陷。

15.45.1 未焊透

incomplete penetration (lack of penetration) 焊接时接头根部未完全熔透的现象。

15.45.2 未熔合

incomplete fusion (lack of fusion) 熔焊时，焊道与母材之间或焊道与焊道之间，

未完全熔化结合的部分，点焊时母材与母材之间未完全熔化结合的部分。

15.45.3夹渣

slag inclusion 焊后残留在焊缝中的溶渣。

15.45.4 夹杂物

inclusion 由于焊接冶金反应产生的，焊后残留在焊缝金属中的非金属杂质(如氧化物、

硫化物等)。

15.45.5 夹钨

tungsten inclusion 钨极惰性气体保护焊时，由钨极进入到焊缝中的钨粒。

15.45.6 气孔

blowhole 焊接时，熔池中的气泡在凝固时未能逸出而残留下来所形成的空穴。气孔可

分为密集气孔、条虫状气孔和针状气孔等。

15.45.7 咬边

undercut 由于焊接参数选择不当或操作工艺不正确，沿焊趾的母材部位产生的沟槽或

凹陷。

15.45.8 焊瘤

overlap 焊接过程中，熔化金属流淌到焊缝之外未熔化的母材上所形成的金属瘤。

15.45.9 白点

fish eye 在焊缝金属拉断面上，出现的如鱼目状的一种白色圆形斑点。

15.45.10 烧穿

meltthru(burnthrough) 焊接过程中，熔化金属自坡口背面流出，形成穿孔的

缺陷。

15.45.11 凹坑

pit 焊后在焊缝表面或焊缝背面形成的低于母材表面的局部低洼部分。

15.45.12 未焊满

incompletely filled groove 由于填充金属不足,在焊缝表面形成的连续或断

续沟槽。

15.45.13 塌陷

excessive penetration 单面熔化焊时，由于焊接工艺不当，造成焊缝金属过

量透过背面，而使焊缝正面塌陷，背回凸起的现象。

15.45.14 焊接裂纹

weld crack 在焊接应力及其他致脆因素共同作用下，焊接接头中局部区域的金

属原子结合力遭到破坏而形成的新界面而产生的缝隙。它具有尖锐的缺口和大的长宽比

的特征。

15.46 外观检查

visual examination (visual inspection ) 用肉眼或借助样板，或用低倍放

大镜观察焊件，以发现焊缝处气孔、咬边、满溢以及焊接裂纹等表面缺陷的方法。

15.47 无损检测

non-destructive inspection (non-destructive testing) 对被检物无损伤的一

种检查方法

15.47.1 超声检测(超声探伤)

ultrasonic inspection (ultrasonic testing) 利用超声波探测被检物内部缺陷

的无损检验法。

15.47.2 射线检测

radiographic inspection(radiographic testing) 采用X射线或γ射线照射被

检物，检查内部缺陷的无损检验法。

15.47.3 磁粉检测

magnetic particle inspection (magnetic particle testing) 利用在强磁场中，

铁磁性材料表层缺陷产生的漏磁场吸附磁粉的现象而进行无损检验法。

15.47.4 渗透检测（渗透探伤）

penetrant inspection ( penetrant testing) 采用带有萤光染料(萤光法)或红

色染料(着色法)的渗透剂的渗透作用，显示缺陷痕迹的无损检验法。

15.48 破坏检验

destructive test 从焊件或试件上切取试样，或以产品（模拟体）的整体破坏

做试验，以检查其各种力学性能的试验法。

15.49 裂纹试验

cracking test 检验焊接裂纹敏感性的试验。

一、MATERIAL（材料）

英文 中文 英文 中文 英

文 中文

Electro-galvanized steel(SECC) 电解板 aluminium(al) 铝片

sus304csp-3/4h 不锈钢片

Cold roll steel(CRS) 冷轧钢 bronze sheet 青铜片 bras

s 黄铜

halfhard copper 红铜片/紫铜 tin plate(马口铁） 白

铁 washer 垫圈

Silicon steel 矽钢 galvanized steel 镀锌钢板 scr

ewdriver 螺丝刀

stainless steel 不锈钢 phosphors bronze sheet 磷铜片 screw ta

p 螺丝攻

metal 金属 tinned strip steel 镀锡钢 calliper

gange 孔径规

alloy 合金 locknut 防松螺母 screw ca

p 螺帽

二、FINISH（表面处理）

nickel plating 镀镍 zinc plating 镀锌 bright or dull tin plate 电光锡亚锡

degrease 除油 black anodize氧化黑色 silver anodizing 氧化银白色

spray paint 喷油 sand blasting 喷砂 fine brushed 磨砂

silk screen 丝印 coating 涂层 golden yellow 金黄色

chroma 色/浓度 electrolysis 电解 to oxidize 氧化

rustiness 生锈 see note 注意看 recommended hole size 建议尺寸

grey 灰色 grain direction磨纹方向 chrome 铬

三、SEE DRAWING（视图）

dimension 尺寸 angles 角度 tolerance 公差

third angle projection 第三角视图 scale 比例 unit 单位

size 规格 detail 祥图 section 断面

cross section 剖面视图 left side view 左视图 top view 俯视图

front view 主视图 hole 孔 square hole 方孔

oval hole 椭圆孔 burring 猪嘴孔 half pierce(half biank) ban位

insertion of bending 脚仔 bending 折边 sheet thickness 料厚

part number 货号 revision/issue 版本 title 名称

lance form 桥位 near 正面 inverse 反面

opposite side 相对面 thread 螺纹 pitch 牙距

screw 螺钉 extrusion 挤形 form 成型

punch 冲裁 welding 焊接 taping 攻牙

chamfer 斜角 radius 圆角 full R 全圆角

diameter 直径 length 长度 height 高度

width 宽度 deep 深度 datum line 基准线

burr side 披风面 rolling(grain)direction 料纹方向 press direction 冲压方向

corner 角 bend 弯曲 biconcave/concave 两面凹

biconvex 两面凸 point 点 arc 圆弧

radius 半径 diameter 直径 degrce 度

an angle of ninety 90度角 base 底 square 尺

file 挫 nail 钉 stud /tack 圆头钉

screw 螺丝钉 nut 螺母 bolt 螺栓

rivet 铆钉 staple U U型钉 to erase 清洗

wiredrawing 拉丝 debugging 调试 mass 质量

sample 样品 report 报告 inspection 检查

accompanied 附带 deliver 交付 should 必须

unless 除….之外 surface 表面 show 展示

conform 符合 grade 等级 hardness 硬度

fine 优良 brush 轻擦 as 相同

direction 命令 cohversion 变换 hairline 细线

otherwise 别样的 further 进一步 drawing/plot 绘图

produce 制造 computer 计算器 accompanied 附带

sharp 锋利 deges 边界 free from 不受影响

opening 孔、口 emboss/convex 凸形

靶式流量计 Target Flowmeter

科里奥利质量流量计 Coriolis Mass Flowmeter

电磁流量计 Electromagnetic Flowmeter

堰道流量计 Weirs Flowmeter

明渠流量计 Open Channel Flowmeter

孔板流量计 Orifice Plate Flowmeter

差压流量计 Differential Pressure Flowmeter

皮托管流量计 Pitot Tubes Flowmeter

容积流量计 Positive Displacement Flowmeters

转子流量计 Rotameter

涡轮流量计 Turbine Flowmeter

热式流量计 Thermal Mass Flowmeter

超声流量计 Ultrasonic Flowmeter

文丘里流量计 Venturi Flowmeter

涡街流量计 Vortex Flowmeter

多相流量计 Multiphase Flowmeter

热能流量计 Calorimetric Flowmeter

复合流量计 Compound Flowmeter

医用流量计 Medical Flowmeter

大型管线流量计 Large Pipe Flowmeter

旋进漩涡流量计 Vor-tex Precession Flowmeter

刮板流量计 scratch flowMeters

玻璃转子流量计 glass tube float flowmeter

项 目 建 议

1.项目建议概况

资格 qualification

预备资格 prequalification

商务条款与条件 commercial terms and condition

商务 commercial

技术 technical

技术说明 technical specification

建议书 proposal book

资料费 information price

估价 estimated price

报价 quoted price

报价书 quotation

2报价资料

工艺说明 process description

工艺特点 process feature

经验记载 experience record

工艺特性 process performance

设备表 equipment list

说明规定规格 specification

简要说明 short specification

条件图 sketch drawing

流程图 flow diagram

平衡图 balance diagram

方框图 block diagram

P&I 图 P&I diagram

单线图 single line diagram

布置图 layout

平面布置图 plot plan

总图 general plot plan

附件 appendix

资料文件 document

3.合同技术用语

保证 guarantee

性能保证 performance guarantee

时间保证 time guarantee

交货保证 delivery guarantee

建造保证 workmanship guarantee

生产能力 capacity

质量 quality

消耗量 consumption

原材料 feedstock

原料 raw material

辅助原料 sub-raw material

产品 product

付产品 by-product

中间产品 intermediate

公用工程 utility

燃料 fuel

化学品 chemical

界区 battery limit

(界区)进料 incoming

(界区)出料 outgoing

界区条件 battery limits condition

(配管图)分界区 match line

工厂装置 plant

设备 equipment

关键设备 critical equipment

专利设备 proprietary equipment

有位号设备 itemized equipment

无位号设备 non-itemized equipment

散装材料 bulk material

施工材料 material of construction

仪表 instrument

备品备件 spare part

建筑工具 construction aid

(现场)居住设施 accommodation

现场派遣 expatriate

运转率 on stream factor

运转天数 stream day

系列 train

日历日 calendar day

日历月 calendar month

机械(试车)完工 mechanical completion

试车 trial operation

初次试车 initial operation

开车 start up

注油 oil in

投料 fees in

首次出料 first drop

保证试运转 guarantee test run

装置验收 plant acceptance

移交 turnover

议定书 protocol

4估算

估算 estimate

概算 budgetary estimate

推算 slide

幂指数 power term

(费用)分类,分项价格 breakdown

外汇 foreign currency

当地货币 local currency

可兑换货币 convertible currency

专利费 license fee

专利权税 royalty

变动专利权税 running royalty

专有技术费 know-how fee

基础设计费 basic engineering fee

代理费 agent fee

手续费 commission

不可预见费 contingency

外汇风险 exchange risk

易货补偿 compensation

直接费用 direct cost

间接费用 indirect cost

项目管理费 project expense

现场管理费 field expense

一般管理费 overhead

利润 profit

生活费 living expense

出勤津贴 daily allowance

(出差)准备费 outfit allowance

劳务费 labor cost

基本工资 base wage

补偿费 payroll burden

福利费 fringe benefit

5可行性研究

可行性 feasibility

现场选定 site selection

(现场)位置 location

市场 marketing

可获利润率 profitability

生产成本 production cost

经营费 operation cost

可变成本 variable cost

不变成本 fixed cost

总投资 total capital cost

折旧费 depreciation

现金流量 cash flow

折现现金流量 discount cash flow

工况研究 case study

产权资本,自有资金 equity

建设资本利息 interest during construction

6业务范围

现场勘测 site survey

工艺设计 process design

基础设计 basic engineering

基础设计包 basic design package

详细设计 detail engineering

采购 procurement

海运 ocean transportation

陆运 inland transportation

安装 erection work

土建工作 civil work

施工 construction work

临时工作 temporary work

投料试车 commissioning

培训 training

(现场)指导 supervisory service

顾问 advisor service

初步设计 preliminary project

最终设计 final project

基础设施 infrastructure

上部结构 superstructure

软件 software

硬件 hardware

7工厂分类与设计

处女地工厂 grass root plant

总厂 integral plant

分厂 single plant

成套装置 package plant

翻版(设计)厂 copy plant

生产厂 commercial plant

中试工厂 pilot plant

实验室规模装置 bench scale unit

石化总厂 petrochemical complex

下游(厂) downstream

(工业)放大 scale-up

扩建 expansion

改建、更改 modification

镜象布置 mirror image

设计余量 over design

降负荷运转 turndown

消除瓶颈 Debottlenecking

工厂模型 plant model

8设备

工艺装置 process plant

装置区内 on site

装置区外 off site

界区内 inside battery limit

界区外 outside battery limit

公用工程设施 utility facility

贮存设施 storage facility

辅助设施 auxiliary facility

衔接 interconnection

主变电所 main substation

发电设施 power generation facility

事故发电设备 emergency power generation facility

水处理装置 water treatment facility

冷却塔 cooling tower

抽水设施 water intake facility

海水淡化装置 desalination facility

蒸汽发生装置 steam generation facility

仪表空气发生装置 instrument gas generation facility

惰性气发生装置 inert gas generation facility

空分装置 air separation facility

罐区 tank yard

散装贮藏设备 bulk storage facility

包装机械 bagging facility

制袋设备 bag making facility

装瓶设备 bottling facility

装货设施 loading facility

卸货设施 unloading facility

铁路侧线 railway siding

栈桥 jetty

行政办公楼 administration building

维修车间 maintenance shop

中央化验室 central laboratory

内部通用设施 intercommunication facility

广播系统 public address system

询呼设施 paging facility

消防设施 fire fighting facility

安全器具 safety equipment

生活设施 colony

公用设施 town-shop

娱乐设施 recreation facility

9相关企业

承包商 contractor

主承包商 prime contractor

分包商 subcontractor

直接雇佣 direct hire

专利商 licenser

转专利者 sub-licenser

专利使用者 licensee

专利拥有者 patent-owner

竞争者 competitor

国际财团 consortium

合作者 collaborator

买方 (1)buyer (2)purchaser

卖方 seller

厂商 vendor

制造商 (1)maker (2)manufacture

业主 owner

顾问 consultant

技术顾问 Technical adviser

用户 User

最终用户 End user

客户 (1)customer (2)client

代理商 agent

挂名人 dummy

2. 投标合同

2.1 投标概况

询价 inquiry

报价估价书 quotation estimation

投标投标书 bid tender

投标资料 bid document

预审 pre-qualification

意向书 letter of intent

2.2合同用语

协议 agreement

合同契约 contract

注销 cancellation

约定 Consideration

合同转让 Assignment of contract

不可抗力 force majeure

仲裁 attribution

基本法 governing law

秘密条款 (1)secrecy clause (2)non-disclosure clause

预定损坏赔偿费 liquidated damages

总赔偿额度 total liability

连带(债务) joint and several

预先债权 lien

免除 waiver

保证 guaranty

担保 warranty

赔偿 indemnity

定义 definition

增额 escalation

罚款 penalty

支付条款 terms of payment

税金 tax and duties

侵犯专利 patent infringement

最高限额 ceiling

委任书 power of attorney

保证金 bond

2.3合同形式

投标合同 competitive bid contract

议付合同 negotiated contract

FOB合同 fob-type contract

成套承包合同 (1)turnkey contract (交钥匙合同) (2)chef montage contract

总付合同 lump sum price contract

单价契约 unit price contract

正价加附加费合同 cost plus fee contract

预投标协议 pre-bid agreement

产品抵债 products sharing

互购交易 counter-purchase transaction

3. 支付 金融 财务

3.1支付 金融

支付条款 支付条件 payment terms

延期付款 deferred payments

存留款项 保留资金 retention payment

定期付款 schedule payment

施工分期付款 progressive payment

付款交单 D/P documents against payment

承兑交单调 D/A documents against acceptance

信贷 信用 credit

卖方信贷供应商信贷 supplier’s credit

买方信贷 buyer’s credit

银行借贷 bank loan

财政 金融 finance

借款 借贷 loan

偿还 reimburse reimbursement

保证书 letter of guarantee

信用证信贷书 letter of credit

外汇兑换率 exchange rate

兑换单 汇款单据 documentary bill of exchange

汇款 汇兑基金 remittance

3.2财务

自然增长基数 accrual basis

资产负债表决算表 balance sheet

损益报表 P&L profit and loss statement

4.采购运输保险

4.1进出口手续

出口许可证 export license

出口许可证变更 E/L amend

COCOM coordinating committee

标准结算方法 standard payment

非标准结算方法 non-standard payment

DBC draw back cargo(dbc)

出口申报银行 export declaration bank e/d

进口申报单 export declaration custom

进口许可证 import license

保税区域 bonded area

关税 import duty

原产地说明书 certificate of origin

发票 Invoice

4.2运输

装箱单 packing list

提单 bill of lading (B/L)

指示提单 order B/L

直接提单 straight B/L

装运提单 shipped B/L, on board B/L

备运提单 received B/L

不附带条件的提单 clean B/L

不洁提单 dirty B/L, foul B/L

直运提单 direct B/L

联运提单 through B/L

船上收货单 mate’s receipt

装货通知单 shipping order (S/O)

交货单 delivery order (D/O)

空运货单 airway bill

海上运费 ocean freight

海上运费同盟 freight conference

目的地付费 freight payable at destination

码头人工搬运费 stevedorage

空载运费 dead freight

船到港预定时间 expected time of arrival (ETA)

船离港预定时间 expected time of departure (ETD)

海关快速发货 custom quick despatch (CQD)

滞船费 demurrage

码头搬运商 stevedore

超尺寸运输 over-dimension cargo (ODC)

4.3保险

海上保险 marine cargo insurance

现场指导失误保险 supervisor’s risk insurance

4.4贸易条件

出厂价 (1)ex works (2)ex factory (3)ex mill

海上交货 fob-named port of shipment

含保险海上交货 cif-named port of destination

国境交货条件 franco frontier

4.5采购

采购 procurement

厂家 vendor

厂家一览表 vendor list

市场价 market price

黑市价 dark price

现价 up-to-date price level

报价 quotation

偏差表 deviation list

到货时间 time of delivery

支付方式 (1)terms of payment (2)payment condition (3)payment terms

延缓支付 deferred payment

现金支付 cash on delivery

预先支付 down payment

发货前支付 advance payment

到货后支付 progress payment

计划支付 scheduled payment

购买条件 terms and conditions of purchase

折价 discount

谈判 交涉 negotiation

澄清 clarification

购买意向 intent to purchase

比较表 tabulation

评语 evaluation

价格分析 value analysis

定购单 purchase order

变更定购单 change order

支付方式 method of payment

现金 cash

支票 check

期票 promissory note

催货 expediting

跟踪系统 follow-up system

4.6包装

包装 packing

防锈包装 rust-proof packing

防潮湿包装 moisture-proof packing

防水包装 water-proof packing

软包装 shrink packing

木箱 wooden box

板条箱 crate

滑橇底座 skid base

框架箱 framed box

码垛盘 pallet

侧板 side plate

吊具 sling fitting

花篮螺栓 turnbuckle

钢带 steel strapping

角保护袋 edge protector closure plate

防护角 corner protector

板 board

合板 plywood

缓冲材料 cushioning material

通气孔盖 ventilation cover

超载 superimposed load

开包 unpacking

船上标志 shipping mark

注意标志 care mark

5.项目执行及费用管理

5.1项目执行

总图会议 kick-off meeting

项目研究会议 project study meeting

开工会议 launching meeting

项目报告 project reporting

审查会议 screening meeting

进展报告 progress report

协调过程 coordination procedure

变更指示 change order

认可 approval

复阅 review

5.2工程

项目完工报告 job close-out report

项目执行报告 job performance report

完工汇编 close-out book

反馈系统 feed back system

项目设计条件 project design information

会签 inter-department check

工程设计 engineering design

工艺条件确认 engineering review

工艺条件校核 engineering checking

项目完成指标审核表 project performance check sheet

施工版 approved for construction (afc)

设计变更 error report

技术文件 technical data book

管道材料工艺条件 process data for piping material

载荷条件 loading data

关键路径法 critical path method

关键路径进度表 critical path scheduling

PERT program evaluation and review technique

5.3费用及工时管理

工程预算 project control budget

工时 man-hour (M/H)

工日 man-day (M/D)

人月 man-month (M/N)

考勤表 time sheet

工作号 work number

项目号 job number

预期项目号 proposal number

改进工作 improvement work

闲滞 idle

工时报告 man-hour report

项目工时汇总 job man-hour performance report

5.4费用分类

费用分类 code of account

主账 major account

分账 sub-account

设备位号 item number

5.5组织

指定 assign

借调 on-loan

项目成员 project number

项目经理 project manager (PM)

项目经理助理 assistant project manager (APM)

施工经理 construction manager (CM)

开工经理 operation manager (OM)

现场指挥 field manger

项目前期经理 proposal manager

估算员 estimator

原始采购员 originator

协调员 coordinator

项目设计协调员 project design coordinator (PDC)

6.标准化 资料管理 法规 规格

6.1标准化

标准化 standardization

标准 规格 standard

工程规定 engineer specification

项目特殊要求 specific job requirement

工程手册 engineering manual

标准图 standard drawing

工程用表格 engineering form

法规 law and regulation

法律 law

6.2资料管理

情报管理 information and documentation

信息中心 information center

调研(追述) retrospective searching

信息选择服务 selective dissemination of information

情报跟踪 current awareness

检索效率 retrieval efficiency

资料 documents

原文献 primary sources

文献摘抄 secondary sources

连载刊物 serials

定期刊物 periodieals

(学会)纪要 memoirs

会报 transactions

会议论文 conference paper

会议记录 proceedings

索引期刊 index journal

文摘期刊 abstract journal

情报摘要 information abstract

提示文稿 indicative abstract

图书目录 book catalog

标题目录 title catalog

总目录 union catalog

标准目录 standard catalog

关键词 keyword

省略词 stopword

KWIC索引 keyword-in-context index

KWOC索引 keyword-out-of-context index

顺序索引 permuted index

相关索引 coordinate index

主题分析 subject analysis

统计分类 statistical classification

国际十进分类法 universal decimal classification

阅读卡片 visible card

书卡 book card

档案系统 filing system

微缩复制 microcopy

微缩系统 micro-system

穿孔卡夹 aperture card

微缩胶片 fiche film

6.3法规

高压气体取缔法 high pressure gas control law

消防法 fire service law

劳动安全卫生法 industry safety and health law

建筑基本法 building standard law

单位制 system of units

国际单位制 international system of units

系统图、设备布置图、配管图及材料统计

7 图纸、条件表

工艺流程图 Process flow diagram(PFD)

管道仪表流程图 Process piping & instrument flow diagram(PID)

公用工程流程图 Utility balance diagram(UFD)

框图 Block flow diagram

公用工程介质平衡图 Utility balance diagram(UBD)

平面布置图 Plot plan

立面布置图 General arrangement

总图 General plot plan

规划图 Planning drawing

管道研究图 Piping study drawing

管道布置图（配管图） Piping arrangement drawing

分区图 Key plan

管道走向研究图 Piping routing study drawing

地下管道图 Underground piping drawing

管道特殊管件图 Piping special parts drawing

管架详图 Piping hanging drawing

预制图 Prefabrication drawing

参考图 Reference drawing

通用图 Typical drawing

制造厂图 Vendor’s drawing

管道轴测图 Isometric piping drawing

竣工图 As-built drawing

模型 Model

管线表 Line schedule

计算书 Calculation sheet

图纸目录 Drawing schedule

发图阶段 Issue stage

版次 Revision number

编号体系 Numbering system

比例 Scale

工厂北向 Plant north

海平面标高 Over-sea mean level(OSL)

标高 Elevation(EL)

已有钢结构 Existing structure

装货区 Loading area

公用工程站 Utility station

柱号 Column number

净空 headroom

通道 Access way

小通道 Cat way

钢结构顶部标高 Top of structure elevation

管底标高 Bottom of piping elevation

主管口径 Run size

顶平偏心异径管 Eccentric reducer top flat

中心到面的距离 Center to face

工作点标高 Working point elevation

管架标注 Hanging marking

冷拉 Cold spring

管线记号 Line symbol

管线接口 Line connection

物流号 Stream NO.

管线号 Line NO.

管道等级号 (1) class designation (2) spec designation

阀门号 Valve NO.

等级分界 Specification break

重要管道 Critical piping

总管 Header pipe

仪表管道 Instrument piping

排放管道 Blowdown piping

火炬气管道 Flare piping

输送管线 Transfer line

入口管线 Suction line

排水管 Effluent line

旁通管 Bypass line

吹扫系统 Purge system

放空接口 Vent connection

软管接口 Hose connection

双切断阀及排放阀 Double block and bleeder

污水沟 Sewer ditch

冷凝液池 Condensate pit

积水坑 Sump box

漏斗 Drip funnel

管段 Spool piece

垫环 Space ring

限流孔板 Restriction orifice

流量喷嘴 Flow nozzle

液体混合用三通 Mixing tee

喷头 Spray nozzle

粗滤器 Strainer

临时粗滤器 Temporary strainer

疏水阀 Steam trap

爆破膜 Rupture disk

蒸汽伴热管道 Steam-traced piping

夹套管道 Jacketed piping

地下管道 Underground piping

管道要素

钢管 Steel pipe

螺纹端管 Threaded pipe

法兰端管 Flanged pipe

锻制的 Swage

光滑弯管 Smooth bend

U型弯管 U-bend

弯管 Bending pipe

波纹管膨胀节 Expansion bellows

柔性管 Flexible pipe

管件接头 Pipe fitting joint

机械连接 Mechanical joint

活套连接 Lapped joint

环型垫连接 Ring type joint

扩口接头 Flare type joint

非扩口接头 Flareless type joint

承插连接 Bell and spigot

Victaulic 接头 Victaulic joint

弯头 Elbow

异径管 Reducer

管接头 Coupling

活接头 Union

短管 Nipple

法兰 Flange

配对法兰 Companion flange

法兰盖 Blind flange

异径法兰 Reducing flange

八字盲板 (1) spectacle blind (2) reversible blind

平板式法兰 Plate flange

带颈法兰 Hubbed flange

对焊法兰 Welding flange

松套法兰 Loose flange

管端突缘 Stub end

法兰面 Flange face

垫片沟槽 Gasket groove

满平面 Full face

突面 Raised face

大准槽面 Large tongue and groove face

双凹凸面 Double male & female face

大凹凸面 Large male & female face

金属垫片 Metallic gasket

非金属垫片 Non-metallic gasket

O型环

半金属垫圈 Semi-metallic gasket

透视垫 Lens ring

对焊 Butt weld

承插焊 Socket weld

滑套焊接 Slip-on weld

插入环 Insert ring

管帽 Cap

材料表 Bill of material

材料统计 Take-off

管段表 Line bill of material

估算汇总表 Estimation summary sheet

备品备件表 Spare parts list

报价单 Quotation sheet

订货表 Purchase order schedule

材料汇总表 Bill of material summary

状态报告 Status report

分布报告 Distribution report

价格、重量一览表 Cost & weight summary

价格、重量汇总表 Cost & weight total

定货管理表 Order control

管道材料管理表 Piping material control sheet

元件代码 Item code

标记号 Tag number

标准形态 Standard shape

轴测图 Isometric drawing

管线号 Line reference

批号 Batch reference

管子下料表 Piping cutting list

制作件表 Fabrication parts list

组装件表 Erection part list

固定架 Anchor

滑动架 Resting support

导向架 Guide

限位架 Directional stop

减振架 Dampener

支架 Support

管托 Shoe

保冷管托 cradle

鞍座 Saddle

耳轴 Trunnion

吊架 Hanger

刚性吊架 Rigid hanger

弹簧吊架 Spring hanger

恒力吊架 Constant hanger

阀门 Valve

截止阀 Globe valve

闸阀 Gate valve

针行阀 Needle valve

球阀 Ball valve

止回阀 Check valve

隔膜阀 Diaphragm valve

三通阀 Three-way valve

角阀 Angle valve

蝶阀 Butterfly valve

旋塞阀 Cock

伸长杆操作 Extension stem-operation

链操作 Chain-operated

齿轮操作 Gear-operated

扳手操作 Wrench-operated

电动操作 Motor-operated

阀芯 Trim

阀盖 Bonnet

焊接支管 Weld branch

偏置 Offset

焊缝根部间隙 Weld root gap

现场调整后再下料和焊接 Cut and weld after adjusting

坡度 Slope

工作点 Working point

管架说明 Notes for piping hanging

部门间校核版 Interdepartmental check print

平端 Plain end

坡口端 Beveled

管道联接图 Piping hook-up drawing

管道图说明 Notes for piping drawing

标题栏 Title block

询价单 Piping requisition sheet

8 配管及一般设备设计

8.1 保温、保冷

绝热 Insulation

设备绝热表 Equipment insulation schedule

绝热符号 Insulation code

保温设计 Design of cold insulation

正常操作所用的保温 Insulation for stable operating

人身防护 Personnel protection

防火层 Fire-proofing

防结露 Anti-sweat

防冻 Winterizing

防音 Sound protection

保温材料 Hot insulation material

保冷材料 Cold insulation material

石棉 asbestos

硅藻土 Diatomaceous earth

岩棉 Rock wool

玻璃棉 Glass wool

碳酸镁 Magnesium carbonate

硅酸铝 Calcium silicate

珍珠岩 Perlite

软木板 Cork boards

毛毡 Hair felt

泡沫聚氨酯 Foam polystyrene

硬泡沫氨基甲酸乙酯 Rigid foam urethane

硬泡沫橡胶 Rigid foam rubber

玛碲脂 Mastic

耐磨损材料 Anti-abrasion coating material

管壳 Lagging cloth

铁丝网 Hexagonal wire netting

填缝材料 Caulking material

保护层 (1) jacketing sheet (2) cover sheet

波纹铝板 Corrugated aluminum sheet

有色镀锌钢板 Precoated galvanized sheet

搭板 Butt strap

Z型接头 Z-joint

防腐、涂漆

色标 Colour-code

孟塞尔色系 Munsell notation

管道识别色 Identification of piping system

防腐层 External coating

油漆 Paint

清漆 Varnish

防腐漆 (1) anti-corrosive paint (2) rush-proof paint

含铝漆 Aluminum paint

底漆 Primer

耐酸漆 Acid-proof paint

耐碱漆 Alkali-proof paint

耐热漆 Heat-resisting paint

测温漆 Thermo-paint

绝缘漆 Insulating varnish

表面处理 Surface preparation

涂漆 painting

阴极保护 Cathodic protection

振动解析

机械振动 Mechanical vibration

自由振动 Free vibration

强制振动 Forced vibration

自励振动 Self-excited vibration

固有频率 Natural frequency

固有周期 Natural period

波谷 Loop

波峰 Node

正弦振动 Sinusoidal oscillation

非线性振动 Non-linear oscillation

阻尼振动 Damped vibration

临界阻尼 Critical damping

衰减系数 (1) attenuation (2) decay coefficient (3) decay factor

共振 Resonance

扭曲振动 Torsional vibration

挠性振动 Flexural vibration

极限速度 Critical speed

固有值 Characteristic value

临界条件 Boundary condition

弹簧系数 Spring constant

惯性矩 Moment of inertia

回转半径 Radius of gyration

振动吸收装置 Dynamic vibration absorber

液压减振器 Hydraulic damper

弹簧减振器 (1) spring dampener (2) spring damper

油压锁定 Oil lock

耐振设计

固有振动方式 Natural frequency mode

卓越周期 Predominant period

基本周期 First natural frequency

横波 Transverse wave

纵波 Longitudinal wave

相对位移 Relative displacement

质量比 Mass ratio

静解析法 Static method

修正静解析法 Corrected static method

动解析法 Modal analysis

时历响应解析法 Time history response analysis

设计响应光谱 Design response spectrum

加速响应光谱 Acceleration response spectrum

地板响应光谱 Floor response spectrum

标准响应光谱 Standard response spectrum

加速响应增幅比 Acceleration response amplitude ratio

刚性结构 Rigid structure

柔性结构 Flexible structure

长周期结构 Long-period structure

刚性框架 Rahmen rigid frame

地震波 Earthquake accelerogram

位移量记录 Displacement record

设计地震 Design earthquake

设计震度 Design seismic coefficient

地震 Earthquake

震源距离 Distance to centrum

震中距离 Distance to epicenter

震级 Magnitude

地震波显示仪 Seismoscope

地震仪 Seismograph

耐震等级 Seismic class

基岩 Base rock

应力分析

外力 External force

内力 Internal force

反作用力 Reaction force

力偶 Couple of force

弯矩 Bending moment

扭矩 Twist moment

应力 Stress

弯曲应力 Bending stress

扭曲应力 Torsional stress

圆周应力 Hoop stress

峰值应力 Peak stress

一次应力 Primary stress

二次应力 Secondary stress

轴向应力 Axial stress

重复应力 Repeated stress

脉动应力 Pulsating stress

交变应力 Alternating stress

应变 Strain

应变能 Strain energy

主应力 Principal stress

主应力理论 Principal stress theory

最大剪切应力理论 Maximum shearing stress theory

残余应力 Residual stress

热应力 Thermal stress

热破坏 Thermal shock

疲劳 Fatigue

疲劳曲线 S-N diagram

疲劳极限 (1) fatigue limit (2) endurance limit

腐蚀疲劳 Corrosion fatigue

蠕变 Creep

蠕变疲劳 Creep fatigue

尺寸效应 Size effect

应力集中系数 Coefficient of stress concentration

形状系数 Shape coefficient

缺口系数 Notch factor

应力强度系数 Stress intensity factor

几何惯性矩 Geometrical moment of inertia

断面系数 Modulus of section

断面极惯性矩 Polar moment of inertia of area

杨氏模量 Young’s modulus

横向弹性系数 Modulus of transverse elasticity

体积弹性系数 Modulus of volumetric elasticity

泊松比 Poissor’s ratio

弹性极限 Elastic limit

屈服点 Yield point

拉伸强度 Tensile strength

伸长 Elongation

永久变形 Permanent set

弹性 Flexibility

弹性分析 Elastic analysis

弹性屈服 Elastic buckling

塑性 Plasticity

塑变滞后 Plasticity hysteresis

极限分析 Limit analysis

弹塑性分析 Elastic-plastic analysis

疲劳分析 Fatigue analysis

有限元法 Finite element method

静荷载 Dead load

流体流动

水锤 Water hammer

急关 Rapid closure

缓关 Slow closure

冲击波 Shock closure

液压振动 Acoustic vibration of liquid flow

脉动 Pulsation flow

两相流 Two-phase flow

气压振动 Acoustic vibration

卡门涡街 Karman eddies

颤动 Fluttering

气蚀 cavitation

噪音

噪音 (1) noise (2) undesired sound

听力范围 Auditory sensation area

掩蔽 Masking

背景噪音 Background noise

声强 Sound intensity

声压 Sound pressure

声压值 Sound pressure level

噪声值 (1) noise level (2) sound level

噪声计 Sound level meter

听觉校正回路 Weighting network

音平 Soundness level

音能 Sound power

音能值 Sound power level

总体值 Overall level

90%范围 90% range

中间值 Median

NR数 Noise rating number

频率分析器 Frequency analyzer

倍频器 Octave band

1/3的倍频带 1/3 octave band

波段值 Band level

音场 Sound field

方向性 Directivity

方向系数 Directivity factor

衍射 Diffraction

声源 Sound source

房间常数 Room constant

吸音率 Sound absorption coefficient

穿透率 Transmission coefficient

穿透损失 Transmission loss

质量原理 Mass law

设计条件

操作压力 Operating pressure

最高操作压力 Maximum operating pressure

操作温度 Operating temperature

最高操作温度 Maximum operating temperature

温度基准 Base temperature

腐蚀裕度 Corrosion allowance

许容应力 Allowable stress

安全系数 Safety factor

地理条件 Geological conditions

9. 塔、槽、换热器、加热炉

9.1图面用语

设备表 vessel schedule

工程图 engineering drawing

管口表 (1)nozzle chart (2)nozzle schedule

管口方位 nozzle orientation

予焊件图 clip schedule

切线 tangent line(TL)

焊缝线 weld line(WL)

参照线 working line(WL)

基准线 base line

9.2容器

容器 vessel

塔 tower

自支承塔 self-supported tower

板式塔 tray tower

填料塔 packed tower

喷淋塔 spray tower

槽、罐 drum

贮罐 tank

球罐 (1)spherical tank (2)ball tank

浮顶罐 floating roof tank

锥顶罐 cone roof tank

拱顶罐 dome roof tank

双壁罐 double wall tank

湿式气柜 wet gas holder

干式气柜 dry gas holder

料仓 (1)silo (2)bin

料斗 hopper

9.3内件

内件 internals

塔盘 tray

泡罩塔盘 bubble cap tray

筛板塔盘 perforated tray

浮阀塔盘 valve tray

单流向式塔盘 uni-flux tray

波纹塔盘 ripple tray

塔盘板 deck

溢流堰 weir

降液管 downcomer

密封槽 seal pot

取液槽 draw-off pot

密封盘 seal pan

塔盘支承环 tray support ring

鲍尔环 Pall ring

泪孔 weep hole

填料 packing

拉希环 Rasching ring

矩鞍形填料 intalox saddle

分布器 distributor

除沫器 demister

进料挡板 feed deflecter

防涡流挡板 vortex breaker

内筒 cartridge

9.4主要附属品

壳体 shell

变颈段 reducing section

封头 head

椭圆形封头 ellipsoidal head

碟形封头 (1)dished head (2)torispherical head

半球形封头 hemispherical head

椎形封头 conical head

平封头 flat head

加强圈 reinforcing ring

夹套 jacket

人孔 manhole

手孔 hand hole

检查孔 inspection hole

接管 nozzle

凸缘 pad nozzle

锻制接管 forged nozzle

补强板 reinforcing pad

信号孔 tell-tale hole

容器支座 vessel support

裙座 skirt

支腿 leg

支耳 support lug

底座 base block

基础环 base ring

筋板 gusset plate

压环 compression ring

鞍座 saddle

模板 template

通道 acess opening

套管 pipe sleeve

连结板 lug

予焊件 clip

接地板 earth lug

吊耳 lifting lug

平台 platform

梯子 ladder

保温支承 insulation support

吊柱 davit

人孔绞链 manhole hinge

放空口 vent nozzle

呼吸阀 breather valve

计量口 gauge hatch

9.5换热器

换热器 heat exchanger

换热面积 heat transfer area

总传热系数 overall heat transfer coefficient

境膜传热系数 film coefficient

对数平均温差 logarithmic mean temperature difference(LMTD)

平均温差 mean temperature difference(MTD)

污垢系数 fouling factor

布管图 tube arrangement

三角形排列 triangular arrangement

转角三角形排列 rotated triangular arrangement

正方形排列 square arrangement

转角正方形排列 rotated square arrangement

最大布管图 outside tube limit

管壳式换热器 sheet and tube heat exchanger

固定管板式换热器 fixed tube sheet heat exchanger

浮头式换热器 floating head type heat exchanger

U形管式换热器 U-tube type heat exchanger

釜式换热器 kettle type heat exchanger

套管式换热器 double tube type heat exchanger

冲洗式冷却器 irrigation cooler

蛇管式换热器 coil type heat exchanger

插管式换热器 bayonet type heat exchanger

板式换热器 plate type heat exchanger

螺旋板式换热器 spiral heat exchanger

夹套式换热器 jacket type heat exchanger

石墨换热器 graphite heat exchanger

空冷式换热器 air-cooled heat exchanger

换热管 tube

折流板 baffle plate

管箱 channel

分程隔板 pass partition plate

浮头 floating head

防冲挡板 impingement baffle

管束 tube bundle

管板 tube sheet

管子与管板的连接 tube-to-tube sheet joint

管接头 ferrule

9.6加热炉

加热炉 direct-fired heater

热负荷 (1)heat duty (2)heat release

热损失 heat loss

加热炉效率 efficiency of heater

热流率 heat flux

管壁温度 tube skin temperature

体积热负荷 volumetric heat release

辐射段 radiant section

对流段 convection section

屏蔽段 shield section

坝墙 bridge wall

暴露墙 exposed wall

屏蔽墙 shielded wall

管支承 tube support

炉管 (1)heater tube (2)furnace tube

扩大表面管 extended surface tube

联箱 (1)header (2)header box

回弯头 return bend

管群间连接管 crossover

通风 draft

烟道 flue

（烟道）挡板 damper

烟囱 stack

烧嘴 burner

过量空气 excess air

风箱 wind box

观察孔 (1)observation door (2)peep door

检修孔 access door

防爆门 explosion door

吹灰器 soot blower

油漆清车导轨 painter trolley

陶瓷纤维 ceramic fiber

耐火砖 fire brick

保温耐火砖 insulation fire brick

保温板 insulation board

可铸耐火材料 castable

衬里支撑 linking anchor

炉壁横梁 lintel

膨胀节 expansion joint

10. 转动机械

10.1转动机械

轴 shaft

轴承 bearing

轴承箱 bearing housing

联轴节 shaft coupling

滑轮 pulley

V形皮带（三角皮带） V-belt

转动设备 turning equipment

润滑 lubrication

润滑油 (1) lubricating oil (2)lube oil

密封 seal

轴封 shaft seal

填料函 packing

填料箱 stuffing box

油膜密封 oil film seal

油封 seal oil

机械密封 mechanical seal

齿轮 gear

曲轴 crankshaft

连杆 connecting rod

十字头 crosshead

气缸 cylinder

缸套 cylinder liner

气缸阀 cylinder value

活塞 piston

金属填料 metallic packing

予埋板 soleplate

基座 baseplate

柱塞 plunger

箱体（壳体） casing

转子 rotor

平衡活塞 balance piston

迷宫密封 labyrinth

叶轮 impeller

轴套 sleeve

耐磨环 wearing ring

灯笼环 (1)latern ring (2)seal cage

10.2转动机械性能

轴动力 (1)shaft power (2)brake horsepower

额定制动马力 rated brake horsepower

齿轮传动损失 gear loss

机械效率 mechanical efficiency

机械损失 mechanical loss

额定转数 rated speed

最大连续转数 maximum continuous speed

旋转油膜 oil whirl

临界速度 critical speed

顺时针 clockwise

转矩 torque

起动转矩 starting torque

性能 performance

特性 characteristics

压头 head

液压功率 hydraulic horsepower

活塞位移 piston displacement

体积效率 volumetric efficiency

显示图 indicator diagram

压力脉冲率 pressure pulsation ratio

10.3泵

泵 pump

泵效率 pump efficiency

气蚀 cavitation

气蚀系数 cavitation coefficient

净正吸入压头 net positive suction head

离心泵 centrifugal pump

混流泵（斜流泵） mixed-flow pump

轴流泵 axial pump

容量泵 displacement type pump

往复泵（活塞泵） reciprocating pump

旋转泵 rotary pump

再生泵 regenerative pump

底阀 foot valve

10.4压缩机，风机等

压缩机 compressor

压缩机效率 compressor efficiency

往复式压缩机 reciprocating compressor

间隙容积 clearance volumn

隙囊 clearance pocket

减压器 unloader

离心式压缩机 centrifugal compressor

轴面压缩机 axial compressor

涡轮压缩机 turbocompressor

鼓风机 blower

风机 fan

涡轮式鼓风机 turboblower

涡轮风机 turbofan

多叶片风机 multi-blade fan

旋桨式风机 propeller fan

罗茨鼓风机 (1)roots blower (2)two-lobe blower

螺杆式压缩机 screw compressor

湍振 surging

中间冷却器 intercooler

后冷却器（二次冷却器） aftercooler

缓冲器 snubber

10.5透平

透平 turbine

冲动式透平 impulse turbine

反作用式透平 reaction turbine

凝汽式透平 condensing turbine

抽气式透平 extraction turbine

背压式透平 back pressure turbine

透平效率 turbine efficiency

调速器 governor

速度范围 speed range

速度调节阀 speed governing valve

应急调速器 emergency governor

跳闸速度（应急速度限） trip speed

应急阀 trip valve

操纵阀 sentinel valve

10.6冷冻机

冷冻机 refrigerator

制冷剂 refrigerant

工艺包 process package

工艺设计 process design

工艺发表 process release

工艺预发表 initial process release

工作范围;项目任务范围 scope of work ; project scope

工作包 work package

工作项 work item

任务单项 line item

分解结构 breakdown structure

工作分解结构 work breakdown structure

组织分解机构 organizational breakdown structure

项目大项工作分解结构 project summary work breakdown structure

承包商标准工作分解结构;工程公司标准工作分解结构 contractor's standard

work breakdown structure

责任分工矩阵 responsibility assignment matrix

风险 risk

风险分析 risk analysis

风险备忘录 risk memorandum

公司本部 home office

公司本部服务 home office service

公用工程 utility

计划 plan

项目计划 project plan

(项目)设计计划 (project)engineering plan

(项目)采购计划 (project)procurement plan

(项目)施工计划 (project)construction plan

(项目)开车计划 (project)start-up plan

专利 patent

专利权 patent right

产权技术 proprietary technology

专利技术 licensed technology

专有技术;技术诀窍 know-how

许可证 license

专利商;许可方 licensor

受许可放;受让方 licensee

(技术)转让费;提成费 royalty

许可证费 license fee

专有技术费 know-how fee

专业 discipline

工艺 process design ; process engineering

系统 systems engineering

设备 equipment engineering

布置 plant layout engineering

管道设计 piping design

管道机械 piping mechanical engineering

仪表 instruments engineering

电气 electrical engineering

建筑 architectural engineering

土建 civil engineering

开车 start-up

试车 commissioning

投料试车 start-up ; test run ; initial operations

性能考核,生产考核 performance test run ; performance guarantee tests

用户验收 client acceptance

支付条件;付款条件 terms of payment ; conditions of payment ; terms and

conditions of payment

预付款 advance payment ; down payment

按实物进度付款 progress payment

按日工程进度付款 schedule payment

保留金;扣留款 retention money

最终付款 final payment

代码;编码 code ; number

组码 group code

标 准 分 类 记 帐 码 ;记 帐 码 standard classification of account

numbers[SCAN];account codes ; code of accounts

可编码 variable code ; optional variable code

通用型活动码 generic activity type(numbers)[GAT]

不可预见费 contingency

发表 issue ; release

汇票 bill of exchange ; draft

议付汇票 bill for negotiation

业主 owner

用户;客户 client

设计;工程设计 design ; engineering

设计阶段 engineering phase

工艺设计阶段 process design phase

基础工程设计阶段 basic engineering phase

分析设计阶段 analytical engineering phase

平面设计阶段 planning engineering phase

详细工程设计阶段 detailed engineering phase ; final engineering phase ;

production engineering phase

会议 meeting

开工会议 kick-off meeting

报价开工会议 proposal kick-off meeting

用户开工会议 client kick-off meeting

项目开工会议 project kick-off meeting

设计开工会议 project kick-off meeting

施工动员会议 construction mobilization meeting

审核会 review meeting

合同;承包 contract

合同生效日期 effective date of the contract

合同终止 termination of contract

合同失效 frustration of contract

总价合同 lump-sum contract[L-S]

(固定)单价合同 (fixed) unit price contract

偿付合同;成本加抽筋合同 (cost) reimbursable contract ; cost-plus (fee)

contract [C-P]

成本加固定酬金合同 cost plus fixed fee contract [CPFF]

成本加浮动酬金合同 cost plus fluctuating fee contract ; cost plus sliding

scale fee contract

目标成本加奖罚合同 (target) cost plus fee contract , with bonus or

penalty conditions

限定最高价偿付合同;限定最高成本加抽筋合同 reimbursable guaranteed

maximum price contract [RGMP] ; guarantee maximum cost plus fee contract

承包商 contractor

分包商 subcontractor

合营企业 joint venture [JV]

交货 delivery

交货日期 delivery date ; date of delivery

交货周期 lead time

交货到现场 delivery to job-site

交货单 delivery note

提货单 delivery order

提单 bill of lading

交货条件 delivery terms

离岸价 free on board [FOB]

铁路交货(价);敞车上交货(价) free on rail [FOR] ; free on truck [FOT]

成本加运费(价) cost and freight [CFR] or [C&F]

到岸价 cost insurance and freight ; cost insurance freight [CIF]

船边交货(价) free alongside ship [FAS]

货交承运人(价) free carrier [FCA]

工厂交货(价) ex works [EXW]

估算;费用估算 estimate ' cost estimate

估算方法类别 types of estimate

详细估算(发) detailed estimate ; defined estimate

设备详细估算(发);确切估算(发) defined equipment estimate ; definitive

estimate

设备估算 equipment estimate

分析估算 analysis estimate

报价估算 proposal estimate

控制估算 control estimate

初期控制估算 interim control estimate ; initial control estimate [ICE]

批准的控制估算 initial approved cost [IAC]

核定估算 check estimate

首次核定估算 first check estimate [FCE]

二次核定估算 production check estimate [PCE]

人工时估算 man-hour estimate

证书;证明书 certificate

产地证明书 certificate of origin

机械竣工证书 mechanical completion certificate

用户验收证书;合同项目验收证书 client acceptance certificate (of plant)

材料 material

设备 equipment

散装材料 bulk materials ; commodities

材料分类 material class

材料统计 material take-off [MTO]

材料表;材料清单 bill of materials [BOM]

材料管理 material management

材料控制 material control

进度;进度表;进度计划 schedule

进展;进度;实物进度 progress ; physical progress

编制进度计划 scheduling ; time scheduling

(项目)初期工作进度计划 starter schedule ; early work schedule

项目主进度计划 project master schedule ; master project schedule

详细进度计划;详细进度表 detailed schedule

网络(图);网络(进度)计划 network (diagram)

里程碑网络图 milestone network

详细网络图 detailed network

关键线路法 critical path method [CPM]

关键工序;关键活动 critical activity

工序;活动 activity

里程碑 milestone

进度控制 schedule control ; progress control

进度曲线;S曲线 progress curve ; "S" curve

资源负荷曲线 resource loading curve ; Bell curve

进度提前 ahead of schedule

进度拖延 schedule delay

违约 default

违约通知 default notice

(违约)罚款条款 penalty clause

违约罚金 liquidated damages

运费 freight [Frt.] ; carriage

运费付讫 freight paid ; carriage free ; carriage paids

运费待收;货到收运费 freight collect ; freight to be collected ; freight

payable at destination

运费预付 freight prepaid ; advance(d) freight

货到付运费;运费未付 freight forward ; carriage forward

运费担保函 freight indemnity

运费单 freight note

运输商;承运商 forwarding agent

采购 procurement

采买 purchasing

催交 expediting

检验 inspection

运输 traffic ; transport

报关单 bill of entry

报告 report

费用和进展月报告 monthly cost and progress report

(项目)进展月报 (job) monthly progress report

设计进展月报 engineering monthly progress report

项目费用汇总报告 project cost summary report

项目实施费用状态报告 project operation cost status report

进度报告 schedule report

控制索引 control index

执行效果报告 performance report

劳动生产率报告 productivity report

异常报告 exception report

材料异常报告 material exception report [MER] ; equipment & materials

exception report

采购状态报告 procurement status report

材料状态报告 material status report

请购单和订单状态报告 purchase order and requisition status report

供货厂商图纸状态报告 vendor drawing status report ; vendor data

scheduling status report

检验报告 inspection report

(项目)完工报告 close-out report

报价;投标 bid ; quotation ; proposal ; tender ; offer

讯价文件评审委员会 inquiry review committee [IRC]

报价策略会议 bid strategy meeting

报价经理 proposal manager

投标书;标书;建议书 proposal ; quotation ; bid ;tender ;offer

标书评审;报价评审 bid evaluation

标书评选表;报价评选表 bid tabulation form ; tabulation of bids

谈判 negotiation

厂商协调会议;协调会议 vendor coordination meeting [VCM] ; coordination

meeting

订货合约;定约;成交 commitment

订货电传;订货通知 telex order ; notification of commitment

订单(即定单);采买订单;订货合同 purchase order

签订合同;合同签约 contract award

询价;招标 inquiry ; invitation to bid

资格预审 pre-qualification

合格投标商表;合格供货商表 qualified bidders list ; qualified vendors

list

询价书;招标文件 inquiry(package) ; request for quotation(package) [RFQ];

request for proposal [RFP] ; invitation to bid [ITB]

请购文件;请购单 requisition (package) ; requisition documents

采购规格书;采购说明书 purchasing specification [PS]

投标者须知;报价须知 instructions to bidders [ITB]

变更 change

用户变更;合同变更 client change ;contract change

待定的用户变更 pending client change

认可的用户变更 approved client change

用户变更(通知)单;合同变更(通知)单 client change notice [CCB] ; contract

change order [CCO]

项目变更;内部变更 project change ; internal change

项目变更(通知)单;内部变更(通知)单 project change notice [PCN] ;internal

change order [ICO]

变更申请单;偏差通知单 change request ; deviation notice [DN]

质量 quality

质量方针 quality policy

质量管理 quality management

质量策划 quality planning

质量控制 quality control [QC]

质量保证 quality assurance [QA]

质量体系 quality system

质量改进 quality improvement

质量手册 quality manual

质量计划 quality plan

图纸 drawing

工艺流程图 process flow diagram [PFD]

工艺控制图 process control diagram [PCD]

管道仪表流程图 piping and instrument diagram [PID] [P&ID]

装置布置图 plot plan

管道平面设计图 piping planning (drawing)

管道平面布置图 piping layout drawing

管段图;管道空视图 isometric drawing

"批准用于详细工程设计"图纸 drawing issued "Approved for Design"

"批准用于施工"图纸 drawings issued "Approved for construction" [AFC]

供货厂商先期确认图(纸) advanced certified final drawings [ACF] ;

advanced certified vendors' drawings ; preliminary vendor drawings

供货厂商最终确认图(纸) certified final drawings [CF] ; certified vendor

drawings[CD]

图表 diagram ; chart

直方图 histogram

横道图 bar ; bar-chart ; Gantt chart

进度趋势展示图 schedule trend display chart

费用趋势展示图 cost trend display chart

项目;工程项目 project

项目实施费用状态报告 project execution

项目实施阶段 project phase

项目初始阶段 initial phase of project execution

施工阶段 construction phase

开车阶段 start-up phase

项目建设周期 project duration's

项目管理 project management

项目控制 project control

项目组 project team

专责项目组 task force

项目经理 project manager [PM]

项目设计经理 project engineering manager [PEM]

项目采购经理 project procurement manager [PPM]

项目施工经理 project construction manager [PCM]

项目工艺经理 project process manager

项目控制经理 project controls manager

项目进度计划工程师 project scheduling engineer ; project scheduler

项目估算师 project estimator

项目费用控制工程师 project cost control engineer ; project cost engineer

项目材料控制工程师 project material control engineer

项目财务经理 project financial manager

项目质量经理 project quality manager

项目开车经理 project start-up manager

项目安全工程师 project safety engineer

项目秘书 project secretary

项目控制手段 project controlling ; tools for project control

控制基准;执行效果测量基准;实物进度基准 control baseline ; performance

measurement baseline ; progress baseline

偏差;差异 deviation ; variance

执行效果;效绩;性能 performance

跟踪 tracking ; follow up

监控 monitoring

趋势分析;趋势预测 trending ; trend projection

偏差预测值 projected deviations

预测 projection ; forecasting

纠正措施 corrective action ; corrective measures

项目综合控制 integrated project control

赢得值原理 earned value concept [EVC]

计划工作量的预算费用 budgeted cost for work scheduled [BCWS]

已完工作量的预算费用 budgeted cost for work performed [BCWP]

已完工作量的实耗费用 actual cost for work performed [ACWP]

费用差异 cost variance [CV]

进度差异 schedule variance [SV]

费用指数 cost index [CI]

进度指数 schedule index [SI]

费用执行效果指数 cost performance index [CPI]

进度执行效果指数 schedule performance index [SPI]

竣工差异 at completion variance [ACV]

竣工预算费用 budgeted cost at completion [BAC]

竣工预测费用 estimated cost at completion [EAC]

费用;成本 cost0m6m

建设总费用 total installed cost [TIC]

材料费用;直接材料费用 material cost ; direct material cost

设备费用;设备购买费用 equipment cost ; purchased cost of equipment

散装材料费用;散装材料购买费用 bulk materials cost ; purchased cost of

bulk materials ; commodities cost

(直接)材料相关费用(运费和保险费等) cost of material related freight ;

insurance , etc.

施工费用 construction cost

施工人工费用;施工劳力费用 labor cost ; erection labor cost ;

construction force cost

设备安装人工费用 labor cost associated with equipment

散装材料施工人工费用 labor cost associated with bulk materials

人工时估算定额;施工人工时估算定额;标准工时定额 standard man-hours ;

standard labor man-hours ; standard construction man-hours ; standard

hours

劳动生产率;劳动生产率系数 labor productivity ; productivity factor ;

productivity ratio

修正的人工事估算值 adjusted man-hours

人工时单价 man-hour rate

施工监督费用;施工监督和管理费用cost of construction supervision ; cost

of construction management and supervision ; field administration and

direct supervision cost

施工间接费用 cost of construction indirect

分包合同费用;现场施工分包合同费用 subcontract cost ; field subcontract

cost

公司本部(服务)费用 home office cost ; cost of home office servers

公司管理费 overhead ; home office overheads

非工资费用 non-payroll ; home-office expenses

试车费用 commissioning activities cost

投料试车费用 start-up cost

其他费用 other costs

利润;预期利润 profit ; expected profit

服务酬金 service gains

内部费用转换 internal transfer

认可的预计费用 anticipated approved cost

费用控制;成本控制 cost control

预算(值);项目控制预算 budget ; project control budget

预算结余(值);费用结余(值) under-run ; cost under-run

预算超支(值);费用超支(值) over-run ; cost over-run

施工 construction

施工工种 construction craft

试车准备 precommissioning

机械竣工 mechanical completion [MC]

界区 battery limit [BL]

工艺界区 process battery limit ; inside battery limit [ISBL]

界外设施区;辅助设施界区 offsite battery limit [OSBL]

工艺装置 process section ; process unit

界外设施;辅助设施;通用设施 offsite section ; offsite unit ; offsite

facilities ; general facilities

保证;担保 guarantee ; warranty

性能保证 performance guarantees

绝对保证 absolute guarantees

违约罚款保证 penaltiable guarantees

工作质量保证 workmanship guarantees

机械保证;机械担保 mechanical guarantees ; mechanical warranties

保函;担保(书) bond

投标保函 bid bond

履约保函;履约担保(书);为履约出具的银行保证书 performance bond ;

performance bank guarantee

预付款保函;为预付款出具的银行保证书 advance payment bond ; bank

guarantee for advance payment

保证书;保险公司出具的保函 surety bond

银行保证书;信用保证书 bank guarantee ; letter of guarantee [L/G]

安慰信 letter of comfort

保密协议 secrecy agreement

保险 insurance ; assurance

保险单 insurance policy

保险证书 insurance certificate

保险费 insurance premium

保税货物 bonded goods

保税仓库 bonded warehouse

信用证 letter of credit [L/C]

不可撤销信用证 irrevocable L/C

可撤销信用证 revocable L/C

即期信用证 sight credit ; sight L/C

远期信用证 term credit ; term L/C

保兑信用证 confirmed L/C

可转让信用证 transferable L/C

备用信用证 stand-by L/C

信用证提款 drawing on L/C

信贷 CREDIT

卖方信贷 SUPPLIER'S CREDIT [S/C]

买方信贷 buyer's credit [B/C]

信贷额度 line of credit

项目融资;工程项目筹资 project finance

贷款 loan

即期贷款 demand loan

索赔 claim ; claim indemnity

培训 training

税;税金 tax(es)

所得税 income taxes

关税 duties

合法避税 tax avoidance

程序 procedure

项目协调程序 project coordination procedure

项目实施程序 project execution procedure

项目设计程序 project engineering procedure

项目采购程序 project procurement procedure

项目检验程序 project inspection procedure

项目控制程序 project control procedure

变更控制程序 change control procedure

预算变更程序 budget change procedure

项目试车程序;项目开车程序 project commissioning procedure ; project

start-up procedure ; project test run procedure

化学清洗程序 chemical cleaning procedure

性能考核程序;生产考核程序 performance test run procedure ; performance

guarantee test procedure

装置验收程序 plant acceptance procedure

数据 data

条件数据;设计条件 supporting data

返回的条件数据;返回的设计条件 resultant feedback of data

意向书 letter of intent

机械密封术语英汉对照

1.secondary sealing element 辅助密封, 一般指是橡胶材料

2.primary ring 动环

3.hardware 结构件

4.mating ring 静环

5.mechanical loading device 一般是指弹簧的材料

1.Type 密封类型

2.direction of the spring 弹簧旋向(RH-右旋,LH-左旋)

3.type of seat 静环形式(例如 G9,G6,G60...)

4.combination of material 材料组合

a.rotary ring (primary ring ) 动环

b.stationary ring (mating ring ) 静环

c.secondary mech.seals 辅助密封一般指橡胶

d.spring

e.other l parts

1. spring

2. shaft gasket 轴套

3. rotary ring

4. stationary ring

5. stationary gasket 静环垫圈

介绍常有的橡胶材料

1.丁晴橡胶 NBR--Nitrile butadiene rubber

2.乙丙橡胶 EPR/EPDM--ethylene propylene rubber

3.氟橡胶 FPM/FKM--fluoroelastomer

4.硅橡胶 MVQ--silicon rubber

5.氯丁橡胶 CR--neoprene/chloroprene rubber

6.氢化丁晴 HNBR--hydrogen NBR

7.全氟橡胶 Kalrez / FFKM --perfluorocarbon rubber

介绍四氟类材料

1.纯聚四氟乙烯 PTFE--polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon和 TEF也可以表达)

2.四氟填充玻璃纤维 glassfibre filled PTFE

3.四氟填充碳纤维 carbonfibre filled PTFE

4.四氟包覆氟橡胶 FPM coated PTFE

5.四氟包覆乙丙橡胶 EPDM coated PTFE

6.四氟包覆硅橡胶 MVQ coated PTFE

7.柔性石墨 fexible graphite, 像比较有名的是 GRAFOIL™&reg; fexible graphite

介绍国外客户常要的碳化硅(silicon carbide)材料

1.无压烧结碳化硅 sintered pressureless bonded sic (S-SIC)

2.无压烧结碳化硅镶装 shrink-fitted /inserted S-SIC

3.反应烧结碳化硅 sintered reaction bonded sic (R-SIC)

4.反应烧结碳化硅镶装 shrink-fitted /inserted R-SIC

5.表面硅化石墨 surface silicated sic

常用氧化铝材料:

1.含 99%白色氧化铝.99% AL2O3

2.含 95%白色氧化铝.95% AL2O3

3.金属陶瓷 cermet

石墨材料:

1.浸锑石墨 antimony filled carbon

2.浸巴氏合金石墨 carbon-graphite impregnated babbit

3.浸呋喃树脂石墨 carbon-graphite impregnated Furan resin

4.浸环氧树脂石墨 carbon-graphite impregnated Epoxy resin

5.浸酚醛树脂石墨 carbon-graphite Phenol Aldehyde resin

6.热压石墨,hot pressing carbon graphite

stainless steel (S.S)--不锈钢--(国外客户经常需要的牌号是 304,316,316L)

Ni-resist iron = cast iron--高镍铸铁，现在客人对这个材料需要的比较多

Hast. alloy--合氏合金

AM350--沉淀硬化不锈钢

brass--黄铜

CDMCu--双相钢 （用在铸件上比较多）

械密封各个类型的英文表达方式，

我这里列出了 34个机械密封分类术语...

1.机械端面密封-mechanical face seal

2.流体动压式机械密封-hydrodynamic mechanical seal

3.切向作用流体动压式机械密封-tangential acting hydrodynamic mechanical seal

4.径向作用流体动压式机械密封-radial acting hydrodynamic mechanical seal

5.流体静压式机械密封-hydrostatic mechanical seal

6.外加压流体静压式机械密封-outside pressurized hydrostatic mechanical seal

7.自加压流体静压式机械密封-self pressurized hydrostatic mechanical seal

8.非接触式密封-non contacting (free contacting) mechanical seal

9.内装式机械密封-internally mounted mechanical seal

10.外装式机械密封-externally mounted mechanical seal

11.弹簧内置式机械密封-mechanical seal with inside mounted spring

12.弹簧外置式机械密封-mechanical seal with outside mounted spring

13.背面高压式机械密封-mecanical seal with high back pressure

14.背面低压式机械密封-mechanical seal with low back pressure

15.内流式机械密封-mechanical seal with inward leakage

16.外流式机械密封-mechanical seal with outward leakage

17.弹簧旋转式机械密封-spring rotating mechanical seal

18.弹簧静止式机械密封-spring standing mechanical seal

19.单弹簧式机械密封-single-spring mechanical seal

20.多弹簧式机械密封-multiple-spring mechanical seal

21.非平衡式机械密封-unbalanced mechanical seal

22.平衡式机械密封-balanced mechanical seal

23.单端面机械密封-single mechanical seal

24.双端面机械密封-double mechanical seal

25.轴向双端机械密封-axial double mechanical seal

26.径向双端面机械密封-radial double mechanical seal

27.串联机械密封-tandem mechanical seal

28.橡胶波纹管机械密封-rubber-bellows mechanical seal

29.聚四氟乙烯波纹管机械密封-PTFE-bellows mechanical seal

30.金属波纹管机械密封-l bellows mechanical seal

31.焊接金属波纹管机械密封-welded l bellows mechanical seal

32.压力成型金属波纹管机械密封-formed l bellows mechanical seal

33.带浮动间隔环的机械密封-mechanical seal with floating intermediate ring

34.磁力机械密封-magnetic mechanical seal

ALL WELDS CONTINUOUS UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED. 未注焊缝均为连续焊

ALL WELDS 3mm FILLET UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED 未注焊角高3mm.

ALL UNSPECIFIED RADI - R3 未注圆角R3

REMOVE ALL BURRS AND SHARP EDGES 所有尖角/棱角倒角并去毛

11 TOTAL COILS APROX.9 WORKING COILS APROX.RIGHT HAND WOUND ONLY,END

COILS SQUARE TO TOUCH.

总圈数约11圈；工作圈数约9圈；右旋；弹簧的端部磨平以便于接触.(此

为弹簧技术说明)

CHANNEL 槽钢

RSA 708 角钢 70X70X8

M30X1.5 pitch M30X1.5的锥螺纹

Tackweld 点焊

OD 1/4" outside dimension 1/4"的缩写 外径直1/4"

75 CRS 尺寸为75 材质为冷轧钢板

410 OPENING REF 410 开口参考尺寸

40 REF 尺寸为40,参考值

2.5" BSP 2.5” 圆锥管螺纹

2.5" BSPT HEXAGON 2.5” 六角圆锥管螺纹(即对丝)

30x2.5 FLAT BAR 30X2.5 扁钢

TYP 2 POSNS 2处

FEMALE: 内扣(母扣)

MALE: 外扣(公扣)

偏心轴 eccentric shaft

销轴 PIN

开口销 COTTER PIN

螺杆 screw

轴承 axletree

挡圈 closing ring

弹性挡圈 circlip

弹簧 SPRING

紧定螺钉 SET SCREW

圆螺母 ROUND NUT

平键 FLAT KEY

圆螺母 ROUND NUT

六角螺栓 HEX HD BOLT

无扣长 non-buckle longth

平垫圈 FLAT WASHER

螺母 FULL NYLOCK NUT

吊环螺钉 LIFTING EYE BOLT

内六角螺钉 SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREW

六角螺钉 HEX HD SETSCREW

轴承隔套 distance sleeve of axletree

深沟球轴承 DEEP GROOVE BALL BEARING

开槽盘头螺钉 SLOTTED PAN HEAD SCREW

圆锥滚子轴承 TAPERED ROLLER BEARING

推力球轴承THRUST BALL BEARING

弹簧垫圈 SINGLE COIL SPRING WASHER

缩写 全称 翻译

ACCESS Accessory 附件

ADJ Adjustable,Adjust 调整

ADPT Adapter 使适应

ADV Advance 提前

AL Aluminum 铝

ALLOW Allowance 允许

ALT Alternate 改变

ALY Alloy 合金

AMT Amout 数量

ANL Anneal 锻炼

ANSL Amer Natl Stds Institute

APPROX Approximate 大约

ASME Amer Society of Mech Engrs

ASSEM Assemble 装配

ASSY Assembly 装配

AUTH Authorized 授权的

AUTO Automatic 自动的

AUX Auxiliary 辅助的

AVG Average 平均

AWG American Wire Gauge

BC Bolt Circle 螺栓圆周

BET Between 之间

BEV Bevel 斜角

BHN Brinell Hardness Number布氏硬度值

BLK Blank ,Block 空白

B/NM Bill of Material 材料费

BOT Bottom 底部

BP or B/P Blueprint 蓝图

BRG Bearing 轴承

BRK Break 破裂

BRKT Bracket 支架

BRO Broach 钻孔

BRS Brass 黄铜

BRZ Bronze 青铜

B＆S Brown＆Shape 棕色＆形状

BSC Basic 基本的

BUSH Bushing 套管

BWG Birmingham Wire Gauge

C TO C Center-to-Center 中心到中心

CAD Co mputer-Aided Drafting 电脑辅助设计

CAM Computer-Aided Mfg

CAP Capacity 容量

CAP SCR Cap Screw 螺帽

CARB Carburize 使渗碳

CBORE Counterbore 扩孔

CCW Counter Clockwise 逆时针

CDRILL Counerdrill

CDS Cold-Drawn Steel

缩写 全称 翻译

EFF Effective 有效的

ENCL Enclose,Enclosure 附上

ENG Engine 引擎

ENGR Engineer 工程师

ENGRG Engineering 工程学

EQLSP Equally Spaced 等距

EQUIV Equivalent 相等

EST Estimate 估计

EX Extra 额外

EXH Exhaust 消耗

EXP Experimental 实验性的

EXT Exension,External 范围,外部

FAB Fabricate 伪造

FAO Finish All Over

FDRY Foundry 铸造

FIG Figure 数据

FIL Fillet,fillister 带子

FIM Full Indicator Movement

FIN Finish

FLX Fixture 结构

FLX Floor.Fluid,Flush 基地,液体,冲洗

FLEX Flexible 易弯曲的

FLG Flange 边缘

FORG Forging 锻炼

FR Frame,Front 边框

FIG Fitting 装置

FURN Furnish 提供

FWD Forward 向前

GA Gage,Gauge 测量

GALV Galvanized 电镀

GR Grade 等级

GRD Grind 磨碎

GRV Groove 凹槽

GSKT Gasket 垫圈

H＆G Harden and Grind 加硬和磨碎

HD Head 主要的

HDL Handle 处理

HDLS Headless 无领导的

HDN Harden 使硬化

HDW Hardware 硬件

HEX Hexagon 六边形

HGR Hanger 衣架

HGT Height 高度

HOR Horizontal 水平的

HRS Hot-Rolled Steel

HSG Housing 外罩

HT TR Heat Treal

缩写 全称 翻译

NTS Not to Scale

OA Over All 所有

OBS Obsotetc

OC On Center

OD Outside Diameter 外直径

OPP Opposite 对立

OPTL Optional 可选择的

OR Outside Radius 外半径

ORIG Original 初始的

PAT. Patent 专利

PATT Pattern 形式

PC Piece,Pitch Circle 件，节距圆

PCH Punch 打孔

PD Pitch Diameter

PERF Perforate 打孔

PERM Permanent 永久的

PERP Perpendicular 垂直的

PFD Preferred 首选的

PKG Package,Packing 包装

PL Parting Line,Places,Plate

PNEU Pncumatic

PNL Panel 面板

POL Polish 磨光

POS Position,Postive 位置

PR Pair 对立

PRI Primary 基本的

PROC Process 程序

PROD Product,Production 产品，产量

PSI Pounds per Square Inch

PT Part,Point 零件，点

QTR Quarter 四份之一

QTY Quantity 数量

QUAL Quality 质量

R Radius 半径

RA Rockwell Harden,A-Scale

RB Rockwell Harden,B-Scale

RC Rockwell Harden,C-Scale

RECD Received 巳收到的

RECT Rectangle 长方形

REF Reference 相关的

REINF Reinforce 增强

REL Release,Relief 释放，缓解

REM Remove 移除

REQD Requird 有需要

REE Retainer,Return

REV Reverse,Revision,Revolution

RFS Regardless of Feature Size

RGH Rough 粗糙的

RH Right Hand 右手

RIV Rivet 起皱

RM Ream 扩展

RND Round 周围

RPM Revolutions per Minute

RPW Resistance Projection Weld

SAE Society of Automotive Engrs

SCH Schedule 进度表

缩写 全称 翻译

CFS Cold-Finished Steel

CH Case Harden

CHAM Chamfer 斜面

CHAN Channel 渠道

CHG Change 改变

CHK Check 核查

CI Cast Iron 铸铁

CIR Circle, Circular 圆周

CIRC Circumference 圆周

CL Centerline 中心线

CLP Clamp 夹子

CNC Computer Numerical Control 电脑数值控制

COMB Combination 联合

COML Commercial 商业的

CONC Concentric 同中心的

CONN Connect,Connector 连接器

COV Cover 盖子

CPLG Coupling 联结

CQ Commercial Quality 商业等级钢

CRS Cold Stds Association

CRT Cathode Ray Tube 阴级射线管

CS Cast Steel 铸铁

CSA Canadian Stds Association

CSK Countersink 埋头孔

CSTG Casting 铸件

CTR Center 中心

CU Cubic 立方米

CW Clockwise 顺时针

CYL Cylinder,Cylindrical 柱面

DBL Double 双倍

DEC Decimal 小数

DEG Degree 摄氏度

DET Detail 详情

DEV Develop 发展

DFT Draft 草稿

DIA Diameter 直径

DIM Dimension 尺寸

DIST Distance 距离

DN Down 向下

DP Deep,Diametral Pitch 深度,径节

DR Drill,Drill Rod 钻孔

DSGN Design 设计

DVTL Dovetail 吻合

DWG Drawing 图纸

DWL Dowel 木钉

DWN Drawn 拔出

EA Each 每个

ECC Eccentric 古怪

缩写 全称 翻译

HVY Heavy 重量

HYD Hydraulic 水压

ID Inside Diameter 内部直径

IDENT Identification 鉴定

ILLUS Illustration 说明

IN Inch 英寸

INCL Include,Including 包括

INCR Increase 增加

INFO Information 信息

INSP Inspect 检查

INSTL Install 安装

INST Instruct,Instrument 指示,工具

INT Interior,Internal,Intersect 内部的,内在的,交叉

IR Inside Radius 内部半径

ISO Internal Stds Organization 国际标准化组织

JCT Junction 连结

JNT Journal 杂志

JT Joint 连接

K Key 关键

KNRL Knurl 硬节

KST Keyseat

KWY Keyway 键沟

LB Pound 英镑

LBL Label 标签

LG Length,Long 长度

LH Left Hand 左手

LMC Least Material Condition

LOC Locate 位于

LT Light 光

LTR Letter 信

LUB Lubricate 润滑

MACH Machine 机器

MAINT Maintenanc

e 维护

MATL Material 材料

MAX Maximum 最大

MECH Mechanical,Mechanism 机械

MED Medium 媒介

MFG Manufacturing 制造业

MI Malleable Iron 可锻造的铁

MIN Minimum, Minute 最小，秒

MISC Miscellaneous 混杂的

MM Millimeter 毫米

MMC Max Material Condition

MS Machine Steel

MTG Mouting 装备

MULT Multiple 倍数

MWG Music Wire Gagug

NA Not Applicable 不可应用的

NATL National 国内的

NC Numerical Control 数字电脑控制

NEG Negative 忽略的

NO. Number 号码

NOM Nominal 名义上的

NPSM Natl Pipe Straight Mech

NPT Natl Pipe Tapered

缩写 全称 翻译

SCR Screw 螺丝

SEC Second 秒

SECT Section 部分

SEP Separate 独立

SEQ Sequence 顺序

SER Serial,Series 系列

SERR Serrate 锯齿状

SF Spotface

SFT Shaft 轴

SGL Single 单个

SH Sheet 纸

SI Intl System of Units

SL Slide 使滑动

SLV Sleeve 袖子

SOC Socket 插座

SP Space,Spaced,Spare 空间

SPL Special 特别

SPEC Specification 规格

SPG Spring 跳

SPHER Spherical 球体

SPRKT Sprocket 链轮齿

SQ Square 平方

SST Stainless Steel 纯铁

STD Standard 标准

STK Stock 存货

STL Steel 铁

STR Straight,Strip 直的

SUB Substitute 替代物

SUP Supply,Support 供应

SURF Surface 表面

SYM Symmetrical 对称的

SYS System 系统

T Teeth,Tooth 牙齿

TECH Technical 技术

TEMP Template,Temporary模板，暂时的

THD Thread 线

THK Thick 厚的

TOL Tolerance 公差

TOT Total 总计

TPF Taper per Foot

TPI Taper per In,Threads per Inch

TPR Taper 锥形

TS Tool Steel

TYP Typical 典型

UNC Unified Natl Coarse

UNEF Unified Natl Extra Fine

UNF Unified Natl Fine

UNIV Universal 普遍

VAR Variable 变量

VERT Vertical 垂直的

VOL Volume 音量

VS Versus 与．．相对

W Wide,Width 宽度

WASH Washer 洗衣机

WDF Woodruff 车叶草

WI Wrought Iron 熟铁

WT Weight 重量

SAE Extra fine 美国汽车工程师协会的超细牙螺纹 例：1/2-28 SAE Extra

fine

SAE Reg 美国汽车工程师协会的标准系列螺纹 例：1/2-20 SAE Reg

SAE-LT 美国汽车工程师协会的圆锥外螺纹 例：1/2-28 SAE-LT

序号 德国标准 中文品名 英文品名 国际标准 中国标准

Item DIN-Standard Description in Chinese Desciption in

English ISO-Standard GB-Standard

1 DIN1 圆锥销 Taper pins ISO2339 GB117

2 DIN7 圆柱销 Parallel pins ISO2339 GB119-86

3 DIN84 开槽圆柱头螺钉 Slotted cheese head screws ISO1207 GB65-85

4 DIN85 开槽盘头螺钉 Slotted pan head screws ISO1580 GB67-85

5 DIN93 单耳止动垫圈 Tab washers GB854

6 DIN94 开口销 Split cooter pins ISO1234 GB91

7 DIN95 开槽半沉头木螺钉 Slotted raised csk head wood screws GB101

8 DIN96 开槽半圆头木螺钉 Slotted round head wood screws GB99

9 DIN97 开槽沉头木螺钉 Slotted countersunk head wood screws GB100

10 DIN125-A 平垫 Plain washers ISO7089 GB97.1-85

11 DIN125-B 平垫（带倒角） Mediun washers ISO7090 GB97.2-85

12 DIN126 平垫 Plain washers ISO7091

13 DIN127-A 重型弹垫 Spring lock washers,tang ends GB7244

14 DIN127-B 标准弹垫 Spring lock washers,square ends GB93-87

15 DIN128-A 鞍形弹垫 Single coil spring lock washers GB7245-87

16 DIN137-A 弹簧止动垫圈 Curved spring washers

17 DIN137-B 波形弹垫 Wave spring washers GB955

18 DIN186 T 型方颈螺栓 T-head blots with square neck GB37-88

19 DIN188 T 型双接头螺栓 T-head bolts with double nip

20 DIN258 螺纹圆锥销 Taper pins with threaded end ISO8737

21 DIN261 T 型头螺栓 T-head bolts

22 DIN315AF 蝶型螺母（美制） Wing nuts America form

23 DIN315DF 蝶型螺母（德制） Wing nuts germany form GB62-88

24 DIN316AF 蝶型螺母（美制） Wing screws America form

25 DIN317DF 蝶型螺母（德制） Wing screws germany form

26 DIN319 圆球型盖型螺母 Ball knobs

27 DIN404 开槽带孔球面 Slotted capstan screws GB832-88

圆柱头蚴钉

28 DIN417 开槽长圆柱端 Slotted set srews with full dog point ISO7435 GB75-85

紧定螺钉

29 DIN427 开槽平端 Slotted set srews with chamfered end ISO2342 GB73-85

紧定螺钉（半牙）

30 DIN431 小六角特薄细牙 Pip nuts with thread GB808-88

螺母

31 DIN432 外舌止动垫圈 External tap GB856-88

32 DIN433 小垫圈 Washers for cheese head screws ISO7092 GB848-95

(用于圆柱头螺钉)

33 DIN434 方斜垫圈（ U 型） Square taper washers for GB852-88

U-section

34 DIN435 方斜垫圈（ I 型） Square taper washers for GB852-88

I-sections

35 DIN436 方垫圈 Square washers

36 DIN438 开槽凹端紧定螺钉 Slotted set with cup point ISO7436 GB74-85

37 DIN439 六角薄螺母 Hexagon thin nuts ISO4035 GB6172-86

38 DIN439 细牙六角薄螺母 Hexagon thin nuts ISO8675 GB6173-86

39 DIN440 木螺钉专用垫圈 Rounds washers for wood constructions ISO7094

40 DIN443 密封帽 Sealing caps,push-in type

41 DIN444 活节螺栓 B 型 Eye bolts form B GB798-88

42 DIN462 内舌止动垫圈 Internal tab washers

43 DIN463 双耳止动垫圈 Washers with two taps GB855-88

44 DIN464 滚花高头螺钉 Knurled thumb screws with collar GB834-88

45 DIN465 开槽滚花高头螺钉 Slotted knurled thumb screws with collar

46 DIN466 滚花高螺母 Knurled thumb nuts with collar GB806-88

47 DIN467 滚花薄螺母 Knurled thumb thin nuts GB807-88

48 DIN470 锁紧垫圈 Sealing washers

49 DIN471 轴 用 弹 性 垫 圈 Retaining rings for

shafts(external),circlips GB893-86

50 DIN472 孔用弹性垫圈 Retaining rings for bores(internal),circlips GB893.86

51 DIN478 方头带垫螺栓 Square head bolts with collar

52 DIN479 方头圆柱底端螺栓 Square head bolts with half dog point

53 DIN480 方头带垫关圆底端 Square head bolts with collar,half dog point

螺栓

54 DIN508 T 型槽螺母 T-slot nuts ISO299

55 DIN525 单头螺柱 Single end studs

56 DIN529 地脚螺栓 Masonry bolts GB799-88

57 DIN546 带槽圆螺母 Slotted round nuts GB817-76

58 DIN547 端 面 带 孔 圆 螺 母 Round nuts with drilled holes in one

face GB815-88

59 DIN551 开 槽 平 端 紧 定 螺 钉 Slotted set screws with flat

point ISO4776 GB73-85

60 DIN553 开 槽 锥 端 紧 定 螺 钉 Slotted set screws with cone

point ISO7434 GB71-85

61 DIN555 六角螺母 Hexagon nuts ISO4034

62 DIN557 方螺母 -C Square nuts GB39-88

63 DIN558 六角头螺钉 Hexagon screws ISO4018

64 DIN561 六角头圆柱端 Hexagon set screws with full dog point

紧定螺钉

65 DIN562 薄型方螺母 -B Square nuts without bevel

(pressed nuts)

66 DIN571 六角头木螺钉 Hexgon head wood screw GB102-86

(coach screws)

67 DIN580 吊环螺钉 Lifting eye bolts ISO3266 GB825-76

68 DIN582 吊环螺母 Lifting eye nuts

69 DIN601 六角头螺栓 Hexagon blots ISO4016

70 DIN603 大半圆头方颈螺栓（马车螺栓） Mushroom head square neck bolts(carriage

bolts) ISO8677 GB14-88

71 DIN604 沉头带插销马车 Flat countersunk nib bolts

螺栓

72 DIN605 沉头长方颈马车 Flat countersunk long squareneck bolts

螺栓

73 DIN607 半圆头带插销马车螺栓 Cup head nib bolts

74 DIN608 沉头短方颈马车 Flat countersunk short square neck bolts

螺栓

75 DIN609 六角头精配螺栓 Hexagon fitted bolts,long thread

（长螺纹）

76 DIN610 六角头精配螺栓 Hexagon fitted bolts short thread

（短螺栓）

77 DIN653 滚花平头螺钉 Knurled thumb screws thin type GB835-88

78 DIN660 半圆头铆钉 Round head rivets ISO1051 GB867-86

79 DIN661 沉头铆钉 Contersunk head rivets ISO1051 GB869-86

80 DIN662 半 沉头铆钉 Raised contersunk head rivets ISO1051

81 DIN674 大扁头铆钉 Mushroom head rivets ISO1051

82 DIN703 重型侧面带孔圆螺母 Adjusting rings,heavy range(shafting collars)

83 DIN705 侧 面 带 孔 圆 螺 母 Adjusting rings,light range(shafting

collars) GB816-88

84 DIN741 卡头 Wire rope clips

85 DIN787 T 型槽螺钉 T-slot screws ISO299

86 DIN835 双头螺柱 Studs-metal(end=2d) GB900-88

（牙长 =2D ）

87 DIN906 内六角锥型闭锁 Hexagon socket pipe plugs,conical thread

螺钉

88 DIN908 内六角直型闭锁 Thread

螺钉

89 DIN909 外六角锥型闭锁 Thread

螺钉

90 DIN910 外六角直型闭锁 Hexagon head screw plugs,cyl.thread

螺钉

91 DIN911 内六角扳手 Socket wrenches ISO2936

92 DIN912 内六角圆柱头螺钉 Hexagon socket cap screws ISO4762 GB70-85

93 DIN913 内 六 角 平 端 紧 定 Hexagon socket set screws with falt

point ISO4026 GB77-85

螺钉

94 DIN914 内 六 角 尖 端 紧 定 Hexagon socket set screws with cone

point ISO4027 GB78-85

螺钉

95 DIN915 内六角圆柱端紧定螺钉 Hexagon socket set screws with dog

point ISO4028 GB79-85

96 DIN916 内 六 角凹 端 紧 定 螺钉 Hexagon socket set screws with cup

point ISO4029 GB80-85

97 DIN917 薄型盲螺母 Hexagon cap nuts

98 DIN920 开槽小圆柱头螺钉 Slotted short cheese head screws

99 DIN921 开槽大圆柱头螺钉 Slotted large cheese head screws GB838-88

100 DIN923 开 槽 圆 柱 头 轴 肩 Slotted pan head screw with

shoulder GB830-88

螺钉

101 DIN927 开槽无头轴肩螺钉 Slotted shoulder screws

102 DIN928 焊接方螺母 Square weld nuts GB/T13680-92

103 DIN929 焊接六角螺母 Hexagon weld nuts GB/T13681-92

104 DIN931 六角头螺栓 Hexagon head screws ISO4014 GB5782-86

（全牙）

105 DIN933 六角头螺栓 Hexagon head screws ISO4017 GB5783-86

（半牙）

106 DIN934 六角头螺母（ 1 型） Hexagon full nuts ISO4032 GB6170-86

107 DIN934 细牙六角头螺母（ 1 型） Hexagon full nuts ISO8673 GB6171-86

108 DIN935 开槽六角螺母 Hexagon slotted and castle nuts ISO7035 GB6178-86

109 DIN936 六角头薄螺母 Hexagon thin nuts ISO4035 GB6172.1-86

110 DIN937 六 角 头 开 槽 薄 螺 母 Hexagon thin slotted and caslte

nuts ISO7038 GB6181-86

111 DIN938 双头螺距 Studs metal(end=1d) GB897-88

（牙长 =1D ）

112 DIN939 双头螺距 Studs metal(end=1.25d) GB898-88

（牙长 =1.5D ）

113 DIN940 双头螺距 Studs metal(end=1.5d)

（牙长 =1.25D ）

114 DIN960 六 角 头 细 牙 螺 栓 Hexagon head bolts,metric fine pitch

thread ISO8765 GB5785-86

（全牙）

115 DIN961 六 角 头 细 牙 螺 栓 Hexagon head bolts,metric fine pitch

thread ISO8676 GB8786-86

（半牙）

116 DIN962 头部穿孔六角头 Additional shapes and versions for bolts

螺栓

117 DIN963 开槽沉头螺钉 Slotted countersund head screws ISO2009 GB68-85

118 DIN964 开 槽 半 沉 头 螺 钉 Slotted raised countersunk oval head

screws ISO2010 GB69-85

119 DIN965 十 字 槽 沉 头 螺 钉 Cross recessed countersunk head

screws ISO7046 GB819-85

120 DIN966 十字槽半沉头螺钉 Cross recessed raised ISO7047 GB820-85

Countersunk head screws

121 DIN970 六角头螺母 Hexagon nuts type-1

122 DIN971 六角头螺母 Hexagon nuts type-2

123 DIN972 细牙六角头螺母（ 2 型） Hexagon nuts with fine thread

124 DIN975 牙条（全螺纹） Threaded rods(studdings) ISO8674 GB6176-86

125 DIN976 螺纹销 Threaded pins(stud bolts) GB15389-94

126 DIN979 六角头开槽薄螺母（ 2 型） Hexagon thin slotted and castle nuts

127 DIN980 全金属六角锁紧螺母（ 1 型） Prevaillng rorque type hexagon nuts,all metal

nuts

128 DIN981 圆螺母 Locknuts ISO7199 GB6184-86

129 DIN982 六角头尼龙锁紧螺母 Prevailing rorque type hexagon nuts,heavy type,with

nylon ISO2982 GB812-88

130 DIN985 六角头薄型尼龙锁紧螺母 Prevalling torque type hoxagon nuts,heavy type,with

nylon ISO7040 GB889.1-86

131 DIN986 六角盖型尼龙锁紧螺母 Preailling torque typedomed capnuts with nylon

insert ISO10511 GB6172.2-86

132 DIN988 配合垫片 Shim rings

133 DIN1052 木材连接用垫片 Washers for timber connectors

134 DIN1151 沉头钢钉 Round plain head nails

135 DIN1440 销钉专用垫片 A 型 Plain washers for clevis pins(A 型 ) ISO8738

136 DIN1441 销钉专用垫片 Plain washers for clevis pins

137 DIN1444 带头销钉 Clevis pins with head ISO2341

138 DIN1471 圆锥型槽销 Grooved pins,taper grooved ISO8744 GB/T13829.2

139 DIN1472 圆 锥 型 槽 销 Grooved pins,taper grooved half

length ISO8745 GB/T13829.2

（半槽）

140 DIN1473 平行槽销 Grooved pins,parallel grooved full length ISO8740

（带倒角）

141 DIN1474 前端凹槽槽销 Grooved pins,reverve grooved half length ISO8741

142 DIN1475 中部凹槽槽销 Grooved pins,center grooved ISO8742

143 DIN1476 圆头槽销 Grooved pins with round head ISO8746

144 DIN1477 沉头槽销 Grooved pins with countersunk head ISO8747

145 DIN1479 六角螺母棒 Turnuckles(center parts),made out of hexagon bar

146 DIN1480 花蓝螺栓 Turnuckles with eye bolt and hook bolt

147 DIN1481 弹性圆柱销 Spring pins,heavy type ISO8752 GB879-86

148 DIN1587 组合式盖型螺母 Hexagon domed cap nuts GB802-88

149 DIN1804 开槽圆螺母 Slotted round nuts for hook spammer

(配合沟头扳手)

150 DIN1816 圆螺母（带插销孔） Round nuts with set holes

151 DIN2093 盘型弹簧垫圈 Disc springs

152 DIN3017 喉箍 Hose clamps

153 DIN3404 润滑油嘴 Lubricating nipples,button head

（旋扭头）

154 DIN3567 管夹 Shackles for conduilts

155 DIN3570 U 型螺栓 Stirrup bolts(U-bolts)

156 DIN6319 球面垫圈 Spherical washers,conical seats GB849-88

157 DIN6325 圆柱销 Parallel pins ISO8734

158 DIN6330 厚六角螺母 Hexagon nuts,1.5d GB56-88

159 DIN6331 厚六角法兰面 Hexagon nuts,1.5d with collar GB6177-86

螺母

160 DIN6334 长六角螺母 Hexagon nuts,3d

161 DIN6797-A 外齿锁紧垫圈 External teeth lock washers GB862.1-87

162 DIN6797-I 内齿锁紧垫圈 Internal teeth lock washers GB861.1-87

163 DIN6798-A 外 锯 齿 锁 紧 垫 圈 External teeth serrated lock

washers GB862.2-87

164 DIN6798-I 内 锯 齿 锁 紧 垫 圈 Internal teeth serrated lock

washers GB861.2-87

165 DIN6799 开口挡圈 Retaining rings for shafts(E-rings),circlips GB896-76

166 DIN6885 平键（ A 型） Parallel keys(form A) ISO773/2491

167 DIN6888 半圆键 Woodruff keys ISO3912

168 DIN6899 嵌环（支撑环） Thimbles

169 DIN6900 机器螺钉和垫圈 Screws and washers assemblies

组合件

170 DIN6901 自 攻 螺 钉 和 垫 圈 Tapping screws and washer

assemblies GB9074.1-17

组合件

171 DIN6912 薄 型 带 孔 Hexagon cocket head cap screws with hole,low

head GB9074.18-23

内六角圆柱螺钉

172 DIN6914 大六角头螺栓 Hexagon head bolts with large head

(friction grip nolts)

173 DIN6915 大六角螺母 Hexagon nuts with large wideth across flat

(friction grip nuts)

174 DIN6916 大垫圈 Round washers for friction grip bolts

175 DIN6917 楔型方垫圈 Spuare taper washers for friction grip bolts on T-

176 DIN6923 六角法兰面螺母 Hexagon flange nuts ISO4161 GB6187-86

177 DIN6925 全金属六角锁紧螺母（ 2 型） Prevailing torque type hexagon nuts,all metallic

nuts ISO7042 GB6185.1-2000

181 DIN7346 轻型弹性圆柱销 Spring pins,light type ISO13337

182 DIN7349 重型弹性圆柱 Washers for bolts with heavy type spring pinss

销用垫圈

183 DIN7500 ISO 公制螺纹螺钉（多种头型） Thread forming screws for ISO-metric

thread

184 DIN7504 自攻自钻螺钉 Self-drilling tapping screws

（多种头型）

185 DIN7513 开槽切削螺纹螺钉（多种头型） Thread cutting screws

186 DIN7516 十字槽切削螺纹螺钉（多种头型） Thread cutting screws cross

recess

187 DIN7965 T 型四爪螺母 Tee nuts with pronge

188 DIN7968 钢结构用六角头螺栓连接副 Hexagon head fitted bolts for steel

structures GB1228/1229/1230

189 DIN7971 开槽盘头 Pan head tapping screws with slot ISO1481 GB5282-85

自攻螺钉

190 DIN7972 开 槽 沉 头 countersunk flat head tapping screws with

slot ISO1482 GB5283-85

自攻螺钉

191 DIN7973 开槽半沉头 Raised sountersunk oval head tapping screws with

slot ISO1483 GB5284-85

自攻螺钉

192 DIN7976 六角头自攻螺钉 Hexagon tapping screws ISO1479 GB5285-85

193 DIN7980 圆柱头螺钉用 Spring lock washers for screws with cylindrical

heads ISO8738

弹簧垫圈

194 DIN7981 十 字 槽 盘 头 Pan head tapping screws with cross

recessed ISO7049 GB845-85

自攻螺攻

195 DIN7982 十字槽沉头 Countersunk flat head tapping screws with cross

recessed ISO7050 GB846-85

自攻螺攻

196 DIN7983 十字槽半沉头 Raised countersunk oval head tapping screws with

cross ISO7051 GB847-86

自攻螺攻

197 DIN7984 薄型内六角 Hexagon socket head cap screws with,reduced head

圆柱头螺钉

198 DIN7985 十 字 槽 盘 头 螺 钉 Pan head screws with cross

recessed ISO7045 GB818-85

199 DIN7989 钢结构用垫圈 Washers for steel structures GB1230-84

,

200 DIN7990 钢结构用 Hexagon head bolts for steel structures GB1229-84

六角头螺栓

201 DIN7991 内 六 角 沉 头 螺 钉 Hexagon socket coutersunk head

screws ISO10642

202 DIN7993 轴用钢丝挡圈 Roundwire snap rings for shafts GB895.2-86

203 DIN7995 十字槽半沉头 Cross recessed raised countersunk head wood

screws GB952-86

木螺钉

204 DIN7996 十字槽圆头 Cross recessed round head wood screws GB950-86

木螺钉

205 DIN7997 十 字 槽 沉 头 Cross recessed countersunk head wood

screws GB951-86

木螺钉

206 DIN8140 螺纹护套 Ciol inserts,coarse,fine thread,silf locking

(普通、自锁等)

207 DIN9021 大外径垫圈 Washers,outside diameter appro.3d ISO7093 GB96-85

208 DIN11024 弹簧卡子 sping cotter for a bolt

209 DIN13257 平板螺栓 Belting bolts

(elevator bolts)

210 DIN18182 干壁钉 Dry wall screws

（墙板钉）

211 DIN28129 环型螺母 Lifting nuts(eye nuts) GB63-88

212 DIN70952 圆螺母用止退 Tab washer for slotted round nuts GB/858-88

垫圈

看英文机械工程图纸的几点经验

来源:数控机床网 时间:2008-6-30 9:54:14

国际模具网

近几年，我厂和英国、西班牙的几个公司有业务往来，外商传真发来的图纸都是英文标注，平时阅看有一定的困难。下面

把我们积累的几点看英文图纸的经验与同行们交流。

1 标题栏

英文工程图纸的右下边是标题栏（相当于我们的标题栏和部分技术要求），其中有图纸名称（TILE）、设计者（DRAWN）、

审查者（CHECKED）、材料（MATERIAL）、日期（DATE）、比例（SCALE）、热处理（HEAT TREATMENT）和其它一

些要求，如：

1)TOLERANCES UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIAL 未注公差。

2)DIMS IN mm UNLESS STATED 如不做特殊要求以毫米为单位。

3)ANGULAR TOLERANCE±1°角度公差±1°。

4)DIMS TOLERANCE±0.1未注尺寸公差±0.1。

5)SURFACE FINISH 3.2 UNLESS STATED未注粗糙度 3.2。

2 常见尺寸的标注及要求

2.1 孔（HOLE）如：

（1）毛坯孔：3"DIAO+1CORE 芯子 3"0+1;

（2）加工孔：1"DIA 1";

（3）锪孔： 锪孔 (注 C＇BORE=COUNTER BORE锪底面孔);

（4）铰孔：1"/4 DIA REAM 铰孔 1"/4;

（5）螺纹孔的标注一般要表示出螺纹的直径，每英寸牙数（螺矩）、螺纹种类、精度等级、钻深、攻深，方向等。如：

例 1.6 HOLES EQUI-SPACED ON 5"DIA

(6孔均布在 5圆周上（EQUI-SPACED=EQUALLY SPACED均布）

DRILL 1"DIATHRO＇

钻 1"通孔（THRO＇=THROUGH通）

C/SINK 22×6DEEP

沉孔 22×6

例 2.TAP7"/8-14UNF-3BTHRO＇

攻统一标准细牙螺纹，每英寸 14牙，精度等级 3B级

（注 UNF=UNIFIED FINE THREAD美国标准细牙螺纹）

1"DRILL 1"/4-20 UNC-3 THD7"/8 DEEP 4HOLES NOT BREAK THRO钻 1"孔，攻 1"/4美国粗牙螺纹，每英寸

20牙，攻深 7"/8,4孔不准钻通（UNC=UCIFIED COARSE THREAD 美国标准粗牙螺纹）

1"-14NS-2THRO

攻美国固定特种螺纹 M1",每英寸牙数 14,精度等级为二级

（注 NS=NATIONAL SPECIAL THREAD:美国固定特种标准）

2.2 倒角（CHAMFER）

例 1/8×45°BEV倒角 1/8×45°（注 BEV=BEVEI，斜面）

1.5×45°CHAM倒角 1.5×45°(注 CHAM=CHAMFER倒角)

2.3 方(SQUARE)

例 5"SQUARE 5"×5"方

2.4 剖视（SECTION）

例 SECTION A-A A-A剖面

2.5 圆角半径

例 1"R R1"

RADIUS MUST BE SMOOTH AND BLEND INTO FACE

圆弧必须光滑且与平面相切

2.6 加工余量

例 DOTTED LINES INDICATED MAX FINISH 1"/8

虚线表示最大加工余量 1"/8

2.7 零件标记例 USE 5"/16 RAISED HAIRLINE LET-TERS MARKING ON ONE SIDE OF BODY用突起高为 5"/16的

细实线字母在本体一侧打标记

3 关于铸锻件的技术要求

例1.FORGING MUST BE ANNEALED TO BE BELOW 203 BRINELL HARDNESS 锻件必须退火处理，布氏硬度<203

例2.NORMALIZE TO 163-207BHNMUST BE FREE OF SCALE & RUST锻件正火处理，布氏硬度163-207,锻件表面不得有氧化皮

和锈蚀

例3.FORGING TO BE SHOT OR SAND BLASTED锻件需经喷丸或喷砂处理

例4.UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED DRAFT ANGLES 7°未注明锻造拔模斜度7°

例5.CAST TO BE FREE OF EXCESSIVE FLASH 铸件不得有过多的毛边

例6.DRAFT ANGLE 2° UNLESS OTHER-WISE SPECIFIED 未注明铸造拔模斜度2°

总之，看英文机械工程图纸并不是高不可攀，只要坚持常看，熟记部分单词即可。

靶式流量计 Target Flowmeter

科里奥利质量流量计 Coriolis Mass Flowmeter

电磁流量计 Electromagnetic Flowmeter

堰道流量计 Weirs Flowmeter

明渠流量计 Open Channel Flowmeter

孔板流量计 Orifice Plate Flowmeter

差压流量计 Differential Pressure Flowmeter

皮托管流量计 Pitot Tubes Flowmeter

容积流量计 Positive Displacement Flowmeters

转子流量计 Rotameter

涡轮流量计 Turbine Flowmeter

热式流量计 Thermal Mass Flowmeter

超声流量计 Ultrasonic Flowmeter

文丘里流量计 Venturi Flowmeter

涡街流量计 Vortex Flowmeter

多相流量计 Multiphase Flowmeter

热能流量计 Calorimetric Flowmeter

复合流量计 Compound Flowmeter

医用流量计 Medical Flowmeter

大型管线流量计 Large Pipe Flowmeter

旋进漩涡流量计 Vor-tex Precession Flowmeter

刮板流量计 scratch flowMeters

玻璃转子流量计 glass tube float flowmeter

THRD 45 ELL 带螺纹 45度弯头 BUSHING 大小头接头 HEX BUSHING 六角大小头接头 THRD

CAP 带螺纹管帽

THRD COUPLING 内螺纹双接头 THRD CROSS 内螺纹十字接头（四通） THRD HALF COUPLING

内螺纹单接头 HEX PLUG 六角管堵头 HEX HEAD PLUG 内六角管堵头

THRD RED COUPLING 内螺纹大小头接头 RED CPLG 大小头接头 STREET ELL 一头外螺纹一头

螺纹内 90度弯头 SQ HEAD PLUG 方头管堵头 THRD TEE 内螺纹 T字接头（三通） THRD UNION

带螺纹活络接头

WELD SPUD 焊接用内螺纹接头 KING NIPPLE 一头螺纹一头软管的接头

上网查得到的。有些用缩写，像 ELL= elbow ,THRD = thread , RED = reducer. 有些是专用词汇，

像 Street elbow, weld spud, king nipple.

