Subject - Contemporary India & Education

Dr. Amit Kumar Principal, B.P.S.P. B.Ed. College, Daudnagar

jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr ¼1986½

National Education Policy (1986)

f'k{kk ,d lrr~ izfØ;k gksus ds dkj.k fujUrj fodflr o fofHkUuhÑr gksrh jgh

gS rFkk mldk izlkj {ks= yxkrkj c<+rk jgk gSA izR;sd jk"Vª viuh fof'k"V

lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd igpku dks Li"V djus o dk;e j[kus] ledkyhu pqukSfr;ksa dk

lkeuk djus o jk"Vªh; thou ds lao/kZu ds fy;s viuh fof'k"V f'k{kk iz.kkyh

fodflr djrk gSA LorU=rk izkfIr ds ckn ds Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ds bfrgkl esa 1964 ds

jk"Vªh; f'k{kk vk;ksx 1964&66 rFkk 1968 dh jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr ,d egRoiw.kZ dne

dk izrhd FkkA bl ij vey Hkh gksuk 'kq: gks x;k Fkk rFkk dbZ izkUrksa us vius &

vius <ax ls 10 $ 2 $ 3 dh f'k{kk laLFkku ykxw dj nh FkhA f=Hkk"kk lw=] izkUrksa esa

Ñf"k] O;olkf;d ,oa rdfudh f'k{kk] foKku f'k{kk vkSj oSKkfud 'kks/kksa ds fy;s fo'ks"k

izko/kku fd;s tkus yxs Fks rFkk f'k{kk esa lq/kkj gsrq vU; dk;ZHkh 'kq: dj fn;s x;s

FksA

ijUrq 1977 esa dsUnz esa turk ikVhZ dh ljdkj cuus ij 10 $ 2 $ 3 f'k{kk

lajpuk ds LFkku ij 8 $ 4 $ 3 f'k{kk lajpuk dk fopkj vk;kA ftlds ifj.kke &

Lo:Ik dqN f'k{kkfonks o lkalnksa ds lg;ksx ls rRdkyhu dsUnzh; f'k{kk ea=h Jh

1

izrki pUnz us ,d ubZ f'k{kk uhfr 1979 dh ?kks"k.kk dj nhA bls vHkh ykxq Hkh ugha

fd;k x;k Fkk fd 1980 esa dsUnz esa iqu% dkaxzsl lRrk esa vk xbZ o iqu% N.P.E.

1968 ds vuqikyu ij tksj fn;kA

ijUrq blh chp bfUnjk xk¡/kh dh gR;k ds ckn jktho xk¡/kh ds iz/kkuea=h

cuus ij gj {ks= esa vkUnksyudkjh dne mBkus ds iz;kl esa f'k{kk ds iqufuZjh{k.k o

iquxZBu izfØ;k esa rRdkyhu f'k{kk dk losZ{k.k djkdj bls & f'k{kk ds pqukSrh

uhfr lEcU/kh ifjizs{; (Challenge of Education; A Policy Prospective)

uked nLrkost 1985 ¼vxLr½ esa izdkf'kr djk;k x;kA ftlesa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh

1951 ls 1985 rd dh izxfr ;k=k dk lkaf[;dh; fooj.k mldh miyfC/k;ksa ,oa

vlQyrkvksa dk ;FkkZFk fp=.k djrs gq, mlds xq.k&nks"kks dk lE;d foospu fd;k

x;k gSA bl nLrkost ij fo'oO;kih cgl 'kq: gqbZ vkSj lHkh izkUrksa ds fHkUu&fHkUu

{ks=ksa ls lq>ko izkIr gq;sA dsUnzh; ljdkj us bu lq>koksa ds vk/kkj ij ,d ubZ

f'k{kk uhfr rS;kj dh vkSj bls laln ds ctV vf/kos'ku 1986 esa izLrqr fd;kA

laln esa izLrqr djus ds ckn bls ebZ 1986 esa ikl djk;k x;kA

;g Hkkjr dh igyh ,slh igyh jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr gS] ftlesa uhfr ds lkFk