希望有用。

螺纹资料

螺纹资料

螺纹代号

Thread symbol 螺纹 Thread 参考标准

Reference Standard 牙型角

Thread Angle

M 公制螺纹 粗牙系列 Coarse series ISO68GB196 60°

Metric screw threads 细牙系列 Fine series ISO724GB196

S 小螺纹Miniature screw threads ISO1501GB/T15054

UNC 统一螺纹

Unified threads 粗牙系列 Coarse series ANSI B 1.1

UNF 细牙系列 Fine series

UNEF 特细牙系列

Extra-Fine series

UNS 特殊直径、螺距、衔接长度系列

Special diameter\pitch length of engagmentand

UN 等螺距系列

Constant-pitch series

Tr 公制梯形螺纹

Metric trapezoidalscrew threads ISO2904GB5796 30°

TM 30梯形螺纹

30trapezoidalscrew threads

R 螺纹密封的管螺纹

Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads 锥管内螺纹

Taper external screw threads ISO/R7GB7306 55°

1/16 Taper

Rc 锥管外螺纹

Taper internal screw threads

RP 直管螺纹

Parallel internal pipe threads 55°

G 非螺纹密封的管螺纹

Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are not made on the threads ISO/R228GB7307

NPT 通用美标锥管螺纹

American Standards taper pipe threads for general use ANSI/ASEM B1.20.1GB/T12716

60°

1/16 Taper

NPSC 美标直管接头螺纹

American Standards striaght pipe threads in pipe coupling ANSI/ASEM B1.20.1 60°

NPSM 美标直管机用自由配合接头联接螺纹

American Standards striaght pipe threads for free-fitting mechanical joints for fixtures

NPTF 美标燃料直管内螺纹

Dryseal American standards fuel internal straight pipe threads ANSI B1.20.3 60°

1/16 Taper

NPSF 美标锥管气密螺纹

Dryseal American standards taper pipe threads 60°

BA 英标联接螺纹

British association threads BS93 47°30〃

BSC 英标自行车螺纹

British standards cycle threads BS811 60°

BSW 英标惠氏螺纹

British standards Whitworth threads BS84 55°

BSF 英标细牙螺纹

British standards fine threads

BSMO 英标显微镜螺纹

British standards microscope objective threads BS3569

FG （德国）自行车螺纹

(Germany)Cycle threads DIN79013 60°

Pg （德国）薄钢管螺纹

(Germany)Steel conduit threads DIN40430 80°

热处理 Heat Treatment

普通热处理

Conventional Heat Treatment

退火 annealing

局部退火 spot annealing

中间退火 process annealing

球化退火 spheroids annealing

等温退火 isothermal annealing

极软退火 dead-soft annealing

回水 tempering

正火 normalizing

淬火 quenching

水淬火 water quenching

油淬火 oil quenching

等温淬火 isothermal quenching

断续淬火 slack quenching

高温淬火 hot quenching

水冷淬火 cold quenching

调质 quenching and tempering

消除应力 stress relief

时效处理 ageing treatment

可淬性 hardenability

过热敏感性 superheated susceptivity

回火脆性 temper brittleness

表面热处理

Surface Heat Treatment

火焰表面淬火 flame surface quenching

感应（高频）硬化 induction hardening

渗碳 carbonization

渗氮 nitridation

渗铬 chromizing

渗铝 aluminizing

检验及试验

检验 Inspection

焊接检验 welding inspection

无损检验 non-destructive testing (NDT)

肉眼检验；外观检验 visual inspection

着色渗透检验 dye penetrant inspection

液体渗透检验 liquid penetrant test (PT)

X 射线照相 X-ray radiography

γ 射线照相 gamma radiography

射线检验 radiographic test (RT)

涡流探伤 eddy current test (ET)

超声波探伤 ultrasonic test (UT)

磁粉探伤 magnetic particle test (MT)

荧光渗透检验 fluorescent penetrant

inspection

试验 Test

压力试验 pressure test

水压试验 hydraulic test

气压试验 pneumatic test

气密试验 air tightness test

泄漏试验 leak test

卤气泄漏试验 halogen gas leak test

盛水试验 full water test

真空试验 vacuum test

拉伸试验 tension test

弯曲试验 bending test

冲击试验 impact test

硬度试验 hardness test

疲劳试验 fatigue test

压扁试验 flattening test

扩口试验 flaring test

金相试验 microscopic test

腐蚀试验 corrosion test

焊接工艺评定试验 welding procedure

qualification test

设计阶段及管理

分析设计阶段 analytical engineering

phase

初步阶段 preliminary stage

规划布置阶段 planning stage (phase)

成品设计阶段 production design phase

详细设计 detail design

基础设计 basic design

工作程序 working procedure

界区条件 battery limit condition

开工会议 kick-off meeting; launching

meeting

项目审核会 proiect review meeting

项目进展情况报告 proiect status report

(PSR)

厂商协调会 vendor coordinative

meeting (VCM)

用户变更通知 client change notice

(CCN)

先期确认 advanced certified final

(ACF)

最终确认 certified final (CF)

设计基础数据 basic engineering design

data

数据表 data sheet

设计文件 design document

设计注释 design note

工程规定 engineering specification

设计规定汇总表 design specification

summary sheet (DSSS)

资料；文件 documentation

附件 appendix

技术说明 technical specification

索引；目录 index

工程手册；设计手册 engineering

manual

计算书 calculation sheet

批准用于规划布置 approved for

planning (AFP)

批准用于设计 approved for design

(AFD)

批准用于施工 approved for

construction (AFC)

详细设计版 detail design issue (DDI)

参考、基准 reference

标准 standard (STD)

标准图 standard drawing

图 figure; drawing

草图 sketch

参考图 reference drawing

工程图 engineering drawing

竣工图 as built drawing

说明 description

待定 hold

版次 issue

修改 revision (REV)

审核提纲 check list

审定 approval

校核 check

制图 drawn

标题栏 title block

项目号 job No.

图号 drawing number (DWG No.)

会签 inter department check

工时 man-hour (M/H)

工日 man-day (M/D)

人月 man-month (M/M)

项目 project

项目经理 project manager

设计经理 design manager

状态报告 status report

安装 erection; installation

建设 construction

试车 commissioning; running-in

开车 start-up

运行中 on stream

停车 shut-down

大修 over haul

模型 model

部门 department

专业；学科 discipline

询价、报价及采购

询价、报价

询价 inquiry

管道询价单 piping requisition sheet

厂商报价 vendor quotation

报价书 quotation

报价 quoted price

估价 estimated price

估算 estimate

投标 bid; tender

评标 evaluation

采购

Procurement; Purchase

采购说明 purchase specification

订货单；订购单 purchasing order

采购说明汇总表 purchasing

specification summary sheet (PSSS)

请购 requisitioning

交货单 delivery order (D/O)

装箱单 packing list

预制的 prefabricated

备品备件 spare parts

供应者 supplier

制造者；制造厂 manufacturer; vendor

顾客 client; customer

承包商 contraction

分包商 subcontractor

业主 owner

用户 user

包装 packing。

防锈包装 rust-proof packing

防潮湿包装 moisture-proof packing

防水包装 water-proof packing

板条箱 crate

木箱 wooden box

超尺寸运输 over-dimension cargo

(ODC)

汉英分类对照部分

28

催货 expediting

检验 inspection

运输 transportation

船上交货，离岸价格 free on board

(FOB)

敞车上交货 free on truck

码头交货 ex wharf; expier

序号 缩写 英文 中文

1 AC Air Conditioning 空气调节装置

2 AGO Atmospheric gas oil 常压瓦斯油

3 AML Approved Manufacturers' List 批准的厂商名单

4 APE Area Project Engineer 区域项目工程师

5 AR Atmospheric residue 常压渣油

6 ARDS Atmospheric residue desulfurization 常压渣油加氢脱硫

7 ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers 美国机械工程师协会

8 BD Business Director 商务主任

9 BD Business Development 市场部

10 BEDP Basic Design Engineering Package 基础设计包

11 BFW Boiler feed water 锅炉给水

12 BL Battery limits 界区

13 BEDD Basic Engineering Design Data 基础工程设计数据

14 BM Bill of Material 材料表

15 BOD Basis of Design 设计基础

16 BOD Biological Oxygen Demand 化学需氧量

17 BP Boiling point 沸点

18 BS Bright stock 光亮油

19 BSI British Standards Institute 英国标准协会

20 BTEX Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene 苯,甲苯,乙苯,二甲苯

21 BTU British thermal unit 英热单位

22 BTX Benzene, toluene, xylene 苯,甲苯,二甲苯

23 C Construction 施工

24 CAD Computer Aided Design 计算机辅助设计

25 CADD Computer Aided Design and Drafting 计算机辅助设计和绘图

26 CCR Conradson carbon residue 康氏残炭

27 CCR Continuous Catalyst Regeneration 催化剂连续再生

28 CDU Crude distillation unit 原油蒸馏装置

29 CGO Coker gas oil 焦化瓦斯油

30 CI Cetane index 十六烷指数

31 CL Center line 中心线

32 CM Construction Manager 施工经理

33 CN Conference Note 会议纪要

34 COD Chemical oxygen demand 化学需氧量

35 CPDP Chinese Preliminary Design Package 中国初步设计包

36 CPM Critical Path Method 关键路径法

37 CR Catalytic Reforming 催化重整

38 CS Carbon Steel 碳钢

39 CW Cooling Water 冷却水

40 FEED Front End Engineering Design 前期工程设计

41 GB GUO BIAO 国标

42 GCD Guaranteed Completion Date 保证完成日期

43 GG Gauge glass 玻璃液面计

44 GHSV Gaseous hourly space velocity 气体体积空速

45 GPH Gas phase hydrogenation 气相加氢

46 GSN Global Supply Network 全球供应网络

47 GTG Gas Turbine Generator 燃气涡轮发电机

48 GW Gross weight 毛重

49 HAZID Hazard Identification Review 危险识别审查

50 HAZOP Hazard and Operability Study 危险与可操作性研究

51 HBP Highly branched paraffins 高支链烷烃

52 HC Hydrocracking 加氢裂化

53 HCCO Heavy catalytic cycles oil 重催化循环油

54 HCGO Heavy coker gas oil 重焦化瓦斯油

55 HDA hydrodearomatization 加氢脱芳烃

56 HDF hydrofinishing 加氢后精制

57 HDM hydrodemetallization 加氢脱金属

58 HDN hydrodenitrogenation 加氢脱氮

59 HDPE High Density Polyethylene 高密度聚乙烯

60 HO Home Office 总部

61 HDS hydrodesulfurization 加氢脱硫

62 HDT hydrotreating 加氢精制，加氢处理

63 HGO Heavy gas oil 重瓦斯油

64 HR Human Resource 人力资源

65 HP High pressure 高压

66 HSFO High sulfur fuel oil 高硫燃料油

67 HSR Heavy straight run 重直馏油

68 HVAC Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning 采暖通风

69 HVGO Heavy vacuum gas oil 减压重瓦斯油

70 HVI High viscosity index 高粘度指数

71 IBL Inside Battery Limits (Same as ISBL) 界区内

72 IBP Initial Boiling Point 初馏点，初沸点

73 IEC International Electro-technical Commission 国际电工委员会

74 IFA Issued for Approval 用于正式批准

75 IFB Issued for Bid 用于招标

76 IFC Issued for Construction 用于施工

77 IFD Issued for Design 用于设计

78 IFH Issued for HAZOP 用于危险与可操作性研究

79 ISBL Inside Battery Limits (same as IBL) 界区内

80 ISO International Standardization Organization 国际标准化组织

81 IS&T/IT Information System and Technology (same as IT) 信息系统和技术

82 ITB Invitation to Bid 邀标书

83 JV Joint Venture 合营者

84 KW Kilo-Watt 千瓦

85 LAN Local Area Network 局域网

86 LC Letter of Credit 信用证

87 LCC Life Cycle Cost 寿命周期成本

88 LCCO Light catalytic cycle oil 催化裂化轻循环油

89 LCGO Light coker gas oil 焦化轻瓦斯油

90 LCN Light coker naphtha 焦化轻汽油

91 LCO Light cycle oil 轻循环油

92 LDE Lead Discipline Engineer 专业负责人

93 LDPE Low Density Polyethylene 低密度聚乙烯

94 Level 1 High Level Schedules, control documents

used for control of total scope 项目计划 1

95 Level 2 Intermediate Level Schedules, control documents designed to control scope at unit, area,

department, contract or discipline level 项目计划 2

96 Level 3 Detailed Schedules, control documents designed to control and report the status of individual

deliverables, e.g. documents, requisitions etc. 项目计划 3

97 LLDPE Linear Low Density Polyethylene 线性低密度聚乙烯

98 LOI Letter of Intent 意向书

99 LP Low Pressure 低气压

100 LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas 液化石油气

101 LS Lump Sum 固定总价

102 LS Low sulfur 低硫

103 LSD Low sulfur diesel 低硫柴油

104 LSFO Low sulfur fuel oil 低硫燃料油

105 LSR Light straight run 轻直馏油

106 LSTK Lump Sum Turn Key （一揽子价格）总承包

107 LSWR Low sulfur waxy residue 低硫含蜡渣油

108 LTFT Low-temperature flow test 低温流动性试验

109 LTRS Low-temperature recovery system 低温回收系统

110 LV Low Voltage 低（电）压

111 LVGO Light vacuum gas oil 轻减压瓦斯油

112 LVI Low viscosity index 低粘度指数

113 LVN Light virgin naphtha 直馏轻石脑油馏分

114 MC Mechanical Completion 机械竣工

115 MCR Micro carbon residue 微残炭

116 MEG Mono Ethylene Glycol same as EG) 乙二醇

117 MHC Mild hydrocracking 缓和加氢裂化

118 MPA Multi Project (Purchasing) Agreement 大宗采购协议

119 MFA Multi-Facility (Purchase) Agreement 大宗采购协议

120 MON Motor octane number 马达法辛烷值

121 MP Medium pressure 中压

122 MPHC Moderate pressure hydrocracking 中压加氢裂化

123 MR Material Requisition 请购单

124 MRP Material Requisition (issued for Purchase) 请购单(用于购买)

125 MRQ Material Requisition (issued for Quotation) 请购单(用于报价)

126 MRR Material Receiving Report 材料验收单

127 MTO Material Take-Off 材料表

128 MV Medium Voltage 中（电）压

129 MW Mega-Watt 兆瓦

130 MW Molecular weight 分子量

131 N/A Not applicable or Not Appropriate 不适用的

132 N/A Not Available 无

133 NEC National Electrical Code 国家电气规范

134 NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association 国家电气制造商协会

135 NFPA National Fire Protection Association 全国防火协会

136 NGL Natural Gas Liquids 天然气液体

137 NP Normal paraffin 正构烷烃

138 NPSH Net positive suction head 净吸入头

139 NR Non Reimbursable (costs) 非实报实销

140 NTP Notice To Proceed 开工通知书

141 NTS Not to Scale 不按比例

142 OBL Outside Battery Limits ￡®same as OSBL 界区外

143 OBS Organization Breakdown Structure 组织分解结构

144 OSBL Outside Battery Limits (same as OBL) 界区外

145 P3 Primavera Project Planner 项目计划管理

146 PAC Polycyclic aromatic compound 稠环芳烃,多环芳烃

147 PAG Project Automation Group 项目自动化团队

148 PAF Personnel Authorization Form 职员批准表

149 P&ID Process and instrumentation Diagram 工艺仪表流程图

150 PID Proportional, Integral and Differential 比例、积分加微分（控制）

151 PC Personal Computer 个人电脑

152 PDA Propane deasphalting 丙烷脱沥青

153 PDAO Propane deasphalted oil 丙烷脱沥青油

154 PDU Propane deasphalting unit 丙烷脱沥青装置

155 PE Project Engineer 项目工程师

156 PE Polyethylene 聚乙烯

157 PEM Project Engineering Manager 项目设计经理

158 PET Project Execution Team 项目执行组

159 PFD Process Flow Diagram 工艺流程图

160 PFE Project Field Engineer 项目现场工程师

161 PFPM Project Field Procurement Manager 项目现场采购经理

162 PEFS Process Engineering Flow Scheme (same as P&ID) 工艺设计流程图

163 PFS Process Flow Scheme (same as PFD-Process Flow Diagram) 工艺流程图

164 P/L Packing List 装箱单

165 PM Project Manager 项目经理

166 PMC Project Management Contractor 项目管理承包商

167 PMM Project Material Manager 项目材料经理

168 PNA Polynuclear aromatics 稠环芳烃,多环芳烃

169 PNA Paraffin, Naphthene, Aromatic 烷烃、环烷烃、芳烃

170 PO Procurement Order 采购订单

171 POX Partial Oxidation 部分氧化造气

172 PP Polypropylene 聚丙烯

173 PPM Project Procurement Manager 项目采购经理

174 PQP Project Quality Plan 项目质量计划

175 PQAM Project Quality Assurance Manager 项目质量保证经理

176 PQCM Project Quality Control Manager 项目质量控制经理

177 PR Procedure 程序

178 PRC People Republic of China 中华人民共和国

179 PRS Power recovery system 能量回收系统

180 PSA Pressure swing adsorption 变压吸附

181 PSM Project Site Manager 项目现场经理

182 PVC Poly Vinyl Chloride 聚氯乙烯

183 PW Paraffin wax 石蜡

184 QA Quality Assurance 质量保证

185 QC Quality Control 质量控制

186 QM Quality Management 质量管理

187 RDS Resid desulfurization 渣油(加氢)脱硫

188 RFCC Resid FCC 渣油催化裂化

189 RFG Reformulated gasoline 新配方汽油

190 RHC Resid hydroconversion 渣油加氢转化

191 RHDS Residue hydrodesulfurization 渣油加氢脱硫

192 RIS Refinery information system 炼油厂信息系统

193 RMP Risk management plan 风险管理计划

194 RON Research octane number 研究法辛烷值

195 RONC Research octane number clear 不加铅研究法辛烷值

196 ROSE Resid oil supercritical extraction 渣油超临界抽提

197 SCO Synthetic crude oil 合成原油

198 SDW Solvent dewaxing 溶剂脱蜡

199 SIGF Site Integration & General Facility 全场一体化和一般设施

200 RFSU Ready for Start Up 待开车

201 S/C Subcontractor 分包商

202 SM Styrene Monomer 苯乙烯单体

203 SOR Start of run 运转初期

204 SR Semi-regenerative 半再生的

205 SR Straight run 直馏

206 SRU Sulfur recovery unit 硫磺回收装置

207 SS Stainless Steel 不锈钢

208 SSOT Single stage once through 一段一次通过加氢裂化

209 STG Steam Turbine Generator 蒸汽发电机

210 TAN Total acid number 总酸值

211 TBD To be Determined 待定

212 TBN Total base number 总碱值

213 TBS Technical Bid Summary 技术标概要

214 T&C'S Terms and Conditions (e.g. of purchase) 术语和条件(用于采购)

215 TCD Target Completion Date 目标完成日期

216 TGCU Tail gas cleanup unit 尾气净化装置

217 TGTU Tail gas treating unit 尾气处理装置

218 TIC Total Installed Cost 总体安装费用

219 T&L Traffic and Logistics 交通与后勤管理

220 TS Technical Specialist 技术专家

221 TSA Technical Services Agreement 技术服务协议

222 TF Tank Farm 罐区

223 UFD Utility Flow Diagram 公用工程流程图

224 ULSD Ultra low sulfur diesel 超低硫柴油

225 UK United Kingdom 英国

226 UR Unit Rate 单价

227 USA United States of America 美利坚合众国

228 VDU Vacuum distillation unit 减压蒸馏装置

229 VE Value Engineering 价值工程

230 VGO Vacuum gas oil 减压瓦斯油

231 VI Viscosity index 粘度指数

232 VL Vendor List 制造厂表

233 VP Vendor Print 厂商资料

234 VPMS Vendor Print Management System 厂商资料管理系统

235 VPTL Vendor Print Transmittal Letter 厂商资料传送

236 VR Vacuum residue 减压渣油

237 VRDS Vacuum residue desulfurization 减压渣油加氢脱硫

238 VTB Vacuum tower bottoms 减压渣油

239 WAN Wide Area Network 广域网

240 WHSV Weight hourly space velocity 重时空速

241 WPC World Petroleum Congress 世界石油大会

242 WT Weight 重量

243 WWTS Wastewater treatment system 污水处理系统

244 VCM/PVC Vinyl Chloride 氯乙烯/聚氯乙烯

245 VIP Value Improvement Practices 价值工程实践

246 WBS Work Breakdown Structure 工作分解结构

247 XHVI Extra high viscosity index 超高粘度指数

一、MATERIAL（材料）

英文 中文 英文 中文 英

文 中文

Electro-galvanized steel(SECC) 电解板 aluminium(al) 铝片

sus304csp-3/4h 不锈钢片

Cold roll steel(CRS) 冷轧钢 bronze sheet 青铜片 bras

s 黄铜

halfhard copper 红铜片/紫铜 tin plate(马口铁） 白

铁 washer 垫圈

Silicon steel 矽钢 galvanized steel 镀锌钢板 scr

ewdriver 螺丝刀

stainless steel 不锈钢 phosphors bronze sheet 磷铜片 screw ta

p 螺丝攻

metal 金属 tinned strip steel 镀锡钢 calliper

gange 孔径规

alloy 合金 locknut 防松螺母 screw ca

p 螺帽

二、FINISH（表面处理）

nickel plating 镀镍 zinc plating 镀锌 bright or dull tin plate 电光锡亚锡

degrease 除油 black anodize氧化黑色 silver anodizing 氧化银白色

spray paint 喷油 sand blasting 喷砂 fine brushed 磨砂

silk screen 丝印 coating 涂层 golden yellow 金黄色

chroma 色/浓度 electrolysis 电解 to oxidize 氧化

rustiness 生锈 see note 注意看 recommended hole size 建议尺寸

grey 灰色 grain direction磨纹方向 chrome 铬

三、SEE DRAWING（视图）

dimension 尺寸 angles 角度 tolerance 公差

third angle projection 第三角视图 scale 比例 unit 单位

size 规格 detail 祥图 section 断面

cross section 剖面视图 left side view 左视图 top view 俯视图

front view 主视图 hole 孔 square hole 方孔

oval hole 椭圆孔 burring 猪嘴孔 half pierce(half biank) ban位

insertion of bending 脚仔 bending 折边 sheet thickness 料厚

part number 货号 revision/issue 版本 title 名称

lance form 桥位 near 正面 inverse 反面

opposite side 相对面 thread 螺纹 pitch 牙距

screw 螺钉 extrusion 挤形 form 成型

punch 冲裁 welding 焊接 taping 攻牙

chamfer 斜角 radius 圆角 full R 全圆角

diameter 直径 length 长度 height 高度

width 宽度 deep 深度 datum line 基准线

burr side 披风面 rolling(grain)direction 料纹方向 press direction 冲压方向

corner 角 bend 弯曲 biconcave/concave 两面凹

biconvex 两面凸 point 点 arc 圆弧

radius 半径 diameter 直径 degrce 度

an angle of ninety 90度角 base 底 square 尺

file 挫 nail 钉 stud /tack 圆头钉

screw 螺丝钉 nut 螺母 bolt 螺栓

rivet 铆钉 staple U U型钉 to erase 清洗

wiredrawing 拉丝 debugging 调试 mass 质量

sample 样品 report 报告 inspection 检查

accompanied 附带 deliver 交付 should 必须

unless 除….之外 surface 表面 show 展示

conform 符合 grade 等级 hardness 硬度

fine 优良 brush 轻擦 as 相同

direction 命令 cohversion 变换 hairline 细线

otherwise 别样的 further 进一步 drawing/plot 绘图

produce 制造 computer 计算器 accompanied 附带

sharp 锋利 deges 边界 free from 不受影响

opening 孔、口 emboss/convex 凸形

2 一般部分

2.1 配管

piping 按工艺流程、生产操作、施工、维修等要求进行的管道组装。

2.2 公称直径

nominal diameter 表征管子、管件、阀门等口径的名义内直径。

2.3 公称压力

nominal pressure 管子、管件、阀门等在规定温度下允许承受的以压力等级表示的工

作压力。

2.4 工作压力

working pressure 管子、管件、阀门等在正常操作条件下承受的压力。

2.5 设计压力

design pressure 在正常操作过程中①,在相应设计温度下，管道可能承受的最高工作压

力。

2.6 强度试验压力

strength test pressure 管道强度试验的规定压力。

2.7 密封试验压力(严密性试验压力)

sea1 test pressure 管道密封试验的规定压力。

2.8 工作温度

working temperature 管道在正常操作条件下的温度。

2.9 设计温度

design temperature 在正常操作过程中①，在相应设计压力下，管道可能承受

的最高或最低温度。

2.10 适用介质

suitable medium 在正常操作条件下，适合于管道材料的介质。

3 管子与管道

3.1 管子

pipe 一般为长度远大于直径的圆筒体，是管道的主要组成部分。

3.2 管道(管路)

piping (pipe line) 由管子、管件、阀门等连接成的，输送流体或传递流体压

力的通道口。

3.3 管道系统（管系）

piping system 单独一组设计条件相互联系的管道。

3.4 管道组成件

piping components 连接或装配成管道系统的元件，包括管子、管件、法兰、阀

门、支撑件以及补偿器等。

3.5 管子表号

pipe schedule number 工作压力与工作温度下的管子材料许用应力的比值乘以一

个系数，并经圆整后的数值，是表征管子壁厚系列的代号。

3.6 无缝钢管

seamless steel pipe 钢坯经穿孔轧制或拉制成的管子，以及用浇注方法制成的管

子。

3.7 有缝钢管

seamed steel pipe 由钢板、钢带等卷制，经焊接而成的管子。

3.7.1 电阻焊接钢管

electricresistancewelded steel pipe 具有纵向对接焊缝的钢管,利用管子的电阻热

经加压将预先成型的管坯焊合而成。

3.7.2 电熔焊接钢管

①“正常操作过程”是相对意外事故而言的,但包括允许的波动、再生情况。

electricfusionwelded steel pipe 具有纵向对接焊缝的钢管，利用人工或自动电弧焊

将预先成型的管坯焊合而成。

3.7.3 双面埋弧焊接钢管

double submerged arc welded steel pipe 具有纵向对接焊缝的钢管,利用埋弧焊双面

焊接而成。

3.7.4 螺旋焊缝钢管

spiral welded steel pipe 用卷材制成的、焊缝为螺旋形的钢管。

3.7.5 镀锌焊接钢管

galvanized welded steel pipe 管壁镀锌的焊接钢管。

3.8 渗铝钢管

aluminiumimpregnated steel pipe 管壁表面层渗铝的钢管。

3.9 金属软管

metallic hose 用金属薄板等制成的、管壁呈波纹状的并用金属编制物铠装的

柔性管。

3.10 有色金属管

nonferrous pipe 用铝、铜、铅等非铁金属材料制成的管子。

3.11 非金属管

nonmetallic pipe 用玻璃、陶瓷、石墨、塑料、橡胶、石棉水泥等非金属材料

制成的管子。

3.12 衬里管

lined pipe 在内壁设置保护层或隔热层的管子。

3.13 总管(主管)

run pipe(header ) 汇合支管或分出支管的管道。

3.14支管(分管)

branch (branch pipe) 从总管上分出的或向总管汇合的管道。

3.15 袋形管

bagshape pipe 呈“U”形，流体不能自行排尽的管段。

3.16 盘管

coil 螺旋形或排管形的管子。

3.17 架空管道

overhead piping 离开地面敷设的、一般在下方可通过行人或车辆的管道。

3.18 沿地管道

piping installed along ground 接近地面或贴地敷设的管道。

3.19 管沟管道

trench piping 敷设在管沟中的管道。

3.20 埋地管道

buried piping 埋设在地下的管道。

3.21 穿墙(板)管道

piping passing through wall(floor) 穿过建筑物的墙、板等的管道。

3.22 跨线

jumpover connection 连通两条管道(非端点)的管段。

3.23 旁通管(旁路)

by-pass 从管道的一处接出，绕过阀门或设备，又从另一处接回，具有备用或

调节等功能的管段，如调节阀的旁通管。

3.24 穿越管道

cutacross piping 在铁路、公路、河、沟等下方通过的管道。

3.25 跨越管道

crossover piping 架空通过铁路、公路、河、沟的管道。

3.26 挂越管路

hungover piping 挂在桥上等的管道。

3.27 工艺管道

process piping 输送原料、中间物料、成品、催化剂、添加剂等工艺介质的管道。

3.28 公用工程管道

utility piping 工艺管道以外的辅助性管道，包括水、蒸汽、压缩空气、惰性

气体等的管道。

3.29 低压管道

low pressure piping 管内介质表压力为0至1.57MPa的管道。

3.30 中压管道

medium pressure piping 管内介质表压力大于1.57至10.0MPa的管道。

3.31高压管道

high pressure piping 管内介质表压力大于10.0MPa的管道。

3.32 真空管道

vacuum piping 管内绝对压力低于大气压力的管道。

3.33 SHA级管道

grade SHA piping

管内为毒性程度为极度危害介质（苯除外）、毒性程度为高度危害的丙烯腈、光气、二硫

化碳和氟化氢介质，或设计压力大于或等于10.0MPa介质的管道。

3.34 SHB级管道

grade SHB piping

管内毒性程度为为极度危害苯、毒性程度为高度危害(丙烯腈、光气、二硫化碳和氟化氢除

外）介质，或甲类、乙类可燃气体和甲A类液化烃、甲B类、乙 A类可燃介质管道。

3.35 SHC级管道

grade SHC piping 管内为毒性程度为中度、轻度危害介质，或乙B类、丙类可燃介质管

道。

3.36 SHD级管道

grade SHD piping 设计温度低于-29�C的低温管道。

3.37 SHE级管道

grade SHE piping 设计压力小于10.0MPa且设计温度高于或等于-29�C的无毒、非可

燃介质的管道。

3.38 气液两相流管道

two phase (gasliquid)flow piping 输送气液混相流体的管道。

3.39 平衡液体管道

equilibrium liquid piping 输送泡点状态下液体的管道。

3.40 暖泵管道

warm up pump piping 为避免切换泵时，较高温度的液体急剧涌入备用泵内使

泵受到损坏，在泵出口跨越切断阀与止回阀之间的一根小直径管道。

3.41 泵入口平衡管道

pump inlet balancing piping 输送的液体处于泡点或真空状态，为防止产生

气蚀或为平衡压力，在泵前容器的上部与泵入口的高点之间连接的管道。

3.42 塔顶热介质气相旁通管

hot vapor bypass at top of column 为保持塔顶或塔顶受液罐的压力，连接于塔顶出口管道与塔顶受液罐

之间的管道。

3.43 泵防凝管道

pump piping for solidification prevention 为防止常温下易凝的液体堵塞备用泵，在泵出口管道上，跨

越于切断阀与止回阀之间的一根小直径管道。

3.44 取样管

sampling pipe 为取出管道或设备内用于分析化验的介质而设置的管道。

3.45 排液管

drain 为管道或设备低点排液而设置的管道。

3.46 放气管

vent 为管道或设备高点放气而设置的管道。

4 常用管件

4.1 管件

pipe fittings(fittings) 管道系统中用于直接连接、转弯、分支、变径以及用作端部

等的零部件,包括弯头、三通、四通、异径管、管箍、内外螺纹接头、活接头、快速接头、螺纹

短节、加强管接头、管堵、管帽、盲板等(不包括阀门、法兰、紧固件、垫片)。

4.2 弯头

elbow 使管道转向的管件。

4.2.1 异径弯头

reducing elbow 两端直径不同的弯头。

4.2.2 长半径弯头

long radius elbow 弯曲半径等于1.5倍管子公称直径的弯头。

4.2.3 短半径弯头

short radius elbow 弯曲半径等于管子公称直径的弯头。

4.2.4 45o弯头

45o elbow 使管道转向45

o的弯头。

4.2.5 90o弯头

90o elbow 使管道转向90

o的弯头。

4.2.6 180o弯头(回弯头)

180o elbow(return bend) 使管道转向180

o的弯头。

4.2.7 无缝弯头

seamless elbow 用无缝钢管加工的弯头。

4.2.8 焊接弯头(有缝弯头)

welded elbow 用钢板成型焊接而成的弯头。

4.2.9 斜接弯头(虾米腰弯头)

miter(miter elbow) 由梯形管段焊接的形似虾米腰的弯头。

4.3 弯管

bend 在常温或加热条件下将管子弯制成所需要弧度的管段。

4.4 三通

tee 一种可连接三个不同方向管道的、呈T形、Y型的管件。

4.4.1 等径三通

straight tee 直径相同的三通。

4.4.2 异径三通

reducing tee 直径不同的三通

4.5 四通

cross 一种可连接四个不同方向管道的、呈十字型形的管件。

4.5.1 等径四通

straight cross 直径相同的四通。

4.5.2 异径四通

reducing cross 直径不同的四通。

4.6 异径管(大小头)

reducer 两端直径不同的直通管件。

4.6.1 同心异径管(同心大小头)

concentric reducer 中心线重合的异径管。

4.6.2 偏心异径管(偏心大小头)

eccentric reducer 中心线不重合、一侧平直的异径管。

4.7 管箍

coupling 用于连接两根管段的、带有内螺纹或承口的管件。

4.7.1 双头螺纹管箍

full thread coupling 两端均有螺纹的管箍。

4.7.2 单头螺纹管箍

half thread coupling 一端有螺纹的管箍。

4.7.3 双承口管箍

full bell coupling 两端均有承口管箍。

4.7.3 单承口管箍

half bell coupling 一端有承口管箍。

4.8 内外螺纹接头(内外丝)

bushing 用于连接直径不同的管子，一端为内螺纹，一端为外螺纹的管接头。

4.9 活接头

union 由几个元件组成的，用于连接管段，便于装拆管道上其他管件和阀门等的

管接头。

4.10 快速接头

quick joint 可迅速连接软管的管接头。

4.11 螺纹短节

nipple 带外螺纹的直通管件。

4.11.1 单头螺纹短节

half nipple 一端带外螺纹的短节

4.11.2 双头螺纹短节

fu11 nipple 两端带外螺纹的短节。

4.12 加强管接头

olet 焊接在主管分支处，起加强作用的管接头。

4.12.1 螺纹加强管接头

thredolet 用螺纹连接支管的加强管接头。

4.12.2 焊接加强管接头

weldolet 用对焊连接支管的加强管接头。

4.12.3 承口加强管接头

sockolet 用承插焊连接支管的加强管接头。

4.12.4 弯头加强管接头

elbolet 焊接在弯头上的加强管接头。

4.12.5 斜接加强管接头

1atrolet 与主管45o斜接的加强管接头。

4.13 管堵（丝堵）

plug 用于堵塞管子端部的外螺纹管件，有方头管堵、六角管堵等。

4.14 管帽(封头)

cap 与管子端部焊接或螺纹连接的帽状管件。

4.14.1 碟形管帽

dish cap 有折边的球形管帽。

4.14.2 椭圆形管帽

ellipsoid cap 呈椭圆形的管帽。

4.14.2 螺纹管帽

thread cap 螺纹连接的管帽。

4.15 盲板

blank(blind) 插在一对法兰中间，将管道隔开的圆板。

4.15.1 8字盲板

spectac1e blank (spec1acle blind) 形似8字的隔板，8字一半为实心板用

于隔断管道，一半为空心在不隔断时使用。

5 管法兰、垫片

5.1 法兰

flange 用于连接管子、设备等的带螺栓孔的突缘形元件。

5.1.1 平焊法兰（平面板式法兰）

slipon flange 须将管子插入法兰内圈焊接的法兰。

5.1.2 对焊法兰

welding neck flange 带颈的、有圆滑过渡段的、与管子为对焊连接的法兰。

5.1.3 承插焊法兰

socket welding flange

带有承口的、与管子为承插焊连接的法兰。

5.1.4 螺纹法兰

threaded flange (screwed flange) 带有螺纹，与管子为螺纹连接的法兰。

5.1.5 松套法兰

lapped joint flange (loose flange) 活套在管子上的与翻边短节或焊环组合使用的

法兰。

5.1.6 特殊法兰

special flange 非圆形的法兰，如菱形法兰、方形法兰等。

5.1.7 异径法兰(大小法兰)

reducing flange 与标准法兰连接，但接管公称直径小于该标准法兰接管公称

直径的法兰。

5.1.8 全平面法兰

flat face flange 密封面与整个法兰面为同一平面的法兰。

5.1.9 凸台面法兰

raised face flange 密封面略高出整个法兰面的法兰。

5.1.10 凹凸面法兰

male and female face flanges 一对法兰，其密封面，一呈凹型，一呈凸型。

5.1.11 榫槽面法兰

tongue and groove face flanges 一对法兰其密封面，一个有榫，一个有与榫相配的

槽。

5.1.12 环连接面法兰 （环槽面法兰)

ring joint face flanges 法兰的密封面为一梯型环槽。

5.1.13 法兰盖 （盲法兰）

blank flange(blind flange) 与管道端法兰连接，将管道封闭的、带螺栓孔的圆板。

5.2 紧固件

fastener 起紧固和连接作用的机械零件。

5.2.1 螺栓

bolt 一端有头，一端有螺纹的紧固件， 如六角头螺栓等。

5.2.2 螺柱

stud 两端或全长均有螺纹的柱形紧固件。

5.2.3 螺母

nut 与螺栓或螺柱配合使用，有内螺纹的紧固件，如六角螺母等。

5.2.4 垫圈

washer 垫在连接件与螺母之间的零件, 一般为扁平形的金属环。

5.3 垫片

gasket 为防止流体泄漏设置在静密封面之间的密封元件。

5.3.1 非金属垫片

nonmetallic gasket 用石棉、橡胶、合成树脂等非金属制成的垫片。

a 非金属包覆垫片

nonmetallic jacket gasket 外包一层合成树脂等的非金属垫片。

5.3.2 半金属垫片

semimetallic gasket 用金属和非金属材料制成的垫片， 如缠绕式垫片、金属包覆垫片。

a 缠绕式垫片

spiral wound gasket 由V形或W形断面的金属带夹非金属带，螺旋缠绕而成

的垫片。

1) 内环

inner ring 设置在缠绕式垫片内圈的金属环。

2) 外环

outer ring 设置在缠绕式垫片外圈的金属环。

b 金属包覆垫片

metallic jacket gasket 在非金属垫外包覆一层金属的垫片。

5.3.3 金属垫片

metallic gasket

用钢、铝、铜、镍或蒙乃尔合金等金属制成的垫片。

6 常用阀门

6.1 阀门

valve 用以控制管道内介质流动的、具有可动机构的机械产品的总称。

6.2 闸阀

gate valve 启闭件为闸板，由阀杆带动，沿阀座密封面作升降运动的阀门。

6.3 截止阀

globe valve 启闭件为阀瓣，由阀杆带动,沿阀座(密封面)轴线作升降运动的阀。

6.4 节流阀

throttle valve 通过启闭件（阀瓣）改变通路截面积，以调节流量、压力的阀门。

6.5 球阀

ball valve 启闭件为球体，绕垂直于通路的轴线转动的阀门。

6.6 蝶阀

butterfly valve 启闭件为蝶板，绕固定轴转动的阀门。

6.7 隔膜阀

diaphragm valve 启闭件为隔膜，由阀杆带动，沿阀杆轴线作升降运动，并将动作机构

与介质隔开的阀门。

6.8 旋塞阀

plug valve (cock ) 启闭件呈塞状，绕其轴线转动的阀门。

6.9 止回阀

check valve 能自动阻止介质逆流的阀门。

6.10 安全阀

safety valve 当管道或设备内介质的压力超过规定值时，启闭件(阀瓣)自动开

启排放,低于规定值时自动关闭，对管道或设备起保护作用的阀门。

6.11 减压阀

pressure reducing valve 通过启闭件(阀瓣)的节流，将介质压力降低，使阀后压力自

动保持在一定范围内的阀门。

6.12 疏水阀

steam trap 自动排放凝结水并阻止蒸汽通过的阀门。

6.13 调节阀

control valve 根据外来信号或流体压力的传递推动调节机构，以改变流体流量的阀门。

6.14 延伸杆阀

valve with exetended spindle 将阀门的阀杆接长以便操作的阀门。

6.15 链轮阀

valve with chain wheel 用链条带动手轮进行操作的阀门。

6.16 齿轮阀

valve with gear 由齿轮传动启闭的阀门

6.17 气动阀

pneumatic valve(pneumatic operated valve) 用压缩空气启闭的阀门。

6.18 电动阀

electric valve (electrically operated valve ) 用电机传动启闭的阀门。

6.19 电磁阀

electro magnetic va1ve (solenoid operated valve) 用电磁力启闭的阀门。

6.20 液压阀

hydraulic valve 用液体压力启闭的阀门。

6.21 柱塞阀

piston type valve 用柱塞启闭的阀门。

6.22 低温阀

cryogenic service valve 用于介质温度为-40至-100℃的阀门。

6.23 高温阀

high temperature valve 用于介质温度高于450℃的阀门。

6.24 换向阀

change direction valve(diverting valve) 能改变管内流体方向的阀门。

6.25 衬里阀

lined valve 为防止阀门内部腐蚀或磨损，在阀门内壁设保护层的阀门。

6.26 带吹扫孔阀

valve with blowing hole 阀体上设有吹扫孔的阀门。

6.27 夹套阀

valve with jacket 阀体外带有夹套的阀门。

6.28 底阀

foot valve 设置在离心泵吸入管端部，内有止回机构的阀门。

6.29 呼吸阀

breather valve 设置在储罐顶部，当气温和液面变动时，将罐外气体吸入或罐内气体排出，

并自动将罐内气压保持在规定值的阀门。

7 管道上用的设备 （小型设备）

7.1 气液分离器

separator 设置在气体管道上，可将气体中夹带的液体分离出来的小型设备。

7.2 阻火器

flame arrester (flame trap) 设置在可燃气体管道上, 用以阻止回火的一种小型设备。

7.3 过滤器

strainer 设置在管道上用以滤去流体中固体杂质的小型设备。

7.3.1 临时过滤器

temporary strainer 临时设置，用以滤去施工或检修时落入管道内的固体杂物的过滤

器。

7.3.2 固定过滤器 (永久性过滤器)

permanent strainer 在正常运行中使用的过滤器。

7.4 消声器

silencer 设置在管道上用以减轻或消除噪声的小型设备。

7.5 管道混合器

line mixer 设置在管道上用以混合两种或两种以上流体的小型设备。

7.6 视镜

sight glass (sight flow indicator) 设置在管道上， 通过透明体观察管内流体流动情况

的小型设备。

7.6.1 浮球式视镜

floating ball sight glass 带有浮球，便于观察管内液体流动的视镜。

7.6.2 全视视镜

full view sight glass 四周为透明体，便于从不同方向观察管内流体流动的视

镜。

7.7 取样冷却器

sample cooler 由冷却盘管及外壳组成，用以冷却样品的小型冷却器。

7.8 排液漏斗

drain funnel 承接设备或管道排液的漏斗。

7.9 爆破片 (爆破膜)

rupture disk 设置在管道或设备上的一种膜片,当管道或设备超压时破裂,起保护作

用。

7.10 限流孔板

restriction orifice 设置在管道上，限制流量的孔板。

7.11 混合孔板

mixing orif1ce 设置在管道上混合两种或两种以上流体的孔板。

8 管道隔热

8.1 隔热

thermal insulation 为减少管道或设备内介质热量或冷量损失，或为防止人体烫伤、稳定操

作等，在其外壁或内壁设置隔热层，以减少热传导的措施。

8.2 保温

hot insulation 为减少管道或设备内介质热量损失而采取的隔热措施。

8.3 保冷

cold insulation 为减少管道或设备内介质冷量损失而采取的隔冷措施。

8.4 防烫伤隔热

personal protection insulation 为防止热管道烫伤人体而采取的局部隔热措施。

8.5 裸管

bare pipe 无外隔热层的管道。

8.6 经济保温厚度

economic insulation thickness 保温后的管道年热损失费用和保温工程投资的年分摊

费用之和为最小值时的保温层计算厚度。

8.7 表面温度保温厚度

insulation thickness for surface temperature 根据规定的保温层外表温度,计算确

定的保温层厚度。

8.8 隔热材料

insulation material 为保温、保冷、防烫伤或稳定操作等目的而采用的具有良好的隔热

性能及其它物理性能的材料。

8.9 隔热结构

insulation structure 一般由隔热层、防潮层和防护层组成的结构。

8.9.1 隔热层

insulation lagging (insulation) 为减少热传导，在管道或设备外壁或内壁设置的

隔热体。

a 保温层

hot insulation lagging (hot insulation) 为保温目的设置的隔热层。

b 保冷层

cold insulation lagging (cold insulation) 为保冷目的设置的隔热层。

8.9.2 防潮层

moisture resistant lagging 为防止水或潮气进入隔热层,在其外部设置的一层防潮结

构。

8.9.3 保护层

jacketing 为防止隔热层或防潮层受外界损伤在其外部设置的一层保护结构。

8.9.4 支承圈

support ring 固定在直立金属管道或设备外壁上，用以支承其上部隔热结构的金属圈。

8.9.5 金属网

metallic wire mesh 包裹隔热层用的金属丝编织的网。

8.9.6 自攻螺钉

selftapping screw 用于固定隔热层外金属保护层的具有自攻能力的螺钉。

8.9.7 扎带

band 固定隔热层或金属保护层用的金属带。

9 管道伴热

9.1 伴热

tracing 为防止管内流体因温度下降而凝结或产生凝液或粘度升高以及为保持温度稳

定等，在管外或管内采用的间接加热方法。

9.2 蒸汽伴热

steam tracing 以蒸汽为加热介质的伴热。

9.2.1 蒸汽外伴热

external steam tracing 在管道外设置蒸汽伴热管的伴热。

a 隔离外伴热

external tracing with spacer 在管道与外蒸汽伴热管之间采取隔离措施，防止局部

过热的一种伴热。

9.2.2 蒸汽内伴热

internal steam tracing 在管道内设置蒸汽伴热管的伴热。

9.2.3 蒸汽夹套伴热

steamjacket tracing 在管道外设置蒸汽套管的伴热。

9.3 电伴热

electric tracing 以电能为热源的伴热。

9.3.1 直接法电伴热

direct method electric tracing 直接向管道通电以电阻热为热源的伴热。

9.3.2 中间法电伴热

intermediate method electric tracing 以高频电流在钢管的表皮产生的感应电流为

热源的伴热。

9.3.3 间接法电伴热

indirect method electric tracing 利用电热带等提供热量的伴热。

9.4 热流体伴热(热载体伴热)

hot f1uid tracing 以热流体(如热水、热油等)为加热介质的伴热。

9.5 伴热管

tracing piping 用于间接加热管内介质，伴随在管道外或内的供热管。

9.6 蒸汽伴热(允许)长度

steam tracing length 蒸汽伴热管的供汽点与疏水点之间的最大允许距离。

9.7 伴热蒸汽供汽管

tracing steam supply piping 为蒸汽伴热管供汽的管道。

9.8 伴热蒸汽冷凝水管

tracing steam condensate piping 收集和输送由疏水阀排放出的伴热蒸汽凝结水的管

道。

10 管道柔性及应力

10.1 管道柔性

piping flexibility

管道通过自身的变形吸收热胀、冷缩和其它位移的能力

10.2 柔性分析

flexibility analysis 对管道是否具备通过自身变形吸收热胀、冷缩和其它位移能力

的分析。

10.3 柔性设计

flexibility design 对有热胀、冷缩和其它位移要求的管道,为满足柔性要求而进行的

配管设计。

10.4 管道热应力

thermal stress of piping 管道由于温度变化产生的变形受到阻碍时,在管道中产生的

应力。

10.5 管道一次应力

primary stress of piping

管道在内压和持续外载的作用下产生的应力。

10.6 管道二次应力

secondary stress of piping

管道由于变形受阻而产生的应力。

10.7 管道材料许用应力

allowable stress of piping material 在一定温度下，在内压、持续外载的作用下，管道材料容

许承受的应力。

10.8 管道材料许用位移应力范围

allowable displacement stress range of piping material 在管道热胀、冷缩或位

移受限制时，管道材料容许承受的应力范围。

10.9 管道热胀量(管道热伸长量)

piping thermal expansion 管道受热膨胀后伸长部分的长度。

10.10 线膨胀系数

linear expansion coefficient 管道材料由常温升至t℃，每温升1℃单位长度的线膨胀量。

10.11 端点附加位移

additional end displacement 与管道连接的设备等因热胀、冷缩、下沉等造成的管道

端点位移。

10.12管道热补偿

piping thermal compensation 利用管道自身的几何形状及适当的支撑结构或设置补偿

器等，以满足管道的热胀、冷缩或位移要求。

10.12.1 管道自然补偿

piping natural compensation 利用管道自身的几何形状及适当的支撑结构，以满足管

道的热胀、冷缩或位移要求。

10.13 管道弹性

piping elasticity 在外力的作用下管道出现变形，在外力消失后管道又恢复原状的性

能。

10.14 管道塑性变形

piping plastic deformation 管道变形超过弹性范围，即使除去外力，也不能恢复原

状的变形。

10.15 管道冷紧

piping cold spring 在安装管道时，有意识地预先造成管道变形，以产生要求的初始位移和应力。.

10.16 冷紧比

cold spring ratio 管道冷紧值与其全补偿量之比。

10.17 补偿器

expansion joint 设置在管道上吸收管道热胀、冷缩和其他位移的元件。

10.17.1 波纹补偿器（波纹管膨胀节）

bellow expansion joint 壳体呈波纹状的补偿器。

a 单波补偿器(单波膨胀节)

single bellow expansion joint 由单个波壳组成的波纹管膨胀节。

b 单式补偿器(单式波纹管膨胀节)

single expansion joint 由一组波壳单独构成的补偿器。

c 复式补偿器(复式波纹管膨胀节)

double expansion joint 由一固定的中间管段和其两端连接的两组波壳组成的

补偿器。

d 单式铰链补偿器 (单式饺链波纹管膨胀节)

single expansion joint with hinges 由一组波壳和一对铰链机构组成，可在

一个平面内作角偏转的补偿器。

e 复式铰链补偿器(复式饺链波纹管膨胀节)

double expansion joint with hinges 在同一个平面内用连杆连接的两对铰链和

以中间管段连接的两组波壳组成，可在一个平面内作横向位移和角偏转的补偿器

f 万向接头式补偿器(万向接头式波纹管膨胀节)

gimbal expansion joint 由波壳和两对铰链加一个平衡环组成，可在任意平面内

作角偏转的补偿器。

g 单式连杆补偿器(单式连杆波纹管膨胀节)

single expansion joint with connecting rod 由一组波壳和一组连杆组成的，

可在任意平面内作横向位移和角偏转的补偿器。

h 复式连杆补偿器（复式连杆波纹管膨胀节）

double expansion joint with connecting rod 由一组长连杆或两组短连杆与中间管段连接的两组波壳组成，

可在任意平面内作横向位移和角偏转的补偿器。

i 压力平衡补偿器（压力平衡波纹管膨胀节）

pressure-balanced expansion joint 根据补偿器作横向轴向位移或角偏转的要求, 采取相应

的结构措施使波壳的内压推力在补偿器内平衡, 从而减轻支架或设备接管的荷载的补偿器。

10.17.2 ∏形补偿器

expansion “∏” bend 用管子煨制或焊接成∏形的补偿器。

10.17.3 Ω形补偿器

double offset expansion“Ω”bend 用管子煨制或焊接成 Ω形的补偿器。

10.17.4 套筒式补偿器

sleeve type expansion joint 由两个相匹配的套筒及填料密封组成，可沿轴向伸缩的补

偿器。

11 管道支架与吊架

11.1 管道支架（管架）

piping support 支承管道的结构。

11.1.1 固定支架

anchor support 使管道在支撑点上无线位移和角变位的支架。

a 次固定支架

secondary anchor support

承受由管段热变形产生的弹性力、摩擦力及管段自重、风力荷载的支架，其总荷载值为作用在固定

点上的这些作用力的矢量和。

b 主固定支架

main anchor support 除承受次固立支架所承受的各种荷载外，还承受管段和补偿

器的不平衡内压推力的支架，其总荷载值为作用在固定点上的所有作用力的矢量和。

c 重载固定支架(终端固定支架)

heavy loading anchor support 设置在直管段末端或设备附近的固定支架。

d 减载固定支架(中间固定支架)

reduced loading anchor support 设置在直管段中部的固定支架, 其所受

的推力为不同方向作用力的矢量和。

11.1.2 滑动支架

sliding support 管道可以在支承平面内自由滑动的支架。

11.1.3 导向支架

guide support 限制管道径向位移,,但允许轴向位移的支架。

a 带附加裕量的导向支架

guide support with additional allowance 对有轴向位移又有径向位移和角偏转的管段，

除可在轴向位移外，还在指定的方向上允许有一定位移量的导向支架。

l1.1.4 滚动支架

rolling support 装有滚筒或球盘使管道在位移时产生滚动摩擦的支架。

11.1.5 可变弹簧支架

variab1e spring support 装有弹簧使管道在限定位内可竖向位移的支架。

11.1.6 衡力弹簧支架

constant spring support 根据力矩平衡原理，利用杠杆及圆柱螺旋弹簧来平衡外载的

支架。支撑点产生竖向位移时，支架荷载变化很小。

11.1.7 平衡锤支架

counterweight support 利用平衡锤提供恒定支撑力的支架。

11.1.8 液压支架

hydraulic support 利用液压装置提供恒定支撑力的支架。

11.1.9 铰接支架

hinge support 支架的柱脚与基础饺接以适应架顶管道位移的支架。

11.1.10 柔性支架

fiexible support 当管道产生位移时，支架本体(柱子)可以产生相应变形以适应架顶管

道位移要求的支架。

11.1.11 刚性支架

rigid support 当管道产生位移时支架本体基本不变形的支架。

11.1.12 可调支架

adjustable support 高度可以调节的支架。

11.1.13 止推支架

stop support 可以阻止管道向某一方向位移的支架。

11.1.14 假管支架

dummy support 在管端或弯头处焊接一段与管道不连通的直管，延伸至另一支撑结构

上的支架。

11.1.15 管道支耳

piping lug 焊接在管道外壁的径向支撑件。

11.1.16 管托

pipe shoe 固定在管道底部与支承面接触的以利隔热等目的的构件。

11.1.17 管卡

pipe clamp 用以回定管道、防止管道脱落，为管道导向等的构件。

a 隔热管卡

insulation clamp 用于隔热层外部的管卡。

11.1.18 管墩

pipe sleeper 一般高出地面几百毫米，支撑管道的枕状结构。

1l.2 管道吊架

piping hanger 吊挂管道的结构

11. 2.1 刚性吊架

rigid hanger 基本无变形的吊架。

11.2.2 可变弹簧吊架

variable spring hanger 装有弹簧，允许管道在限定范围内作竖向位移的吊架。

11.2.3 恒力弹簧吊架

constant spring hanger 根据力矩平衡原理，利用杠杆及圆柱螺旋弹簧来平衡外载的

吊架, 支撑点产生竖向位移时，吊架荷载变化很小。

11.2.4 吊耳

ear(lug) 固定在管道上用以与吊杆连接吊挂管道的元件。

11.2.5 吊杆

hanger rod 与其它元件连接用以吊挂管道的金属直杆。

11.2.6 花篮螺母(调节螺母)

turnbuckle 两端分别具有左右螺纹用以调节吊杆长度的零件。

11.3 荷载

load 施加在支架或吊架上的力、力矩。

11.3.1 活荷载

live load 管内输送或试压介质以及管道上面对冰、雪、行人等荷载。

11.3.2 静荷载(固定荷载)

dead load 管道组成件、隔热材料以及其它加在管道上的永久性荷载。

11.3.3 动力荷载

dynamic load 由管道振动等产生的荷载。

11.3.4 集中荷载

concentrated load 管道上设置小型设备、阀门、平台及支管等处的荷载。

11.3.5 均布荷载

uniform load 沿管道长度呈均匀分布的荷载。

11.3.6 竖向荷载

vertical load 垂直于水平面的荷载，包括管道组成件、隔热结构、管内输送或试压介

质以及冰、雪、平台和行人等形成的荷载。

11.3.7 轴向水平荷载

axial horizontal load 沿着水平管道轴线方向的荷载，包括管道或补偿器的弹力、不

平衡内压力、管道移动的摩擦力或支吊架变位弹力等。

11.3.8 侧向水平荷载

lateral horizontal load 与管道轴线方向成侧向垂直的荷载，包括风荷载、弯曲管道

或支管传来的推力、管道侧向位移产生的摩擦力等。

11.3.9 补偿器弹力

reacting force from expansion joint(reaction from expansion joint) 管道伸缩

时补偿器变形产生的弹性力。

11.3.10 牵制系数

tie-up coefficient 在设置多根管道的同一支架上,无热变形或热变形已经稳定的管

道阻止变形管道推动管架,使管道的水平推力部分低消。表示这种牵制作用的系数,称为牵制系

数。

11.4 管道跨距(管道跨度)

piping span 管道两个相邻支撑点之间的距离。

11.5 管道挠度

piping deflection 两相邻支点间的管道因自重或受外力引起弯曲变形的程度。

12 管道振动与防振

12.1 管道振动

piping vibration 由于管内介质的不规则流动或由于某种周期性外力的作用,管道相

对于其平衡位置所作的往复运动。

12.2 流体脉动

fluid pulsation 管道内流体因速度或压力不稳定而形成的呈周期性变化的流动状态。

12.3 脉动振动

pulsation vibration 由于流体脉动而引起的管道振动。

12.4 管道喘振

piping surging 由于泵、压缩机和高压鼓凤机内流量过小引起的一种自振并波及与其

连接管道的一种振动。

12.5 管道共振

piping resonance 管道的固有频率或气柱固有频率与激发频率相同时发生的振动。

12.6 弯头处的激振力

exciting force at e1bow 在弯头处由压力脉动产生的力。

12.7 水锤

water hammer 管道系统由于流量急剧变化而引起的较大的压力变动。

12.8 减振器

cushion 由弹簧或液压元件等组成用以减少管道振动的构件。

13 管道腐蚀与防护

13.1 管道腐蚀

piping corrosion 由于化学或电化学作用，引起管道的消损破坏。

13.1.1 化学腐蚀

chemical corrosion 不导电的液体及干燥的气体造成的腐蚀。

13.1.2 电化学腐蚀

galvanic corrosion 由有电子转移的化学反应(即有氧化和还原的化学反应)造成的腐

蚀。

13.1.3 应力腐蚀

stress corrosion 金属在特定腐蚀性介质和应力的共同作用下所引起的破坏。

13.1.4 局部腐蚀

localized corrosion 在金属管道等的某些部位的腐蚀。

13.1.5 晶间腐蚀

intercrystalline corrosion 沿金属或合金晶界发生的局部腐蚀。

13.1.6 轻微腐蚀

light corrosion 年腐蚀速率不超过0.lmm的腐蚀。

13.1.7 中等腐蚀

medium corrosion 年腐蚀速率在0.1mm以上，1.0mm以下的腐蚀。

13.1.8 强腐蚀

strong corrosion 年腐蚀速率等于或大于1.0mm的腐蚀。

13.2 腐蚀裕度(腐蚀裕量)

corrosion allowance 在确定管子等壁厚时，为腐蚀减薄而预留的厚度。

13.3 管子表面处理

pipe surface preparation 在防腐施工前对管子表面进行的处理。

13.3.1 脱脂

degreasing 消除管道表面沾有的油脂。

13.3.2 除锈

rust removal 消除管道表面的金属氧化物。

13.4 涂料

paint 涂敷于管道等表面构成薄薄的液态膜层，干燥后附着于被涂表面起保护作用。

13.4.1 面漆

finishing coat 涂敷于管道最外一层的涂料。

13.4.2 底漆

prime coat 施涂于经过表面处理的管道外壁上作为底层的涂料。

13.5 涂敷

coating 将涂料涂敷于管道表面上。

13.6色标

colour mark 为表明管道内介质的特征，在管道外表面涂敷的颜色标记。

14 装置布置

14.1 工艺设备

process equipment 工艺装置内为实现工艺过程(反应、换热、分离、储存)所需的容器、

工业炉、机、泵以及有关机械等的总称。

14.2 建筑物

building 直接在其内部进行生产活动或生活活动的厂房，如控制室、配电室、泵房、

压缩机房、更衣室等房屋的总称。

14.3 构筑物

structure 一般不直接在其内部进行生产活动的水池、水塔、管架、烟囱等以及较少在

内进行生产活动的框架等的总称。

14.4 管带

pipe way (pipe group) 成排敷设的管道。

14.5 管桥(管廊)

pipe rack 成排架空管道及其多跨、框架式支撑结构的总称。

14.6 火炬

flare 烧掉未被利用的或事故排放的可燃气体的设施。

14.7 管沟

pipe trench 地面下敷设管道的沟槽型构筑物。

14.8 电缆沟

electric cable duct 地面下敷设电缆的沟槽型构筑物。

14.9 明沟

open trench 排放液体的敞开式沟槽型构筑物。

14.10 软管站

hose station 装置内水、蒸汽、压缩空气等的集中供应站，其管道端部可与软管

连接。

14.11 防火间距

fire protection spacing 在进行装置平面布置时, 为防止火灾或减少火灾危害所要求的

设备、建筑物、构筑物之间的最小距离。

14.12 明火地点

open fire place 室内外有外露火焰或有赤热表面的固定地点。

14.13 散发火花地点

sendout spark place 有飞火的烟囱或室内外的气焊、电焊、砂轮、非防爆电气开关等

的固定地点。

14.14 检修通道

access road 为检修设备等留出的通道口。

14.15 支架间距

support spacing 相邻两支架的中心距离。

14.16 管道间距(管间距)

piping spacing 相邻两管道中心线间或管道中心线与墙壁、柱边、容器外表面等之间的

距离。

14.17 管道净距

piping clearance 相邻两管道最外表面间或管道最外表面与墙壁、柱边、容器外表面等

之间的距离。

14.18 管底标高

elevation of pipe bottom 管道中管子外表面底部与基准面间的垂直距离。14.19 管

中心标高

elevation of pipe center 管道中心线与基准面间的垂直距离。

14.20 管顶标高

elevation of pipe top 管道中管子外表面顶部与基准面间的垂直距离。

14.21 地面铺砌

ground paving 在地面上，铺以预制的砌块或进行整体浇灌。

14.22 地面坡度

ground grade 地面倾斜的起止点的高差与其水平距离的比值。

14.23 装置坐标

plant coordinate 标注在装置边界线上表明装置在总图上位置的坐标。

14.24 装置边界线

battery limit 区分装置内外的界线。

14.25 接续分界线

match 1ine 装置内各区域的界线。

14.26 建北

construction north 平面布置图中的坐标方位， 接近真北的朝向。

15 管道施工

15.1 现场

fie1d 管道等施工的场所。

15.2 管道预制

piping fabrication 管道装配前的预制工作，包括管子的调直、切割、坡口或螺纹加

工、弯曲以及管段预组装等。

15.3 容许偏差

tolerance 标准规定的施工或制造误差的限定范围。

15.4 管子冷弯

pipe cold bending 在常温下对管子进行弯曲。

15.5 管子热弯

pipe hot bending 将管子加热后进行弯曲。

15.6 支管补强

branch reinforcement 在支管接头处增加强度的一种措施。

15.7 铅封关

car seal close 表示铅封着的阀门是关闭的。

15.8 铅封开

car seal open 表示铅封着的阀门是开启的。

15.9 静电接地

static grounding 将管道上的静电荷导入大地的措施。

15.10 螺栓热紧

bolt hot tightening 介质温度高于250℃的管道螺栓，除在施工时紧固外，还要在达

到工作温度或规定温度时再进行的紧固。

15.11 螺栓冷紧

bolt cold tightening 介质温度低于-20℃的管道螺栓，除在施工时紧固外，还要在达

到工作温度或规定温度时再进行的紧固。

15.12 隐蔽工程

concealed work 施工后被封闭无法直接观测和检查的工程。

15.13 焊接

welding 通过加热或加压，或两者并用，并且用或不用填充材料，使焊件达到原子结合的

一种加工方法。

15.14 坡口

groove 根据设计或工艺需要，在焊件的待焊部位加工的一定几何形状的沟槽。

15.15 母材

base material (base metal) 被焊接的材料的统称。

15.16 焊缝

weld 焊件经焊接后所形成的结合部分。

15.17 焊趾

toe of weld 焊缝表面与母材的交界处。

15.18 焊脚

leg 角焊缝的横截面中，从一个焊件上的焊趾到另一个焊件表面的最小距离。

15.19 焊缝长度

weld length 焊缝沿轴线方向的长度。

15.20 手工焊

manual welding 用手工完成全部焊接操作的焊接方法。

15.21 自动焊

automatic welding 用自动焊接装置完成全部焊接操作的焊接方法。

15.22 半自动焊

semi-automatic welding 用于工操作完成焊接热源的移动, 而送丝、送气等则由

相应的机械化装置完成的焊接方法。

15.23 定位焊

tack welding 为装配和固定焊件接头的位置而进行的焊接。

15.24 连续焊

continuous welding 为完成焊件上的连续焊缝而进行的焊接。

15.25 断续焊

intermittent welding 沿接头全长获得有一定间隔的焊缝进行的焊接。

15.26 对焊

butt welding 焊件装配成对接接头进行的焊接。

15.27 角焊

fillet welding 为完成角焊缝而进行的焊接。

15.28 搭接焊

lap welding 焊件装配成搭接接头进行的焊接。

15.29 现场焊接

field welding 焊接结构在现场安装后就地进行的焊接。

15.30 补焊

repair welding 为修补工件(铸件、锻件、机械加工件或焊接结构件)的缺陷而

进行的焊接。

15.31预热

preheating 焊接开始前, 对焊件的全部或局部进行加热的工艺措施。

15.32 焊接应力

welding stress 焊接过程中焊件内产生的应力。

15.33 焊接残余应力

welding residual stress 焊接后残留在焊件内的焊接应力。

15.34 焊件

weldment 焊接对象的统称。

15.35 熔焊

fusion welding 焊接过程中，将焊件接头加热至熔化状态，不加压力完成焊接的方法。

15.36 单面焊

welding by one side 仅在焊件的一面施焊, 完成整条焊缝所进行的焊接。

15.37 双面焊

welding by both side 在焊件两面施焊，完成整条焊缝所进行的焊接。

15.38 气焊

gas welding 利用气体火焰作热源的焊接法，最常用的是氧乙炔焊。

15.39 电弧焊

arc welding 利用电弧作为热源的熔焊方法，简称弧焊。

15.40 钎焊

brazing (soldering) 采用比母材熔点低的金属材料作钎料，将焊件和焊料加热到高于

焊料熔点，低于母材熔点的温度，利用液态焊料润湿母材，填充接头间隙并与母材相互扩散实现

连接焊件的方法。

15.40.1 硬钎焊

brazing 使用硬焊料进行的钎焊。

15.40.2 软钎焊

soldering 使用软焊料进行的钎焊。

15.41 焊条

covered electrode 涂有药皮的供手弧焊用的熔化电极。它由药皮和焊芯两部分组成。

15.42 焊丝

welding wire 焊接时作为填充金属或同时作为导电的金属丝。

15.43 保护气体

shielded gas 焊接过程中用于保护金属熔滴、熔池及接头区的气体，它使高温金属免

受外界气体的侵害。

15.44 热切割

thermal cutting 利用热能使材料分离的方法。

15.44.1 气割

gas cutting 利用气体火焰的热能将工件切割处预热到一定温度后喷出高速切割氧流，

使其燃烧并放出热量实现切割的方法。

15.44.2 电弧切割

arc cutting 利用电弧热能熔化切割处的金属，实现切割的方法。

15.44.3 等离子弧切割

plasma cutting 利用等离子弧的热能实现切割的方法。

15.45 焊接缺陷

weld defects 焊接过程中在焊接接头中产生的不符合设计或工艺文件要求的缺陷。

15.45.1 未焊透

incomplete penetration (lack of penetration) 焊接时接头根部未完全熔透的现象。

15.45.2 未熔合

incomplete fusion (lack of fusion) 熔焊时，焊道与母材之间或焊道与焊道之间，

未完全熔化结合的部分，点焊时母材与母材之间未完全熔化结合的部分。

15.45.3夹渣

slag inclusion 焊后残留在焊缝中的溶渣。

15.45.4 夹杂物

inclusion 由于焊接冶金反应产生的，焊后残留在焊缝金属中的非金属杂质(如氧化物、

硫化物等)。

15.45.5 夹钨

tungsten inclusion 钨极惰性气体保护焊时，由钨极进入到焊缝中的钨粒。

15.45.6 气孔

blowhole 焊接时，熔池中的气泡在凝固时未能逸出而残留下来所形成的空穴。气孔可

分为密集气孔、条虫状气孔和针状气孔等。

15.45.7 咬边

undercut 由于焊接参数选择不当或操作工艺不正确，沿焊趾的母材部位产生的沟槽或

凹陷。

15.45.8 焊瘤

overlap 焊接过程中，熔化金属流淌到焊缝之外未熔化的母材上所形成的金属瘤。

15.45.9 白点

fish eye 在焊缝金属拉断面上，出现的如鱼目状的一种白色圆形斑点。

15.45.10 烧穿

meltthru(burnthrough) 焊接过程中，熔化金属自坡口背面流出，形成穿孔的

缺陷。

15.45.11 凹坑

pit 焊后在焊缝表面或焊缝背面形成的低于母材表面的局部低洼部分。

15.45.12 未焊满

incompletely filled groove 由于填充金属不足,在焊缝表面形成的连续或断

续沟槽。

15.45.13 塌陷

excessive penetration 单面熔化焊时，由于焊接工艺不当，造成焊缝金属过

量透过背面，而使焊缝正面塌陷，背回凸起的现象。

15.45.14 焊接裂纹

weld crack 在焊接应力及其他致脆因素共同作用下，焊接接头中局部区域的金

属原子结合力遭到破坏而形成的新界面而产生的缝隙。它具有尖锐的缺口和大的长宽比

的特征。

15.46 外观检查

visual examination (visual inspection ) 用肉眼或借助样板，或用低倍放

大镜观察焊件，以发现焊缝处气孔、咬边、满溢以及焊接裂纹等表面缺陷的方法。

15.47 无损检测

non-destructive inspection (non-destructive testing) 对被检物无损伤的一

种检查方法

15.47.1 超声检测(超声探伤)

ultrasonic inspection (ultrasonic testing) 利用超声波探测被检物内部缺陷

的无损检验法。

15.47.2 射线检测

radiographic inspection(radiographic testing) 采用X射线或γ射线照射被

检物，检查内部缺陷的无损检验法。

15.47.3 磁粉检测

magnetic particle inspection (magnetic particle testing) 利用在强磁场中，

铁磁性材料表层缺陷产生的漏磁场吸附磁粉的现象而进行无损检验法。

15.47.4 渗透检测（渗透探伤）

penetrant inspection ( penetrant testing) 采用带有萤光染料(萤光法)或红

色染料(着色法)的渗透剂的渗透作用，显示缺陷痕迹的无损检验法。

15.48 破坏检验

destructive test 从焊件或试件上切取试样，或以产品（模拟体）的整体破坏

做试验，以检查其各种力学性能的试验法。

15.49 裂纹试验

cracking test 检验焊接裂纹敏感性的试验。

ASME常用词汇

Abrasion, allowance for 磨损，裕量

Accessibility，pressure vessels 压力容器可达性

Access openings 通道孔

Allowance for corrosion, erosion, or abrasion 腐蚀裕量侵蚀或/磨损裕量

Applied linings, tightness 应用衬里密封性

Approval of new materials, 新材料的批准

Articles in Section V 第 V卷中的各章

Article 1, T-150 第 1章 T150

Article 2 第 2章

Attachments 附件

lugs and fitting 支耳和配件

lugs for platforms, ladders, etc. 平台，梯子等的支耳

nonpressure parts 非受压件

nozzles 接管

pipe and nozzle necks to vessel walls 在器壁上的管子和接管颈

stiffening rings to shell 壳体上的刚性环

Backing strip 垫板

Bending stress, welded joints 弯曲应力，焊接接头

Bend test 弯曲试验

Blind flanges 盲板法兰

Bolted flange connections 螺栓法兰连接

bolt lands 螺栓载荷

bolt stress 螺栓应力

design of 关于设计

flange moments 法兰力矩

flange stresses 法兰应力

materials 材料

studs 双头螺栓

tightness of 紧密性

types of attachment 附件类型

Bolts 螺栓

Braced and stayed surfaces 支持和支撑面

Brazed connections for nozzles 接管的钎焊连接

Brazed joints, efficiency of 钎焊接头，焊缝系数

maximum service temperature 最高使用温度

strength of 强度

Brazing, cleaning of brazed surfaces 钎焊，钎焊的表面清理

fabrication by 用……制造

filler metal 填充金属

fluxes 钎焊剂

heads into shells 封头接入壳体

operating temperature 操作温度

Buttstraps, curvature 对接盖板，曲率

forming ends of 成型端

thickness and corrosion allowance 厚度和腐蚀裕量

welding ends of 焊接端

Carbon in material for welding 焊接用材料中的碳

Cast ductile iron vessels, design 可锻铸铁容器，设计

pressure-temperature limitations 压力-温度界限

service restrictions 使用限制

Castings 铸件

carbon steel 碳钢

defects 缺陷

impact test 冲击试验

inspection 检查

quality factor 质量系数

specifications 标准

Cast iron circular dished heads 铸铁碟形封头

Cast iron standard parts, small 铸铁标准部件，小件

Cast iron pipe fittings 铸铁管件

Cast iron vessels 铸铁容器

corners and fillets 圆角和倒角

head design 封头设计

hydrostatic test 水压试验

nozzles and fittings 接管和配件

pressure-temperatures limitations 压力-温度界限

Certificate of Authorization for Code Symbol Stamp 规范符号标志的认可证书

Certification of material 材料证明书

Certification of Nondestructive Personnel 无损检验人员证明书

Magnetic Particle Examination 磁粉检验

Liquid Penetrant Examination液体渗透检验

Radiographic Examination 射线超声检验

Ultrasonic Examination 超声检验

Chip marks on integrally forged vessels 整体锻造容器上的缺口标志

Circumferential joints alignment tolerance环向连接，组对公差

assembling装配

brazing钎焊

vessels subjected to external pressure 承受外压的容器

Clad material, inserted strips 覆层材料，嵌条

examination 检查

Clad plate 复合板

Cleaning ,of brazed surfaces 钎焊表面清理

of welded surfaces 焊接表面

Clearance between surfaces to be brazed 钎焊表面间的间隙

Combination, of different materials 不同材料组合

of methods of fabrication制造方法

Computed working pressure from hydrostatic tests 由水试验计算的工作压力

Conical heads 锥形封头

Conical sections 圆锥截面

Connections ,bolted flange (see Bolted flange connections)连接，螺栓法兰（见螺栓法兰连接）

brazed 钎焊

clamp 卡箍

expanded 胀接

from vessels to safety valves 由容器至安全阀

studded 双头螺栓

threaded 螺纹

welded 焊接

Cooling, after postweld heat treating 冷却，焊后热处理

Corrosion allowance 腐蚀裕度

Corrosion resistant linings 防腐蚀衬里

Corrugated shells 波纹形壳体

Corrugating Paper Machinery 波纹板机械

Cover plates 盖板

on manholes and handholes 在人孔和手孔上的

spherically dished 球形封头

Cracking, stress corrosion 应力腐蚀裂缝

Cutting plates 板材切割

Cylindrical shells, supplementary loading 柱状壳体，附加载荷

thickness 厚度

transition in 过渡段

Data report, guide for preparation 准备数据报告的指南

Defects in welded vessels, repair 修理焊接容器中的缺陷

Definitions 定义

Design, brazed vessels 设计钎焊容器

carbon and low alloy steel vessels 碳钢及低合金钢容器

cast ductile iron vessels 可锻铸铁容器

cast iron vessels 铸铁容器

clad vessels 覆层容器

ferritic steel vessels with properuts

enhanced by heat treatment 经热处理后提高抗拉性能的铁素体钢容器

forged vessels 锻造容器

high-alloy steel vessels 高合金钢容器

loadings 载荷

multichamber vessels 多受压室容器

nonferrous vessels 非铁金属容器

welded vessels 焊接容器

design pressure 设计压力

Diameter exemption 直径的豁免

Dimensions, checking of 尺寸，校核

Discharge of safety valves 安全阀泄放

Dished heads (see formed heads) 碟形封头(见成形封头)