mlds dk;kZUo;u dh iwjh ;kstuk izLrqr dh xbZ gS vkSj lkFk gh blds fy, Ik;kZIr

lalk/ku tqVk;s x;s gSaA

jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] 1986 dk nLrkost

(Format of National Education Policy, 1986)

jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 dk nLrkost 11 Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gS] ftldk

laf{kIr o.kZu fuEu gS %&

¼1½ f'k{kk dk lkj o Hkwfedk (The Essence and Role of Education) -

f'k{kk okLro esa lHkh ds fy;s gSA ;g cgqeq[kh fodkl ij vk/kkfjr gSA f'k{kk

2

ls vFkZO;oLFkk ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ds fy;s ekuo"kfDr fodflr gksrh gSA ;g

og vk/kkj gS] ftl ij 'kks/k o fodkl dh mUufr gksrh gSA ;g jk"Vªh;

vkRefuHkZjrk dh vfUre xkjaVh gSA f'k{kk dk ,d dk;Z laLÑfr laØe.k gSA

;g mu laosnu'khyrkvksa rFkk izR;{khdj.k dk ifj"dkj djrh gS] tks jk"Vªh;

leatu oSKkfud LoHkko eu o vkRek dh LorU=rk dks laHko cukrs gSa o bl

izdkj lafo/kku esa fufgr lektokn] /keZ&fujis{krk rFkk iztkrU= ds y{;ksa

dh izkfIr lqxe gks tkrh gSA bl uohu f'k{kk uhfr esa 1968 dh izFke jk"Vªh;

uhfr dk vuqlj.k fd;k x;k gSA blesa f'k{kk dks thou ls tksM+us] xzkeh.k

{ks= esa 90 % yksxksa dks izkFkfed f'k{kk dh miyC/krk] f'k{kk dh 10 $ 2 $

3 dh leku lajpuk] mPp f'k{kk esa dh xbZ izxfr] yksdra= ds ekxZ dh

ck/kk;sa] csjkstxkjh o tula[;k dh pqukSfr;k¡ rFkk vxys n'kd ds u;s rukoksa

vkfn dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA

¼2½ jk"Vªh; f'k{kk iz.kkyh (National Education System) - f'k{kk dh

jk"Vªh; iz.kkyh dk vk'k; gS & fdlh fuf'pr Lrj rd tkfr] iUFk] LFkku

;k fyax ds HksnHkko ds fcuk lHkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ,d leku xq.koÙkk okyh

f'k{kk rd igq¡p gksA f'k{kk dks lHkh ds fy;s lqyHk cukus gsrq f'k{kk dks

jk"Vªh; y{; ekurs gq;s bls ,d ,slk vkfFkZd fuos'k dgk x;k] tks lekt

vkSj O;fDr;ksa ds orZeku rFkk Hkfo"; nksuksa dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA ;g jk"Vªh;

f'k{kk ,d leku 'kSf{kd lajpuk ij fopkj djrh gSA ;g jk"Vªh; f'k{kk

iz.kkyh jk"Vªh; ikB~;Øe ij vk/kkfjr gksxh] ftlesa leku ewy ¼Core½ lfgr

vU; ?kVd 'kkfey gksrs gSa] tks yphys gksrs gSaA

volj dh lekurk dks c<+kok nsuk u dsoy lQyrk ds fy;s cfYd

lqyHkrk dh 'krksZa ds fy, Hkh vko';d gSA ;g tkx:drk ewy (Core)

ikB~;Øe }kjk iSnk dh tk;sxhA lHkh dks lQyrk lEcU/kh n'kkvksa ds leku

volj miyC/k djk;s tk;saxsaA f'k{kk ds izR;sd Lrj ij U;wure vf/kxe Lrj

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fu/kkZfjr fd;s tk;saxsa rFkk mpp f'k{kk esa lkekU;r% o izkfof/kd f'k{kk esa

fof'k"Vr% vUr{ksf=; xfr'khyrk dks c<+kok fn;k tk;sxkA

^thoui;ZUr f'k{kk* f'k{kk izfØ;k dk ,d iks"kd mÌs'; gksxkA viuh

euilUn f'k{kk dks mi;qDr LFkku ij tkjh j[kus ds fy;s ;qokvksa] x`gf.k;ksa]