Disks, rupture 防爆膜

Dissimilar weld metal 不同金属的焊接

Distortion, of welded vessels 大变形、焊接容器

supports to prevent 用支撑防止

Drainage, discharge from safety and relief valves 排放，由安全阀和泄压阀泄放

Drop weight tests 落锤试验

Eccentricity of shells 壳体的偏心度

Edges of plates, metal removal from 由加工板边去除金属

tapered 锥度

Efficiency, around openings for welded attachments 焊缝系数，环绕焊接附件孔口

Elasticity, modulus of 弹性模量

Electric resistance welding 电阻焊

Ellipsoidal heads 椭圆封头

Erosion, allowance for 侵蚀裕量

Etching, of sectioned speciments 侵蚀，关于截面试样

solutions for examination for materials 检验材料的溶液

Evaporators 蒸发器

Examination, of sectioned speciments 剖面试样的检验

of welded joints 焊接接头的检验

Exemptions diameter and volume 直径和容积的豁免

Expanded connections 胀接连接

External pressure, tube and pipe 外压管

External pressure vessels 外压容器

allowable working pressure for 许用工作压力

charts 算图

design of heads for 封头设计

joints in shells of 壳体上的接头

reinforcement for openings 开孔补强

stiffening rings in shells 壳体上的刚性环

supports for 支承

thickness of shell 壳体厚度

reducers 变径段

Fabrication, brazed vessels 制造，钎焊容器

Ferritic steels vessels with tensile proper

ties enhanced by heat treatment, design

经热处理后提高抗拉性能的铁素体钢容器，设计

fabrication 制造

head design 封头设计

heat treatment热处理

heat treatment verification tests 热处理验证试验

marking 标志

materials 材料

stamping 标记

welded joints 焊接接头

Field assembly of vessels 容器的现场安装

Filler plugs for trepanned holes 锥孔的管塞

Fillet welds 角焊

Fired process tubular heaters 直接火管式加热炉

Fitting attachments 附件装配

Flange connections 法兰连接

Flange contact facings 法兰接触面

Flanges 法兰

bolted design 螺柱法兰设计

of formed heads for welding 用于焊接成型封头

type of attachment 附件的类型

Flat heads and covers, unstayed 无支撑平封头和盖板

reinforcement of openings 开孔补强

Flat spots on formed heads 成型封头上的平坦部分

Flued openings 翻边开孔

Forged parts, small 锻造部件，小的

Forged vessels 锻造容器

heat treatment 热处理

localized thin areas 局部薄壁区

welding 焊接

Forgings 锻件

identification of 识别

Ultrasonic Examination 超声检验

Form

manufacturer’s data report 制造厂数据报告格式

partial report 零部件数据报告

Formed heads 成型封头

flued openings in 封头上翻边开孔

insertion of, welded vessels 插入，焊接容器

joint efficiency 接头系数

knuckle radius 转角半径

length of skirt 直边长度

on welded vessels 在焊接容器上

reinforcement for openings 开孔补强

Forming 成型

ends of shell plates and buttstraps 壳体板和对接搭板端

forged heads 锻造封头

shell sections and heads 筒节和封头

Furnaces 炉子

temperatures for postweld head treatment 焊后热处理温度

Furnaces for heat treating 热处理炉

temperature control of 炉温控制

Galvanized vessels 镀锌容器

Gasket materials 垫片材料

Girth joints (see circumferential joints) 环缝接头(见环向接头)

Handhole and manhole openings 手孔和人孔开孔

Head flange (skirt) length 封头翻边(直边)长度

Head joints 封头接头

brazing 钎焊

welded 焊接

Head openings 封头开孔

entirely in spherical portion 全部在球体部分

Head joints 封头接头

concave and convex 凹面和凸面

flat (see flat heads) 平板(见平封头)

forged 锻造的

formed (see Formed heads) 成型的(见成形封头)

forming 面型

thickness, after forming 厚度，成型之后

Heads, design, conical 封头，设计，锥形

ellipsoidal 椭圆形

hemispherical 半球形

spherically dished 球状碟形

toriconical 带折边的锥形

torispherical 带折边的球形

torispherical, knuckle radius 带折边的球形，转角半径

Heads and shells 封头和壳体

external pressure, out-of-roundness 外压，不圆度

openings through or near welded joints 通过或靠近焊缝处的开孔

roundness tolerance 不圆度公差

Heat exchangers 热交换器

Heat treatment 热处理

by fabricator 由制造厂进行

carbon and low-alloy steel vessels 碳钢和低合金钢容器

ferritic steel vessels with tensile properties enhanced by heat treatment 经过热处理后提高抗拉性

能的铁素体的容器

forged vessels 锻造容器

furnaces 炉子

high-alloy vessels 高合金容器

of test specimens 试样的热处理

verification tests of 热处理验证试验

Hemispherical heads 半球形封头

High pressure vessels 高压封头

Holes 小孔

for screw stays 用于螺丝固定

for trepanning plug sections, refilling 用于穿孔螺塞部分，再填充

telltale 指示孔

unreinforced, in welded joints 不补强，在焊缝上

Hubs, on flanges 高颈，在法兰上

Hydrostatic proof tests 水压验证试验

destructive 破坏性

prior pressure application 在升压之前

Hydrostatic test 水压试验

cast iron vessels 铸铁容器

combined with pneumatic 与气压试验混合的

enameled vessels 搪玻璃容器

external pressure vessels 外压容器

galvanized vessels 镀锌容器

standard 标准

welded vessels 焊接容器

Identification 识别

of forging 锻件

of plates 平板

of welds 焊接

Identification markers, radiographs 识别标志，射线照相

Impact test 冲击试验

certification 证明

properties 性能

specimens 试样

temperature 温度

Inspection 检查

before assembling 组装之前

carbon and low-alloy steel 碳钢和低合金钢

cast ductile iron vessels 可锻铸铁容器

cast iron vessels 铸铁容器

clad vessels 覆层容器

during fabrication 在制造期间

ferritic steel vessels with tensile properties enhanced by heat treatment 经过热处理后提高抗拉性

能的铁素体的容器

fitting up 组对

forged vessels 锻造容器

heat treatment, forgings 热处理，锻件

high-alloy steel vessels 高合金钢容器

magnetic particle 磁粉

material 材料

nonferrous vessels 非铁金属容器

plate 板材

postweld heat treatment 焊后热处理

pressure vessels, accessibility 压力容器，可达性

quality control 质量管理

sectioning of welded joints 焊接接头的剖面检验

spot examination 抽样检查

steel castings 铸钢件

surfaces exposed and component parts 暴露的表面和元件部分

test specimens 试样

vessels 容器

vessels exempted from 免检容器

welded vessels 焊接容器

Inspection openings 检查孔

Inspectors 检查师

access to plant 在厂内应有的便利

control of stamping 打印管理

duties 职责

facilities 装备

qualification 资格

reports 报告

Installation 安装

pressure-relieving devices 泄压装置

pressure vessel 压力容器

Integral cast iron dished heads 整体铸铁碟形封头

integrally finned tubes 整体翅片管

Internal structures 内部构件

Jacketed vessels 夹套容器

Joints 接头

brazed 钎焊

circumferential (see Circumferential joints) efficiency, brazed 环缝(见环向接头)系数，钎焊

welded 焊接

electric resistance, butt welding 电阻，对接焊

in cladding and applied linings 在覆层及衬里

in vessels subjected to external pressure 在承受外压的容器

lap (see Lap joints) 搭接(见搭接接头)

longitudinal (see Longitudinal joints) 纵向(见纵向接头)

tube-to-tubesheet 管子对管板

Jurisdictional Review 权限审查

Knuckles 过渡圆角

radius 半径

transition section 变径段

Lap joints 搭接接头

amount of overlap 搭接量

brazed 钎焊

longitudinal under external pressure 在外压作用下纵向的

welded 焊接

Laws Covering Pressure Vessels 涉及压力容器的法规

Lethal gases or liquids 致命的气体或液体

Ligaments, efficiency of 孔带，系数

Limitation on welded vessels 焊接容器的限制

Limit of out-of-roundness of shells 壳体不圆度的限制

Linings 衬里

corrosion resistant 抗腐蚀

Liquid penetrant examination 液体渗透检验

Loadings 载荷

Local postweld heat treatment 局部焊后热处理

Longitudinal joints 纵向接头

alignment tolerance 对准公差

brazing 钎焊

vessels subjected to external pressure 承受外压的容器

Low-temperature operation 低温操作

Low-temperature vessels brazed 低温容器，钎焊

for gases and liquids 用于气体和液体

impact test requirements 冲击试验要求

impact test, when not required 冲击试验，当不要求时

marking 标志

materials 材料

testing of materials 材料试验

Lugs for ladders, platforms, and other 梯子，平台及其它附件的支耳

Magnetic particle inspection 磁粉检查

Manholes, and handholes 人孔，手孔

cover plate for 盖板

minimum vessel diameter requiring 所需最小容器直径

Manufacture, responsibility of 制造者，职责

Manufacturer’s Data Report (see Data Report) 制造厂数据报告(见数据报告)

Manufacturer’s stamps 制造厂的印记

Marking castings 标志，铸件

materials 材料

plates 板材

standard pressure parts 标志受压件

valves and fittings 阀门和配件

with Code symbol 带有规范符号

Markings, transfer after cutting plates 标志，板材切割以后的转移

Materials, approval of new 材料，新材料的批准

approval of repairs 修补的批准

brazed vessels 钎焊容器

carbon and low-alloy steel vessels 碳钢和低合金钢容器

cast ductile iron 可锻铸铁

castings 铸铁

cast iron vessels 铸铁容器

certification 合格证

clad vessels 覆层容器

combination of 组合材料

ferritic steel vessels with tensile properties enhanced by heat treatment 经热处理后提高抗拉性能

的铁素体钢容器

forged vessels 锻造容器

for nonpressure parts 非受压元件

heat treatment of 热处理

high-alloy steel vessels 高合金钢容器

inspection of 检查

nonferrous vessels 非铁金属容器

pipe and tube 管子

plate 板

rods and bars 杆和棒

specification for 标准

standard pressure, parts 标准受压元件

unidentified 未鉴别的

use of over thickness listed in Section Ⅱ采用超过列于第Ⅱ卷表中的厚度

welded vessels 焊接容器

Measurement, 测量

dimensional 尺寸

of out-of-roundness of shells 壳体不圆度

Metal temperature determination 金属温度，确定

control of 控制

Mill undertolerance 钢厂负公差控制

Minimum thickness of plate 板材的最小厚度控制

Miscellaneous pressure parts 其它受压件控制

Multichamber vessels design 多承压室容器，设计

Multiple duplicate vessels 多个相同的容器

Multiple safety valves 多个安全阀

Nameplates 铭牌

New materials 新材料

Noncircular vessels 非圆形容器

ligament efficiency 孔带系数

nomenclature 术语

obround design 长圆形设计

rectangular design 矩形设计

reinforcement 补强

examples 实例

Nonpressure parts, attachment of 非受压元件的连接

Notch ductility test 缺口韧性试验

Nozzle openings, reinforced 接管开孔，补强的

unreinforced 非补强的

vessels subjected to external pressure 承受外压得容器

Nozzles attachment of to shell 接管，与壳体的连接

minimum thickness of neck 缩颈的最小厚度

(see also Connections)(也可见连接件)

Nuts and washers 螺母和垫圈

Offset of edges of plates at joints 在接头处板边的偏差

Openings adjacent to welds 开孔，邻近焊缝

closure of 封闭

for connections to brazed vessels 用于对钎焊容器的连接

for drainage 用于排放

head (see Openings head and shell) 封头(见开孔，封头和壳体)

in flat heads 在平板封头上

inspection 检查

manhole (see Manholes) 人孔(见人孔)

nozzle (see Nozzle opening) 接管(见接管开孔)

shell (see Openings, head and shell) 壳体(见开孔，封头和壳体)

through welded joints 通过焊接接头

Openings, head and shell, computation of 开孔，封头和壳体，计算

not requiring additional reinforcement 不需要附加补强

reinforced, size 补强，尺寸

reinforcement for adjacent openings 邻近开孔的补强

reinforcement of 补强

requiring additional reinforcement 需要附加补强

shapes permissible 许用形式

unreinforced, size 不补强的，尺寸

Outlets, discharge, pressure relieving devices 排放口，出料，泄压装置

Out-of-roundness 不圆度

Overpressure limit for vessels 容器的超压极限

Partial data report, manufacturer’s 零部件数据报告，制造厂的

Parts, miscellaneous 部件，各种各样的

Peening 捶击

Pipe connections openings for 管子的连接，用于开孔

Pipe fittings vessels built of 管子配件，制造的容器

Pipe and tubes 各类管子

Pipe used for shells 用作壳体的管子

piping external to vessel 容器外的管子

Plate, curvature 板，曲率

measurement, dimensional check 测量，尺寸校核

Plate edges cutting 板边，切割

exposed left unwelded 留下不予焊接的显露部分

inspection of 检查

Plates 平板

alignment 找准

cover 盖板

cutting 切割

forming 成型

heat treatment 热处理

identification 标志

impact test 冲击试验

inspection 检查

laying out 划线

less than 6 mm thickness 厚度小 6mm

markings transfer after cutting 标志，在切割以后的转移

minimum thickness 最小厚度

repair of defects 缺陷修理

specifications 标准

structural carbon steel 结构碳钢

Plug welds 塞焊

Pneumatic test 气压试验

pressure 压力

yielding 屈服

Porosity welded joints 气孔，焊接接头

Porosity charts 气孔图

Postheat treatment 后热处理

connections for nozzles and attachments 用于接管和附件的连接

cooling after 随后的冷却

furnace temperature 炉温

inspection 检查

local 局部

requirements 要求

temperature range 温度范围

welded vessels 焊接容器

Preheating 预热

Preparation of plates for welding 焊接板材的准备

pressure, design 压力，设计

limits 极限

(see also Working pressure, allowable) (也可见工作压力，许用)

Pressure parts miscellaneous 受压件，其它的

Pressure relieving devices 泄压装置

discharge 排放

installation and operation 安装和运转

rupture disks 防爆模

setting 整定

Pressure vessels 压力容器

exempted from inspection 免检

Produce form of Specification 产品技术条件

Proof test hydrostatic (see Hydrostatic proof test) 验证试验，水压(见水压试验)

Qualification 评定

of brazers 钎焊工

of welders 焊工

of welding procedure 焊接工艺

Quality Control System 质量保证体系

Quenching and tempering 淬火及回火

Quick-actuating closures 快开盖

Radiograph factor 射线照相系数

Radiographing 射线照相

examination by 检查

partial 部分

quality factors 质量系数

requirements 要求

spot examination 抽样检查

retests 重新试验

thickness, mandatory minimum 规定最小厚度

Radiographs, acceptance by inspector 射线照相，由检查员认为合格

gamma rays, radium capsule γ射线，装镭的盒子

interpretation by standard procedure 由标准程序的说明

rounded indications 圆形显示

Reaming holes for screw stays 为固定螺钉用的铰孔

Reducer sections, rules for 变径段，规程

Reinforcement 补强

defined limits 规定的范围

head and shell openings 封头及壳体开孔

large openings 大开孔

multiple openings 多个开孔

nozzle openings 接管开孔

of openings in shells, computation of 壳体上开孔，计算

openings subject to rapid pressure fluctuation 经受压力突然波动的开孔

Fluctuation 经受压力突然波动的开孔

strength 强度

Relief devices 泄放装置

(see also Pressure relieving devices, Safety and relief Valves)(也可见泄压装置，安全阀和泄压阀)

Relieving capacity of safety valves 安全阀排量

Repairs, approval of defects in material 修理，材料中缺陷的认可

defective Brazing 有缺陷的钎焊

defects in forgings 锻件中的缺陷

defects in welds 焊缝中的缺陷

Responsibility of manufacturer 制造者的职责

Retention of Records 记录的保存

Radiographs 射线照相

Manufacturer’s Data Reports 制造厂的数据报告

Retests, frogings 复试，锻件

impact specimens 冲击试样

joints, welded 接头，焊接

Rods, bars, and shapes 杆棒喝型材

Rolled parts, small 轧制件，小件

Rupture disks 爆破模

Safety 安全性

safety relief, and pressures relief valves, adjustable blow down, capacity certification 安全泄放和泄

压阀，可调节的泄放，排放量证明

capacity, conversion 排量，换算

connection to vessels 连接至容器

construction 结构

discharge pipe 排放管

indirect operation 间接操作

installation 安装

installation on vessels in service 容器在役时的安装

liquid relief 液体泄放

marking 标志

minimum requirements 最低要求

pressure setting 压力整定

spring loaded 受载弹簧

springs, adjustment 弹簧，调节

stop valves adjacent to 邻近的截止阀

test 试验

protective devices 防护装置

for unfired steam boiler 对非直接火蒸气锅炉

Scope 适用范围

sectioning, closing holes left by 解剖，解剖孔的封闭

etching plugs taken 解剖样的侵蚀

examination by 检查

Service restriction 使用限制

Shapes, special 形状，特殊

Shell plates, forming ends of 壳体用材料，封头成型

Shells 壳体

allowable working pressure 许用工作压力

computation of openings in 开孔计算

forming 成型

made from pipe 由管子制造的

stiffening rings 刚性环

thickness 厚度

Transition section 过渡段

Sigma-phase formation σ相的形成

Skirts length on heads 直边、封头上的长度

support of vessels 裙座，容器支撑

Slag inclusion welds 焊缝中的夹渣

Special constructions 特殊结构

Specification for materials 材料标准

Spherical sections of vessels 容器的球形部分

Spot examination of welded joints 焊接接头的抽样检查

Springs for safety valves 安全阀的弹簧

Stamping location of 打印位置

multipressure vessels 多重压力容器

omission of 省略

safety valves 安全阀

with Code symbol 带有规范标记

Stamps, certificate of authorization 钢印，授权

low stress 低压力

not to be covered 不应覆盖

to be visible on plates 在板上可见

Static head, in setting safety valves, effect of on limiting stresses 静压头，在整定安全阀时，影响，

对极限应力

Stayed surfaces 支撑表面

Staying formed heads 成型封头的支撑

Stays and staybolts, adjacent to edges of staybolted surface 支撑件及拉撑螺栓，邻近用螺栓拉撑得

表面周边处

allowable stress 许用应力

area supported 支撑面

dimensions 尺寸

ends 端部

location 位置

pitch 节距

screw, holes for 螺孔

upset for threading 为车制螺纹的镦粗

welded 焊接的

Steam generating vessels, unfired 蒸汽锅炉，非直接火

Steel, carbon content 钢，含碳量

Stenciling plates for identification 在板材上打印标志

Stiffening rings, attachment to shell 刚性环，和壳体的装配

for vessels under external pressure 用于外压容器

Stiffness, support of large vessels for 刚性，大容器支座

Stop valves 截止阀

adjacent to safety and relief valves 邻近于安全和泄压阀

Strength of brazed joints 钎焊接头的强度

Stress corrosion cracking 应力腐蚀裂缝

Stress values, attachment weld 应力值，连接焊缝

basis for establishing 确定的基础

carbon and low-alloy steel 碳钢和低合金钢

cast iron 铸铁

ferritic steels with tensile properties enhanced by heat treatment 经热处理后提高抗拉性能的铁

素体刚

high-alloy steel高合金钢

nonferrous metals 非铁金属

Stud bolt threads 双头螺栓螺纹

Studded connections 双头螺纹连接

Supplementary design formulas 补充设计公式

Supports, design 支座，设计

pressure vessels 压力容器

temperature free movement under 在温度下活动不受约束

types of steel permissible for 容许的钢材类型

vessels subjected to external pressure 承受外压的容器

Surface Weld Metal Buildup 金属堆焊表面

Tables, effective gasket width b 表，有效垫片宽度 b

gasket materials and contact facings 垫片材料和接触面

maximum allowable efficiencies for arc and gas welded joints 电弧焊和气焊接头的最大许用系数

minimum number of pipe threads for connections 管螺纹连接的最少螺纹牙数

molecular weights of gases and vapors 气体和蒸汽的分子量

of stress values, carbon and low-alloy steel 应力值，碳钢和低合金钢

cast iron 铸铁

cast ductile iron 可锻铸铁

ferritic steels with tensile properties enhanced by heat treatment 经热处理后提高抗拉性能的铁

素体钢

high-alloy steel 高合金钢

nonferrous metals 非铁金属

welded carbon low-alloy pipe and tubes 焊接低合金碳钢管

of values factor Ｋ 系数Ｋ值

factor M 系数Ｍ

factor 系数

postweld heat treatment requirements 焊后热处理要求

recommended temperature ranges for heat treatment 推荐的热处理温度范围

spherical radius factor K1 球半径系数 K1

Telltale holes 指示孔

in opening reinforcement 开孔补强

Temperature, definitions 温度，定义

design 设计

determination 确定

free movement of vessel on supports 支座上的容器活动不受约束

heat treatment 热处理

limitations, of brazed vessels 限制，钎焊容器

of cast ductile iron 可锻铸铁

of postweld heat treating 焊后热处理

metal, control of 金属，控制

operating or working, definitions 操作或工作，定义

zones of different 不同区域

Termination point of a vessel 容器的界限点

Test coupons 试样

Test gages requirements 试验仪表，要求

Test plates heat treatment 试板，热处理

impact test 冲击试验

production 生产

Tests, hydrostatic proof 试验，水压验证

pneumatic (see pneumatic test) 气压，见气压试验

vessels whose strength cannot be calculated 不能由计算求得强度的容器

calculated 不能由计算求得强度的容器

Thermal buffers 热缓冲器

Thermocouples attachment 热电偶，安装

Thickness gages, details 厚度量规，细节

Thick shells, cylindrical 厚壳体，圆柱形

spherical 球形

Thin plates marking 薄板，标志

Threaded connection 螺纹连接

Threaded inspection openings 螺纹检查孔

Threads, stud bolts 螺纹，双头螺栓

Tolerances, forged shells and heads 公差，锻造容器及封头

Toriconical heads 带折边的锥形封头

Torispherical heads 带折边的球形封头

Transfering marking on plates 板上标志的移植

Transition in cylindrical shells 柱状壳体的过渡

Trays and baffles, acting as partial shell stiffeners 塔盘及挡板，作为部分壳体加强圈

Tubes and pipe 管子

Tube-to-tubesheet joints 管子与管板的连接

Ultrasonic examination of welds 焊缝的超声检验

UM vessels UM 容器

Unfired steam boiler 非直接火蒸汽锅炉

Unidentified materials 未识别的材料

Valves, connections 阀，连接

safety and relief (see safety and relief valves) 安全和泄压装置

Valves and fittings, marking 阀及其配件，标志

Verification tests, heat treatment 验证试验，热处理

Volume exemption 容器的免检

Weld deposits, cleaning 焊接熔敷金属，清理

peening 捶击

Welded joints, category 焊接接头，类别

description of types 类型的描述

efficiency 焊缝系数

impact test, across 冲击试验，横向

postweld heat treating 焊后热处理

radiographic examination, complete 射线照相检查，整个的

rounded indications 圆形显示

sectioning, etch test 解剖，侵蚀试验

spot examination 抽样检查

staggered, longitudinal 错开，轴向

taper, plates of unequal thicknesses 锥度，不等厚板

types around openings 类型，环绕开孔

ultrasonic examination of 超声检验

Welded reinforcement of nozzle openings 接管开孔的焊缝补强

Welded vessels 焊接容器

holes in joints of 接头处的孔

inspection 检查

limitations on 限制

tests of 试验

Welders and welding operators 焊工和自动焊工

identifying stamps 识别标记

records of, by manufacturers 由制造厂所作的记录

test of qualification 评定试验

Welding 焊接

cleaning of welded surfaces 焊件表面清理

details, limitations 细节，限制

forged vessels 锻造容器

materials 材料

materials having different coefficients of expansion 膨胀系数不同的材料

of attachment around openings 开孔周围的连接

plate, fitting up joints 平板，连接处的装配

plate edges, matching 板边，匹配

preparation of plates 钣材的制备

procedure qualification 工艺评定

processes 工艺

test requirement 试验要求

Weld metal, composition 焊缝金属，成分

Welds acceptability, when radiographed 焊缝合格，用射线照相时

when sectioned 解剖时

fillet 填角

identification of 识别

plug 塞焊

reinforcement, butt welds 补强，对接焊

repairs of defects in 焊缝中缺陷的修补

sharp angles, avoid at weld edges 尖角，避免在焊缝边上

structural 结构

tack 定位焊

types, description 类型，描述

ultrasonic examination of 超声检验

Working pressure allowable, braced and stayed surfaces 许用工作压力，有拉撑和支撑表面

by proof test 验证性试验

definition of 定义

压力容器工程规定

Engineering Specification for Pressure Vessels

C O N T E N T S

目录

1. GENERAL 概述

1.1 Scope 范围

1.2 Codes, Standards and Regulations 规范、标准及规章

1.3 Units 单位

1.4 Purchaser’s Drawing and Documents 买方图纸及文件

1.5 Vendor’s Drawings and Documents 卖方图纸及文件

1.6 Site Condition 现场条件

2. DESIGN 设计

2.1 Design Pressure 设计压力

2.2 Design Temperature 设计温度

2.3 Corrosion Allowances 腐蚀余度

2.4 Materials 材料

2.5 Loading Conditions and Strength Calculation 负荷条件及强度计算

2.6 Tolerances 允许偏差

3. DETAIL DESIGN 详细设计

3.1 Shells and Heads 容器壁及顶

3.2 Internals 内件

3.3 Nozzles and Manholes 设备口及人孔

3.4 Bolts, Nuts and Gaskets 螺栓、螺母及垫片

3.5 Supports 支架

3.6 Miscellaneous 其它

4. FABRICATION 制作

4.1 Plate Layout 排板

4.2 Forming 成型

4.3 Welding 焊接

4.4 Heat Treatment 热处理

5. INSPECTION AND TESTS 检测及试验

6. NAMEPLATE, PAINTING AND MARKING 铭牌、刷漆及标识

6.1 Nameplate 铭牌

6.2 Painting 刷漆

6.3 Marking 标识

7. PACKING AND SHIPPING 包装和运输

7.1 General 概述

7.2 Packing and Preparation for Shipping 包装与运输准备

7.3 Shipping 运输

Appendix A: Tolerance for Pressure Vessels 附A：压力容器允许偏差

1. GENERAL

1.1 Scope

1.1.1 This specification together with the engineering drawings covers the requirements for the

materials, design, fabrication, inspection, testing and supply of pressure vessels used for CIBA

SBR 3rd line project in

Zhenjiang, the People’s Republic of China.

本规范及工程图纸包含对中国镇江CIBA SBR第3条线工程中使用的压力容器的材料、设计、制作、检测、

试验及供应的要求。

This specification shall be referred to also for the non-pressure vessels except for the

requirements of local regulation if vessel shape is similar to pressure vessels.

本规范也可用于外形与压力容器相同的非压力容器。

1.1.2 The definition of pressure vessels shall be in accordance with “The Pressure Vessels Safety

Technology Supervision Procedures” in the People’s Republic of China.

压力容器的限定根据中国的“压力容器安全技术监督程序”进行。

1.1.3 This specification does not apply, in general, to auxiliary pressure vessels which are

attached to turbines, engines, pumps, compressors and other mechanical equipment which are

normally designed under the manufacturer’s standard.

一般情况下，本规范不适用于涡轮、发动机、泵、压缩机及其它依照厂家标准设计制造的机械设备的附属

压力容器。

1.2 Codes, Standards and Regulations 规范、标准及规章

1.2.1 Pressure vessels fabricated in China shall be designed, fabricated, inspected and tested

in accordance with the requirements of the following codes, standards and regulations of the latest

edition.

中国制作的压力容器必须根据以下最新版的规范、标准及规章的要求进行设计、制作、检测及试验。

(1) The Pressure Vessels Safety Technology Supervision Procedures (1999 edition)

压力容器安全技术监督程序（1999年版）

(2) Steel Pressure Vessels GB150－1998 钢制压力容器

(3) Technical Specification for Fabrication of Steel Chemical Vessels HG20584-1998

钢制压力容器制作技术规范

(4) Steel Welded Atmospheric Pressure Vessels JB/T4735－1997 钢制焊接常压容器

(5) Basic Specification for Steel Chemical Vessel Design HG20580-1998 钢制化学容器设计基本规

范

(6) Specification for Materials Selection of Steel Chemical Vessels HG20581-1998

钢制化学容器材料选择规范

(7) Specification for Stress Calculation of Steel Chemical Vessel HG20582-1998

钢制化学容器强度计算规范

(8) Specification for Structural Design of Steel Chemical Vessel HG20583-1998

钢制化学容器结构设计规范

(9) Technical Requirements for Fabrication of Steel Chemical Vessels HG20584-1998

钢制化学容器制作技术要求

(10) Mechanical Agitation Equipment HG/T20569-94 机械搅拌设备

(11) Mechanic Properties Test of Welding Specimen for Steel Pressure Vessels JB 4744-2000

钢制压力容器焊接样品机械性能试验

(12) Nondestructive Test of Pressure Vessels JB4730-2000 压力容器无损检测

(13) Carbon Steel and Low Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessels JB 4726-2000

碳钢及低合金钢锻制压力容器

(14) Stainless Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessels JB 4728-2000 不锈钢锻制压力容器

(15) Seismic Protection Code for Petrochemical Equipment HG 3048-1996

石化设备地震保护规范

1.2.2 Vendor shall be responsible for making all aspects of materials, design, fabrication,

inspection and testing conform to the requirements of the specified codes, standards and local

regulations.

卖方负责根据指定的规范、标准和地方规章的要求提供材料、设计、制作、检测及试验。

Where there are conflicts between the requirements in Purchaser’s drawings/specifications and

the specified codes/standards or local regulations, the order of precedence shall be as follows:

如果买方图纸/规范同指定的规范、标准或地方规章之间存在冲突，按以下先后顺序加以遵守：

(1) Local regulations 地方规章

(2) Engineering drawings 工程图纸

(3) Engineering specifications 工程规范

(4) Codes and standards 规范和标准

In such a case, Vendor shall promptly refer the conflicts to Purchaser in writing to obtaining

Purchaser’s instruction.

在此情况下，卖方需及时书面告知买方以获得买方指示。

1.3 Units 单位

Unless otherwise specified, SI units shall be applied as the measurement system for the drawings

and documents to be submitted. However, nominal sizes of piping components shall be in accordance

with inch system.

除非另有规定，图纸及文件中所提及的单位均为国际制。但是，管道部件的公称尺寸应符合英制

1.4 Purchaser’s Drawing and Documents 买方图纸和文件

1.4.1 Purchaser will provide Engineering Drawing for each pressure vessel which contains such

information as the shape, basic dimensions, estimated thickness and weight, design conditions,

materials for primary parts, nozzle specifications, and details of internals as required by Vendor

to accomplish his mechanical design of the pressure vessel.

买方需根据卖方要求为每台压力容器提供工程图纸说明形状、基本尺寸、估计厚度和重量、设计条件、主

部件材质、设备口规格及内件详情，以便完成压力容器的机械设计。

When sketches, data sheets or duty specifications are provided, Vendor shall prepare Engineering

Drawings covering the same contents as specified above. Such drawings may be used as Vendor’s

assembly drawings with necessary information added.

在提供了草图、数据表或相关规格后，卖方应绘制包含上述同样内容的工程图纸。这些图纸在加上必要的

信息后可用作卖方装配图。

1.4.2 Purchaser will provide D-123 “Vessel Standard” which supplements the above drawings and

determines the detail construction of pressure vessels.

买方将提供D-123“容器标准”作为上述图纸的补充，并决定压力容器的具体施工。

When sketches or data sheets are provided, Vendor shall confirm Purchaser the application of each

drawing in Vessel Standard.

在提供了草图或数据表后，卖方需根据容器标准对图纸进行确认。

1.5 Vendor’s Drawings and Documents 卖方图纸和文件

1.5.1 Vendor shall submit to Purchaser drawings and documents as called for in Purchaser’s

requisition sheets.

卖方将根据买方需求单向买方提供图纸和文件。

1.5.2 All drawings and documents shall give the name of Client (end user), Purchaser’s Work No.,

Item No. and service of the commodity.

所有图纸和文件上需给出业主名称（最终用户），买方工程编码、设备位号及系统名称。

1.5.3 Drawings shall be prepared to scale and in third angle projection.

图纸需按比例使用每三角投影法进行绘制。

1.5.4 Drawings shall contain: 图纸需包括：

(1) Title block (Purchaser’s Work No., Requisition No., Item No. and service of the commodity)

工程图明细表（买方工程编码、投标邀请号、设备位号及系统）

(2) Design Data (conforming to Purchaser’s drawings or data sheet)

设计数据（根据买方图纸或数据表）

(3) Material list (material specifications and quantities for all parts including spare parts)

材料清单（所有部件、包括备件的材料规格和数量）

(4) Nozzle list (conforming to Purchaser’s drawings or data sheet) 设备口清单（根据买方图纸

或数据表）

(5) All weld seams, and weld and surface finish symbols 所有焊缝及表面加工符号

(6) Detailed dimensions and thickness 详细尺寸及厚度

1.5.5 Strength calculations shall cover: 强度计算包括：

(1) Code calculations for all pressure retaining parts including reinforcements for nozzle

openings

所有压力保持部件，包括设备口加固件的代码计算

(2) Structural calculations for internals 内件结构计算

(3) Structural calculations for lifting lugs and transportation fittings 吊耳和运输装置的结构

计算

(4) Stability check of vessel and support for wind/seismic load

容器及支架的风力/地震力载荷的稳定检查

(5) Stability check of vessel and support at transportation, loading & unloading and erection

在运输、装载、卸载及安装过程中容器的稳定性检查

(6) Local stress analysis against external loading on nozzles 设备口外部负荷局部应力分析

1.5.6 For pressure vessels fabricated and/or assembled at job site, Vendor shall submit the

instruction for the work.

对于在现场制作或组装的压力容器，卖方应提供指导书。

1.5.7 Purchaser’s “Approved” on Vendor’s document means that Vendor may proceed his work

without resubmitting the documents unless further revisions are made. “Approved as noted” on

Vendor’s document means that Vendor may proceed his work provided the notes are concurred by

Vendor. Re-submission of the revised documents are required for confirmation. “Not approved”

on the document means that Vendor may not proceed the work without re-submission of the corrected

document for approval. Purchaser’s approval for Vendor’s drawings and documents shall not

relieve Vendor of his responsibility to meet all requirements of the purchase order.

买方在卖方文件上签署“批准”表示卖方不需再递交这些文件就可进行工作，除非进行了改版。卖方文件

上的“说明后批准”指卖方在提供说明后可进行工作。在进行改版后需重新递交买方确认。“不批准”指

卖方在重新递交正确的文件并获批前不能进行工作。买方对卖方图纸及文件的批准不能解除卖方的定购合

同上的责任。

1.6 Site Condition 现场条件

Data to be used for stability check of vessel and support for wind/seismic load and other climate

data are as follows,

容器及支架的风力/地震力载荷及其它气候下的稳定性检查所用数据如下：

(1) Basic wind pressure 0.35kN/m2 at 10 m above ground 地面10m上基本风力0.35kN/m2

(2) Earthquake intensity 7 deg. 地震强度 7级

(3) Class of site soil Class II 现场土壤等级 II级

(4) Atmospheric temperature: 气温

Annual average 14.3℃ 年平均气温 14.3℃

Extreme highest in past years 40.9 ℃ 以往最高气温 40.9℃

Extreme lowest in past years -12 ℃ 以往最低气温 -12 ℃

Min. average in the coldest month -3.5℃(Reference to HG 20580-1998)

最冷月份的最低平均气温 -3.5℃（参见 HG 20580-1998)

2. DESIGN 设计

2.1 Design Pressure 设计压力

2.1.1 Design pressure shall be as specified on Purchaser’s drawing or data sheet.

设计压力在买方图纸或数据表中加以指定。

2.1.2 Design pressure shall mean the gauge pressure at the top of a completed vessel in its

operating position. Unless otherwise agreed in advance, internal static head shall be added to

the design pressure to determine the thickness of any specific part of the vessel.

设计压力指完工的容器在操作位置时顶部压力表的压力值。除非提前另外同意，需加设内置静压受感器以

确定容器特殊部件的厚度。

2.1.3 When design pressure of “F.V. (Full Vacuum)” is specified, vessels shall be designed to

withstand for external pressure of 101.3 kPa.

如果设计压力指定为“F.V.（真空）”，容器需设计为能经受101.3 kPa 的外部压力。

2.1.4 Vessel parts subject to different internal pressure on both sides shall be designed to

withstand the most severe combination of the pressures.

容器两侧承受不同内部压力的部件需设计为能经受最大整体压力。

2.2 Design Temperature 设计温度

2.2.1 Design temperature shall be as specified on Purchaser’s drawing or data sheet. Two kinds

of design temperature, one for maximum design temperature (called as “Design Temperature”) and

the other for minimum design temperature (called as “Minimum Design Metal temperature” = MDMT)

are specified.

设计温度在买方图纸或数据表中指定。共两种设计温度，一种为最大设计温度（称为“设计温度”），另

一种为最小设计温度（称为“最小设计金属温度”）。

2.2.2 When different temperatures are predicted for different zones of a vessel, these

temperatures are indicated for the respective zones of the vessel.

如果容器的不同设备口预计的温度不同，应在各自的部位加以指明。

2.2.3 When design temperature or MDMT cannot coincide with the maximum pressure, the corresponding

design pressure shall be designated together with the temperature.

当设计温度或最小设计金属温度与最大压力不符，应根据温度指定相应的设计压力。

2.2.4 Vessel parts in contact with two fluids having different temperatures shall be designed

for both higher and lower design temperatures.

如果容器部件会接触到两种不同温度的介质，应同时根据高的设计温度及低的设计温度进行设计。

2.3 Corrosion Allowances 腐蚀余度

2.3.1 The corrosion allowance for the shell shall be as specified on Purchaser’s drawing or data

sheet.

容器壁板的允许偏差在买方图纸或数据表中指定。

2.3.2 Unless otherwise specified in the drawings, data sheet or other applicable Engineering

Specifications, the corrosion allowance for internal parts of vessels shall be as follows:

除非在图纸、数据表或其它相关工程规范中另有规定，容器内件的腐蚀余度如下：

(1) Parts directly welded to the shell or parts not removable from a manhole:

直接焊到壁板上的部件或人孔上不可拆除的部件：

1. Parts separating two pressure chambers, a corrosion allowance shall be provided on

(strikethrough: either) each side of the parts.

两个压力室的分隔部件，应对部件的的每侧提供一个腐蚀余度。

2. Other parts add 1/2 of the specified corrosion allowance on each side.

对于其它部件，在每侧的腐蚀余度上加上1/2倍。

(2) Parts removable from a manhole: 可从人孔上拆除的部件：

Add 1/4 of the specified corrosion allowance on each side (min. 1.0 mm total for both sides).

在每侧腐蚀余度上加上1/4倍（最小1.0mm）

Notes: 1.Generally no corrosion allowance is added for high alloy and nonferrous internals.

注：1、对于高合金及非铁内件通常不加腐蚀余度。

2. For the internal parts specified in Vessel Standard such as lugs and support rings, corrosion

allowance shall conform to the stipulations in it.

容器标准中规定的内件，如耳轴及支撑环的腐蚀余度应符合标准中的规定。

3. The specified corrosion allowance shall mean the corrosion allowance for the shell.

指定的腐蚀余度是指壁板的腐蚀余度。

4. Shell as used herein shall mean all pressure holding parts of the vessel in contact with the

service fluid, including heads, nozzles, manholes and manhole covers.

这里的壁板指与系统介质接触的所有压力部件，包括封头、设备口、人孔及人孔盖板。

2.3.3 No corrosion allowance is required for such parts not in contact with the inside fluid as

the outside surface of shell, skirt, support lugs and so on, except for anchor bolts.

对于不同内部介质接触的部件，如外表面、防护罩及支承凸缘等不需腐蚀余度，地脚螺栓除外。

Corrosion allowance of 3 mm shall be taken for anchor bolts.

地脚螺栓的腐蚀余度为3mm。

2.4 Materials 材料

2.4.1 The materials for primary parts shall be as specified on Purchaser’s drawing or data sheet.

主要部件的材料在买方图纸或数据表中指定。

2.4.2 Materials of the parts not specified on Purchaser’s drawings, data sheet or Vessel Standard

shall be decided by Vendor and shall be submitted by showing them on the Vendor’s drawings for

Purchaser’s approval. 如果部件材料在买方图纸、数据表或容器标准中未加指定，则由卖方决定所有材

料并在卖方图纸中指明，递交买方审批。

2.4.3 Materials for external attachments and vessel support welded directly to the pressure

retaining parts shall be similar material as the pressure parts. When external attachments made

of carbon steel is to be welded to stainless steel pressure parts, stainless steel pad plate is

required on pressure parts.

直接焊接到压力保持部件上的外部配件及容器支架的材料应与压力部件相同。在将外部碳钢附件焊接到不

锈钢压力部件上时，需在压力部件上加不锈钢垫板。

2.4.4 Vendor may propose the use of alternative materials. Such alternatives shall be clearly

indicated on his proposal giving official material designation or the chemical composition and

physical properties for such materials having only a trade or supplier designation, and shall

be submitted for Purchaser’s approval.

卖方可建议几种材料供选择。卖方可在投标中详细指明这些材料的正式材料名称，或对仅有市场或供应商

名称的材料说明化学成分及物理性能，以便买方审批。

2.4.5 Gaskets, bolts and nuts for blind nozzles and manholes shall be as specified in Purchaser’s

drawing or data sheet.

盲设备口及人孔所用的垫片、螺栓及螺母在买方图纸或数据表中指定。

When not specified in Purchaser’s drawing or data sheet, Vendor in China may select by the

following criteria subject to Purchaser’s approval.

如果未指定，中国的卖方可根据以下标准选择并报买方审批：

(1) Materials of bolts (studs) and nuts used for equipment shell flange shall be selected according

to table 2 to table 5 in JB/T 4700-2000.

设备口法兰用单头螺栓（双头螺栓）及螺母的材料根据JB/T 4700-2000中表2～表5选择。

(2) Materials of bolts (studs) and nuts used for nozzle flange shall be selected according to

CIBA 3rd Line Project Piping Materials Classification (CSTL-T1300/H103).

设备口法兰用单头螺栓（双头螺栓）及螺母的材料根据CIBA第3条线工程管道材料等级表（CSTL-T1300/H103)

选择。

(3) Gasket for equipment shell flange shall be selected by the following table.

设备法兰用垫片根据下表选择

Table 1 Materials for Girth Flange Gaskets

MEDIA

介质

NOMINAL PRESS.

PN(MPa)

公称压力

FLANGE TYPE

法兰形式

GASKET MATERIAL

垫片材料

Hydrocarbons, organic

compound

碳氢化合物，有机化合物

PN≤1.6 Welding Neck Type

焊颈法兰

Spiral Wound Gasket Hoop:316L

Filler: Flexible Graphite

缠绕垫：316L

填料：挠性石墨

Steam, air, inert gases

蒸汽、空气及惰性气体

PN≤2.5 Any type

任意型

Graphite corrugated gasket

石墨垫

(4) Materials of gaskets used for nozzle flange shall be selected according to CIBA 3rd Line Project

Piping

Materials Classification (CSTLT1300/H103).

设备口法兰用垫片材料根据CIBA第3条线工程管道材料等级表（CSTL-T1300/H103) 选择。

2.4.6 Vendors in China shall apply imported material for stainless steel plates used for pressure

parts. In this case allowable stress of imported material shall be those for equivalent material

in GB150-1998 as follows.

中国的卖方应为压力部件用的不锈钢板使用进口材料。在此情况下，进口材料的允许应力与GB150-1998中

的相当材料相同。

ASME Material Equiv. GB Material

ASME材质 相应的GB材质

304 SS 0Cr18Ni9

304L SS 00Cr19Ni10

316 SS 0Cr17Ni12Mo2

316L SS 00Cr17Ni14Mo2

2.4.7 All material used for pressure parts shall be killed steel.

压力部件所有的所有材料均应为脱氧钢。

Following requirements shall apply for Vendors in China.

以下为对中国的卖方的要求：

Q-235 material may be used only for utility service such as steam, air etc. with the other

limitations specified in GB150-1998.

根据GB150-1998中限制，Q-234仅可用丰公用系统上，如蒸汽、空气等。

In general, steel 20R and 16MnR shall be applied for carbon steel plates used for pressure parts.

If calculated thickness exceeds 12 mm by applying 20R material, then 16MnR material shall be used.

一般情况下，压力部件碳钢板应用20R和16MnR钢铁。如果使用20R总计厚度超过12mm，则使用16MnR。

2.5 Loading Conditions and Strength Calculation 负荷条件及强度计算

2.5.1 The thickness indicated on Purchaser’s drawings are those proposed by Purchaser. Vendor

shall check and confirm under his guarantee that such thickness provide the proper strength under

the specified conditions. Any lesser thickness considered by Vendor shall immediately be referred

to Purchaser, but in no case, any proposed thickness will be decreased without Purchaser’s prior

approval, even if it has an extra margin beyond the required thickness.

买方图纸中指定的厚度为买方建议厚度。卖方应加以检查确认以保证买方建议的厚度在指定条件下达到强

度要求。如果卖方认为厚度不够应立即告知买方，但不论什么情况下买方建议的厚度不得有所减少，即使

建议的厚度超过所需厚度的最大值，除非得到买方批准。

2.5.2 The hydrostatic test condition in the installed position shall be considered for design

of all vessels.

所有容器的设计时应考虑安装后的水压试验条件。

2.5.3 Wind load and Seismic load to be used for calculation shall be in accordance with Para.1.6

of this specification. 风力载荷与地震力应符合本规范第1.6节要求。

2.5.4 Maximum allowable tensile stress of foundation bolts of A307 Gr.B or Q-235 shall be 100

N/mm2 for long-term and 150 N/mm2 for short-term loading conditions.

A307 Gr.B or Q-235材质的基础螺栓的最大容许拉应力为：长期负荷条件100 N/mm2，短期负荷条件150 N/mm

2。

2.5.5 Local stresses at shell around attachments such as nozzle, vessel support and lifting lug

and so on, shall be calculated and evaluated when requested by Purchaser.

如买方有要求，设备口、容器支架及吊耳等附件周围壳体的局部应力应加以计算及估测。

The following generally accepted calculation procedure, or the equivalent, may be applied.

可用以下计算程序或相当的程序：

(a) Bulletin of Welding Research Council No. 107 or 297 焊接研究委员会通告第107期或297期

(b) BS 5500 appendix G BS5500附录G

(c) Pressure Vessel Handbook (By E.F. Megyesy) 压力容器手册（E.F. Megyesy著）

(d) Process Equipment Design (By L.E. Brownell & E.H. Young)

工艺设备设计（L.E. Brownell 及E.H. Young著）

(e) Specification for Stress Calculation of Steel Chemical Vessel (HG20582-1998)

钢制化学容器应力计算规范（HG20582-1998）

2.6 Tolerances 容许偏差

2.6.1 Tolerances shall be in accordance with Appendix A Fig.A “Tolerances for Pressure Vessels”

unless otherwise specified on Purchaser’s drawings.

容许偏差应符合附录A图A“压力容器容许偏差”的要求，除非买方图纸中另有指定。

2.6.2 The thickness after forming of any pressure retaining parts shall not be less than the

calculated thickness. Plates with an under tolerance of not more than the smaller value of 0.25

mm or 6 % of the nominal thickness may be used, unless requested otherwise by the applicable code.

压力保持部件在成型后的厚度不得小于计算厚度。所用板的容许偏差不得超过0.25mm或公称厚度的6％，

除非相关规范另有要求。

2.6.3 The flange face of agitator mount nozzle shall be perpendicular to vessel axis within

tolerance of 1/500. 安装搅拌器的设备口的法兰面同容器轴线的垂直度容许偏差为1/500。

3. DETAILED DESIGN 详细设计

3.1 Shells and Heads 壳体及封头

3.1.1 The shape the formed head shall be as specified on Purchaser’s drawing or data sheet. 2:1

ellipsoidal or dish head (with knuckle radius=0.10xdiameter ) shall be used.

成形加工的封头形状应符合买方图纸或数据表中的规定。封头应为2:1椭圆体或碟形（封头过渡区半径为

直径的0.10倍）。

3.1.2 The nominal thickness of 2:1 ellipsoidal or dished head shall be selected to assure the

minimum thickness after forming shall not be less than the minimum required thickness of head.

Also, the nominal thickness shall not be less than the minimum required thickness of connecting

cylindrical shell.

2:1椭圆体或碟形封头的公称厚度的选择需保证成型后的最小厚度不小于封头的最小要求厚度。而且，公

称厚度不得小于柱形连接处的最小要求厚度。

3.1.3 Gasket contact surface of girth flange shall have a finish equivalent to the following in

μm.

同法兰表面接触的垫片的磨光应符合下列要求，单位μm

(1) For spiral wound gasket : from Ra 1.6 to Ra 3.2 缠绕垫：从Ra 1.6至Ra 3.2

(2) For metal jacket, solid metal gasket : Ra 1.6 and finer 金属包覆垫、固体金属垫片：Ra 1.6

及更好的

3.2 Internals 内件

3.2.1 Unless otherwise specified in Purchaser’s requisition sheets or indicated on Purchaser’s

drawings, all internals are included in the scope of Vendor’s supply. Vendor shall design

internals in accordance with the information indicated on Purchaser’s drawings.

除非在买方的需求单或图纸中另有指定，所有内件属于卖方供应范围。卖方应根据买方图纸中信息进行内

件的设计

3.2.2 Unless otherwise specified, removable internal parts shall be designed in units as large

as can be put in and out from the vessel through the nearest upper manhole. The weight of one

block to be withdrawn shall not generally exceed 40 kg except for support beams.

除非另有规定，可拆除内件在能够从上方最近的人孔拿出、放入的情况下尽可能设计为最大。除了支撑梁

外，容器内可拆除硬块的重量通常不超过40kg。

3.2.3 Internal bolts subject to vibration, fluctuating load, impact load or dynamic load shall

be protected against loosening. Double nuts, unti-loose washers, tack welding, etc. shall be used.

可能受到振动、波动载荷、冲击载荷或动力载荷的内部螺栓应加以保护防止松动。可采用双螺母、防松动

垫圈、点焊等。

3.2.4 All removable internals shall be checked by suitable methods to ensure their insertability

and removability through the manhole.

所有可拆除内件均需使用适当的方法进行检查以确保其通过人孔的可嵌入性及可拆除性。

3.3 Nozzles and Manholes 设备口及人孔

3.3.1 Nozzle and manhole size shall not be changed by Vendor. However, if nozzles, reinforcement

pads, and main seams should interfere with each other, these dimensions may be changed upon

Purchaser’s approval.

卖方不能改变设备口及人孔的尺寸。但是，如果设备口、加强垫及主梁相互防碍，在事先得到买方批准后

可变更其尺寸。

3.3.2 The type, rating and facing of nozzle flanges shall conform to those specified in

Purchaser’s drawing or data sheet.

设备口法兰的类型、等级及端面应符合买方图纸或数据表的规定。

3.3.3 Nozzle and manhole location specified by the Purchaser shall not be changed by Vendor. If

nozzles and manhole interfere with each other or other attachment, Vendor shall promptly contact

with Purchaser for instruction.

卖方不能改变买方指定的设备口及人孔位置。如果设备口与人孔彼此防碍或同其它附件有所防碍，卖方应

及时同买方联系以获得指示。

3.3.4 Bolt holes in nozzle flange and manhole flange shall straddle plant north-south line or

vessel horizontalvertical line.

设备口及人孔法兰上的螺栓孔应为北-南线或容器水平垂直线。

3.3.5 Each manhole cover with mass over 20 kg shall be supported by a davit or hinge as specified

on Purchaser’s drawing. The details of davit or hinge shall be in accordance with Vessel Standard.

超过20kg的人孔盖板应根据买方图纸的规定用吊柱或铰链支撑。吊柱或铰链的详情应符合容器标准。

3.3.6 Nozzle flanges 24 inch and smaller shall be as per ASME B16.5.

等于或小于24英寸的设备口法兰应符合ASME B16.5。

Nozzle flanges larger than 24 inch nominal shall be as per ASME B16.47 Series B or designed per

Code.

大于24英寸的设备口法兰应符合ASME B16.47 B系列或根据规范设计。

In case a non standard flange is designed by vendor, the companion flange with bolt, nut and gasket

shall be supplied with by vendor.

在卖方设计非标法兰时，应同时提供螺栓、螺母及垫片。

3.3.7 The minimum nominal thickness for nozzle neck shall be in accordance with the following

table.

设备口颈部的最小公称厚度应符合下表：

Table 2 Min. Nozzle Neck Thickness

表2 设备口颈部最小厚度

Material

材质

Nozzle Size

设备口尺寸

Neck Thickness

颈部厚度

Carbon steel

碳钢

DN≤2” Sch 80

DN > 2” Sch 40

Stainless

steel

不锈钢

DN≤6” Sch 40s

DN > 6” Sch 10s

3.3.8 The pipe material for nozzle neck shall be seamless, unless otherwise approved by Purchaser.

设备口颈部应为无缝管材，除非买方另外批准。

3.3.9 Unless otherwise specified, the nozzle gasket surface shall be flat smooth surface and

serration specified in ANSI standard is not to provide.

除非另有规定，设备口垫片表面应光滑平整，ANSI标准规定的锯齿形不能使用。

3.3.10 When male and female (M&F) or tongue and groove (T&G) type flanges are specified, the nozzle

flange facing of the vessel shall be of female or groove type.

如指定使用外螺纹及内螺纹或榫面及槽面法兰，容器设备口法兰端面应为凹槽型。

3.3.11 Welding neck type flange shall be made by forgings.

焊颈法兰应锻造。

For Vendors in China, the following forgings shall be of Class III or higher, other forgings shall

not be of less than Class II.

对于中国的卖方，以下锻件应为III级或以上，其它锻件不应小于II级。

(1). Equipment flange with thickness ≥ 100mm or nominal diameter ≥1200mm.

厚度≥100mm或公称直径≥1200mm的设备法兰

(2). Forgings for Class 3 vessels. 3级容器的锻件

3.3.12 Nozzles for level gauge and other long projection nozzles shall be reinforced by bars of

suitable size to resist bending moment on nozzles.

液面计及其它长颈设备口应使用适当尺寸的条棒进行加固以防止设备口挠矩。

3.3.13 For length of the nozzle see Vessel Standard D-123.

设备口的长度见容器标准D-123

3.4 Bolts, Nuts and Gaskets 螺栓、螺母及垫片

3.4.1 Unless otherwise specified, all bolting threads to be used for pressure vessels shall be

ISO Metric System. When bolt size are M30 and over, metric fine screw threads of 3 mm pitch series

shall be used. When bolt size are M27 and less, metric coarse screw threads shall be used.

除非另有规定，压力容器所用的所有螺栓的螺纹应为ISO公制。如果螺栓尺寸为M30或以上，公制螺纹螺

旋间距应为3mm。如果螺栓尺寸为M27或以下，使用公制粗牙螺纹。

Girth flange bolting shall be of stud bolt type, threaded full length, and at least M16 for flange

of 600 mm and smaller inside diameter and at least M20 for over 600 mm inside diameter flange.

All nozzle flange and girth flange bolts shall be of stud bolt type.

翼缘法兰螺栓应为双头螺栓，螺纹为全长型，内径600mm或以下的法兰的螺栓至少为M16，内径600mm以

上的法兰的螺栓至少为M20。所有设备口法兰及翼缘法兰螺栓应为双头螺栓。

3.4.2 Threads of bolts and nuts shall be coated before installation with anti-galling agent.

在安装前螺栓的螺纹及螺母应用防磨损剂包覆。

3.5 Supports 支撑

3.5.1 Saddles, lugs or legs for pressure vessels shall be as per the tables in Vessel Standard.

For vessels which meet all the conditions stipulated in the tables such as maximum weight or saddle

height, strength calculations may not be submitted to Purchaser.

压力容器的承台、吊耳或支腿应符合容器标准中的表格的要求。对于满足表格所有条件，如最大重量、承

台高度、强度计算等的容器，可以不报买方。

3.6 Miscellaneous 其它

3.6.1 External shell attachments such as lifting lugs, clips for platforms/ladders and piping

supports, insulation support rings, etc. shall be provided as required.

外壳体附件如吊耳、平台/梯子的卡具及管道支架、保温支承圈等应符合要求。

3.6.2 Tailing lugs shall be provided for vertical vessels, towers and reactors of mass 10,000

kg and over.

对于重量为10000kg或以上的立式容器、塔、反应器应有凸耳。

3.6.3 Lifting lugs and tailing lugs shall be designed taking account of vessel weight and lifting

method, etc.

Materials, procedures of welding them to the shell and inspection method shall also be carefully

checked. The shock factor of 1.25, as minimum, shall be considered in the design of lugs and shell.

在设计吊耳及凸耳时应考虑容器重量及吊装方法等。吊耳及凸耳的材料及同壳体焊接的程序及检测方法应

仔细检查。在进行吊耳及凸耳的设计时应考虑最小冲击系数1.25。

3.6.4 According to Purchaser’s information, Vendor shall check the strength of the vessels during

transportation and field erection, and provide necessary reinforcements prior to shipment. The

shock factor of 1.25, as minimum, shall be considered in these design. Vendor shall submit such

strength calculations to Purchaser.

根据买方信息，卖方在容器运输及现场安装过程中应检查容器强度，并在运输前进行必要的加固。在设计

时应将最小冲击系数1.25考虑在内。卖方应向买方递交强度计算。

3.6.5 When specified in Purchaser’s requisition, vendor shall design platforms & ladders and

lugs for them in accordance with Purchaser’s platform & ladder arrangement drawings.

如果买方有要求，卖方应根据买方平台及梯子布置图设计平台、梯子及凸耳。

3.6.6 In general, vessels shall be provided with two earth lugs.

一般情况下容器应有两个接地耳。

4 FABRICATION 制作

4.1 Plate Layout 排板

4.1.1 Shell plates shall be laid out so that there will be a minimum of welded seams.

壳板布置应使焊缝最小

4.1.2 Longitudinal and circumferential welded seams shall not interfere with nozzle openings,

reinforcement plates and saddle pads, as far as possible. If the seams is covered with

reinforcement plates or saddle pads under Purchaser’s approval, they shall be ground flush with

shell surface and radiographically examined in full length prior to welding of plates or pads.

纵向及环形焊缝应尽可能不防碍设备口、加强板、支承垫等。如果经过同意焊缝被加强板或支承垫覆盖，

在焊接加强板或支承垫前应对焊缝进行打磨并探伤。

4.1.3 Longitudinal welded seams on adjacent shell segments shall be separated by at least 4 times

the wall thickness of the thicker plate but not less than 100 mm.

相邻壳段上的纵向焊缝应相隔最厚板壁厚的4倍但不小于100mm。

4.1.4 Longitudinal and circumferential welded seams shall be kept out of the internal welds insofar

as practical, and shall be so located that they can be easily inspected with internals in place.

纵向及环向焊缝应避开内部焊缝，且在内件安装后便于检查。

4.2 Forming 成型

4.2.1 Selection of hot or cold forming of materials may be made by Vendor, but heat treatment

after forming shall conform to the requirements of applicable material specifications.

材料的热成型或冷成型的选择由卖方进行，但成型后热处理应符合相关材料规范的要求。

4.2.2 Austenitic stainless steel including clad plate shall generally be subjected to cold forming.

If hot forming is unavoidable, solution heat treatment after forming shall be employed subject

to Purchaser’s approval.

奥氏体不锈钢包括包装板通常使用冷成型。如果必须使用热成型，应根据买方批准在成型后进行热处理。

4.2.3 Austenitic stainless forging shall require solution heat treatnment.

奥氏体不锈钢的锻造需进行热处理。

4.2.4 A formed head shall generally be made of single plate.

成型的封头通常应用单板制作。

In case head diameter is equal to or larger than 1300 mm, Vendors in China may provide minimum

number of welding seams for formed heads provided such seams shall be fully inspected by

radiography and confirm soundness before forming.

在封头直径等于或大于1300mm时，成型的封头上可有最小数量的焊缝，但成型前需进行射线探伤以确定完

全坚固。

4.2.5 When temporary attachments are required during the forming work, they shall be welded to

the shell plate using the same welding procedures as for the main seams. After removing these

attachments, the surface shall be ground flush and examined by magnetic particle method. In case

of high alloy steel or nonferrous materials, liquid penetrate method can be substituted.

在成型过程中需要临时附件，应使用同主焊缝的相同焊接程序将临时附件焊到壳板上。在拆除这些附件后，

对表面进行打磨并进行磁粉探伤。在使用高合金钢或无铁材料时，可用渗透探伤进行检测。

4.3 Welding 焊接

4.3.1 Vendor shall obtain Purchaser’s approval for start of welding.

卖方在焊接前应先获得买方批准。

4.3.2 As a rule, vessels shall be welded by fusion arc process.

作为规定，容器应用熔接弧焊工艺进行焊接。

4.3.3 Welding procedures and welders shall be qualified in accordance with the specified code

or standard.

焊接程序及焊工应符合指定的规范或标准的要求。

4.3.4 Pressure holding seams shall normally be fullpenetration double-welded butt joints.

Single-welded butt joints which ensure full-penetration may be used, where double-welded butt

joints are impractical. Butt joint with backing strip needs to obtain Purchaser’s prior written

approval.

通常情况下，应力焊缝应使用两遍对接焊并完全焊透。在两遍对接焊不切实际的情况下，可使用一遍对接

焊，但需保证完全焊透。

4.3.5 Welding electrodes and wires shall have chemical compositions and mechanical properties

equal to or of higher grade than the base material.

焊条及焊丝的化学成分及机械性能应同母材的等级相同或更高。

4.3.6 Welding procedures shall be selected to minimize the residual stresses insofar as practical.

在选择焊接工艺时应使残余应力最小化。

4.3.7 Preheating shall be carried out for carbon and low alloy steel welding where required.

Preheating temperature shall be kept uniform from the start to the end of welding.

在进行碳钢及低合金钢的焊接时应进行预热。预热温度在焊接开始到结束期间应保持均衡。

4.4 Heat Treatment 热处理

4.4.1 Unless otherwise stated, postweld heat treatment shall be carried out in accordance with

the applicable codes or standards.

除非另有规定，应根据相关规范或标准的要求进行焊后热处理。

4.4.2 No welding shall be performed on vessels after the final postweld heat treatment without

Purchaser’s approval.

未得到买方允许，在最终焊后热处理后不得在容器上进行任何焊接。

4.4.3 The gasket faces of girth flanges shall be machined after final heat treatment.

在最终热处理后翼缘法兰的垫片的端面应进行加工。

5. INSPECTION AND TESTS

检测及试验

5.1 General Requirement 总体要求

5.1.1 All pressure vessels shall be inspected and tested in accordance with the applicable local

regulations, applied code and inspection and test plan approved by Purchaser.

所有压力容器必须根据相关地方规章、规范及买方批准的检测、试验计划进行检测及试验。

5.1.2 Vender shall submit a detailed inspection and test plan for Purchaser’s approval.

卖方应递交一份详细的检测及试验计划给买方审批。

5.1.3 The free chloride content of water used for hydrostatic test of austenitic stainless steel

vessel shall be limited to 25 mg/L. After testing, vessels shall be drained and dried.

奥氏体不锈钢容器的水压试验所用水的氯含量应不超过25 mg/L。在试验后，容器内的水应排出并对容器

进行干燥。

6. NAMEPLATE, PAINTING AND MARKING 铭牌、刷漆及标识

6.1 Nameplate 铭牌

A nameplate as shown in Vessel Standard shall be mounted on each vessel. Mounting on the removable

parts is prohibited. 在每个容器上应装上容器标准中所示的铭牌。禁止将铭牌装在可拆除部件上。

The location of nameplate is specified on the engineering drawing.

铭牌的位置在工程图纸中指定。

6.2 Painting 刷漆

6.2.1 As a rule, all external surface of vessels shall be painted in accordance with CIBA 3rd

Line Project Piping Materials Classification (CSTLT1300/O301), except the following.

作为规定，除了以下情况所有容器的外表面应根据CIBA第3条线工程管道材料等级表（CSTLT1300/O301）

的要求进行刷漆。

A. Surface of Stainless Steel and high alloy steels; Not painted.

不锈钢及高合金钢的表面不需刷漆。

B. Gasket sheet surface; See Par. 6.2.2 垫片的表面，见6.2.2

6.2.2 All flange faces and other machined surfaces shall be coated with a readily removable rust

preventive paint.

所有法兰面及其它加工面应用易去除防尘漆保护。

6.2.3 Vendor shall submit a detailed procedure of applicable painting system (Painting

Specification) for Purchaser’s approval.

卖方应递交一份详细有刷漆程序（油漆规范）给买方审批。

6.3 Marking 标识

6.3.1 Each Pressure Vessels shall be marked in accordance with Vessel Standard D-123.

每台压力容器应根据容器标准D-123进行标识。

6.3.2 Pressure Vessels subject to P.R.C. regulations shall be provided with the name and

identification plate stipulated in the regulations.

根据中国法规制造的压力容器应依据规章要求配备铭牌及标识牌。

6.3.3 All removable parts shall be identified. 所有可拆除部件均需标识。

6.3.4 Furthermore, all vessels shall be provided with an identification plate fitted with rivets

on a supporting plate according to Identification plate/Nameplate standard drawings.

此外，所有容器应根据标识牌/铭牌标准图将标识牌铆固到支承板上。

6.3.5 The location of Identification plate/Nameplate is specified on Purchaser’s drawing or data

sheet.

标识牌/铭牌的位置在买方图纸或数据表中指定。

7. PACKING AND SHIPPING 包装及运输

7.1 General 概述

Packing and shipping shall be in accordance with Engineering Specification R-453 “Packing and

Transportation” and the following additional requirements.

包装及运输及符合工程规范R-453“包装及运输”及以下附加要求：

7.2 Packing and Preparation for Shipping 包装及运输准备

7.2.1 All vessels shall be dried up by draining and air blowing, thoroughly cleaned inside and

outside and free of all dirt and loose foreign materials before shipping.

在运输前所有容器应使用排水及吹扫的方式进行干燥，彻底清理内外部，去除灰尘及异物。

7.2.2 All flanged openings shall be provided with bolted steel cover of minimum 4.5 mm thickness

with gaskets. Number of bolting is one forth of the service bolt but not less than 4 sets.

所有法兰口应配备最小厚度为4.5mm的带垫片的螺栓连接钢盖板。连接的螺栓数量为总螺栓数的1/4，但

不少于4套。

7.2.3 Spare parts shall be packed separately from the vessels.

备件应同容器分开包装。

7.3 Shipping 运输

7.3.1 Templates and foundation bolting shall be shipped separately from the vessels according

to Purchaser’s instruction.

样板及地脚螺栓应根据买方指导同容器分开运输。

7.3.2 Internals within Vendor’s scope of supply shall be installed and assembled at Vendor’s

shop before shipping, unless otherwise instructed by Purchaser.

在运输前，卖方供应的内件应在卖方车间安装好，除非买方另有指示。

7.3.3 No vessels shall be released for shipment from Vendor’s shop until it has been approved

by Purchaser’s inspector.

再未经买方检查人员批准前不得将容器从卖方车间运出。

Appendix A 附录A

Fig. TOLERANCES FOR PRESSURE VESSELS

图表：压力容器容许偏差

[SHELLS AND HEADS] 壳体及封头

Tolerances for shape of formed heads and out-of-roundness of shells shall be as specified in the

applicable codes.

成型封头的形状及壳体的不圆度的容许偏差应符合相关规范的规定。

1. Overall length between T.L.: 切线间的总长

±13 or ±1.5 per 1000, whichever is greater, but not exceed the following value

±13，或每1000为±1.5，但不能超过以下数值

Length, (L) 长度 Tolerances 容许偏

差

L ≤30000 ±25

L > 30000 ±40

2a. Inside diameter as determined by circumferential measurements: 内径（通过圆周测量法确定）

Nominal I.D., (D)

公称内径

Tolerances 容许偏

差

D ≤ 1200

1200 < D ≤ 2100

2100 < D ≤ 4000

4000 < D ≤ 6000

6000 < D ≤ 8000

8000 < D ≤ 10000

10000 < D

±3

±5

±6

±7

±8

±10

±15

2b. Inside diameter of vessels with internal trays (by direct measurements): 带内塔盘的容器内

径（直接测量）

±0.5 % x Nominal I.D. ±0.5 %×公称内径

3. Straightness (deviation of shell external surface from a straight line) 笔直度（壳体外表面

与直线的偏差）

(1) Max.6 in any 6000 length 每6000长最大偏差为6

(2) As measured in the total length (from bottom to top T.L.): 总长下测量值（从底到顶部切线）：

Length, (L) 长度 Tolerances 容许偏

差

L ≤30000 Max.19 最大19

L > 30000 Max.25 最大25

[NOZZLES, MANHOLES AND OTHER ATTACHMENTS] 设备口、人孔及其它附件

4a. Location of nozzle from T.L. 设备口到切线位置: ±6

4b. Orientation of nozzle from reference centerline 设备口到参考中心线的方位: ±6

4c. Nozzle flange face from shell external surface 从壳体外表面到设备口法兰面: ±5

4d. Alignment of nozzle flange face 设备口法兰面对中: ±1/2°

4e. Rotation orientation of bolt hole at bolt circle : Max. 1.5 螺栓孔圆周内直径偏差：最大1.5

4f. Top (or bottom) flange face from adjacent T.L. 顶部（或底部）法兰面到相邻切线: ±10

4g. Location of nozzle on top head from center of head 顶部封头上的设备中到封头中心的位置: ±6

4h. Flange face of bottom draw-off nozzles from reference centerline: ±10

5a. Location of manhole from T.L. 人孔到切线的位置: ±10

5b. Orientation of manhole from reference centerline 人孔从参考中心线的方位: ±10

5c. Manhole flange face from shell external surface 人孔法兰面到壳体外表面: ±10

5d. Alignment of manhole flange face 人孔法兰面对中: ±1°

6. Location of nozzle and manhole (related to trays) from tray support ring: ±3

设备口及人孔到塔盘支承圈（涉及到塔盘）

7.Any pair of nozzles (i.e. nozzles for liquid level gauge and connected to reboiler)

任意一对设备口（如液位计设备口及连接到重沸器的设备口）

7a. Difference in nozzle length : Max.1 设备口长偏差：最大为1

7b. Distance between nozzles 设备口间距: ±2

7c. Difference in orientation 方位偏差: Max.2

7d. Alignment of flange face 法兰面对中: ±1/4°

8. Clips or other similar structural attachments for platform, ladder or pipe support

平台、梯子或管架上的卡具或其它相同结构附件

8a. Location from T.L. 到切线的位置: ±10

8b. Orientation from reference centerline 到参考中心线的方位: ±10

8c. Distance between any pair of clips 任意一对卡具的间距: ±3

[SUPPORTS (SKIRT, LUGS, LEGS AND SADDLES)] 支撑物（侧缘、凸耳、支腿及承台等）

9a. Distance from T.L. to bottom of baseplate (height of skirt or leg):

从切线到基座底的间距（侧缘或支腿高）

Nominal I.D., (D)

公称内径

Tolerances

容许偏差

D ≤ 2100

D > 2100

±6

±9

9b. Out-of-level of baseplate (difference between max. and min. distances from T.L. to bottom

of baseplate):

基座不平度（从切线到基座底的最大间距与最小间距间的差距）

Nominal I.D., (D)

公称内径

Tolerances 容许偏

差

D ≤ 2100

2100 < D ≤ 4000

4000 < D ≤ 6000

6000 < D ≤ 8000

8000 < D ≤10000

10000 < D

Max. 3

Max. 6

Max. 7

Max. 8

Max. 10

Max. 15

10. Distance from T.L. to support lug 从切线到支撑耳的间距: ±6

11. Bolt circle diameter and pitch between bolt holes: 螺栓圆周直径及螺栓孔间距：

Nominal I.D., (D)

公称内径

Tolerances

容许偏差

D ≤ 2100

D > 2100

±3

±6

12. Horizontal vessels 卧式容器

12a. Distance from reference centerline to bottom of support saddle 从参考中心线到承台底的间

距: ±6

12b. Distance from T.L. to bolt hole center of support saddle 从切线到承台螺栓孔中心的间距: ±6

12c. Distance between bolt holes of support saddle: 承台螺栓孔间距

Nominal I.D., (D)

公称内径

Tolerances

容许偏差

D ≤ 2100

D > 2100

±3

±6

REMARKS: 备注

1. Unless otherwise stated, all dimensions and tolerances are given in (mm).

除非另有规定，所有尺寸及容许偏差均以mm计。

2. T.L.: Tangent Line 切线

3. Tolerances are not cumulative. 容许偏差不能累积

4. Tolerances indicated on Vessel Drawing shall govern. 以容器图纸中指出的容许偏差为主

5. Tolerances shown herein are intended to apply to both vertical and horizontal vessels.

这里给出的容许偏差适用于立式容器及卧式容器。

6. For vessels fabricated from pipes, diameter tolerances shall be in accordance with the relevant

pipe specification.

用管道制作的容器，直径的容许偏差应符合相关的管道规范。

7. Tolerances as shown in 2a, 2b and 3 are not applied to distortion caused by welding for attaching

parts, such as nozzles, support rings, lugs and other fittings to shells and heads. Measurements

shall be made to the surface of the parent plate and not to a weld, fitting or other raised parts.

在2a、2b、3中所示的容许偏差不适用于因将附件（如设备口、支撑环、凸耳及其它配件）焊接到壳体及

封头上所产生的变形。应对母板表面进行测量，而非焊缝、配件或其它凸出的部件。

8. Even if the distance to flange face of nozzles (or manholes) from centerline of vessel is

specified on Vessel Drawing, measurements shall be made as shown in 4c (or 5c).

即使在容器图纸中指定了从容器中心线到设备口（或人孔）法兰面的间距，应根据4c（或5c）所示进行测

量。

压缩机专业词汇

Absolute pressure 绝对压力

Absolute temperature 绝对温度

Adiabatic compression 绝热压缩过程

Air padding (压缩)空气（填充）输送

Aluminalkyle 烷基铝

Ammonia synthesis 合成氨

Antisurge protection 防喘振（保护）

Areas and circumferences of circles

圆的面积和周长

Asphalt production 沥青生产

Atmospheric pressure and barometric readings at altitudes

海拔高度大气压力和气压表读数

Autofrettage 自增强

Barrel compressor (见垂直剖分型压缩机 Vertically split compressor) 筒形压缩机

Bearing 轴承

Circular 圆形

Compliant su**ce 顺性表面

Cryogenic 深冷

Damper 阻尼

Elastohydrodynamic 弹性流体动压

Elliptical 椭圆形

Film thickness 膜厚

Flow 流量

Fluid film 流体膜

Gas 气体

Hydrostatic 流体静压

Journal 轴颈

Liner 衬套

Materials 材料

Magnetic 磁力

Multipad 多瓦块

Rolling element 滚动

Tapered land 斜平面

Temperature 温度

Three—lobe 三叶

Thrust 止推

Tilt pad 可倾瓦

Benedict-webb-rubin-starling 模型（model）

Capacity 排气量

Capacity control 排气量调节

Bypass 旁路

Clearance pocket 余隙（补助）容积

Finger unloader 指式卸荷器

Port unloader 孔卸荷器

Screw compressor slide 螺杆压缩机滑片

Variable speed 变速

Centrifugal compressor 离心式压缩机

Balance piston 平衡鼓

Casing 机壳

Coupling 联轴器

Diaphragm 隔板

Diffuser 扩压器

Discharge nozzle 排气接管

Discharge volute 排气蜗壳

Electrical system 电气系统

Foundations 基础

Guide vane 导叶

Impeller 叶轮

Intercooling 中间冷却器

Inlet nozzle 进气（接）管

Inlet volute 进气蜗壳

Multistage 多级

Off design operation 非设计工况操作

Oil system 密封油系统

Performance 性能

Slope 倾斜

Splitter vane 分流叶片

Thrust bearing 止推轴承

Choking 阻塞（工况）

Clearance volume 余隙容积

CNG codes and standards CNG规范和标准

CNG station CNG加气站

CNG pressure vessel CNG[wiki]压力容器[/wiki]

CNG compressor CNG压缩机

Blow down gas recovery 排放气体回收

Crankcase 曲轴箱

Lubrication 润滑

Sealing 密封

CNG dispenser CNG售气机

CNG fill system CNG加气系统

Coatings 涂层

Fluorocarbon 碳氟化合物

Nickel 镍

Compressibility 压缩性（系数）

Compressibility factor 压缩性系数

Compression ratio 压缩比

Conversion factors 换算系数

Critical speed 临界转速

Cracking 裂化

Crosshead 十字头

Auxiliary 辅助

Connection 连接形式

Guide 导轨

Pin load reversal 活塞杆（销）载荷反向度

Cylinder 气缸

Autofrettage 自增强

Construction 结构

Elastic simulation 弹性模拟

Fatigue tests 疲劳试验

Finish 光洁度

Heavy walled 厚壁

Hypercompressor 超高压压缩机

Materials 材料

Stress distribution 应力分布

Tie rods 拉杆

Damped systems 阻尼系统

Dewhirl vanes 破涡片

Diaphragm compressor 隔膜式压缩机

Accessories 附件

Applications 应用

Cleaning and testing 清扫和测试

Head assembly 缸头组件

Limitations 局限性

Operation 操作

Pressures 压力

Discharge of air through an orifice 空气通过孔板的流量

Displacement 压缩机汽缸工作流量

Double flow compressor 双吸压缩机

Effective head 有效能头

Efficiency 效率

Compression （adiabatic） 压缩（绝热）

Compressor （polytropic ，hydraulic ，stage）

压缩机（多变效率，流动效率，级效率）

Delivery 排气

Isentropic 等熵

Mechanical [wiki]机械[/wiki]

Volumetric 容积

Emissions control 泄露控制

Energy equation 能量方程

Entering sleeve 导入套筒

Euler equation 欧拉方程

Finite element method 有限元方法

Fixed clearance 固定余隙

Flow 流量

Coefficient 系数

Subsonic 亚音速

Foundations 基础

Anchor bolts 地脚螺栓

Grout 灌浆

Materials 材料

Pile cap 桩平台

Reinforcing 密布（钢筋）

Repair 改造

Skid mounted / packaged 撬装 / 整体式

Soil frequency / vibration 土壤频率 / 振动

Table top 台板

Types 形式

Frame load 机身力

Free air 大气

Friction coefficient 摩擦系数

Gas booster 气体增压器

Applications 应用

Construction 结构

Cooling 冷却

Drive 驱动

Flow chart 流动曲线

Pressure ratio 压力比

Storage tant 储罐

Valves 阀

Gas laws 气体定律

Gas reinjection 天然气回注

Gas sampling 气体采样分析

Gas transportation 天然气输送

Hans Hoerbiger 汉斯 贺尔碧格

Hans Mayer 汉斯 梅尔

Heat transfer 热传递，热交换

Horizontally split compressor 水平剖分型压缩机（壳）

Horsepower 功率，马力

Air indicated 空气指示功率

Brake （shaft） 制动功率（轴功率）

Theoretical （polytropic） 理**率（多变压缩过程）

Hypercompressor 超级压缩机

Hyper packing 高压填料

Impeller 叶轮

Backward leaning 后弯

Discharge section 出口截面

Forward leaning 前弯

Inlet section 进口截面

Manufacturing 制造

Overhung 外悬臂

Radial 径向

Thrust 止推力

Incidence 冲（击）角

Indicator card 示功图

Intercooling 中间冷却

Isentropic compression （见绝热压缩过程 Adiabatic compression）等熵压缩过

程

Isentropic head 等熵能头

Isentropic temperature exponent 温度等熵指数

Isothermal compression 等温压缩过程

Liquids 液体

In gas stream 气流（工艺气体）

Liquefaction 液化

Load factor 载荷系数

Loss of air pressure due to pipe friction 管道摩擦产生的空气压力损失

Loss of pressure through pipe fittings 通过连接管件的压力损失

Lubricant production 润滑剂生产

Lubrication 润滑

Additives 添加剂

Feed rate 注油速度

Gas absorption 气体吸收

Hydrocarbon dilution 烃稀释

Low flow sensor 低流量传感器

Lubricators 注油器

Oil ring 油环

Pre-post lube 预润滑—停机后润滑

Removal 除（油）

Synthetic 合成

Viscosity 粘度

Mach number 马赫数

Methanol synthesis 甲醇（合成）

Mollier chart mollier 图（焓—熵图）

Myhlestad— prohl calculation Myhlestad—prohl

数值计算法

N value and properties of gases 气体 N值和特性

Non—lube compressor 无润滑压缩机

Oxygen compression 氧气压缩机

Packaging compressor 撬装式压缩机

Base design 底座设计

Cooler design 冷却器设计

Line sizing 管道设计

Pressure relief valve 安全阀

Pulsation bottle design 缓冲罐设计

Scrubber design 分离器设计

Packin 填料

Breaker rings 减压环

Cooling 冷却

Cup stress 填料盒应力

Distance piece venting 隔离是排气

Emissions control 控制排放（填料函缓冲气控制）

Friction 摩擦

Heat generation 热量产生

High pressure 高压

Leakage 泄露

Lubrication 润滑

Partition 隔板

Purged 清洗

Nomenclature 术语

Rod size effects 活塞杆尺寸影响

Seal rings 密封环

Static sealing 静密封

Thermal effects 热效应

Wiper 刮油环

Partial pressure of water vapor in air 空气中水蒸气分压

Piping 管道

Acoustics 声学特性

Flow straightener 整流器

Velocity profile 速度分布

Pipeling compressor 管道压缩机

Piston ring 活塞环

Friction 摩擦

Leakage 泄露

Instantaneous pressure 瞬时压力

Rider rings 支承环

Polyethylene [wiki]聚乙烯[/wiki]

High density （HDPE）高密度（HDPE）

Low density （LDPE）低密度（LDPE）

Safety aspects 安全状况

Polymer buildup 聚合物堆积

Polytropic compression 多变压缩过程

Polytropic head 多变能头

Pressure distribution 压力分布

Pressure drop 压降

Contour 叶型

Endwal 端面

Friction 摩擦

Impact 激波

Incidence 冲击

Mixing 混合

Overall 总（压降）

Pressure ratio 压力比

Pressure /Time （pT）patterns 压力 / 时间（pT）图

Pressure —volume （pV）diagram 压（力）—容（积）（pV）图

Procedure for determining compressor size 确定压缩机的尺寸步骤

Pulsation 压力波（脉）动（气体脉动）

Purging 吹扫

Nitrogen 氮气

Redlich—Kwong equation of Redlich—Kwong 状态方程

Reciprocating compressor 往复式压缩机

Capacity control 排气量调节

Cooling 水冷

Crankcase lubrication 曲轴箱润滑

Cylinder lubrication 气缸润滑（预润滑）

Electrical controls 电（气）控（制）（盘）

Foundations 基础

Loading / unloading 加载 / 卸载

Manual controls 手动控制

Monitoring 监测， 检测

Pneumatic controls 气动控制

Rod drop 活塞杆下沉

Sensors 传感器

Reforming 重整

Regasificaion 再气化

Reynolds number 雷诺数

Rod load 杆力（活塞杆载荷）

Rotor dynamics 转子动力学

Rotor balancing 转子

Rotary screw compressor 螺杆式压缩机

Adiabatic efficiency 绝热效率

Advantages 优点

Applications 应用

Helical rotors 螺旋转子

Packaging 撬装式

Sizing 选型

Screw compressor 螺杆式压缩机

Heat transfer 热传递

Leakage 泄露

Port losses （吸排）气口损失

Pulsation 压力波动

Scroll compressor 涡式压缩机

Construction 结构

Lubricated 润滑型

Oilless 无有型

Principal of operation 工作原理

Seals 密封

Balance piston 平衡鼓

Bellows 波纹管式（密封）

Bushing 套筒（密封）

Carbon ring 碳环（密封）

Circumferential 圆周（密封）

Double 双（密封）

Honey comb 蜂窝（密封）

Interstage 级间（密封）

Labyrinth 迷宫（密封）

Mechanical 机械（密封）

Oil 油封

Performance 性能

Rotary contacting 接触式

Rotary non contacting 非接触式

Sleeve 轴套（密封）

Sliding 滑动（密封）

Tandem 串联

Tip 顶端（密封）

Simulation 模拟

Buried piping 埋地管道

Dynamic fluid transient systems 运动流体的瞬态系统

Pulsation 脉动

Static systems 静态系统

Stress 应力

Thermal flexibility 热挠曲

Vibration 振动

Sommerfield number sommerfield 数

Speed **（见速度矢量图 velocity vector diagram）

速度三角形

Specific heat ratio 比热比

Spring 弹簧

Valve 气阀

Stall 失速

Standard air 标准大气

Steam properties 蒸汽特性

Stonewall（见阻塞 choking） 极限（工况）

Straight lobe compressor 直叶罗茨式压缩机

Bearings 轴承

Construction 结构

Installation 装置

Noise 噪声

Operating principle 操作原理

Pulsation 脉动

pV diagram pV图

seals 密封

strain gage method 应变计法

stress 应力

axial 轴向

circumferential 周向

factor of safety 安全系数

radial 径向

risers 集中

von Mises

supercompressibility 超压缩性（系数）

surge 喘振

swirl （见破涡片 dewhirl） 涡动

tank car unloading 罐车卸车

pump 泵

vapor recovery 蒸汽回收

Temperature conversion chart 温度换算曲线

Temperature rise vs compression ratio 温升系数—压缩比关系图

Temperature—rise ratio 温升比

Testing centrifugal compressors 离心式压缩机试验

Economizer nozzles 节能器接口

Efficiency 效率

Field data analysis 现场测试数据分析

Instrumentation 试验仪器

Internal temperatures 内部温度

Iso—cooled compressors 均布冷却的压缩机

Power 功率

Thermodynamic performance 热力性能

Trouble shooting 故障影响

Tungsten carbide 碳化钨

Turbocompressor 透平压缩机

Turbomachinery 透平机械

Turbulence 紊流

Urea production 尿素生产

Vacuum remelted steel 真空再熔刚

Valve 气阀

Active 主动

Area 面积

Axial 轴向（布置）

Channel 槽状阀

Combined suction / discharge 吸排气组合（气阀）

Concentric 同心阀

Deck—and—one—half 整半层叠阀

Double deck 双层阀

Dynamics 动态特性

Equivalent area 当量面积（有效流通面积）

Feather 羽状阀

Leakage 泄露

lift 升程

losses 损失

materials 材质

motion 运动

poppet 菌状阀（多阀芯）

ported plate 网状阀

radial 径向（布置）

reed 舌弹簧

ring 环状阀

vehicle fueling 车辆燃料

appliance [wiki]设备[/wiki]

vertically—split compressor 垂直剖分型压缩机

velocity vector diagram 速度矢量图

vibration analysis 振动分析

viscosity ，fluid 粘度，流体

water injection 注水

wear 磨损

detector 检测器

distribution 分布

性能特性 performance characteristic ：确定仪器仪表功能和能力的有关参数及其定量的表述。

参比性能特性 reference performance characteristic ：在参比工作条件下达到的性能特性。

范围 range ：由上、下限所限定的一个量的区间。

注："范围"通常加修饰语。例如：测量范围，标度范围。它可适用于被测量或工作条件等。

测量范围 measuring range：按规定准（精）确度进行测量的被测量的范围。

测量范围下限值 measuring range lower limit ：按规定准（精）确度进行测量的被测量的最

小值。

测量范围上限值 measuring range higher limit ：按规定准（精）确度进行测量的被测量的最

大值。

量程 span ：范围上限值与下限值的代数差。例如：范围为-20℃至 100℃时，量程为 120℃。

标度 scale ：构成指示装置一部分的一组有序的标度标记以及所有有关的数字。

标度范围 scale range ：由标度始点值和终点值所限度的范围。

标度标记 scale mark ：指示装置上对应于一个或多个确定的被测量值的标度线或其它标记。

注：对于数字示值，数字本身等效于标度标记。

零[标度]标记 zero scale mark ，同义词：零标度线：标度盘（板）上标有"零"数字的标度标

记或标度线。

标度分格 scale division ：任何两个相邻标度标记之间的标度部分。

标度分格值 value of scale division ，又称格值：标度中对应两相邻标度标记的被测量值之差。

标度分格间距 scale spacing, length of a scale division ：沿着表示标度长度的同一线段上所测

得的任何两个相邻标度标记中心线之间的距离。

标度长度 scale length ：在给定的标度上，通过所有最短标记中点的线段在始末标度标记之

间的长度。注：此线段可以是实在的或假想的曲线或直线。

标度始点值 minimum scale value ：标度始点标记所对应的被测量值。

标度终点值 maximum scale value ：标度终点标记所对应的被测量值。

标度数字 scale numbering ：标在标度上的整组数字，它对应于标度标记所确定的被测量值，

或只表示标度标记的数字顺序。

线性标度 linear scale ：标度中各分格间距与对应的分格值呈常数比例关系的标度。注：标

度分格间距为常数的线性标度称为规则标度。

非线性标度 nonlinear scale ：标度中各标度分格间距与对应的分格值呈非常数比例关系的

标度。 注：某些非线性标度有专门的名称，例如对数标度、平方律标度。

抑零标度 suppressed-zero scale ：标度范围内不包含与被测量零值相对应的标度值的标度。

例如：医用温度计的标度。

扩展标度 expanded scale ：标度范围内，不成比例的扩展部分占了大部分标度长度的标度。

测量仪器仪表的零位 zero of a measuring instrument ：当测量仪器仪表工作所需的任何辅助

能源都接通和被测量值为零时，仪器仪表的直接示值。 ①在测量仪器仪表使用辅助电源的情况

下，此术语通常称为"电零位"。 ②当仪器仪表的任何辅助能源都切断而未工作时，经常采用"机

械零位"这个术语。

仪器仪表常数 instrument constant ：为求得测量仪器仪表的示值，必须对直接示值相乘的

一个系数。 注：当直接示值等于被测量值时，测量仪器仪表的常数为 1。

特性曲线 characteristic curve ：表明仪器仪表输出量稳态值与一个输入量之间（其它输入量

均保持为规定的恒定值）函数关系的曲线。

在规定特性曲线 specified characteristic curve ：在规定条件下，表明仪器仪表应有的输出量

稳态值与一个输入量之间函数关系的曲线。

调整 adjustment ：为使仪器仪表处于正常工作状态和消除偏差以适合于使用所进行的操

作。

用户调整 user adjustment ：允许用户进行的调整。

校准 calibration ：规定条件下，为确立测量仪器仪表或测量系统的示值或实物量具所体现

的值与被测量相对应的已知值之间关系的操作。

校准曲线 calibration curve：在规定条件下，表示被测量值与仪器仪表实际测得值之间关系

的曲线。

校准循环 calibration cycle ：仪器仪表校准范围极限间的上行校准曲线和下行校准曲线的组

合。

校准表格 calibration table ：表示校准曲线的数据表格形式。

* asterisk

# 读法很多：

pound

pound sign

hash

number （sign）

sharp

（garden）fence

octothorp

括号内的单词可以省略。

+ plus 加号；正号

- minus 减号；负号

± plus or minus 正负号

× is multiplied by 乘号

÷ is divided by 除号

＝ is equal to 等于号

≠ is not equal to 不等于号

≡ is equivalent to 全等于号

≌ is equal to or approximately equal to

等于或约等于号

≈ is approximately equal to 约等于号

＜ is less than 小于号

＞ is more than 大于号

≮ is not less than 不小于号

≯ is not more than 不大于号

≤ is less than or equal to 小于或等于号

≥ is more than or equal to 大于或等于号

% per cent 百分之⋯

‰ per mill 千分之⋯

∞ infinity 无限大号

∝ varies as 与⋯成比例

√ (square) root 平方根

∵ since; because 因为

∴ hence 所以

∷ equals, as (proportion) 等于，成比例

∠ angle 角

⌒ semicircle 半圆

⊙ circle 圆

○ circumference 圆周

π pi 圆周率

△ triangle 三角形

⊥ perpendicular to 垂直于

∪ union of 并，合集

∩ intersection of 交，通集

∫ the integral of ⋯的积分

∑ (sigma) summation of 总和

° degree 度

′ minute 分

″ second 秒

℃ Celsius system 摄氏度

{ open brace, open curly 左花括号

} close brace, close curly 右花括号

( open parenthesis, open paren 左圆括号

) close parenthesis, close paren 右圆括号

() brakets/ parentheses 括号

[ open bracket 左方括号

] close bracket 右方括号

[] square brackets 方括号

. period, dot 句号，点

| vertical bar, vertical virgule 竖线

& ampersand, and, reference, ref 和，引用

* asterisk, multiply, star, pointer 星号，

乘号，星，指针

/ slash, divide, oblique 斜线，斜杠，除号

// slash-slash, comment 双斜线，注释符

# pound 井号

backslash, sometimes escape 反斜线转义符，

有时表示转义符或续行符

~ tilde 波浪符

. full stop 句号

, comma 逗号

: colon 冒号

; semicolon 分号

? question mark 问号

! exclamation mark (英式英语) exclamation

point (美式英语)

' apostrophe 撇号

- hyphen 连字号

dash 破折号

⋯ dots/ ellipsis 省略号

" single quotation marks 单引号

"" double quotation marks 双引号

‖ parallel 双线号

& ampersand = and

～ swung dash 代字号

§ section; division 分节号

→ arrow 箭号；参见号

Contract Title 合同标题

Shanghai Secco Petrochemicals Company Limited

上海赛科石油化工有限责任公司

Integrated Project Management Team

一体化项目管理组

Caojing, Shanghai, P R China

中国 上海 漕泾

Document Title文件标题

INSTRUMENT INSTALLATION STANDARD

仪表安装标准

DOCUMENT NUMBER

文件号

SD-00-TSC-CI-0001

English language is the "original" language and if inconsistencies exist between English and

Chinese versions, the English version takes precedence and the English version is the legally

binding version.

原本以英文书就，如果英文和中文版本之间存在不一致，以英文版本为准，英文版本具有法

律约束力。

A01 Updated and

translated TER 09-12-02 SM 9/01/03 SM 9/01/03 SM

9/01/03

A00 The Chinese translation done on A00 ( 从 A00 版 开 始 有 中 文 翻

译)

29/11/02

A00 Approved TER 27-08-02 SM 08-08-02 SM 02/09

/02 SM 02/09/02

P00 For SEI Review TER 10-06-02

Issue Rev Issue or Revision Description Origin by Date Check

by Date Approve

by Date Approve by Date

This Document is Owned by

本文件持有人

Stuart Mounfield (SM) IPMT Authority

IPMT授权批准

HARD COPIES ARE UNCONTROLLED

硬拷贝为非受控文件

Instrument Installation Standard

仪表安装标准

Table of Contents

目录表

1.0 SCOPE范围 4

2.0 REFERENCES参考标准 4

2.1 Abbreviations and Acronyms缩写和缩略语 4

2.2 Codes and Standards 规范和标准 6

2.3 Reference Specifications 参照规范 6

3.0 DESIGN设计 7

3.1 Instrument Mounting 仪表安装 7

3.2 Instrument Protection 仪表保护 9

3.3 Instrument Connections To Piping, Vessels, Vent and Drain Systems管道、容器、放空

和排液系统的仪表接口 10

3.4 Instrument Process Piping And Tubing 仪表工艺配管和导压管 11

3.5 Instrument Air Piping And Pneumatic Transmission 仪表空气管道和气动传

输 16

3.6 Temperature Instruments温度仪表 17

3.7 Pressure Instruments气动仪表 17

3.8 Flow Instruments流量仪表 19

3.9 Level Instruments液位仪表 20

3.10 Control Valves, Regulating Valves and Actuated On-Off Valves 调节阀、调压阀和执行

机构驱动的开关阀 21

3.11 Pressure Safety Relief Valves (PSVs) 压力安全阀（PSV） 22

APPENDIX I – ORIFICE FLANGE ORIENTATION

附件 I - 孔板法兰取向 25

APPENDIX I – ORIFICE FLANGE ORIENTATION

附件 I - 孔板法兰取向 27

APPENDIX II - INSTRUMENT PROCESS CONNECTIONS 28

附件 II - 仪表工艺接口

APPENDIX III - INSTRUMENT AIR SUPPLY SUB-HEADER SIZES 31

附件 III－仪表风分支总管尺寸 31

APPENDIX IV - PIPE, VALVE AND FLANGE SIZES 32

附件 IV－配管、阀门和法兰尺寸 32

排液

1.0 SCOPE范围

This standard covers the minimum requirements for the design and materials for the installation

of instrumentation for the SECCO Ethylene Cracker Complex located in the Shanghai Chemical

Industrial Park, Caojin PRC.

本规范包括位于中国上海漕泾上海化学工业园赛科乙烯裂解联合装置的仪表安装设计和材

料的最低要求。

The scope of this standard shall generally cover installation details downstream of the first

instrument process connection isolation valve and instrument piping up to the local instrument

or control panel.

本标准一般包括初步仪表工艺接口隔离阀下游、仪表管道、直到现场仪表或控制盘的安装详

图。

2.0 REFERENCES参考标准

2.1 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS缩写和缩略语

The following is a list of abbreviations/acronyms for reference.

以下是缩写和缩略语清单。

ABBREVIATION

缩写 FULL DESIGNATION

全称

AIChE American Institute of Chemical Engineers

美国化学工程师学会

ANSI American National Standards Institute

美国国家标准学会

API American Petroleum Institute

美国石油学会

ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers

美国机械工程师协会

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

美国试验和材料协会

BS British Standards Institute 英国标准学会

CSA Canadian Standards Association加拿大标准协会

DIERS Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems

紧急泄放系统设计学会

DIN German Institute for Standardization 德国标准学会

EIA Electronic Industries Association 电子工业协会

FM Factory Mutual 工厂互助研究社

ICEA Insulated Cable Engineers Associated Standards

绝缘电缆工程师联合标准

IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

国际电工技术委员会

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

电气与电子工程师学会

ISA Instrumentation, Systems and Automation Society

仪表、系统和自动化协会

ISO International Organization for Standardization

国际标准化组织

NACE National Association of Corrosion Engineers

国家腐蚀工程师协会

NEC National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

国家电气厂商协会（NFPA 70）

NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association

国家电气厂商协会

NFPA National Fire Protection Agency

国家防火协会

OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration

职业安全和健康管理局

P&ID Piping and Instrument Diagram

管道和仪表流程图

SAMA Scientific Apparatus Manufacturers Association

科学仪器制造厂协会

TUV Technical Supervisory Association of Germany

德国技术监督协会

UL Underwriters Laboratories 保险商实验室

2.2 CODES AND STANDARDS 规范和标准

General Codes and Standards applicable to instrumentation and control equipment are listed in

General Instrument Standard SD-00-TSC-CI-0006, Appendix 1. These documents, including any

addenda, constitute a part of this standard unless otherwise noted. The referenced edition of

these publications shall be that which is in effect at the approved for construction issue date of

the purchase specification.

适用于仪表和控制的规范和标准详见通用仪表标准 SD-00-TSC-CI-0006附件 1。这些资料包括

任何附录将构成本标准的一个组成部分，除非另有规定。文件的参照版本应是采购规范的那

个版本，它在施工批准版发布之日生效。

In addition, instrument installation work shall comply with all relevant local Chinese regulations.

另外，仪表安装工作应符合所有有关中国地方规范。

CODE or STANDARD

规范或标准 TITLE

名称

SH/T 3104 Code for the design of instrument installation for petrochemical industry

石油化工行业仪表安装设计规范

SH 3020 Code for the design of instrument air supply system for petrochemical industry

石油化工行业仪表空气供气系统设计规范

2.3 REFERENCE SPECIFICATIONS 参照规范

This standard shall be read in conjunction with the following documents which give additional

details regarding instrumentation requirements:

阅读本标准时应结合资料一起阅读，它给出了仪表的要求详细：

DOCUMENT No.

文件号 TITLE

名称

PH-00-TIJ-CI-0006 Instrument & Control Philosophy

仪表和控制原则

SD-00-TSC-CI-0002 Packaged Unit Instrumentation

成套设备仪表

SP-00-TSC-PR-0002 Units of Measurement Specification

测量单位规范

SD-00-TSC-CI-0006 General Instrument Standard

通用仪表标准

PR-00-TSC-PR-0001 Unit Equipment, Line & Instrument Numbering Procedure 成套设备、

管线和仪表编码标准

SD-00-TSC-CI-0015 Instrument Cable Materials Standard

仪表电缆材料标准

SD-00-TSC-PR-0003 Standard for Winterisation

冬化处理标准

SD-00-TSC-CI-0016 Instrument Piping Materials Standard

仪表管道材料标准

SP-00-TSC-PR-0001 General Site Information: Meteorological, Geological & Utilities Data

综合现场报告：气象、地质和公用工程资料

3.0 DESIGN设计

3.1 INSTRUMENT MOUNTING 仪表安装

All instruments shall be close coupled where possible or mounted as close to the process

connection as possible to minimize the length of the impulse line without compromising the

accessibility of the instrument. The location of instruments shall be so that direct drainage of

condensate, water or process fluids from adjacent equipment has no adverse effect.

所有仪表的连接要尽可能的紧密，尽量靠近工艺接头，减少冲击管的长度，但不影响出入仪

表维护通道。仪表位置应可直接将相邻设备的冷凝、水或工艺流体排泄，从而不会产生不利

影响。

All field instruments, process taps and associated control equipment shall be readily accessible

for repair or adjustment from grade, fixed platform or fixed walkway. A rolling platform may be

used where free access is available to the space below the instrument. A fixed ladder may be

used for transmitters, gauges etc. but is not suitable for in-line instruments such as valves and

flowmeters. Local indicating instruments shall be located such that scales are readable both from

the access point and from where related equipment is operated or where primary instruments

are tested or calibrated. Instruments shall not be located in a manner which interferes with a

ladder, platform, walkway or operating area.

所有现场仪表、工艺取压接头和有关控制设备，应可以在地面、固定平台或固定人行通道随

时靠近维修或调节。如果仪表下方有空间的话，可以使用一个可移动平台对仪表进行维修。

可以用固定的梯子来维修变送器和压力表等，但不能用于在线仪表，例如阀门和流量计。现

场仪表的位置应便于读取仪表刻度，从检修通道、设备操作位置、或试验或校对一次仪表的

地方都可以读取。仪表的布置位置不应碰到梯子、平台、通道或操作区域。

Pressure and differential pressure instruments shall be located above the taps for gas, boiling

liquids and noncondensable vapors and below the taps for non-boiling liquids and condensable

vapors. Installation below taps is allowed for pressure and differential pressure instruments in

dry gas and noncondensable vapors where there are difficulties with above tap installation,

subject to approval by SECCO. Installation below taps for wet gases may be considered providing

that suitable catchpots and drain valves are included and that the quantity of liquid collected is

manageable by normal maintenance, again subject to SECCO approval.

压力仪表和差压仪表的位置应高于气体、汽化液体和非冷凝蒸气的接口，但低于非冷凝液体

和冷凝蒸气接口。对于低于干性气体和非冷凝蒸气接口的压力和差压仪表安装（因高于接口

安装比较困难），应提交赛科批准。对于低于湿气接口的安装应考虑使用合适的油气分离罐

和排液阀，而且，收集液体的数量可通过正常维护得到控制，这同样需要赛科的批准。

Instruments shall be mounted and routed to avoid any high temperature and electromagnetic

occasions.

仪表和安装和布置应避免任何高温工况和电磁干扰。

Instruments shall be mounted in a vibration-free location where possible. Where instruments

are located in heavy vibration areas, isolation mounting shall be considered. To avoid excessive

vibration, instruments shall not be mounted on compressor suction or discharge piping. Pressure

gauges, temperature indicators or other such devices shall not be mounted directly on lines

where excessive vibration is likely to be present.

仪表应尽可能安装在无振动位置。如果仪表安装在振动剧烈区域，应进行隔离安装。为避免

过分振动，应避免将仪表安装在压缩机入口或出口管线上。压力表、温度计或其它这种设备

不应直接安装在可能发生振动的管线上。

Field instruments shall be mounted on independent “hot dip” galvanized pipe stands and shall be

approximately 1.2m above the platform or floor in a position accessible for operation and

maintenance. This does not apply to instruments that are a) close coupled to the process

connection or b) mounted on lines, vessels or equipment or c) installed in-line with

pipe. Instrument stands shall not be welded to grating.

现场仪表应安装在单独热镀镀锌管道支座上，而且应高出平台或地面大约 1.2米，以便操作

和维修。这并不适用于以下仪表：a）靠近工艺接头连接；或 b）安装在管线、容器或设备

上；c）安装在管线内。仪表支架不应焊接到隔栅上。

Field analyzers (such as pH, moisture, TOC, etc) shall normally be located as close as possible to

the sampling point.

现场分析仪（例如 PH分析仪、湿度分析仪、TOC等）一般尽可能靠近取样点安装。

With the exception of direct connected process instruments (e.g., pressure gauges,

thermometers, etc.), instruments shall not use instrument piping or electrical conduit as support.

Plates welded to structures, pedestals, subpanels, yoke mounting and similar support

arrangements shall be used. Instrument supports shall not be welded to process piping or

vessels. Handrails shall not be used to support instruments. Devices shall be supported without

undue weight on connecting piping.

除了直接与工艺管线连接仪表（例如压力表、温度计等），其它仪表不应使用仪表管道或电

气穿线管作仪表支架。应使用焊接到钢结构、设备底座、安装盘和架座的钢板和类似支架排

列。不能把仪表支架焊接到工艺管道或容器上。不能把栏杆用于仪表支架。仪表设备支架不

应对连接管道施加额外的重量。

On prefabricated skids, modules or packages, instrument and control leads leaving or entering

the unit shall terminate at a location near the edge, utilizing appropriate junction boxes,

bulkheads or panel plates. It is preferred that the different boxes, bulkheads etc be grouped

together.

在预制滑轨、模件或成套设备上，输入/输出设备的仪表和控制导线应从边缘位置进行终端

接线，可利用接线盒、隔板或控制盘板。建议一起编组使用不同的接线盒和隔板等。

3.2 INSTRUMENT PROTECTION 仪表保护

Where the ambient temperature falls below the freezing point of the process fluid, instruments

supplied for outdoor use shall be provided with frost protection, generally in accordance with

Standard for Winterisation SD-00-TSC-PR-0003. Meteorlogical conditions are given in General

Site Information: Meteorlogical, Geological And Utilities Data SP-00-TSC-PR-0001.

如果环境温度低于工艺流体的结冰点以下，室外安装仪表应提供冬季保护、一般来讲，应执

行冬化处理标准 SD-00-TSC-PR-0003。气象条件详见总体现场资料：气象、地理和公用工程

数据 Data SP-00-TSC-PR-0001。

Differential pressure and pressure transmitters requiring frost protection shall be provided with

suitable enclosures and heat traced where necessary. Pressure gauges requiring protection shall

be provided with a molded polyurethane enclosure.

要求冬季保护差压和压力变送器应提供合适的外壳和必要的伴热系统。要求提供保护压力表

应铸造聚亚安酯保护外壳。

All other major instruments requiring protection (except for external displacement type level

instruments, level gauge glasses, and level switches) shall be mounted in suitable enclosures and

heat traced where necessary.

所有其它要求保护的主要仪表（不包括外置置换型液位仪表、液位仪表玻璃和液位开关）应

安装于合适的外壳内并进行必要的伴热。

In cryogenic service where instrument sensing lines are only heat traced and insulated (generally

the first 610 mm/2’-0” from process valve) to warm the cryogenic material, enclosures are not

required.

对于仅用于仪表感应管线进行伴热和保温（一般来讲，指从自工艺阀门起 610 mm/2’-0”）以

加热低温材料的低温设备，不需要安装保护箱。

Instruments and associated materials shall be adequately protected against rain, dust and salt air

for installation in a corrosive, salt laden marine environment. Heating or sealing of instruments

and connecting lines shall be provided where operation of the instrument could be affected by

low ambient temperatures. Insulation and/or seals shall be provided where process fluids

contained in instruments and lead lines may vaporize or freeze due to exposure to ambient

temperatures.

应对仪表和有关材料给予充分的保护和防雨/灰尘和盐分较大的空气（如果安装在一个腐蚀

性、含盐量较大的海洋性环境）。仪表的连接管线的伴热或密封应用于仪表操作可能被较低

环境温度影响的工况。保温和/或密封则应用于仪表或导压管含有的工艺流体可能因暴露在

环境温度下而造成汽化或结冰的工况。

Instrument equipment shall be protected from direct sunlight and high temperatures, where this

may degrade performance. Liquid crystal displays shall be protected from direct sunlight. Sun

shades shall be provided on local panels.

应对仪表设备进行保护和避免阳光直射和高温，否则会造成仪表性能降低。液体结晶显示更

应避免阳光直射。现场仪表盘应提供遮阳设施。

After installation, all piping and electrical connections on field instruments shall be plugged, and

the entire device shall be protected from the weather until all connections have been completed

and all covers have been replaced.

完成安装后，现场仪表的所有管道和电气接口应安装丝堵加以保护；整台仪表设备应具有风

雨保护措施，直到完成所有连接和更换所有密封盖。

3.3 INSTRUMENT CONNECTIONS TO PIPING, VESSELS, VENT AND DRAIN SYSTEMS管道、容

器、放空和排液系统的仪表接口

Instrument isolation requirements shall be in accordance with the Safe Isolation of Plant and

Equipment Standard SD-00-TSC-PR-0002.

仪表隔离要求应执行装置和设备安全隔离标准 SD-00-TSC-PR-0002。

The size, type and material of the instrument connection to process and utility piping shall be as

defined in piping specifications and shall be in accordance with the Instrument Piping Materials

Standard SD-00-TSC-CI-0016.

与工艺和公用工程管道连接的仪表尺寸、类型和材料应和管道规格一致；并且应执行仪表管

道材料标准 SD-00-TSC-CI-0016。

The instrument connection is defined as piping/tubing and fittings from the instrument to but

not including the first isolation valve. The process connection for instruments includes the first

isolation valve (also referred to as root valve) and is considered as part of the piping installation

as opposed to the instrument installation. This includes services for process, utilities and

purging. Isolation valves are also referred to herein as block valves. Double block and bleed

valves and other fittings to accommodate instrument connection requirements may be

considered as part of the piping installation if designated as such in piping specification modules

for instrument process connections.

仪表接口的定义是指从仪表开始的配管/导压管和管件，但不包括第一个隔离阀。仪表的工

艺接口包括第一个隔离阀（也称为分支阀）；与仪表安装相对立，此隔离阀是管道安装的一

部分。它具有工艺、公用工程和吹扫功能。隔离阀在此也可称为截止阀。用于满足仪表接口

要求的双介质和泄放阀及其它管件应视为管道安装的内容， 如果它们被指定为仪表工艺接

口的管道规格模件，。

Instrument vents and drains shall be connected to the appropriate open or closed systems in

accordance with process, health, safety and environmental requirements.

根据工艺、健康和环保要求，仪表排气和排液应连接至合适的敞开或封闭的系统。

3.4 INSTRUMENT PROCESS PIPING AND TUBING 仪表工艺配管和导压管

Instrument process lines are defined as piping or tubing from the first isolation valve or valves at

the pipe or vessel to the instrument. The term “impulse line” is considered as part of the

instrument process piping. Pipe and pipe fittings for instrument process lines shall be in

accordance with Instrument Piping Materials Standard SD-00-TSC-CI-0016.

仪表工艺管线的定义是指从管道或容器的第一个隔离阀或阀门到仪表之间的配管或导压管。

术语“脉冲管线”应视为仪表工艺配管的一部分。仪表工艺管线的配管和管件应执行《仪表配

管材料标准》SD-00-TSC-CI-0016。

All flanged process connections, except those for internal displacer level instruments shall have a

flanged gate block valve, directly connected to the process connection. Fittings between the

block valve and the process connection are not allowed unless otherwise specified.

所有法兰工艺接头，不包括内浮子液位计，应有一个法兰闸门型截止阀，直接连接到工艺接

头。不允许使用在截止阀和工艺接口之间使用任何管件，除非另有规定。

All flanged process connections to vessels, or lines shall conform to ASME/ANSI B.16.5 with

ratings in accordance with equipment/vessel ratings and piping specifications.

所有与容器或管线连接的法兰工艺接口应符合 ASME/ANSI B.16.5规格要求，和执行设备/容

器规格和管道规格。

The gasket contact surface of flanges shall either be smooth and have a roughness Ra (roughness

average) between 125 and 250 AARH (3.2 and 6.3 micrometers) or serrated as indicated, both in

accordance with ANSI B46.1. The gasket contact surfaces of end connections for ring joint flanges

shall either be smooth and have a roughness Ra (roughness average) of 63 AARH (1.6

micrometers) or serrated as indicated, both in accordance with ANSI B46.1.

法兰与垫片接触面应为平滑表面而且平均粗造度 Ra处于 125和 250 AARH（3.2和 6.3微米）

之间或指定的锯齿形表面，二者都应执行标准 ANSI B46.1。环形接口法兰端部接口的垫片接

触面应为平滑表面而且平均粗造度为 63 AARH（1.6 微米）或者指定的锯齿形，二者应执行

ANSI B46.1。

All instrument process lines shall be excluded from control buildings, remote instrument houses,

substations and other buildings dedicated for instrument and electrical equipment (except

analyser houses). Utilities such as instrument air and plant air may be considered on a case by

case basis.

所有仪表工艺管线不应被安装在控制室建筑物、远程仪表室、变电站和仪表和电气设备专用

的其它建筑物（不包括分析仪小屋）。仪表风和装置风之类的公用工程按实际情况考虑。

Instrument process piping/tubing shall be routed and sloped to avoid any pockets or

traps. Except where slopes are required, instrument tubing, capillaries and piping shall be plumb

and level. Piping/tubing shall have a continuous slope where possible at a minimum of 1:12

between the instrument and process connection. Where a continuous slope is not feasible, drip

pots shall be installed at low points.

仪表工艺配管/导压管的布置和坡度应避免出现任何液袋或集液。除了要求使用坡度的地方，

仪表导压管、毛细管和导压管应垂直和水平安装。配管/导压管应尽可能为连续坡度，仪表

和工艺接口之间的最小比例为 1：12。如果不能使用连续坡度，应在地点安装滴液罐。

In general, impulse lines should not exceed 5 meters (15 ft) for direct connected locally mounted

instruments. An isolation valve shall be provided within 1.5 meters (five feet) for length greater

than 5 meters (15 feet). All liquid or sealed lines shall have 20 mm (3/4 inch) vent valves at the

high points. Unsealed lines shall have drains at low points. Gas lines shall have drain pots at the

low points. Drain lines longer than 9.1 meters (30 feet) shall have a valve within 1.5 meters (5 feet)

of and accessible from the instrument.

一般而言，直接连接就地安装仪表的脉冲管线长度不应超过 5 米（15 英尺）若长度大于 5

米（15 英尺），则应在 1.5 米（5英尺）之内安装一个隔离阀。所有液体或封闭型管线应该

在高点有 20毫米（3/4英尺）的放空阀。非封闭型管线应该在低点有排液口。气体管线应该

在低点有排液罐。如果排液管线大于 9.1米（30英尺）应在距仪表 1.5米（5英尺）内安装

一个阀门，并能从仪表处进入操作。

Where required, tubing runs shall be grouped together in traceable flat bundles. The bundles

shall be placed in tubing trays for support and firmly attached to the support a maximum of every

24 in. (610 mm). All tubing of three or more runs shall be in tubing trays. Tubing not installed in

tubing trays shall be supported and protected from vibration and physical damage. No stress

shall be induced upon an instrument that will cause a malfunction or error in the readout. Lines

shall not be secured directly to machinery, pipe, or structural members. All splicing plates, tubing

clamps and miscellaneous hardware shall be Type 316 stainless steel.

按照需要应将导压管组合盛管束以便集中伴热。管束应集中在导压管槽内和牢固的固定在支

架上，支架的间隔距离最大应 24 英寸（610mm）。所有三根或三根以上导压管应安放在导

压管槽中。所有未安装在罐槽中的导压管应牢固支撑和采取保护措施，避免振动和物理损坏。

应避免对仪表施加应力和导致仪表故障或造成度数不准确。不应将导压管直接固定在设备、

管道或构件上。所有拼接板、管夹和其它硬件应为 316不锈钢材质。

Threaded pipe connections should be avoided wherever possible but where these are

unavoidable, teflon paste, or a suitable alternate, shall be applied to the male threads. Teflon

tape is not acceptable. Before make-up of threaded joints, threads shall be brushed, cleaned and

teflon paste thread sealant or suitable alternate applied to the male portion. Paste or alternate

shall be selected to ensure compatibility with process fluid, e.g. oxygen service. Paste may not be

suitable for analyzer system lines (including air or other utilities) and analyzer manufacturer

recommendations for suitable sealant should be followed.

应尽可能避免使用螺纹管道接口，否则应使用特氟龙胶泥或合适的替代品涂于阴螺纹上。不

能使用特氟龙胶带。在准备螺纹接口时，应仔细用钢丝刷将螺纹清理干净，然后将阴螺纹涂

上特氟龙胶泥螺纹密封剂或其它合适的替代品。胶泥或替代品的选择应保证与工艺价值例如

氧气介质等兼容。胶泥不能适用于分析仪系统管线（包括空气或其它公用工程介质管线），

应使用制造厂推荐的合适的密封剂。

All piping and tubing shall be blown out with clean dry air before it is connected to the

equipment.

应使用干净的干燥空气对所有配管和导压管进行吹扫，然后方可与仪表设备连接。

After connecting piping and tubing with the equipment, all joints and connections shall be leak

tested before start-up. Commercial leak test bubble fluid shall be used.

完成管道和导压管与设备的连接之后，在开车之前随所有接口和接头应实施泄漏试验。可使

用商业泄漏试验泡沫流体对所有可能的泄漏点进行监测。

All open ends of process drains and vents shall be closed with suitable caps or plugs.

所有工艺排液和排气的开口端应使用合适的管帽或丝堵进行密封。

Pipes or tubes installed, but not connected, shall have the ends closed using caps or plugs or

other approved fashion to prevent the entry of foreign material. Adhesive tape shall not be used.

安装但未连接的管道或导压管，应使用管帽或丝堵及其它合格的方式将端口密封，防止进入

异物。但不能使用胶带进行密封。

Piping and tubing shall be adequately supported and fixed at distances not exceeding those in the

following table:

应根据下表距离对配管和导压管进行充分支撑和固定：

Size尺寸 Max Distance Between Supports支架之间的最大距离

10 mm (3/8 in.) OD and less Continuous

外径≤10 mm (3/8 in.) 连续型支架

12 mm to 20 mm (1/2 inch to 3/4 inch) 2 m (6 ft)

12 毫米至 20毫米 (1/2 英尺至 3/4 英尺) 2 米 (6 英尺)

25 mm (1 inch) 3 m (9 ft)

25毫米（1英尺） 3米（9英尺）

Threads shall be cut only with sharp thread cutting tools with cutting oil applied during operation.

在螺纹切割期间，应使用锐角螺纹切割工具和切割冷却油。

Where tubing is used, maximum use of bends shall be made to minimize elbows and

fittings. Tubing shall be bent with correct size tubing bender to assure neat, serviceable

bends. Tubing cutters shall always be used to cut tubing. The cut tubing shall be reamed before

connection to a fitting. The use of short lengths of tubing in long runs shall be avoided.

Tubing/fitting tools and installation shall be in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations.

如果使用导压管，应尽可能使用弯管和尽量避免使用弯头和管件。导压管的弯曲制作应使用

正确尺寸的弯管机，保证制作整洁和可用的弯管。导压管切割器应保证只能用于切割导压管。

应在连接至管件前将切割的导压管进行铰孔。配管/管件工具和安装应执行制造厂的建议。

All venting instruments and pilot valves shall have Type 316 stainless steel bug screens fitted to

the atmospheric vents. Size shall be at least as large as the vent piping or tubing, but at least 1/4

in. (6 mm). Supply of bug screens shall be confirmed prior to loop checking. If bug screen is

installed on site, reconfirmation of valve stroke time must be completed as part of the loop check.

所有放空仪表和导阀应在排气口安装 316不锈钢防虫网。尺寸至少与排气管道或导压管尺寸

一致，但不应小于 1/4 in. (6 mm)。安装防虫网之前应事先对回路进行确认检查。如果在现场

安装防虫网，作为回路检查的一部分，应重新对阀门冲程时间进行检查。

Signal tubing from on-skid instruments to off-skid alarms, shutdowns, or control functions shall

be connected to a central bulkhead for connection to off-skid equipment. All signal lines shall

have stainless steel tags at the skid edge.

从安装在支座上仪表到无支座报警、停车或控制功能的信号导压管，应连接至无支座设备的

一个中心隔板上。所有信号管线应在支座上安装不锈钢铭牌。

All tubing shall be tagged at both ends, when the run is longer than 10 ft (3 m), and at any

module penetration, with a unique identification code.

如果导压管长度大于 10英尺（3米），所有导压管应在两头安装标签；而且在任何穿透性模

件上配备一个独特的识别编码。

Tubing shall be arranged so that couplings may be tightened without interference from adjacent

lines.

配管的布置应使联接紧固时，不会碰到邻近管线。

Tubing bundles shall only be used where approved.

导压管管束仅用于已认可的位置。

Each tube in each bundle shall be clearly identified with a stainless steel tag at each end to show

service and route.

对于每个管束的每根导压管，应在每个端口清楚地用不锈钢标签标明用途和路线。

Tubing bundles, where required, shall be interconnected in junction boxes or control panels. All

entries to junction boxes or control panels shall be made weatherproof.

导压管管束应按要求与接线箱或控制盘相联接。所有输入接线箱或控制盘的接线应安装防雨

措施。

Where field joints are required in the case of tubing bundles crossing structural splice lines, the

tubing shall be cut at each terminating end to prevent damage during installation. The ends shall

be provided with unions. The splice piece shall be cut to length and secured to the bundle on one

of the main runs to allow easy field installation across the splice line. All tubing ends shall be

taped or capped to preclude moisture or other foreign elements from entering during

transit. Tube bundle joints shall be made only with manufacturer approved joining kits.

如果导压管管束经过结构拼接管线要求使用现场接头，应在每个终端切割导压管和防止在安

装期间收到损坏。这些端头应安装活接头。按相应长度切断拼接件并将管束固定在一根主要

导压管上，这样可以方便地通过拼接管线进行现场安装。所有导压管端口应实施密封措施，

如胶带或管帽等，防止在运输期间进入水分或其它异物。导压管管束接口指南使用制造厂认

可的联接工具。

The use of hoses for hydraulic valve operators shall be avoided wherever possible, in favour of

solid tubing. Hoses shall only be used with the approval of SECCO. Where approved, flexible

hoses 1/4 in. (6 mm) nominal size, with the following construction:

液压阀门操作装置可能避免使用软管连接，最好使用固体导压管。软管使用之前应事先经过

赛科的批准。如果得到认可，弹性软管额定尺寸为 1/4 in. （6 mm），并具有以下结构：

Core Tube: Seamless thermoplastic tube resistant to hydraulic fluids.

中心管：无缝热塑管，耐液压介质。

Reinforcement: Single braid of Kevlar aramid yarn or equivalent to fulfill the physical

requirements of this standard.

加强件：单件开夫拉尔尼龙编织物或同等材料，能够满足本标准的物理要求。

Coverer: Seamless sheath of ether-based urethane resistant to cathodic, hydraulic and other

environmental conditions.

包层：无缝铠装乙醚基氨基甲酸乙酯。耐阴极、液压和其它环境条件。

Flexible hose bundles less than four inches (100 mm) in diameter require a jacket thickness of

0.188 in. (5 mm), while all larger sizes shall have a jacket of 1/4 in. (6 mm)0.

挠性软管束，直径小于 4英寸（100mm），要求套管厚度为 0.188英寸（5mm），如果直径大

于 4英寸，套管的厚度应为 1/4英寸（6mm）。

3.5 INSTRUMENT AIR PIPING AND PNEUMATIC TRANSMISSION仪表空气管道和气动传输

Instrument air supply header pipe, subheader pipe and pipe fittings shall be in accordance with

piping specifications for the appropriate pipe class.

仪表风总管、分支总管和管件应执行相应管道等级的管道规格。

Pipe and manifolds shall be used for instrument air supply sub-headers. Instrument air supply

sub-headers are considered part of the instrument installation. All sub-headers shall be provided

with block valves as part of the piping installation for connection to the main header.

管道和集管应用于仪表风分支总管。仪表风分支总管应视为仪表安装范围。所有分支总管应

配有截止阀，作为连接至总管的管道安装范围。

The sizing of instrument air supply subheaders shall be as per Appendix III.

仪表风分支总管的尺寸计算应符合附件 III的要求。

Instrument air supply and pneumatic signal tubing shall be in accordance with Instrument Piping

Materials Standard SD-00-TSC-CI-0016.

仪表风和启动信号导压管应执行仪表管道材料标准 SD-00-TSC-CI-0016。

Tubing shall be used for Individual instrument air supply and pneumatic field transmission lines to

and from instruments.

导压管应用作单独仪表风和往返仪表的气动现场输送管线。

Individual tube runs shall be supported from existing structures and steel work.

单独导压管的支撑可使用现有的支架和钢结构。

Where this facility is not available, individual tube runs shall be supported continuously in

channel, angle iron, conduit or pipe.

如果支撑设施不够完善，应使用通道、角铁、导管或管道对单独导压管进行连续支撑。

Insofar as practicable, changes in direction and elevation in tubing runs shall be accomplished by

90 degree bends.

如果可行的话，导压管的方向改变和高度变化应使用 90&ordm;弯管。

Each instrument requiring an air supply shall be supplied with an individual combination air filter

and relief type reducing regulator and an adjacent individual shutoff valve. Where an air

distribution valve manifold is used and its air sub-header shutoff valve is not accessible from the

manifold, a shutoff valve at the manifold shall be provided.

要求使用仪表风的每个仪表应配备单独的混合空气过滤器和泄压型调压阀及相邻的单独切

断阀。如果使用了空气分布阀门集管，其空气分支总管切断阀不应通过此集管，而应为集管

安装切断阀。

Installation practices for pneumatic piping and tubing shall follow the same principles as those for

instrument process piping and tubing with the exception that sloping of pneumatic tubing is not

required.

气动管线和导压管的安装作法应和仪表管道和导压管的安装原则相同（不包括有坡度要求的

气动导管）。

3.6 TEMPERATURE INSTRUMENTS温度仪表

Dial thermometers shall be installed to provide the best visibility for ease of reading.

刻度式温度计的安装应配有最佳方便可读刻度。

3.7 PRESSURE INSTRUMENTS气动仪表

Close coupled pressure gauges shall be supported by pipe and/or fittings on which it is installed

and shall have block and drain valves.

气密联接压力表应通过与之相连的管道和/和管件进行支撑，并应有切断阀和排液阀。

Pressure instruments shall be located so that liquid head impressed on the measuring element

shall not restrict the useful range of the instrument.

压力仪表的安装位置应使测量元件的液体压头对仪表使用范围产生限制。

Where the first block valve is not readily accessible from the instrument, an isolation valve close

to the instrument shall be supplied.

如果第一个截止阀不能用于仪表安装，应靠近仪表安装隔离阀。

Differential pressure instruments shall utilize five-valve manifolds wherever possible, consisting

of isolation, equalising and vent valves.

差压仪表应尽可能利用 5阀组集管，包括隔离、均化和排气阀。

Connections on the vessel or piping for all pressure instruments shall conform to the vessel or

piping specifications. Where nozzle connections are required, suitable flanges shall be provided.

所有连接至容器或配管的压力仪表接头应执行容器或管道规格要求。如果要求安装管嘴接

口，则应配备必要的法兰。

All pressure instruments shall have a primary block valve isolating it from the vessel or pipe.

所有压力仪表应安装一个主截止阀，以便与容器或管道隔离。

All pressure instruments shall have a vent valve to provide the capability of depressurizing the

sensing line after the block valve is closed.

所有压力仪表应配备一个排气阀，以便在截止阀关闭后能够使导压管泄压。

Pressure and differential pressure tap orientation shall follow the same requirements as given for

orifice flange taps in Appendix I.

压力和差压接头方向应满足与附件 I关于孔板法兰的相同要求。

Filters should be considered for use on powder measurement.

粉尘测量仪表应安装过滤器配套设施。

Pressure gauges shall not be surface mounted or have their blowout/back disc restricted.

压力表不应安装在设备表面或不应限制其爆破膜/背压膜。

3.8 FLOW INSTRUMENTS流量仪表

The line location for orifice runs, venturi tubes and flow nozzles shall allow sufficient access and

space for installation of differential pressure instruments and instrument piping. The minimum

required lengths of straight and unobstructed piping upstream and downstream of the primary

element shall be based on the beta ratio.

孔板导压管、文丘里管和流量管嘴的管线位置，应使差压仪表和仪表导压管具有足够的通道

和安装空间。主要元件上游和下游的直管和无障碍管道的最小长度要求应根据贝它（β）比

率。

The pipe sections upstream and downstream of the primary element shall be round and smooth

to obtain optimal metering accuracy. In vertical lines, the flow shall normally be downward for

wet gases and saturated steam and upward for liquids containing vapor.

主要元件的上游和下游导压管部分要求具有一定的圆度和平滑度，宜获得最佳计量精确度。

对于立式管线，流动方向要求为：湿气和饱和蒸汽一般向下流动，含有蒸气的液体一般向上

流动。

Piping specifications note the use of orifice flanges or standard flanges with radius taps (one pipe

inside diameter upstream and one-half pipe inside diameter downstream from the

orifice). Orifice flange taps shall generally be used for line sizes 50 mm (2 inches) through 300

mm (12 inches). Radius taps (D and D/2 taps) shall generally be used for line sizes 350 mm (14

inches) and larger. Pipe taps (2-1/2 D and 8D taps) shall not be used without approval from SECCO.

管道规格如果要求使用孔板法兰或标准半径接口法兰（一根管在管内上游，另外半根管线在

管内下游－靠近孔板）。孔板接头一般用于管线尺寸从 50mm（2英寸）到 300mm（14英寸）。

半径接头（直径和 1/2 直径接头）一般用于管线尺寸大于或等于 350mm（14mm）。用管接

头（2-1/2 D和 8D接头）应事先得到赛科的批准。

Orifice flanges shall be minimum ANSI Class 300 RF rating and shall be provided with flange taps

and jack-screws. Orifice flange facing and material shall be in accordance with piping

specifications.

孔板法兰应为最小 ANSI等级 300RF额定值和配备法兰接头和顶丝。孔板法兰面和材料应根

据管道规格要求。

Orientation of differential pressure producing taps shall be in accordance with Appendix I.

差压接口方向应符合附件 I的要求。

Meter run lengths upstream and downstream from orifice plates, flow nozzles and venturi tubes

shall be in accordance with 0.5% uncertainty tables in ISO 5167-1 and ASME applicable codes.

来自孔板、流量管嘴和文丘里管上游和下游的导压管长度，应满足 ISO 5167-1和 ASME适用

规范的 0.5％偏差表要求。

Meter run lengths upstream and downstream from turbine flow meters shall be in accordance

with API MPMS Chapter 5 Section 3 and manufacturer’s recommendations.

来自透平流量计上游和下游的导压管长度，应执行 API MPMS第 5章第 3节和制造厂的建议。

Meter run lengths upstream and downstream from other flow elements shall be in accordance

with manufacturer’s recommendations.

来自其它流量元件的上游和下游的导压管长度应执行制造厂建议。

Specially selected or machined pipe shall generally not be provided.

一般不应提供特殊选择的或机加工导压管。

Straightening vanes or flow conditioners to reduce straight run requirements shall not be used

without SECCO approval.

如果没有赛科的批准，不允许使用减少垂直导压管要求的整流导叶或流量调节装置。

No obstructions should be left in either the upstream or downstream meter tube sections after

installation. The final installation shall not require the operator to stand directly over the fitting to

change removable orifice plates.

安装完成后，上游或下游导压管内部不应存在任何阻塞物。最终安装不再需要操作员直接站

在配件前面更换可拆卸孔板。

Condensation chambers shall only be installed where necessary for steam and condensable vapor

service when using instruments having relatively large volume displacement.

如果使用相对较大容积排水量的仪表，冷凝腔仅安装于蒸汽和冷凝蒸气工况。

Variable area isolation valves, if required, shall be gate valves of the same size as the meter

connection. Bypass valves, if required, shall be gate valves of the same size as the main line.

如果需要安装变量面积隔离阀，阀门应为与导压管接口相同尺寸的闸阀。如果需要安装旁通

阀，阀门应为与主管线尺寸相同的闸阀。

3.9 LEVEL INSTRUMENTS液位仪表

Connections for level instruments shall be per Appendix II.

液位仪表接头应执行附件 II要求。

The external cages for displacement type instruments shall be supplied by the instrument

manufacturer.

置换型仪表的外置仪表箱应由仪表制造厂提供。

External cage instruments shall have a 20 mm (3/4 in) NPT plugged vent and 20 mm (3/4 in).

valved drain connection.

外置仪表箱应配备 20mm（3/4英寸）NPT装有丝堵的排气孔和 20mm（3/4英寸）装有阀门

的排液口。

Level transmitters, controllers and indicators shall have separate vessel connections. Common

standpipes shall not be used without SECCO approval.

液位变送器、控制器和指示器应具有单独的容器接口。公用竖管的使用应事先得到赛科的批

准。

In general, bottom level connections (process, instrument or standpipe) for vertical vessels shall

be approximately six inches (150 mm) above the bottom tangent line of the vessel. The top level

connection for any vessel shall be above the maximum liquid level in the vapor space (except for

interface service).

一般来讲，立式容器的液位接口（工艺、仪表或竖管）应大致高于容器底部切线 6 英寸

（150mm）。任何容器的顶部液位接口应高于蒸气空间内的最高液位（但界面设备除外）。

Piping installation for level indicators shall include block valves and 20 mm (3/4”) or 15 mm (1/2

inch) vent and drain valve in accordance with piping specifications.

根据配管规格要求，液位指示器的配管安装应包括截止阀和 20mm（3/4”）或 15 mm （1/2

inch）排气阀和排液阀。

The level indicator coverage shall cover the control range plus any alarm or shutdown levels.

液位指示器量程应包括控制量程加上任何报警或停车液位。

Where the top measurement line is dry and there is a possibility of small amounts of condensate,

a condensation bend of at least 0.6 m (2 feet) should fall vertically into the top isolation valve.

如果顶部测量管线为干燥管线，而且不可能出现少量凝液，则至少为 0.6 m（2 英尺）冷凝

弯管应垂直进入顶部隔离阀。

3.10 CONTROL VALVES, REGULATING VALVES AND ACTUATED ON-OFF VALVES 调节阀、调

压阀和执行机构驱动的开关阀

Instrument in-line valves shall be accessible from grade, fixed platforms or fixed walkways. A

rolling platform may be used where free access is available to the space below the instrument.

应可通过地面、固定平台或固定人行通道接近仪表在线阀门。也可以使用移动式轧制平台自

由进入仪表下面空间进行仪表维护和监测。

The bonnet and packing box of low temperature service instrument in-line valves shall be

extended bonnet type or heat traced, if necessary, to avoid freezing of valve stems. Use of heat

tracing or extended bonnets shall be in accordance with recommendation of valve manufacturer.

低温设备仪表在线阀门的阀帽和填料箱应为加长阀帽型或伴热型（必要时），从而避免阀杆

结冰。伴热或加长阀帽的使用应执行阀门制造厂的建议。

Where required, the piping installation shall include valves for isolation, bypass capable of full

flow manual control, and drain and vent valves.

管道的安装应按照要求包括隔离阀和旁通阀，用于控制全流量手动控制调节阀、排液阀和排

气阀。

Block and bypass arrangement shall be considered for the following applications:

截止阀和旁通阀布置应考虑以下工况：

• Abrasive and highly corrosive products or liquids containing solid particles

• 摩擦性和强腐蚀产品或含有固体颗粒的液体。

• Critical continuous service

• 主要连续操作工况。

• Where it is necessary to shut down and completely degas the unit to repair the valve

• 有必要停车和设备完全脱气后进行阀门维修的位置。

Instrument in-line valves shall normally be installed in horizontal lines with the operators above

the valves. Vertical line installation and/or different orientation for operators are allowed only

where permitted by manufacturers of both valve and operator.

仪表在线阀门一般安装在高于阀门安装的有操作装置的水平管线上。立式管线的安装和/或

操作装置的不同方位，仅用于制造厂允许同时安装阀门和操作装置的位置。

3.11 PRESSURE SAFETY RELIEF VALVES (PSVS) 压力安全阀（PSV）

Safety relief valve installation shall be in accordance with applicable code requirements.

安全泄放阀门安装应执行适用的规范要求。

Discharge piping shall be routed so as to reduce hazard to personnel and equipment.

排放管道和布置应尽量减少对设备和人员产生危害。

Liquid tailpipes shall vent downward, and gas (vapor) tail-pipes shall vent upward when

discharging to atmosphere.

液体排放管应朝向地面排放，气体（蒸气）排气管如果排入大气则应朝上排放。

Discharge lines shall be designed to facilitate drainage away from the valve.

排放管线的设计应安排从阀门排放。

The system's discharge piping shall be self-draining towards the discharge end. Pocketing of

discharge lines is prohibited. The use of traps or other lines with operating mechanisms shall be

avoided. The discharge line shall be heat traced when the PSV handles viscous materials or other

materials that can solidify as they cool to ambient temperature.

系统排放管线应能自动排液至排放端口。应禁止使用液袋排放管线。应禁止使用疏水阀或其

它带有操作机构的管线。如果压力安全阀处理粘性介质或其它可能凝固的介质，因介质遇到

环境温度会发生凝固，所以排放管线应安装伴热管。

For pressure safety relief valves which discharge hydrocarbon vapors directly to the atmosphere,

the discharge line shall be terminated a minimum of 12 in. (300 mm.) above the highest adjacent

vessel or platform within a five foot (1.5 m) radius.

对于直接强烃类蒸气排放到大气的压力安全泄放阀，其排放管线终端应至少高于 5英尺（1.5

米）半径内的最高邻近容器或平台 12英寸（300mm）。

PSV's shall be installed so they are accessible from grade, fixed platforms or fixed walkways. A

rolling platform may be used where free access is available to the space below the instrument.

应可通过地面、固定平台或固定人行通道接近压力安全阀。可以使用移动式轧制平台自由进

入仪表下面空间进行仪表维护和监测。

All PSV's shall be accessible for inspection and maintenance. When the mass of the PSV exceeds

50 lbs (25 Kg), and the location is inaccessible for cranes, davits shall be installed.

可以方便地进行所有压力安全阀的检验和维护。如果安全阀的质量超过 50 lbs (25 Kg)，难以

接近的阀门的定位应使用吊车、吊柱进行安装。

When required, block valves for maintenance isolation shall be installed in both the inlet and

outlet piping in accordance with ASME Section VIII, Div. 1 and Div. 2. Full opening ball valves are

preferred for block valve applications. When gate valves used as block valves, they shall be

installed with stems oriented horizontally or, if this is not feasible, the stem may be oriented

downward to a maximum of 45° from the horizontal to keep the gate from falling off and blocking

the flow. Block valves shall not be installed in steam generators per ASME Section I.

如果需要，应根据 ASME第 8篇第 1和 2分篇的要求，将用于维护隔离的截止阀应安装在入

口和出口管线。截止阀应用最好使用全开球阀。如果将闸阀用作截止阀，其阀杆的安装应为

水平方向，或如果不可行的话，阀杆方向朝下而且与水平方向最大成 45°角，这样可保证闸

阀掉落，同时可起到截止流量的要求。根据 ASME第 1部分的要求，截止阀不能安装在蒸汽

发生器上。

Block valves on relief valves in service shall be car sealed open (CSO) or locked open (LO). The

inlet block valves on installed spare relief valves or valved connections shall be car-sealed closed

(CSC) or locked closed (LC).

用于泄放阀的截止阀应为铅封开（CSO）或锁定开（LO）。安装在泄放阀或阀门接口的入口

截止阀应为铅封关（CSC）或锁定关（LC）。

The outlet block valve (if required in closed discharge systems) shall be car-sealed in the cracked

open position to avoid excessive pressure build-up beyond the (lower) rating of the outlet side of

the valve resulting from leaks through the inlet valve and this spare PSV.

出口截止阀（如果密闭排放系统要求）应在裂纹开位置进行铅封，以避免阀门出口侧（较低）

额定值压力过高，造成本压力安全阀入口阀泄漏。

Block valves shall be painted a distinctive color.

截止阀的涂漆应为醒目和容易辨认的颜色。

APPENDIX I – ORIFICE FLANGE ORIENTATION

附件 1－孔板法兰方位

Page 1 of 2 共 2页第 1页

NOTES注：

1) Figures A through D indicate a pair of orifice flanges bolted together in a horizontal pipe.

Figure E indicates a pair of orifice flanges bolted together in a vertical pipe. Vertical meter runs

may be used only with prior approval of SECCO. Both upstream and downstream taps shall have

the same orientation.

图 A 到图 D 为安装于水平管道的栓接在一起的成对孔板法兰。图 E 为安装于立式管道的栓

接在一起的成对孔板法兰。立式导压管可以在事先得到赛科批准的条件下使用。上游和下游

取压接口都应具备相同的方位。

2) Radius taps and pipe taps used with orifice plates shall follow the same orientation

requirements as flange taps.

装有孔板法兰的径向取压接口和导压管接口应与法兰接口有相同的方位要求。

3) Orifice plates are normally concentric type. Eccentric or segmental type shall be clearly

identified.

孔板一般为同心型。如果使用偏心或扇形孔板，应予以清楚区分和识别。

4) Figure A indicates preferred tap orientation at 45 degrees below horizontal centerline

for concentric orifice plate flow measurement of non-boiling liquids and condensable

vapors. Where piping clearances are a factor, taps may be located from horizontal centerline

down to 45 degrees below horizontal centerline as shown in Figures A & C. Tap orientation for

eccentric orifice plates may only be either 90 or 180 degrees from point of tangency. Tap

orientation for segmental orifice plates may only be 180 degrees from opening.

图 A 说明了首选取压接口方位：与非蒸发液体和冷凝性蒸气的同心或偏心孔板流量测量元

件的水平中心线成下 45&ordm;角。如果将管道间隙作为一个考虑因素，取压接口的方位应

按图 A和 C所示：从水平中心线向下与水平中心线成 45&ordm;角。同心孔板的取压接口方

向应和切线点成 90&ordm;或 180&ordm;角。扇形孔板的取压接口方向只能与开口成

180&ordm;。

5) Figure B indicates preferred tap orientation at 45 degrees below vertical centerline for

concentric orifice plate flow measurement of boiling liquids, gas and non-condensable

vapors. Where piping clearances are a factor, taps may be located from vertical centerline down

to 45 degrees below vertical centerline as shown in Figures C & D. Tap orientation for eccentric

orifice plates may only be either 90 or 180 degrees from point of tangency, as shown in figures C

& D. Tap orientation for segmental orifice plates may only be 180 degrees from opening.

图 B说明了首选取压接口方位：与蒸发液体、气体和非冷凝性蒸气的同心或偏心孔板流量测

量元件的垂直中心线成下 45&ordm;角。如果将管道间隙作为一个考虑因素，取压接口的方

位应按图 C和 D所示：从垂直中心线向下与垂直中心线成下 45&ordm;角。同心孔板的取压

接口方向应和切线点成 90&ordm;或 180&ordm;角。扇形孔板的取压接口方向只能与开口成

180&ordm;。

6) Tap orientation for other differential pressure producing flow elements (such as venturis,

flow nozzles, etc) shall, in general, follow the same orientation requirements as for orifice plates.

其它差压流量元件（如文丘里、流量管嘴等）的取压口方位，一般来讲，应和流量孔板的要

求一样，具有相同的方位。

7) Unused taps shall be plugged with bar stock plugs.

暂时不用的取压口应棒料丝堵密封保存。

8) Instrument installation detail drawings shall reflect taps in accordance with these notes.

仪表安装详图应根据上述注解反映取压口的方位。

APPENDIX I – ORIFICE FLANGE ORIENTATION

附件 I－孔板法兰方位

Page 2 of 2 共 2页第 2

1. Flange tap orientation for orifice plate in horizontal pipelines (concentric orifice).

水平管线上孔板法兰的法兰取压口方位图（同心孔板）。

Flange tap orientation for orifice plate in vertical pipelines (Figure E)

立式管线上孔板法兰的法兰取压口方位图（图 E）。

Figure E

图 E

APPENDIX II - INSTRUMENT PROCESS CONNECTIONS

附件 II－仪表工艺接口

Instrument Type仪表类型 Connection Size连接尺寸

Analyzer分析仪

Vessel容器 20mm(3/4 in.), 40mm(1 1/2 in.),

50 mm (2 in.) Flanged法兰

Pipe管线 20 mm (3/4in.) minimum最小

Level indicators -液位计

< 12 ft. (3658 mm) 50mm(2 in.) Flanged法兰

> 12 ft. (3658 mm) 80 mm (3 in.) Flanged法兰

Level Displacer - External浮子液位计-外置 50 mm (2 in.) Flanged法兰

Level Switch – External液位开关 外置 50 mm (2 in.) Flanged法兰

Level Standpipe (minimize) 液位竖管

Single instrument less than 12 ft.(3658 mm) 50 mm (2 in.) Flanged

12 ft.(3658 mm) and longer 80 mm (3 in.) Flanged

Multiple instruments 80 mm (3 in.) Flanged

单点仪表小于 12英尺（(3658 mm) 50 mm (2 in.)法兰

12英尺(3658 mm) 和更长 80 mm (3 in.) 法兰

多路仪表 80毫米（3英寸）法兰

Level – Internal液位计-外置 To suit instrument以适合仪表

Level - Diaphragm Sealed Type 80 mm (3 in.) Flanged (different size may be used for

accuracy or other technical considerations)

液位计封闭型 80毫米（3英寸）法兰（不同尺寸用于精度或其它技术原因）

Level – Single Flange Mounted 80 mm (3 in.) Flanged

液位计 - 单法兰安装 80毫米（3英寸）

Pressure-压力

Vessel容器 50 mm (2 in.) Flanged法兰

Pipe管线 20mm (3/4 in) Flanged法兰

Flow – 流量

Orifice Flange Taps孔板法兰接口 15mm, (1/2 in) 20mm (3/4 in)

Flanged

Pipe taps管线接口 20mm (3/4 in) Flanged法兰

Diaphragm Sealed Type膜封闭型 50 mm (2 in.) Flanged法兰

Thermowell热电偶

Vessel 40 mm (1-1/2 in.) Flanged, 300# minimum.(larger size may be required for

multiple element assembly)

容器 40 mm (1-1/2 in.) 法兰, 300#最小（多路元素组件可能需要更大的尺寸）

Pipe 40mm (1-1/2 in.) Flanged 300# minimum. In accordance with piping

specification

管线 40mm (1-1/2 in.) 法兰 300#最小，根据配管规格。

Equipment 40 mm (1-1/2 in.) Flanged Equipment (such as heaters or exchangers) As

recommended by equipment manufacturer

设备 40 mm (1-1/2 in.) 法兰设备（诸如加热器或换热器），根据设备制造商的推荐。

Note :-注释

Piping connections shall be in accordance with the above requirements unless dictated otherwise

by the piping specification

配管连接应该符合上述要求，除非配管另有规定。

APPENDIX III - INSTRUMENT AIR SUPPLY SUB-HEADER SIZES

附件 III－仪表风分支总管尺寸

Number of Users用户数量 Pipe Size 管道尺寸

1 to 至 3 15 mm (&frac12; in.) or 或 12 mm tubing导压管

4 to 至 10 20 mm (&frac34; in.)

11 to 至 20 25 mm (1 in.)

21 to至 50 40 mm (1&frac12; in.)

51 to至 100 50 mm (2 in.)

101 to至 200 80 mm (3 in.)

APPENDIX IV - PIPE, VALVE AND FLANGE SIZES

附件 IV－配管、阀门和法兰尺寸

Sizes for pipes, pipe fittings, valves and vessel nozzles shall be designated in nominal diameter

(ND) millimeters. Actual outside diameters in millimeters for pipe are identical to those

corresponding to the nominal pipe size (NPS) in inches. Actual inside diameters in millimeters

shall be identical to those corresponding to schedule identification for the nominal pipe size (NPS)

in inches. Actual dimensions in millimeters for flanges and valve face-to-face measurements shall

be identical to those corresponding to inches noted in applicable ASME/ANSI/ISA/API codes and

standards.

管道、管件、阀门和容器管嘴的尺寸应以标称直径（ND）mm。管道的外径以 mm为单位，

对应于标称管线尺寸（NPS）英寸。以 mm 为单位的实际内径对应于标称管道尺寸（NPS）

英寸的壁厚。以 mm为单位的实际尺寸和阀门面与面测量，应对应于适用 ASME/ANSI/ISA/API

规范和标准规定的英寸单位。

Please note the following table for nominal sizes. 请注意下表中的标称尺寸。

ND

mm NPS

inches ND

mm NPS

Inches

10 0.375 550 22

15 0.5 600 24

20 0.75 650 26

25 1 700 28

40 1.5 750 30

50 2 800 32

65 2.5 850 34

80 3 900 36

100 4 1050 42

125 5 1200 48

150 6 1350 54

200 8 1500 60

250 10 1800 72

300 12 1950 78

350 14 2100 84

400 16 2250 90

450 18 2400 96

500 20 2600 104

Contract Title 合同标题

Shanghai Secco Petrochemicals Company Limited

上海赛科石油化工有限责任公司

Integrated Project Management Team

一体化项目管理组

Caojing, Shanghai, P R China

中国 上海 漕泾

Document Title 文件标题

GENERAL INSTRUMENT STANDARD

通用仪表标准

SD-00-TSC-CI-0006

English language is the "original" language and if inconsistencies exist between English and

Chinese versions, the English version takes precedence and the English version is the legally

binding version.

原本以英文书就，如果英文和中文版本之间存在不一致，以英文版本为准，英文版本具有法

律约束力。

A01 Updated and

Translated TER 10-12-02 SM 9/1/03 SM 9/1/03 SM

9/1/03

A00 Chinese translation done on A00

从 A00版开始有中文翻译

29/11/02

A00 Approved TER 15-08-02 SM 07-08-02 SM 19-0

8-02 SM 19-08-02

P00 Issued For SEI

Review GT 19-06-02

Issue

Rev Issue or Revision Description Origin by Date Check

by Date Approve

by Date Approve by Date

This Document is Owned by本文件持有人 Stuart Mounfield (SM) IPMT Authority

IPMT授权批准

HARD COPIES ARE UNCONTROLLED

硬拷贝为非受控文件

GENERAL INSTRUMENT STANDARD

通用仪表标准

TABLE OF CONTENTS

目录

1.0 SCOPE范围 5

2.0 STANDARDISATION标准化 5

3.0 REFERENCES参考标准 5

3.1 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS缩写和简称 5

3.2 CODES AND STANDARDS规范和标准 6

3.3 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS参考文献 7

4.0 DESIGN 设计 8

4.1 GENERAL概述 8

4.2 TEMPERATURE INSTRUMENTS 温度仪表 12

4.3 FLOW INSTRUMENTS 流量仪表 17

4.4 PRESSURE INSTRUMENTS 压力仪表 23

4.5 LEVEL INSTRUMENTS 液位仪表 25

4.6 CONTROL VALVES, SELF ACTING REGULATORS AND ACTUATED ON-OFF VALVES调节阀、

自力式调节阀和开关阀 31

4.7 INSTRUMENT AIR SUPPLY 仪表供气 36

4.8 PRESSURE/SAFETY RELIEF DEVICES压力/安全泄压设备 36

4.9 INSTRUMENT TAGGING 仪表位号 38

4.10 VOLTAGE LEVELS AND CABLE TYPES FOR INSTRUMENTS仪表的电压等级和电缆类

型 38

4.11 UNITS 单位 40

4.12 LOCAL CONTROL PANELS, CONSOLES & ENCLOSURES 现场控制盘，操作台和防

护 40

5.0 EQUIPMENT LOCATION, ENVIRONMENT AND SERVICES 设备位置，环境和设

施 43

5.1 OPERATING ENVIRONMENT操作环境 43

5.2 ELECTRICAL INTERFERENCE电气干扰 43

5.3 ELECTRICAL POWER SUPPLY供电 43

5.4 PROTECTION TECHNIQUES FOR INSTRUMENTS IN HAZARDOUS AREAS危险区内仪表保

护技术 44

APPENDIX I - THERMOWELL INSERTION LENGTHS 48

附件 I - 热电偶插入长度

APPENDIX II - CODES AND STANDARDS 50

附件 II - 规范和标准

APPENDIX III - PIPE, VALVE AND FLANGE SIZES 53

附件 III - 管线、阀门和法兰尺寸

1.0 SCOPE范围

This specification covers the minimum requirements for the design, materials and manufacturing

of instrumentation to be provided for the SECCO Ethylene Cracker Complex located in the

Shanghai Chemical Industrial Park, Caojin PRC. standardisation.

本规范包括用于位于中国上海漕泾的上海化学工业园赛科乙烯裂解联合装置标准化的仪表

设计、材料和制造的最低要求。

2.0 STANDARDISATION标准化

Certain individual types of instrumentation shall be standardised across the SECCO complex and

shall be obtained only from the SECCO nominated vendor. If no vendors have been nominated for

an individual instrument type then proposed vendors shall be submitted to SECCO for approval.

某些特殊类型的仪表标准应在整个赛科联合装置中统一，并且应只有从赛科指定的供应商处

获得。如果一种特殊类型的仪表无指定的供应商，则被提议的供应商应经过赛科的审批。

Any conflict between the requirements of this specification and related codes, standards, data

sheets, drawings, requisitions, etc., shall be referred to SECCO in writing for clarification /

resolution.

本规范和相关规范，标准，数据表，图纸，请购单等等之间的要求发生冲突时，应书面提交

赛科澄清和解决。

3.0 REFERENCES参考标准

3.1 Abbreviations and Acronyms缩写和简称

The following is a list of abbreviations/acronyms for reference.

下列缩写/简称表供参考：

ABBREVIATION

缩写 FULL DESIGNATION

全称

AIChE American Institute of Chemical Engineers

美国化学工程师学会

ANSI American National Standards Institute美国国家标准学会

API American Petroleum Institute美国石油学会

ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers

美国机械工程师协会

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

美国测试和材料协会

BS British Standards Institute英国标准学会

CSA Canadian Standards Association加拿大标准协会

DIERS Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems

紧急泄放系统设计学会

DIN German Institute for Standardisation德国标准学会

EIA Electronic Industries Association电子工业协会

FM Factory Mutual工厂互助研究社

ICEA Insulated Cable Engineers Associated Standards

绝缘电缆工程师联合标准

IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

国际电工技术委员会

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

电气与电子工程师学会

ISA Instrumentation, Systems and Automation Society

仪表、系统和自动化协会

ISO International Organisation for Standardisation国际标准化组织

NACE National Association of Corrosion Engineers

国家腐蚀工程师协会

NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association

国家电气厂商协会

NFPA National Fire Protection Agency国家防火协会

OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration

职业安全和健康管理局

P&ID Piping and Instrument Diagram管道和仪表流程图

SAMA Scientific Apparatus Manufacturers Association

科学仪器制造厂协会

TUV Technical Supervisory Association of Germany

德国技术监督协会

UL Underwriters Laboratories保险商实验室

3.2 Codes and Standards规范和标准

See Appendix II for a list of codes and standards applicable to Instrumentation. These documents,

including applicable addenda, constitute a part of this specification as described herein unless

otherwise noted. The referenced edition of these documents shall be that which is in effect as of

the approved for construction issue date of this specification unless otherwise noted.

适用于仪表的规范和标准清单见附录 2，这些文件，包括适用附录，是本规范的一部分，除

非另有说明。文件的参照版本应是本规格的那个版本，它在施工批准版发布之日生效。

Except as modified by requirements specified herein or by requisition specific requirements, work

included in this standard shall conform to the applicable provisions of these publications and with

all applicable national, state and local codes in China.

除非由于特别要求而造成修订，本标准所指的工作应符合这些出版物适用规定、以及所有适

用的中国国家、政府、地方的规范。

3.3 Reference Documents参考文献

This standard shall be read in conjunction with the following documents which give additional

details regarding specific equipment:

阅读本标准时，应结合下列特殊设备的详细资料，一起阅读：

DOCUMENT NUMBER

文件号 TITLE

标题

PH-00-TIJ-CI-0006 Instrument & Control Philosophy仪表和控制原则

SD-00-TSC-CI-0001 Instrument Installation Standard仪表安装标准

SD-00-TSC-CI-0004 Distributed Control System Standard

集散控制系统标准

PR-00-TSC-PR-0001 Unit Equipment, Line & Instrument Numbering Procedure装置设备，

管道和仪表编号方法

SP-00-TSC-PR-0001 General Site Information: Meteorological, Geological & Utilities Data

综合现场报告：气象，地质和公用工程资料

SD-00-TSC-PR-0003 Standard for Winterisation冬化处理标准

SP-00-TSC-PR-0002 Units of Measurement Specification测量单位规范

SD-00-TSC-CI-0005 Programmable Logic Controller Standard

可编程控制器标准

SD-00-TSC-CI-0011 Pressure Relief Valve Standard泄压阀标准

SD-00-TSC-CI-0020 Control Valve Standard调节阀标准

SD-00-TSC-CI-0021 Electronic Transmitter Standard电子变送器标准

SD-00-TSC-CI-0008 Pressure Gauge Standard现场压力表标准

SD-00-TSC-CI-0013 On/Off Valve Standard开关阀标准

SD-00-TSC-CI-0025 DP Producing Flow Element Standard

差压式流量元件标准

SD-00-TSC-CI-0014 Rupture Disc Standard爆破膜标准

SD-00-TSC-CI-0022 Temperature Elements & Thermowell Standard

温度元件和温度计套管标准

SD-00-TSC-CI-0023 Pressure Switch Standard压力开关标准

SD-00-TSC-CI-0024 Temperature Gauge Standard现场温度计标准

SD-00-TSC-CI-0015 Instrument Cable Materials Standard

仪表电缆材料标准

SD-00-TSC-CI-0016 Instrument Piping Materials Standard仪表管材标准

GU-00-TIJ-CI-0001 Foundation Fieldbus Implementation Guidelines

基金会现场总线执行导则

PH-00-TSC-SE-0004 Plant Design Noise Philosophy工厂设计防噪原则

SD-00-TSC-CI-0006 General Instrument Standard通用仪表标准

4.0 DESIGN 设计

4.1 General概述

Transmitters and valve positioners for use with the DCS shall be Foundation Fieldbus type.

Transmitters for use with the SIS shall be 4-20mA/HART type. Plain 4-20mA transmitters and

valve positioners shall not be used without SECCO approval. Transmitters and valve positioners

shall be supplied by the Main Instrument Vendor (MIV) Emerson Process Management.

用于 DCS 的变送器和阀门定位器应该是基金会现场总线型。用于 SIS 的变送器应该是

4-20mA/HART型。没有 SECCO的同意，不能使用简单型 4-20mA变送器。变送器和阀门定位

器应该由主要仪表供应商（MIV）Emerson Process Management来供应。

Pneumatic transmitters and controllers shall not be used. Process signals to/from panel mounted

electronic controllers used as part of equipment/packaged unit control panels should be

integrated with the DCS.

不应使用气动变送器和控制器。经过安装在电气盘上的控制器的工艺信号应集成到装置操作

的 DCS系统，用作设备/成套设备控制盘一部分。

Instruments located outdoors shall be suitable for installation in a corrosive, salt laden marine

environment and in ambient conditions. Enclosures for electrical components shall be rated

minimum weatherproof IP65 in accordance with IEC 60529.

置于室外的仪表应适合安装在一个腐蚀性的、充满盐分的海水环境和环境条件。电气元件的

防护外壳应根据 IEC 60529最低定为 IP65。

All electrical equipment and circuits for instrumentation and controls shall be designed, supplied

and installed to meet the electrical area classification in which they will be installed.

所有电气设备和仪表与控制电路的设计、供货和安装，应满足其所在的电气区域划分要求。

Differential pressure instruments shall use 5-valve manifolds consisting of high/low block valves

and high/low/ vent valves and an equalising valve.

差压仪表应使用由高/低压切断阀和高/低压排气阀组成的 5阀组集管和同等阀门。

Pressure instruments shall use 2-valve manifolds consisting of a block and a bleed valve.

压力仪表应使用由一个切断阀和一个排污阀组成的 2阀组集管。

Manifolds shall be in accordance with instrument installation details.

阀组应与仪表的安装详图一致。

The use of process connected switches shall be avoided where possible, and shall not be used for

SIS applications, with the exception of level switches.

应尽量避免使用工艺连接开关，并且不应用于 SIS，但不包括液位开关。

All switch contacts shall normally be double-pole double throw (DPDT), Form C, hermetically

sealed (when available), rated for 1 ampere minimum at 24VDC. Mercury filled switches are not

acceptable. Contacts for use in AC voltage circuits shall be rated for 2 amperes minimum at

220VAC.

所有开关触点应通常是双刀双掷（DPDT），C型，（如果可能的话）进行密封，24VDC电压下

的额定电流最小为 1安培。注水银的开关是不容许的。用在交流电路中的触点应在 220VAC

的电压下的额定电流最小为 2安培。

Analog meter scales, digital display scales, direct reading instrument gauges, programmed

engineering units, etc. shall use SI units.

模拟表的量程，数字显示量程，直接读数仪表，编程工程单元等等，应使用国际单位。

Asbestos and crystalline silica containing materials are recognised carcinogens by the

international agency for research on cancer. The use of asbestos and crystalline silica is therefore

prohibited from use on the SECCO project.

国际癌症研究机构确认了含有石棉和水晶硅的材料是致癌物质。因此，SECCO项目禁止使用

含有石棉和水晶硅的材料。

All serial digital data transmission interfaces shall be subject to approval by SECCO.

所有其它串行数字数据通讯界面应符合 EIA RS485标准。通讯协议应是Modbus RTU。

Unless otherwise required by piping specifications, flanged end connections shall be in

accordance with ANSI / ASME B16.5 for sizes up through 600 mm (24”) and in accordance with

ASME / ANSI B16.47 Series B for size 650 mm (26”) and larger. Material shall be minimum carbon

steel.

除非配管的规格另有要求， 600mm（24”）以下尺寸的法兰式末端的接口应依照 ANSI/ASME

B16.5，大于等于 650mm（26”）依照 ASME/ANSI B16.47。材料应至少是碳钢。

The gasket contact surface of flanges shall either be smooth and have a roughness Ra (roughness

average) between 125 and 250 AARH (3.2 and 6.3 micrometers) or serrated as indicated, both in

accordance with ANSI B46.1. The gasket contact surfaces of end connections for ring joint flanges

shall either be smooth and have a roughness Ra (roughness average) of 63 AARH (1.6

micrometers) or serrated as indicated, both in accordance with ANSI B46.1.

法兰的垫片接触面应依照 ANSI B46.1，或者是圆滑的并且有在 125 和 250AARH（3.2 和 6.3

微米）之间的粗糙度（平均粗糙度），或者如所示的锯齿状。环形连接面法兰的垫片接触面

应依照 ANSI B46.1，或者是圆滑的并且有 63AARH（1.6微米）的粗糙度（平均粗糙度），或

者如所示的锯齿状。

All instruments and associated control equipment shall be readily accessible for repair or

adjustment from grade, fixed platform, fixed walkway or fixed ladder. A rolling platform may be

used where free access is available to the space below the instrument

所有仪表和相关控制设备应易于通过维修或源于等级、固定平台、固定走道或固定扶梯接近。

仪表下方空间的自由接近处，可安装一个轧钢平台。

Materials and process connections shall be in accordance with the Instrument Piping Material

Standard SD-00-TSC-CI-0016 and the relevant piping specifications. All instrument connections to

process lines and equipment shall be flanged. All proposed screwed connections shall be referred

to SECCO for approval.

材料和工艺接口应依照仪表配管材料标准 SD-00-TSC-CI-0016 以及相关的配管规格。所有到

工艺管线和设备的仪表接口应使用法兰连接。所有建议的螺纹连接应申报赛科批准。

Unless otherwise noted in specifications for a specific type of instrument, process wetted parts

shall be minimum 316 stainless steel. Materials shall be compatible with the process

fluid. Where NACE is specified, materials shall meet NACE MR 01 75 requirements.

除非在规格书中另有特殊类型仪表的注明，工艺浸湿部件材质应至少是 316不锈钢。 材料

应与工艺介质一致。指定 NACE的地方，材料应满足 NACE MR-01-75的要求。

Electrical requirements for instrument work shall be in accordance with applicable sections of

specifications SD-00-TSC-CI-0001 “Instrument Installation” and SD-00-TSC-CI-0015 “Instrument

Cable Material Standard”.

仪表工作的电气要求应与 SD-00-TSC-CI-0001“仪表安装”规范和 SD-00-TSC-CI-0015“仪表电缆

材料标准”的可应用的章节一致。

Electrical connections at instruments shall be 1/2 inch or 3/4 inch NPT, any instruments not to this

standard shall be supplied complete with certified adapters.

仪表的电气接口应是 1/2”或 3/4”NPT，任何不符合此标准的仪表应连同经过认证的适配器供

货。

Solenoid valves shall be provided with surge protection at the valve.

应为电磁阀配备过电压保护。

DC voltage solenoid coils shall include a transient voltage suppressor or diode mounted in parallel

with the solenoid. AC voltage solenoid coils shall include a metal oxide varistor mounted with the

solenoid.

直流电压的电磁阀线圈将包括一个瞬时电压抑制器或与电磁阀并联安装的二极管。直流电压

的电磁阀线圈将包括一个与电磁阀安装在一起的金属氧化物变阻器。

Where the same process measurement is required for both process control and safety shutdown

functions, separate devices and independent process taps shall be used, including separate taps

for multiple shutdown devices.

在工艺控制和安全停车功能同时要求工艺测量的地方，应使用单独的设备和独立的工艺开

口，包括多重停车设备的独立的工艺接头。

• Exception 1例外 1

If redundant sensors are used in a 2oo3 voting scheme, they may be connected to both the

process control system and the SIS provided that any failure in the process control system will not

affect proper operation of the sensor or the ability of the SIS to read the sensor properly. A data

link is the preferred method to be used for transmission of the control signal to the process

control system. However, design should be carefully considered to assure adequate control

response times. Use of an input signal repeating barrier is also allowed for transmission of the

control signal to the process control system.

如果在 3取 2表决方案中使用冗余的传感器，若任何在工艺控制系统中的故障都将不影响传

感器的正确操作或不影响 SIS的正确读取传感器的性能。它们可以被同时接到工艺控制系统

和 SIS系统。对于控制信号到工艺控制系统的通信，首选数据自动传输装置。如果一个数据

链接用于控制信号到工艺控制系统的传送，设计宜仔细考虑以保证适当的控制响应时间。还

允许使用输入信号重复安全栅将控制信号传送到工艺控制系统。

• Exception 2特例 2

In the case of differential pressure flow taps, the use of independent taps for each sensor is

preferred. Where physical space only allows two taps, three transmitters may be split between

two sets of taps as long as each transmitter is valved separately and is noted as such on P&ID’s.

在差压流量取压的情况，首选是每个传感器用独立的取压口。在实际空间只允许两队取压口

时，只要每个变送器有单独的根阀并且在 P&ID上注明，三个变送器可以在两套取压口之间

分开。

Where both local and DCS indication of the same measurement signal are required, the

transmitter should be fitted with a local digital indicator. If indication, remote from transmitter is

required, consideration should be given to the use of a local loop powered (or FF equivalent)

indicator.

在同时要求现场指示和 DCS 指示同样模拟量信号的地方，应使用一个带现场数据指示器的

变送器。另外，如果需要安装远程变送器，应考虑使用带电现场回路（或使用现场总线）指

示器。

For transmitters and gauges, diaphragm seals may be provided in order to eliminate heat tracing,

purging and winterising or else to isolate process fluid from impulse tubing. Because of reduced

accuracy for flow applications, the use of diaphragm seals including size of diaphragm and

capillary should be carefully evaluated.

对于变送器和仪表，可以用膜片密封来切断伴热，吹扫和防冻处理或隔离来自导压管的工艺

介质。由于对在流量的应用会降低精度，膜片密封的使用包括膜片和毛细管的尺寸宜仔细计

算。

Alternatively, close-coupled hook-ups may be used to eliminate impulse lines.

另外，还可使用密封耦合式连接来隔离导压管线。

Capillary shall be 316 series stainless steel with stainless steel armour cover.

毛细管应是 300系列的不锈钢带不锈钢铠装护套。

The seal material shall be minimum 316 stainless steel.

密封材料应至少是 316不锈钢。

For safety consideration due to ruptured seal, reaction of capillary fluid with process fluid should

be carefully examined.

由于密封破裂出于安全考虑，宜谨慎测试毛细管充液和工艺介质的反应。

Instruments using Foundation Fieldbus signals shall be ITK 4 compliant and also shall have device

descriptions matching those listed on the FF website www.fieldbus.org/

用基金会现场总线信号的仪表应服从 IKT 4 并且还应有符合在基金会现场总线的网址

www.fieldbus.org/上列出的设备描述。

4.2 Temperature Instruments 温度仪表

4.2.1 Thermowells温度计套管

Thermowells shall be in accordance with specifications SD-00-TSC-CI-0022 “Temperature

Elements and Thermowells Standard”.

温度计套管应遵照规范 SD-00-TSC-CI-0022《温度元件和温度计套管标准》。

Size, type and rating of piping and vessel connections for thermowells shall be in accordance with

piping specifications except that flanges shall be 300# minimum.

温度计套管的配管尺寸，类型和等级以及容器接口除了法兰应至少是 300磅，应遵照配管规

范。

Thermowells shall be flanged. Screwed thermowells may only be used with approval in writing

from SECCO.

温度计套管应是法兰式安装。螺纹安装套管能经过赛科书面批准后方可使用。

Vessel connections for thermowells with simplex and duplex elements shall be 40

mm flanged. Vessel thermowells with more than two elements may require a larger flange size.

有单支和双支检温元件的温度计套管的容器接口应是 40mm 的法兰。有多于两个测温元件

的容器上的温度计套管可能要求大一点的法兰尺寸。

Where the nature of the fluid requires a higher alloy or other material, the thermowell material

and connection shall be consistent with the piping or equipment specification.

在介质的特性要求更高的合金或其它材料的地方，温度计套管的材料和接口应与配管或设备

规范一致。

Thermowells for NACE applications shall be to MR 01 75.

NACE应用的温度计套管应照MR-01-75。

A thermowell should extend at least 50 mm from the inside pipe/vessel wall and must not touch

the far wall.

一支温度计套管宜至少伸出管道/容器内壁 50mm而不能碰到内壁的另一头。

The location of the end of a pipe thermowell is preferred to be between one-third and two-thirds

of the inside diameter of the pipe. Target “U” lengths for thermowells are shown in Appendix 1.

管道温度计套管的末端位置最好是在管道内径的 1/3到 2/3之间。套管的标准“U”型弯管的长

度见附录 1。

“U” dimension and lag extension dimension shall be specified on data sheets.

“U”型弯管尺寸和内置深度应在数据表中注明。

Thermowells shall be suitable for stresses due to stream velocity conditions. The wake frequency

(commonly referred to as “Strouhal” or “Van Karman Trail”) shall not exceed 80% of the natural

frequency of the thermowell. Calculation methods shall be in accordance with ASME PTC 19.3 or

approved equivalent method.

温度计套管应适合流速条件产生的应力。其尾波频率（通常称为“Strouhal”或“Van Kaeman

余波”）不应超过温度计套管正常频率的 80%。计算方法应按照 ASME PTC 19.3或被认可的相

当的方法。

Calculations for thermowells in vessels and elbows shall be noted for record only as not required.

容器和弯通内温度计套管的计算仅作为备注记录。

The “U” length of a 40 mm flanged or larger thermowell installed in vessels shall meet the

process requirement but shall generally be minimum 150 mm past the vessel wall. Furthermore,

it is also preferred that vessels thermowells are of a standard 400 mm length.

安装在容器中 40 mm 或更大法兰的温度计套管的“U”型弯管长度应满足工艺的要求但通常

应至少穿过容器壁 150 mm。此外，容器的温度计套管首选长度为标准的 400 mm。

For long thermowell lengths adequate supports shall be provided within the vessel.

应在容器内设置对长温度计套管的适当支撑。

Retractable thermowells shall be specified when process requires replacement under

pressure. Clearance distance for withdrawal shall be a minimum of the length of the thermowell

plus 300mm.

当工艺要求在压力下更换时，应指定用可缩回的温度计套管。收回的间隙距离应至少是套管

长度再加 300mm。

Thermowells specified as test wells shall have a permanent threaded plug attached with a

150mm stainless steel link chain.

指定作为测试套管的温度计套管应有一个永久的带有 150mm的不锈钢链接的螺纹塞堵。

4.2.2 Temperature Gauges温度计

Indicating temperature transmitters shall be used in preference to temperature gauges.

现场温度计优先考虑使用带指示的温度变送器。

Temperature gauges, where required, shall be liquid or inert gas filled type in accordance with

SD-00-TSC-CI-0024 “Temperature Gauge Standard”.

要求的现场温度计应按照 SD-00-TSC-CI-0024“现场温度计标准”是充液或充惰性气体的类型。

Nominal dial size shall be 150 mm. 125 mm and the minimum size of 100 mm

额定刻度尺寸应为 150 mm、125 mm和最小尺寸 100 mm。

Ranges shall be selected such that the normal operating temperature indication is within 30-70%

of full scale with a target of approximately 50%. It is preferred that the design temperature be

covered by the full scale.

应选择量程以便在正常操作温度条件下指示以大约 50%的目标而落在满量程的 30%-70%的

范围内。设计温度落在满量程内是最佳选择。

Indicating thermometers shall be provided with thermowells. The well, element and gauge shall

be purchased as a single assembly.

带指示的温度计套管应配备保护套。套管，测温元件和指示表应作为一个单独的整体来采购。

Thermometers of the filled capillary type shall be used

充液毛细管型温度计应用于以下工况：

• Where stem lengths exceed 600 mm

在杆的长度超过 600 mm的地方

• Where service conditions are too severe (such as high temperature or excessive

vibration), or

恶劣操作条件（如高温或过分的震动）的地方，或

• Where remote indication is required.

要求远程指示的地方。

Capillary length shall not exceed 10 metres.

毛细管长度不应超过 10米。

Mercury is not allowed.

不允许使用水银。

Local indication shall not be outside of –40 °C to 500 °C.

现场指示不应超出–40 °C 到 500 °C范围。

4.2.3 Temperature Elements – Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) and

Thermocouples 温度元件－热电阻（RTDs）和热电偶

Temperature elements shall be in accordance with SD-00-TSC-CI-0022 “Temperature Element and

Thermowell Standard”.

温度测量元件应遵照 SD-00-TSC-CI-0022“温度元件和温度计套管标准”。

Thermowells shall be provided for protection of temperature measuring elements unless other

type (such as skin) is specified on P&ID’s. The well and element shall be purchased as a single

assembly unless the thermowell is provided by an equipment vendor.

应为保护温度检测元件配备温度计套管，除非在流程图上注明了其它类型（如外壳）。套管

和元件应作为一个整体来采购，除非温度计套管是由设备供应商提供。

Temperature elements shall normally be wired to head mounted transmitters with Foundation

Fieldbus output. Direct connection of elements is permitted in the following cases:-

温度元件应通常被接到带基金会现场总线输出的头部安装的变送器。元件与控制系统直接连

接仅用于以下情况：

• Motor winding temperatures connected to protection devices within the switchgear.

• 电机线圈温度连接至开关柜内部的保护设备上。

• Rotating machinery bearing temperatures connected to Bently Nevada monitors (it is

preferred that these probes are connected to the DCS via junction box mounted transmitters).

• 转动机械轴承温度连接至 Bently Nevada 监测器（最好是将探头提供安装在接线盒中

的变送器连接至 DCS）。

For DCS applications, connection to a field located Foundation Fieldbus multiple input

transmitter is acceptable. Connection to other types of field multiplexers shall only be permitted

with approval from SECCO.

对于 DCS，允许接到现场的基金会现场总线多点输入的变送器。接到其它类型的现场多路转

换器应事先得到赛科的批准。

RTDs, to IEC 60751, shall be used where scale ranges are between -185°C to 500°C. Otherwise a

thermocouples, to IEC 60584, shall be used.

RTDs，按 IEC 60751，应用在在-185°C 到 500°C范围的地方。不然应按 IEC 60751要求使用

热电偶。

Type T thermocouples may be used instead of RTDs for scale ranges from -185°C to 350°C for

special applications. The use of these thermocouples require SECCO approval.

T 型热电偶可以被用来替代特殊应用的温度范围从-185°C 到 350°C 的热电阻。这些热电偶

的使用需赛科的批准。

Thermocouple elements shall be used where RTD’s are not suitable.

热电偶元件应用于热电阻不适合的地方。

Thermocouple elements shall be "ungrounded" type, except where fast response thermocouples

are required. Ungrounded type may be required when Foundation Fieldbus multiple input

transmitters are used.

热电偶元件应是非接地型，除了要求快速响应的热电偶的地方。当使用基金会现场总线多路

输入变送器，则可以使用非接地型。

Chromel-Alumel Type K thermocouple is preferred for use in scale ranges from 501°C to 1000°C

and is suitable for temperatures from 0°C to 1250°C. Nicrosil-Nisil Type N thermocouples suitable

from 0°C ~1100°C with high statility and resistance to high temperature oxidation and low cost

may be used to instead of Type K after approval by SECCO.

在温度范围从 501°C 到 1000°C时，首选镍铬-镍 K型热电偶，并且它适用于从 0°C 到 1250°C。

镍铬硅-镍硅 N 型热电偶适用于从 0°C 到 1100°C 而对高温氧化有高稳定性和阻抗，经过赛

科的批准可以用于替代 K型。

Platinum-10% Rhodium Platinum Type S thermocouple is preferred for scale ranges from 1001°C

to 1480°C and is suitable for temperatures from 0°C to 1480°C.

对于温度范围从 1001°C 到 1480°C，应首选 S 型铂-10%铑铂热电偶，并且其适用于 0°C 到

1480°C。

Copper-Constantan Type T may be used instead of RTD’s as noted above.

T型铜-铜镍如上所注，可以替代使用热电阻。

The use of other types of thermocouple elements require approval by SECCO.

其它类型的热电偶元件的使用要得到赛科的批准。

Thermocouples required for temperature measurement of direct fired heater tube skin, cryogenic

processes, or other unusual configurations shall be provided with conductors, insulation and

metal sheathing fabricated with materials suitable for each specific application.

直接燃烧加热炉管壁、低温工艺温度测量所要求的热电偶，或其它不平常的结构应配备导体、

绝缘和适合每种特殊用途的材料制成的金属护套。

A duplex element shall be provided for all temperature sensors used for control or calculation

algorithms. Second element to be spare unless both elements are connected to the control

system via two transmitters or dual input device..

所有用于控制或运算的温度传感器应配备双联元件或双联输入设备。第二个元件作为备用，

除非两支元件通过两个变送器都连到控制系统。

Ranges shall be selected such that the normal operating temperature indication is approximately

50% of full scale. It is preferred that the range cover the design temperature unless accuracy of

signal for control purposes is affected.

量程应有所选择，使得正常的操作温度指示大约是满量程的 50%。除非用于控制目的的信号

精度受到影响，推荐设计温度落在量程范围内。

4.2.4 Temperature Switches温度开关

Temperature transmitters shall normally be used instead of switches. Switches may be used only

for the following services.

温度变送器应通常代替开关使用。开关只能用于以下工况：

a) Switch contacts that are an integral part of an equipment heater thermostatic contactor

or similar device.

开关的触点是一个设备加热器温度调节器触点或类似设备的一个整体部分。

b) Overtemperature device for cabinets or for panel mounted equipment.

柜装或盘装设备的过热装置。

c) HVAC control systems

暖通控制系统

d) Switch contacts that are an integral part of a machinery temperature monitor system

开关触点是一个机械温度监视系统的一个整体部分。

Accuracy shall be plus or minus 1.0% or better.

精度应是±1.0%或更高。

4.2.5 Temperature Transmitters温度变送器

Temperature transmitter ranges shall be selected such that the normal operating temperature

indication is approximately 50% of full scale. It is preferred that the range cover the design

temperature unless accuracy of signal for control purposes is affected.

温度变送器的量程应有所选择，以便正常的操作温度指示大约为满量程的 50%。除非用于控

制目的的信号精度受到影响，推荐设计温度落在量程范围内。

The transmitter/element/well shall be supplied as a single assembly using the transmitter

supplied by the MIV. Access to temperature transmitters is not normally required. Consideration

may be given to the use of remote mounted device separate from the well/element where access

is deemed necessary..

适合管道/设备温度或变送器的可接近性没有问题的地方，变送器/元件/套管应作为一个整

体被提供。否则，变送器可以作为分体式安装设备与套管/元件分开被提供。

Mercury is not allowed in filled type devices.