Ñf"k o m|ksxksa esa dk;Zjr dkexkjksa dks volj fn;s tk;saxsA Hkfo"; esa eqDr

o nwjLFk f'k{kk ij cy fn;k tk;sxkA fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx] vf[ky

Hkkjrh; rduhdh f'k{kk ifj"kn~] Hkkjrh; Ñf"k vuqla/kku ifj"kn~ rFkk Hkjrh;

fpfdRlk ifj"kn~ dks l'kDr fd;k tk;sxkA f'k{kk fo"k; ds leorhZ lwph esa

gksus ds dkj.k dsUnz o jkt; ljdkjksa ds mÙkjnkf;Roksa esa ,d ubZ lk>snkjh

dh t:jr gSA

¼3½ lekurk ds fy;s f'k{kk (Education for Equality) - uà f'k{kk uhfr esa

orZeku le; esa ikà tkus okyh 'kSf{kd vlekurkvksa dks nwj djus rFkk

leku voljksa ls oafpr O;fä;ksa dh fof'k"V vko';drkvksa dh vksj è;ku

nsdj leku 'kSf{kd volj miyCèk djkus ij è;ku fn;k tk,xkA fL=;ksa dh

fLFkfr esa vkèkkjHkwr ifjorZu ykus ds fy,] fL=;ksa esa fuj{kjrk dks lekIr

djus o çkjafHkd f'k{kk rd mudh igqap o f'k{kk çkfIr esa ckèkkvksa dks gVkus

ij fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k tk,xkA bl Hkkx esa f'k{kk ls lacafèkr fuEufyf[kr

uhfr;ksa dks çLrqr fd;k x;k gS &

i. lkekftd fo"kerkvksa dks nwj j[krs gq, vc rd ds oafpr yksxksa

dks f'k{kk ds leku volj miyCèk djkukA

ii. efgykvksa dks l'kä o lkeF;Zoku cukus gsrq mu ij fo'ks"k

è;ku nsdj lkFkZd f'k{kk çnku djukA

iii. fofHkUu Lrjksa ij O;olkf;d] rduhdh rFkk O;olk; ls lacafèkr

f'k{kk esa efgykvksa dh lgHkkfxrk ij çeq[k cy fn;k tkukA

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iv. vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds cPpksa dh f'k{kk ds fy, fuèkZu ifjokjksa dks

vfuok;Z çkFkfed f'k{kk ds fy, çksRlkgu] fo'ks"k Nk=o`fÙk;ka]

fu;fer fujh{k.k] bu tkfr;ksa ds O;fä;ksa dks f'k{kd cukuk]

Nk=kokl dh lqfoèkk,a rFkk xzkeh.k jkstxkj dk;ZØe o xzkeh.k

Hkwfeghu jkstxkj xkjaVh dk;ZØe dk leqfpr mi;ksx vkfn ij

fo'ks"k è;ku nsukA

v. vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds ckydksa dh f'k{kk ds fy, vkfnoklh

{ks=ksa esa çkFkfed fo|ky; [kksyuk] vkfnoklh laL—fr o Hkk"kk

dk laj{k.k] vkfnokfl;ksa dks f'k{kd cukuk] vkJe rFkk

vkoklh; fo|ky; LFkkfir djuk] f'k{kk çkIr djus esa vkus

okyh ckèkkvksa dks nwj djuk] mPp f'k{kk o rduhdh f'k{kk ds

fy, Nk=o`fÙk;ka çnku djuk] fo'ks"k mipkjkRed ikBîØe]

vkaxuckM+h o vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dsaæ [kksyuk rFkk vkfnokfl;ksa