在充液式设备中不允许使用汞。

4.3 Flow Instruments 流量仪表

4.3.1 General概述

Flow measurement display on DCS/PLC operator screens shall be in mass units unless otherwise

required by process licensor or SECCO.

DCS/PLC的操作屏上显示的流量测量应使用质量单位，除非工艺专利商或赛科另有要求。

Compensation (pressure, temperature, density) shall be considered in accordance with process

requirements.

根据工艺要求，应考虑补偿（压力，温度，密度）。

Reference shall be made to PH-00-TIJ-CI-0006 “Instrument & Control Philosophy”

参考应被制定成 PH-00-TIJ-CI-0006“仪表和控制原则”。

Coriolis and Vortex meters are the preferred type of flow transmitters although for critical

measurements, where the process line cannot be shutdown during normal operations, in-line

meters and non-retractable insertion type transmitters shall not be used. In these cases orifice

plates or other differential pressure producing elements with differential pressure transmitters

shall be considered.

对于在正常操作时工艺管线不能停车的关键测量点，如果不能使用在线仪表和不可收回的内

置型变送器，最好是选择使用科里奥利和涡流表。在这种情况下，应使用流量孔板或配有差

压变送器的其它差压元件。

Process licensor guidelines and experience in previous similar applications for a particular type of

measurement shall be considered.

应考虑工艺专利商在上述类似的一个特殊测量类型应用中的指导方针和经验。

Flow meters/elements (in-line and insertion type) shall, in general, have flanged connections of

rating and type in accordance with piping specifications. For Insertion type meters/elements,

these shall be retractable type for critical services. Welded connections shall be considered for

flow nozzles and venturi tubes in steam service ANSI 1500 pipe class and above.

（在线和内置型）流量仪表/元件通常应有按照配管规范的等级和类型的法兰式连接。对于

内置型仪表/元件，重要的工况应是可收回型的。ANSI 1500管道等级和以上的用于蒸汽的流

量喷嘴和文丘里管应考虑使用焊接接口。

Custody transfer, defined as flow measurement used for fiscal or commercial purposes, is not

included in this standard.

定义为用于财政的或商业目的的流量测量的密闭输送，不属于本标准的范围。

Flow metering installation shall not cause flashing or cavitation.

流量表的安装不应引起闪蒸或气蚀。

4.3.2 Vortex Meters涡流表

In-line vortex meters shall be the first choice for general duty flow measurement unless

otherwise noted herein. Manufacturer criteria for minimum/maximum velocity shall be

met. Typical applications include air, nitrogen, steam, hydrocarbon (control and monitoring) and

water.

除非在此另有注解，对于普通工况的流量测量的第一选择应是在线涡流表。应满足制造商的

最小/最大流速的标准。典型的应用包括空气，氮气，蒸汽，碳氢化合物（控制和监视）以

及水。

In-line vortex meters are acceptable for line sizes through 250 mm. Insertion type vortex meters

may be considered for line sizes 300 mm and larger.

在 250 mm以下的管道允许在线涡流表。对于 300 mm和更大的管道可以考虑内置型涡流表。

Vortex meters have a low flow switch off point and do not continuously measure down to zero

flow and are not suitable for applications with Reynolds number less than 10000.

涡流表有一个低流量开关切断点并且不连续测量至零流量，而且不适合雷诺数少于 10000

的情况。

Vortex meters are not suitable for flows of varying composition.

涡流表不适合用于多变的混合物。

4.3.3 Differential Producing Flow Elements差压式流量元件

Orifice plates are the second choice for general duty flow measurement where vortex meters or

other types of meters are not suitable or where redundant measurement is required. Typical

applications include air, nitrogen, steam, hydrocarbon (control and monitoring) and water.

在涡流表或其它类型的仪表不适合的普通用途的流量测量，或要求冗余测量的地方，孔板是

第二选择。典型的应用包括空气，氮气，蒸汽，碳氢化合物（控制和监视）以及水。

Square edge, concentric orifice plates for flow measurement with flange taps or radius taps are

suitable for pipe sizes greater than or equal to 50 mm (2”).

带法兰取压或球面旋塞的用于流量测量的直角边缘同心圆孔板适合大于等于 50 mm (2”)的

管线。

For lines smaller than 50 mm integral orifice meter runs shall be used.

小于 50 mm (2”)的管线，应使用整体孔板导压管。

Restriction orifice plates are suitable for all pipe sizes and shall meet the same requirements as

flow measurement orifices unless otherwise noted. The use of non-concentric plates such as

eccentric and segmental shall be avoided unless required for specific process requirements.

限流孔板适合所有管道尺寸并且应满足和流量测量孔板同样的要求，除非另有注释。应尽量

避免使用非同心圆孔板如偏心的和扇形孔板，除非特定的工艺要求需要。

Flow nozzles/venturis may be used on lines where low loss critical measurements are required.

流量喷嘴/文丘里可以用在低压损条件苛刻的管线上要求测量的地方。

Venturi tubes may be used for gas measurement on line sizes 350 mm and larger. Venturi tubes

may be considered instead of orifice plates when physical space is limited for required meter run

lengths.

文丘里管可以用于 350 mm和更大尺寸的管线的气体测量。当仪表导压管长度实际空间受到

限制的时候，可以考虑用文丘里管代替孔板。

Averaging pitot tubes may be used for lines 350 mm and larger where low loss, non-critical

measurements on clean fluids are required.

均速管可以用于 350 mm和更大尺寸的管线低压损的地方，要求是在洁净流体上的非关键测

量。

Other primary differential-producing devices such as flow tubes or wedge elements may be

employed for specific process requirements. These shall be approved by SECCO.

其它主要的差压式设备如流量管或楔型元件可以用于特殊的工艺要求。这必须经赛科批准。

Differential pressure producing elements are not suitable for flows with varying composition

unless they include density compensation.

差压式元件不适合有多变混合物的流体，除非有密度补偿。

Other types of flow meters such as magnetic flow meters etc., shall be used when required flow

rangeability or accuracy cannot be obtained with orifice type meters, where flow rates fall below

acceptable differential metering practice or where the nature of the fluid does not lend itself to

differential pressure metering.

其它类型的流量仪表如电磁流量计等应在孔板型仪表满足不了流量量程比和精度的要求时，

用于在流率降至合格的差压测量惯例以下或因介质特性无法进行差压测量的地方。

Differential pressure flow elements shall be in accordance with specification SD-00-TSC-CI-0025

“Differential Pressure Producing Flow Element Standard”.

差压式流量元件应遵照规范 SD-00-TSC-CI-0025“差压式流量元件标准”。

Differential pressure flow elements shall be sized in accordance with ISO 5167, with DP’s

expressed in kPa.

差压流量元件应按照 ISO 5167计算，差压用 kPa表示。

DP flowmeters shall use of orifice flanges or standard flanges with radius taps (one pipe inside

diameter upstream and one-half pipe inside diameter downstream from the orifice).

差压流量计应使用孔板法兰或带径距取压（上游距离孔板 1倍管道内径，下游距离孔板 1.5

倍管道直径）的标准法兰。

Integral orifices, where approved, shall be specified to include upstream (approximately 14D) and

downstream (approximately 5D) meter run lengths.

经批准的一体化孔板应详细说明上游（大约 14D）和下游（大约 5D）的仪表导压管长度。

4.3.4 Coriolis meters科里奥利仪表

Coriolis meters shall be the first choice for custody transfer flow metering. Coriolis meters shall

also be first choice for measurements required by the process licensor for mass balancing and

process performance guarantee. Coriolis meters may also be used for battery limit measurements.

对于密闭输送流量测量，科里奥利表应作为首选，并且也应作为被工艺专利商为质量平衡和

工艺执行保证所要求的测量的首选。科里奥利仪表也可用于界区测量仪表。

Coriolis meters shall be the first choice on flows where there is varying composition.

科里奥利表应在有多变混合物的地方的流体上作为首选测量仪表。

Coriolis meters may also be considered on any other applications where increased rangeability or

accuracy is required.

在任何其它量程比或精度的要求有所提高的地方，也可以考虑使用科里奥利表。

Coriolis meters are acceptable in meter sizes 150 mm and smaller.

可接受的科里奥利表的尺寸为小于和等于 150 mm。

4.3.5 Magnetic Flowmeters电磁流量计

Magnetic flow meters may be used in services known to have suitable conductive properties such

as water.

电磁流量计可以用于已知的有适当传导特性如水的工况。

On large diameter lines, insertion type meters may be used.

在大尺寸管线上，可以使用内置型仪表。

4.3.6 Turbine Meters涡轮仪表

Turbine meters should be avoided and are acceptable only on utility services such as air, nitrogen

or water and only with approval from SECCO.

宜避免使用涡轮仪表并且只用于公用工程如空气，氮气或水或只有经过赛科批准才被接受。

Turbine meters shall not be used for control or shutdown applications.

控制或停车的用途应用不应使用涡轮仪表。

4.3.7 Thermal Meters温度表

Thermal meters may be considered for low flow gas applications.

温度表可以考虑用于低流量气体温度监测。

4.3.8 Ultrasonic Meters超声波仪表

Ultrasonic time of flight meters are preferred for flare and vent line applications. They may also

be used for water flow applications in large diameter lines and cryogenic service.

超声波发射时间仪表对于火炬和放空管线的应用是首选。它们也可用于大直径管线的水的流

量应用和低温工况。

Clamp-on meters shall not be used.

不应使用夹持式仪表。

Ultrasonic time of flight meters may be used for severely corrosive, low loss and high flow rate

applications where the fluid is clean and free of vapour bubbles. Doppler flow meters may be

suitable where the particles or bubbles eliminate transit-time flow meters.

超声波发射时间仪表可以用于严重腐蚀，低压损和高流率的流体是清洁的并且无气泡的工

况。多普勒流量计可适用于颗粒或泡沫消除持续时间流量计。

4.3.9 Variable Area Flow Meters变面积流量计

Glass tube variable area meters are prohibited in hydrocarbon or other hazardous or flammable

or toxic service.

玻璃管变面积仪表禁止用于在碳氢化合物或其它危险或易燃或有毒的工况。

Glass tube variable area meters shall be permitted only on non-hazardous or non-flammable

utility services below 415 kPag (60 psig) and 90°C (194°F).

玻璃管变面积仪表仅允许用于在非危险或非易燃低于 415 kPag (60 psig) 和 90°C (194°F)的公

用工程设施。

Glass type are the standard for utility service and in impulse lines which are purged with

instrument air or N2. Variable area meters shall be installed so that they can be maintained

without shutting down the service.

玻璃管型是公用工程设施和用仪表空气或氮气吹扫的脉冲管线中的标准形式。变面积仪表的

安装应不用使设施停车即可维修。

Glass tube type where used shall be ribbed, beaded or flat but not plain tapered.

使用玻璃管型的地方应是有棱纹、珠状或扁平型而不是单纯的锥形。

Variable area flow meters may be used for purge, sample and seal systems.

变面积流量计可用于吹扫、采样和密封系统。

4.3.10 Materials材料

Materials for orifice plates, meter/transmitter internal process wetted parts, and insertion type

elements shall be in accordance with piping specifications except that material shall be minimum

Type 316 stainless steel. Where the nature of the fluid is such as to require a higher alloy, or

other material, it shall be consistent with the piping specification and process design conditions.

孔板、仪表/变送器的内部浸湿部件和内置型元件的材料，除了材料的最低类型是 316 不锈

钢的，应遵照配管的规范。在介质的特性要求更高的合金或其它材料的地方，应与配管规范

和工艺设计条件一致。

Material for flanged process connections and in-line meter bodies shall be in accordance with the

piping specifications.

法兰式的工艺连接和在线仪表本体的材料应遵照配管的规范。

4.3.11 Flow Transmitter Ranges流量变送器的量程

For flow meter range of differential pressure transmitters (including cases where flow is linearized

in the DP transmitter), it is preferred that normal flow be between 60% and 80% of flow

range. Maximum flow shall be covered by the range.

对于流量计差压变送器的量程（包括在差压流量计中流量被线性化的情况），正常流量最好

在流量量程的６０％到８０％之间。最大流量应落在量程内。

For linear transmitters, the normal flow shall be approximately 50% of range unless maximum

flow dictates otherwise. Maximum flow shall be covered by the range.

对于线性变送器，正常流量应大约是量程的５０％，除非最大流量另有要求。最大流量应落

在量程内。

For differential pressure transmitters, linearization shall be performed in the transmitter unless

otherwise recommended by the control system manufacturer. For example, a compressor

anti-surge control vendor may require linearization in the control system instead of in the

transmitter.

对于差压变送器，线性化应在变送器内部完成，除非另有控制系统制造商的推荐。例如，一

个压缩机的抗喘振控制的供应商可能要求用控制系统中的线性化来取代变送器中的。

4.3.12 Differential Pressure Flow Transmitters差压流量变送器

It is preferred that diaphragm seals shall not be used on flow duties. Because of reduced accuracy

for flow applications, the use of diaphragm seals including size of diaphragm and capillary should

be carefully evaluated.

推荐膜片密封不应用于流量工况。因为流量应用精度的降低，膜片密封的使用包括膜片的尺

寸和毛细管宜仔细计算。

4.3.13 Meter Runs仪表导压管

Meter run pipe fabrication for differential pressure flow elements shall be in accordance piping

specifications and applicable ASME codes.

差压流量元件的仪表导压管制作应遵照配管的规范和适用的 ASME标准。

Meter run lengths upstream and downstream from orifice plates, flow nozzles and venturi tubes

shall be in accordance with 0.5% uncertainty tables in ISO 5167-1 and applicable ASME codes.

仪表的上下游距离孔板，流量喷嘴和文丘里管的导压管长度应依照 ISO 5167-1的有 0.5%不

确定表格以及适用的 ASME标准。

For mass flow balancing and custody transfer, use the 0% uncertainty tables in ISO 5167-1.

对于质量流量平衡和密闭输送，使用 ISO 5167-1中的 0%不确定表格。

Meter run lengths upstream and downstream from turbine flow meters shall be in accordance

with API MPMS Chapter 5 Section 3 and manufacturer’s recommendations.

仪表的上下游距离涡轮仪表的导压管长度应执行 API MPMS 第 5章第 3节以及制造商的建

议。

Meter run lengths upstream and downstream from other flow elements shall be in accordance

with manufacturer’s recommendations.

仪表的上下游距离其它流量元件的导压管长度应执行制造商的建议。

4.3.14 Flow switches流量开关

Flow transmitters shall normally be used instead of switches. Switches may only be used for the

following services.

流量变送器应通常用来取代开关。开关只可用于下列工况。

a) Utility services for alarm only such as cooling water, pump seals, lube oil and air flow

用于报警的公用工程如冷却水，泵密封，润滑油和空气流量

b) Flow activation alarm for safety showers

安全淋浴器的流量激活报警

c) HVAC control systems

暖通控制系统

4.3.15 Custody Transfer密闭输送

The accuracy requirements shall be stated specifically for each installation.

每个安装的精度要求都应被明确规定。

Accuracy calculations shall be made formally. Calculations shall consider the full system.

应正式进行精度计算。计算应考虑整个系统。

Custody transfer shall not be attempted on two phase or pulsating flow.

密闭输送不应尝试两相流或脉动流。

Dual redundant systems shall be considered where high reliability is required.

在要求高可靠性的地方应考虑双重冗余系统。

Pressure and temperature measurements shall be provided regardless of any compensation

requirements.

不管任何补偿要求，应提供压力和温度测量。

4.4 Pressure Instruments 压力仪表

Pressure measuring elements shall minimum 316 stainless steel. Where the nature of the fluid is

such as to require a higher alloy or other metal, the primary element material shall be consistent

with the piping or equipment specification.

压力测量元件应至少是 316不锈钢。在介质的特性如要求更高合金或其它材料的地方，主要

元件材料应遵照配管或设备的规范。

4.4.1 Pressure Gauges现场压力表

Indicating pressure transmitters shall be used in preference over pressure gauges except for

pump discharge.

带指示的压力变送器除了泵出口应优先于现场压力表被使用。

Pressure gauges shall be in accordance with SD-00-TSC-CI-0008 “Pressure Gauges Standard”.

现场压力表应依照 SD-00-TSC-CI-0008“现场压力表标准”。

Ranges shall be selected such that the normal operating pressure indication is within 30-70% of

full scale with a target of approximately 50%. The range shall cover the design pressure unless

operating pressure is less than 20% of design.

应选择量程以便在正常操作压力条件下指示以大约 50%的目标而落在满量程的 30%-70%的

范围内。除非操作压力小于设计压力的 20%，设计压力应落在满量程内。

Pressure gauges shall generally be bourdon tube or bellows type. Schaffer open diaphragm type

with flanged process connections to line specification may be used when dealing with low

pressure, viscous fluids or where a high overload could occur. Diaphragm material shall be a

minimum of 316 Stainless Steel.

现场压力表应通常是波登管或波纹管型。在处理低压，粘性介质时或可能出现高超载的地方，

可使用按照管线等级的法兰式工艺接口的 Schaffer 开口膜片的类型。膜片的材质应至少是

316不锈钢。

Pressure gauges shall be safety pattern and shall be liquid filled or furnished with pulsation

dampeners for pulsating services including pump discharge and compressor applications.

现场压力表应是安全型并应是充液或配备用于振动工况包括泵出口和压缩机应用的振动阻

尼器。

For field gauges150mm (6”) dial size is preferred, for panels 100 mm (4”) minimum may be used.

Process connections shall be 1/2 inch parallel gauge connector. Taper threads should not be used.

对于现场表，150mm (6”)的盘面尺寸是首选的。对于盘装表，最小可以使用 100mm（4”）。

工艺连接应是 1/2英寸的并联表接头。不宜使用锥形螺纹。

Pressure limiting devices or gauge protectors shall not be used unless approved by SECCO.

除非赛科批准，不应使用限压装置或仪表保护器。

Manometers shall not be used on permanent process measurement.

压力计不应用于持久性工艺测量。

4.4.2 Pressure Transmitters压力变送器

It is preferred that pressure transmitter and differential transmitter ranges be selected such that

normal operating pressure is within 60 to 80 percent of calibrated range. It is also preferred that

the range cover the design pressure unless accuracy of signal for control purposes is

affected. Standard manufacturer over range protection shall be specified.

推荐对压力变送器和差压变送器的量程有所选择以使正常操作压力在标定量程的的范围内。

也推荐设计压力落在量程范围内，除非用于控制目的的信号精度受到影响。应注明标准的制

造商超量程保护。

4.4.3 Pressure switches压力开关

Pressure switches shall be in accordance with SD-00-TSC-CI-0023 “Pressure Switch Standard”.

压力开关应遵照 SD-00-TSC-CI-0023“压力开关标准”。

Pressure and differential pressure transmitters shall normally be used instead of

switches. Switches may only be used for the following services.

压力和差压变送器应通常被用来替代开关。开关只可以用于下列工况。

a) Utility services for alarm only such as cooling water, pump seals, lube oil and air flow

只报警的公用工程如冷却水，泵的密封，润滑油和空气流动

b) Burst rupture disc alarm

爆破膜破裂报警

c) Deluge systems

喷水灭火系统

d) HVAC control systems

暖通系统

d) Inside enclosures, cabinets or buildings for loss of purge/pressurisation alarm

保护箱，机柜或建筑内用于吹扫/增压故障报警

Pressure switches shall not be used on pulsating duty and shall not be used on pressures less

than 2.5 kPag. Pressure limiting devices for overrange protection shall not be used.

压力开关不应用于振动工况并且不应用于压力低于 2.5 kPag。不应使用超量程保护用的限压

装置。

4.5 Level Instruments 液位仪表

4.5.1 Selection of Measurement Type测量方式的选择

Differential pressure transmitters shall be used for the majority of general duty level applications.

对于大部分普通工况的液位应用，应使用差压变送器。

External cage level displacers shall be considered as first choice where DP transmitters are not

suitable.

在差压变送器不适合的地方应首先考虑外置浮筒液位计。

Due to heavy weights, displacer lengths above 2000 mm are not recommended and shall only be

used with approved by SECCO.

由于重量负荷过大，不推荐长度超过 2000 mm的浮筒液位计并且应只在赛科批准后使用。

Differential pressure transmitters are preferred over displacer type for low boiling point

hydrocarbon liquids.

对于低沸点的碳氢化合物液体，差压变送器在浮筒液位计之前被首选。

Displacers are preferred for interface measurement.

对于界面测量，首选浮筒液位计。

For lengths exceeding 2000 mm, the use of differential pressure transmitters is preferred.

长度超过 2000 mm，首选使用差压变送器。

Other level measurements techniques, including capacitance, conductivity, ultrasonic, radar,

thermal and nuclear may be considered for special applications but shall be subject to approval

by SECCO. Such applications may include viscous fluids, dirty fluids where purges are not possible,

powders, fluids subject to density changes, high accuracy, vessel is below ground, or where a

purge is not practical or process acceptable.

对于特殊的应用，可以考虑其它液位测量技术，包括电容，电导，超声波，雷达，热量和原

子能，但应服从赛科的认可。这样的应用可能包括粘性介质，不可能吹扫的脏介质，粉尘，

密度变化的介质，高精度，容器在地下，或吹扫不实际或不为工艺所接受的地方。

Hydrastep Hydratect instruments are preferred for steam drum level trip applications.

对于蒸汽包液位跳闸应用，首选 Hydrastep、Hydratect仪表。

Level bridles shall be avoided.

应避免使用液位抑制器。

Dedicated nozzles for each individual level device are preferred.

推荐每个单独的液位设备用专用的管口。

4.5.2 External Cage Displacer Level Instruments外置浮筒式浮子液位指示仪表

If external cage displacement type instruments are used, connections shall generally be 50 mm

flanged with flange ratings and specifications equal to the vessel nozzles to which the cage

connects.

如果使用外浮筒置换式仪表，接口应通常是 50 mm， 法兰的等级和规格和与之相连的容器

管口相等。

Upper and lower inlet connections shall, in general, be side mounted. Rotatable heads shall be

specified.

通常上下进口连接应是侧装的。应指定可旋转的表头。

External cage instruments shall have (&frac34;”) NPT plugged vent and drain connections.

外浮筒式仪表应有(&frac34;”) NPT带堵头的放空和排污接口。

Torque tube extensions shall be supplied when operating temperature is outside the Seller's

recommended limits.

当操作温度超出供应商推荐的极限时，应配备加长转距管。

Internally mounted displacer units shall be avoided except for extraordinary applications and

shall only be used with approval by SECCO.

除了特别应用，应避免内部安装的浮筒液位计单元，并且应只在赛科的批准下使用。

4.5.3 Differential Pressure Level Transmitters差压液位变送器

Differential pressure cells may be used as level transmitters on low boiling point hydrocarbon

liquids, and most general applications.

在液位变送器在低沸点碳氢化合物液体和其它大部分普通应用中，差压单元可以用作液位变

送器。

Where there any risk under any conditions (process or atmospheric) of evaporation of the wet leg

or condensation in a dry leg, sealed capillary systems shall be used.

对于湿性支柱或干性支柱内的冷凝液的汽化条件下，如果由任何危险工况，应使用密封毛细

管系统。

Calculations for differential pressure level transmitters shall be carried out. Factors to be

included are elevation/suppression, transmitter location in relation to process taps, wet or dry leg

installation, capillaries, and specific gravities of process and fill fluids.

应进行差压液位变送器的计算。包括的因素有正迁移/负迁移，涉及工艺取压口的变送器位

置，湿相或干相支柱的安装，毛细管和工艺与灌注介质的比重。

For low pressure/atmospheric tanks, single flanged mounted transmitters may be used. Where

slurries or other difficult services require, flange mounted differential pressure transmitters may

be used.

对于低压/常压罐，可以使用单法兰安装的变送器。在泥浆或其它困难工况要求的地方，可

以使用法兰连接的差压变送器。

Diaphragm seals should not be used on low pressure duties.

低压工况不宜使用膜片密封。

4.5.4 Level Switches液位开关

Level transmitters shall normally be used instead of switches. Switches may only be used for the

following services.

液位变送器通常用来替代开关。开关只可以用于下列工况。

a) Utility services for alarm only such as cooling water, pump seals, lube oil and air flow

只报警的公用工程如冷却水，泵的密封，润滑油和空气流动

b) Process or utility service for start/stop of pumps

工艺或公用工程泵的启动/停

c) Steam drum service (Hydrastep, Hydratect is preferred)

蒸汽包（首选 Hydrastep、Hydratect仪表）

d) Overfill protection on storage tanks (vibrating fork type with diagnostics). Hook-up

should allow for isolation and proof testing.

贮罐的溢出保护（带诊断的振动音叉型）。允许隔离连接安装和复核试验。

e) Powder and pellet applications

可用于粉末和颗粒用途。

Vessel connections for external cage displacer level switches shall normally be 50 mm (2”)

flanged with a centreline to centreline dimension of 356 mm (14”).

外浮筒式液位开关的容器管口应通常是 50 mm (2”)的，中心线之间的距离为 356 mm (14”) 的

法兰。

4.5.5 Materials材料

Material for flanged process connections and instrument bodies shall be in accordance with the

piping specifications.

法兰式工艺连接和仪表本体的材质应遵照配管的规范。

Materials for internal process wetted parts and insertion type elements shall be in accordance

with piping specifications except that material shall be minimum Type 316 stainless steel. Where

the nature of the fluid is such as to require a higher alloy, or other material, it shall be consistent

with the piping specification and process design conditions.

内部工艺浸湿部件和内置型元件的材料除材质应至少是 316不锈钢的，应遵照配管规范。在

介质特性要求更高的合金，或其它材料的地方，应与配管规范以及工艺设计条件一致。

4.5.6 Capacitance Devices电容式设备

Capacitance devices shall not be installed directly into any vessel subject to turbulence and all

installations shall be subject to approval by SECCO..

电容式设备不应直接安装在湍流条件下的容器内和所有安装应事先经过赛科的批准。

Capacitance devices shall not be installed directly into any vessel which is not easily available to

facilitate removal of the probe during operations.

电容式设备不应直接安装在任何在操作中不易移动探头的容器内。

Care be taken to determine the dielectric constants of the fluids over their full range of possible

compositions and operating conditions.

宜仔细测定超过其可能成分范围和操作条件的介质的绝缘系数。

Where technically possible, the device should be installed in a stand pipe.

在技术上可能的地方，该设备宜安装在直立管道中。

4.5.7 Sonic Devices声学仪器

Sonic devices should be avoided on critical duties.

宜在关键工况避免使用声学仪器。

Sonic devices should not be used on pressurised vessels without a process isolation valve.

无工艺隔离阀声学仪器不宜用于增压容器上。

Sonic devices should only be considered for low accuracy services.

声学仪器宜只考虑低精度工况。

4.5.8 Nuclear Devices核设备

Nuclear devices shall comply with all appropriate Chinese statutory requirements.

核设备应遵照所有适当的中国法定的要求。

The nuclear source holder shall be suitably protected against fire and shall be encapsulated in a

minimum 316 stainless steel enclosure. The source holder shall incorporate a lockable source

isolation method.

核能源固定架应是适合放火的并且应封装在一个至少是 316不锈钢外壳内。能源固定架应具

体表现为一个可锁定的电源隔离方式。

When the source is installed inside a vessel, the design shall facilitate removal of the source

without the involvement of an authorised radiological specialist.

当能源安装在一个容器内时，设计应便于无须经授权的放射线学专家参与便可移动。

Caesium 137 is the preferred source type.

首选的能源类型是铯 137。

Nuclear shall be the preferred measurement technique used for vessels on powder duty.

核应是用于粉尘工况的容器的首选测量技术。

Nuclear measurement may be considered when

下列情况可考虑核测量

a) The fluid is subject to density changes

介质可能有密度变化

b) A totally non-intrusive device is required, e.g. highly toxic fluids

要求一个完全非内置式设备，即高毒性介质

c) Where fluid may create frequent line blockage

介质可能造成频繁的管线堵塞

d) Foaming fluids

充满泡沫的介质

4.5.9 Radar Devices雷达仪器

Radar shall be the preferred measurement technique used for vessels containing viscous fluids

and on storage tanks.

雷达应是用于粘性介质的容器和贮罐首选测量技术。

Radar may also be considered for silos.

料仓也可考虑使用雷达仪器。

4.5.10 Load Cells秤重单元

Load Cells are the preferred measurement technique for vessels and silos on pellet duty. They

may also be considered for powder duty.

秤重单元是用于容器和颗粒料仓的首选测量技术。也可考虑用于粉尘工况。

4.5.11 Level Gauges液位计

Indicating level transmitters shall be used in preference over level gauges.

带指示的液位变送器应优先于液位计。

Liquid level gauges shall be used for local level measurement.

液体液位计应用于现场液位测量。

Magnetically coupled level indication devices shall be used for hydrocarbon service

(non-interface) and are preferred for other services.

磁偶合液位指示装置应用于碳氢化合物工况（无界面），并且在其它工况是首选的。

Severe services such as high pressure steam may require other type devices suitable for the

application.

苛刻工况例如高压蒸汽可能要求其它类型适合这种应用的设备。

Magnetic level gauges are generally of lighter weight than gauge glasses and are able to be

fabricated to any length.

磁性液位计通常是比玻璃液位计轻，并且能制成任何长度。

Tubular gauge glasses shall not be used.

不应使用玻璃管液位计。

Flat tempered borosilicate glass, reflex or transparent type gauge glasses shall only be used when

approved by SECCO.

经过热处理的硼硅酸盐平面玻璃、反射的或透明类型的玻璃液位计应只在赛科批准后使用。

Hydrastep or equal instruments are preferred for steam drum level trip applications.

对于蒸汽包的液位跳闸应用，Hydrastep或同等仪表是首选类型。

The maximum coverage with a single gauge glass shall be limited to four Number 9 sections

(1400 mm visible length). Where greater coverage is required, multiple gauge glasses using

either independent vessel connections or a standpipe shall be used. Overlap of visible length for

multiple glasses should be at least 25 mm.

单支玻璃液位计的最大范围应限制在 4个 9号分段（1400 mm”可见长度）。在要求更大范围

的地方，应使用利用独立导管连接或竖管的多层玻璃液位计。多层玻璃可见长度的重叠部分

宜至少是 25 mm。

Where gauge glasses are used,

玻璃液位计用于

a) Reflex type shall be used on clean non-viscous liquids and

反射型应用于清洁非粘性液体；

b) Transparent type shall be used on other liquids, for interface service, and for

applications requiring mica or other type shields.

透明型应用于其它液体，界面和要求云母或其它类型的防护层的应用。

Gauge glass illuminators, heating or cooling jackets, expansion loop, mica shield, non-frosting

extensions, etc. shall be provided wherever process service requires.

应在任何工艺要求的地方配备玻璃液位计照明装置，加热或冷却夹套，扩充回路，云母屏蔽，

非磨砂型加长杆等等。

Level indicators shall have minimum 50 mm (2”) flanged connections and shall preferably have

top and bottom connections. Vent and drain connections shall be &frac34;” NPT.

液位指示计应有至少 50 mm (2”)的法兰式接口并且应最好有顶部和底部接口。放空和排污接

口应是 20 mm (&frac34;”) NPT。

Connections shall be in accordance with piping and vessel specifications.

接口应遵照配管和容器规范。

Pressure/temperature rating and materials for level indicators shall be suitable for process

conditions. Material of construction shall be in accordance with piping and vessel specifications

but shall be carbon steel body as a minimum with stainless steel internal process wetted parts as

a minimum.

液位指示计的压力/温度等级和材料应适合工艺条件。结构的材料应按照配管和容器的规范，

但应是带至少是不锈钢的内部浸湿部件的至少是碳钢材质。

Level indicators shall be sized to cover the operating level ranges, not abnormal extreme levels.

液位指示计的尺寸应覆盖操作液位范围，而非不正常的极端液位。

Level indicators are preferred to cover the span of other level devices on the vessel.

推荐液位指示计覆盖容器上的其它液位设备的量程。

4.6 Control Valves, Self Acting Regulators and Actuated On-Off Valves

调节阀、自力式调节阀和带执行机构的开关阀

4.6.1 General概述

See specifications SD-00-TSC-CI-0013 “Actuated On-Off Valves Standard” and SD-00-TSC-CI-0020

“Control Valve Standard” for requirements.

要求见规范 SD-00-TSC-CI-0013“带执行机构的开关阀标准”和 SD-00-TSC-CI-0020“调节阀标

准”。

Selection of rotary valves shall be first choice where technically feasible unless an alternative type

is required for process reasons. Gate valves are not acceptable for modulating service.

选择旋转型阀门应在技术可行的地方作为第一选择，除非由于工艺的原因要求二选一的类

型。调节工况不容许用闸阀。

Actuated on-off valves shall be specific valves as exactly defined in piping specifications unless

special requirements such as actuator style, stroking speeds or tight shutoff dictate otherwise.

受驱动的开关阀应是如配管规范中定义的特定阀门，除非另有例如执行机构的类型，开关速

度或不泄漏关闭的规定。

Unless otherwise specified, self-acting regulators shall follow control valve requirements.

除非另有指定，自力式调节阀应遵循调节阀的要求。

Special construction gate valves with pneumatic actuators may be considered for severe services

where globe, ball or butterfly valves do not meet the process requirements.

在柱塞阀，球阀或蝶阀满足不了工艺要求的苛刻工况可以考虑带气动执行机构的特殊结构的

闸阀。

Standard gate valves with motor operated actuators are acceptable.

容许带电动马达操作执行机构的标准闸阀。

4.6.2 Body阀体

Materials, ANSI Class pressure rating, line sizes and end connections shall be specified in

accordance with the piping specification.

材料，ANSI标准压力等级，管线尺寸和接口应按照配管规范来确定。

Control valves sized 4” 100 mm and below shall have a minimum of 300# flanges.

4” 100 mm及以下的调节阀应配最小是 300#的法兰。

Screwed connection valves are not permitted for control valves and actuated on-off valves unless

piping specification does not allow the use of flanges.

调节阀和受驱动的开关阀不允许使用螺纹连接的阀门，除非配管规范不允许用法兰。

On/off valve size shall be line size unless otherwise determined by process requirements.

开关阀的尺寸应就是管线尺寸，除非工艺要求另有限定。

All valves should have flanged connections. Flangeless, wafer or lugged flange style control valves

shall not be used.

所有阀门宜有法兰式接口，不应使用非法兰，夹持式或耳形凸缘型调节阀。

4.6.3 Trim阀内件

Equal percentage or linear characteristic trim shall be used as a standard for most control valves.

对于大部分调节阀，等百分比或线性特性的阀内件应用作一个标准。

Where rangeability is not a concern, linear trim may be used if the valve pressure drop is greater

than one third of the inlet pressure (in absolute units).

在可调比无关紧要的地方，如果阀门压降大于阀前压力的 1/3（绝压），可使用线性的阀内件。

Linear trim may also be used for compressor anti-surge and pump minimum flow applications.

线性阀内件也可用于压缩机抗喘振和泵的最小流量应用。

For wide rangeability applications, equal percentage trim should be used.

对于宽的可调比应用，宜使用等百分比阀内件。

For control valves, the leakage class shall be in accordance with ANSI B16.104 (ANSI/FCI 70.2).

对于调节阀，泄漏等级应依照 ANSI B16.104 (ANSI/FCI 70.2)。

Where tight shutoff is required for control valves shall be ANSI VI if available or else a minimum

of ANSI V.

对调节阀要求不泄漏关闭的地方可能的话应是 ANSI VI级，不然最小要 ANSI V级。

Where bubbletight shutoff is required, globe valves are generally not suitable and ball/butterfly

type with zero leakage or maximum leakage rate specified by process is a requirement.

在要求不漏气关闭的地方，通常不适合安装柱塞阀，而要求零泄漏或由工艺限定的最大泄漏

等级的球/蝶阀。

ANSI IV seat leakage is required as a minimum for control valves.

对调节阀的最小要求是阀座泄漏 ANSI IV级。

For actuated on-off valves, ANSI Class V or API 598 is required as a minimum.

对受驱动的开关阀的最小要求是 ANSI IV级或 API 598。

Where tight shutoff is specified for on-off valves, soft seated ball valves or zero leakage butterfly

valves are preferred.

在对开关阀限定不泄漏关闭的地方，首选软阀座球阀或零泄漏蝶阀。

Where tight shut off is required for severe services such as high pressure or high temperature,

zero leakage may not be attainable in which case either ANSI V/API 598 or special construction

valves shall be considered.

在高压或高温苛刻工况要求不泄漏关闭的地方，有可能达不到零泄漏，这时应考虑 ANSI V/API

598或特殊结构的阀门。

For control valves, trim construction and type are not governed by piping specifications. Trim

materials shall be compatible with the process fluid and shall be in accordance with piping

specifications as far as possible except that material shall be minimum 316 stainless steel.

对于调节阀，阀内件的结构和形式不受配管规范的支配。阀内件材料应与工艺介质一致，且

除了材料应至少是 316不锈钢，尽可能按照配管的规范。

For actuated on-off valves, trim shall be in accordance with piping specification requirements for

manual piping valves.

对于受驱动的开关阀，阀内件应按照配管规范对手动配管阀门的要求。

For control valves, hardened trim (stellited 316 stainless steel or other type recommended by

manufacturer) shall be provided where required by piping specifications and by

SD-00-TSC-CI-0020 “Control Valve Standard”.

对于调节阀，根据配管规范和 SD-00-TSC-CI-0020“调节阀标准”要求，应提供经过硬化处理的

阀内件（钨铬钴合金 316不锈钢或制造商推荐的其它类型）。

4.6.4 Bonnet and Packing阀盖和填料

Fire safe applications require either graphite packing or a valve rated as fire safe in accordance

with API 607.

消防安全应用要求石墨填料或按 API 607等级为消防安全的阀门。

For actuated on-off valves, packing shall be in accordance with piping specifications.

对于受驱动的开关阀，填料应按照配管的规范。

For control valves, leakage from valve packing shall be minimised by the use of special packing

materials and/or bellows seals designed to meet the SECCO fugitive emissions targets.

对于调节阀，来自填料的泄漏应通过使用特殊的填充材质和/或波纹管式密封设计减小到最

小，来达到赛科挥发性散射要求。

Valves with bellows seals shall be furnished with a pressure gauge as an indicator when bellows

have a leak.

波纹管密封的阀门应配备一个压力表作为波纹管有泄漏的指示计。

Packing for self-acting regulators shall be in accordance with piping specifications.

自力式调节阀的填料应按照配管的规范。

4.6.5 Actuators执行机构

Spring opposed, air operated diaphragm or piston, actuators are preferred for on-off applications.

弹簧平衡型、气动膜片或活塞，执行机构对于开关阀是首选的。

Electric motor operators are acceptable for emergency isolation service (manual activation only)

but not for emergency shutdown service (automatic activation).

对于紧急切断用途（只有手动激活）允许电动马达执行器，但不能用于紧急停车（自动激活）。

If diaphragm or piston or electric motor actuators are not suitable, electro-hydraulic actuators

may be used where high thrusts, fast stroking times and/or long strokes are required.

Electro-hydraulic actuators shall only be used with approval by SECCO.

如果不能使用膜片或活塞或电动马达执行机构，电子液压执行机构可以用在要求高推动力，

快速开关时间和/或长时间开关的地方。电子液压执行机构应只在塞科批准后使用。

4.6.6 Positioners定位器

Foundation Fieldbus Positioners shall be used on control valves, wherever possible. These shall

be supplied by the SECCO nominated Main Instrument Vendor.

基金会现场总线定位器应尽量用于调节阀。应由塞科指定的主要仪表供应商提供。

Positioners for control systems which do not have FF functionality shall be smart

electro-pneumatic type with HART/4-20mA input signal.

用于没有基金会现场总线功能的控制系统的定位器应是带 HART/4-20mA 输入信号的智能电-

气型。

Positioners for high speed applications such as compressor anti-surge valves shall be selected to

suit the compressor manufacturer recommendations.

用于高速应用如压缩机抗喘阀应有所选择以适合压缩机制造商的推荐。

Split range functions shall be achieved by the DCS or by using the FF split range function block

when control is in the field.

分程功能应通过 DCS 来实现，或用于现场控制时，通过使用基金会现场总线分程功能来实

现。

All accessories to be mounted on valve unless special application dictates otherwise.

除非另有特殊应用的规定，所有附件安装在阀门上。

All tubing and connectors shall be metric size.

所有配管和接口应是公制尺寸。

4.6.7 Solenoids and Limit Switches电磁阀和限位开关

Where FF or smart positioners are used on control valves, limit switches are not required.

如果基金会现场总线或智能定位器用于控制阀，不要求限位开关。

Where limit switches are required these shall be of the proximity type, with no moving parts.

在要求限位开关的地方，其应是无运动部件接近型限位开关。

Limit switches and solenoid valves shall preferably be pre-wired to a valve mounted junction

box. When junction boxes are not used, the devices shall be supplied with terminal enclosures.

限位开关和电磁阀应最好预先接线到安装在阀门接线盒。不用接线箱时，该设备应配备接线

端子外壳。

Where required by safety standards, diverse solenoid valve types shall be used.

安全标准有要求的地方，应使用不同的电磁阀类型。

In-line solenoid valves for may be considered for utility services such as air and water where

suitable for service conditions.

在线电磁阀可以考虑用于公用工程如适合操作条件的地方的空气和水。

4.6.8 Sizing尺寸计算

Sizing calculations, to ISA 75-01 or IEC-60534-2, are required for control valves.

对调节阀要求与 ISA 75-01或 IEC-60534-2一致的尺寸计算。

Sizing calculations for actuated on-off valve Cv shall not be required unless process requirements

dictate a maximum allowable pressure drop.

对于受驱动的开关阀，不应要求计算 Cv，除非工艺要求限定了一个最大允许压损。

Services such as venting, pump and compressor minimum flow, etc. shall be considered special

cases and therefore exceptions to the sizing criteria given in specification SD-00-TSC-CI-0020

“Control Valve Standard.

如放空，泵和压缩机最小流量等等的工况应被考虑到特殊情况以及因此而不同于规范

SD-00-TSC-CI-0020“调节阀标准”给出的计算标准的例外。

Noise calculations are required for control valves. Maximum noise levels shall not exceed those

given in the Plant Design Noise Philosophy PH-00-TSC-SE-0004.

调节阀要求作噪音计算。最大噪音不应超过装置设计防噪原则 PH-00-TSC-SE-0004给出的值。

Noise calculations for on-off valves are not required unless unusually large pressure drop is

allowed.

除非允许不寻常的巨大压降，开关阀不要求作噪音计算。

4.6.9 Block, Bypass Valves and Handwheels切断阀、旁路阀和手轮

The use of handwheels shall be avoided. Piping bypasses shall not be used on valves with

solenoid valves unless approved by SECCO.

应避免使用手轮。配管旁路不应用于带电磁阀的阀门上，除非经塞科事先批准。

4.6.10 Self-Actuated Regulators自力式调节阀

Where applicable, for secondary services within capacity and service limitations, for low pressure

padding systems, etc., self-contained regulators may be used in lieu of pneumatically actuated

control valves. Threaded connections may only be used if allowed for by piping specifications,

otherwise these shall be flanged.

对于操作范围和操作极限内的次要用途和低压填料系统等，可用自立式调压阀代替气动调节

阀。螺纹连接只可在配管规范的允许下使用，不然应是法兰式的。

Self-acting temperature regulators/control valves shall not be used except for utilities services

such as water, lube oil, etc.

除了公用工程如水，润滑油等，不应使用自立式温度调节器/调节阀。

4.7 Instrument Air Supply 仪表供气

The main instrument air supply shall be furnished independent of the plant air supply without

interruption from other plant air user requirements.

主要的仪表供气应无来自其它工厂空气用户要求的切断，而独立于工厂供气被提供，。

The instrument air header supply pressure shall be

仪表空气总管的压力应是

Nominally正常 700 kPag

Upset minimum 故障最小值 415 kPag

Operating maximum操作最大值 750 kPag

Mechanical design机械设计 1000 kPag

Instrument air shall be dehydrated to a dew point of -40°C and shall be oil free.

仪表空气应被脱水至-40°C的露点，并且应无油。

Local pneumatic instruments shall be provided with a combination air filter and relief type

reducing regulator with a 50 mm gauge.

现场气动仪表应配备混合空气过滤器和带一个 50 mm表的泄压型减压阀。

Local control panel instrument air supply, when required, shall be supplied through parallel air

filters and pressure reducing regulators.

现场控制盘仪表的供气（如要求），应通过并联的空气过滤器和减压调节器来供应。

4.8 Pressure/Safety Relief Devices压力/安全泄压设备

4.8.1 Pressure Relief and Thermal Relief Valves压力泄放和热泄放阀

Pressure relief and thermal relief valves shall be in accordance with specification

SD-00-TSC-CI-0011 “Pressure Relief Valve Standard”.

压力泄放和热泄放阀应依照规范 SD-00-TSC-CI-0011“泄压阀标准”。

Pressure/Safety relief valves used for pressure vessels and piping, except for thermal relief of

liquids, shall be conventional, bellows or pilot operated type,

用于压力容器和管道的压力/安全泄放阀，液体的热泄放除外，应是常规、波纹管或辅助操

作型的。

Balanced bellows seals may be required instead of conventional type due to process fluid

considerations. Pilot operated valves are acceptable in place of bellows type for clean services.

出于对工艺介质的考虑，平衡波纹管密封可能要求替代常规类型。对于洁净用途，允许用辅

助操作阀替代波纹管类型。

Pilot operated safety valves shall be considered for large sizes.

大尺寸应考虑辅助操作安全阀。

Pilot operated valves shall be considered for back pressures greater than 40% of set pressure if

more favourable de-rating factors result in a valve smaller than a bellows type.

如果更多有利的非测定因子导致阀门小于波纹管类型的，对于背压大于设定压力的 40%的，

应考虑辅助操作阀。

Pilot operated safety valves with remote sensing shall be considered for cases where inlet

pressure drop is greater than 3% of set pressure.

在进口压降大于设定压力的 3%的地方，应带遥感的辅助操作安全阀。

Pressure/Safety relief valves for thermal relief of liquids shall be 20 mm (&frac34;”) minimum for

line sizes 20 mm (&frac34;”) and larger. All relief valves, including thermal relief's shall be flanged.

用于液体热泄放的压力/安全泄放阀对于 20 mm (&frac34;”) 和以上的管线应最小是 20 mm

(&frac34;”)。所有泄放阀包括热泄放阀都应是法兰式的。

Relief devices shall be sized on the basis of that hazard producing the greatest quantity of fluid to

be relieved, but not for two or more hazards where these are unlikely to occur simultaneously.

泄放装置应在危险产生的所要泄放的最大量液体的基础上计算，但不针对二种或更多种不太

可能同时出现的危险。

Rupture discs shall be in accordance with specification SD-00-TSC-CI-0014 不太可“Rupture Discs

Standard”.

爆破膜应依照规范 SD-00-TSC-CI-0014“爆破膜标准”。

Rupture discs may only be used as a primary overpressure device in place of a relief valve with

approval from SECCO. Rupture discs may be used as a secondary overpressure device in

conjunction with relief valves.

经赛科批准爆破膜只可用作取代泄放阀的主要过压装置。爆破膜可以用作与泄放阀联合的第

二级过压装置。

Relieving capacity and orifice/disc sizing basis shall be determined as per API RP 520 for pressure

vessels and piping.

泄放能力和孔板/膜片的计算基础应按照针对压力容器和配管的 API RP 520来决定。

Storage tank venting shall be provided in accordance with API Standard 2000.

贮罐放空应按照 API标准 2000来提供。

4.9 Instrument Tagging 仪表位号

Nameplates of a permanent type, firmly fastened with stainless steel hardware, showing tag

number and service shall be provided for all panel mounted instruments.

所有盘装仪表都应配备显示位号和用途，用不锈钢器件系紧的永久型的铭牌。

Field instruments shall, in general, be identified by tag number only with a tag made of 316

stainless steel, permanently attached or firmly fastened with stainless steel hardware.

通常现场仪表应只通过一个 316 不锈钢的永久贴着或以不锈钢器件系紧的标签，用位号标

识。

Tag plates shall be attached with bolts, screws, rivets or wire, whichever is more practical.

位号牌应以附有螺钉，螺孔，铆钉或金属丝（选择实用型）。

Where a tag plate is not practical, the identification shall be stamped on the unit.

在不能用位号牌的地方，应在单元上印上标识。

Tags shall be provided with all instruments including panel and rack mounted instruments.

所有仪表包括盘装和架装仪表都应有位号。

4.10 Voltage Levels and Cable Types for Instruments仪表的电压等级和电缆类型

DC voltage power supplies for instruments shall normally be furnished as part of the instrument

control system (DCS, SIS, PLC, local panel etc.).

仪表的直流电压供电应通常是作为仪表控制系统（DCS、SIS、PLC、现场盘等）的一部分来

配置。

Special level analog signals such as vibration sensors and speed sensors may be used as

required.

特殊标准的模拟量信号如振动传感器和速度传感器可以按要求使用。

Following is a list of preference for choice of analog signal types.

以下是模拟量信号类型的优先选择序列。

DCS

1 Foundation Fieldbus

基金会现场总线

2 4-20 mA with HART

带 HART的 4-20mA

3 4-20 mA

4-20mA

SIS

1 4-20 mA with HART

HART加 4-20mA

2 4-20 mA

4-20mA

PLC’s

1 4-20 mA with HART

HART加 4-20mA

2 4-20 mA

4-20mA

Contacts (process switch, relay, limit / proximity switch or hand switch) as inputs shall be voltage

free and shall be 24VDC powered from the control system.

作为输入的触点（工艺开关，限位/接近开关或手闸）应是无源的并且应来自控制系统的

24VDC供电。

The voltage for discrete outputs shall be 24VDC for both relays and solenoid valves.

继电器和电磁阀的离散型输出的电压都应是 24VDC。

Solenoid coils shall be low power type (3 watts or less) where feasible.

可能的话电磁线圈应是低功耗型（3瓦或更小）。

Solenoid coils for special devices such as turbine trip and throttle valves may require a different

voltage and power.

特殊设备如透平跳闸和风门阀的电磁线圈可以要求不同的电压和功耗。

MCC contacts used as inputs to instrument control systems shall be voltage free and shall be

sensed using 24VDC from the instrument control system.

用作仪表控制系统的输入的MCC触点应是无源的，并且应用来自仪表控制系统的 24VDC来

感应。

Discrete outputs for motor control shall be 24VDC powered to drive interposing relays or

microprocessor based intelligent MCC interface.

马达控制的离散输出应是 24VDC供电的以驱动基于智能的MCC界面的中间继电器或微处理

器。

Motor control voltage is typically nominal 220VAC, 50 Hz.

马达控制电压典型正常为 220VAC, 50 Hz。

Instruments requiring external AC voltage power shall have a power source of nominal 220 VAC,

single phase, 2 wire, grounded neutral, 50 Hz.

要求外部交流供电的仪表应有正常 220VAC，单相，2线，中线接地，50 Hz的电源。

Externally powered instruments self-contained within a control panel may be 24VDC powered

from a panel power supply if the branch feeder has a separate fuse or circuit breaker from field

I/O power.

在控制盘内自备的外供电仪表，如果分支供电有单独的熔断丝或来自现场 I/O供电的电流断

路器，可以是来自盘供电的 24VDC。

Wiring in accordance with the following table shall be used. Cables shall generally be armoured

and fabricated shall be in accordance with specification SD-00-TSC-CI-0015 “Instrument Cable

Material Standard”.

应使用按照下表的接线。电缆应通常是铠装的，并且构造应按照规范 SD-00-TSC-CI-0015“仪

表电缆材料标准”。

Wiring methods shall be in accordance with specification SD-00-TSC-CI-0001 “Instrument

Installation”.

接线方式应按照规范 SD-00-TSC-CI-0001“仪表安装“。

4.11 Units 单位

Process data and instrument scales shall use the following units.

工艺数据和仪表量程应使用以下单位。

Variable变量 SI Units国际公制单位

Temperature温度 °C摄氏度

Pressure压力

Near Atmospheric接近大气压

Above Atmospheric高于大气压

Below Atmospheric低于大气压

Low低

Absolute绝压

KPa千帕

kPag or MPag千帕或兆帕表压

kPa Absolute千帕绝压

Pa帕斯卡

kPa千帕

Level液位

General普通

Float and Tape浮球和带式

%百分比

Meters and mm米和毫米

Mass Flow质量流量 kg/h, t/h公斤/小时，吨/小时

Liquid Flow (Volumetric)液体流量（体积） m3/h立方米/小时

Gas Flow (Volumetric)气体流量（体积） Nm3/h 标准立方/小时

4.12 Local Control Panels, Consoles & Enclosures现场控制盘，操作台和防护

4.12.1 Scope范围

The use of local control panels shall be generally be avoided. Where local control panels are

essential, their use shall be approved by SECCO. (This does not apply to analyser houses or

enclosures).

通常应避免使用现场控制盘。在现场控制盘必需的地方，其使用应有塞科的批准。（这不适

用于分析小屋或防护罩。）

Proprietary Rittal enclosures of an approved type shall be provided to house local electronic

racks and components.

应提供 Rittal专利的被认可的防护罩来遮盖现场电子机架和部件。

4.12.2 Design设计

Panels and racks shall preferably be selected from an approved commercially available range.

盘和机架最好应从一个被认可的商业范围内选择。

Stainless steel enclosures where required shall be Type 316 with a 2B finish.

要求不锈钢防护罩的地方应是 2B光洁度的 316型不锈钢。

Sunshades shall be provided for local control panels in outdoor locations.

在室外的现场盘应配备遮阳棚。

Panel cut-outs shall be smooth and straight.

断流器盘应是光滑和笔直的。

At least 20 percent spares shall be provided for all terminals and cutouts. All spare cut-outs shall

be covered with proprietary filler plates at the panel front.

所有的端子和电路断开装置应配备至少 20%的余量。所有备用的断路器应在盘的正面用专门

的填充板遮住。

Bolting through the panel face is not permitted.

不允许螺栓穿透盘面。

Panel face shall be reinforced as necessary to prevent distortion.

盘面应必需加固以防变形。

No evidence of supporting studs or members shall be visible on the panel face.

盘面不应明显看到支撑螺钉或构件。

Electrical requirements shall be in accordance with SD-00-TSC-CI-0015 “Instrument Cable

Material Standard”

电气要求应按照 SD-00-TSC-CI-0015“仪表电缆材料标准“。

4.12.3 Panel Construction盘的结构

Lifting eyebolts to ISO 3266 shall be provided where necessary, and their removal shall not

compromise the panel’s IP rating.

必需的地方应配备按 ISO 3266的起重有眼螺栓，并且其拆除不应危急盘的防护等级。

When installed in a hazardous area, all components within a panel should be certified for use in

the area. Certified purged panels shall not be used unless approved specifically by SECCO.

如果安装于危险区，盘内所有元件应进行该区域认证。如果没有赛科的批准，不能使用经过

认证的吹扫盘。

For use in a non-hazardous area protection shall be in accordance with IEC 60529 IP55 for

outdoor locations and IP52 for indoor.

对在非危险区的使用应按照 IEC 60529来保护，室外为 IP55室内为 IP52。

Each door shall be dust-tight, easily removable, reinforced against buckling and provided with

lockable "T" or "L"-type door handles.

每扇门都应是防尘的，易于移动，加固以防扭曲并且应配备可锁的“T”或“L”型门手柄。

All doors shall be provided with the same lock and key combination, shall be maximum width 900

mm and have at least a three point door latching system.

所有的门都应配备相同的锁和开锁号码组合，都应最大宽 900 mm并且至少有一个三点门闭

锁系统。

The design shall provide means for adequate natural convection ventilation to prevent

overheating of installed equipment. This shall be based on continuous operation under worst

case environmental conditions provided in SP-00-TSC-PR-0001 “General Site Information:

Meteorological, Geological & Utilities Data.

设计应为所安装的设备提供足够自然对流通风的设施。这应基于在 SP-00-TSC-PR-0001 “综合

现场报告：气象，地质和公用工程资料”提到的最恶劣环境条件下的连续操作。

Panel assembly shall be suitable for mounting on a concrete floor or on beams of an elevated

floor construction (computer floor) by means of anchor bolts/clamps. Clamps drilled to accept

1/2 inch (12 mm) diameter bolts shall be supplied with the panel. Equipment racks shall be

suitable for bottom entry cables.

盘的装配应适合通过地脚螺栓/固定夹具的方式安装在水泥地板上或抬高的地板结构（计算

机地板）上。钻了接受 1/2 英寸（12mm）直径螺栓的夹板应随盘提供。设备机架应适合底

部进线。

1 literof final surface paint shall be supplied for each 350 ft2 (10 m2) of coated panel surface or

fraction thereof.

每 350平方英尺（10平方米）的涂过一层漆的盘或其中的一部分应配置 1升的末道表面漆。

4.12.4 Nameplates铭牌

Nameplates shall be provided for both the front and back of the panel.

盘的前后都应配置铭牌。

Nameplates shall be engraved from laminated plastic, three-ply stock, 2 mm (1/16”) thick, white

with black core and beveled edges.

铭牌应刻在层压塑料，3层夹板，2毫米（1/16英寸）厚，白色带黑芯和斜边。

Nameplates shall be supplied for the exterior and interior of panels and shall indicate the

instrument tag number and service.

室外或室内用的盘应配备铭牌，并且应指明仪表位号和用途。

They shall be installed with stainless steel screws and mounted below each described device.

它们应以不锈钢螺钉安装并且安装在各上述设备底部。

Legends shall be approved by SECCO.

图例由赛科批准。

In situations where a control panel is being added to an existing installation, the nameplates shall

be located in the same manner as on the existing control panels.

在现有的装置物新增一个控制盘的情况下，铭牌应按照现有控制盘的方式安放。

Each panel, front and rear, shall be identified with a specified nameplate located above each door

or pair of doors.

每个盘的前后应以安在每扇门或每对门上方的详细说明的铭牌来标识。

4.12.5 Additional Requirements附加要求

Electric accessory devices mounted within the panel shall be installed in locations where they will

be accessible for maintenance and operation, and where they will not interfere with

maintenance of panel face instruments, or the addition of future instruments.

安装在盘内的电气辅助设备应安放在维修和操作时易接触到的地方，以及其不会干扰盘面仪

表的维修或将来增加仪表的地方。

A separate gauge panel shall be used for directly connected instruments.

分体式计量表盘应用于直接连接的仪表。

4.12.6 Preparation For Shipment发运准备

Panels shall be crated or otherwise protected in a manner consistent with the method of shipping.

盘应用板条箱装，不然应以按海运的方法的一种方式来保护。

5.0 EQUIPMENT LOCATION, ENVIRONMENT AND SERVICES设备位置，环境和设施

5.1 Operating Environment操作环境

The environmental conditions in which the equipment shall be required to operate, and the

available services are specified in SP-00-TSC-PR-0001 “General Site Information: Meteorological,

Geological & Utilities Data”

设备应被要求操作所在的环境和可利用的设施在 SP-00-TSC-PR-0001 “综合现场报告：气象，

地质和公用工程资料”中详细说明。

5.2 Electrical Interference电气干扰

The equipment shall comply with the requirements of IEC 61000 "Electromagnetic Compatibility"

设备应符合 IEC 61000“电磁兼容性”的要求。

Data shall be provided concerning the susceptibility of the equipment to radio and commercial

power frequencies interference within the operating range of the equipment. Any precautions or

restrictions on the use of RF communication equipment with the equipment enclosure opened

shall be identified.

应提供关于在设备操作范围内设备对无线电通讯和商业供电频率干扰的易感性数据。任何关

于使用无线电频率通讯带敞开设备外壳的设备的警告和限制应被标识。

5.3 Electrical Power Supply供电

Primary electrical feeds will be provided to cabinets and packaged systems at 220V 50Hz 1Ph. The

design shall minimise the number of feeds required. Distribution of power to field mounted

equipment shall be derived from the cabinets. Each device shall be provided with a separate

means of isolation within the cabinets.

主要的供电会提供给机柜和成套系统 220V 50Hz 1Ph。该设计应将要求的供给数目减到最少。

现场安装的设备的电力分配应得自机柜。每个装置应在机柜内配备一个独立的隔离工具。

The equipment will be provided with power from a UPS system having 30 minutes battery back

up. The FGS will be provided with power from a separate UPS system having battery back up. The

UPS will have the following characteristics:

设备将从一个具有 30 分钟备用电池的 UPS 系统得到供电。来自有 24 小时备用电池的独立

的 UPS系统的电力会配备 FGS。UPS将有以下特点：

Voltage电压:- 220 Volts AC ± 2%

Frequency频率:- 50 Hertz ± 1%

Harmonic Distortion谐波失真:- 5% RMS Maximum最大

Under fault conditions, when the UPS switches to bypass supply (raw mains), equipment shall

continue normal operation without disruption under the following conditions:

故障状态下，当 UPS切换到旁路供电（原总线），设备应在下列条件下无间断继续正常操作：

Voltage电压:- 220 Volts AC + 10% - 5%

Frequency频率:- 50 Hertz ± 1%

Switching Time切换时间:- 40 milliseconds (short break duration)

40毫秒（较短中断持续时间）

Each cabinet shall contain any power supply units necessary for operation from the incoming

supply. All power supply units shall include fault monitoring and running lamp.

每个机柜应包含来自输入电源操作必须的任何供电单元。所有供电单元应包括故障监视和运

行灯。

Lighting and small power shall be provided from the site utility supply at 220V 50Hz.

照明和小功率应从现场公用设施配备 220V 50Hz。

5.4 Protection Techniques For Instruments In Hazardous Areas危险区内仪表保护技术

All electrical equipment for instrumentation and instrument control systems shall be designed,

furnished and certified to meet the electrical area classification in which they are to be installed

in accordance with IEC 60079.

所有仪表和仪表控制系统的电气设备应被设计，装备和认定应满足 IEC 60079安装所在的电

气的区域划分的要求。

Wiring, installation practices and circuit component parameters shall be in accordance with IEC

60079.

接线、安装准则和电路元件的参数应依照 IEC 60079。

Requirements for electrical equipment for power and lighting are not included in this

specification.

本规范不包括对于动力和照明的电气设备的要求。

Current-interrupting contacts of switches, pushbuttons, relays, and other such instruments /

devices that are installed outdoors or in locations that are not environmentally controlled shall be

hermetically sealed, where available, and suitable for the area classification, to prevent corrosion.

断流触电开关，按钮，继电器和其它这样安装在环境不受控制的室外或现场的仪表/设备应

密封，可能的话，还应适合区域划分以防发生腐蚀。

All electrical equipment for instrumentation and controls shall be designed, furnished and

certified to meet the electrical area classification in which they are installed. The preferred

group/temperature rating is IIC T6 but lesser ratings may be considered where IIC T6 is not

available for the selected instrument type. The preferred method of protection shall be

flameproof Ex(d).

所有仪表和控制的电气设备应设计、装备和鉴定为满足其所安装的电气区域划分的要求。首

选的组别/温度等级为 IIC T6，但当所选的仪表类型没有 IIC T6十可以考虑较低的等级。首选

的保护方式应是防火的 Ex（d）。

Electrical instruments shall be certified by a National Certifying Authority for operation in the

appropriate classified area and gas group. Acceptable agencies are UL, FM, CSA, European third

party for CENELEC or recognised Chinese agency.

用电的仪表的在适当的被划分的区域和气体组别内操作应由国家级的认证权威机构进行鉴

定。可接受的机构有 UL，FM，CSA，CENELEC的欧洲第三团体或被认可的中国机构。

The following protection techniques are allowed by IEC 60079.

下列是 IEC 60079允许的保护方法。

IEC 60079-1 Flameproof enclosures “d” 防火外壳“d”

IEC 60079-2 Pressurised enclosures “p” 增压外壳“p”

IEC 60079-7 Increased safety “e” 增安“e”

IEC 60079-11 Intrinsic Safety “i” 本安“I”

IEC 60079-15 Type of Protection “n” (not allowed for instruments on this project) 保护类

型“n”（不允许用于本项目的仪表）

IEC 60079-18 Encapsulation “m” (requires approval by SECCO)

封装“m”（要求塞科批准）

IEC 60079-5 Powder filling “q” (not allowed for instruments on this project)

粉状物料装填“q”（不允许用于本项目的仪表）

IEC 60079-6 Oil immersion “o” (not allowed for instruments on this project)

浸油“o” （不允许用于本项目的仪表）

Acceptable protection techniques for electrical and electronic instruments in Zones 0, 1 and 2

hazardous (classified) locations and their relative order of preference are listed below.

以下列出了位于 0，1，2（经划分的）危险区内的电气和电子仪表可接受的保护方法及其优

先选择的相关顺序。

Zone 区 Acceptable Certification 可接受的认证

0 1 EEx ia

1 1 EEx d (preferred)（首选的）

2 EEx e

3 EEx ib

4 EEx p

2 1 EEx d (preferred)（首选的）

2 EEx e

3 EEx ib

4 EEx p

Safe Area

安全区 1 Uncertified equipment 未鉴定的设备

2 Equipment suitable for Zones 0, 1 or 2 in this table 本表格中适合 0，1，2区的设备

All in addition (Subject to approval) 所有另外的（视批准而定） EEx s

EEx m

20 (dust) （灰尘） EExia, IP6X and T3 (dependent upon dust ignition

temperature) （由灰尘的点燃温度决定）

21 (dust) （灰尘） IP 6X and T3 (dependent upon dust ignition

temperature) （由灰尘的点燃温度决定）

22 (dust) （灰尘） IP 5X and T3 (dependent upon dust ignition

temperature) （由灰尘的点燃温度决定）

Acceptable certifications for junction boxes in Zone 1/2 are first choice Ex(e) and second choice

Ex(de).

在 1/2区内接线箱的可接受的认证是第一选择 Ex（e）和第二选择 Ex（de）。

For cable glands, dual certified glands to Ex(d) and Ex(e) shall be used.

对于电缆密封管，Ex（d）和 Ex（e）应使用双重认证的密封管。

For intrinsic safety circuits, all wiring, installation practices, and electrical components shall meet

the requirements of IEC 60079-11.

对于本安电路，所有接线，安装准则和电气元件应满足 IEC 60079-11的要求。

Zone 0

0区

Intrinsic safety is the only acceptable practice for Zone 0.

对于 0区，只有本安准则被接受。

Zone 1

1区

Unless specified as intrinsically safe, all wiring and installation practices shall meet the

requirements of IEC 60079-1, regardless of the protection technique used from the above table.

除非被鉴定为本安，所有接线和安装准则都不管上表所用的保护方法应满足 IEC 60079-1的

要求。

The selection of the appropriate protection technique from the table above shall be evaluated on

a case by case basis with due consideration given to installation and maintenance costs.

从上表选择适当的保护方法应在对安装和维修成本适当考虑的逐一情况的基础上被评估的。

Zone 2

2区

Unless specified as intrinsically safe, all wiring and installation practices shall meet the

requirements of IEC 60079-1, regardless of the protection technique used from the above table.

除非被鉴定为本安，所有接线和安装准则都不管上表所用的保护方法应满足 IEC 60079-1的

要求。

Switches, pushbuttons, and other such devices shall be hermetically sealed if available.

开关，按钮和其它这样的设备可能的话应密封。

The selection of the appropriate protection technique from the table above shall be evaluated on

a case by case basis with due consideration given to installation and maintenance costs.

从上表选择适当的保护方法应在对安装和维修成本适当考虑的逐一情况的基础上被评估的。

APPENDIX I - THERMOWELL INSERTION LENGTHS

附录 I-温度计套管内置长度

(Note: TBD = To be determined)（注：TBD=待定）

For flanged connections on piping, add the projection height of the nozzle to lengths shown

below and attempt to use standard “U” lengths of 250 mm (10”), 300 mm (12“), 400 mm (16”)

and 500 mm (20”). For flanged connection on vessels, attempt to use a standard “U” length of

400 mm (16”). The “U” length of well is measured from face of flange to end of well.

对于管道上的法兰连接，下表所示长度增加管口的突出部分长度，并且倾向于使用标准的

250 mm (10”), 300 mm (12“), 400 mm (16”) and 500 mm (20”)的长度“U”。对于容器上的法兰连

接，倾向于使用 400 mm (16”) 的长度“U”。套管的“U”的长度是从法兰面到套管底测量的。

Perpendicular Insertion

垂直插入 Elbow Insertion

转弯插入 45 degree Angle Insertion

45度角插入

Pipe

Size

管道尺寸

(in) Min U

最小 U

in

(mm) Max U

最大 U

in

(mm) Default

缺省

in

(mm) Min U

最小 U

in

(mm) Max U

最大 U

in

(mm) Default

缺省

in

(mm) Min U

最小 U

in

(mm) Max U

最大 U

in

(mm) Default

缺省

in

(mm)

4 3

(80) 4

(100) 3

(80) 5

(125) 10

(250) 8

(200) 4

(100) 5

(125) 5

(125)

6 4

(100) 6

(150) 5

(125) 5

(125) 12

(300) 8

(200) 5

(125) 6

(150) 5

(125)

8 4

(100) 8

(200) 5

(125) 5

(125) 14

(350) 8

(200) 6

(150) 8

(200) 8

(200)

10 4

(100) 8

(200) 5

(125) 6

(150) 14

(350) 8

(200) 6

(150) 10

(250) 8

(200)

12 5

(125) 9

(225) 8

(200) 6

(150) 14

(350) 8

(200) 6

(150) 12

(300) 8

(200)

14 5

(125) 10

(250) 8

(200) 8

(200) 16

(400) 14

(350) 8

(200) 12

(300) 10

(250)

16 5

(125) 10

(250) 8

(200) 12

(300) 16

(400) 14

(350) 8

(200) 12

(300) 10

(250)

18 6

(150) 12

(300) 8

(200) 12

(300) 16

(400) 14

(350) 8

(200) 14

(350) 10

(250)

20 6

(150) 12

(300) 8

(200) 12

(300) 16

(400) 14

(350) 8

(200) 14

(350) 10

(250)

22 6

(150) 14

(350) 8

(200) 12

(300) 18

(450) 14

(350) 8

(200) 16

(400) 10

(250)

24 6

(150) 14

(350) 12

(300) 12

(300) 18

(450) 14

(350) 8

(200) 16

(400) 10

(250)

26 6

(150) 18

(450) 12

(300) TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD

28 6

(150) 18

(450) 12

(300) TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD

30 6

(150) 20

(500) 16

(400) TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD

36 6

(150) 24

(600) 16

(400) TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD

42 6

(150) 28

(700) 16

(400) TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD

48 6

(150) 32

(800) 20

(500) TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD

APPENDIX II - CODES AND STANDARDS

附录 II-规范和标准

CODE OR STANDARD

规范和标准 TITLE

题目

EIA RS-485 Electrical Characteristics of Generators and Receivers for Use in Balanced Digital

Multipoint Systems

用于平衡数字多点系统的发生器和接受器的电气特性

ANSI B16.104 / (ANSI/FCI 70.2) Control Valve Seat

Leakage

调节阀阀座泄漏

API 2000 Venting Atmospheric and Low Pressure Storage Tanks

放空和低压贮罐

API 598 Valve Inspection and Testing阀门的检查和测试

API RP520 Sizing Selection and installation of Pressure Relieving Devices in Refineries 炼厂

的泄压装置的计算选型和安装

API RP521 Guides for Pressure Relief and Depressuring Systems - Third Edition泄压和降压

系统指南-第三版

API RP526 Flanged Steel Safety Relief Valves - Third Edition

法兰式钢制安全泄放阀-第三版

API RP527 Commercial Seat Tightness of Safety Relief Valves with Metal to Metal Seats -

Second Edition

带金属对金属阀座的安全泄放阀的商业化的阀座紧密度-第二版

ASME / ANSI B1.20.1 Pipe Threads, General Purpose (Inch)管道螺纹，通用（英寸）

ASME / ANSI B16.36 Orifice Flanges孔板法兰

ASME / ANSI B16.47 Large Diameter Steel Flanges (Series B) 大尺寸钢法兰（B系列）

ASME / ANSI B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings 管道法兰和法兰式管阀件

ASME / ANSI B46.1 Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, Waviness, and Lay)

表面特性（表面粗糙度，波纹和层面）

ASME SEC VIII-DI-89 Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Construction of Pressure

Vessels, Division I

锅炉和压力容器规范，第 8版，压力容器的结构，I类。

FF 569 Fieldbus Foundation Interoperability Test Procedure

现场总线基金会互用性测试程序

IEC 60079 Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas Atmospheres

爆炸性气体环境的电气设备

IEC 60381 Analog Signals for Process Control Systems

工艺控制系统的模拟信号

IEC 60423 Conduits for Electrical Purposes – Outside Diameters of Conduits for Electrical

Installations and Threads for Conduits and Fittings

电气用途的穿线管-电气安装的穿线管外径和穿线管及管阀件的螺纹

IEC 60529 Degrees of Protection Provided by Enclosures 防护外壳的保护等级

IEC 60534 Industrial Control Valves 工业用调节阀

IEC 60584 Temperature Measurement Thermocouples 温度测量热电偶

IEC 60751 Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometer Sensors

工业用铂热电阻温度传感器

IEC 61000 Electromagnetic Compatibility 电磁兼容性

IEC 61158 Digital data communications for measurement and control

测量和控制的数字化数据通讯

IEC 61241 Electrical Apparatus for Use in the Presence of Combustible Dust

用于存在易燃灰尘工况的电气设备

ISA 75.16-86 Face-to-Face Dimensions for Flanged Globe Style Control Valve Bodies (ANSI

Classes 900, 1500 and 2500)

法兰式柱塞调节阀阀体面-面尺寸（ANSI 900，1500和 2500磅）

ISA 75.17-90 Control Valve Aerodynamic Noise Reduction

调节阀空气动力学降噪音

ISA 75.19-90 Hydrostatic Testing of Control Valves (Formerly ASME/ANSI B167.37-80) 调节

阀流体静力学测试（原 ASME/ANSI B167.37-80）

ISA S75.01-85 (R1995) Flow Equations for Sizing Control Valves 调节阀计算的流量平衡

ISA S75.02-1996 Control Valve Capacity Test Procedure 调节阀流通能力测试

ISA S75.03-1995 Face-to-Face Dimensions for Flanged Globe Style Control Valve Bodies

(ANSI Classes 125, 150, 250, 300 and 600) 法兰式柱塞调节阀阀体面-面尺寸（ANSI 125，150，

250，300和 600磅）

ISA S75.05.01-2000 Control Valve Terminology 调节阀术语

ISA S75.07-87 Laboratory Measurement of Aerodynamic Noise Generated by Control

Valves 调节阀产生的空气动力学噪音的实验室测量

ISA S75.11-85 (R1997) Inherent Flow Characteristic and Rangeability of Control Valves

调节阀固有的流量特性和可调比

ISA-5.1-1984 (R1992) Instrumentation Symbols and Identification 仪表符号和标识

ISO 5167 DP Flow Measurement 差压流量测量

ASME / ANSI B46.1 Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, Waviness, and Lay)

表面特性（表面粗糙度，波纹和层面）

ISO 6718 Bursting Disc sizing 爆破膜计算

IEC 61779 Flammable Gas Detectors可燃气体探测器

NACE MR-01-75 Sulfide Stress Cracking Resistant Metallic Material for Oil Field Equipment

油介质设备的抗硫化物应力开裂的金属材料

NFPA 8502 Standard for Prevention of Furnace Explosions in Multiple Burner Boilers 多级

焚烧锅炉中熔炉爆炸的预防标准

IEC 61508 Functional Safety of Programmable Electronic Systems

可编程电子系统的功能安全

APPENDIX III - PIPE, VALVE AND FLANGE SIZES

附录 III-管道，阀门和法兰尺寸

Sizes for pipes, pipe fittings, valves and vessel nozzles shall be designated in nominal diameter

(ND) millimetres. Actual outside diameters in millimetres for pipe are identical to those

corresponding to the nominal pipe size (NPS) in inches.

管道，管阀件，阀门和容器管口的尺寸应以毫米标明公称直径（ND）。以毫米为单位的管道

的实际外径与那些以英寸为单位的相应的公称管道尺寸相同。

Actual inside diameters in millimetres shall be identical to those corresponding to schedule

identification for the nominal pipe size (NPS) in inches.

以毫米为单位的实际内径应与那些英寸为单位的与壁厚识别相应的公称管道尺寸相同。

Actual dimensions in millimetres for flanges and valve face-to-face measurements shall be

identical to those corresponding to inches noted in applicable ASME/ANSI/ISA/API codes and

standards.

法兰和阀门面-面以毫米为单位度量的实际尺寸应与那些和标有可利用的 ASME/ANSI/ISA/API

规范和标准相应的英寸相同。

ND公称直径

Mm NPS公称管道尺寸

inches ND公称直径

mm NPS公称管道尺寸

inches

10 0.375 550 22

15 0.5 600 24

20 0.75 650 26

25 1 700 28

40 1.5 750 30

50 2 800 32

65 2.5 850 34

80 3 900 36

100 4 1050 42

125 5 1200 48

150 6 1350 54

200 8 1500 60

250 10 1800 72

300 12 1950 78

350 14 2100 84

400 16 2250 90

450 18 2400 96

500 20 2600 104

1.1

Yoke Outside screw & yoke

Stem Inside screw (IS)

Yoke sleeve Stem ring

Valve seat (body seat) Sent ring

Integral seat Deposited seat

( ) Trim Disc

Disc seat Body Bonnet

Bonnet bush Screw cap Screw bonnet

Bolted bonnet (BB) ( ) Union bonnet (cap)

Bolted cap (BC) Welded bonnet (WB)

Body stem seal Asbestos emergency seal

Back seal Pressure seal bonnet

Powered operator Electric motor operator Pneumatic operator Hydraulic operator ( ) Quick-acting operator( sliding Stem) Spur gear operator Bevel gear operator

Wrench operator

LiuNan

Digitally signed by Liu NanDN: CN = Liu Nan, C = US, O = LPEC, OU = PetrochemicalLocation: luoyangDate: 2004.11.24 14:28:48 +08'00'

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Chain wheel Hand wheel Hand level ( Handle) ( ) Cylinder operator

Chain operated Full bore, full port Reducing bore, Reduced Port; Venturi port

Short pattern ( ) Compact type Lattern ring

Gland Stem packing Bonnet gasket

( ) Rising stem (RS) ( ) Non-rising stem (NRS) / Indicator /stopper Grease injector Renewable seat ring

1.1.2 (1) Gate valve

Double disc parallel seat Split wedge Flexible solid wedge Solid wedge

Plug gate valve Through conduit gate valve

(2) Globe valve Globe type disc

Plug type disc Swivel disc

(3) Throttle disc Needle valve

(4) ( ) Angle valve (5) Y (Y ) Y-valve (Y-body globe valve) (6) Ball valve

3-way ball valve Trunnion mounted

Fire safe type Floating ball type

Blowout Proof stem (7) Butterfly valve

( ) Wafer type

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Lug type Offset disc butterfly valve Eccentric butterfly valve

Canted disc butterfly valve Link butterfly valve Combined non-return butterfly valve

(8) Piston type valve (9) Plug valve

Three-way plug valve Four-way plug valve

Cock Sleeve cock

(10) Diaphragm valve Rubber lined diaphragm valve

Straight way diaphragm valve Weir diaphragm valve

(11) Pinch valve ( ) (12) Check valve

Lift check valve Swing check valve Ball check valve Spring ball check valve

Dual plate wafer type check valve Non-slam check valve

Foot valve Stop check valve Non-return valve Piston check valve

Flap check valve Tilting disc check valve Butterfly check valve

1.1.3

Safety valve (SV) Relief valve (RV) Safety relief valve

Lever and weight type Pilot operated safety valve

Twin type safety valve Flush-bottom tank valve

Bellow scaled valve Solenoid valve solenoid operated valve Electrically operated valve Electric-motor operated valve Pneumatic operated valve

Cryogenic service valve

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Steam trap Mechanical trap Open bucket trap, open top bucket trap Float trap

Inverted bucket trap Loose float trap

Thermostatic trap Metal expansion steam trap Liquid expansion steam trap

Bimetallic expansion steam trap Balanced pressure thermostatic trap

Thermodynamic trap Impulse steam trap

( ) Air vent valve, (Automatic air vent valve)( ) Slab type sliding gate valve

Flat valve Diverting valve, Reversing valve

Thermos expansion valve Self-closing valve Self-draining valve Line-blind valve

Squeeze valve ( ) Breather valve

Damper Pressure reducing valve Reducing valve Control valve

Diaphragm operated control valve Actuator

Back pressure regulating valve Differential pressure regulating valve

Pressure ratio regulating valve

1.1.4 ( )

Block valve shut-off valve; stop valve Regulating valve Quick opening valve Quick closing valve Isolating valve Three way valve Jacketed valve

Non-rotary valve Blowdown valve

Drip valve

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Drain valve Vent valve Unloading valve Discharge valve Suction valve

Multiport valve Sampling valve Hand operated valve Manually-operated valve Forged valve Cast valve

Barstock valve ( ) Bibb, Bib, Faucet

( ) Bleed valve By-pass valve Hose valve Mixing valve

Vacuum breaker Flush valve Root valve; Primary valve, Header valve

1.21.2.1

( ) Pipe ( ) Tube Steel pipe

Cast iron pipe Lined pipe Clad pipe Carbon steel (C.S.) pipe

Alloy steel pipe Stainless steel (S.S.) pipe

Austenitic stainless steel pipe Ferritict alloy steel pipe

Wrought-steel pipe Wrought-iron pipe

Seamless (CMLS) steel pipe Welded steel pipe

Electric-resistance-welded-steel pipe ( ) Electric-fusion(arc)-welded-steel-plate pipe

Spiral welded steel pipe Galvanized steel pipe

Hot-rolling seamless pipe

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Cold-drawing seamless pipe Water-gas steel pipe

Plastic pipe Class tube Rubber tube

Wall thickness (WT) Schedule number (SCH.NO.)

Extra heavy; Extra strong Double extra heavy ; Double extra strong

1.2.2 Fitting

Elbow Reducing elbow

Base elbow Long radius elbow Short radius elbow

180 Long radius return 180 Short radius return

( ) Side outlet elbow (Right hand or left hand) Double branch elbow (Y)

Tee Reducing tee Straight tee

( ) Side outlet tee (Right hand or left hand) ( ) Reducing tee (Reducing on outlet) ( ) Reducing tee (Reducing on one run)

Base tee ( ) Reducing tee (Reducing on one run and outlet) ( )( ) Reducing tee (Reducing on both runs) (Bull head)

45 45� Lateral 45 ( ) 45� Lateral (Reducing on branch) 45 ( ) 45� Lateral (Reducing on one run) 45 ( ) 45� Lateral (Reducing on one run and branch) Y True “Y”

Cross Straight cross Reducing cross ( ) Reducing cross (Reducing on one outlet) ( ) Reducing cross (Reducing on both outlet) ( ) Reducing cross (Reducing on one run and outlet) ( ) Reducing cross (Reducing on one and both outlet)

Reducer Concentric reducer

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Eccentric reducer Reducing swage

Branch connection Stub-in

Thredolet Weldolet

Sockolet Elbolet Latrolet

Sweepolet Nipolet

Boss Coupling, Full coupling

Half coupling Reducing coupling

Union Bushing

Cap Plug Nipple

Reducing nipple ( ) Swage nipple

1.2.3

Fabricated pipe bend () Cross-over bend

() Offset bend 90 Quarter bend

Circle bend 90 () Single offset quarter bend

S “S” bend 90 () Single offset “U” bend

U “U” bend U Double offset expansion “U” bend

Mitre elbow Mitre bend

3-piece mitre bend Corrugated bend

End connection

Flanged end Beveled end (BEV.E), Butt welded end;

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Plain end (PE) Socket welding end

Threaded end (TE) ( ) Bell end ( ) Welding end

Flanged joint Butt welded joint

( ) Threaded joint, pipe threaded joint ( ) Seal-welded taper pipe threaded joint Socket welded joint Bell and spigot joint Welded joint

( ) Ring joint (RJ) Universal joint

Soldered joint Lapped joint

Bevel for outside thickness Flanged(FLGD)

Butt welded (BW) Threaded (THD)

Socket welded (SW) Small end plain (SEP) Large end plain (LEP)

Both ends plain (BEP) Small end thread (SET) Large end thread (LET) Both ends thread (BET) One end thread (OET)

1.2.5 Flange (FLG)

Integral pipe flange Steel pipe flange Threaded flange ( ) Slip-on-welding flange, Slip-on(SO) flange

Socket welding flange Lap joint flange (LJF) Weld neck flange(WNF)

Blind flange, Blind Orifice flange Reducing flange

Pad type flange Loose hubbed flange Welding plate flange

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Welding neck collar ( stub end ) Welding-on collar

Stub end Lapped pipe end

Loose plate flange Pressure rating; Pressure rating class

Pressure-temperature rating Flange facing

Raised face (RF) Male face (MF) Female face (FMF) Tongue face Groove face

Ring joint face Flat face, Full face (FF)

Smooth raised face (SRF) Facing finish

Roughness Smooth Serrated Root mean square (RMS)

Arithmetical average roughness height (AARH) 1.5 Piping specialty1.5.1

Strainer Filter

( ) Temporary strainer (cone type) Y Y-type strainer T T-type strainer

Permanent filter Gauze strainer

Eye washer and shower Sight glass

Flame arrester Spray nozzle

Ejector Sample cooler

Silencer Expansion joint

Bellow expansion joint Single bellow

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Double bellow Multiple bellow

Pressure balanced expansion joint Hinged expansion joint

Axial movement type ( ) Self-equalizing expansion joint Tied expansion joint Universal type expansion joint

Ball type expansion joint, Flexible ball joint Slip type (packed type) expansion joint

Single action packed slip joint 1.3.2 piping special element

Hose connection (HC) Quick coupling Metal hose

Rubber hose Flexible tube

Reinforcing saddles, Reinforcing pad Special flange

Funnel Drip ring

Drain funnel Blank Spacer

8 Spectacle blind, Figure 8 blind Restriction orifice

Rupture disk Protective disc

1 4 Other Material

1.4.1 General Material (1) Metal Material

(a) Material Carbon steel (C.S.)

Low-carbon steel Medium-carbon steel High-carbon steel

General carbon steel

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

High quality carbon steel General structure low-alloy steel

Structural alloy steel Alloy steel Tool steel

Spring steel Molybdenum steel

Nickel steel Chromium steel,

Chrome-molybdenum steel Chromium-nickel steel Chrome-nickel steel

Chromized steel Chromium-plate, chrome-plated

Stainless steel (S.S.) Austenitic stainless steel

Martensitic stainless steel ( ) Stellite

( ) Hastelloy ( ) Martin steel Killed steel

Semi-killed steel Rimmed steel, Rimming steel, Open steel

Forged steel Cast steel

Cast iron(C.I.) Grey cast iron

Mallcable iron(M.I.), Nodular Nodular cast iron, Nodular graphite iron

Pig iron Wrought iron

Casting High silicon cast iron Non-ferrous alloy

Aluminum Copper

Brass Bronze

Aluminum bronze Phosphor bronze

Aluminum magnesium Manganese bronze ( ) Monel

Titanium Lead

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Hard lead (b)

Ultimate strength Tensile strength Yield limit

Yield point Percentage elongation

Compressive strength Bending strength Elastic limit

impact value (Number) Fatigue limit Creep limit Endurance limit Brinell hardness Rockwell hardness Vickers diamond hardness

(2) Non-metallic material

Plastic - - Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)

Polyethylene (PE) Poly vinyl chloride (PVC)

Styrene-rubber (SR) Polybutylene (PB) Polypropylene (PP)

Polystyrene (PS) Chlorinated polyether (CPE)

Polyamide (PA) Polycarbonate (PC)

Poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB)

Chlorinated poly vinylchloride(CPVC) Poly vlnylidene fluoride(PVDF)

Acetal plastic Nylon plastic

Polyolefin (PO) Graphited phenolic plastics

Polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) Fiber reinforced thermoplastics

Thermoplastic Thermoset Adhesive

Solvent cement

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Resin Wood

Fire brick Ceramic Porcelain enamel

Borosilicate glass Glass Rubber

Nitrile butadiene rubber Neoprene Natural rubber Ethylene propylene rubber (BPR)

Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM)

1.4.2 Gasket (GSKT) Type of gasket Flat gasket

Flat ring gasket Flat metal gasket

Elastomer with cotton fabric insertion Elastomer with asbestos fabric insertion

Elastomer with asbestos fabric insertion and with wire reinforcement

Non graphited compressed white asbestos gasket Natural white rubber gasket

Compressed asbestos gasket PTFE impregnated asbestos gasket

Spiral-wound metal gasket with asbestos filler Inner ring

Outer ring Corrugated metal gasket

Corrugated metal gasket with asbestos inserted Corrugated metal double jacketed asbestos filled gasket

Double jacketed asbestos filled gasket Flat metal jacketed asbestos filled gasket Solid metal serrated gasket

Grooved metal gasket Ring joint metal gasket

Octagonal ring gasket Oval ring gasket

Lens gasket

1.4.3 Packing

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Packing Asbestos rope, Asbestos cord

O O-rings Self-sealing Teflon tap

Asbestos rope with inconel wire, Inconel wire Asbestos Teflon impregnated asbesto packing

Metallic stuffing Packing box, stuffing box

Stuffing box gland

1.4.4 Shaped steel Angle steel Channel I-Beam H Wide Flanged beam T T-Bar Square Bar Flat Bar Hexagonal steel Bar Round steel, rod Strap steel Plate Checkered plate ( ) Web

( ) Wing 1.4.5 Bill of material (BM) Material take-off (MTO) Bulk material Accuracy of take-off ( ) ( ) Block form Consolidated piping material summary sheet(CPMSS) Material status report (MSR)

Summary sheet Estimate

Quantity(QTY) Inquiry Procurement, purchase

Purchase specification

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Purchasing Order (P.O.) Purchasing specification summary sheet (PSSS)

Requisitioning Vendor Quotation

Prefabricated Itemized

Code number Short code

By Buyer (BB) By Seller

By Vendor(BV) Supplier

Manufacturer

1.5

1.5.1

Match line (M.L.) Center line()

Battery limit(BL) Area limit

Zone limit Plant limit

Inside Battery limit(I.S.B.L.) Equipment Arrangement, Equipment layout, plot plan

Elevation (EL) Top of concrete

Top of support(TOS) Top of steel (TOS)

Top of Beam Point of support (POS)

East (E) West (W) South (S) North (N) Up Down

Plant north True north

Orientation Hazardous area classification

Floor Platform (PF)

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Ground level Hand rail Stair, stair way Ladder

Paving area Unpaving area Gravel paving Rubber paving

Steel structure Yard

Building Road Pipe rack

Column, Post, Stanchion Foundation

Beam Bracing Girder

( ) Cable tray (channel) ( ) Instrument Cable tray (Duct)

Wall Grate, Grating Erection opening

Hoisting beam Shelter

Davit Net positive suction head

Absolute elevation Coordinate

Origin of coordinate Center line of discharge Center line of suction

Tangent line Welding line

/ Revolutions per minute (RPM) Control room

Eye washer station Foam station

Hose station (H.S.) Storage room Ventilating room Locket room

Transformer room Substation

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Maintenance room Office Closet Analyzer room

Compressor house (room) Pump house (room)

Battery room ( ) Panel

Local panel Electrical panel Instrument panel

1.5.2 Name of the Equipment

Tower; Column Scrubber Absorber

Cooling tower Fractionating tower

Heat exchanger Air cooler Water cooler

Condenser Spiral plate exchanger

Reactor Tank

Knock-out drum Spheroid spherical tank

Drum Gas holder

Helical gas-holder Wet gas-holder Dry gas-holder

Furnace Burner

Boiler Flare Stack

Heater Electric heater

Agitator Dryer

Mixer Evaporator

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Extractor Crystallizer Gravity settler Ejector

Sprayer Cyclone Separator

Package unit Facilities

Apparatus Accessory

Crane Bridge crane

Motor hoist Pump Turbine pump Vortex pump

Centrifugal pump Jet pump Rotary pump

Inline pump Vacuum pump

Plunger pump Double action reciprocating pump

Metering pump Deep Well pump Gear pump

Hand pump, Wobble pump Compressor

Reciprocating Compressor Mutiple stage Compressor Helical screw Compressor

Centrifugal Compressor Fan Blower Centrifuger

Centrifugal separator Centrifugal filter

Pressure filter Generator

Steam turbine Motor

1.5.3 Piping design

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Piping study Piping arrangement plan (PAP) Piping assembly; piping layout Detail X View “X” A A Section “A-A”

Hook up DWG Isometric drawing Key plan

Typical installation Piping and Instrument diagram (P&ID)

List of nozzles Continue on drawing (COD) Offsite Above ground piping

Under ground piping Line number

Header; Manifold By pass

Car seal close(C.S.C.) Car open close(C.S.O.) Locked closed (L.C.) Locked open (L.O.)

Normally Open Normally Closed

Sampling connection Tracing pipe

Steam tracing Hot-water tracing

Electrical tracing Jacketed Line

Full jacketed Scale

Figure Sketch Legend Symbol Part Number Medium Pressure (M.P.)

Low pressure (L.P.) High pressure (H.P.)

Atmosphere (ATM) Vacuum

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Operating pressure, Working pressure Design pressure Operating temperature Design temperature Ambient temperature

Degree Centigrade ( ) Fahrenheit (F)

Fixed saddle Sliding saddle

Inlet suction Outlet discharge

Exhaust Drain Vent

( ) Sump pit Catch Basin

Trough Piping trench Floor drain

Cat walk Walk way, Gang way

Future area Manhole (MH) Handhole (HH)

Sewer Nozzle

Connection Conduit

Nozzle orientation Direction Location Intersection

Perpendicular Parallel

Top of pipe (TOP) Bottom of pipe (BOP) Bottom of trench

Invert (Inside bottom of pipe) Flat on bottom (FOB) Flat on top (FOT)

Horizontal Vertical Riser

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Material Specification break Insulation break Piping class

Piping material specification Nominal (pipe) size Nominal diameter (DN) Nominal pressure (PN) Pressure rating

Class (CL) / Pounds per square inch (Psi)

/ Kilograms per square centimeter (kg/cm2) Million Pascal (Mpa) Piping component

Piping attachment Piping element Corrosion allowance

Spool place, Spool Run pipe, straight pipe Bend

Fitting to fitting (FTF) Horizontal installation Vertical installation

Face to Face (F-F) Center to End (C-E)

Center to Face (C-F) Center to Center (C-C)

Symmetric ( ), ( ) Opposite Distance Slope

Working point (W.P.) Line spacing

Line span Egulvalent

Maximum (Max.) Minimum (Min.) Approximate (APPROX) Area

Volumn (VOL) Diameter (D) (DIA) Radius ( R) Outside Diameter (OD) Inside Diameter (ID)

Bolt clrcle (B.C.) Pitch circle diameter

Clearance

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Dimension Height

Altitude Thinkness (THK) Length Width Depth kip

meter (m) millimeter (mm) feet/foot (ft) Inch (in)

1.61.6.1 Attachment of support

Shoe Clamp U ( ) Clevis

U ( ) Forged steel clevis Lug Trunnion

Shear lug Stool Ear

Strap clamp Cleat

Adjustable cleat Gusset

Rib Ring Stiffener

Base plate Top plate

Fin Embedded part, Inserted plate

( ) Shim Clip

( ) Clip (on equipment) PTFE sliding plate

Tie plate Tie rod Limit rod

Eye rod

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Connecting rod Lever

( ) Spacer ( ) Sliding traveler (for hanger)

Tackle block Cable

Wood block Saddle Skirt

1.6.2 Type of pipe support Resting support Sliding support

Anchor Guide

Restraint Stop

Limit stop Two-axis stop

Double-acting limit stop Directional stop

Hanger Spring support Resting type spring support

Spring hanger Constant hanger

Counter weight hanger Spring type constant hanger Resting type spring, constant support

Rolling support Spring bracing

Snubber Hydraulic snubber

Damping device ( ) Dash pot

1.6.3

Standard pipe support Typical pipe support

Cantilever support Triangular support

Leg

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

� �-type support L L-type support

Pole type support Support-on-well

Adjustable support Sleeper

Special support 1.6.4 Back to back Drill

Slot, Slot hole Vent hole

Grouting Assembly

Tapped, Tapping Free to slide

Span Alignment

… Cut to suit … Trim to suit

( ) Extrusion

1.7 Thermal stress analysis

Piping flexibility analysis Load case

Force Moment

Bending moment Torque Externally applied load Load

Cold load working load

Reaction Displacement

Appendant displacement Angular rotation

Cold spring Self spring Restraint

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Fix point; Anchor point Free

Rigid Direction Member Node

Node number Piping system Stress

Bending stress Torsional stress Axial stress Shear stress

Tension stress Compression stress

Primary stress Secondary stress

Thermal expansion stress range Allowable stress range

Displacement stress Flexibility stress Internal pressure stress External pressure stress Longitudinal stress

Stress-Range reduction factor Modulus of elasticity

Moment of inertia Section modulus Flexibility factor

Poission’s ratio Flexibility characteristic

Stress intensification factor In-plane Out-plane

Thermal cycle Thermal expansion coefficient

Safety factor

1.81.8.1 (1) Varieties of welding Arc welding Electric fusion welding (EFW)

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Fusion gas welding(EGW) Electric resistance welding (ERW) Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)

Manual and automatic inert gas tungsten ( ) arc with unmeltable electrode welding (GTAW) Automatic submerged arc welding

Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) Argon-Arc welding

Gas-shielded arc welding Gas welding, flame welding

Plasma welding Braze welding Electroslag welding Welding electrode (rod) Welding wire ( ) Flux (2) Type of welding Fillet welding Intermittent welding Spot welding Butt welding Lap welding Plug welding Bead welding Slot welding Welding joint

(3) Overhead welding Field weld (F.W.) Back run Vertical welding Flat welding ( ) Shop weld Tack weld

(4) Groove V V groove, Bevel end U Single U groove K Double bevel groove X Double V groove U Double U groove U V Combination U and V groove

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

(5) Defects of welding

Weld crack Root crack Mismatch Pit

Burn through Slag inclusion Undercut Overlap Porosity

Excessive spatter Incomplete fusion Incomplete penetration (6) Non-Destructive testing Visual testing Dye penetrant Inspection

Liquid penetrant test X X-ray radiography � Gamma radiography Ultrasonic test Magnetic particle test Fluorescent penetrant inspection Hydraulic testing

Pneumatic testing 1.8.2 Heat treatment

(1) Conventional heat treatment Annealing

Spot annealing Process annealing Spheroidize annealing Isothermal annealing Dead-soft annealing

Tempering Nomalizing Quenching

Water quenching Oil quenching

Isothermal quenching Slack quenching

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Hot quenching Cold quenching

Quenching and tempering Ageing treatment Hardenability Superheated susceptivity Temper brittleness

(2) Surface heat treatment Flame surface quenching

Induction hardening Carbonization Nitrogen case-hardening Chromizing Aluminizing

1.9 Class wool Rock wool Polyurethane Foam glass, Cellular glass

Asphalt Asphalt felt

Galvanized wire Galvanized wire mesh

Asbestos board Asbestos cloth

Asbestos fabric Shell blanket

Calcium silicate Aluminosilicace fiber

Perlite Foamed concrete, cellular concrete

Varmiculite ( ) Mineral wool

Insulation block Kleselguhr, Diatomite

Cellular polystyrene Mastic weatherproof coating Finishing cement Clad, Metal jacketing Glass(fibre) cloth

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Galvanized (sheet)iron, Galvanized plain sheet Aluminium sheet Wire gage Birmingham wire gage (BWG) American wire gage(AWG) Insulation Hot insulation Cold insulation Personal Protection Sound insulation Sound-absorbing Decibel(db) Thermal conductivity factor Support ring Circumferential band Steel ring

Painting Primary coat, Bottom coat Finished coat Enamel Antirust paint Alikyd enamel Phenolic paint Bituminous paint Polyurethane paint Organic silicon paint Urushiol resin paint Epoxy resin paint

Ethylene perchloride paint Inorganic zinc-rich paint

Colour (color) ( ) Light

Dark 1.10

1.10.1 Bolt Hexagonal Bolt Square head Bolt Stud Bolt Eye Bolt Countersunk (head) Bolt

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Anchor Bolt, Foundation bolt Turnbuckle U U-Bolt

T T-Bolt Round head Bolt Machine Bolt Jack Screw Self tapping Bolt Expansion Bolt

Coarse Finished, fine

Nut Hexagonal nut

Square nut Wing nut

Flat nut Lock nut

Washer Spring washer

Square washer Slant washer

Pinned shaft Pin

Cotter pin Dowel pin Pin with hole Taper pin

Rivet Key

1.10.2 Thread

Left hand thread Right hand thread Pipe thread

Taper pipe thread Straight pipe thread Trapezold thread

Pitch of thread Coarse thread Fine thread

Extra fine thread Full thread Whltworth thread

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Metric thread American Standard taper pipe thread {NAP}

TAP 1.11

Analytical Engineering phase Preliminary stage

Planning stage (phase) Production design phase

Detail design Basic design

Approved for planning (AFP) Approved for design (AFD) Approved for construction (AFC) Basic engineering design data

Advanced for construction (ACF) Certified final (CF)

Design sheet Design document Design note ( ) Design specification (SPEC)

Design specification summary sheet (DSSS) Detail design Issue (DDI) Client change notice (CCN)

Nomenclature Conceptual plot plan Proposal plot plan Award plot plan Approval plot plan

Planning plot plan Production plot plan Construction plot plan

Working procedure Battery limit condition

Standards(STD) Reference

Kick-off meeting Project review meeting

Project status report(PSR) Vendor co-ordinative meeting (VCM)

Client, Customer Contractor

Expediting

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Inspection Transportation

Free on board (FOB) Free on truck

Erection Construction Commissioning Description Hold Issue Revision(REV)

Check list Approval Check Drawn Department

Division Discipline Drawing number (DWG.NO.)

Job No. Project

Plant

1. Maintenance maintain

2. repair

repair parts 3. mend n. , , , , vt. , , , , vi. , , 4. overhaul

major overhaul minor overhaul 5. service

serve Service center

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

figure n. , , , , , , , vt. , , , , , vi. , , ,

diagram ( ) scheme n. , , , , , ,

v. , , , map atlas

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

acid centrifugal pump

acid circulation pump

acid pump

adjustable blade propeller pump

adjustable delivery pump

adjustable discharge gear pump

air compressor pump

air extracting pump

air feed pump,

air lift pump

air pump

air turbine pump

air-ballast pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

airlift beet pump

ammonia pump

Archimedean screw pump

articulated vane pump

aspirator pump;

atmospheric pump,

atomizing pump

attached pump ( )

auto-grease pump

automatic Sprengel pump( )

automatic tire pump

auxiliary air pump

auxiliary feed pump

auxiliary feed water pump

auxiliary fuel pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

auxiliary lubrication pump

auxiliary pump

axial piston pump

axial plunger pump

axial pump

backing pump;

barrel pump,

barrel-type pump

beet pump

biflex fuel pump

bilge pump;

blending pump

boiler feed pump

boiler proving pump

booster diffusion pump

booster oil diffusion pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

,

booster oil pump

booster pump, ,

booster-type diffusion pump

borehole pump, ( , )

bottle pump

bottom hole pump

bottom pump

brine circulating pump

brine injection pump

brine pump

broad band light pump

bucket pump[ ]

built-on pump

bulk plant pump

bull deep-well pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

caisson pump

cam pump

cam-type axial piston pump

canned pump

canned-motor pump;

canyon-type pump

carbonic acid gas pump

cargo oil pump

cargo pump;

cavitation pump

centrifugal booster pump

centrifugal fish pump

centrifugal pump,

centrifugal sewage pump

centrifugal water pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

centripetal pump

chain pump

charge pump

charging pump; ; ;

check-valve pump

chopper-type muck pump

circulating pump, ( )

circulating-water pump

circulation oil pump

clean-up pump,

coal lifting pump

cog-wheel pump

cold pump

collecting pump

combination pump,

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

combined suction and force pump( ) ,

compound pump[ ]

compression pump, [ ]

compressor vacuum pump

concrete pump

condensate [extraction] pump

condensate return pump

condensation air pump

condenser pump

conduction pump;

constant rate pump

constant volume pump

constant-flow pump

controlled by-path injection pump

controlled volume pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

coolant pump

cooling medium pump;

cooling water pump

cream pump

crescent pump

cryogenic fluid pump, ,

cryogenic pump

cryosorption pump

curd pump ( )

curing pump

cycloidal pump

deck pump

deep-well pump,

delivery pump

diaphragm pump,

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

diaphragm-type fuel pump

diesel pump

differential pump

diffuser pump

diffuser type centrifugal pump

diode sputter-ion pump[ ]

direct acting steam pump

direct-acting pump

direct-current electromagnetic pump

direct-injection pump

discharge pump, ,

dispensing pump,

displacement pump, , ,

distillation products jet pump

distributor type fuel pump

divergent nozzle pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

diving air pump

diving pump

donkey pump,

double air pump

double discharge gear pump

double pump

double-action pump, ( )

double-casing volute pump

double-direction gearpump

double-pistonpump

double-stroke deep well pump

double-suction pump

downhole engine pump

drainage pump

draining pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

draw-off pump

dredgepump, ,

driven well pump

drowned pump

drum pump

dry vacuum pump

dry-air pump( ) ,

dual injection pump,

dual pump,

duplex air pump

duplex double-acting pump

duplex geared pump

duplex pump, ,

duplex steam pump

eccentric driven pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

eccentric sliding vane pump

eccentric-cylinder rotary oil pump

ejector booster pump

ejector jet pump,

ejector pump

ejector vacuum pump

ejector water air pump

electric booster pump

electric coolant pump

electric pump

electrically driven feed pump

electrically driven pump

electrogenic sodium pump

electro-ion pump

electrolyte pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

electromagnetic pump

emergency pump

emulsion pump

evapor-ion pump

exhaust pump

exhauster regulating valve

express pump

external gear oil pump

external gear rotary pump

external gear-type oil pump

extraction pump, ,

extrusion pump

fan pump

feathering pump

feed pump;

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

fertilizer pump

filling pump,

filter pump

fire extinguishing pump

fire pump

fish pump

fixed delivery pump

fixed pump

fixed-displacement pump

flexible hose pump;

flexible-impeller pump

flow control pump,

foot pump

forced lubrication pump

forcing and sucking pump

forcing pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

,

fore pump,

forevacuum pump

fresh feed pump

fresh water pump

friction pump

frozen-seal pump

fuel feed pump

fuel hand pump

fuel injection pump

fuel jettison pump

fuel lift [oil] pump

fuel oil delivery pump

fuel oil injection pump,

fuel oil service pump[ ]

fuel pressure pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

fuel pump

fuel-metering pump

fuel-oil transfer pump,

furnace charge pump

gas ballast pump( )

gas oil pump

gas pump,

gasoline feed pump

gasoline meter pumps

gasoline pressure hand pump

gathering pump

gear spinning pump

gear wheel pump

geared feed pump

geared-on-gear pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

general-purposepump

geometricallysimilar pump

getter pump, ,

getter-ion pump

governor pump

grease pump, ,

grout pump

hand air pump,

hand by-pass pump

hand fuel pump

hand pump, , ,

hand semi-rotatory pump

heat pump( ) ;

heat-exchanger pump

heavy liquor pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

Hele-Shaw pump- ( )

helical gear pump

helico-centrifugal pump

helicoidal pump

herringbone gear pump

high density stock pump

high-lift pump,

high-low pump

high-pressure diaphragm pump

high-pressure double cylinder oil pump

high-pressure manual pump

high-pressure oil pump

high-pressure plunger pump

high-pressure pump

high-specific speed pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

high-speed diffusion pump,

high-speed pump

high-vacuum pump

hoist pump

hoist pump check valve

hoist pump control valve

hollow-plunger pump

horizontal centrifugal pump

horizontal divergent-nozzle pump

horizontal pump

horizontal spindle pump

hose pump

hot oil centrifugal pump

hot oil pump

Humphrey gas pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

hydraulic bottom-hole pump

hydraulic control pump

hydraulic gear pump

hydraulic hand pump

hydraulic oil pump

hydraulic pump,

hydraulically driven pump

hydrostatic pump

Hyvac pump

ice cream pump( )

idler gear pump

immersed pump

immersible pump

impeller pump

inclined piston pump ( )

independent pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

injection pump,

ink pump

in-line plunger pump

in-line pump

internal combustion pump

internal gear (rotary) pump

ion-type vacuum pump

Janney pump

jerk pump,

jet air pump

jet-diffusion pump

jury pump,

kinetic pump

Langmuir‘s diffusion pump,

laser pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

;

lead circulating pump

lead pump

lever action air pump

lift [suction] pump, ,

light diffusion pump

light pump

limed juice pump,

line pump ( ) ( )

liquid oxgen pump

liquid pump

liquid ring pump

liquid sludge pump;

liquid-hydrogen pump

live hydraulic pump

lobe pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

lobed element pump

low head pump,

low-head centrifugal pump,

low-lift pump

low-pressuer pump

low-suction pump

lube (oil) pump,

lubricant pump,

lubricating oil delivery pump

lubricating oil pump

lubricating oil starting pump

lubricating oil suction pump

lubricating oil transfer pump

lye pump

magma pump,

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

magnetic pump

main circulation pump

main feed pump

main fuel pump,

main oil pump

main scavenging pump,

make-up pump[ ]

manual pump

marine pump

mashing pump,

measuring pump, ,

mechanical fuel pump,

mechanical pump

mechanical roughening pump

mechanical vacuum pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

mechanically-driven pump

medium lift pump,

membrane pump

mercury air pump( )

mercury diffusion pump

mercury pump( )

mercury vacuum pump

mercury vapo(u)r diffusion pump

mercury vapor [air] pump, ( )

mercury vapor jet pump

metal fractionary pump

metal(lic) diaphragm pump

meterflow pump

metering pump

microelectrolytic pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

milk and cream pump

milk pump

milking machine pump

minimal flow pump

mixed-flow propeller pump

mixed-flow pump

mixture pump

mobile diaphragm liquid manure pump

mobile engine-driven diaphragm pump

mobile motor driven centrifugal pump

molasses pump

molecular drag pump

molecular pump,

monoblock pump

motor pump,

motor-driven feed pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

motor-driven pump

motor-mount pump,

mud pump,

mud suction pump ( ) ,

mud valve;

Muencke pump( )

multicellar pump

multicylinder pump,

multi-lobe ballpump

multiple centrifugal pump

multiple impeller pump

multiple piston pump

multiple vane pump

multiple-nozzle pump

multiple-piston rotary pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

multiple-plunger pump

multiple-stage centrifugal pump

multi-stage pump,

nduction pump

negative-displacement pump,

normal stress pump

nylon-roller pump( )

off-gas pump

oil (air) pump( )

oil circulating pump

oil delivery pump

oil diffusing pump

oil drain pump

oil ejector pump

oil feed pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

oil feed-back pump

oil fuel feed pump

oil fuel injecting pump

oil fuel pump

oil gear pump

oil hand pump

oil hydraulic pump

oil less pump

oil pressure pump

oil pump bypass valve

oil pump inlet valve

oil pump outlet valve

oil pump regulating valve

oil rotary pump,

oil scavenge [suction] pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

oil transfer pump

oil vacuum pump

oil vapor pump,

oil-driven pump

oil-line pump,

oil-refinery pump

oil-sealed rotary pump

oil-well pump

one-shot pump,

optical pump

oscillating plunger pump

oscillating pump

paddle pump

petrol pump

pharyngeal pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

pickle pump( )

piston rotary pump

piston valve pump

piston-type pump

piston-type rotary pump

piston-type spray pump

pitcher pump

pneumatic diaphragm milk pump

pneumatic pump,

polymer pump

port plate axial piston pump

portable electric pump

portable pump

positive-displacement pump, ,

positive-displacement type fuel pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

power pump

power steering pump

pregreasing pump

pressure gear pump

pressure oil pump

pressure pump

pressure-compensated pump

process pump,

propeller pump( ), ,

proportioning pump,

pulp pump

pulse pump

pulse-free pump

pulseless pump

pump,

pump barrel

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

,

pump bearing

pump blockpunch

pump bob

pump body,

pump bonnet

pump bracket

pump bushing

pump bypass jet

pump capacity[ , ]

pump check spring

pump check valve

pump circuit,

pump circulation,

pump cooling

pump cup

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

,

pump cylinder

pump delivery head [ ]

pump displacement,

pump dredger, ,

pump drill,

pump duty,

pump element

pump exhaust inlet

pump feed evaporator ,

pump fishing with light

pump gland

pump governor

pump governor cover

pump house

pump inlet check valve

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

pump inlet valve

pump outlet valve

pump piping

pump relief valve ; ;

pump suction pipe

pump valve

pumpage,

pumpconcrete[ ]

pump-decanter

pumper, ,

pump-frequency, ,

pump-turbine, - ,

pump-unit

pusher pump

radial plunger oil pump,

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

radial pump

ram-(type) pump

rapid approach pump

raw oil pump ( )

reaction water pump[ , ]

reciprocating air pump

reciprocating diaphragmpump

reciprocating pump

reciprocating steam pump

reciprocating vacuum pump

reciprocatingfeed pump

recycle liquid pump

recycle pump

reflux pump( )

regenerative pump,

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

remote-controlled pump

reserve(d) pump

return pump;

reversible pump

reversing pump

ring section feed pump

ring-shaped gear pump for lubricant

rod(liner) pump

roller impeller rotary pump

roller pump

roller vane pump

rolling piston radial pump

roll-type rotary sprayer pump

Roots blower pump,

Roots high vacuum pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

rotary abutment pump

rotary air pump

rotary block radial pump

rotary circulating pump

rotary displacement pump,

rotary dry vacuum pump

rotary elliptical piston pump

rotary fuel-feed pump

rotary gas ballast pump

rotary gear pump

rotary mercury pump

rotary motor pump

rotary oil pump,

rotary oil sealed mechanical pump

rotary oscillating pump

rotary pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

rotary semi-displacement-type pump

rotary type circulating water pump

rotary type fuel feed pump

rotary vacuum pump

rotary vane mixing pump

rotary vane type pump

rotary-piston pump

rotary-plunger pump

rotating-field electromagnetic pump( )

rotopiston pump

rotor pump

roughing pump

rubber hand pump

rubber pump valve

salivary pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

, salvage pump

sanitary pump

scavenge oil pump

scavenger pump

scavenging pump, , ,

screw impeller pump

screw pump,

scum pump,

sea water pump

seated valve pump,

secondary lubricating pump, ,

secondary scavenging pump, ,

self priming pump, ( )

self-fractionating pump, ,

self-sucking pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

semi-rotary pump,

sewage ejector submersible pump

shaft-driven oil pump( )

shell pump, ,

shuttle-block oil pump c sickle pump

, ,

simplex pump

single pump

single valve knapsack pump ( )

single-acting hand pump

single-cylinder pump

single-entry centrifugal pump

single-impeller pump

single-stage pump

single-suction centrifugal pump[ ]

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

single-suction volute pump

sinking pump; ;

sirup pump

sleeve pump

slide valve pump

slide valve reciprocating pump

slide-vane type rotary pump

sliding vane pump

slime pump,

slippage pump

slipper pump ( )

sludge and thick liquid pump

sludge pump

slurry agitator pump

slurry pump;

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

slurry snake pump

slush pump

sodium pump

sodium-potassium exchange pump

solid pump

solution feed pump

sorption pump

spinning pump,

spiral pump,

split flow pump

spool valve pump

spray pump,

spur-gear pump

sputter-ion pump

squeeze pump

squeeze-hose pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

squirtpump

stage pump

standarizing pump( )

stand-by pump,

starting lube oil pump

start-up feed pump

stationary motor piston pump

steam feed pump

steam jet air pump,

steam jet vacuum pump

steam pump

stoneware pump

storage pump

straight spur gear-on-gear pump[ ]

straightway pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

stuff pump

subclypeal pump

Submerged Motor Pumps

sucker rod pump

sucking pump

suction pump, , ; ;

sugar juice pump

sump pump,

supply pump

surge pump,

swashplate axial piston pump

sweet water pump

swinging vane pump

syrup pump

tail pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

tan liquor pump

tandem pump

tank piping

tank truck pump

tank-cleaning pump

test pump

thermo-electro-magnetic pump

three-screw oil pump

three-throw pump

titanium pump

titanium sublimation pump

transfer pump,

travelling-field electromagnetic pump( )

triple pump

triple-barrel pump( , )

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

triplet piston pump

triplex pump

triplex reciprocating pump

trochoid pump( )

tubing pump

turbine pump

turbo molecular pump, ,

turbulence pump

turret type pump

twin fuel pump

twin pump

twin simplex pump (=twin single pump)

twin-diaphragm pump

two-speed

two-stage air pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

two-stage centrifugal pump

two-stage diffusion pump

two-stage vacuum pump

two-way flow pump

two-way pump,

tyre [tire] pump

unbalanced fuel pump

uncompensated pump

underflow pump,

unit pump,

vacion pump

vacuum air pump

vacuum and pressure air pump

vacuum booster pump

vane motor pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

vane pump,

vapour pump, ,

variable capacity pump, ( )

variable delivery pump

variable pump

variable stroke injection pump

variable stroke pump

vertical pump

volumetric type diaphragm pump

volute pump,

vortex pump

washer [washout] pump

waste water disposal pump

water circulating pump

water ejector pump( )

water jet air pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

water jet pump

water pump

water ring pump

water service pump

water supply pump,

Waterbury pump

waterproof pump

waveguide pump

wear pump( )

Weir pump( )

well pump

Wesco pump,

wet air pump

wet vacuum pump

wheel pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

white water pump

windmill pump

wing pump,

wobble plate pump

标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

1

A

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE – Pressure gauges give readings, which represent the difference between the pressure being measured, and the pressure of the atmosphere. These readings are known as “gauge pressure” and can be converted to total of absolute pressure by adding the barometric of atmospheric pressure.

ABSOLUTE ZERO (Temperature) – A hypothetical temperature – characterized

by the complete absence of heat and equivalent to –273.16°C or –459.69°F. ABSORBER – A piece of equipment in which a gas or liquid is taken in by contact

with another material. Example: A sponge soaks up water or absorbs water. ABSORPTION – The taking up of a gas or vapor by a liquid, the taking up of a

liquid by a solid, or the taking up of energy (heat, light, x-ray) by another material.

A.C. (Alternating Current) – Electric current that reverses direction periodically,

usually sixty times per second (60 CYCLE). This is the primary type of electrical current used in most North American facilities. Outside of North America the most common A.C. used is 50 cycle, reversing direction 50 times per second.

ACCEPTANCE – A formal approval that has passed a process of review and as

such is supported by documentation, stamps and/or signatures of authority. Examples of Acceptance:

Drawings that are stamped with “AFC” (Approved for Construction) An executed Contract or Subcontract

ACCUMULATOR – A tank or vessel serving as surge capacity for fluids from

which streams are drawn or pumped to other points. Example: “reflux accumulator” or, liquid refrigerant accumulator”.

ACETIC ACID – An organic acid. The name is derived from the Latin word,

“acetum”, meaning vinegar. “CH3-COH” ACETYLENE – A colorless, highly flammable gas that is explosive when

compressed; the simplest compound containing a triple bond; used in organic synthesis and as a welding fuel.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

2

ACETYLIDE – A compound formed from acetylene with the H atoms replaced by metals, as in copper acetylide (Cu2C2). Very dangerous when dry as they tend to be pyrphoric.

ACID – A chemical substance that has the ability to react with a base to form a salt.

Typical acids are acetic (HOAC), hydro-chloric (HC1), Phosphoric (H3PO4), and sulfuric (H2SO4).

ACID SUIT – A protective suit worn by a person when working on equipment to

keep acid or any other toxic liquid from getting in his body. ACIDIC – A material having the characteristic of an acid. The material has a pH

between 1 and 7. These materials react with basic materials such as sodium hydroxide (caustic).

ACIDITY - Having a pH below “7”. The ability to turn litmus paper red. ACIDIZE – A maintenance procedure used to clean equipment or piping with an

acid solution. Consists of circulating an acid solution through a piece of equipment with a pump.

ACID WASH – A procedure where a piece of equipment is washed with acid for

cleaning purposes or for the purpose of neutralizing any possible caustic contaminants (see acidize).

ACTUATOR – A device which accepts the output from a control system and moves

a final control element (usually a valve) to change a process condition. See also “Final Control Element.”

A/D – Analog –to-digital. ADAPTIVE CONTROL – Method of control whereby tuning (response) of the

control system is varied with the process conditions, unlike other control systems where response times are set manually and remain constant.

ADDITIVE – A compound added to a semi-finished product in very small quantities

to improve some characteristic of the product, or to prevent certain undesirable reactions from occurring in its use.

ADSORPTION – The concentration of a gas, liquid, or solid on the surface of a

solid. Example: The adsorption of poison gases by the activated charcoal in gas masks.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

3

AERATE – To bubble air or gas into a solution. This saturates the solution with the

air or gas. AEROBIC – Referring to an organism or process requiring the presence of free

oxygen. AFTERCOOLER – Process vessel used for final cooling of a process fluid after

compression. AGITATE – To shake or to mix as in the preparation of a solid-liquid mixture. AGITATOR – A device for keeping liquids and solids in motion by mixing, stirring,

or shaking. A.H.P. (AIR HORSEPOWER) – The power output developed by a fan in moving a

given air rate against a given resistance. Example: The sizing requirement of a fan in a cooling tower.

AIR DRYER – A system used to remove moisture from compressed air. AIR HANDLER -- The part of a ventilation system that moves the air through the

building AIR HORN – A device, which uses compressed air and the venturi principle to

move air through a vessel. Air horns exhaust air from a vessel when operated properly.

AIR INLET – Opening through which air enters. Example: Opening in a cooling

tower through which enters (sometimes referred to as the louvered face on induced draft towers).

AIR MOTOR VALVE – A valve that uses an air powered motor to position the

valve. AIR MOVER – A driven fan or blower used to force air into a vessel. May also be

an air horn. AIR RATE, G – [lb/(sq ft – hr)] In a cooling tower, mass flow of dry air per square

foot of cross sectional area in the tower’s heat transfer region per hour.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

4

AIR VELOCITY – Velocity of the air through a specific region. In the case of Vapor, the velocity of a vapor through a specific region.

ALARM – A device (either horn (“audio”) or light (“visual”) or both), which

indicates that some function in a unit has exceeded predetermined limits. For instance, high temperature, high pressure, low or high liquid level, a release, etc.

ALARM PANEL – That portion of a control panel used for indicating alarm

statuses. ALCOHOL – A compound, which may be regarded as being derived from a

hydrocarbon in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by hydroxyl (OH) radicals. Often used to indicate grain alcohol (ethanol).

ALGAE – Seaweeds, pond scum, and a variety of microscopic facilities inhabiting

fresh and salt waters. ALGORITHM – Mathematical representation of the action performed by a

controller such as proportional, integral, derivative, or combinations of those modes.

ALIGNMENT – The positioning of two or more pieces of equipment to form a line.

Example: Motor and Pump, Turbine and Compressor, Column sections. ALKALI – A chemical compound capable of neutralizing an acid. ALKALINE – Refers to a material, which is caustic in nature, such as lye (sodium

hydroxide). Any material, which has a pH between 7.1 and 14, is considered to be alkaline.

ALKANE – A member of the saturated series of hydrocarbons with the general

formula CN H2N + 2. Example: Ethane C2H6. ALKENE – A member of the unsaturated, olefin series of hydro- carbons. General

formula is CNH2N. Example: Ethylene C2H4. ALLOY – Any of a large number of substances having metallic properties and

consisting of two or more elements combined to create a material with properties different than the individual elements; with few exceptions, the components are usually metallic elements.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

5

ALPHANUMERIC – A character set that contains both letters and numeric digits and perhaps other characters such as punctuation marks.

ALUMINA – A desiccant, aluminum oxide (A1203) used in traps for drying gases

and liquids. ALUMINA TRAP – A small tank filled with alumina desiccant used for drying

gases, such as instrument air. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE – The temperature in the outside environment. AMINE – One of a class of organic compounds, which can be considered to be

derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogens by organic radicals. Example: Ethylene + Ammonia = Ethylene amine.

AMMETER – An instrument for measuring the quantity of electric current flow,

measured in amperes, or amps. AMPERES (AMPS) – A unit of measure of the electrical current flow in a wire.

Similar to “gallons of water” flow in a pipe. ANAEROBIC – An organism or process that is independent of free oxygen. ANALOG COMPUTER – A computing device comprised of functional modules

such as amplifiers, multipliers, dividers, etc., interconnected in such a way as to facilitate the solution of a strategy. The input to and the output from an analog computer are continuous signals as contrasted with a digital computer which can deal only with discrete signals.

ANALOG INPUT – A continuous signal from the external device such as a

transmitter to a computer. ANALOG OUTPUT – A continuous signal from a computer to an

external device. ANALYSIS – Laboratory procedures to determine the composition of a substance. ANALYZER – An instrument used to measure the quality of one, several, or all

components of a process stream. ANHYDROUS – Without water. Usually applied to the products obtained by the

dehydration of hydrates. Example: Anhydrous copper sulfate.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

6

ANNEALING – The process of heating and slowly cooling in various ways to modify

the physical properties of metals, plastics, and glass. ANODE – The positive terminal of an electrolytic cell. An anode can be made of

carbon, zinc, or magnesium. Used to slow corrosion or electroplate. ANTI-SURGE CONTROLS – Since compressor surge can only occur when certain

pressure and flow conditions are met, an “anti-surge” device generally consists of automatic instrumentation designed to prevent these conditions. Flow or pressure conditions, or both may actuate it, and it may control flow, pressure or both.

APPROACH – In a cooling tower the difference between the cold water

temperature and the entering wet bulb temperature. AQUEOUS SOLUTION – A solution that uses water as the solvent. AROMATICS – A generic term applied to hydrocarbons having as part of their

basic structure the benzene ring. A.S.D.’s – Automatic Shutdown devices shut down processes and equipment

automatically when critical operating parameters are exceeded. Also referred to as E.S.D.’s. They are comprised of devices or groups of pneumatic, mechanical, hydraulic, electrical, electronic, optical, computer hardware/software or combination of these or other devices which protect or safely shutdown equipment, systems or processes.

AS BUILTS – Design drawings that accurately represent equipment and piping as it

was actually fabricated and/or constructed. These drawings differ from Fabrication and/or construction drawings as they represent what was actually done rather than what was originally designed and “SHOULD” include all field and/or fabrication changes.

ATMOSPHERIC – Referring to the air that surrounds the earth. Also used to

define terms such as atmospheric pressure, which is related to the pressure of the air upon earth.

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE – The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due

solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. 14.7 psia at sea level.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

7

ATOM – The smallest particle of an element that can combine with other elements. ATTENUATION – A decrease in signal magnitude between two points or between

two frequencies. AUTO (Automatic) – This refers to the operation of a control loop, mechanical

device, or process train without the assistance of operating personnel. The opposite of automatic operation would be manual.

AUTOCLAVE – An airtight vessel for heating and sometimes agitating its contents

under pressure; used for industrial processing, sterilizing, and cooking with moist or dry heat at high temperatures.

AUTO-IGNITION – The process of a vapor-air mixture igniting without an

external ignition source. AUTOMATIC CONTROL – The ability to sense or measure the value of a variable

and act to hold it at a desired value. AZEOTROPIC MIXTURE – A solution of two or more liquids, the composition of

which does not change upon distillation. AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION – A distillation conducted where one or two or

more compounds form mixtures of constant boiling points.

B

BACK-FLUSH – Wash by reversing the normal flow. BACK OFF – To decrease the setting on an instrument, or to reduce the tension on

a spring, or to reverse the direction of adjustment of an instrument or valve. BACK SEAT – The seat of a hand valve that the plug closes against when the valve

is full open. This takes the pressure off the packing therefore, prolonging its life.

BACK WASH – Reverse the normal flow of fluid through a screen or condenser to

remove all the trapped particles. BACK WELD – To place a weld overlay over a non-welded joint. Also to weld

inside of a pipe connection which has been welded on the outside.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

8

BAFFLE (Heat Exchanger) – Plates on a tube bundle used to control the internal fluid flow path on the shell side of a heat exchanger. Metal plates that are spaced on the tube bundle of heat exchangers to control the path of fluids in the shell side.

BASE (Multiple usage) – The bottom of something considered as its support. OR,

The lower part of a wall, pier or column considered as a separate architectural feature. OR, A side or face of a geometrical figure from which an altitude can be constructed. OR, The point or line from where a start is made in an action or undertaking. OR, A line in a survey that serves as the origin for computations. OR, Any of various typically water-soluble and acrid or brackish compounds capable of reacting with an acid to form a salt that are molecules or ions that are able to take a proton from an acid or substances that are able to give up an unshared pair of electrons to an acid. See the word “Alkaline” and the definition of “pH”.

BASIC – Refer to the word “Alkaline” and “pH”. BACK UP – A duplicate instrument or piece of equipment such as a pump used as a

reserve or “BACK UP” should the primary instrument or piece of equipment fail, the duplicate is still available or will take over.

BALANCE – A counter-balancing weight force or influence. An instrument for

weighing. Rotating machinery – to bring to a state of smooth running. BALL VALVE – A type of positive shut-off valve, which utilizes a ball with a hole

through it, which when properly aligned, will permit flow through the valve. BARGE – A large, unpowered flat bottom boat, usually with tanks built on or in it,

used to haul material over inland waterways. There are also ocean-going barges.

BAROMETER – An instrument for determining atmosphere pressure. BAROMETRIC – Referring to atmospheric pressure or an instrument (barometer)

which measures changes in atmospheric pressure. In a distillation column, the column is vented and equalized to atmospheric pressure using a barometric leg.

BAROMETRIC LEG – A liquid filled leg (usually water) used to seal a vacuum

system and allow for gravity drainage drainage. Athe length of a water filled barometric leg at near perfect vacuum is 34 feet above grade.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

9

BARREL – A unit of measurement utilized in the petroleum industry equating to 42

gallons

BASE TEMPERATURE – The operating temperature at the base or bottom of a distillation column, reactor, etc.

BATTERY LIMIT – An imaginary boundary separating two areas within a facility

such as New-Plant/Old-Plant, operating plant/non-operating plant, or operating unit boundaries such as walk ways or road ways around a unit or in the case of pipe racks or cable trays an imaginary line distinguishing unit ownership break points coming from or going to other units.

BAUD RATE – The number of bits or discrete pierces of information transmitted

per second. BEAKER – A piece of glass or laboratory apparatus, used to transfer and mix

various solutions and chemicals. BEARING – A machine part that supports a moving part and minimizes the friction

between the stationary and moving parts. The motion can be rotational or linear .

BELLOWS – Any of several types of enclosures, which have accordion-like walls,

allowing one to vary the volume and length. BENZENE RING – The structure of Benzene know to consist of six C-H groups

connected by valence bonds between the carbon atoms into the form of a hexagon.

B.F.P. (Boiler Feed Water Pumps) – High pressure, multi-stage pumps that furnish

feed water to a boiler. BINARY – A number system in base two (2), where all information is represented

by phrases of “1” & “0” BIAS – An offset applied to an instrument signal. The amount of offset remains

constant even though the instrument signal may change. BIG JOE - A gas regulator manufactured by Fisher Controls Company, Model 630,

used widely by specific owner operators for instrument air pressure reduction and methane pressure reduction.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

10

BIT – Abbreviation for “binary digit.” A single character in a binary number,

represented by zero (0) or one (1). BLACK LIGHT – Ultra-violet light used in inspection of equipment to be used in

oxygen service. “Oils fluoresce under black light”. BLANK – To stop access to or seal. See “Blind”. BLANKETING – The process of putting inert or chemically inactive gas into the

vapor space above the liquid in a tank, to prevent any air leakage into the tank.

BLEEDING – Withdrawing from a line or vessel a small portion of the contained

material, usually accomplished by slightly “cracking” a valve in the line or on the vessel.

BLEND – The controlled mixing of two or more fluids, liquids, or granular

materials. BLIND – A shaped piece of metal plate, which is inserted between flanges to provide

a positive means of stopping the flow from either direction, isolating the pipe on each side of the flange.

BLIND FLANGE – A circular plate with boltholes used to cap the flange on the end

of a pipe. BLOCK IN – To isolate a piece of equipment by closing the valves in all the lines to

and from that piece of equipment. To close a valve. BLOCK VALVE – A manual positive shutoff valve, which will isolate or interrupt

the flow through a pipe or from a vessel. BLOWBACK (also known as B.B.) – Either a gas or liquid used to purge the leads

of an instrument. Common B.B. for this facilities is methane, nitrogen or water.

BLOW DOWN – A stream, usually liquid, that is removed continuously or

periodically from a process , generally to keep concentrations of insoluable materials down.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

11

BLOW OFF – To vent a gas to the atmosphere, a flare, or another device through a passage provided for the purpose. In the reaction units, blow off gas consists of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, organics, etc.

BLOWER – A fan or compressor, which at low pressures and relatively high

volumes. BLOWING – The process of adding a compressed gas, (nitrogen or air) into a line

in order to clear the line of an unwanted material. BLOWOUT – A sudden and violent escape of gas, vapor or liquid. B.O.D. – This term refers to “Biological Oxygen Demand”. Chemicals, which may

pollute a body of water, affect the biological oxygen demand and in some cases, may cause the killing of game fish and other marine life.

BOILER – A vessel in which water is boiled and converted into steam under

controlled conditions. BOILER SCALE – A chemical deposit or residue left in the boiler when water is

vaporized. BOILING POINT – The temperature at a specific pressure which a substance boils. BOIL UP – When heat is applied to vaporize a liquid, as in distillation, the vapor

evolved is termed “boil up”. The boil up rate is directly proportional to the head added.

BOMB (Sample) – A metal (or in some cases glass) cylindrical object used to take

gas or liquid samples. Some bombs are designed for high pressures and others for low pressures.

BONDED FLANGE – A flange that has a ground wire attached to both sides of the

flange to prevent static electricity from setting off explosive gas mixtures. BONNET – The portion of a valve body through which the stem leaves the body.

The bonnet contains the stem packing. The bonnet may be extra long for cold service or finned for hot service.

BOOSTER PUMP – A pump used to raise the pressure level or any fluid stream,

which has been previously subjected to a pumping operation.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

12

BOURDON PRESSURE GAUGE – A mechanical pressure-measuring instrument employing as its sensing element, a curved “C Tube” or twisted “Spiral Tube” also Known as a bourdon tube, flattened in cross section and closed on one end. Increasing or decreasing the pressure within the tube causes the tube to bend or flex in predetermined amounts. The tube, hooked to a mechanical linkage and gears then rotates the dial indicator needle from which the pressure is read.

BOURDON TEMPERATURE GAUGE – Operates exactly as does the Bourdon

Pressure gauge with the exception that it also has a capillary tube and thermo bulb. The Bourdon Tube, Capillary Tube and Thermo bulb are sealed as one unit and filled with a fluid. Pressure is increased on the Bourdon Tube by applying heat to the Thermo bulb thereby expanding the fluid. Pressure is decreased on the Bourdon Tube by cooling (or removing heat) from the Thermo bulb thereby allowing the fluid to contract.

BOSS FITTING – A male-female joint, which insures an accurate fit between two

mating pieces. BOTTOM LAYER – The heaviest of two or more immiscible liquids. Usually

occurs in tanks when heterogeneous mixtures are involved. BRAKE – To brake is to stop. Either electric drive, overhead cranes, etc., where

positive stop is necessary. Also used to refer to a metal forming operation in which a flat piece of metal is bent in a tight, strait, angel.

BREAKER (BKR) - Electrical device to open or close electrical circuits to

equipment. Can be either manual or remotely controlled. Breakers are automated to open to protect electrical equipment from over current, high temperature, etc.

BREAK POINT - A specific point such as a valve where a scope of work begins or

ends. OR, A specific point such as a valve where a market segment (upstream, midstream and downstream) begins or ends.

BREAK THROUGH – Exceeding the allowable concentration of reactants in the

reactor outlet or blow off. BRIDGE CRANE – Refer to “overhead crane”.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

13

BRINE – A liquid used in a refrigeration system, usually an aqueous solution of calcium chloride or sodium chloride, which is cooled by contact with the evaporator surface and then goes to the space which is to be refrigerated.

BRUSHES (Elec.) – Usually made of carbon and ride on the commutator or slip

rings of motors and generators to supply current to the rotating element (rotor or armature).

BS&B (Black, Sivalls & Bryson) – A manufacturer of vent units and flame

arrestors. Vent units of this manufacturer are referred to as a BS&B vent. BTU (British Thermal Unit) – A measure of energy in the English system referring

to the heat required to raise one pound of water from 39°F to 40°F, hence, the heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water at its temperature of maximum density by 1°F.

BUBBLE-CAP – Metallic caps covering holes in a column tray. Vapor passes up

through the liquid on the tray through slots in the cap to the next tray. BUBBLE-CAP TRAY – A term applied to the element of a distillation column

consisting of a casting perforated with a multitude of chimney-like “risers”, which, in practice, are capped with bubble-caps.

BUBBLE-CAP COLUMN – A distillation column so constructed that the vapors

generated in it pass upward through layers of condensate contained on a series of trays. The vapor passes from a given tray to the next above by bubbling under a cap and out through the liquid layer. The less volatile components of the vapor condense and the excess liquid overflows to the tray next below and so on back to the still base.

BUBBLE POINT – The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals

the absolute pressure of the liquid-vapor interface. BUCKET (Turbine) – Slang for the bladeing on turbine wheels BUFFER SOLUTIONS – A solution, which is a combination of chemicals, which

when added to another solution, resists any change in hydrogen ion concentration on the addition of an acid or a base.

BUNDLE (Heat Exchanger) – A term given to the cluster of tubes and the attached

tube sheet(s) of a heat exchanger. A term used to describe the tubes of a heat exchanger. See “Tubes” and “Tube Sheet” definitions for more information.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

14

BURETTE – This is a graduated glass tube with a stopcock or valve at the bottom

used for delivering measured quantities of a liquid and accurately measuring the volume delivered.

BURNER – A device used to introduce, distribute, mix and burn a fuel. Usually

associated with a boiler, incinerator, heater, furnace, flare, etc. BURNER RING – A doughnut-shaped piece of pipe with several rows of evenly

spaced holes generally around the interior diameter of the ring. BUS BAR – A copper, aluminum, silver, etc., bar of various sizes used to carry

current in electrical switchgear. BUS – Common term to describe the network of energized sections of switchgear. BUTTERFLY VALVE – A “pan-cake” type valve with a “wafer” type gate pinned

at top and bottom allowing the gate to turn across or in line with flow. BUTTON UP – To close a vessel or pipe with its associated piping, man-way covers

and/or flanges BUTYLES – Refers to a number of C4 organic compounds. Example: Butane,

Butaldehyde, or Butadiene. B.V. (Block Valve) – Valve that is used to stop flow. BYPASS – An alternate route around a piece of equipment. Example: Control

valve bypass BY-PRODUCT – A product from a chemical process that is not considered the

principle material. BYTE – The number of adjacent binary digits operated upon as a unit.

C

C° - Generally, referred to degrees centigrade. See Centigrade. CABLE (Electrical) – Electrical conductors of copper, aluminum, etc. Can be either

insulated or bare and of many sizes.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

15

CABLE PIT – A concrete pit in the ground in which underground conduit and cable systems are installed for pulling cables, splicing cables, or terminations.

CABLE TRAY – A ladder type tray of aluminum, installed in electrical systems, to

support wires and cables. Insulated cables or wires lay fastened in the tray without conduit.

CAGED LADDER – A fixed, immovable ladder that has a metal cage around the

ladder. Usually found on the sides of distillation columns and large tanks. CALANDRIA – A heat exchanger used to boil up the process material in the base of

a distillation column. CALIBRATION – Determination of the accuracy of an instrument by finding its

variation from true measurement. CALL OUT – A term used whenever an employee is called back to work after he

has left the premises. The proper term, when found in writing, is Call-In. CAN (INST) – A metal container used to enclose the components of an instrument,

or electrical relays. Usually have plug-in connections. May be specifically used to hold components for range determination and therefore be referred to as a range change can.

CANAL – A large deep ditch filled with water. CAPACITOR – Electrical device to “store” electrical charge. Made up of

conducting plates or foils and wound and separated by insulating material. CAPACITY – Relating to a tank: Maximum volume. OR, Relating to a specific

piece of operating equipment, a unit or to a facilities: Maximum production or output. OR, Capacity (refrigerating system) – The cooling effect produced by the total enthalpy change between the refrigerant entering the evaporator and the refrigerant leaving the evaporator

CAPACITY TANK (Surge Tank) – A tank used to reduce the surges in vapor flow

systems, especially where there can be large sudden changes in flow. CAPELLA OIL – A trade name for one of Texaco’s oils. Used in refrigeration

service.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

16

CAPILLARY TUBING – Small inside diameter tubing used to restrict flow or to create pressure drop.

CAPITAL PROJECT – A large or significant project of new construction and new

equipment that requires a substantial monetary investment (Capital Outlay). CARBOY – A large cylindrical container for liquids, which is generally made of

glass or plastic. Chemicals are commonly shipped in this type of container, i.e., Carboys of hydrochloric acid holding about 15 gallons of liquid.

CARD (INST) – A printed circuit board used to mount and connect components in

an electronic instrument. Usually has a plug-in feature for easy changing. CARSEAL – A wire loop used on the hand wheels of certain critical valves. The

wire loop is not to be broken unless proper safety considerations have been made.

CASCADE – Cascade refers to a control system involving two or more controllers.

One instrument measures a process variable (i.e., temperature) and resets a second process condition (i.e., flow controller).

CASCADE CONTROL – Controllers arranged such that the output of one

controller manipulates the setpoint input of a second controller instead of manipulating a process variable directly.

CATALYST – Any substance that, by virtue of its presence, affects the rate of a

chemical reaction and which, in general, remains unchanged at the end of the reaction.

CATALYST, IMPREGNANTED – A catalytic medium consisting of a solid porous

particle serving as a carrier for the activating salt with which it has been impregnated.

CATALYST, LUMP – A term applied to solid catalytic media of irregular shape. CATASTROPHIC EVENT – An event causing substantial negative consequences

within facilities involving loss of production, major spill or release with environmental consequences, damaged or ruined equipment, injury or death to personnel or a combination of all of the above.

CATEXER – An industrial sized water softener.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

17

CATHODIC PROTECTION – System by which a D.C. charge is induced across underground pipes to retard corrosion.

CAT WALK – Name given to walking areas on top of structures or tanks. CAUSTIC - Sodium Hydroxide of Caustic Soda most generally used to neutralize

acids. Caustic has a sharp pungent odor, is a heavy musky liquid, and is extremely hazardous to the skin and eyes.

CAUSTIC NEUTRALIZATION – The chemical reaction in which acidic materials

are rendered neutral by the addition of caustic. CAUSTIC WASH – A term applied to a washing operation with a dilute solution of

caustic. CAUTION TAG – A warning tag used to warn the operator that some unusual

condition exists. CAVITATION – If a centrifugal pump suction head is too low, the suction is

plugged, the piping configuration is wrong, or the impeller sized improperly, then cavitations can exist. If the pump sounds as if it is pumping gravel, then it is probably cavitating. An inadequate suction supply can cause a machine to cavitate. Cavitations will cause vibration and noise in the machine. In cavitation, the liquid in the suction eye of the impeller boils, the vapor bubbles collapse in the higher pressure regions of the impeller.

CBM – A constant boiling mixture, hence a mixture in which the liquid and vapor

equilibrium are constant at a given temperature and pressure. CELL (COOLING TOWER) – Smallest tower subdivision which can function as an

independent unit with regard to air and water flow; it is bounded by either exterior walls or partition walls. Each Cell may have one or more fans and one or more distribution systems.

CENTRIFUGAL – Proceeding or acting in a direction away from a center or axis. CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR – A piece of equipment used to create pressure or

“COMPRESS” substances normally of a gaseous nature utilizing Centrifugal mechanisms (see definition of “Centrifugal”) as opposed to the utilization of pistons (see definition of Reciprocating Compressor) or other means. Normally applied to applications requiring high RPM (revolutions per minute) and high volumes with a beginning range of 3,000 RPM up to and in

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

18

excess of 40,000 RPM. Multi-wheeled (multistage) Centrifugal Compressors are applied to areas requiring high rates of flow volumes from 500 to 200,000 inlet acfm. Single-wheeled (single stage) Centrifugal Compressors would typically be applied to inlet flow rates of 100 to 150,000 acfm. “See Compressor”

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP – A pump that imparts velocity to liquid by centrifugal

force and then converts the velocity to pressure. CENTRIFUGE – A machine for separation of substances by centrifugal force.

Centrifugal force tends to move one material heavier than the other away from the center. This is a common technique used to remove solids from liquids.

CENTIGRADE – A thermometer scale based on the freezing point 0° and boiling

point (100°) of water. It was originated by Celsius and is sometimes referred to in his name. To convert Fahrenheit to Centigrade, subtract 32° and multiply by 5/9; to convert Centigrade to Fahrenheit, multiply by 9/5 and add 32°.

CFR – See “Code of Federal Regulations” CHAIN REACTION – A series of reactions in which each reaction is initiated by the

energy produced in the preceding reaction. CHAIN WHEEL – An operator attached to the wheel of a valve with a chain so the

valve may be operated from a more accessible location. CHANGE MANAGEMENT – The act and process of controlling changes (increased

cost) to a scope of work being performed. Typically these scope of work changes are being attempted by a third party (Contractor and/or Subcontractors). Change management is implemented and utilized to prevent substantial scope growth and increased cost.

CHANNEL HEAD – A compartment at each end of a shell and tube heat exchanger,

which distribute the tube side fluid to the tubes on the inlet end or collects the fluid from the tubes on the outlet end.

CHANNEL LOCKS – The name given to a pair of pliers that has adjustable jaws,

thereby making it an adaptable tool for various types of jobs that might be encountered by an operator or craftsman.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

19

CHARGE (To Fill) – To fill with the prescribed amount. A term used to describe the act of filling.

CHARGE NUMBER – Numbers assigned to types of labor and equipment to

account for expenditures. CHART – A sheet of paper ruled and suitably graduated for use in a recording

instrument so that process changes can be recorded. CHEATER – Extension used on wrenches, etc. to give more leverage. CHECK GAS – A gas used to check the calibration of an analyzer. CHECK VALVE – A valve, with an internal flapper, that will allow liquid or gas to

flow in one direction only.

CHEMICAL CHANGE – A change in the composition of substances with accompanying changes in properties.

CHEMICAL REACTION – A change in which a substance is changed into one or

more new substances. CHERRY PICKER – A type of crane or lifting device powered by a gasoline or

diesel engine with a short boom and capacity of up to 12 tons. CHICAGO COUPLING – A type of coupling with tow prongs and sealing gasket

used primarily to connect air or water supplies to a hose. Example: (Crows Foot).

CHILLER – A refrigeration unit utilized to cool gasses and/or liquids CHLORIDES – This term refers to the compounds of chlorine. Chlorides may be

contaminants in refined chemicals and affect their purity. CHLORINE – A chemical used to treat water to stop the growth of aquatic life. CHOCK – A metal wedge used to block the movement of a wheel of a railroad car

or a tank truck. Also, the act of placing such wedges. CHOKER – A given length of wire cable, nulon strap, chain, or mesh with spliced

loops on each end, which is looped around equipment in order to lift it.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

20

CHROMATE – A solution that is added to the cooling tower water to prevent algae formation.

CHROMATOGRAPHY – An analytical technique used by the laboratory and in the

unit for determining the individual impurities in a sample of chemical or gas. Unit chromatographs are used on the process streams to detect impurities in the refined product.

CIRCUIT – Term, which describes a system of one of many electrical components,

to accomplish a specified purpose. CIRCULAR CHART – Twenty-four hour record in circular form of production or

material used. CIRCULATE – To mix or stir up material, usually with a pump. CIRCULATION RATE – Actual flow rate through a given, such as, through a given

cooling tower (GPM). CLARIFIER – A vessel used to make a liquid clear or pure visually, by freeing it

from suspended matter. CLEAN FUELS – Fuels in which impurities such as sulfur have been removed to

mandated levels CLOUD - A concentration of gaseous product. OR, A wavy circle made around an

area of question or comment on design drawings or ISO’s C1 (Chlorides) – See definition for “Chlorides”. C12 (Chlorine) – A highly reactive chemical used in water purification and also in

various chemical processes. CO – This symbol refers to the chemical compound carbon monoxide. This is a

poisonous gas composed of carbon and oxygen. It is rapidly absorbed in the blood stream and may cause death if inhaled in large quantities. Sometimes referred to as “syngas”

CO2 – The chemical symbol referring to carbon dioxide. This gas is found in

numerous process streams and is a combination of carbon and oxygen.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

21

CO2 (Extinguisher) – A fire extinguisher using liquid carbon dioxide stored under pressure for use as an extinguishing agent.

CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS – (CFR) The federal documents which

contain the laws, including PSM & RMP. COLD END – A term used to refer to the piping and equipment in the oxygen

facilities, which operates below a temperature of -160°C. COLD TAP – The act of cutting or drilling into an evacuated and safe line or piece

of equipment. COLLECTION BASIN – Chamber below and/or integral with equipment or

process where products are transitionally collected and directed to a sump or suction pump line, such as, the Collection Basin of a cooling tower.

COLLECTION HEADER – A header, which has several lines draining into it. COLLECTOR RINGS – Rings installed on the rotating element of certain types of

motors and generators where brushes ride to send or take current from the rotating element.

COLOR – Generally refers to the color of a chemical. The clarity and hue of yellow

represents a poor quality. A high quality is water-white or clear. COLOR COMPARISON – A comparison of the various hues of yellow and green of

the platinum cobalt color standard series with the color of the refined chemical.

COLOR STANDARD – Refer to platinum cobalt color. COLOR TEST – Refer to platinum cobalt color and to the definition of the word of

“color”. COLUMN – A distillation vessel in which liquid materials are separated from one

another by utilizing the fact that there is a difference in boiling point between the materials.

COLUMN FLANGE – A bolted joint in a distillation column that allows one section

of the column to be joined to the next section.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

22

COVERED PROCESS – A process which is covered by a regulatory body of law, such as PSM or RMP.

COMBUSTION – Any chemical action producing noticeable light and heat. COME ALONG – A hand operated lever type chain hoist used to raise small

equipment. COMPATIBLE – Capable of coexisting in harmony. COMPOUND – A substance, which may be decomposed into two or more elements

by chemical change. COMPRESS – To press or squeeze together. COMPRESSION – The act, process or result of compressing. COMPRESSION RATIO – Ratio of outlet to inlet absolute pressure when

compressing. COMPRESSOR – The machine used to raise a gas pressure. COMPUTER – An automatic electronic machine for performing calculations and

storing data. COMPUTER CONTROL – The use of the computer to control process conditions

either by adjusting a controller set point or output directly to a control element such as a DMV.

CONCENTRATE – To increase the amount of dissolved substance by evaporation. CONDENSATION – The transforming from a gas to a liquid. CONDENSATION REACTION – One of a class of chemical reactions involving a

combination between molecules or between parts of the same molecule. CONDENSATE – Water formed by condensing steam. CONDENSE – To transform from the gaseous state to the liquid state. For instance,

steam is cooled and condensed to water to form condensate. CONDENSER – A heat exchanger that is used to condense vapor to a liquid.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

23

CONDENSER (Electrical) – Same as Capacitor. (See Capacitor). CONDUCTION – The flow of heat through a solid. CONDUCTIVITY – A measurement of resistance of a substance. CONDUIT – Metallic or plastic pipe, either rigid or flexible, used to hold electrical

wiring. CONDULET – One of many types of fittings used when installing an electrical

conduit system. Tee’s, ell’s, etc. CONSULTANT – An expert at a specific technology or field who is being paid to

advise a second party. CONTAINED –The amount of one component of a mixture. Example: The amount

(lbs.) of acid in 30 lbs. of 30% weak acid would be 9 lbs. of acid or 9 lbs. contained acid.

CONTRACTOR – A specialized second party hired to perform a scope of work. CONTROL ACTION, DERIVATIVE (RATE) – Control action in which the

controller output is proportional to the rate of change of the input. CONTROL ACTION, INTEGRAL (RESET) – Control action in which the

controller output is proportional to the time integral of the error signal. CONTROL ACTION, PROPORTIONAL – Control action in which the controller

output has a linear relationship to the error signal. CONTROL CIRCUIT – The wiring used to transmit control signals in an

instrument system. CONTROLLER – An instrument device which maintains a process variable at a

specific quantity rate.

Indicating Controller – An instrument that indicates a variable reading and actuates a secondary device to affect the process.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

24

Recording Controller - An instrument that provides a printed chart of variable readings and actuates a secondary device to affect the process.

CONTROLLER ACTION – The relationship of the controller output to the input

error. CONTROL POINT – The point at which the controller usually regulates the

process. CONNECTION – The flow of heat through liquids or gases by actual mixing of the

liquids or gases. CONVERTER – A vessel in which a reaction takes place; sometimes referred to as

reactor. COOLER – A heat exchanger that is used to cool a process material down to a lower

temperature. COOLING MEDIUM – Any substance whose temperature is such that it is used,

with or without change of state, to lower the temperature of other liquids or gasses during condensing or sub-cooling.

COOLING TOWER – A piece of equipment designed to lower the temperature of a

water stream by evaporating part of the stream. The towers are usually made of wood, with various types of packing, designed to promote maximum contact of the water with the air.

COPOLYMER – A mixed polymer, the product of polymerization of two or more

substances at the same time. COPPER - A metallic element, which is highly resistant to attack from most

chemicals. It is used for wires, coins and many alloys; for instance, brass, bronze, and various copper-nickel alloys. Copper is used extensively throughout distillation systems due to its high corrosion resistance.

COPPER ACETYLIDES – A highly explosive chemical compound, which is formed

by the combination of copper metal and acetylene gas. Copper acetylides are sometimes found in process systems and are removed by treatment with a mineral acid such as hydrochloric acid, which renders them nonexplosive. This type of compound is the same type of compound used in the

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

25

manufacture of dynamite priming caps and primer for shotgun and rifle shells.

CORROSION – Wear on metals caused by nature or a process material. CORROSION RACK – A rack used to hold coupons of various metals to measure

the corrosion rate of these metals in a process stream. COUNTERFLOW – Flow direction that is counter-current to that of others.

Example: Air flow direction through the fill is counter-current to that of falling water in a cooling tower.

COUPLING (Machinery) – The connection device between two pieces of rotating

equipment such as between an electric motor and a pump. COUPLING (Pipe) – A short pipe sleeve with internal threads used to join two

sections of pipe. COVERALL (Goggles) – A protective goggle worn over safety glasses (spectacles) to

further guard eyesight while working in a hazardous area. CRACKING – A process used to reduce the molecular weight of hydro- carbons by

breaking molecular bonds by thermal, catalytic, or hydro cracking methods. CRANE – A gasoline or diesel powered lifting device with a long boom and capacity

for lifting and moving loads. CRITICAL SPEED – The R.P.M. at which the rotor of a rotating piece of

equipment attains its natural frequency (resonance). Usually evident by amplified vibratio as it passes through different critical speeds. Usually occurs on startup. Example:

1st critical 720 R.P.M. 2nd critical 1440 R.P.M. 3rd critical 2160 R.P.M. CROSSFLOW – Flow direction that is essentially perpendicular to that of others.

Example: Air flow direction through the fill is essentially perpendicular to that of falling water in a cooling tower.

CROWS FOOT – A quick connect type hose fitting used on facilities utility hoses. CRUDE – Organic product that is not refined.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

26

CRUDE PRODUCT – A partially processed material that is feed stock to another

processing unit. CRYOGENICS – Extremely cold gases and liquids which are at a temperature of -

148°F or colder. Oxygen, nitrogen, argon, helium, hydrogen, and methane are some of the most common cryogenics.

CUBICLE – The steel cabinet that encloses large electrical breakers or other

electrical devices. CURRENT – Rate of flow of electricity measured in amperes. CUT (Reduce) – To reduce a flow. CUT TO PAD – To change a flow from its normal path and direct the flow to the

ground or to the sewer. CWP – Cycle water pump. CWR (Cycle Water Return) – A line through which cycle water is returned. CWS (Cycle Water Supply) – A line supplying cycle water. C.W.T. (COLD WATER TEMPERATURE) – Temperature of water leaving a

collection point, exclusive of any temperature effects incurred by the addition of make-up and/or the removal of blowdown. Example: Temperature of water leaving the collection basin in a cooling tower.

CYCLE – An alternation or switching of something such as equipment or

machinery. CYCLONE SEPARATOR – A separator, which creates a vortex within a flow

allowing, entrained matter to be separated from flow by use of centrifugal force. A cylinder type separator that separates solids from liquids or liquids from gas. Flow enters the separator tangentially creating a swirling motion. The centrifugal force created, keeps the heavier material against the walls and drops them out the bottom. The lighter material escapes through a center pipe out the top.

D

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

27

DAILY MAINTENANCE – The act of performing routine repairs and maintenance

within a facility on a daily basis DAILY NOTES – Operating instructions written by departmental supervisors. The

purpose is to set conditions or to ask for changes on a day-to-day basis. DAMPER – A valve or movable plate for regulating the flow of air or draft in a

furnace or fireplace. DAMPNEY BLACK – Paint used on stainless steel pipe to reduce the possibility of

chloride stress cracking. DANGER TAG – A tag which is used in conjunction with some type of log to

identify, explain, and record the position and location of blinds, valves, switch gears and locks.

DATA BASE – A collection of values for process variables, setpoints; scaling factors, control parameters, limits, constants, identifiers, etc. for access by the application programs in a computer-based control system. DATA BOOKS – A book or group of books containing critical information regarding design, specifications, operations and other vital information on equipment, processes, units and entire facilities. DATA HIGHWAY – A high-speed serial or parallel data path which connects several units of a distributed control or data collection system. DASH POT – A device used to dampen vibration or oscillation and is similar in

operation to automobile shock absorbers. DAY RELIEF – An operator that works days (Monday thru Friday) and relieves

other operators on their regular scheduled day off during a given week. D.C. (Direct Current) – A current that always travels in the same direction. D.C.S. (DISTRIBUTIVE CONTROL SYSTEM) – A comprehensive computerized

control system Sending data from transmitters, which are attached to each critical piece of equipment or process to be transmitted to a centralized control room allowing operators to monitor and control the units and facilities and recording the process history.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

28

DDC - DIRECT DIGITAL CONTROL. A control technique in which a digital computer is used as the sole controller and its output is used to set the final control element. This is in contrast with supervisory control.

DEACTIVATOR – A substance that renders another substance inactive. A negative

catalyst. DEAD BAND – The range through which the measured quantity may vary without

initiating response. In a mechanical instrument such as a meter movement or strip-chart recorder, the dead band is caused by friction and slack or “play” in the readout mechanism. In a controller, dead band is a zone around the setpoint in which the measurement may vary without initiating a compensating controller response.

DEAD TIME – The interval of time lag between the initiation of an input change or

stimulus and the start of the resulting observable response. DEAERATOR (D.A.) – A vessel used to remove gases from boiler feed water. DECANT – To separate two or more insoluble liquids by allowing them to separate

in a container and then drawing off the individual layers. DECANTATION – See Decant. DECANTER – A vessel used to decant. DECOMPOSITION – Applied to a chemical change in which a substance breaks

down to form two or more simple substances. DEDICATED CONTROL – Using one controller to control one process variable. DEHYDRATION – The process of removing water from a compound. DEHYDROGENATION – The removal of hydrogen, usually by a catalytic process. DELTA P (▲P) – The difference in pressure between two points in a process system.

A common example is the ▲P between the top and bottom of a distillation column.

DELTA T (▲T) – The difference in temperature between two points in a process

system.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

29

DELUGE SYSTEM – A term used to describe a water spray system used in controlling fires or heat.

DELUGE VALVE – A control valve holding backwater on water spray systems,

which can be actuated manually, or by a heat-responsive system. DEMAND LOG – A term used in computer language to describe the readings

selected by an operator. DEMISTER – Equipment used in boilers and vaporizers to remove the mist from

the evolving vapor. DEMULSIFIER – A chemical, mechanical, or electrical system that either breaks

liquid-liquid emulsions or prevents them from forming. DENATURE – To mix a small amount of ethyl acetate with alcohol to make the

alcohol unfit for drinking without impairing its usefulness for other purposes.

DENSITY – The weight of a material for a given volume. Example: Water = 62.4

pounds per cubic foot or 8.33 pounds per gallon. DEPARTMENTAL – Meaning that the occurrence or responsibility is within the

particular department in question. DEPARTMENT HEAD – Individual charged with the responsibility and authority

for the safe and continuous operation of a department. He reports directly to Facilities Management.

DERIVATIVE CONTROL – A mode of control using an algorithm which

anticipates when a process variable will reach its desired control point by sensing its rate of change. This allows a control change to take place before the process variable overshoots the desired control point. See also “Control Action, Derivative (Rate).

DERIVATIVE TIME – The time difference by which the output of a proportional-

derivative (PD) controller leads the controller input when the input changes linearly with time.

DESALTER – A piece of equipment that separates salt water from fossil fuels by

means of electrolysis. Normally found on offshore production facilities

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

30

DESICCANT – A drying agent used to dry instrument air, process gas, etc. DESIGN CONDITIONS –The conditions under which a piece of equipment is

designed to operate. DESUPERHEAT – To “cool” down such as desuperheating hot steam. See “steam,

desuperheated”. DEVIATION – An instrument term. Any instantaneous difference between set

point and control point. DEWPOINT – This is the temperature at which a vapor or gas begins to condense

to a liquid. DIAPHRAGM – A thin flexible sheet of material, which is, used as a transmission

media in pumps, valves, switches, and meters. DIFFERETIAL PRESSURE –The difference in pressure between two points in a

process system. Same as a ▲P. DIGITAL COMPUTER – An electronic machine for performing calculations on

discrete quantities of data. Usually includes bulk storage devices such as disks, tape units, etc., in addition to internal memory. Also includes devices for printing and/or displaying output data.

DIKE – A wall (earthen, shell or concrete) built around a piece of equipment to

contain the material should the equipment rupture or leak badly. DIKE DRAIN – A line through a dike that is used to drain the contents from within

a dike. DILUTION – The process of increasing the bulk of a substance by adding a second

substance. By adding the second substance, the original substance is reduced in overall quality.

DIMETCOTE – A zink base protective coating for carbon steel. DIMPLE JACKET – A jacket of metal welded around the exterior of a tank or

vessel. The Jacket is spot welded to the parent vessel in a manner that creates channels of flow for the cooling fluid and has a “Dimpled” appearance when looked at. Typically used for applications not requiring substantial cooling or in applications where the internals of a tank or vessel could catch and grow

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

31

bacterium should an internal device be utilized. Most commonly applied in applications such as ethanol production fermentation tanks where bacteria have considerable time to grow and attach to internal surfaces.

DIP TUBE – A tube that extends down into a vessel and usually used for level or

interface measurement or for sampling a particular location in a vessel. DIRECT COST – The cost of the raw materials used directly in the manufacturing

of a product. DISCHARGE – Outlet. DISTILLATE – The products of distillation formed by condensing vapors. DISTILLATION – Distillation is the separation of the constituents of a liquid

mixture by partial vaporization of the mixture and separate recovery of vapor and residue. In general, distillation is the term applied to vaporization processes in which the vapor evolved is recovered, usually by condensation.

DISTILLATION (Batch) – Distillation where the entire batch of liquid feed is

placed into a still at the beginning of the operation. Used primarily when materials are hard to separate or when small amounts of a product are needed.

DISTILLATION (Continuous) - A distillation in which a material is continuously

fed into a still, part of the material is distilled off and the remainder of the material is drawn out as tails.

DISTILLATION RANGE – The temperature range in degrees Centigrade or

degrees Fahrenheit at which a given amount of chemicals will distill. This is a determination of the quality and purity of a chemical compound.

DISTILLED WATER – Water, which has been evaporated and condensed leaving

behind all of its major impurities. Distilled water is used for boiler feed water (condensate) and in the laboratory for preparation of high purity solutions.

DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEM – Any control system in which the

degradation or failure of any single element will affect only the control loop, or related loops, in which it operates.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

32

DISTRIBUTION – Movement of products by a distributor or manufacturer (“vendor”) to the market area including all related functions such as order processing, loading and shipping prescribed containers, and invoicing of customers.

DISTRIBUTION BASIN – Shallow pan-type elevated basin used in cooling towers

to distribute hot water over the tower fill by means of orifices in the basin floor. Application is normally limited to crossflow cooling towers.

DMV (Diaphragm Motor Valve) – A valve used for process control that uses an air

operated diaphragm operator to set the valve plug position. DOCK – A large platform extending above the water where barges, freighters and

tankers are secured for loading or unloading. DOUBLE-FLOW – A crossflow cooling tower where two opposed fill banks are

served by a common plenum. DOUBLE VALVE AND VENT – To close off two valves in the same line and vent

between these valves. DOWN COMER – A down comer, sometimes referred to as a downspout, is a

conduit or pipe provided for passing liquid from one distillation tray to the tray below.

DOWNSTREAM – A point in the direction of flow away from the point in question.

OR, The point at which petroleum products leave the upstream or midstream market segments of the petroleum business and enter a facility for the purpose of refining and ultimate marketing of finished products.

D/P (Differential Pressure) – See Differential Pressure. DRAFT – The difference between atmospheric pressure and some lower pressure in

a confined space that causes air to flow, such as exists in the furnace or gas passages of a stream-generating unit or in a chimney.

DRIER – A vessel filled with a chemical that air and gas can pass through and the

moisture absorbed by the chemical. OR, A thinner for paint to make it dry faster. OR, A heater or blower used to dry.

DRIFT – In instrumentation, a deviation from a true reading or signal. OR,

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

33

In cooling towers circulating water loss from the tower as liquid droplets entrained in the exhaust air stream. Units per cent of circulating water rate or GPM. (For more precise work, an L/G parameter is used, and drift becomes pounds of water per million pounds of exhaust air (ppmw)). As a tool, a bar used with a hammer to impart force to a machine element.

DRIFT ELIMINATORS – An assembly of baffles or labyrinth passages in a

cooling tower through which the air passes prior to its exit from the tower, for the purpose of removing entrained water droplets from the exhaust air.

DRIOX – A vacuum/perlite insulated vessel used for storage of liquid oxygen. The

term “Driox” is a term copyrighted by the U.C.C. Linde Division. DRIPOLENE – A liquid, heavy ends by product resulting from olefin cracked gas,

principally consisting of aromatic type hydrocarbons.

DRUM (Oil); (Computer); (Boiler) – Oil Drum – A container in which chemicals is often shipped, usually having a

capacity of 55 gallons. Computer Drum – A part of the computer memory system. Boiler Drum – A vessel on top of a steam boiler that allows time for water

droplets to disengage from the vapor. DRUM HEAD – Is the door covering the entrance to boiler drums. DRY-BULB – The temperature of or adjacent to areas or equipment measured with

a Dry-Bulb thermometer in degrees F. DRY CELL – A voltaic cell (battery) whose contents are not spillable. DRYER – Is a device for removing moisture from solids, liquids or gases.

Generally, however, drying refers to the removing of a liquid (water) from a solid by evaporation.

DRY POINT – A term used in laboratory analysis. The temperature at which the

last drop of liquid evaporated from the bottom of the flask.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

34

DRY POWDER EXTINGUISHER - A fire extinguisher using a sodium bicarbonate base powder as an extinguishing agent and CO2 in a cartridge as the expellant gas.

DUCLEAN – An inhibited hydrochloric acid solution used to remove rust and scale

from pipes and vessels. DUMP – An operating condition where a stream is being sewered normally for a

short period of time. DUTCHMAN – A thick ring of metal, which is bolted between a set of flanges

usually, used to correct problems of poor fit at the flange or provide access to a process line.

E

ECONOMIZER – Is a heat exchanger associated with boilers for recovering low-level heat.

EFFICIENCY – Method of showing how well a unit is operating in converting and

recovering materials. Example: Ratio of material IN to products OUT.

EFFLUENT – Is a term used to denote some type of discharged liquid. Example: The wastewater that leaves our facilities.

ELECTRICAL SIGNAL – When voltage and current are applied to a circuit, it is

called a signal. ELECTROLYSIS – The producing of chemical changes by passing an electric

current through an electrolyte. ELECTROLYTE – A chemical compound which when molten or dissolved in

certain solvents, usually water, will conduct an electric current. Example: Sulfuric Acid solution.

ELEMENT – A substance, which cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by

ordinary chemical means. Example: hydrogen, carbon and oxygen. EMERGENCY AIR – Air provided in place of regular air during emergency

conditions.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

35

EMERGENCY TRIP – A device (either electric push button or manual) installed to shutdown a machine or system in an emergency.

EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN – A facilities written response plan to

emergencies that could happen. EMERGENCY VENT – A vent system, which is set to vent when the pressure of a

vessel reaches the maximum safe pressure. EMULSION – A fluid consisting of a microscopically homogeneous mixture of two

phases, such as a mixture of oil and water, in which one liquid forms minute droplets suspended in the other liquid. Emulsions generally are difficult to separate into two separate phases.

ENDOTHERMIC REACTION – A chemical reaction, which absorbs or takes in

heat. ENERGY – The capacity of being active. ENERGY RECOVERY – The act of harnessing lost or non-productive Energy

resources such as gasses or steam and utilizing those resources in a cost effective and/or productive way.

END POINT – The point at which a titration ends. This is generally indicated by a

color change of an indicator. ENGINEERING – The act of performing the calculations, detailing changes,

additions, deletions, and modifications. In some cases completing necessary cost estimates for various projects.

ENGINEERING PACKAGE – Accumulation of drawings and instructions

completed by Engineering such that the engineered work could be completed by others.

ENTRAINMENT – Liquid droplets or solid particles carried along in a vapor

stream, generally due to the velocity or turbulence of the vapor. ENTRAINMENT SEPARATOR – A vessel in which the velocity of a vapor stream

is slowed to a point that entrained liquids or solids drop out and can be separated from the vapor.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

36

ENTRY – Defined as the introduction of the entire person into a vessel or equipment or insertion of any portion of the body into a vessel or equipment where there is possibility of injury.

E.P.C. (ENGINEERING PROCUREMENT and CONSTRUCTION) – A second

party who provides full engineering, procurement and construction services to others.

E&P (EXPORATION AND PRODUCTION) – Owner operator firms involved in

the exploration and production of oil and gas. EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) - A memory device with

information placed into it during manufacture that cannot be altered by the computer. It can only be erased and reprogrammed with special equipment.

EQUIPMENT – Includes but is not limited to the following equipment which is

critical to process safety: Pressure vessels and storage tanks, Piping systems including piping components such as valves, Relief and vent system devices, Emergency shutdown systems, Controls, Rotating equipment, and Mitigation systems and devices.

ERP – See “Emergency Response Plan”. ERLENMEYER FLASK – Glass vessel that is conical in shape and is used in

laboratory work. EROSION – The wearing away of material, often metal, by fluid moving at

relatively high velocity across the surface which is affected. ERROR SIGNAL – The signal resulting from the difference between the setpoint

reference signal and the process variable feedback signal in a controller. E.S.D.’s – Emergency Shut-Downs See A.S.D’s. ESTER – The product, other than water, produced by the reaction between an

alcohol and an acid. ETHER – A compound obtained by the condensation of an alcohol with the

elimination of water.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

37

EVACUATE – Remove or cleanout a system or vessel. OR, to remove all persons from harms way under controlled policies in the event of a hazardous situation.

EVACUATOR (Hog) – A large (oversize) jet used for initial evacuating of

equipment before the normal vacuum jets are put in service. EVAPORATE – To pass off in vapor or to convert into a vapor leaving behind any

solids or residues. EVAPORATOR (Evap.) – A device used to vaporize part or all of the solvent from a

solution; the valuable product is usually either a solid or concentrated solution of the solute.

EVAPORATION LOSS – Loss of liquids due to evaporation. Example: In a cooling

tower water evaporated from the circulating water into the air steam in the cooling process (per cent of circulating water rate or GPM).

EXCHANGER – See Heat Exchanger. EXCITER – A source of D.C. voltage (by generator or rectifier) to apply to the

rotation field of A.C. generators or synchronous motors. EXEMPT – A payroll term used to describe an employee who is paid monthly on

the last working day of each month. EXOTHERMIC REACTION – A chemical reaction in which heat is given off. EXPANSION – Physical characteristic of materials, which makes them grow when

their temperature increases. EXPANSION JOINT – Mechanical device used to compensate for expansion forces. EXPANSION VALVE – A valve for controlling the flow of a refrigerant to an

evaporator or chiller. EXPLOSIMETER – A portable instrument used to measure the concentration of

combustible gas or vapors. EXPLOSION – A chemical reaction or change of state, which is effected in an

exceedingly short space of time with the generation of a high temperature and generally a large quantity of gas.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

38

EXPLOSION PROOF – Used to describe housings containing electrical equipment,

which are made capable of containing an explosion within them. EXPLOSIVE CHECK – To check for explosive gases with an explosimeter. EXPLOSIVE LIMITS – Refer to the term Flammable Limits. EXPLOSIVE MIXTURE – Refer to the term Flammable Limits. EXTERNAL INSPECTION – An inspection of the external surfaces and visual

confirmation of operability using visual and NDE techniques. EXTRACTION – The removal of a compound from a liquid mixture by contacting

the mixture with another liquid called the solvent. EXTRACTION DISTILLATION – When a separating agent or solvent that is much

less volatile than the feed components is used to facilitate a separation, the process is often called extractive distillation. In an extractive distillation, the solvent always goes down the column and out the base.

EXTRUDER – A device that forces ductile or semi soft solids through die openings

of appropriate shape to produce a continuous film, strip, or tubing. EYE BATH – A piece of personnel safety equipment that is designed to allow the

eyes to be flushed with water in case of exposure to harmful chemicals.

F

F° (Fahrenheit) – Referring to a thermometer scale invented by Gabriel D. Fahrenheit in the 1600’s based on the lowest temperature, which he could attain by freezing mixtures. Water freezes at 32°F and boils at 212°F.

F.A.B. (Fire Alarm Box) – Device for reporting fires or emergencies. On actuation,

it codes the zone, area, and box numbers (in that order) on the audible signals throughout the facilities.

FACE SHIELD – Is a plastic head or hat-mounted shield used to protect face in

performing certain types of work.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

39

FAIL SAFE – A system designed and installed so that in case of trouble it will shut itself down before a hazardous condition arises or before damage can be caused to equipment.

FALLING FILM HEAT EXCHANGER – A heat exchanger in which the material

on the tube side is allowed to flow down the walls of the tubing in a thin film, rather than filling the tube completely.

FAN CYLINDER – Cylindrical or venturi-shaped structure in which a propeller

fan operates. Sometimes referred to as a fan stack on large cooling towers. FAN DECK – Surface enclosing the top structure of an induced draft cooling tower,

exclusive of the distribution basins on a cross-flow tower. FAN PITCH – The angle which the blades of a propeller fan make with the plane of

rotation, measured at a prescribed point on each blade. F.A.T. (FACTORY ACCEPTANCE TEST) – The act and process of a purchaser

inspecting equipment manufactured or packaged by others to assure the functionality, compliance with specifications and design drawings of that equipment.

FAULT (Electrical) – A short or ground in electrical cables or equipment. F.C.C.U. (FLUIDIZED BED CATALYTIC CRACKING UNIT) – A process unit

comprised of multiple pieces of equipment utilizing high temperature and catalyst to “CRACK” fuels into finer grade products.

F.D. FAN (Forced Draft Fan) - A large centrifugal fan that forces atmospheric air

into the boilers. See “I.D. Fan”. FEED – Material, which is introduced into a vessel for processing. The act of

Feeding. FEEDBACK CONTROL – A type of control whereby the controller receives a

feedback signal representing the condition of the controlled process variable, compares it to the setpoint, and adjusts the controller output accordingly.

FEEDFORWARD CONTROL – A type of control which takes corrective action

based on input disturbances before the process is upset.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

40

FEEDER – Term commonly referring to cables in conduit, duct, cable tray, etc., feeding power from one area to another.

FEED GAS – A vapor feed to a processing vessel. FEED STOCK – The product (stock) being supplied (feed) to a process for further

refinement. FERRULE – A short bushing installed in the inlet end of tubes of heat exchangers

for distribution or strength purposes. FIBRE OPTIC – Communication cabling, which uses light, instead of electricity to

transmit information FIELD – An area or space in which a given physical effect (such as magnetism)

exists. FIELDBUS – A digital communication control system in which the devices within

the loop “bus” have built-in artificial intelligence. These devices can perform automated local control without relying on the supervisory system.

FIELD WINDINGS – The outside (frame) winding on an induction motor. Could be

rotating field windings on other motors. FILTERS – Mechanical devices used to clean foreign materials from a fluid. FINAL CONTROL ELEMENT – A device, which regulates the supply to the

process in accordance with a signal from a controller. Usually a pneumatically or electrically operated valve.

FIN FAN – An air-cooled heat exchanger. FIREBOX – The portion of a boiler that is used to mix and burn the fuel and air.

OR, A box containing an apparatus for transmitting Fire Alarms. FIRE BRICK – A fire resistant insulating brick used to line the inside of a furnace. FIRE EXTINGUISHER – Any of various portable devices used to extinguish a fire

by the ejection of a fire-inhibiting substance, such as water, carbon dioxide, or chemical foam.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

41

FIRE EYE – A device used in boilers, gas turbines, and furnaces to detect the the presence of a fire or flame.

FIRE POINT – The minimum temperature at which an inflammable organic will burn continuously – See Flash Point.

FIRE PUMP – Used for furnishing water to facilities fire lines in an emergency. FIREWALL – A wall installed to limit the damage caused by a fire; also see Dike. FIRE WATCH – An employee who continually observes the area where welding or

other hazardous work is taking place in a restricted area. FIREWATER – Water from facilities fire lines used for emergencies. FIRING LEVEL – Denotes the level of water normally maintained when operating

a boiler. FISHERS REAGENT – Refer to the term Karl Fishers Reagent. FLAME ARRESTOR – An in-line device, installed under equipment vents to

prevent flame propagation through the line. Need for flame arrestor is dependent on flash point of material handled.

FLAMMABLE LIMITS – A flammable mixture of vapor and air may be diluted

with either constituent until it is no longer flammable. The lower and upper limits represent respectively the percent by volume of the vapor and air below and above which combustion does not occur. All compositions between the upper and lower limits.

FLAPPER – The swing seat in a check valve. FLAPPER-NOZZLE – Pneumatic device, which generates a signal proportional to

any, detected error. FLARE – An elevated, continuously burning facility, utilized to burn unreacted or

vented reaction components. FLASH POINT – The temperature to which flammable liquids must be heated

before an ignition source will cause a flash above the surface of the material.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

42

FLASH TANK - A tank used to remove volatile components from a mixture by preheating the feed and operating the tank at a lower pressure than the feed.

FLASK – A glass vessel used in laboratory work. FLAT HEAD - Large blind flanges usually on end of heat exchangers. FLOATING HEAD – Internal head (or bell head) on the return end of a multiple

pass heat exchanger bundle FLOATING ROOF – A type of roof (steel or plastic), which floats upon the surface

of the stored liquid; used, to decrease the vapor space and reduce the potential for evaporation.

FLOOD (Column) – When liquid flowing down across the trays of a column is great

enough to prevent vapor from flowing upward through the trays. FLOOD (N2-CO2) – An inert material utilized to safely purge out a reactor or

reaction components. FLOODING (Column) – When the rate of liquid flowing down a column exceeds the

capacity of a down comer, the result is an increase in liquid level on the tray. This increases the pressure differential across the tray, which in turn causes more liquid to backup through the down comer. Ultimately, the column will fill with liquid and cease to operate. The phenomenon is called slugging.