dh l`tukRed çfrHkk dk fodkl djuk vkfn dk;ZØe laiUu

fd, tk,axsA

vi. vYila[;dksa dks mudh Hkk"kk o laL—fr dh lqj{kk] viuh f'k{kk

laLFkkvksa dk lapkyu] oLrqfu"B ikBîØe dk fuekZ.k rFkk

jk"Vªh; mís';ksa ds vuq:i ,drk LFkkfir djus ds i;kZIr volj

fn, tk;saxsA

vii. uà f'k{kk uhfr esa 'kkjhfjd rFkk ekufld :i ls fodykax dks

cjkcj ds lk>hnkj dh rjg] vke turk ds lkFk lefUor djus

gsrq mudh f'k{kk vU; cPpksa ds leku djus] ;FkklaHko ftyk

eq[;ky;ksa esa Nk=koklksa lfgr fo'ks"k fo|ky;ksa dk çkoèkku

djus] fodykaxksa dks O;olkf;d çf'k{k.k nsus o fodykax cPpksa

5

dh fo'ks"k dfBukb;ksa ds lekèkku gsrq LoSfPNd ç;Ru djus o

f'k{kd çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dh iqu% vfHkeq[krk dk çkoèkku j[kk

x;kA

viii. çkS<+ rFkk lrr~ f'k{kk ds O;kid dk;ZØe dks vusd çdkj ls

ykxw fd;k tk,xk] ftlesa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa lrr~ f'k{kk dsUæksa dh

LFkkiuk] fu;kstdksa] etnwj la?kksa o ljdkjh vfHkdj.kksa }kjk

dkexkjksa dh f'k{kk] iqLrdksa] iqLrdky;ksa o okpuky;ksa dk çlkj]

jsfM;ks] Vh-oh- o fQYeksa dk tu o lewg vfèkxe ekè;e ds :i

esa ç;ksx] nwjLFk f'k{kk dk;ZØe] #fp o vko';drk ij vkèkkfjr

O;olkf;d çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk,xkA

¼4½ fofHkUu Lrjksa ij f'k{kk dk iquxZBu (Reorganisation of Education at

different levels)

a) iwoZ ckY;dky ns[kHkky o f'k{k.k (Early childhood care and

Education - ECCE) & f'k{kk uhfr esa f'k'kq ds fodkl dh loZrksUeq[kh

izÑfr dks ekU;rk nh xbZ gS] vFkkZr~ vkgkj] LokLF; rFk lkekftd]

ekufld] 'kkfjfjd] uSfrd o HkkoukRed fodkl ij fo'ks"k /;ku nsrs

gq;s lesfdr cky fodkl dk;ZØe pyk;k tk;sxk] ftlesa iwoZ izkFkfed

f'k{kk dks lesfdr djrs gq;s fo|ky;ksa ds LokLF; dk;ZØeksa dks vkSj

lqn`<+ cuk;k tk;sxkA lkFk gh izkFkfed f'k{kk dks Hkh ckydsfUnzr

cuk;k tk;sxkA f'k'kq dh ns[kHkky o iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kk esa iw.kZ leUo;

j[kk tk;sxkA bls ,dhÑr cky fodkl lsok dk;ZØe ls mi;qDr :Ik

ls lefUor fd;k tk;sxkA

b) izkFkfed f'k{kk [Primary (Elementary) Education] & bl f'k{kk uhfr

esa 14 o"kZ rd dh vk;q ds cPpksa ds lkoZtfud ukekadu o fu;fer

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f'k{kk izkfIr rFkk f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk esa Ik;kZIr lq/kj ij cy fn;k

tk;sxkA bl Lrj ij ckydsfUnzr o fØ;k vk/kkfjr vf/kxe izfØ;k

viukbZ tk;sxhA u;h f'k{kk uhfr esa izkFkfed f'k{kk ds nks igyqvksa ij

cy fn;k tk;sxk &

i. lkfoZd izos'k rFkk 14 o"kZ dh vk;q rd cPpksa dh lkfoZd f'k{kkA

ii. f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk esa egRoiw.kZ lq/kkjA