FLOW SHEET – A sketch that describes the flow of materials through a given unit

or facilities. FLUE GAS –The products of combustion that are discharged from a boiler or

furnace. FLUID – A substance tending to flow or conform to its container. FLUSHING – The removal or reduction to a permissible level of dissolved or

suspended contaminant in a line, tank, or vessel. FOAM – A froth of bubbles on the surface of a liquid often caused by an organic

contaminant, from a high pH or from over aeration of the liquid. FORCED DRAFT – Refers to the movement of air under pressure through an

prescribed area.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

43

FORCED DRAFT FAN – Is a fan which forces fresh air into boilers or other

combustion equipment or through equipment such as a cooling tower. FOREMAN – A term used to describe the immediate supervisor of all hourly

personnel in the facilities. FOULING (HX) – The undesired effect of undesirable components plating out on

the shell or tube side of HX’s and reducing the HX’s efficiency. FOUR WAY VALVE – A valve having four ports usually used to reverse flows as in

backwashing connection. F.P.S.O. (FLOATING PRODUCTION STORAGE AND OFFLOADING) – A ship

or ocean going vessel utilized in the offshore market place for fossil fuels production.

FREE OXYGEN – un reacted oxygen which can participate in a reaction. FREE UP – Unstick, make turn or move as it is supposed to do. FREEZE POINT – This is a technique for measuring the purity of various refined

chemicals, in particular, acetic acid. The purest form of acetic acid freezes at a temperature of 16.7°C. Various impurities cause this temperature to be reduced.

FRESH AIR EQUIPMENT – Breathing equipment providing a flow of breathable

air from cylinders of compressed air to the individual. FROST PLUG – Small diameter closed nozzle protruding from the side of a vessel

which indicates liquid level in the vessel by accumulation of frost. FUEL GAS – Natural gas used as fuel in boilers and other types of furnaces.

FULL GAUGE GASKET – A gasket that is the same inside and outside diameter as

the flange with holes cutout to allow the stud bolts to go through the gasket. FUMES – A vaporous or odorous smoke or cloud. FUMING SULFURIC ACID – A strong solution of sulfuric acid (106%). See

Oleum.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

44

FURNACE – An apparatus in which heat is liberated and transferred directly or

indirectly to a fluid mass for the purpose of effecting a physical or chemical change.

F.W. (Feed Water) – Is the high quality water fed into boilers to make steam.

G

GAG – A clamp used to prevent a safety valve from relieving during pressure testing.

GAIN – The ratio in change in controller output divided by the change in input,

which caused it. GALVANIZING – The process in which a thin coating of zinc is applied to iron or

steel as a protective coating. GARDNER COLOR STANDARD – A set of color standards having color intensities

greater than the platinum cobalt scale. These colors range from a yellow to a green hue. See Platinum Cobalt.

GAS – A phase of matter in which molecules are widely separated. A gas does not

have a definite volume or a definite shape. GATE VALVE – A positive shutoff valve utilizing a gate or guillotine which when

moved between two seats causes tight shutoff. GAUGE – An instrument for measuring pressure, level, etc. GAUGE PRESSURE – Pressure read on a gauge, which is calculated as the absolute

pressure less normal atmospheric pressure. GEAR PUMP – A pump with gears inside a housing. As the gears turn, cavities are

created which allows the liquid to be moved from the suction of the pump to the discharge. A positive displacement pump.

GEL – Semi-solid substance rich in liquid. GEN. (Generator) – A machine, which produces electrical power.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

45

GENERAL CONTRACTOR (G.C.) – A contractor responsible for all activities within a scope of work including those activities performed by subcontractors.

G.F.I. (Gross Fixed Investment) – Total dollars invested in machinery, equipment,

and property. OR ground fault interrupter (a device used to de-energize a circuit when a ground is detected)

GLAND OIL – Oil injected into the shaft packing at pumps to prevent the escape of

material being pumped. (i.e., Seal Oil). GLOBE VALVE – A valve with a moving seat, usually circular, which moves into a

circular opening to shutoff. Usually used in throttling service. GOODIES – A desired organic product. GOVERNOR – A rotating, fly ball, or hydraulic speed control. Used to control the

speed of turbines, engines at high end of speed range. Electronic Governor’s are also used.

GPM – Gallons per minute. GRADUATE – This is a cylindrical glass vessel with graduated marks indicating the

volume of a liquid. GRAMS – This term is used in the metric system as a measure of weight. A gram is

equivalent to .0353 ounces. One kilogram is equivalent to l,000 grams, or approximately 2.2 pounds. A microgram is equivalent to l,000,000th of a gram.

GRASS ROOTS – A facility Engineered, procured and constructed where none

previously existed. GRATING – Structural steel used to make walking areas and/or make platforms in

building. GROSS – Total: Undiminished by depreciated deductions. GROUND (Electrical) – Cable installed from frame of electrical equipment to

prevent possibility of shock. OR, A phase of circuit, which has shorted to ground.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

46

GROUND BURNER – A burner used to dispose of organic residues that cannot economically be burned for power.

GUNK – An insoluble heterogeneous precipitate or residue. OR, A caustic substance

used as a cleaner or degreaser. GUINNITE (Gunite) – A coating for solid surfaces consisting of a mixture of sand,

cement, and water. The mixture is applied by blowing it through a hose and nozzle or forced into an area by hand using hand tools such as a trowel. OR, Also a trade name of”graphitic steel” produced by the Gunite Corporation and used for automobile brake drums and machine parts where resistance to sliding wear is required.

H

H2O – The symbol used to refer to “water”. H2SO4 - Sulfuric Acid. HOAC – Acetic Acid. HAD (Heat Actuated Device) – A temperature rate-of-rise detector, used for

automatic operation of water spray system deluge valves. HALOCARBONS – A family of refrigerants consisting of fluorinated and/or

chlorinated hydrocarbons. HAND CONTROL – To control a flow by adjusting a valve by hand. HAND JACK – A mechanical jack operated with a lever by hand and not hydraulic

pressure. HANGER – A device used to support pipes, conduit, or equipment from overhead

structures. HAZARDOUS INCIDENT REPORT – A written report used to inform

management and employees of an incident which could have resulted in injuries, fires, or explosions.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

47

HAZARDOUS MATERIAL – Any material that presents a physical or health hazard to employees from fire, explosion or short term exposure as defined in established safety standards.

HAZMAT – A body of law that defines & regulates the storage, handling and

transport of hazardous materials HAZWOPPER - A body of law (29CFR1910.120) that deals with the storage,

handling and disposal of hazardous waste. HEAD TEMPERATURE – The temperature measured at the top or head of a

vessel. HEADER (HDR.) –A line, which has several lines, adding or removing flow. HEADS – Amount of material boiled overhead on a column or still. HEADS CUT – A portion of the material that is boiled overhead on a column or

still. HEATER – A vessel, usually shell and tube, whose purpose is to heat a process,

Usually steam on one side and process on the other. However, may be electrically operated.

HEAT EXCHANGER – A vessel used to exchange the heat from one substance to

another. HEAT TRANSFER AREA – Area projected by a mechanical device to expose it to a

temperature differential. HEAVY ENDS – A term used in speaking of oils where the distillation range is of

importance, meaning the highest boiling material present. HETEROGENOUS – Lack of uniformity; unlike; dissimilar. HIERARCHY – The ranking or “scope of control” of the elements in a supervisory

system. For example, a lower ranking element such as a local controller affects only one variable while a higher ranking element such as a computer might affect many variables.

HIGH LIMIT (Alarm) – A term used in computer language to describe a

predetermined upper alarm point of a process.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

48

HIGH SPEED TRIP – A mechanical device actuated by centrifugal force, which in

turn activates a switch or trip valve, to shut down a turbine, engine, should it overspend.

HOMOGENOUS – Uniform; of a like kind; similar. HOSE (Chemical, Utility) – A flexible tube that carries fluids. Made of plastic,

rubber, fiber, metal or usually a combination of materials to withstand the service to be used in. Chemical hose is usually made of flexible stainless steel.

Utility hose is of fiber and rubber used for nitrogen, air or cool water. HOSE CABINET – Cabinet for smaller sized (1-1/2”) preconnected fire hose,

strategically located. Easily put in service by one man pulling out hose and opening valve.

HOSE HOUSE – Larger (2-1/2”) fire hose storage facility, usually located near

facilities fire hydrants. Houses are equipped with hose, nozzle and hose holder.

HOT ALIGNMENT – Work necessary to shutdown rotating equipment, dismantle

couplings, place dial indicators to check shaft and face positions. Only done when equipment has reached operating temperature.

HOT CHECK – When equipment has reached operating temperatures, turbine,

compressor bearings, and seals may be checked for operating clearances. Usually predetermined and set by equipment manufacturer.

HOT GAS BYPASS – Warm discharge gas which is recycled. Such as in the case of

a refrigeration unit where the discharge gas is recycled to a chiller for maintaining the systems operating integrity at minimum load conditions.

HOT SPOT – An area in a reaction catalyst bed where the reaction is taking place

faster than the rest of the bed causing higher localized temperature. HOT TAP – The act of cutting into or drilling a live “HOT” line or piece of

equipment. HOTWELL – A small tank-like vessel attached to a condenser that catches the

liquid and gives a controllable liquid level (LL) to keep a liquid flow to a pump, or to prevent steam blowing through along with the condensate.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

49

HOT WORK (Electrical) – Work that must be done with equipment energized using all safety equipment to prevent damage or shock.

HOURLY – A payroll term used to describe employees who are paid by the hour

and receive their paychecks on a weekly basis. HOUSEKEEPING – The act of keeping work area and equipment in a safe, clean,

useable condition. HURRICANE ALERT – Where a hurricane path is known and the area where it

will hit has been alerted to prepare for high winds. HURRICANE COMMITTEE – A committee composed of facilities personnel whose

function is to coordinate facilities activities before, during, and after a hurricane or storm.

HURRICANE INSPECTION – An inspection held for the purpose of aiding all

departments in locating items that need to be corrected, or cleaned up, prior to the arrival of a hurricane.

HWP (Hazardous Work Permit) – A permit used facilities wide for all work

involving a source of ignition in a hazardous area or when physical entry into equipment is to take place.

HX (Heat Exchanger) – A vessel (usually shell and tube) used to transfer heat from

one substance to another. Examples are: Calandrias, condensers, vaporizers, heaters, and coolers.

HYDRANT – Fire hydrants on facilities fire water distribution system. HYDRATE – A form of a solid compound that has water in the form of H2O

molecules associated with it. HYDRO – This is shortened from work “hydro test”, referring to a pressure test

using a liquid as the testing medium. HYDROCARBON – An organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen

and often occurring in petroleum, natural gas, coal and bitumens. HYDROBLAST – To clean an object, using water under very high pressures as the

cleaning agent.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

50

HYDROCUT – To cut an object or material using water under very high pressure and being forced through a very small cutting tip.

HYDROCARBONS – A compound containing only hydrogen and carbon.

Examples: Methane, Ethane, Acetylene, Propane, Butane, and Benzene. HYDROGENATION – A catalytic reaction of hydrogen with other compounds.

Example: Propionaldehyde is hydrogenated to form normal propanol. HYDROMETER – A floating instrument for determining specific gravities of

liquids. HYSTERESIS – Difference between upscale and downscale results in instrument response when subjected to the same input approached from opposite directions.

I

IA (Instrument Air) – Facilities air that has been filtered and/or dried for use by instruments. May be high pressure (90 psig) or low pressure (20 psig) or in between, depending on the operating area.

I BEAM – A structural member (usually steel) whose cross section resembles the

alphabetical character “I”. Usually used as structural beam or trolley beam. I.B.P. (Initial Boiling Point) – A term used with reference to a laboratory standard

distillation whereby the boiling point of the first drops of material distilling overhead is determined. This is the criterion for determining the amount of low boiling impurities in a high purity chemical.

I.D. FAN (Induced Draft Fan) – Is the fan used to “suck out” the products of

combustion from a boiler. IGNITION SOURCE – Any spark or heated surface, which will cause the ignition

of an explosive mixture of vapor and air. IMPELLER – The part of a centrifugal pump or compressor that imparts velocity

of liquid or air, then converts velocity to pressure. IMPINGEMENT BAFFLE – A piece of plate used to divert or change the path of

flow of fluids as they enter a heat exchanger or vessel.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

51

INCIDENT INVESTIGATION - A portion of PSM & RMP which requires the investigation and mitigation of every incident which happens outside of routine operations.

INBOARD – In conjunction with double seal, seal next to product. In conjunction

with bearing next to coupling. A term used to describe the seal or bearing inside. For example, when referring to a double seal, the inboard seal would be the one next to the product. The inboard bearing would be the bearing next to the coupling. A term used to describe the location of a seal, bearing, shaft end, etc. For example, the part of a pump nearest the motor would be the inboard seal, bearing shaft end, etc.

INDICATOR – A chemical compound that changes color as the pH changes from

acid to base, or from a base to an acid. INDUCED CURRENT – A current picked up from one circuit to another by

induction. INDUCED DRAFT – A term used to describe the act of mechanically assisting a

natural draft such as the movement of hot gases from a boiler to the (smoke) stack being assisted by a large fan between the boiler and the stack, or in the example of an Induced Draft cooling tower.

INDUCTION – The property of a circuit that causes a voltage to be induced in the

circuit by a change of current in the circuit (measured in Henry Units). INDUCTION MOTOR – Motor where there is no electrical connection from rotor

to other source of power. Voltage and current in rotor produced by induction from stator winding.

INERT – Referring to something, which has no chemical reactivity, such as inert

gas. INERT GAS – A gas or mixture of gases, which contains only trace quantities of

oxygen. The gas may or may not be a combustible gas, depending upon its source of production.

INHIBITOR – A compound, which slows or stops a chemical reaction. INITIAL COLOR – The color of a liquid before any solution is added during

analysis.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

52

INITIAL ENTRY – A term used to describe the first time a vessel or piece of equipment is entered. Initial entry requires special safety equipment such as safety harness and lifelines.

INJECTION – A fluid added to a stream or another fluid to produce the desired

result of mixture. INLET – The point where something enters the pipe, trench, etc. that carries the

incoming stream. INORGANIC – Pertaining to or composed of chemical compounds that do not

contain carbon as the principal element. IN-SERVICE INSPECTION – Inspection of equipment and devices during normal

operation utilizing visual and NDE techniques. INSTRUMENT BLOWBACK – See “B.B. (Blowback)”. INSTRUMENT AIR – See “IA (Instrument Air)”.

INSTRUMENT LEAD – The electrical wire or pneumatic tubing that carries a

signal to and/or from an instrument. INSULATION – Material used in walls, ceiling, and around pipe and machinery to

retard the passage of heat and sound. INSULATOR – A device made from a material that will not conduct electricity.

The device is normally used to give mechanical support to electrical wire or electronic components.

INTEGRAL CONDENSER – Normally, a small heat exchanger (HX) utilized on

vacuum jets to partially condense the steam and evacuated gas from the proceeding jet.

INTEGRAL (RESET) CONTROL – A control algorithm which attempts to

eliminate the offset (caused by proportional control) between the measurement and set-point of the controlled process variable. See also “Controlled Action, Integral (Reset).

INTEGRAL (RESET) TIME - The proportionally constant in the equation relating

the controller output to the error for integral control CO = Kі ∫ (PV – SP) dt.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

53

Where: Kі = Kρ/Tі. Kρ is the proportional gain of the controller. Tі is the time required to produce a change in controller output equal to the change in error input.

INTEGRAL WINDUP – Also called “Controller Windup” or “Reset Windup.”

Saturation of the controller output at its maximum positive or negative value due to an error signal existing for an excessive period of time. Usually caused by the controller being left on “automatic” when the measurement transmitter is out of service. The integral capacitor (or pneumatic bellows) must be discharged when this condition occurs before control may be resumed.

INTERCOOLER – Cooling device between heat causing motive forces. Example:

Removes the heat of compression between the low-pressure stage and the high-pressure stage of a compressor. An after cooler cools after the high-pressure stage.

INTERFACE – The point at which two dissimilar liquids are together (i.e., oil and

water). INTERLOCK – A device or system used to prevent a return to original condition

after an interruption has occurred. Usually requires a manual reset to overcome the interlock.

INTERNAL INSPECTION – Inspection of internal surfaces, fixtures and functional

systems of equipment utilizing visual and NDE techniques. INTERRUPT – To stop. INTERSTAGE – The point or points between discharge and suction of a stage or

between stages of a compressor, pump, etc. INTRINSICALLY SAFE - Refers to equipment or wiring which is incapable of

releasing sufficient electrical or thermal energy under either abnormal or normal conditions to cause ignition of a specific hazardous atmospheric mixture in its most easily ignited concentration.

INVENTORY – A list of all finished goods, in stock, goods in process of

manufacture, raw materials, and supplies on hand. The midnight operator takes an individual unit inventory each day.

ION EXCHANGE – A method used in water softeners to remove the active

chemicals causing hardness.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

54

I/O DEVICES – Input/output devices used to enter data into and receive data fro a

computer or control system. Examples are analog and digital input and output devices for handling process measurements and conditions as well as “business type devices such as terminals, printers, plotters, etc.

I/P TRANSDUCER – (Current-to-pneumatic). A device which converts an

electrical current signal to a proportional pneumatic signal for the purpose of interfacing electronic and pneumatic parts of a control system. A typical I/P transducer might convert a 4-20 milliamp signal from an electronic controller to a 3-15 psig signal to actuate a pneumatic valve.

IRON – Referring to one of the metallic elements having magnetic properties. Iron

may be composed of many alloys resulting in materials such as stainless steel. Iron is also referred to as a common contaminant or impurity in refined chemical products.

ISOLATE – Prevent material from entering or leaving a piece of equipment. ISOMER – One of two or more chemical substances having the same elementary

percentage composition and molecular weight – but differing in structure, and therefore in properties. Example: N-butane = CH3 (CH2)2 CH3

IS-butane = CH3 CH(CH3)2 ISOMERIC – Equally divided; of, relating to, or exhibiting isomerism. ISOMERISM – The relation of two or more compounds, radicals, or ions that

contain the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but differ in structural arrangement and properties.

ISOMETRIC DRAWSINGS (ISO’s) – The representation of an object in isometric

projection but with lines parallel to the edges drawn in true length.

J

JET – Simplified type of vacuum pump, which has no moving parts. It consists essentially of a steam nozzle that discharges a high velocity jet across a suction chamber.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

55

JOINT – A length of bare pipe (one section) normally in twenty-foot lengths for processing plants and normally of forty-foot lengths for pipeline and oil drilling operations.

JUMBO NOZZLE – A firewater nozzle that can be adjusted while in use to obtain

any type water stream from a fog to a straight stream. Its capacity is 600 GPM.

JUMPER – A pipe connection, which temporarily or permanently connects two

existing pipelines. OR, Electrical connections, which “bypasses” or temporarily connects two items.

JUNCTION BOX – A box used for the termination of electrical wires or pneumatic

instrument leads. JUSTIFY – To prove something is worthwhile.

K

KARL FISCHER REAGENT – A chemical solution used to determine the quantity of water in refined chemicals. The solution is made from iodine, sulfur dioxide and pyridine and should be treated as a poisonous material.

KETTLE – Vessel used for boiling liquid. KILOVOLT AMPERE (KVA) – A unit of measure of the total electrical power in a

circuit. This includes the power that is converted into mechanical work (KW) and the electrical losses in the circuit.

KILOWATTS (KW) – A measure of electrical power. 1 kilowatt = 1000 watts or 1

kilowatt = ¾ horsepower. KNOCKER WHEELS – A patented wheel that is attached to the normal wheel of a

valve that has a knocking effect and helps to open or close stubborn valves. KNOCKOUT POT – Is a small vessel used to remove (or knock out) liquid droplets

or impurities from a gas stream.

L

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

56

LABORATORY – A place equipped for experimental study in science or for testing or analysis.

LAZY ROD – An extension affixed to a valve wheel that makes the valve easier and

safer to operate. LBS. (Pounds) – A unit of measure of weight or pressure. Often pressure is referred

to as pounds instead of pounds per square inch. LEAD – See Instrument Lead. OR, The person in charge of an effort or trade such

as a lead man LEAK TEST – A procedure for locating leaks in process equipment by filling the

equipment with compressed air or nitrogen and applying liquid soap to the exterior area to be tested.

LEG – Vertical line on the bottom of larger lines. Used to drain large line. LENS RING – A metal ring type gasket used in high pressure piping for pressures

of 2000# psig and above. LIFE LINE – A safety harness with rope used as a piece of personal safety

equipment. LIMITORQUE – A high-pressure shutoff valve operated by an electric motor. LIMIT SWITCH – A mechanically actuated switch (electric or pneumatic) which

through its action prevents further travel by the variable to which it is attached and is actuated when the variable to which it is attached reaches its travel limit.

LINE – Pipe from one point to another. Used for transferring liquid or gas from

one place to another. LIQUID LEVEL (LL) – The height to which liquid has accumulated in a container. LIQUID PHASE – The product or products that are in the liquid (fluid) state.

Characterized by free movement of the constituent molecules amount themselves, but without the tendency to separate from one another.

LITHOLINE (Grease) – A multipurpose grease that is used to lubricate bearings,

which are not in very high heat or very low temperature service.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

57

LITMUS PAPER – A type of paper, which is color sensitive to pH, changes. Turns

red in the presence of acid solution and blue in basic substances. LOADED (Column Condition) – A condition of reaching or exceeding the liquid

capacity of a column. A higher than normal liquid level on the column trays. LOCK OUT – A term used to describe the locking out of electrical equipment for

maintenance. LOG – Automatic type out or demand type out of computer information on the

alarm typewriter such as a tank log or on log typewriters. To write down certain operating conditions.

LOOP – Instrumentation: Either electronically or pneumatically linked group of

instruments concerned with one primary variable. LOOP SEAL – An offset in a pipe in the shape of a “U” of “S” for the relief of

pressure at a specific limit. LOUVERS – The dampers on a boiler inlet and outlet that controls the amount of

air flow through the boiler. LOW LIMIT – Instrumentation: Describes relay or switch designed in the circuitry

to prevent the variable from decreasing below the preset lower limit. LOX – Liquid Oxygen. LPG – Liquid Petroleum Gas. Example: Butane.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

58

M

M (Thousand) – The letter “M” is used to designate thousands in flow measurement as the letter “K” is used in electrical measurements. 100 M CF means “one hundred thousand cubic feet”.

MACHINIST – One who uses machine tools (lathe, drill press, mill, etc.) to

reproduce machine parts from metal, plastics, etc. (inside). OR, One, who repairs, installs machinery (outside).

MAINTENANCE – The act of and department responsible for the daily planning

and physical efforts required to keep facilities in repair for continued operation.

MAJOR MAINTENANCE – A significant maintenance project that typically

requires its own budget, schedule and scope of work. This type of project normally requires the assistance of contractors and subcontractors.

MAKE – Normally referred to as the final product. MAKEUP – Feed needed to replace that which is lost by leakage or normal use in a

closed circuit, recycle operation. MANAGEMENT – The collective body of those who manage and direct all facilities

activities. MANAGEMENT OF CHANGE - A portion of PSM & RMP which requires a

detailed examination and management sign-off before implementing any change to a covered process

MANHEAD – An access hole to a tank or boiler; usually made out of steel plate;

over plates on man ways, which are removable to allow for internal inspection and/or repair.

MANHOURS – A term used to describe the number of hours that it will take, or has

taken, to do a particular job. MANIFOLD – A piping arrangement, which allows one stream of liquid or gas to be

divided into two or more streams. MANOMETER – A gauge for measuring the pressure of gases or vapors.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

59

MANUAL – Mode of operation requiring man to adjust or manipulate; opposite of automatic. OR, A book specifying operational instructions and procedures.

MANWAY-MANHOLE – An opening in a vessel large enough for a person to enter

the vessel; flanged openings normally found on vessels or tanks. MANUAL INDICATOR CONTROL (MIC) – Generally used where automatic

control is not needed or not practical. This device can be manually operated to control a process variable. It indicates the state of process at the same time. For instance, it might be used to control pressure, level, flow, or temperature. It would also indicate whichever of these variables it was used to control.

MASS SPECTROMETER – An electronic instrument used to determine the composition of chemical mixtures.

MASTER TAG PROCEDURE - A procedure designed to protect individuals from

injury when it is necessary to work on any process equipment, which has been removed from service.

MATTER – Anything that has weight and occupies space. M.C.C. (MOTOR CONTROL CENTER) – A cabinet in which motor control

switchgear (motor starters) and bus bars are located. MCFH – One thousand cubic feet per hour, “M” denotes one thousand. MEASURED VARIABLE – A signal that is a measure of the process variable,

generally, the output of a measuring instrument or transmitter. MECHANICAL SEAL – Used primarily on Rotating Equipment in place of packing

to keep product from going to the atmosphere. Mechanical assembly that forms a leak proof seal between flat, rotating surfaces to prevent high-pressure leakage.

MECHANICAL TRIP – A mechanical device that is activated or tripped by a pre-

determined setting. Example: Low oil pressure shutting steam to a steam driven turbine.

MEGAWATTS – 1,000,000 watts.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

60

MEGGER – An instrument to produce a DC voltage to test and read the dielectric strength of electrical equipment in ohms for mega ohms.

MEK (Methyl Ethyl Ketone CH3COCH2CH3) – Colorless liquid, acetone-like odor.

Mol wt. 72.10, BP 79.57, FP-85.9°C, Density 0.80615 at 20°C, Flash Point 22°F. It can react with oxidizing materials.

MELTING POINT – The temperature at which a change from solid to liquid state

occurs. Particular testing procedure depends upon the substance being evaluated.

METER – Instrument or means for measuring. OR, The basic metric unit of length

(1 meter = 39.37 inches).

METHANE – Natural gas or fuel gas (CH4). MICROMHOS – Units of measure of the conductivity or electricity. MICRON – A term used to designate pressure in the metric system. This is

equivalent to the pressure exerted by the atmosphere of .001 millimeters of mercury. The micron may also be a unit of length equivalent to 1/1,000,000 of a meter.

MICV – A valve, which is controlled by a MIC (Manual Indicating Controller). MIDSTREAM – A term utilized in the petroleum market designating the segment of

the business after the production of oil out of the well head (upstream) but prior to the refining/processing and marketing of finished products (downstream). Examples are pipeline transportation of raw natural gas and clean up operations, which may remove certain impurities of a raw product prior to entering the downstream. The break point of these definitions varies from company to company.

MILLIAMP – 1/1000 of one amp. MILLS – 1/1000 of a volt, amp, etc. MINIMUM (Min.) – The least acceptable amount. MILLILITER – .06 cubic inch. MISCIBLE – Easily mixable or soluble.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

61

MITIGATION SYSTEMS AND DEVICES – Systems and devices that tend to

reduce the effects of a catastrophic event or serve as early warning devices, such as fire fighting and suppression systems, gas and heat detection, flare systems, etc.

MIXTURE – A combining of two or more substances in which each substance

retains its chemical nature and identity. MM (Million) - An abbreviation symbol for a million. In Roman numerals, M is

1000. Therefore, MM is equal to 1000 x 1000, or one million. MOC – See “Management of Change” MOL – A gram molecular weight for any given substance. MOLECULAR WEIGHT – The sum of the weights of the atoms in a molecule. MOLECULE – The smallest unit to which a substance can be divided and retain all

of its chemical and physical properties. MONITOR – Nozzles on fire hydrants, or individual risers to provide fixed

firewater streams for cooling or fire fighting without hose. OR, A person assigned to watch over a specific activity.

MONOMER – The simplest form of a compound, which is capable of undergoing

polymerization. MONO RAIL – A steel “I” beam for a Hoister chain block to travel on. MOTOR STARTER (Switchgear) – A device used to control current to an electric

motor. MOTOR VALVE – A remote operated valve, actuated by air or electricity. MPH – Rate of production or usage per hour in thousands of pounds. (Thousand

pound per hour). M.S.D.S. (MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET) – Data sheets supplied by

manufacturers of hazardous products identifying the chemical make up and hazards associated with the use of the product. They also describe the specific action required in the case of a spill or direct contact. They must be

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

62

maintained in an area where all potential users of the product have access to them.

MT (Empty) – Containing nothing or unoccupied. MUD DRUM – The lower drum of a boiler that is used as a junction area for boiler

tubes and a low place in boiler where heavy particles in the water will settle out and can be blown out.

MULEY BLIND – A slip blind without a tail or handle.

N

NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide or Caustic) – Strong solution of sodium hydroxide

having a pH of 14. Used to neutralize acids. Used in numerous other chemical processes.

NATURAL DRAFT – Refers to the movement of air through a device by natural

means (not induced) such as in a Natural Draft cooling tower. NDE – “Non-Destructive Examinations” of equipment and devices utilizing the

techniques specified by codes and standards such as ASME and ANST or other equivalent codes and standards. May also be referred to as “NDT” Non-Destructive Testing. Will often utilize techniques such as x-ray, ultra sound, infa-red or other means.

NET INCOME FROM SALES (N.I.F.S.) – Amount left after all expenses of

producing a product are deducted from sales income. NEUTRAL SOLUTIONS – One that is neither acid nor basic (water solution with

an equal concentration). NEUTRALIZE – To make a solution neutral (neither acidic or basic, pH of 7) by

adding a base to an acidic solution, or an acid to a basic solution. NITROGEN – A chemical element, symbol N, atomic number 7, atomic weight

14.0067; it is a gas, diatomic (N2) under normal conditions; about 79% of the atmosphere is N2.

NOISE – In process instrumentation, an unwanted component of a signal or

variable. Noise may be expressed in units of the output or in percent of output span.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

63

NONCONDENSABLE GAS – A gas from chemical processing units (such as a

distillation column) that is not easily condensed by cooling; consists mostly of nitrogen, light hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, or other gaseous materials.

NONEXEMPT – A payroll term used to describe employees who are paid every two

weeks/or on a monthly basis. NON-RETURN – A valve most commonly used with boilers. A combination stop

and check valve. NON-TOXIC – Referring to a compound showing no human or animal toxicity. NORGREN OILER – A device (cup) used in pressurized air lines to inject a

measured amount of oil into the air stream for providing lubrication for air operated equipment.

NOZZLE – The extension on a hose or pipe that controls the flow from them. A

small spout.

O O2 ANALYZER - An instrument that analyzes a stream and indicates the percent

of oxygen in it. O2 (Oxygen) – Atmospheric gas. Atmosphere contains about 20.6% oxygen. OCCULSIONS – Adhesion of gas or liquid on a solid mass, or the trapping of a gas

or liquid within a mass. OFFSET – The steady-state deviation of the controlled variable from the setpoint,

usually caused by a disturbance or a load change in a system employing a proportional-only controller. Offset will eventually be reduced to zero by the integral action in a PI or PID controller.

OFF SPEC – Referring to a product, which does not meet the purity specifications

or standards of a given material. OIL MIST LUBRICATION – A piece of equipment designed to provide minute,

microscopic air-borne oil particles that lubricate the mechanisms served by the system.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

64

O.I.P. (OPERATIONS IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM) – A program designed to continually improve processes and ways of doing things and reporting results through management.

OLEFIN – A family of unsaturated, chemically active hydrocarbons with one

carbon-carbon double bond; includes ethylene and propylene. OLEUM – A heavy oily, strongly corrosive, solution of sulfur trioxide in anhydrous

sulfuric acid (106%). OPEN AREA – An area, which has been designated by letter from facilities

management as being safe for use of flame or spark producing tools without the use of a Hazardous Work Permit or with liberalized controls over the work or activity within that area.

OPEN CIRCUIT – A circuit where continuity has been broken for some reason, and

there is no current flow. OPEN FLAME – Any fire, a form of welding or burning, or any operation involving

flame. OPERATING FACTOR – The ratio of the total “on stream” time of a unit to the

total time that it could have been on-stream if it did not have to be shut down for cleaning, repair, or stand-by service.

OPERATING PROCEEDURES – Instructions on how to operate a particular

process. OPERATOR (OPER.) – One who actually does the controlling of flows, levels,

temperatures and pressures of the production equipment. OPERATORS CONSOLE – The operator’s link with the computer from which he

can read input points, demand logs, etc. OPERATOR TRAINING – The process used to prepare the employee to make his

expected contribution to his employer, usually involving the teaching of specialized skills.

ORGANIC – Of chemical compounds, based on carbon chains or rings and also

containing hydrogen with or without oxygen, nitrogen, or other elements.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

65

ORIFICE – Instrumentation – A thin plate with an opening in it used to cause a precise calibrated pressure drop in the flowing stream.

ORIFICE FLANGE – Precise pipe flange with pressure sensing hole drilled and

tapped perpendicular to the axis of the pipe. One of the two flanges between which an orifice plate is held captive.

ORIFICE NIPPLE – A ¼” X 2” pipe nipple that has a precision hole in it much

smaller than the usual hole through a pipe nipple. Its use: to restrict a flow, to allow a calibrated flow at one pressure drop.

ORIFICE PLATE – A thin metal plate with an opening in it. Used to cause a

precise calibrated pressure drop in a flowing stream. ORIFICE RUN – The length of straight pipe immediately preceding and following a

pair of orifice flanges. O-RING – Gasket in the form of a ring, usually oval in cross sectional. Can be

resilient material such as rubber or metal. O-RING JOINT – Grooves in a flange enabling it to accept an “O” ring type gasket. ORSAT – A piece of laboratory apparatus used to determine the composition and

quantity of gases by reaction of the gases with various chemical solutions. OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Act) – The expressed objective of this act is

“to assure”, so far as possible every working man and woman in the Nation safe and healthful working conditions and to preserve our human resources. OSHA has several bodies of law which affect the ptro-chemical industry.

OUTBOARD – In conjunction with double seal, seal next to atmosphere. In

conjunction with bearing, away from coupling. OUTFALL – Power signal or energy delivered by an instrument or machine. OUTPUT – Power signal or energy delivered by an instrument or machine. OUTPUT METER – An indication of the instrument output; a PSI gauge on

pneumatic controllers and an electric meter on electronic control. OVER CURRENT – Current that is above the capability of the electrical

equipment.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

66

OVER CURRENT RELAY – A protective device installed in a switchgear to open

the electrical circuit if a preset over current exists. OVERHEAD CRANE – A lifting device built over machinery or in a shop to handle

heavy objects. OVERHEAD MAKE – The process stream leaving the top of a column. OVERRIDE – A device, which interrupts the path of a signal and usually takes over

control of the end variable. OVERSPEED – To go beyond safe or top operating speed on a piece of rotating

equipment. Safe limits set by manufacturer. OVERSPEED TRIP – An automatic device that cuts power off of a rotating

machine if it reaches preset trip point. OXIDATION – A type of reaction in which oxygen is utilized to oxidize (chemical

change) a particular compound or components from one form to a more or, in some cases, less desirable form.

OXIDE – A compound of oxygen with another element or with a radical. OXYGEN CLEAN – Cleaned thoroughly of all particles of dirt, lint, oil, etc., and

does not fluoresce. Clean enough to be installed in oxygen service.

P

P CONTROLLER – A controller which produces proportional control action only. PFD – Process Flow Diagram reflecting the primary equipment and process flow. PHA – See “Process Hazard Analysis” P&ID – Process and Instrument Diagram reflecting the primary process and

instrumentation. PSI – 1) See “Process Safety Information) 2) Units of pressure (Pounds per Square Inch) PSM – See “Process Safety Management”

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

67

PSSR – See “Pre-Startup Safety Review” PACKED COLUMN –

Referring to a distillation column, which is packed with Raschig rings, saddles or other ceramic china-like material to aid in liquid vapor contact during distillation.

PACKING – A device of material used to prevent leakage of pressure. Primarily

used in valves and pumps to seal a product from the atmosphere. Examples: Asbestos, Teflon, lead, hemp, and carbon.

PACKING GLAND – A metallic ring used to keep packing in place. PAD – A concrete slab. PANIC BUTTON – A manual emergency shutdown button. PARALLEL FLOW – Flow of material in the same direction as another flow but

remaining separate from the other flow. PARTIAL CONDENSER – A condenser (heat exchanger) that furnishes sufficient

cooling medium to condense a part of a vapor stream. The condensed portion is usually drawn off or separated in a separator downstream from the partial condenser.

PASSED SPECS – Referring to chemical compound, which has met the laboratory

requirements for purity. PASTEURIZED MAKE – A refined process stream coming off the upper side of a

column. PA SYSTEM – Public Address System. PARALLEL DATA – Data transmission where all data bits of a data word are

processed at once. PD CONTROLLER – A controller which produces proportional plus derivative

(rate) control action.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

68

PERIOD COSTS – All expenses other than raw material costs, such as labor allocated and apportioned expense, repairs, taxes, and insurance.

PERMANENT NOTE – Operating note issued as a permanent operating procedure

until it is superseded or cancelled. PERSUADER – An extension used to give more leverage. Used mostly in turning

stubborn valve wheels. PEROXIDE – A compound containing two oxygen atoms, which are slightly linked.

The oxygen is loosely held and may oxidize and attack other chemical compounds, or metals, in some cases. Must be kept wet or cool to prevent ignition.

PH – The negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration. Solutions having a pH

below 7.0 are acid. Solutions having a pH above 8.0 are basic. A pH of 7.0 – 8.0 is neutral, neither acid nor basic.

PH INDICATOR – An organic substance, which has different colors at different pH

ranges, used to indicate acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

PHASE (Electrical) – A term used to describe one component of electric power. PHASE (Liquid, Vapor) – A solid, liquid or gaseous homogeneous substance that

exists as distinct portion of a heterogeneous system. A gas mixture may consist of a single phase; a liquid solution consists of a single phase; a solid solution consists of a solid phase; two liquids which will not mix from two phases.

PICKLE (Pipe, etc.) – To clean or passivate by soaking in a solution (usually acid) to

remove rust, scale, oil, etc. PI CONTROLLER – a controller which produces proportional plus integral (reset) control action. PID CONTROLLER – A controller which produces proportional plus integral (reset) plus derivative (rate) control action. PIG – A crude casting of metal. PIGTAIL – A splice in electrical wires where a short piece of wire is brought out to

connect to electrical devices.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

69

PILOT - Small flame used in a boiler to maintain a fire and make it easier to start

the main burner. PINCH BACK – To partially close a valve. PIPE – A long tube or hollow body used to conduct a fluid, gas, or finely divided

solid. PIPEFITTER – A facilities maintenance classification of work centered about pipe

and/or tubing installation or removal. PIPERACK - Supports for pipes usually 12-15 feet above the ground in areas where

trucks and cranes operate. PIPETTE – A piece of glass equipment used to measure the volume of a solution. PISTON – That portion of a reciprocating pump, which receives force from the

power medium and, in turn, transfers it to the fluid being handled. PLANT (FACILITIES) PROCEDURES – A term used to describe formal

procedures and policies, which are followed facilities wide by all employees. PLASTIC – A material, which may be molded into desired shapes while soft, and

then hardened by heat, cooling, or exposure to air. Many plastics are synthetic polymers.

PLATE – A substantially horizontal structure supported in a vertical cylindrical

chamber and adapted for intimately contacting vapors or gases rising from below the structure to bubble through the retained liquid. The plates are usually of the bubble cap type, although so-called perforated plates are used in special cases.

PLATINUM COBALT – Platinum and Cobalt are both transition metals of the

group 8 of the periodic table with Platinum being the largest (atomic number 78) and Cobalt being the second largest (atomic number 27). In conjunction with one another can be used in applications such as alloys, as catalyst, as a conductor of electricity, ionization, oxidation and are resistant to attack by acids, air or water under high temperatures.

PNEUMATIC – Pertaining to, or using air or wind.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

70

PHEUMATIC OILER – A device that emits oil into an air stream. PNEUMATIC SOLENOID VALVE – An electrically powered valve, which is used

to interrupt or divert a pneumatic signal. POINTER – A manually or pneumatically adjusted pointer on the chart that

indicates the position of the set point. POLLUTION – Destruction or impairment of the purity of the environment. POLYMER – An organic compound formed by intermolecular reaction of

unsaturated or cyclic compounds which are capable of inter-molecular reaction, or by the interaction of poly-functional compounds such as X-R-Y where X and Y are capable of mutual reaction.

POLYMERIZATION – A process, which joins two or more small molecules to form

a larger one. POOP – The “End of Shift” production figures and operating information. The

latest information available on any particular subject. POPOVER DMV (Popover Diaphragm Motor Valve) – A cross tie between two

different points that control the amount of flow. POPVALVE – A valve used to relieve or reduce pressure to prevent over

pressuring. POST INDICATING VALUE (PIV) – This is a control or sectionalizing valve on the

facilities fire water underground piping; a normally underground valve whose valve stem sticks above ground inside a metal post with a position indicator (open or closed).

POST-SUPPORTED TRAYS – Describes a method of supporting distillation

column trays from each other. POUNDS PER HOURS (#/Hr.) – Ratio of production or usage per hour. Measured

in pounds. POWER FACTOR (PF) – Ratio of energy applied to work to energy generated

(electricity). POWER SURGE OR FAILURE – A voltage drop in the electrical system.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

71

PPM (Parts Per Million) – This term is used to define the quantity of impurities in

chemicals, regardless of what they may be. This quantity is referred to on a weight basis, such as, 1 pound of impurity in 1 million pounds of refined product.

PRC (Pressure Recorder Controller) – Usually automatic control.

PRE-STARTUP SAFETY REVIEW – (PSSR) A portion of PSM & RMP which

requires a management review and & sign-off before introducing materials into a covered process

PRECIPITATOR – An apparatus in which droplets of liquid, or solid particles are deposited from liquid, vapor or gas streams by physical means.

PRESSURE – A measurable force. Can be above atmospheric or below atmospheric pressure. See “PSI” and “PSIA”. PRESSURE DISTILLATION – If the operative pressure of a distillation column is

greater than atmospheric, it is called pressure distillation. PRESSURE DROP – The difference in pressure between two given points. The

decrease in pressure due to friction, which occurs when a liquid or gas passes through a pipe, vessel, or other piece of equipment.

PRESSURE GAUGE – A device having a metallic sensing element such as a flexible

curved tube (bourdon tube) or a flexible diaphragm, which deforms under fluid pressure.

PRESSURE PROFILE – A series of pressure reading points on a vessel. PRESSURE PURGE – See “Purging”. PRESSURE RATING – The operating (allowable) internal pressure of a vessel,

tank, or piping used to hold or transport liquids or gases. PRESSURE-REGULATING VALVE – A valve that releases or holds process-

system pressure (that is, opens or closes) either by preset spring tension or by actuation by a valve controller to assume any desired position between full open and full closed.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

72

PRESSURE REGULATOR – Open-close device used on the vent of a closed, gas-pressured system to maintain the system pressure within a specified range.

PRESSURE RELIEF – A valve or other mechanical device (such as a rupture disk)

that eliminates system overpressure by allowing the controlled or emergency escape of liquid or gas from a pressure system.

PRESSURE SEAL – A seal used to make pressure-proof the interface (contacting

surfaces) between two parts that have frequent or continual relative rotational or translation motion.

PRESSURE STORAGE – The storage of a volatile liquid or liquefied gas under

pressure to prevent evaporation. PRESSURE SWITCH – A device, which interrupts or diverts either an electrical or

a pneumatic signal when motivated by a change in input signal pressure. A switch that is actuated by a change in pressure of a gas or liquid.

PRESSURE TAP – A small perpendicular hole in the wall of a pressured fluid-

containing pipe or vessel; used for connection of pressure-sensitive elements for the measurement of static pressures.

PRESSURE TEST – Testing of equipment, using a gas or liquid as a testing

medium. PRESSURE VESSEL – An enclosed vessel in which a pressure greater than

atmospheric is maintained.

PRIME – To put a pump into working condition by pouring liquid into pump mechanism to displace vapor or gas.

PRIORITY – Precedence – Relativity of importance.

PROCESS – The chemistry and related facility used to produce a product from raw

materials. PROCESS HAZARDS ANALYSIS – (PHA) A portion of PSM & RMP which

requires a detailed analysis of every covered process regarding the hazards it can create in normal and abnormal conditions.

PROCESS SAFETY INFORMATION – (PSI) A portion of PSM & RMP which

requires an operating company to have standards and specifications to build

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

73

and maintain their processes. PROCESS SAFETY MANAGEMENT – (PSM) OSHA’s laws governing the operation of covered processes. The law is contained in 29CFR 1910.119. PROCESS SIDE – That part of the equipment, which comes in contact with the

organics being produced. PRODUCT – The desired end components from a particular reaction. PRODUCTION – Output, such as units made in a factory, oil from a well, or

chemicals from a processing facilities. PRODUCTION CONTROL – The procedure for planning, routing, scheduling,

dispatching, and expediting the flow of materials, parts subassemblies, and assemblies within a facilities, from the raw state to the finished product, in an orderly and efficient manner.

PRODUCTION ENGINEER – The first management level of an operating engineer. PRODUCTION RECORDS – A department for keeping daily records of production

and usage of material in the manufacturing of various products. PRODUCTION SUPERVISOR (DPS OR SPS) – A person of practical experience

serving in a day or shift management capacity.

PROM – (Programmable Read-Only Memory). A device with information placed into it during manufacture that cannot be altered by the computer. It can, however, be reprogrammed using special equipment.

PROPANE (C3H8) – A straight chain hydrocarbon of the paraffin series (saturated) having a boiling point of -54°F.

PROPORTIONAL BAND – The adjustment on an instrument controller that

determines the change in controller output for a change in controller input or set point.

PROPORTIONAL AND RESET ACTION – A controller response that is

proportional to deviation, duration of deviation, and the rate of change of deviation.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

74

PROPORTIONAL AND RESET AND DERIVATIVE ACTION – A controller that is proportional to deviation, duration of deviation, and the rate of change of deviation.

PROPORTIONAL CONTROL – A mode of control using an algorithm which causes the output of a controller to change in a linear fashion as the error signal (process variable –setpoint difference) changes. See also “Control Action, Proportional.”

PROPYLENE (C3H6) – A straight chain hydrocarbon of the olefin series

(unsaturated) having a boiling point of -44°F. PRV (Pressure Relief Valve) – A mechanically set valve which will relieve pressure

above a preset value. PSI (Pounds Per Square Inch) – Measurement of pressure above atmospheric

pressure in units of pounds. PSIA (Pounds Per Square Inch Absolute) – The absolute scale starts at absolute

vacuum considered to be 14.7 lbs. below atmospheric pressure. PSIG – (Pounds Per Square Inch Gauge) – The contained pressure as indicated by a

gauge. PUKING – An upheaval of fluid in a processing system, frequently causing a

carryover of liquid through the vapor lines. PUMP – A machine that raises, transfers or compresses fluids used in the facilities

to circulate cooling H2O1 and to transfer fluids to storage tanks, etc.

PUMP, CENTRIFUGAL (Volute Type) – Consists of one or more impellers mounted on a rotating shaft. The liquid enters the impeller at the center, or ”eye” and is thrown outward at high velocity into the volute of the pump casing. The function of the volute is to catch the impeller discharge and convert velocity head into pressure head while conducting the liquid to the discharge nozzle of the pump casing.

PUMP, DIAPHRAGM – A metering pump, which uses a diaphragm to isolate the

operating parts from, pumped liquid in a mechanically actuated diaphragm pump, or from hydraulic fluid in a hydraulically actuated diaphragm pump.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

75

PUMP, DUPLEX – A reciprocating pump that has two liquid cylinders. Duplex pumps have a more steady discharge pressure than do simplex pumps.

PUMP, MULTI-STAGE – Centrifugal pump with two or more impellers mounted

on the same shaft. The discharge from one impeller is conducted by the suction eye of the next impeller, etc.

PUMP, OIL – A pump of the gear, vane, or plunger type, usually an integral part of

the automotive engine; it lifts oil from the sump to the upper level in the splash and circulating systems, and in forced-fed lubrication, it pumps the oil to the tubes leading to the bearings and other parts.

PUMP, POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT – See “Reciprocating” or “Rotary Pump”. PUMP, POWER – A reciprocating pump in which the liquid piston is driven by

means other than direct acting steam piston and rods. PUMP, RECIPROCATING – A positive displacement type of pump consisting of a

plunger or a piston moving back and forth within a cylinder. With each stroke of the plunger or piston, a definite volume of liquid is pushed out through the discharge valves.

PUMP, ROTARY – A positive displacement pump used mainly to pump liquids,

which are either too viscous or too difficult to pick up suction with a centrifugal pump. There are many types of rotary pump designs, one of the most common being the gear type, in which two gears mesh and rotate toward each other within a very close fitting casing. The liquid is trapped between the gear teeth and the casing and carried around to the discharge side of the pump. The meshing gear teeth prevent the liquid from returning to the suction side.

PUMP, SIMPLEX – A reciprocating pump that has one liquid cylinder on a single

drive. PUMP, VACUUM – A device for exhausting gas from an enclosed chamber in order

to lower the pressure below atmospheric. PUMP CASING (Volute) – Makes the liquid being pumped increase in pressure

rather than speed. The part of the pump enclosing the impeller. PUMP DISCHARGE – Opposite of the pump suction. The pressure of the liquid

coming out of the pump.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

76

PUMP SUCTION – The inlet side of a pump. The pressure in the line leading into

the pump. PURGE – To displace the vapors in a line or vessel usually with fresh air or an inert

gas. The cleaning or removal of existing materials by displacing with another medium.

PURITY – Free from contamination, hence containing no other substances; for

instance, a 99.5% purity chemical will contain 0.5% impurities.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

77

PYROMETER – Any of a broad class of temperature-measuring devices. They were originally designed to measure high temperatures, but some are now used in any temperature range; includes radiation pyrometers, thermocouples, and thermistors.

Q

QUENCH H2O – Is used as a method of preventing any of the pumped fluid from a

pump, from coming into contact with the atmosphere, by which liquid escaping the packing box is carried away safely before it can escape to the atmosphere.

R RACK, STEAM – A series of cams on a shaft that control valves which controls the

flow of steam to a turbine. OR, A steel bar with teeth (cogs) on one side that meshes with a cogwheel.

RACK OUT – To positively open an electrical circuit by rolling (or racking) out the

breaker section of the switchgear. RADIAL BEARING – A bearing to restrain/restrict radial forces. RADIATION – The transfer of heat through space (similar to a beam of light)

without affecting the intervening space.

RAISED FACE – The section of a pipe flange that is thicker than the bolthole section; made to fit the gasket.

RAM – (Random Access Memory). Memory which contains no pre-programmed

information but is loaded and/or altered by the computer system. It is of a “volatile” nature in that all the contents are lost when electrical power is removed. RAM memories are usually provided with battery backup power systems.

RAMP – An increase or decrease of the variable at a constant rate of change with

respect to time. RASHIG RINGS – Small cylindrical rings used in packed type distillation columns. RATIO – The amount of one material or component in relation to another material

or components.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

78

RATIO CONTROL – To regulate one variable in proportion to another variable. RAW MATERIAL – A crude, unprocessed or partially processed material used as

feedstock for a processing operation.

REACH ROD – An extension on a valve wheel or stem so it may be operated from a few feet away.

REACTION – The interaction of a compound with itself or other compounds to form one or more new compounds.

REACTIVATE – To regenerate, renew or return to a useable condition. REACTIVE CHEMICAL – A material that will vigorously decompose, condense, polymerize, or otherwise react with itself in the pure state or in the presence of some other catalytic material, or which will react violently with water.

REACTOR – A vessel utilized to mix two or more components together and initiate

and sustain a desired, controlled reaction.

REACTOR EFFLUENT – The mixture of products leaving a reactor. READINGS – Collecting of data related to the operating job, measured in pounds,

gallons, pounds pressure, inches of vacuum, degrees temperature, kilowatts, amperes, or other numbers to meet job requirements.

REAGENT – A substance, chemical, or solution used in the laboratory to detect, measure, or otherwise examine other substances, chemicals or solutions.

REBOILER – A tubular heat exchanger placed at the bottom of a distillation column or stripper to supply the necessary column heat. The liquid from the bottom tray passes through the reboiler where it is heated by indirect exchange with a hotter liquid or by steam. The heated liquid and vapors formed then return to the bottom of the column.

RECEIVERS – The tanks into which the distillates from the stills are run. RECEIVER GAUGE – A pressure gauge, which is actuated by the pneumatic

output of an instrument. Its primary element usually has a range of 3 to 15 pounds per square inch, but its dial may be calibrated in the same units as the pneumatic transmitter sending the signal.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

79

RECIPROCATING – Back and forth; up and down; in and out. RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR – The Reciprocating Compressor consists of

one or more cylinders each with a piston or plunger that moves back and forth, displacing a positive volume with each stroke. “See Compressor”

RECIRCULATION – The re-passage of one or more of the components of a stream

through a given system. RECORDER – A mechanical recording instrument for registering pressure, speed,

flow, electrical units, etc. RECORDING CONTROLLER – An instrument that indicates a variable reading

and actuates a secondary device to affect the process. RECOVERY – A chemical area designed to process chemicals using distillation

columns. RECTIFICATION – A form of distillation by passing vapor through liquid on a

tray, which has collected by condensing the vapor previously passing through the tray.

RECTIFIER – An electrical device for rectifying, as the half-wave rectifier which

utilizes only half of each cycle of the alternating current or the full-wave rectifier which utilizes both halves of each cycle.

RECYCLE –That portion of the products of a process, which is resubmitted to the

process. To route a stream back to a location where it came from. RED LINE – Also known as RED MARK, is the act of making correction or

comment on drawings. RED TAG – A tag placed on equipment or lines that have been removed from

service for maintenance work. NOTE: See Master Tag Procedure in Facilities Procedures Manual.

REDUCING STATION – A valve installation that is used to lower a pressure to a

lower level pressure. Common in steam, air and methane service. REDUCTION – The removal of oxygen from a compound in a chemical reaction.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

80

REFINE – A term referring to the extracting of a final single product out of a crude material, which has several elements in it. It is pure enough to meet certain specifications.

REFLUX - That portion of the condensed vapors that is returned to the top tray of

the column. REFLUX RATE – Rate addition of a cool liquid to a column in order to remove

heat and, thereby, to induce reflux in the column.

REFLUX RATIO – The ratio of the amount of condensed vapor returned as reflux to the amount removed from the system as make.

REFLUX TANK – A vessel containing condensed vapors, which are pumped back

to the top of the column as reflux and taken off as make. REFRACTIVE INDEX (RI) – The refractive index of a substance is the ratio of the

velocity of light in a vacuum to its velocity in the substance. In simple terms, it is a measure of the amount of refraction or “bending” which light rays undergo on passing through a transparent material, such as a hydrocarbon. Because of the ease with which it can be measured, and its constancy for pure substances under reproducible conditions, it is a useful aid in the identification of these substances.

REFRACTOMETER – An instrument used to measure the bending of light rays through a liquid, as compared to the ratio of the bending of light in air under the same conditions. Light changes its direction when it passes at an angle through compounds of different densities.

REFRACTORY – A form of insulation used in high temperature boilers, incinerators, heaters, furnaces, etc. Generally two forms, brick and castable.

REFRIGERANT – The fluid used for heat transfer in a refrigeration system, which absorbs heat at a low temperature and low pressure and rejects heat at a

higher temperature and higher pressure.

REGENERATION – In general, any process by which a spent material is made available for reuse.

REGENERATOR – The vessel in which regeneration of used catalyst or other

material takes place. A pea-gravel filled heat exchanger utilizing cold gas on outgoing half-cycle and an atmospheric air inlet on other half of cycle.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

81

REGULATOR – Electrical – An automatic device for maintaining or adjusting the

current, speed, etc., of a machine, transformer, or the like. Mach. – A governor. Pneu. – A balance valve for controlling pressure. OR, A valve, which directly controls the flow of liquid or gas through a line; usually actuated by an instrument to control pressure, temperature, or flow conditions.

RELAY – An electrical fixture used to perform certain control functions. OR,

A device that is operated by a variation in the conditions in one electric circuit and serves to make or break one or more connections in the same or another electric circuit.

RELIEF (Shift Workers) – Oncoming shift, who take over duties from the shift on duty.

RELIEF VALVE – An automatic pressure-relieving device, which opens in proportion to the increase in pressure over the set opening pressure.

REMOTE (Local Set Switch) – A pneumatic or electric switch that is capable of transferring the set point of a controller from a local control to a remote control.

REQUISITION – The internal document utilized and act of requesting the approval

of a purchase or service from others.

RERUN – The reprocessing of material through the same equipment to improve product specifications.

RESET (Instrumentation) – That function of an instrument, which allows it to

change its air output as the demand, or load, on the system changes.

RESET BUTTON – An electrical switch designed to restore another switch to its original position when actuated.

RESET RATE – The inverse of integral time; usually expressed as “repeats per

minute.”

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

82

RESIDENCE TIME – The time a component, or a mixture of components, remains in a given vessel. It is also used to denote the time required for a specific reaction to go to completion.

RESIDUE – Material, which remains after evaporation of a liquid. This is a

Criterion for determining the purity of various chemicals. RESISTANCE – Resistance in electrical equipment is measured in ohms. One ohm

is the amount of resistance where one volt produces a flow on one amp. RESTRICTION ORIFICE – A fitting or plate installed to restrict the flow of

material. REVERSE CURRENT RELAY – A protective relay to trip electrical switchgear in

case the current should flow in the wrong direction. R.F.P. (REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL) – A formal document utilized to request

price and delivery from one party to another party for goods or services. Also known as an R.F.Q. (REQUEST FOR QUOTATION).

RHEOSTAT – A variable resistor, usually manually operated to increase or

decrease resistance to an electrical substance. RIGGER – An individual involved in facilities maintenance (classification of

worker) involving the use of straps, cables or chains for lifting of heavy objects.

RING BURNER – A type of burner utilizing pressurized gas used to fire equipment

such as boilers. RING SUPPORTED TRAYS – Trays that are supported from rings welded to the

inside wall of a distillation tower. RISER – One of a number of small vertical pipes extending slightly above the

surface of a bubble plate through which vapors from the next lower plate pass upward. OR, A long vertical high pressure, high temperature pipe or chamber in which a reaction takes place. OR, A vertical conduit coming out of the earth through which underground utility lines are brought above ground.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

83

RISK MANAGEMENT PLANNING – (RMP) This is an EPA law which parallels PSM in many ways, but also requires a facility to model the effects of releases leaving the site.

ROLLOUT (ELECTRICAL BREAKER) – A circuit breaker in switchgear which

operates on “plug-in” principle and can be rolled out on runners (rails) for maintenance and/or lock out.

ROM – (Read-Only Memory). Memory with information placed into it during

manufacture that cannot be altered. ROTAMETER – A device which presents a continuously varying size orifice,

proportional to the flow through it, by means of a tapered tube containing a float. The position of the float is proportional to the flow.

ROTATING SHIFT – The changing schedule worked by the shift-operating group. ROTATING EQUIPMENT – Equipment such as pumps, compressors, blowers,

ejectors, turbines, etc. employed to raise pressure, transfer or compress a fluid or gaseous stream.

ROUTINE MAINTENANCE – The act of servicing equipment within facilities on a regularly scheduled basis. RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector) – A device containing a resistor whose

value changes with temperature changes. It is, therefore, used to measure temperature.

RTV – A Room Temperature Volcanizing silicon rubber used as a sealer on threads

and gaskets. (Produced by General Electric Corporation). RUN-AWAY REACTION – An undesirable uncontrolled reaction in which the

particular instruments and/or personnel have lost the ability to control the reaction.

RUN-IN (Break-In) – When a new or reconditioned piece of equipment is run under

no load or lightly loaded conditions, or after prolonged shutdown to bring to operating temperatures. Generally applied to reciprocating machinery.

RUPTURE DISC – A pressure relief device that will break or tear if the pressure

reaches its bursting limit. Usually, a thin piece of metal or a composition material designed to rupture (split) at a given pressure.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

84

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

85

S

SADDLE - A device in which an object rests such as a pipe or tank may rest upon allowing for expansion and contraction of the pipe or tank. SAFETY – Is eliminating or avoiding hazards in your work area or work

procedures. SAFETY CONSCIOUS – The act of being critically aware of how safety relates to

everything you do on or off the job. SAFETY EQUIPMENT – Various equipment used by an individual for his personal

protection. Examples: Hardhat, coveralls, goggles, safety glasses and safety shoes.

SAFETY INSPECTION – An inspection made for the purpose of finding and

correcting unsafe items and/or conditions, thereby making the area safe to work in.

SAFETY MEETING – Meetings held through out the facilities for the purpose of stimulating interest in safety and safe planning. In the case of contractors or

subcontractors having a daily safety meeting it is commonly referred to as a tailgate meeting.

SAFETY ORIENTATION – A session held with all new employees during their first

week of employment SAFETY RULES – Rules established to prevent injuries and protect your life and

the lives of your fellow employees. SAFETY SHOWER – A shower that can supply large quantities of sanitary

(drinking) water to wash chemicals, etc. off of a person.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

86

SAFETY VALVES – Are pressure-relieving devices placed on equipment and

pipelines operating under pressure. Their purpose is to protect the equipment and personnel from disastrous failures resulting from possible excess pressure. They are spring or weight loaded and set to open at a specific excess pressure. They are designated for specific installation as to material handled, material of construction, temperature, capacity, pressure, etc.

SAFETY VALVE SEAL – Usually a wire with an attached piece of lead, which is

secured/attached to the shutoff valve below a safety valve. Note: Always seal in the OPEN position.

SALINE – A solution containing small amounts of sodium chloride (salt) similar in

composition to the fluids of the body. Saline solution is used to wash chemicals from the eyes or at times from the skin.

SALT – An ionic solid made up of a positive ion from a base and a negative ion from

an acid. Can be produced as the neutralization product of an acid-base reaction. Often used as the name of the most common salt, sodium chloride.

SAMPLE – A representative part of a chemical taken from a large tank or stream.

For instance, a one-quart sample of a tank or refined material. SAMPLE TAP – A device consisting of a valve and small tubing for the purpose of

extracting a sample. SANDBLAST – Sand is projected at high speed by the use of compressed air. This

method is used to remove rust or paint from metal. SANITARY SEWER – Sewers’ originating in restrooms, sinks, drinking fountains,

etc. to dispose of the waste or used water. SAPONIFICATION – The hydrolysis of an ester in basic solution. Usually refers to

the reaction of a fat or vegetable oil (ester) with an aqueous solution of sodium or potassium hydroxide, which produces a soap.

SATURATED – To dissolve a sufficient amount of substance, either a solid or gas,

in a solution, so that no more of that substance can be dissolved.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

87

SATURATED HYDROCARBON – A hydrocarbon which does not readily react with other substance; it bonds as attractions for other substances are completely satisfied.

SATURATED INDEX – A number, which is related to the scale-forming or

corrosive properties of water. It is expressed as the difference between the pH of the sample and the calculated pH, which is a complex function of the total dissolved solids, calcium ion concentration, total alkalinity, and temperature. A positive index indicates that the water tends to deposit a calcium carbonate scale, whereas a negative index indicates a corrosive tendency.

SATURATED SOLUTION – A solution, which has dissolved as much solute (that

substance dissolved in a solution) as it can under the existing conditions. SATURATED STEAM – Steam that has been reduced in temperature to a point

slightly above condensing. SATURATION VAPOR PRESSURE (Thermo) – The vapor pressure of a

thermodynamic system, at a given temperature, wherein the vapor of a substance is in equilibrium with a plane surface of that substances pure liquid or solid phase.

SC (Steam Condensate) – The water, which is formed when steam is condensed. SCAFFOLD - Platform (temporary) used to reach inaccessible areas. It provides a

safe platform to work from. SCALE – A chemical deposit left when water or other materials are vaporized.

A visual indication of the range of the instrument; may also be 0 to 100 percent of the range.

SCAN – The computer checks computer inputs, temps, pressures, and flows at

specific time intervals or “scanned”. The readout is the same until the next scan.

SCHEDULE – A clearly defined bar-chart listing each of the numerous activities

required to complete a project including the specific start and completion times for each of those activities. The most common schedule producing software is Primavera (P3). OR, A calendar or date specific type document listing scheduled events.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

88

SCOPE GROWTH - When a predetermined work requirement is expanded to include additional activities. Scope growth always includes additional costs. See “Change Management” and “Scope Of Work”.

SCOPE OF WORK – A clearly defined document encompassing one or many

activities required to accomplish an end result or task. A “Scope Of Work” should be a part of any Contract or Subcontract that is executed with others.

SCOTT AIR PAK – This is a self-contained breathing unit for use in contaminated

areas. SCREW COMPRESSOR – A positive displacement compressor which uses two

inter-meshed screws rotating to produce a pressure SCREW CONVEYOR – A conveyor consisting of a helical screw that rotates upon a

single shaft within a stationary trough or casing, and which can move bulk material along a horizontal, inclined, or vertical plane. Also known as auger conveyor; spiral conveyor; worm conveyor.

SCREW FEEDER – A mechanism for handling bulk (pulverized or granulated

solids) materials, in which a rotating helicoid screw moves the material forward, toward and into a process unit.

SCRUBBER – A device for the removal, or washing out, or entrained liquid

droplets or dust, or for the removal of an undesired gas component from process gas streams. A piece of equipment designed to remove a particular component from a gas or vapor stream usually by counter current contact with a liquid.

SCRUBBING COLUMN – A vessel designed to act as a scrubber. SEAL – Any device or system that creates a nonleaking union between two

mechanical or process-system elements; for example, gaskets for pipe connection seals, mechanical seals for rotating members such as pump shafts, and liquid seals to prevent gas entry to or loss from a gas-liquid processing sequence. A tight, perfect closure or joint.

SEAL (Government) – A copper disk with attached wire to prevent sampling of

ethanol under government bond. SEAL FLUSH – Used in conjunction with mechanical seal to minimize or dilute

possible product leakage. Also, acts as a cooling medium.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

89

SEAL OIL – Oil used as the sealing medium to prevent the passage of fluid or gas

from one chamber to another. SEAL POT – A small tank or vessel designed to relieve vacuum or pressure at a

specific point by employing a liquid as the relief device. Usually on the base of a column.

SEAL TANK – A receptacle designed to prevent the return of air or gas into a pipe

or container within specified pressure limits. SEAL WELD – A weld usually between a tube and a tube sheet to make it leak

tight. SEALING LIQUID – A liquid used to fill the seal pots and lines connecting

differential pressure taps and a meter, when it is necessary to prevent the fluid being measured from reaching the meter.

SEAT - Support or holder for a mechanism, or for a part of one. Or, To fit correctly

in or on a holder, or prepared position, such as to seat a valve in a compressor, or in an automobile engine block.

SECTIONAL VALVE – See “Post Indicating Valve”. SENSIBLE HEAT – The amount of heat required raising or lowering the

temperature of matter without a change of state. SEPARATOR – A device, usually a drum, employed for the division of a multiphase

system (usually two phase) into its constituent phases. May be used to separate vapors from liquids, or liquids of different densities.

SEPARATOR DRUM – A synonym for “separator” but is more specifically applied

to small, cylindrical-shaped containers.

SERIAL COMMUNICATIONS – Sending bits of information in succession along a single circuit (pair of wires).

SERVOMOTOR – A device (mechanical or electrical), which positions another

device according to an input signal. SET POINT – The point or place where the controls index of a controller is set.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

90

The point at which the controller is adjusted to regulate the process. The point at which the controller is adjusted to regulate the process. The set point is defined in the same units of measured variable.

SEWER – A collection system for waste material. SHAFT – Pump Shaft: A round piece of steel with impeller mounted, suspended in

bearings. OR, Motor Shaft - A round piece of steel with rotor mounted, suspended in two bearings.

SHAFT BOW – A deviation from a straight line. Can be found in turbines,

compressors, gas turbine rotors and motor shafts. SHELL – The outer housing of a heat exchanger, which covers the tube bundle. SHELL SIDE – In referring to heat exchangers, the space or area between the tubes

and outside shell. SHIFT – Group of employees assigned to work the same hours, rotating per posted

schedule. SHIFT DIFFERENTIAL – An amount of money added to an operator’s earnings to

compensate him for the inconvenience of working shifts. SHIFT SUPER – The person, that is, head of a given shift group. He is responsible

for all actions of his assigned group, such as safety, production, and general performance. Refer to “shift” for identification.

SHIPPING – The areas in a facilities where refined chemicals are stored in large

tanks then shipped out by barge, tank car, or tank truck. SHOP ORDER – A work request or written request for work by Maintenance. SHORT (Electrical) – Term used when two phases of electrical circuit get together

or one phase goes to ground. SHUTDOWN – A situation when the continuity of operation is interrupted, A

supply flow or source of power has been lost or intentionally closed off. SHUTDOWN BUTTON (Device) – A switch that stops supply of power (electricity,

steam, etc.) to machinery or process equipment.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

91

SHUTDOWN POINT – The point or place where, once the measured variable passes going either positively or negatively, a shutdown sequence is initiated.

SIDE MAKE – Any point between the base and top of a column where a product is

withdrawn from the system. It can be in either the liquid or vapor phase. SIDE STREAM – A stream taken from any intermediate plate (tray) in a distillation

column, i.e., from the side rather than the top or bottom of the column. SIDE TEMPERATURE – A temperature taken on the side of a vessel (reactor or

distillation column) at any point between the base and top of the vessel. SIEVE TRAY – A plate with a large number of small holes drilled in it. The tray

has weirs and down comers similar to the bubble cap tray, but no bubble caps. The vapor passes through the plate holes, through the liquid level maintained by the weir, and on to the next tray. Sieve tray allows much higher column capacities for the same diameter vessel than do bubble caps.

SIGHT GLASS – A heavy glass tube located on a boiler drum or vessel, open into

the vessel on top and bottom, to show the level or liquid contained within the vessel.

SIGNAL – An electrical or pneumatic signal from the process equipment to a

control instrument. SINGLE PASS – When used in conjunction with heat transfer equipment (reboilers,

heat exchangers and condensers), single pass means that the mediam on the tube side flows in one direction. Multiple passes may be had on both shell and tube sides by a baffle arrangement.

SINGLE PHASE – Describes a type of low voltage power used in residences and

small industrial motors. SINGLE SEAL –A single mechanical seal, either inside or out to keep product from

going to the atmosphere. SINGLE STAGE COMPRESSOR – A machine that effects overall compression of a

gas or vapor from suction to discharge conditions without any sequential multiplicity of elements, such as cylinders or rotors.

SINGLE STAGE PUMP – A pump in which the head is developed by a single

impeller.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

92

SINGLE TRAIN – See “Train”. SKIMMER –A wooden or metal mesh across the top of a lateral ditch or canal to catch floating objects or materials. SKIRT – The border or area around the bottom of a tank or vessel. Usually

supports the tank or vessel. SLEEVE BEARING – A bronze, babbitt, aluminum, or plastic sleeve supporting

and restricting a rotating or reciprocating shaft. SLINGER RINGS – Used in pumps or compressors that do not have force fed

lubrication. A ring that rotates with the shaft, taking oil from the sump and supplying to the bearing.

SLIP BLIND – A piece of steel or stainless steel plate cut out to a pipe gasket size

and used between two pipe flanges to prevent a flow or to isolate a line from a vessel.

SLOW ROLL – The operation of a piece of rotating equipment at a speed below its

normal speed. SLOPLINE – A line going to the waste disposal area used to pump organic

contaminated wash waters. SLOW OXIDATION – Oxidation, such as rusting, in, which no noticeable light or

heat is involved. Heat is produced, but slowly. SLUG – A condition that occurs in a column when either the vapor or liquid

handling capacity is exceeded at any point in the column. If the condition continues, the column will cease to operate.

SLURRY – A watery mixture of insoluble matter. SOAP – Originally considered as the alkali metal salts of high molecular weight

fatty acids. The term has since been generalized to include not only other metal salts of these acids but salts of other acids which in solution exert a pronounced effect on the surface tension of the solvent.

SOAP TEST – Test method used to detect leaks, because the soap and water make

bubbles at the leak.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

93

SOFT WATER – Water, which has been treated to remove chemicals, referred to as

hardness.

SOFTWARE – A set of programs and associated data tables which causes the hardware components of a computer system to perform the desired tasks.

SOLENOID – An electrical device that starts or stops flows using an electromagnet

to activate the valve. SOLID – That state of matter, which is characterized by a definite crystalline shape.

A pure solid substance has a definite melting point. SOLUBILITY – The amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent

at given conditions. SOLUTE – The substance dissolved in a solution. SOLUTION – A uniform liquid mixture of particles of molecular size. SOLVENT – Usually a liquid substance capable of dissolving one or more

substances. SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) – A standard operating procedure is one that

has a recognized and permanent value. Basically, once the procedure is issued, it becomes the accepted procedure until a better procedure is developed. Instructions in your home operating manual on how to start the lawn mower you just purchased are standard operating procedures.

SPACE VELOCITY – The relationship between feed rate and reactor volume in a

flow process; defined as the volume or weight of feed (measured at standard conditions) per unit time per unit volume of reactor (or per unit weight of catalyst).

SPARE - A device that has a back-up device that can be put in service if one should

fail. Usually, pumps in critical service have spares. SPECIFIC GRAVITY – The ratio between the density of one gas or liquid and the

density of another. For example: H2O is the base for liquid; air is the base for gas. Is the density of a substance divided by the density of H2O. If, we say that a chemical has a specific gravity of 1.5, we mean that a gallon weight 1- 1/2 times as much as a gallon of H2O.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

94

SPECIFIC HEAT – Quantity of heat required to increase a unit volume of a

substance 1°F. SPECS – Abbreviation for specifications, the quality limitations for a product. SPENT ACID – A weak acid solution that has been used and is usually

contaminated with a process by-product. SPIRAL WOUND GASKET – Gasket, which contains a spiral, wound metal. These

gaskets are usually impregnated with a filler of conventional gasket material such as Teflon or asbestos.

SPLIT-RANGING – Action in which two or more final control elements are actuated by a single controller output. For example, in a heating circuit, 0-50% of the controller output operates a primary heat source and the 50-100% portion of the controller output operates a secondary heat source.

SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION – Active burning started by the accumulation of

heat resulting from slow oxidation. SPRAY SYSTEM – A fixed pipe system with open spray nozzles which sprays water

on equipment for fire extinguishment and equipment protection. SPRINKLER SYSTEM – A fixed pipe system with closed sprinkler nozzles, which

will spray water from any nozzle when heat from a fire actuates the soldered orifice cover on the nozzle.

SPUD BURNER – A lance type nozzle, usually installed in a circle, with holes or

orifices in the end of the lance. Used to introduce fuel into a boiler, incinerator or heater.

SPUD WRENCH – Usually a single open-end wrench with pointed opposite end. STABILITY – The quality, state, or degree of being stable (the resistance to

chemical change). STABILITY INDEX – The stability index is a method of characterizing the scale

forming capacity of a given water, quantitatively. It is closely related to the “Saturated Index” of the water.

STAINLESS ALLOY – Any of a large and complex group of corrosion – resistant

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

95

iron-chromium alloys (containing 10% or more chromium), sometimes containing other elements, such as nickel, silicon, tungsten, and niobium. Commonly known as stainless steel (SS).

STANDARD CONDITIONS – Conditions that do not change routinely. They have

a recognized and permanent valve. In operations, it is desirable to maintain a certain condition constant for an extended period of time. This would then be a standard operating condition.

STANDBY – A machine or equipment which is in a state of readiness for use but

which is not presently needed. START-STOP SWITCH – A push button control usually located at a motor, to start

and stop the motor. START-UP – To bring into operation a piece or pieces of equipment. STATIC HEAD – Pressure of a fluid due to the head of fluid above some reference

point. STATIC PRESSURE – Acting by mere weight without motion; bodies or forces at

rest or in equilibrium.

STEADY STATE – The condition when all properties are constant with time, transient responses having died out.

STEAM – Water vapor, or water in its gaseous state. The gas or vapor into which

water is converted when heated to the boiling point. STEAM BOILER – A pressurized system in which water is vaporized to steam by

heat transferred from a source of higher temperature, usually the products of combustion from burning fuels. Also known as steam generator.

STEAM, DESUPERHEATED – The control of the temperature of superheated

steam by condensate injection. STEAM, DRY – Water vapor, which does not contain water droplets. STEAM, SUPERHEATED – Water vapor heated above the saturation temperature

at a given pressure. Examples would be 200# and 600# steam. STEAM, WET – Steam containing entrained water.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

96

STEAM DRIVE – Any device, which uses power generated by the pressure of

expanding steam to move a machine or a machine part. STAEM DRUM – The top drum of a boiler where all of the generated steam gathers

before entering a process. STEAM HOSE – A hose used only for low-pressure steam service, with special

fitting (See Boss Fitting). STEAM JET – A nozzle used to create a particular pattern of spray steam. STEAM JET EJECTOR – A device using steam as the motive force, which lifts a

liquid from a sump or creates a vacuum. Also called a vacuum jet. STEAM TRACING – Tubing that is installed adjacent to a pipeline and is enclosed

with the pipeline by insulation. Steam is then passed through the tubing and the heat provided, prevents the contents of the pipeline from freezing.

STEAM TRAP – A device used on low sections of steam lines to remove condensate

from the line, and condensate from heat exchangers that use steam. STEAM TURBINE – A prime mover for the conversion of heat energy of steam into

work on a revolving shaft, utilizing fluid acceleration principles in jet and vane machinery. A turbine that is driven by the pressure of steam discharged at high velocity against the turbine vanes.

STEEL – An iron base alloy, malleable under proper conditions, containing up to

about 2% carbon. STILL – A still or column is a piece of equipment in which a distillation takes place.

It permits the use of countercurrent flow of the vapor and liquid phases. STOPCOCK – This is a valve-type device used in laboratory equipment. STRESS CONE – A terminator for hi-voltage (above 5000 volts) which are

necessary to keep down corona effect, which if not controlled, causes the cables to blow up.

STRESS CRACKING – The attack of the chloride ion (usually from sodium

chloride) on stainless steel. The resulting attack usually cracks the stainless steel used in process equipment.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

97

STRIP CHART – Chart on which a measured flow, temperature or pressure, etc. is

continuously recorded. STRIP HEATER – An electric heater used to keep equipment warm and dry. Used

mainly in switchgear and large motors and generators. STRIPPER – An evaporative device for the removal of vapors from liquids; can be

in a bubble–tray distillation column, a vacuum vessel, or an evaporator; if it is part of a distillation below the feed tray, it is called the stripping section.

STRIPPING OUT – Stripping or stripping out a column is the complete removal of

the more volative component from the column. To accomplish this it is first necessary to shut off the feed to the column.

STROKE - To give a motor valve its working travel. The distance a reciprocating

engine or compressor will travel through a 180° rotation of crankshaft. STRUCTURE – The steel works that are used to hold up or support an area of

elevated equipment. Usually has stairs or ladders leading to the different levels from the ground.

STRUCTURAL FORMULA – A system of notation used for organic compounds in

which the exact structure, if it is known, is given in schematic representation. STUFFING BOX – A device to prevent leakage along a moving part (as a piston

rod) passing through a hole in a vessel (as a cylinder) containing steam, water, or oil consisting of a box or chamber made by enlarging the hole and a gland to compress the contained packing.

SUBCONTRACTOR – A specialized third party who physically performs a

predetermined scope of work within facilities under the direction of a contractor.

SUB COOL – The further cooling of condensed material to the desired temperature. SUBCOOLER – A piece of equipment design to cool liquids, after they have been

condensed, to a lower temperature. A heat exchanger.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

98

SUBLIMATION – This is the transformation of a solid to a gas followed by condensation back to the solid state. It differs from distillation in that the solid does not pass through the liquid state. It is used to purify various substances.

SUBSTANCE – A sample of matter, all parts of which have one set of identifying, or

specific, properties. SUB STATION – An assembly of equipment in an electric power system through

which electric energy is passed for transmission, transformation, distribution, or switching.

SUCTION – Normally referred to the inlet side of a pump, compressor, fan, or jet.

Also, the pipe or duct that forms the suction. SUCTION HEAD – Is the height of a column of liquid that would exert a pressure

equal to the suction pressure. SUCTION LINE – A pipe or tubing feeding into the inlet of a fluid impelling device

(for example, pump, compressor, or blower), consequently under suction. SUCTION PRESSURE – Is the pressure in the line leading into the pump. SUCTION PUMP – A pump that raises, H2O for example by the force of

atmospheric pressure pushing it into a partial vacuum under the valve piston, which retreats on the upstroke.

SUCTION SCREEN – Normally, a cone shaped or flat metal strainer in the suction

line to a pump. SUCTION STROKE – The piston stroke that draws a fresh charge into the cylinder

of a pump, compressor, or internal combustion engine. SULFUR – A nonmetallic element that occurs either free or combined especially in

sulfides and sulfates, is a constituent of proteins, exists in several allotropic forms including yellow orthorhombic crystals, resembles oxygen chemically but is less active and is more acidic, and is used especially in the chemical and paper industries, in rubber vulcanization, and in medicine for treating skin diseases. A common element found in raw fossil fuels.

SUMP – A pit for a tank, which receives and temporarily stores drainage at the

lowest point of a circulating or drainage system.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

99

SUMP PUMP – A small, single stage vertical pump used to drain shallow pits or

sumps. SUPERHEAT – Heat added to a vapor to raise its temperature above the dew point

at the pressure existing. The term is also applied to the temperature difference between the vapor and its dew point. Also, used to denote the amount of extra heat, which is in superheated steam.

SUPERVISORY CONTROL – A method of computer control whereby a computer or master station provides set-points to individual controllers which independently perform the actual control algorithms.

SURGE – A sudden change in a flow, liquid level, temperature, pressure, etc.

Normally, refers to electric or to compressor train malfunction. Electrical surge usually consists of large variation in voltage or amperage in a system. Damage is relative to the magnitude of the surge. When compressed fluid flows back toward the compressor, rather than away from it, it is said to be in “surge”.

SURGE CHAMBER – See “Surge Tank”. SURGE POT – Specifically, a small metal cylinder with a rubber bladder inside

with pressure between the bladder and the pot. It is placed on the discharge line of a pump to hold the pressure constant. Generally, a greatly increased section of line, as a small tank that provides volume to smooth out the flow.

SURGE TANK – A vessel installed in a line to absorb and dampen the pulsations of

the material being pumped through the line. SWITCH – To change from one to another, usually involving pumps. This can

relate to other equipment that is duplicated and can be alternated in service. Example: Switch from the north pump to the south pump. Switch from the pump that is in service to the spare pump.

SWITCH GEAR – A piece of electrical equipment that stops or allows the flow of

electricity. SWITCH RACK – A panel (normally located outside) containing electrical switches

and breakers for motors and pumps. A central location for the termination of pipes, where any pipe can be connected to another by the use of a flexible metallic hose.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

100

SWITCH ROOM – A room or building containing nothing but electric switches and

breakers for motors and pumps. SWITCH TANKS – To switch material flow from one tank into another. SYMBOL – One or two letters used to designate one atom of an element. SYNCHRONIZE – The act of connecting two electrical generating systems together. It is imperative that both systems have identical electrical characteristics at the time they are connected together. SYNCHRONOUS - A type of machine or mechanism, which operates at one

constant speed. In step or in phase, as applied to two or more circuits, devices, or machines.

SYNTHESIS – Any process or reaction for building up a complex compound by the union of simpler compounds or elements. SYNTHESIS GAS (Syn-Gas) – A mixture of gases prepared as feedstock for a chemical reaction, for example, carbon monoxide and hydrogen to make hydrocarbons or organic chemicals.

T TAG-OUT – Procedure of tagging valves, breakers, etc. in preparation of

equipment for maintenance. A master card and red danger tags are used.

TAILS – The process flow that is taken off the bottom of a column, sometimes referred to as “bottoms”.

TAILS FLOW – The flow from the bottom of a column to another column or vessel.

TANK - A receptacle designed to hold or store liquids. Tanks can be of numerous sizes and design.

TANK CAR (T/C) – A railroad car with a tank built in it, used for hauling liquid or liquefied gases.

TANK FARM - An area with multiple tanks for storage of crude or refined material.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

101

TANK LOG – A reading of a list of tanks showing their levels.

TANK TRUCK (T/T) - A truck with a tank on it for hauling liquid or liquefied gases.

TECH MAN – A term used to describe department personnel who are responsible for a particular unit or system in operations. This could be an engineer or a day production supervisor. Engineers are technical (degreed). Day production supervisors are non-technical (normally).

TELEMETRY – A technique which permits a measured quantity to be transmitted

and interpreted at a distance from the measuring location. Form, or types of telemetry include analog, digital, frequency, and pulse.

TEMPERATURE – The degree of hotness or coldness measured on a definite scale. See “Centigrade and Fahrenheit”.

TEMPERATURE BULB – The enlarged portion of a thermal system, which is

placed inside a thermo well to sense the temperature of a line or vessel. It is part of a hermetically sealed and pressurized system.

TEMPERATURE CONTROL – Temperature is the control variable from which a control output is determined. The output, in turn, controls the heating or cooling medium to maintain the desired temperature.

TEMPERATURE GRADIENT – The difference in temperature of materials in various stages of processing, as for instance, between the inlet and outlet of a tube heater.

TEMPERATURE PROFILE – A temperature profile is a series of temperatures taken at various points across a vessel (reactor or distillation column).

TEMPERING – Heat treatment of hardened steels to temperatures below the

transformation temperature range, usually to improve toughness.

THERMOCOMPRESSOR – A piece of equipment that uses high-pressure steam to raise a lower pressure steam to a desired higher pressure.

THERMOCOUPLE – A means of measuring temperature using parallel wires of different metals. The wires are coupled together at the end near the temperature to be measured. The electric current created by dissimilar metals increases as temperature rises and decreases as temperature falls.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

102

This rise and fall is measured, calibrated and indicated on a meter or dial.

THERMOMETER – An instrument for determining temperature consisting typically of a glass bulb attached to a fine tube of glass with a numbered scale and containing a liquid (as mercury or colored alcohol) that is sealed in and rises and falls with changes of temperature.

THERMOPILE – Several dissimilar metals arranged alternately which generate an electric current when the junctions are heated; more sensitive than a thermocouple.

THERMOWELL – A tube housing, one end closed and inserted into a vessel, pipe, or furnace as protection for a thermocouple or temperature bulb.

THRESHOLD LIMIT – This refers to the exposure, either by breathing or skin

contact, of chemical compounds, which may injure a person’s health. Limits have been determined for the amount of material in the air or skin contact, which will affect a human, or animal’s health.

THIEF, SAMPLE – A device for drawing samples of a chemical from a tank at

various levels. THROTTLE – To control a flow through a line with a valve, usually refers to the

manual operation of a hand valve. THRUST – The force exerted endwise through a shaft to give forward motion. THRUST BEARING – A babbitt or ball bearing used to restrict axial movements. TIME CARD – Cards on which the hours worked by employees are recorded. TITRATION – An analytical method for determining the strength of a solution, or

the concentration of a substance in a solution in terms of the smallest amount of reagent of known concentrations required reacting or neutralizing the test solution. Acids are used to titrate caustic or basic materials to a pH of 7, which is neither acid nor basic.

TON OF REFRIGERATION – Amount of heat required to melt one ton of ice in

twenty four hours, equivalent to 12,000 Btu/hr. TOP LAYER – The liquid withdrawn from the top of a vessel or decanter after the

heavier portion of the liquid has been allowed to settle to the bottom.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

103

TOTAL HEAD – The difference between the suction head and the discharge head. TOTAL REFLUX – When all overhead vapors are condensed and returned to the

column as reflux so that no distillate product of make is withdrawn, the column is said to be operating under total reflux. Under total reflux, no feed is introduced to the column nor bottoms withdrawn. Thus, the capacity of the column becomes zero, although a definite separation is taking place.

TOXIC GAS – A gas that has poisonous or injuries effect on the human body by physical contact, ingestion or inhalation.

TOXIC GAS ALARM – Is when a dangerous quantity of toxic (harmful) gas is

released or releasing to the atmosphere. The gases can be harmful to your health as well as being a potential fire hazard.

TOXICIITY – The ability of a substance to cause injury to living tissue once it

reaches a susceptible site in or on the body.

TRAIN – Components of a system. A series of related equipment components, all in an orderly procession or in a line, necessary to accomplish a specific task, i.e., distillation or compressor train.

TRANSDUCER – A device to change one form of energy to another, as electric to

pneumatic, electric to mechanical, etc. Used primarily in instrumentation. TRANSFER – To move material from one place to another, usually done with a

pump. TRANSFER LINE – A term used to describe a pipeline used to move (or transfer)

process material from one point to another.

TRANSFORMER – There are two common types of transformers, one changes the current potential (voltage) up or down; the other changes the type of current as from alternating current to direct current.

TRANSMITTER – A device that issues an intelligible, usually modulated, signal.

Its source of power can be either pneumatic or electronic. Its input signal, which modulates or controls its output is usually a physical force, i.e., pressure, differential pressure, electrical power.

TRAP (Steam, H2O) – A device for removing liquid from a vapor or gas line.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

104

TRAY (Column) – A distillation column has many stages of separation within it.

Each stage consists of a metal tray or shelf with a level of boiling liquid on it. Trays have vents in them for vapors from below to pass upward through them while the heavier liquid on this tray spills over to the tray below.

TRIP – Term used when a piece of electric or mechanical gear is opened either

manually or automatically. TRIP-THROTTLE VALVE – An inlet valve on a piece of equipment. The valve can

be slowly opened or closed (this is the throttling section), or it can be closed quickly (this is the trip section).

TUBE BUNDLE (Heat Exchanger) – Small pipes spaced close together in a bundle

and encased. The tubes can then be used to heat or cool by running one fluid outside of the tubes at a temperature different than the fluid temperature inside of the tubes.

TUBE SHEET – A metal plate usually circular in shape with holes drilled through it into which the ends of the heat exchanger tubes are mechanically expanded to form leak tight seals between the tube side and the shell side. The section in a heat exchanger, which separates the liquid flowing through the tubes from the liquid in the shell and holds the tubes in place.

TUBE SIDE – A term used to describe the internal portion of the tubes in a heat

exchanger. TUBING – Small copper or stainless steel pipe used extensively in instrument work.

Plastic tubing is also used. A seamless type of steel pipe is referred to as tubing.

TURBIDITY – A work describing the slight cloudiness of a solution caused by fine

suspended particles.

TURBIINE – A rotary engine actuated by the reaction or impulse or both of a current of fluid (as H2O or steam) subject to pressure and usually made with a series vanes on a central rotating spindle.

TURBULENT FLOW – A fluid flow in which the velocity at given point varies erratically in magnitude and direction.

TURNAROUND – The shutdown period for an operations unit, usually for

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

105

mechanical reconditioning. The period from the end of one run to the beginning of the next, i.e., off-stream to on-stream period.

TWO BELL ALARM – The 2-bell alarm is to notify the area of an emergency and

to report to the nearest receiving station. One of the most frequent uses is when there is an energy cutback or unit emergency, which affects other units in the facilities.

U

UNCONTROLLED REACTION – A reaction which takes place at a rate such that heat evolution and/or pressure build-up cannot be controlled without emergency measures.

UNDERCURRENT RELAY – A protective relay, which senses a low current flow

and, in turn, operates the proper electric equipment. UNREACTED – Describes the action of a component of a reaction, which passes

through the reaction unchanged.

UNSATURATED COMPOUND – An organic compound in which carbon atoms are joined by double or triple valence bonds.

UNSATURATED SOLUTION – A solution, which can still dissolve more solute at

the given temperature. UNSTABLE COMPOUND – One that is, easily decomposed by heating. UTILITY – One of the non-process (support) facilities for a manufacturing

facilities; usually considered as facilities for steam, cooling water, deionized water, electric power, refrigeration, compressed and instrument air, and effluent treatment.

UTILITY DROP – Central locations or stations throughout a unit where facilities

utilities are readily accessible to Operators and Maintenance personnel. For example: river H2O, nitrogen, air, and 70# steam.

UTILITY HOSE – A hose used for air, nitrogen, or water service, with special

fittings (See “Crows Foot”)

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

106

V

VACUUM – Any space from which air or fluid or gases have been completely or partially removed. Its presence is measured in relation to air pressure (760 millimeters) as expressed in millimeters of mercury.

VACUUM BREAKER – Any device used to prevent a vacuum from being pulled on

a piece of equipment. There are many varying designs including a thin metal plate that is designed to break at a predetermined pressure, a liquid seal that will be broken by a vacuum, a mechanical spring-operated device, etc.

VACUUM BREAKING VALVE – A valve, which acts inversely to a pressure relief

valve. If the exterior pressure is higher than the pressure within a vessel, the valve will open to equalize the pressures.

VACUUM DISTILLATION – A term referred to when a distillation is conducted at

reduced pressure or pressure less than atmospheric (See “Vacuum”). VACUUM GAUGE – A gauge indicating the degree of negative pressure (normally

calibrated in inches of mercury). VACUUM JET – Also called a steam jet ejector. High-pressure steam is admitted

to a nozzle that sends a jet of very high velocity into the throat of a venturi tube. By properly proportioning the throat of this tube and the volume and velocity of the steam used, the steam can be made to entrain the gases and produce any degree of vacuum desired.

VALENCE – The number of hydrogen atoms with which an atom will combine or

replace; i.e., as carbon atom combines with four hydrogen atoms. Therefore, carbon is said to have a valence of four.

VALVE – Any of numerous mechanical devices by which the flow of liquid, gas (as

air), or loose material in bulk may be started, stopped, or regulated by a moveable part that opens, shuts, or partially obstructs one or more ports or passageways.

VALVE (3-WAY) – A valve (usually plug type) having three ports usually flowing

into bottom and out either of the other two, depending on handle setting. VALVE, ANGLE – A type of valve, which effectively utilizes globe valve seating

principle which providing for 90-degree turn in piping. It is less resisting to

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

107

flow than the globe valve it displaces. Requires fewer joints; saves make-up time and money.

VALVE BALL - Unique in design, this valve controls the flow of a wide variety of

fluids. It can be opened or closed in a quarter-turn of the operating handle. The name “ball” is derived from the ball-shaped disc located within the body. A hole through the center of this disc provides the straight-through flow, which is characteristic of ball valves.

VALVE, BUTTERFLY – A valve that is extremely durable, efficient and reliable. The butterfly valve derives its name from the wing-like action of the disc, which operates at right angles to the flow. Its chief advantage is a seating surface, which is not critical. The reason for this being the disc impinges against a resilient liner to provide bubble tightness with low operating torque. VALVE, CHECK – Sometimes referred to as the non-return valve, the check valve stops backflow in the piping. Unlike the gate and globe valves, this simplest of types operates automatically.

Types: Lift Check - Like the globe valve with its indirect line of flow, the lift check is restricting to flow. For this reason, it is generally used as a companion to globe valves. NOTE: Will operate in horizontal lines only. Line pressure lifts a disc, and path of flow is in a changing course as through a globe valve. When flow reverses, the disc falls to its seat and cuts off backflow.

Swing Check – Moving through the line, pressure

automatically swings the disc open to full flow as in a gate valve. Should flow reverse, the reversed pressure and the disc’s weight close the disc against the seat, and backflow is stopped. Y-pattern swing check should be installed with direction of flow as indicated by the arrow on the valve body. Flow through swing check is in a straight line and without restriction at the seat, similar to a gate valve. This similarity in effect on flow is the reason for generally using swing checks in lines in combination with gate valves.

VALVE, DELUGE – A control valve holding back water spray systems, which can

be actuated manually or by a heat responsive system. VALVE, GATE – Commonly used in industrial piping, this type of valve, as a rule,

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

108

should be used as a stop valve…to turn on and shut off the flow, as opposed to regulating flow. It gets its name from the gate-like disc, which operates, at a right angle to the path of flow.

VALVE, GLOBE – The flow through globe valves follows a changing course,

thereby causing increased resistance to flow and considerable pressure drop. Because of the seating arrangements, globe valves are the most suitable for throttling flow. The valve is named after its globular body.

VALVE, NEEDLE – Are designed to give fine control of flow in small-diameter

piping. Their name is derived from their short-pointed conical disc and matching seat. They come in globe and angle patterns, in bronze and steel, and find usage on steam, water, gas, light liquid and similar services.

VALUE. PLUG – A valve fitted with a plug that has a hole through which fluid

flows and that is rotatable through 90° for operation in the open or closed position. Also known as plug cock.

VALVE ARRESTER – A type of lightning arrester which consists of a single gap or

multiple gaps in series with current-limiting elements; gaps between spaced electrodes prevent flow current through the arrester except when the voltage across them exceeds the critical gap flashover.

VALVE BODY – The base housing or main part of a valve to which the piping is

connected. VALVE FOLLOWER – Linkage between the cam and push rod of a valve train. VALVE GUIDE – A channel, which supports the stem of a poppet valve for

maintenance of alignment. VALVE HEAD – The disk part of a poppet valve that gives a tight closure on the valve seat. VALVE POSITIONER – A device that modulates an air supply to the actuator of a

valve. Its input signal, which controls the amount of modulation, is usually the output signal from a pneumatic or an electronic controller.

VALVE SEATS – Internal parts or part of a valve against which the plug affects a

seal. Usually integral with the body.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

109

VALVE STEM – The rod by means of which the disk (gate) or plug is moved to open and close a valve.

VALVE STROKE OR LIFT – The actual travel of a valve from a closed position to

a fully operated position; or vice-versa. VALVE TRAYS – A valve tray is one of several tray designs used in distillation

columns. The tray deck has holes, approximately 1-1/2” in diameter, uniformly spaced throughout the deck. Liftable caps, about 2” in diameter, cover each hole and are retained on the tray by spiders or clips. As the vapor velocity or boil-up increases, the cap rises, opening a greater area for vapor flow. The spider limits the height that the cap can travel. The vapor velocity between the hole and the cap prevents the liquid from draining back through the hole.

VALVE TRIM – Accessory parts of a valve such as stem, seats, gate, and/or plug.

Different metals are sometimes used for the trim parts. VALVE WRENCH – Hand tool to increase leverage to aid in turning hand wheel on

a valve. VANES – In a centrifugal pump, projections from the casing. They direct the flow

of fluid from the rotating impeller to the discharge from the casing minimizing turbulence.

VAPOR – A substance in the gaseous state, which can be condensed by cooling or

compression. VAPOR BOUND – An interruption of liquid flow as a result of vapor being formed

in a liquid line; also called vapor lock. VAPOR DENSITY – The ratio of the weight of a certain volume of gas to that of an

equal volume of hydrogen at the same conditions. VAPOR LINE – The pipe through which the vapors of a material/product are led

from the column to the condenser. VAPOR PHASE – Any product in the gaseous state. VAPOR PRESSURE – The pressure exerted by a vapor, which is in a state of

equilibrium with a solid, liquid, or solution at a specified temperature (usually expressed in millimeters of mercury).

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

110

VAPOR CLOUD (Release) – Normally, the term refers to a large cloud of gas,

which is or may be toxic or highly flammable. VAPORIZATION – The conversion of a chemical substance from a liquid or solid

state to a gaseous or vapor state by the application of heat, by reducing pressure, or by a combination of these processes. Also known as volatilization.

VAPORIZER – A process vessel in which a liquid is heated until it vaporizes; heat

can be indirect (steam or heat transfer fluid) or direct (hot gases or submerged combustion).

VAPOR RATE – In distillation, the upward flow rate of vapor through a distillation

column. VARIABLE – A quantity of other condition which is subject to change; this may be

measured or regulated. VARIABLE FLOW – Fluid flow in which the velocity changes both with time and

from point to point. VARIABLE-SPEED DRIVE – A mechanism transmitting motion from one shaft to

another that allows the velocity ratio of the shafts to be varied continuously. VARIANCE – Difference between actual costs incurred and standard costs. VELOCITY – Rate of linear motion in a given direction. VENT – To release or depressurize into the atmosphere. To equalize the interior of

a vessel with the outside atmosphere. To remove the non-condensable material from the tank or vessel to the atmosphere or to a vent system.

VENT CONDENSER – A heat exchanger tied into the venting system of a piece of

equipment that condenses the light material that did not condense in the normal condenser of a system.

VENT HEADER – A line used to carry vent gases from several pieces of equipment. VENT TANK – A small tank that captures the liquid out of a vent before passing

the vent gas to the atmosphere.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

111

VENT VALVE – A valve provided for the discharge of pressure from tanks, vessels, reactors, processing equipment, and so on.

VENTILATE – Use an air mover to force air into a vessel that is already open to the

air and ventilate until only fresh air is in the equipment. VENTURI TUBE – A constriction that is placed in a pipe and causes a drop in

pressure as fluid flows through it, consisting essentially of a short straight pipe section or throat between two tapered sections; it can be used to measure fluid flow rate (a venturi meter), or to draw fuel into the main flow stream, as in a carburetor.

VESSEL BLANKETING – See “Blanketing”. VESSEL ENTRY – See “Entry”. VESSEL – A container or structural envelope in which materials are processed,

treated, or stored. For example: pressure vessels, reactor vessels, agitator vessels, and storage vessels.

VFA (Vapor Fraction Analyzer) (Chromatograph) – A device, which separates some

or all of the component chemical elements or compounds of a sample and issues an intelligent signal, which is indicative of the quantity of these constituent components.

VIBRATION – A continuing periodic change in a displacement with respect to a

fixed reference. VINYL ACETATE (CH3 COOCH: CH2 – A colorless, water-insoluble, flammable

liquid that boils at 73°C, used as a chemical intermediate and in the production of polymers and copolymers. For example: the polyvinyl resins.

VINYL CHLORIDE – A flammable, explosive gas with an ethereal aroma; an

important monomer for polyvinyl chloride and its copolymers; used in organic synthesis and in adhesives.

VINYL CHLORIDE RESIN (CH2 CHCL) – A white-power-polymer made by the

polymerization of vinyl chloride; used to make chemical-resistant pipe (when unplasticized) or bottle and parts (when plasticized).

VINYLITE – Trade name for a resin made from high-molecular-weight vinyl

chloride.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

112

VINYL POLYMERIZATION – Addition polymerization where the unsaturated

monomer contains a CH2 = C – group. VISCOSITY – Energy dissipation and generation of stresses in a fluid by the

distortion of fluid elements; quantitatively, when otherwise qualified, the absolute viscosity. Also known as flow resistance; internal friction. @. The resistance to flow displayed by a fluid (liquid or gas).

VOLATILE – Readily passing off by evaporation; term used to describe a

substance, which can easily be vaporized. VOLATILE COMPONENT – A component of magma whose vapor pressures are

high enough to allow them to be concentrated in any gaseous phase. VOLATILE FLUID – A liquid with the tendency to become vapor at specified

conditions of temperature and pressure.

VOLT – One volt shall be taken as that electro motive force which will establish a current of one amp through a resistance of one ohm.

VOLTAGE DIP – A momentary or prolonged drop in voltage. VOLTAGE FLOW RATE – The volume of the fluid that passes through a given

surface in a unit time. VOLUTE – A spiral casing for a centrifugal pump, designed so that speed will be

converted to pressure without shock. VORTEX – The cone formed by a swirling liquid or gas. VPC (Vapor Phase Chromatograph) – A method of separating and analyzing

mixtures of chemical substances of chromatographic absorption.

W

WARNING TAG – A yellow tag used in critical places usually with written instructions on it to follow before operating the “tagged” equipment.

WATER HAMMER – Hydraulic action associated with a non-compressible fluid in

a pipe. Sounds like some one hit a pipe with a hammer. The energy developed by the sudden stoppage of fluid in motion.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

113

WATERSIDE – Refers to the side of the heat exchanger tube that water (most often

cooling water) flows on. WATT – Work is being done at the rate of 1 watt when a constant curr4ent of 1

amp is maintained through a resistance by an EMF or 1 volt. WEAK ACID – Sulfuric acid or low concentration recovered by hydrolyzing acid

sludge. WEAR RING – We use wear rings to allow the impeller and casing suction head to

seal tightly together without wearing each other out. WEATHERING – The deterioration caused by exposure to nature’s elements. WEEPHOLE – Drilled hole used to allow leaking fluids to escape to the atmosphere

so that they can be detected and/or won’t be trapped and pressurize a joint where pressure is not desired.

WEEPING (Column) – When the vapor velocity of boil up in a distillation is too

low, liquid is allowed to drain back through the perforations (see “Sieve Tray”). This is called weeping. During normal operation, the vapor velocity is high enough to prevent this occurrence.

WEIGHT – A measure of the force of attraction between the earth and an object. WEIR – A weir is a flat or notched dam or barrier to liquid flow and is normally

used for either the measurement of fluid flows or to maintain a given depth of fluid as on a tray of a distillation column.

WET GAS – Wet gas is a gas containing important amounts of heavier

hydrocarbons. WET SYSTEM – Normally referring to a sprinkler system charged with water. A

dry system would be a spray system with air as the primary charge. WHB (Waste Heat Boiler) – A heat exchanger (HX) utilized to conserve heat from

combustion gases or process stream. Normally, condensate on the shell side and producing steam at various pressure levels.

WIND BOX – The section of a boiler surrounding the burners that distributes the

combustion air evenly to each boiler.

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER Glossary of Processing Terms Rev: 1 Edited by Timothy A. Brown January 2004

Please send your recommended corrections or additions to:

BAYPORT TRAINING & TECHNICAL CENTER

10811 FAIRMONT PARKWAY La Porte, Tx. 77571

Phone: (281) 471-1229 Fax: (281) 471-0001

www.bayporttechnical.com A DIVISION OF T.A. BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.

114

WIND-UP – To finish or complete. WORD, COMPUTER – A sequence of bits of characters treated as a unit and

capable of being stored in one computer location. Some common word lengths are 8 bit, 16 bits, and 32 bits.

X, Y, Z

X-AMOUNT – X denotes an unknown quantity. Example: X gallons, X lbs. YELLOW TAG – A tag placed on something that is to be out of service indefinitely.

Also used for information purposes. ZERO – The lower end of the measuring instrument scale.

阀门大全（中英对照） air-compressor valve 空气压缩机阀门 automatic cutout valve 自动切断阀门 backlash valve 无游隙阀门 High temperature valve 高温阀门 hose valve 水带阀门 pipe manifold valves 管道汇集器阀门 pneumatic cylinder cock valve 风动汽缸排

水阀阀门 pneumatic positioner valve 气动阀门定位

器 pneumatic sander valve 风动撒砂器阀门 quick opening valve 快开阀门 quick-opening gate valve 速启阀门 standby valve 应急阀门; 备用阀门 two selenoid 双螺管阀门 valve chest 阀门室 valve clearance 阀门间隙； 阀余隙 valveman 阀门操作者 wash-out valve 清洗阀门 adjusting valve 调整阀, 调节阀 admission valve 进气阀; 进浆阀 air admission valve 进气阀 air bleed(ing) valve 排气阀; 排气嘴 air control valve 空调阀 air cylinder valve 气筒阀 air escape valve 泄气阀 air inlet valve (=air intake valve) 进气阀; 进风阀 air operated throttle motor 风动节流器, 风动节流阀马达 air pilot valve 空气导向阀 air pressure governor valve 风压调压阀 air relay valve 空气中继阀 air release valve (=air relief valve) 排气阀; 放空阀 air reversing valve 空气换向阀 air shut-off valve 空气关闭阀 air signal reducing valve 空气信号减压阀 air slide valve 空气分配阀 air starting (control) valve 空气起动(控制)阀 air straining check valve 空气滤尘止回阀 air valve 空气阀

air vent valve 气动调压阀, 排气阀 air-actuated direction valve 气动控制换向

阀 air-compressor valve 空气压缩机阀门 air-operated valve 气动换向阀 air-vacuum proportional valve 空真比例阀 air-vacuum two way valve 空真二位阀 alarm valve 报警阀 aligned grid valve 栅极中点校直的电子管

阀 Allan valve 阿伦滑阀 altitude valve 【航空】高度阀(航空发动机

汽化器的可调整阀) ammonia valve 【工】氨阀 angle back-pressure valve 背压角阀 angle globe valve 折角球形阀 angle stop valve 弯形止阀, 折角止阀 angle valve 角阀 angle water valve 折角水阀 annular ring valve 环形阀; 环状阀 anti-g valve 【航空】防超重活门, 抗重力

阀 application pilot valve 作用导阀 application valve 作用阀, 控制阀 ashpan blower valve 灰盘吹风阀 Askania valve 射流管阀 atmos valve (=atmospheric valve) 大气阀, 空气阀; 放空阀 autocontrol valve 自动控制阀 automatic air valve 自动空气阀 automatic brake valve 自动制动阀 automatic control valve 自动控制阀 automatic cutout valve 自动切断阀门 automatic delivery control valve 自动输送

控制阀 automatic drain valve 自动排水阀 automatic expansion valve (定压式)自动膨

胀阀 automatic gas sampling valve 自动气体进

样阀 automatic reducing valve 自动减压阀(高速

制动机) automatic regulating valve 自动调节阀 automatic spring loaded valve 自动弹簧阀

automatic supplementary air valve 自动补

充(空)气阀 automatic unloading valve 自动卸载阀 automatic valve 自动阀 automatic water level valve 自动水准阀 automatically operated valve 自动操作阀 automatic-control servo valve 自动控制伺

服阀 auxiliary changeover valve 辅助切换阀 auxiliary valve 辅助阀(暖汽调整阀用) back valve 回动阀, 止回阀, 逆止阀, 单向

阀 backflush valve 反冲阀 backlash valve 无游隙阀门 back-pressure valve 止回阀 back-up valve 列车后端制动阀 balance pressure reducing valve 平衡减压

阀 balance slide valve 平衡滑阀 balance valve 平衡阀, 均压阀 balanced distribution valve 平衡配气阀 balanced safety valve 平衡式安全阀(可变

动背压) ball check valve 止回球阀, 球形节流阀 ball float valve 浮子阀, 浮球阀 ball non-return valve 球形止回阀 ball relief valve 球形安全阀 ball safety valve 球形安全阀 ball stop valve 球形止阀 ball valve 球阀, 弹子阀 ball-and-lever valve 杠杆球阀 bell valve 钟形阀, 装料钟 bellows valve 波纹管阀 bellows-operated pilot valve 膜盒控制导阀, 膜盒导引阀 bevel seat valve 斜座阀, 角阀 biased valve 承载阀 blast furnace gas valve 高炉煤气阀 blast regulation valve 通风调节阀 bleed valve 排出阀; 放泄阀 bleeder valve 放液阀, 放水阀 block valve 隔断阀 blocking valve 闭塞阀 blow valve 通风阀, 安全阀, 放空阀

blow-down valve 排气阀 blower drain valve 鼓风机放泄阀 blower regulation valve 通风调节阀 blower valve 鼓风机阀 blow-off valve 排出[泄]阀, 放泄[空]阀, 喷放阀 blowout valve 排气管, 排出阀 boiler check valve 锅炉止回阀 boiler feed valve 锅炉给水阀 bonnet valve 帽状阀 bottom drain valve 底部放泄阀 bottom valve 底阀 brake application magnet valve 电磁制动阀 brake application valve 制动作用阀 brake control valve 制动控制阀 brake cylinder release valve 制动缸缓解阀, 制动缸放风阀 brake metering valve 制动调节阀 brake pipe compensating valve 制动管补偿

阀 brake release magnet valve 缓解电磁阀 brake valve 制动阀 brass valve 黄铜阀 brass-fitted cast-iron valve 黄铜配制铸铁阀 brass-trimmed valve 黄铜配制阀 breather valve 通气阀, 呼吸阀 breathing type safety valve 呼吸式安全阀

(罐车) brine retaining valve 盐水箱保持阀 bucket valve 活塞阀 buffer change valve 缓变阀 building block valve 积木式阀, 集成阀 built-in check valve 内装式单向阀 bullet valve 球阀 buried valve with key 液下控制阀 butterfly control valve 蝶形控制阀 butterfly throttle valve 蝶形节流阀 butterfly valve 蝶阀 by-pass valve 旁通阀, 辅助阀, 回流阀 by-path valve 旁通阀, 辅助阀, 回流阀 caboose valve 守车阀 cage type valve 笼形阀 cam-operated valve 凸轮控制阀 capless tyre valve 无帽胎阀

car discharge valve 车辆放风阀 car signal valve 车辆信号阀, 车辆放风阀 cartridge inserted valve 筒式插装式阀, 插装阀 cement valve 【机】水泥止回阀 center valve 中心阀 centre bypass valve 中间位置旁通的换向

阀, M 型机能换向阀 centre spool valve 中心柱形阀 centrifugal saw plate valve 离心机的圆盘保

险(溢流)阀 centrifugal type injection valve 离心式喷射

阀 change valve 活页阀;旋转阀, 转换阀;多向

阀 charge valve 充气阀, 加载阀, 加液阀 charging check valve 充气止回阀 charging valve 充气阀, 加载阀, 加液阀 check valve 单向阀, 止回阀, 防逆阀;检验

阀 check-valve pump 止回阀配流泵 chimney valve 烟道阀 choker checkvalve 阻气单向阀 cindervalve 卸灰阀 Cineston controller brake valve 钦式控制制

动联合阀 (用于地下铁道) circulating-water valve 循环水阀 circulation valve 环流阀 clack valve 止回阀 clapper valve 瓣阀 clock valve 单向绞链阀 closed center valve 中间位置封闭的阀(方向阀); 闭中心阀 closed crossover valve 正遮盖的换向阀 closed exhaust valve 密闭排气阀 closed-type fuel valve 密闭形燃油阀 closing valve 隔离阀, 节制阀, 隔断阀, 停汽阀 clutch application valve 离合器作用阀 clutch temperature adjusting valve 离合器

温度调节阀 coasting valve 滑行阀, 惯性运动阀 coaxial valve 同轴管[阀] cold water stop valve 凉水止阀

column shut-off valve 柱关闭阀 column switching valve 柱转换阀 column valve 柱阀 combination sliding and rotary spool valve 又移动又旋转的圆柱滑阀 combination valve 组合阀 combined inlet-outlet valve 进出组合阀 combined strainer and check valve 混合滤

尘止回阀 common slide valve 普通滑阀 compensated flow control valve 带压力补

偿的流量控制阀;调速阀 compensated relief valve 平衡式溢流阀 compensating air valve 补充空气阀, 补偿

气阀, 平衡气阀 compensating valve 补偿阀 compensation valve 平衡阀, 补偿阀 compression release valve 减压阀 compression valve (减振器的)压缩行程阀 concentric valve 同心阀 condensate valve 凝结水阀 condenser level control valve 凝汽器水位调

节阀 condenser relief valve 凝气器安全阀 condenser valve 凝汽阀 conductor‘s valve 车长阀, 紧急制动阀 cone valve 锥形阀 cone-way valve 单向阀 conical seat valve 锥形座阀 conical valve 锥形阀 constant pressure expansion valve 恒压膨胀

活门, 恒压膨胀阀 constant pressure valve 恒压阀 control air type reducing valve 控制空气型

减压阀 control air valve 控制空气阀 control valve 控制阀, 调节阀;控制管, 调节管 controllable check valve 可控单向[止回检

验]阀 controller pilot valve 控制器管制阀 conversion valve 转换阀;转向阀 Air valves

空气阀门 Angle Stop valves 角式截止阀 Angle Throttle Valves 角式节流阀 Angle Type Globe Valves 门角式截止阀 Ash valves 排灰阀 Aspirating valves 吸（抽）气阀 Auxiliary valves 辅助（副）阀 Balance valves 平衡阀 Bellows valves 波纹管阀 Blowdown valves 泄料（放空，排污）阀 Brake valves 制动阀 Butterfly Type Non-slam Check 蝶式缓冲止回阀 Butterfly Valves with Gear Actuator 蜗轮传动蝶阀 Buttwelding valves 对焊连接阀 Clamp valves 对夹式阀门 Cock 二通 Combination valves 组合阀 CQ Thread Ball Valves CQ 螺纹球阀 Culvert valves 地下管道阀 Deceleration valves 减速阀 Diaphragm Valves 隔膜阀 Decompression valves 泄压阀 Double Disc Flat Gate Valves 双闸板平板闸阀 Double Disk Parallel Gate Valves 明杆平行式双闸板闸板 Double Opening Exhaust Valves 双口排气球 Drainage valves 排水阀 Electric Actuated Stop Valves

电动截止阀 Electric Actuated Wedge Gate Valves 电动楔式闸阀 Electric Double Disk Parallel Gate Valves 电动平行式双闸板闸板 Emergeny Cut-off Valves 紧急切断阀 Exhaust valves 排气阀 Free Float Type Steam Trap 浮球式疏水阀 Flange Ball Valves 法兰球阀 Flange Gate Valves 法兰闸阀 Flange Globe Valves 法兰截止阀 Gauge Valves 仪表阀 Hand-operated valves 手动阀 Hard Seal Butterfly Valves 金属密封碟阀 High Temperature Pressure Power Station Gate Valves 高温高压电站闸阀 High Temperature Pressure Power Station Globe Valves 高温高压电站截止阀 Hydraulic relay valves 液压继动阀 Lift Check Valves 升降式止回阀 Lift Check Valves

升降式止回阀 Limit valves 限位阀 Lining Ball Valves 衬里球阀 Lining Butterfly Valves 衬里碟阀 Lining Check Valves 衬里止回阀 Lining Cock 衬里二通 Lining Globe Valves 衬里截止阀 Lining T-Cock Valves 衬里三通旋塞阀 Liquid Indicator 液位计 LPG Pipe Fitting 液化气管件 Magnetic Co-operate Globe Valves 磁耦合截止阀 Magnetism Forle Pumps 磁力泵 Manual Oil Pumps Valves 手摇油泵(阀) Meter Needle Type Globe Valves 仪表针形截止阀 Oblique Stop Valves 直流式截止阀 Parallel Slide Valves 浆液阀

Pintle valve 针形阀 Piping Centrifugal Pumps 管道离心泵 Plunger valves 柱塞阀 Pressure valve 压力（増压）阀 Piping Pumps 管道泵 Piping Safety Valves 管道安全阀 Plunger Globe Valves 柱塞截止阀 Quick Draining Valves 快速排污阀 Restrictor Valves 过流阀(或节流阀) Safety Valves 安全阀 Screw Pumps 螺杆泵 Scum Gate Valves 排渣闸阀 Solenoid valves 电磁阀 Single Disc Flat Gate Valves 单闸板平板闸阀 Single Opening Exhaust Valves 单口排气球 Slurry Pumps 泥浆泵 Stop Valves 截止阀

Strainer 过滤器 Submerged Motor Pumps 潜水电泵(排污泵) Swing Check Valves 旋启式止回阀 Swing Check Valves 旋启式止回阀 Tank Lorry Ball Valves 槽车球阀 T-Cock 三通 Thin Gate Valves 薄型闸阀 Throttle Valves 节流阀 Tiny Drag Slow Shut Check Valves 微阻缓闭止回阀 Triple (tee) valves 三通阀 Two-way valves 二通阀 Under Water Pumps 液下泵 Vacuum Pumps 水力喷射器(真空泵) Vertical Lift Check Valves 立式止回阀 Wafer Check Valves 对夹式止回阀 Wafer plate valves 对夹蝶板阀 Wafer Type Butterfly Valves with Rubber Itning

对夹式衬胶蝶阀 Waste Valves 排污箱(阀) Water Seal Gate Valves 水封闸阀 Wedge Gate Valves 楔式闸阀 Y Type and Cylinder Filters Y 型筒型过滤器 2.零部件术语 Axis Guide 轴套 Ball 球、球芯 Ball seat 密封圈 Blowdown Sealing Face 启、阀件密封面 Body 阀体 Bonnet 阀盖 Disc 阀瓣 Mut 螺母 Screw 螺栓

Sealing 密封件 Spring 弹簧 Stem 阀杆 Stem Mut 阀杆螺母 Stem seal 填料 Wedge Disc 闸板 3.规范技术术语 Applicable medium 适用介质 Applicable temperature 适用温度 Butt Clamp 对夹 Chemical analysis 化学成份 Connecting format 连接形式 Double disc 双闸板 Flexible disc 弹性闸板

Flange 法兰 Hoop 卡箍 Inside thread 内螺纹 Jacket 夹套 Mains 电源 Material chemical analysis and mechanical capacity 材料化学成份和机械性能 materials 材料 Materials for main parts 主要零件材料 Mechanical capacity 机械性能 Max. Discharging Capacity 最大排水量 Max. Operating Temperature 最高工作温度 Max. Allowable Temperature 最高允许温度 Max. Allowable Pressure 最高允许压力 Model 型号 Name of parts 零件名称 nitrogen (N) 氮 Nominal bore 公称通径

Nominal Pressure 公称压力 Nozzle 排气口 Outside thread 外螺纹 Oxidant 氧化性介质 Parallel 平行 Piping 管路 Piston 活塞 Reductant 还原性介质 Rising stem 明杆 Seal 阀座，密封面 Seat testing pressure 压力气密封试验压力 Socket 卡套 Specifications 性能规范 Single disc 单闸板 Solid 刚性 Strengh testing pressure 强度试验压力 Steam , condensate 蒸汽,凝结水 Stroke 冲程，行程

Water,oil,steam 水,温度,气 Wedge 楔式 Welding 焊接 4、材料术语 Atbas metal 镍铬钢 Buna-N rubber 丁晴橡胶 Casting aluminium brass 铸铝黄铜 Casting aluminium bronze 铸铝青铜 Ceramic metal 陶瓷金属 Chromel alloy 镍铬合金 CHR rubber 氯晴橡胶 Chrominm-molybdenum-vanadium steel 铬钼钒钢 Chromium stainless steel 铬不锈钢 Chromium-molybdenum steel 铬钼钢 Corrugation pad 波形垫 Cuprum alloy 铜合金 Ductile Cast iron

球墨铸铁 Expanded graphite 柔性石墨 Fine Steel Casting iron 优质碳素钢 Fluorous rubber 氟橡胶 Gray Cast iron 灰铸铁 Hayne's alloy 钴铬钨合金 High tem perature steel 高温钢 Monel 蒙乃尔合金 Low temperature steel 低温钢 Nylon 尼龙塑料 Polytetrafluoroethylene(PTEF) 聚四氟乙烯 Polythene 聚乙烯 Pure aluminium 纯铝 Pure cupper 纯铜 Rubber graphite board 橡胶石墨板 Spring steel 弹簧钢 Stainless acid-resisting steel

不锈耐酸钢 Stainless and Graphite 不锈钢/石墨 Stainless steel 不锈钢 Steel Casting iron 碳素钢铸件 Shell Test Pressure 壳体试验压力 Service Fluid 工作介质

1 管道组成件 Piping component

1.1 管子 Pipe

管子(按照配管标准规格制造的) pipe

管子(不按配管标准规格制造的其他用管) tube

钢管 steel pipe

铸铁管 cast iron pipe

衬里管 lined pipe

复合管 clad pipe

碳钢管 carbon steel pipe

合金钢管 alloy steel pipe

不锈钢 stainless steel pipe

奥氏体不锈钢管 austenitic stainless steel pipe

铁合金钢管 ferritic alloy steel pipe

轧制钢管 wrought-steel pipe

锻铁管 wrought-iron pipe

无缝钢管 seamless (SMLS) steel pipe

焊接钢管 welded steel pipe

电阻焊钢管 electric-resistance welded steel pipe

电熔（弧）焊钢板卷管 electric-fusion (arc)-welded steel-plate pipe

螺旋焊接钢管 spiral welded steel pipe

镀锌钢管 galvanized steel pipe

热轧无缝钢管 hot-rolling seamless pipe

冷拔无缝钢管 cold-drawing seamless pipe

水煤气钢管 water-gas steel pipe

塑料管 plastic pipe

玻璃管 glass tube

橡胶管 rubber tube

直管 run pipe; straight pipe

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

1.2 管件 Fitting

弯头 elbow

异径弯头 reducing elbow

带支座弯头 base elbow

k半径弯头 long radius elbow

短半径弯头 short radius elbow

长半径180°弯头 long radius return

短半径180°弯头 short radius return

带侧向口的弯头（右向或左向） side outlet elbow (right hand or left hand)

双支管弯头（ 形） double branch elbow

三通 tee

异径三通 reducing tee

等径三通 straight tee

带侧向口的三通（右向或左向） side outlet tee (right hand or 1eft hand)

异径三通（分支口为异径） reducing tee (reducing on outlet)

异径三通（一个直通口为异径）reducing tee (reducing on one run)

带支座三通 base tee

异径三通（一个直通口及分支口为异径） reducing tee (reducing on one run and outlet)

异径三通（两个直通口为异径，双头式） reducing tee (reducing on both runs, bull head)

45°斜三通 45° lateral

45°斜三通（支管为异径） 45° lateral (reducing on branch)

45°斜三通(一个直通口为异径) 45° lateral (reducing on one run)

45°斜三通(一个直通口及支管为异径) 45° lateral (reducing on one run and branch)

Y型三通（俗称裤衩） true “Y”

四通 cross

等径四通 straight cross

异径四通 reducing cross

异径四通（一个分支口为异径）reducing cross (reducing on one outlet)

异径四通（一个直通口及分支口为异径） reducing cross (reducing on one run and outlet)

异径四通（两个分支口为异径） reducing cross (reducing on both outlet)

异径四通（一个直通口及两个分支口为异径） reducing cross (reducing on one run and both outlet)

异径管 reducer

同心异径管 concentric reducer

偏心异径管 eccentric reducer

锻制异径管 reducing swage

螺纹支管台 threadolet

焊接支管台 weldolet

承插支管台 sockolet

弯头支管台 elbolet

斜接支管台 latrolet

镶入式支管嘴 sweepolet

短管支管台 nipolet

支管台，插入式支管台 boss

管接头 coupling, full coupling

半管接头 half coupling

异径管接头 reducing coupling

活接头 union

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

内外螺纹缩接（俗称补芯） bushing

管帽 cap (C)

堵头 plug

短节 nipple

异径短节 reducing nipple; swage nipple

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

1.3 弯管 Bend

预制弯管 fabricated pipe bend

跨越弯管（ ̂形） cross-over bend

偏置弯管（~ 形） offset bend

90°弯管 quarter bend

环形弯管 cirele bend

单侧偏置90°弯管（? 形） single offset quarter bend

S形弯管 “S” bend

单侧偏置U形膨胀弯管（| ?形） single offset “U” bend

U形弯管 “U” bend

双偏置U膨胀弯管 double offset expansion “U” bend

斜接弯管 mitre bend

三节斜接弯管 3-piece mitre bend

折皱弯管 corrugated bend

圆度 roundness

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

1.4 法兰 Flange (FLG）

整体管法兰 integral pipe flange

钢管法兰 steel pipe flange

螺纹法兰 threaded flange

滑套法兰（包括平焊法兰） slip-on flange (SO); slip-on welding flange

承插焊法兰 socket welding flange

松套法兰 lap joint flange (LJF)

对焊法兰 welding neckflange (WNF)

法兰盖 blind flange, blind

孔板法兰 orifice flange

异径法兰 reducing flange

盘座式法兰   pad type flange

松套带颈法兰 loose hubbed flange

焊接板式法兰   welding plate flange

对焊环 welding neck collar （与stub end相似）

平焊环 welding-on collar

突缘短节 stub end, lap

翻边端 lapped pipe end

松套板式法兰 loose plate flange

压力级 pressure rating, pressure rating class

压力—温度等级 pressure-temperature rating

法兰密封面，法兰面 flange facing

突面 raised face (RF)

凸面 male face (MF)

凹面 female face (FMF)

榫面 tongue face

槽面 groove face

环连接面 ring joint face

全平面；满平面 flat face; full face (FF)

光滑突面 smooth raised face (SRF)

法兰面加工 facing finish

粗糙度 roughness

光滑的 smooth

齿形 serrated

均方根 root mean square (RMS)

算术平均粗糙高度 arithmetical average roughness height (AARH)

配对法兰 companion-flange

螺栓圆 bolt circle (B.C.)

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

1.5 垫片 Gasket (GSKT)

垫片的型式 type of gasket

平垫片 flat gasket

环形平垫片 flat ring gasket

平金属垫片 flat metal gasket

夹棉织物的橡胶 elastomer with cotton fabric insertion

夹石棉织物的橡胶 elastomer with asbestos fabric insertion

夹石棉织物及金属丝加强的橡胶 elastomer with asbestos fabric insertion and with wire reinforcement

无石墨压缩白石棉垫片 non graphited compressed white asbestos gasket

天然白橡胶垫片 natural white rubber gasket

压缩石棉垫片 compressed asbestos class gasket

浸聚四氟乙烯的石棉垫片 PTFE impregnated asbestos gasket

夹石棉的缠绕金属垫片 spiral-wound metal gasket with asbestos filler

内环 inner ring

外环，外定位环 outer ring

波纹金属垫片 corrugated metal gasket

波纹金属包嵌石棉垫片 corrugated metal gasket with asbestos inserted

双夹套波纹金属包石棉垫片 corrugated metal double jacketed asbestos filled gasket

双夹套垫片 double jacketed gasket

金属包石棉平垫片 flat metal jacketed asbestos filled gasket

整体金属齿形垫片 solid metal serrated gasket

槽形金属垫片 grooved metal gasket

环形连接金属垫片 ring joint metal gasket

八角环形垫片 octagonal ring gasket

椭圆环形垫片 oval ring gasket

透镜式垫片 lens gasket

非金属垫片 non-metallic gasket

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

elastomer with asbestos fabric insertion and with wire reinforcement

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

1.6 阀门 Valve

1.6.1 阀门结构、零件

阀轭 yoke

外螺纹阀杆及阀轭 outside screw and yoke (OS & Y)

阀杆 stem

内螺纹 inside screw (IS)

阀轭套 yoke sleeve

阀杆环 stem ring

阀座 valve seat (body seat)

阀座环、密封圈 seat ring

整体（阀）座 integral seat

堆焊（阀）座 deposited seat

阀芯（包括密封圈、杆等内件） trim

阀盘 disc

阀盘密封圈 disc seat

阀体 body

阀盖 bonnet

阀盖衬套 bonnet bush

螺纹阀帽 screw cap

螺纹阀盖 screw bonnet

螺栓连接的阀盖 bolted bonnet (BB)

活接阀盖（帽） union bonnet (cap)

螺栓连接的阀帽 bolted cap (BC)

焊接阀盖 welded bonnet (WB)

本体阀杆密封 body stem seal

石棉安全密封 asbestos emenen seal

倒密封 back seal

压力密封的阀盖 pressure-tight bonnet

动力操纵器 powered operator

电动操纵器 electric motor operator

气动操纵器 pneumatic operator

液压操纵器 hydraulic operator

快速操纵器 quick-acting operator

滑动阀杆 sliding stem

正齿轮传动 spur gear operated

伞齿轮传动 bevel gear operated

扳手操作 wrench operated

链轮 chain wheel

手轮 hand wheel

手柄 hand lever (handle)

气缸（或液压缸）操纵的 cylinder operated

链条操纵的 chain operated

等径孔道 full bore; full port

异径孔道 reducing bore, reduced port,venturi port

短型 short pattern

紧凑型（小型） compact type

笼式环 lantern ring

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

压盖 gland

阀杆填料 stem packing

阀盖垫片 bonnet gasket

升杆式（明杆） rising stem (RS)

非升杆式（暗杆） non-rising stem (NRS)

指示器/限位器 indicator/stopper

注油器 grease injector

可更换的阀座环 renewable seat ring

1.6.2 常用阀

(1）闸阀 gate valve

平行双闸板 double disc parallel seat

开口楔形闸板 split wedge

挠性整体楔形闸扳 flexible solid wedge

整体楔形闸板 solid wedge

塞型闸阀 plug gate valve

直通型闸阀 through conduit gate valve

(2) 截止阀 globe valve

球心型阀盘 globe type disc

塞型阀盘 plug type disc

可转动的阀盘 swivel disc

(3) 节流闪阀 throttle valve

针阀 needle valve

(4) 角阀 angle valve

(5) Y型阀（Y 型阀体截止阀） Y-valve (Y-body globe valve)

(6) 球阀 ball valve

三通球阀 3-way ball valve

装有底轴的 trunnion mounted

耐火型 fire safe type

浮动球型 floating ball type

防脱出阀杆 blowout proof stem

(7) 蝶阀 butterfly valve

对夹式（薄片型） wafer type

凸耳式 lug type

偏心阀板蝶阀 offset disc burerfly valve; eccentric butterfly valve

斜阀盘蝶阀 canted disc butterfly valve

连杆式蝶阀 link butterfly valve

8) 柱塞阀 piston type valve

(9) 旋塞阀 plug valve

三通旋塞阀 three-way plug valve

四通旋塞阀 four-way plug valve

旋塞 cock

衬套旋塞 sleeve cock

(10) 隔膜阀 diaphragm valve

橡胶衬里隔膜阀 rubber lined diaphragm valve

直通式隔膜阀 straight way diaphragm valve

堰式隔膜阀 weir diaphragm valve

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

(11) 夹紧式胶管阀 pinch valve（用于泥浆、粉尘等）

(12) 止回阀 check valve

升降式止回阀 lift check valve

旋启式止回阀 swing check valve, flap check valve

落球式止回阀 ball check valve

弹簧球式止回阀 spring ball check valve

双板对夹式止回阀 dual plate wafer type check valve

无撞击声止回阀 non-slam cheek valve

底阀 foot valve

切断式止回阀 stop check valve; non-return valve

活塞式止回阀 piston check valve

斜翻盘止回阀 tilting disc check valve

蝶式止回阀 butterfly check valve

1.6.3 其它用途的阀

安全泄气阀 safety valve (SV)

安全泄液阀 relief valve (RV)

安全泄压阀 safety relief valve

杠杆重锤式 lever and weight type

引导阀操纵的安全泄气阀 pilot operated safety valve

复式安全泄气阀 twin type safety valve

罐底排污阀 flush-bottom tank valve

电磁阀 solenoid valve, solenoid operated valve

电动阀 electrically operated valve, electric-motor operated valve

气动阀 pneumatic operated valve

低温用阀 cryogenic service valve

蒸汽疏水阀 steam trap

机械式疏水阎 mechanical trap

浮桶式疏水阀 open bucket trap, open top bucket trap

浮球式疏水阀 float trap

倒吊桶式疏水阀 inverted bucket trap

自由浮球式疏水阀 loose float trap

恒温式疏水阀 thermostatic trap

金属膨胀式蒸汽疏水阀 metal expansion steam trap

液体膨胀式蒸汽疏水阀 liquid expansion steam trap

双金属膨胀式蒸汽疏水阀 bimetallic expansion steam trap

压力平衡式恒温疏水阀 balanced pressure thermostatic trap

热动力式疏水阀 thermodynamic trap

脉冲式蒸汽疏水阀 impulse steam trap

放气阀（自动放气阀） air vent valve (automatic air vent valve) （疏水阀用）

平板式滑动闸阀 slab type sliding gate valve

盖阀 flat valve

换向阀 diverting valve, reversing valve

热膨胀阀 thermo expansion valve

自动关闭阀 self-closing gate valve

自动排液阀 self-draining valve

管道盲板阀 line-blind valve

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

挤压阀 squeeze valve（用于泥浆及粉尘等）

呼吸阀 breather valve

风门、挡板 damper

减压阀 pressure reducing valve, reducing valve

控制阀 control valve

膜式控制阀 diaphragm operated control valve

执行机构 actuator

背压调节阀 back pressure regulating valve

差压调节阀 differential pressure regulating valve

压力比例调节阀 pressure ratio regulating valve

1.6.4 未指明结构（或阀型）的阀

切断阀 block valve; shut-off valve; stop valve

调节阀 regulating valve

快开阀 quick opening valve

快闭阀 quick closing valve

隔断阀 isolating valve

三通阀 three way valve

夹套阔 jacketed valve

非旋转式阀 non-rotary valve

排污阀 blowdown valve

集液排放阀 drip valve

排液阀 drain valve

放空阀 vent valve

卸载阀 unloading valve

排出阀 discharge valve

吸入阀 suction valve

多通路阀 multiport valve

取样阀 sampling valve

手动阀 hand-operated valve; manually operated valve

锻造阀 forged valve

铸造阀 cast valve

（水）龙头 bibb; bib; faucet

抽出液阀（小阀） bleed valve

旁路阀 by-pass valve

软管阀 hose valve

混合阀 mixing valve

破真空阀 vacuum breaker

冲洗阀 flush valve

第一道阀；根部阀 primary valve

根部阀 root valve

总管阀 header valve

事故切断阀 emergency valve

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

1.7 管道特殊件 Piping Specialty

1.7.1 管道特殊件（组件）

粗滤嚣 strainer

过滤器 filter

临时粗滤器（锥型） temporary strainer (cone type)

y 型粗滤器 y-type strainer

T型粗滤器 T-type strainer

永久过滤器 permanent filter

丝网粗滤器 gauze strainer

洗眼器及淋浴器 eye washer and shower

视镜 sight glass

阻火器 flame arrester

喷嘴；喷头 spray nozzle

取样冷却器 sample cooler

消声器 silencer

膨胀节 expansion joint

波纹膨胀节 bellow expansion joint

单波 single bellow

双波 double bellow

多波 multiple bellow

压力平衡式膨胀节 pressure balanced expansion

带铰链膨胀节 hinged expansion joint

轴向位移型膨胀节 axial movement type expansion joint

自均衡膨胀节（外加强环）self-equalizing expansion joint

带接杆膨胀节 tied expansion joint

万向型膨胀节 universal type expansion joint

球形补偿器 ball type expansion joint

填函式补偿器 slip type (packed type) expansion joint

单向滑动填料函补偿器 single actionpacked slip joint

1.7.2 管道特殊元件Piping Special Element

软管接头 hose connection (HC)

快速接头 quick coupling

金属软管 metal hose

橡胶管 rubber hose

挠性管 flexible tube

鞍形补强板 reinforcing saddles

补强板 reinforcement pad

特殊法兰 special flange

漏斗 funnel

排液环 drip ring

排液漏斗 drain funnel

插板 blank

垫环 spacer

8字盲板 spectacle blind; figure 8 blind

限流孔板 restriction orifice

爆破片 rupture disk

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

法兰盖贴面 protective disc

费托立克接头 victaulic coupling

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

1.8 端部连接 End Connection

法兰端 flanged end

坡口端 beveled end (BE)

对焊端 butt welded end

平端 plain end (PE)

承插焊端 socket welding end

螺纹端 threaded end (TE)

承口 bell end

焊接端 welding end

法兰连接（接头） flanged joint

对焊连接（接头） butt welded joint

螺纹连接，管螺纹连接 threaded joint, pipe threaded joint

锥管螺纹密封焊连接 seal-welded taper pipe threaded joint

承插焊连接（接头） socket welded joint

承插连接（接头） bell and spigot joint

环垫接头 ring joint (RJ)

万向接头 universal joint

软钎焊连接（接头） soldered joint

搭接接头，松套连接 lapped joint

外侧厚度切斜角 bevel for outside thickncss

内侧厚度切斜角 bevel for inside thickness

内外侧厚度切斜角 bevel for combined thickness

法兰式的 flanged (FLGD)

对焊的 butt welded (BW)

螺纹的 threaded (THD)

承插焊的 socket welded (SW)

小端为平的 small end plain (SEP)

大端为平的 large end plain (LEP)

两端平 both ends plain (BEP)

小端带螺纹 small end thread (SET)

大端带螺纹 large end thread (LET)

两端带螺纹 both end thread (BET)

一端带螺纹 one end thread (OET)

支管连接 branch connection

焊接支管 branch pipe welded directly to the run pipe

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

2 管道用紧固件及螺纹

2.1 紧固件

螺栓 bolt

六角头螺栓 hexagonal head bolt

方头螺栓 square head bolt

螺柱，双头螺栓 stud bolt

环头螺检 eye bolt

沉头螺栓 countersunk (head) screw

地脚螺栓 anchor bolt; foundation bolt

松紧螺旋扣（花篮螺丝） turnbuckle

U形螺栓 U-bolt

T形螺栓 T-bolt

圆头螺钉 round head bolt

机螺栓，机螺钉 maehine bolt

顶开螺栓，顶起螺栓 Jack screw

自攻螺钉 self tapping screw

膨胀螺栓 expansion bolt

粗制的 coarse

精制的 finished, fine

螺母 nut

六角螺母 hexagonal nut

方螺母 square nut

蝶形螺母 wing nut

扁螺母 flat nut

锁紧螺母 lock nut

垫圈 washer

平垫圈 plain washer

球面垫圈 spherical washer

弹簧垫圈 spring washer

方垫圈 square washer

斜垫圈 slant washer

销轴 pinned shan

销 pin

开口销 cotter pin

定位销 dowel pin

带孔销 pin with hole

圆锥销 taper pin

铆钉 rivet

键 key

2.2   螺纹

左螺纹left hand thread

右螺纹 right hand thread

管螺纹 pipe thread

锥管螺纹 taper pipe thread

直管螺纹straight pipe thread

梯形螺纹 trapezoid thread

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

螺距pitch of thread

粗牙螺纹coarse thread

细牙螺纹 fine thread

特细牙螺纹extra fine thread

通长螺纹full thread

惠氏螺纹whitworth thread

公制螺纹 metric ibread

美国标准锥管螺纹 American standard taper pipe thread (NPT)

螺孔 tap

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

3 材料、型钢及填料

3.1 金属材料

3.1.1 黑色金属 Ferrous Metal

碳素钢 carbon steel (CS)

低碳钢 low-carbon steel

中碳钢 medium-carbon steel

高碳钢 high-carbon steel

普通碳素钢 general carbon steel

优质碳素钢 high-quality carbon steel

普通低合金结构钢 general structure low-alloy steel

合金结构钢 structural alloy steel

合金钢 alloy steel

低合金钢 low alloy steel  

中合金钢 medium alloy steel

高合金钢 high alloy steel

耐热钢 heat resisting steel

高强度钢 high strength steel

复合钢 clad steel

工具钢 tool steel

弹簧钢 spring steel

钼钢 molybdenum steel

镍钢 nickel steel

铬钢 chromium steel

铬钼钢 chrome-molybdenum steel

铬镍钢 chromium-nickel steel,chrome-nickel steel

不锈钢 stainless steel (S.S.)

奥氏体不锈钢 Austenitic stainless steel

马氏体不锈钢 Martensitic stainless steel

司特来合金（钨铬钴台金） Stellite

耐蚀耐热镍基合金 Hastelloy

铬镍铁合金 inconel

耐热铬镍铁合金 incoloy

20合金 20 alloy

平炉钢（马丁钢） Martin steel

镇静钢 killed steel

半镇静钢 semi-killed steel

沸腾钢 rimmed steel; rimming steel; open-steel

锻钢 forged steel

铸钢 cast steel

铸铁 cast iron (C.I.)

灰铸铁 grey cast iron

可锻铸铁 malleable iron (MI)

球墨铸铁 nodular cast iron; nodular graphite iron

生铁 pig iron

熟铁，锻铁 wrought iron

铸件 casting

高硅铸铁 high silicon cast iron

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

3.1.2 镀层及制造方法

渗铬钢，镀铬钢 chromized steel

镀铬的 chromium-plated, chrome-plated

镀层 plating

锻造，型钢 swage

锻造的，锻造 forging

轧制 rolling

热轧 hot rolling

冷轧 cold rolling

挤压 extruding

冷加工 cold working

热加工 hot working

拔制 drawing

3.1.3 有色金属Non-ferrous Metal

铝 aluminum

铜，紫铜 copper

黄铜 brass

青铜 bronze

铝青铜 aluminum bronze

磷青铜 phosphor bronze

铝镁合金 aluminum magnesium

锰青铜 manganese bronze

蒙乃尔（注：镍及铜合金） Monel

镍铜台金 nickel copper alloy

非铁合金 nonferrous alloy

钛 titanium

铅 lead

硬铅 hard lead

3.1.4 材料性能

极限强度 ultimate strength

抗拉强度 tensile strength

屈服极限 yield limit

屈服点 yield point

延伸率 percentage elongation

抗压强度 compressive strength

抗弯强度 bending strength

弹性极限 elastic limit

冲击值 impact value

疲劳极限 fatigue limit

蠕变极限 creep limit

持久极限 endurance limit

布氏硬度 Brinell hardness

洛氏硬度 Rockwell hardness

维氏硬度 Vickers diamond hardness, diamond penetrator hardness

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

蠕变断裂强度 creep rupture strength

断面收缩率 reduction of area

韧性 toughess

脆性 brittleness

延性 ductility

冷脆 cold shortness

冷流 cold flow

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

3.2 非金属材料 Non-metallic Material

塑料 plastic

丙烯腈—丁二烯—苯乙烯 acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)

聚乙烯 polyethylene (PE)

聚氯乙烯 polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

苯乙烯橡胶 styrene-rubber (SR)

聚丁烯 polybutylene (PB)

聚丙烯 polypropylene (PP)

聚苯乙烯 polystyrene (PS)

氯化聚醚 chlorinated polyether (CPE)

聚酰胺 polyamide (PA)

聚碳酸酯 polycarbonate (PC)

聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)

醋酸丁酸纤维素cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB)

氯化聚氯乙烯 chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC)

聚偏二氟乙烯 polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)

缩醛塑料 acetal plastic

尼龙塑料 nylon plastic

聚烯烃 polyolefin (PO)

石墨酚醛塑料 graphite phenolic plastics

聚四氟乙烯 polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

纤维增强热塑性塑料 fiber reinforced thermoplastics

热塑性塑料 thermoplastic

热固性塑料 thermosetting plastics

胶粘剂 adhesive

溶剂胶接剂 solvent cement

树脂 resin

环氧树脂 epoxy, epoxy resin

聚酯树脂 polyester resin

聚酯纤维 polyester fibers

氟塑料 fluoroplastics

聚氨基甲酸酯 polyurethane

丙烯酸树脂 acrylic resin

脲醛树脂 urea resin

呋哺树脂 furan resin

乙烯丙烯二烃单体 ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM)

合成橡胶 synthetic rubber

橡胶 rubber

丁腈橡胶 nitrile butadiene rubber

氯丁橡胶 neoprene

天然橡胶 natural rubber

乙丙橡胶 ethylene propylene rubber (EPR)

玻璃 glass

硼硅玻璃 borosilicate glass

耐火砖 fire brick

陶瓷 ceramic

搪瓷 porcelain enamel

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

木材 wood

3.3 型材

型钢 shaped steel, section steel, swage

角钢 angle steel

槽钢 channel

工字钢 I-beam

宽缘工字钢或H钢 wide flanged beam

T型钢 T-bar

方钢 square bar

扁钢 flat bar

角钢 hexagonal steel bar

圆钢 round steel; rod

钢带 strap steel

钢板 plate

网纹钢板 checkered plate

腹板（指型钢的立板） web

翼缘（指型钢的缘） wing

3.4 填料及填料函

填料 packing

石棉绳 asbestos rope, asbestos cord．

O形环 O-ring

自密封 self-sealing

四氟带 Teflon tap

带铬镍合金丝的石棉绳 asbestos rope with inconel wire, inconel wire asbestos

浸聚四氟乙烯的石棉填料 Teflon impregnated asbestos packing

金属填料 metallic stuffing

填料箱，填料函 packing box, stuffing box

填料函压盖 stuffing box gland

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

4 管道等级及材料统计

4.1 管道材料规定 Piping Material Specification

管道等级 piping class; piping classification

管道等级号 class designation

公称直径 nominal diameter (DN); nominal (pipe) size

公称压力 nominal pressure (PN)

压力级，等级，类别 class (CL)

低压 low pressure (L.P.)

中压 medium pressure (M.P.)

高压 high pressure (H.P.)

大气压 atmosphere (ATM)

真空 vacuum

工作压力 operating pressure; working pressure

设计压力 design pressure

工作温度 operating temperature

设计温度 design temperature

环境温度 ambient temperature

腐蚀裕量 corrosion allowance

管道附件 piping attachment

管道元件 piping element

壁厚 wall thickness (WT)

壁厚系列号 schedule number (SCH. No.)

加厚的，加强的 extra heavy, extra strong

双倍加厚的，双倍加强的 double extra heavy, double extra strong

通用连接组 typieal installation

分组（类）形式（如管道等级表） block form

数据库 data base

文件 file

4.2 材料统计 Material Take-off (MTO)

汇总表 summary sheet

材料表 bill of material (BM)

综合管道材料表 consolidated piping material summary sheet (CPMSS)

统计材料准确度 accuracy of take-off

材料情况报告 material status report (MSR)

散装材料 bulk material

编位号的 itemized

代码 code number

短代码 short code

数量 quantity (QTY)

重力 weight

净重 net weight

毛重 gross weight

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

5 设备布置及管道布置

Plot Plan and Piping Layout,Equipment and Piping Arrangement

5.1 设备名称 Equipment Name

5.1.1 容器 Vessel

(1) 塔 tower, column

洗涤塔 scrubber

吸收塔 absorber

冷却塔 cooling tower

精馏塔 fractionating tower

蒸馏塔 distillation tower

再生塔 regenering tower

造粒塔 prflling tower

汽提塔 stripper

脱气塔 degasifier

合成塔 synthesis tower

(2) 反应器 reactor

聚台釜 polymerizer

转化器，变换器 converter

脱硫反应器 desulphurization reactor

甲烷化器 methanator

(3)   气柜 gas-holder

螺旋式气柜 helical gas-holder

湿式气柜 wet gas-holder

干式气柜 dry gas-holder

(4)   槽罐

贮罐 tank; storage tank

缓冲罐 knock out drum

球罐 spheroid, spherical tank

罐 drum

接受槽 receiver

计量槽 measuring tank

加料槽 feed tank

排污罐 blow down tank

闪蒸罐 flash drum

汽包 steam drum

溶液贮槽 solution storage tank

地下槽 sloptank

(5) 其它设备

分离器 separator

旋风分离器 cyclone

分子筛 molecular sieve

脱氧器 deaerator

搅拌器 agitator

干燥器 dryer

混合器 mixer

萃取器 extractor

结晶器 crystallizer

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

澄清器 gravity settler

净化器 purifier

气化器 vaporizer

吸附器 adsorber

融解槽 melter

减温器 desuperheater

升压器 booster

喷射器 ejector

喷头 sprayer

火炬 flare

消声器 silencer

(6) 换热器、加热器、冷却器

换热器 heat exchanger

空冷器 air cooler

水冷却器 water cooler

冷凝器 condenser

螺旋板式换热器 spiral plate heat exchanger

蒸发器 evaporator

再沸器 reboiler

急冷器 quencher

深冷器 chiller

预热器 preheater

再热器 reheater

加热器 heater

电加热器 electric heater

过热器 super heater

给水加热器 feed water heater

中间冷却器 inter cooler

后冷却器 after cooler

5.1.2 工业炉及锅炉

炉子 furnace

烧嘴 burner

锅炉 boiler

烟囱 stack

废热锅炉 waste heat boiler

辅助锅炉 auxiliary boiler

省煤器 economizer

回热炉 direct-fired heater

辐射段 radiant section

对流段 convection section

裂化炉 reformer

焚烧炉 incinerator

回转窑 rotary kiln

炉管 furnace tube

吹灰器 soot blower

观察孔 observation door, peep door

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

防爆门 explosion door

5.1.3 转动机器

(1) 泵 pump

涡轮泵 turbine pump

涡流泵 vortex pump

离心泵 centrifugal pump

喷射泵 jet pump

转子泵，旋转泵 rotary pump

管道泵 inline pump

真空泵 vacuum pump

柱塞泵 plunger pump

往复泵 reciprocating pump

计量泵 metering pump

深井泵 deep well pump

齿轮泵 gear pump

手摇泵 hand-pump, wobble pump

锅炉给水泵 boiler feed water pump

轴流泵 axial pump

(2) 压缩机 compressor

往复式压缩机 reciprocating compressor

多级压缩机 multiple stages compressor

螺杆压缩机 helical screw compressor

离心式压缩机 centrifugal compressor

循环压缩机 circulating compressor

涡轮压缩机 turbo compressor

冷冻机 refrigerator

(3) 驱动机、发电机

汽轮机，蒸汽透平 steam turbine

燃气轮机 gas turbine

电动机 motor

发电机 generator

(4) 风扇、鼓风机  

风机 fan

鼓风机 blower

罗茨鼓风机 roots blower

(5)其它机器  

挤压机 extruder

造粒机 pelletizer

离心机 centrifuger

离心分离机 centrifugal separator

离心过滤机 centrifugal filter

压滤机 pressure filter

5 1 4 贮运、装卸及起重机械

起重机 crane

桥式起重机 bridge crane

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

电动葫芦 motor hoist

手动葫芦，倒链 chain block

装卸臂 loading arm

料仓 silo, bin

料斗 hopper

输送机 conveyor

皮带输送机 belt conveyor

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

5.2 辅助用房名称

5.2.1 生产用房

分析室 analyzer room

变压器室 transformer room

配电室，变电所 substation, switch room

蓄电池室 battery room

控制室 control room

通风室 ventilating room

贮藏室 storage room

维修间 maintenance room

办公室 office

5.2.2 生活用房

更农室 locker room

盥洗室，厕所 closet, lavatory, toilet

5.3 图名

管道布置平面 piping arrangement plan (PAP)

管道布置 piping layout

轴测图 isometric drawing

分区索引图 key plan

初版设备布置图（“A”版） preliminary plot plan ( “A” issue)

内部审查版设备布置图（“B”版） inrernal approval plot plan ( “B” issue)

用户审查版设备布置图（“C”版) owner approval plot plan ( “C” issue)

确认版设备布置图（“D”版） confirm plot plan ( “D” issue)

研究版设备布置图（“e”版） planning plot plan ( “E” issue)

设计版设备布置图（“F”） designing plot plan ( “F” issue)

施工版设备布置图（“G”版） construction plot plan ( “G” issue)

5.4 厂房、站、单元

压缩机房 compressor house (room)

泵房 pump house (room)

洗眼站 eye washer station

泡沫站 foam station

软管站，公用工程站 hose station (HS), utility station

成套设备 package unit

设施 facilities

罐区 tank yard

空分装置 air separation facility

5.5 设备布置

设备位号 equipment item number

工厂 plant

工厂区界 plant limit

项目区界内侧 inside battery limit (I.S.B.L.)

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

项目区界 batterylimit (BL)

区界 area limit

区域边界 zone iimit

界外 off site

东 east (E)

西 west (W)

南 south (S)

北 north (N)

上 up

下 down

工厂北向 plant north

真实北向 true north

道路 road

小过道 cat walk, cat way

走道，过道 walk way, gangway, access way

污水坑（井） sump pit

集水池 catch basin

沟槽 through

预留区 trough

场地 future area

铺砌区 paving area

非铺砌区 unpaved area

碎石铺面 gravel paving

橡皮铺面 rubber paving

面积，区域 area

体积，容积 volume (VOL)

5.6 管道布置

管道设计 piping design

管道研究 piping study

走向研究 routing study

重要管道 critical piping

地上管道 above ground piping

地下管道 under ground piping

管网 network of pipes

管廊 pipe rack

管沟 piping trench

管间距 line spacing

管道跨距 line span

总管 header, manifold

旁路 by pass

排液 drain

放空 vent

上升管，垂直管 riser

导管 canduit

裸管 bare iine

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

管件直接 fitting to fitting (FTF)

管段，接口 spool piece, spool

取样接口 sampling connection

集液包 drip leg

伴热管 tracing pipe

蒸汽伴热 steam tracing

热水伴热 hot-water tracing

电伴热 electrical tracing

夹套管 jacketed line, jacketed piping

全夹套的 full jacketed

平面 plan

详图 detail

“ ”视图X   view “X”

“ ”剖视A-A   section “A-A”

连接图 hook up drawing

接续图 continue on drawing (COD)

接续线 match line (M.L.)

比例 scale

图例 legend

符号 symbol

管口表 list of nozzles

方位 orientation

管口方位 nozzle orientation

定位 location

相交 intersection

水平的 horizontal

垂直的，立式的 vertical

垂直，正交，垂直的 perpendicular

平行，平行的 parallel

水平安装 horizontal installation

垂直安装 vertical installafion

对称的 symmetric

相反（的），对面（的） opposite

顺时针方向 clock wise

逆时针方向 counter clock wise

计算机辅助设计 computer aided design (CAD)

5.7 图面标注

绝对标高 abselute elevation

海平面标高 over-sea mean level (OSL)

标高，立面 elevation (EL)

混凝土顶面 top of concrete

架顶面 top of support (TOS)

钢结构顶面 top of steel

梁项面 top of beam (TOB)

支撑点 point of suppon (POS)

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

管顶 top of pipe (TOP)

管底 bouom of pipe (BOP)

沟底 boaom of trench

管子内底 invert (inside bottom of pipe)

底平 flat on bottom (FOB)

顶平 flat on top (FOT)

工作点 working point (W.P.)

面至面 face to face (F-F)

中心至端面 center to end (C-E)

中心至面 center to face (C-F)

中心至中心，中至中 center to center (C-C)

坐标 coordinate

坐标原点 origin of coordinate

出口中心线 center line of discharge

入口中心线 center line of suction

中心线 centerline (CL)

入口 inlet, suction

出口 outlet, discharge

排出口 exhaust

距离 distance

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

5 8 相关专业的专业词汇

5 8 1 工艺

(1) 图及表

流程图 flow diagram

工艺流程图 process flow diagram (PFD)

管道及仪表流程图 piping and

instrument flow diagram (PID)

公用工程流程图 utility flow diagram (UFD)

管线表 line list; line schedule

命名表；管道表 nomenclature

设备表 equipment list (schedule)

(2) 流体 fluid

空气 air

仪表空气 instrument air

工艺空气 process air

低压蒸汽 low pressure steam

中压蒸汽 medium pressure steam

高压蒸汽 high pressure steam

伴热蒸汽 tracing steam

饱和蒸汽 saturated steam

过热蒸汽 superheated steam

氧气 oxygen

氢气 hydrogen

氮气 nitrogen

燃料气 fuel gas

天然气 natural gas

火炬气 flare gas

酸性气 sour gas

液化石油气 liquefired petroleum gas (LPG)

氨气 ammonia gas

冷却水 cooling

循环水 circulating water

锅炉给水 boiler feed water

热水 hot water

蒸汽冷凝水 steam condensate

盐水 brine

工艺水 process water

化学污水 chemical sewage

防腐剂 corrosion inhibitor

重油 heavy oil

石脑油 naphtha

燃料油 fuel oil

润滑油 lubricating oil

密封油 sealing oil

冷冻剂 refrigerant

载热体 heating medium

溶剂 solvent

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

溶液 solution

母液 mother liquor

单体 monomer

聚合物 polymer

均聚物 homopolymer

共聚物 copolymer

工艺液体 process liquid

工艺气体 process gas

硫酸 sulphuric acid

盐酸 chlorhydric acid

硝酸 nitric acid

烧碱 caustic soda

(3) 流体特性 fluid characteristics

蒸汽压 vapor pressure

临界温度 critical temperature

临界点 critical point

临界压力 critical pressure

比热 specific heat

湿度 humidity

密度 density

比重 specific gravity

粘度 viscosity

闪点 flash point

融点 melting point

凝固点 freezing point

浓度 concentration

爆炸极限 limit of explosion

有毒的 toxic

可燃的；易燃的 flammable

(4) 其它

回收 recovery

再生 regeneration

循环 cireulatlon

再循环；再生 recycle

补充 make-up

制备 preparation

蒸汽吹扫 steaming out

吹扫 purge

抽空；排空 evacuation

吹出 blow-off

排污 blow down

破真空 vacuum breaker

大气腿 barometric leg

备用 stand-by

化学清洗 chemical cleaning

净正吸入压头 net positive suction head (NPSH)

进料 feed

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

成品 product

污染 contamination

大气污染 atmospheric pollution

环境温度 ambient temperature

5.8.2 建筑、结构

建筑物 building

钢结构 steel structure

已有钢结构 existing steel structure

钢筋混凝土结构 reinforced concrete construction

楼面 floor

平台 platform (PF)

地面 ground level

栏杆 handrail

楼梯 stair; stair way

直梯 ladder

柱 column; post; stanchion

基础 foundation; footing

粱 beam

斜撑；支撑 bracing

桁架；主粱 girder

构件 member

隔墙 partition wall

墙 wall

篦子板 grate; grating

吊装孔 erection opening

吊梁 hoisting beam

棚 shelter

窗 window

天窗 skylight

门 door

防火门 fire door

地漏 floor drain

防火层 fire-proofing

总图 general plot plan

路肩 shoulder

桩 pile

灌浆 grouting

风荷载 wind load

雪荷载 snow load

动力荷载 dynamic load

静荷载 dead load

活荷载 live load

风速 wind velocity

主导风向 most frequent wind direction

5.8.3 仪表

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

盘（操作盘） panel

就地盘 local panel

仪表盘 instrument panel

常开 normally open

常闭 normally closed

电缆槽（架） cable tray (channel); cable rack

仪表电缆槽（架） instrument cable tray (duct)

压力计 manometer; pressure gauge

热电偶 thermocouple

温度计 thermometer

液位计 level gauge

玻璃液位计 gage glass

温度计保护管 thermowell

流量计 flow meter

孔板 orifice

变送器 transmitter

联锁 interlock

仪器；设备 apparatus

仪器分析 instrumental analysis

自动分析 automatic analysis

气体分析 gas analysis

化学分析 chemical analysis

气相色谱仪 gas chromatograph

液相色谱仪 liquid chromatograph

质谱分析 mass spectrometric analysis

5.8.4 电气

危险区划分 hazardous area classification

危险区平面图 hazardous area plan

电气盘 electrical panel

配电盘 switch board

电缆沟 cable trench

电流 current

直流 direct current

交流 alternating current

频率 frequency

相位 phase

功率因数 power factor

电压 voltage

电阻 resistance

电容 capacitance

静电 static electricity

接地 grounding; easthing

照明 lighting; illumination

避雷针 lightning preventer

电话 telephone

电线 wire

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

接线箱（盒） junction box

导线管 conduit tube

5.8.5 设备

固定鞍座 fixed saddle

滑动鞍座 sliding saddle

管口 nozzle

人孔 manhole (MH)

手孔 handhole (HH)

检查孔 inspection hole

吊柱 davit

切线 tangent line

焊接线 weldingiine

件号 part humbet

椭圆形封头 ellipsoidal head

加强圈 reinforcing ring

接地板 earth lug

吊耳 lifting lug

气缸 cylinder

轴 shaft

轴承 bearing

附件，附属设备 accessory

编位号设备 itemized equipment

无位号设备 non-itemized equipment

5.8.6 水道

(1) 流体

原水 raw water

硬水 hard water

软水 soft water

饮用水 potable water

循环冷却水给水 cooling water supply

循环冷却水回水 cooling water return

脱盐水 demineralized water

苦咸水（碱性水） brackish water

生活污水 sanitary sewer

工业废水 industrial waste water

雨水 rain water

污染雨水 contaminated rain water

消防水 fire water

(2) 装置、设施

软化装置 softener

沉淀器 settler

沉淀池 clarifier

脱盐装置 demineralizer

水处理 water traatment

冷却塔 cooling tower

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

中和池 neutralization tank

化粪池 septic tank

渗滤井 soak-away pit

井 well

阀井 valve pit

清扫口 clean out

（3）消防

消火栓 hydrant

水炮 water monitor

洒水器 sprinkler

水喷淋 watering

灭火器 fire extinguisher

消防水泵 fire pump

消防车 fire fighting truck

泡沫消防 foam fire-fighting

泡沫栓 foam hydrant

泡沫炮 foam monitor

消防软管接头 fire hose connection

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

6 管道支吊架 Pipe Supports and Hangers

6.1 管架零部件 Attachment of Support

管托 shoe

管卡 clamp

U形夹（卡） clevis

锻制U形夹 forged steel clevis

支耳；吊耳 lug; ear

耳轴 trunnion

止动挡块 shear lug

托座 stool

托架 cradle

带状卡 strap clamp

夹板，导向板 cleat

可调夹板 adjustable cleat

角板；连接板 gusset

筋；肋 rib

支承环 ring

加强板 stiffiener

底板 base plate

顶板 top plate

翅片式导向板 fin

预埋件 embedded part; inserted plate

垫板（安装垫平用） shim

锚固件；生根件 clip

预焊件(设备上) clip (on equipment)

聚四氟乙烯滑动板 PTFE sliding plate

连接板 tie plate

连接杆 tie rod

限制杆 limit rod

带环头拉杆 eye rod

连接杆 connecting rod

杠杆 lever

支撑杆 strut

定位块 preset pieces

间隔管（片、块） spacer

滑动吊板（吊架顶部用） sliding traveler(for hanger)

滑轮组 tackle-block

钢索，电缆 cable

木块 wood block

鞍座 saddle

裙座 skirt

软管卷盘（简） hose reel

管部附着件 pipe attachment

6.2 管支架型式 Type of Pipe Support

支承架 resting support

滑动架 sliding support

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

固定架 anchor

导向架 guide

限制性支架；约束 restraint

限位架 stop

限位器 stopper

定值限位架 limit stop

二维限位架 two-axis stop

往复定值限位架 double-acting limit stop

定向限位架 directional stop

吊架 hanger

弹簧架 spring support

弹簧托架 resting type spring support

弹簧吊架 spring hanger

恒力吊架 constant hanger

重锤式吊架 counter weight hanger

弹簧恒力吊架 spring constant hanger

弹簧恒力托架 resting type spring constant support

滚动支架 rolling support

弹簧支撑架 spring bracing

减振器 snubber

液压减振器 hydraulic snubber

减振装置 damping device

缓冲简（器） dash pot

刚性吊架 rigid hanger

6.3 标准及通用型支架

标准管架 standard pipe support

通用管架 typical pipe support

悬臂架 cantilever support

三角架 triangular support’

支腿 leg

Ⅱ形管架 Ⅱ-type support

L形管架 L-type support

柱式管架 pole type support

墙架 support on wall

可调支架 adjustable support

管墩，低管架 sleeper

特殊管架 special support

管道支吊架图 piping support drawing

6.4 管架安装

背至背 back to back

钻孔 drill

长孔 slot; slot hole

放气孔；通气孔 vent hole

灌浆；水泥砂浆填平 grouting

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

组装；装配 assembly

攻螺孔 tapped; tapping

自由滑动 free to slide

跨度 span

对中心；找正 alignment

切割使适合 cut to suit

修饰使适合 trim to suit

伸出长度（指预埋螺栓） extrusion

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

7 应力计算

热应力分析 thermal stress analysis

管道柔性分析 piping flexibility analysis

荷载工况 load case

力 force

反力 reaction

力矩 moment

弯曲力矩 bending moment

扭矩 torque

外载 externally applied load

荷载 load

冷态荷载 cold load

工作荷载 working load

外力 external force

内力 internal force

力偶 couple of force

管系 piping system

位移 displacement

附加位移 appendant displacement; externally imposed displacement

角位移 angular rotation

冷拉 cold spring

自拉 self spring

方向 direction

元件 member

节点 node

节点号 node number

自由 free

固定点 fix point; anchor point

刚性的 rigid

柔性 flexibility

塑性 plasticity

热循环 thermal cycle

剧烈循环条件 severe cyclic condition

应力 stress

弯曲应力 bending stress

扭转应力 torsional stress

轴向应力 axial stress

剪切应力 shear stress

拉应力 tension stress

压应力 compression stress

一次应力 primary stress

二次应力 secondary stress

位移（热胀）应力范围 displacement (thermal expansion) stress range

许用应力范围 allowable stress range

位移应力 displacement stress

柔性应力 flexibility stress

内压应力 internal pressure stress

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

外压应力 external pressure stress

纵向应力 longitudinal stress

许用应力 allowable stress

主应力 principal stress

圆周应力 circumferential stress; hoop stress

峰值应力 peak stress

脉动应力 pulsating stress

交变应力 alternating stress

残余应力 residual stress

热应力 thermal stress

遛转半径 radius of gyration

泊松比；横向变形系数 Poisson ratio

弹性模量 modulus ofelasticity

惯性矩 moment of inertia

极惯性矩 polar moment of inertia

断面系数 section modulus

应力集中系数 coefficient of stress concentration

应力范围减小系数 stress range reduction factur

应力增大系数 stress intensification factor

面内 in-plane

面外 out-plane

柔性系数 flexibility factor

柔度特性 flexibility characteristic

弹簧系数 spring constant

热膨胀系数 thermal expansion coefficient

安全系数 safety factor

应变；变形 strain; deformation

应变能 strain energy

挠度；弯度 deflection

地震 earthquake

耐震等级 seismic class

临时荷载 temporary load

地震荷载 seismic load; earthquake load

地震系数 seismic coemcient; seismic factor

冲击荷载 shock load

超载 superimposed load; excess load

集中质量 lumped mass

推力 thrust

设计震度 design scismic coefficient

设计响应谱 design response spectrum

谱分析 spectrum analysis

动态分析 dynamic analysis

谐振分析 harmonic analysis

固有振动型式 natural frequency mode

阻尼振动 damped vibration

机械振动 mechanical vibration

音响振动 acoustic vibration

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

自由振动 free vibration

共振 resonance

湍振 surging

脉动 pulsation

激振；激发 excitation

衰减系数 decay factor; decay coefficient; attenuation constant

固有频率 natural frequency

周期 period

波谷 wave trough

波峰 wave crest

振幅；波幅 amplitude

水锤 water hammer

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

8 隔热、隔声

玻璃棉 glass woo1

岩棉 rock wool

聚氨酯；聚氨基甲酸酯 polyurethane

泡沫玻璃 foam glass; cellular glass

沥青 asphalt

油毛毡 asphalt felt

镀锌铁丝 galvanized wire

镀锌铁丝网 galvanized wire mesh

石棉板 asbestos board

石棉布 asbastos cloth

石棉织品 asbestos fabric

管壳 shell

棉毡 blanket

硅酸钙 calcium silicate

硅酸铝纤维 aluminosilicate fiber

珍珠岩 perlite

泡沫混凝土 foamed concrete; cellular concrete

蛭石 vermiculite

矿（渣）棉 mineral wool

保温块 insulation block

硅藻土 kieselguhr; diatomite; diatomaceous earth

碳酸镁 magnesium carbonate

软木 cork wood

泡沫聚苯乙烯 cellular polystyrene; foam polystyrene

硬泡沫橡胶 rigid foam rubber

填颖材料 caulking material

玛帝脂保护层 mastic weatherproof coating

水泥抹面 finishing cement

金属保护层 clad; metal jacketing; cladding metal

玻璃布 glass (fiber) cloth

镀锌铁皮 galvanized (sheet) iron; galvanized plain sheet

铝板 alaminium sheet

油毛毡；沥青毡 asphalt felt

发毡 hair felt

发泡 foaming

导热系数 thermal conductivity factor

隔热；融热层 insulation

保温 hot insulation

保冷 cold insulation

人身保护 personal protection

隔声 sound insulation

防结露 anti-sweat

防冻 winterizing

线规 wire gage

伯明翰线规 Birmingham wire gage (BWG)

美国线规 American wire gage (AWG)

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

支承环 support ring

环箍 circumferential band

钢环 steel ring

吸声 sound-absorbing

分贝 Decibel

声源 sound source

声强 sound intensity

声压值 sound pressure level

噪声值 noise level; sound level

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

9 防腐、涂漆及腐蚀种类

防腐漆 anti-corrosive paint; rush-proof paint

涂漆 painting

涂层；覆盖层 coating

底漆 primary coat; bottom coat

面漆 finishing coat

清漆 varnish

瓷漆 enamel

防锈漆 antirust paint

醇酸瓷漆 alkyd enamel

酚醛漆 phenolic paint

沥青漆 bituminous paint

聚氨酯漆 polyurethane paint

有机硅漆 organic silicon paint

漆酚树脂漆 urushiol resin paint

环氧树脂漆 epoxy resin paint

过氯乙烯漆 ethylene perchloride paint

无机富锌漆 inorganic zinc-rich paint

耐酸漆 acid-proof paint

耐碱漆 alkali-proof paint

耐热漆 heat-proof paint

测温漆 thermo-paint

颜色 colour (color)

淡（浅）色的；轻的 light

深色的 dark

红色的 red

蓝色的 blue

黄色的 yellow

绿色的 green

紫色的 purple

棕色的；褐色的 brown

橙色的 orange colour

灰色的 grey (gray)

表面处理 surface preparation

阴极保护 cathodic protection

耐蚀性 corrosion resistance

腐蚀 corrosion

点蚀 pitting

缝隙腐蚀 crevice corrosion

晶间腐蚀 intergranular corrosion

电化腐蚀 electro corrosion

接触腐蚀 contact corrosion

气蚀 cavitation erosion

应力腐蚀 stress corrosion

气相腐蚀 gaseous corrosion

氢脆 hydrogen embrittlement

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

10 焊接 Welding

10.1 焊接种类 Varieties of Welding

电弧焊 arc welding

电熔焊 electric fusion welding (EFW)

气熔焊 fusion gas welding (FGW)

电阻焊 electric resistance welding (ERW)

有保护的金属电弧焊 shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)

手工或自动隋性气体保护钨极电弧焊 manual and automatic inert gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW)

自动埋弧焊 automatic submerged arc welding

金属极隋性气体保护电弧焊 gas metal arc weiding (GMAW)

氩弧焊 argon-arc welding，

气体保护电弧焊 gas-shielded arc welding

气焊 gas welding; flame welding

等离子焊 plasma welding

硬钎焊 braze welding

电渣焊 electroslag welding

爆炸焊 explosive welding

10.2 焊接形式 Type of Welding

角焊 fillet welding

间断焊 intermittent welding

点焊 spot welding

对焊 butt welding

搭焊 lap welding

塞焊 plug welding

珠焊 bead welding

槽焊 slot welding

堆焊 build up welding

垫板焊 backing weld

坡口 groove

V形坡口 V groove

单面U形坡口 single U groove

K形坡口 double bevel groove

X形坡口 double V groove

双面U形坡口 double U groove

U-V组合坡口 combination U and V groove

根部间隙 root gap

焊接符号 symbol of weld

错边量 alignment tolerance

10.3 焊接位置 Welding Position

仰焊 overhead welding

现场焊 field weld (F.W.)

封底焊 back run welding

立焊 vertical welding

平焊 flat welding

工厂（车间）焊接 shop weld

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

定位焊 tack weld

跳焊 skip welding

节距 pitch

10.4 焊接缺陷 Defects of Welding

焊接裂纹 weld crack

根部裂纹 root crack

微裂纹 micro crack

错位 mismatch

弧坑 pit; crater

焊穿 burn through

夹渣 slag inclusion

咬边；咬肉 undercut

焊瘤 overlap

气孔 porosity, blow hole

砂眼 blister

针孔 pin hole

严重飞溅 excessive spatter

未溶合 incomplete fusion; lack of fusion

根部未焊透 incomplete penetration

10.5 其它

母材；基层金属 base metal

预热 preheating

热影响区 heat affected zone (HAZ)

焊条 welding electrode (rod)

焊丝 welding wire

焊药（剂） flux

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

11 热处理 Heat Treatment

11.1 普通热处理 Conventional Heat Treatment

退火 annealing

局部退火 spot annealing

中间退火 process annealing

球化退火 spheroids annealing

等温退火 isothermal annealing

极软退火 dead-soft annealing

回水 tempering

正火 normalizing

淬火 quenching

水淬火 water quenching

油淬火 oil quenching

等温淬火 isothermal quenching

断续淬火 slack quenching

高温淬火 hot quenching

水冷淬火 cold quenching

调质 quenching and tempering

消除应力 stress relief

时效处理 ageing treatment

可淬性 hardenability

过热敏感性 superheated susceptivity

回火脆性 temper brittleness

11.2 表面热处理 Surface Heat Treatment

火焰表面淬火 flame surface quenching

感应（高频）硬化 induction hardening

渗碳 carbonization

渗氮 nitridation

渗铬 chromizing

渗铝 aluminizing

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

12 检验及试验

12.1 检验 Inspection

焊接检验 welding inspection

无损检验 non-destructive testing (NDT)

肉眼检验；外观检验 visual inspection

着色渗透检验 dye penetrant inspection

液体渗透检验 liquid penetrant test (PT)

X射线照相 X-ray radiography

γ射线照相 gamma radiography

射线检验 radiographic test (RT)

涡流探伤 eddy current test (ET)

超声波探伤 ultrasonic test (UT)

磁粉探伤 magnetic particle test (MT)

荧光渗透检验 fluorescent penetrant inspection

12.2 试验 Test

压力试验 pressure test

水压试验 hydraulic test

气压试验 pneumatic test

气密试验 air tightness test

泄漏试验 leak test

卤气泄漏试验 halogen gas leak test

盛水试验 full water test

真空试验 vacuum test

拉伸试验 tension test

弯曲试验 bending test

冲击试验 impact test

硬度试验 hardness test

疲劳试验 fatigue test

压扁试验 flattening test

扩口试验 flaring test

金相试验 microscopic test

腐蚀试验 corrosion test

焊接工艺评定试验 welding procedure qualification test

13 设计阶段及管理

分析设计阶段 analytical engineering phase

初步阶段 preliminary stage

规划布置阶段 planning stage (phase)

成品设计阶段 production design phase

详细设计 detail design

基础设计 basic design

工作程序 working procedure

界区条件 battery limit condition

开工会议 kick-off meeting; launching meeting

项目审核会 proiect review meeting

项目进展情况报告 proiect status report (PSR)

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

厂商协调会 vendor coordinative meeting (VCM)

用户变更通知 client change notice (CCN)

先期确认 advanced certified final (ACF)

最终确认 certified final (CF)

设计基础数据 basic engineering design data

数据表 data sheet

设计文件 design document

设计注释 design note

工程规定 engineering specification

设计规定汇总表 design specification summary sheet (DSSS)

资料；文件 documentation

附件 appendix

技术说明 technical specification

索引；目录 index

工程手册；设计手册 engineering manual

计算书 calculation sheet

批准用于规划布置 approved for planning (AFP)

批准用于设计 approved for design (AFD)

批准用于施工 approved for construction (AFC)

详细设计版 detail design issue (DDI)

参考、基准 reference

标准 standard (STD)

标准图 standard drawing

图 figure; drawing

草图 sketch

参考图 reference drawing

工程图 engineering drawing

竣工图 as built drawing

说明 description

待定 hold

版次 issue

修改 revision (REV)

审核提纲 check list

审定 approval

校核 check

制图 drawn

标题栏 title block

项目号 job No.

图号 drawing number (DWG No.)

会签 inter department check

工时 man-hour (M/H)

工日 man-day (M/D)

人月 man-month (M/M)

项目 project

项目经理 project manager

设计经理 design manager

状态报告 status report

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

安装 erection; installation

建设 construction

试车 commissioning; running-in

开车 start-up

运行中 on stream

停车 shut-down

大修 over haul

模型 model

部门 department

专业；学科 discipline

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

14 询价、报价及采购

14.1 询价、报价

询价 inquiry

管道询价单 piping requisition sheet

厂商报价 vendor quotation

报价书 quotation

报价 quoted price

估价 estimated price

估算 estimate

投标 bid; tender

评标 evaluation

14.2 采购 Procurement; Purchase

采购说明 purchase specification

订货单；订购单 purchasing order

采购说明汇总表 purchasing specification summary sheet (PSSS)

请购 requisitioning

交货单 delivery order (D/O)

装箱单 packing list

预制的 prefabricated

备品备件 spare parts

供应者 supplier

制造者；制造厂 manufacturer; vendor

顾客 client; customer

承包商 contraction

分包商 subcontractor

业主 owner

用户 user

包装 packing。

防锈包装 rust-proof packing

防潮湿包装 moisture-proof packing

防水包装 water-proof packing

板条箱 crate

木箱 wooden box

超尺寸运输 over-dimension cargo (ODC)

催货 expediting

检验 inspection

运输 transportation

船上交货，离岸价格 free on board (FOB)

敞车上交货 free on truck

码头交货 ex wharf; expier

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

15 单位 Unit

单位制 system of units

米 meter (m)

毫米 millimeter (mm)

英尺 foot (ft)

英寸 inch (in)

弧度 radian (rad)

度 degree (°)

摄氏 Celsius (C)

华氏 Fahrenheit (F)

磅／平方英寸 pounds per square inch (psi)

百万帕斯卡 million pascal (MPa)

巴 bar

千克（公斤） kilogram (kg)

克 gram (g)

牛顿 newton (N)

吨 ton (t)

千磅 kilopound (kip)

平方米 square meter (m 2)

方毫米 square millimeter (mm2 )

立方米 cubic meter (m3 )

升 liter; litre (L)

转／分 revolutions per minute (rpm)

百万分之一 parts per million (ppm)

焦（耳） Joule (J)

千瓦 kilowatt (kW)

伏（特） volt (V)

安（培） ampere (A)

欧（姆） ohm (Ω)

（小）时 hour (h)

分 minute (min)

秒 second (s)

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.