c) ek/;fed f'k{kk (Secondary Education) & ek/;fed f'k{kk fo|kfFkZ;ksa

dks foKku ] ekufodh rFkk lkekftd foKkuksa dh fofHkUu Hkwfedkvksa

dh tkudkjh nsuk 'kq: djrh gSA bl uhfr ds lq>koksa ds vuqlkj

izfrHkk'kkyh cPpksa dks rhoz xfr ls izxfr djus nsus ds fy;s vPNh

xq.koÙkk okyh f'k{kk o mi;qDr volj lqyHk djkus ds fy;s ns'k ds

fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa ,d fuf'pr izdkj ds ^isl lsfVax Ldwy* ;k ^xfr

fu/kkZjd fo|ky;* [kksys tk;saxsA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 esa ek/;fed

f'k{kk ds izlkj o mUu;u gsrq vko';drkuqlkj ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa

esa uoksn; fo|ky;ksa dh Hkh LFkkiuk dh tk;sxh rkfd rhoz xfr ls

fodkl djus okys ;k fo'ks"k izfrHkk okys cPpksa dks volj iznku fd;k

tk ldsA

¼5½ mPp f'k{kk (Higher Education) - bl f'k{kk uhfr esa mPp f'k{kk ds

mUu;u gsrq Nk=ksa dks izos'k ijh{kk }kjk izos'k nsus] ikB~;Øeksa ds iquxZBu

djus] mPp f'k{kk laLFkkuksa dks lk/ku miyC/k djkus vkSj muds f'k{kdksa ds

fy;s iqucksZ/k dk;ZØeksa dh O;oLFkk djus dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA bl lEcU/k esa

uohu f'k{kk uhfr esa fuEufyf[kr izko/kku gSa &

7

i. ,d cM+h la[;k esa Lok;Ùkrk izkIr dkWystksa dk fodkl fd;k

tk;sxk rFkk fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds dqN pqus gq;s foHkkxksa dks Hkh

Lok;Ùkrk nh tk;sxhA

ii. mPp f'k{kk dk ifj"kn~ksa ds ek/;e ls jkT; Lrjh; fu;kstu o

leUo; fd;k tk;sxk rFkk {kerk ds vuqlkj izos'k dks fu;fer

fd;k tk;sxkA

iii. f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa dks cnyus ds iz;kl fd;s tk;saxs rFkk f'k{kdksa ds

dk;Z dk ewY;kadu Hkh O;ofLFkr <ax ls fd;k tk;sxkA

iv. fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa vuqla/kku dk;ksaZa dh O;oLFkk dh tk;sxh vkSj

vuqlU/kku dh mPp xq.koÙkk dks lqfuf'pr cukus ds fy;s

lgk;rk iznku dh tk;sxh o vko';d iz;kl fd;s tk;saxsA

v. f'k{kk ds Lrj ij fuxjkuh ds fy;s fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;sx

vkSj f'k{kk ifj"knsa dk;Z djsaxhA

vi. lkekU; :Ik ls mPp f'k{kk dks rFkk fo'ks"k :Ik ls Ñf"k]

fpfdRlk] VsDuksykWth] dkuwu o f'k{kk ij vk/kkfjr vU;

O;olk;ksa ds {ks=ksa dks viuk y{; cukus okyh ,d jk"Vªh; laLFkk

dh LFkkiuk f'k{kk uhfr esa ,d:irk o lqlaxfr iSnk djus ds

mÌs'; ls dh tk;sxhA

¼6½ rduhdh o izcU/k f'k{kk (Technical and Management Education) -

uohu jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr esa rduhdh o izcU/k f'k{kk gsrq vf[ky Hkkjrh;

rduhdh f'k{kk ifj"kn~ (AICTE) ,oa jkT;ksa ds rduhdh f'k{kk cksMksaZ dks

lqn`<+ djus] dqN vPNs rduhdh ,oa izcU/k f'k{kk laLFkkuksa dks Lok;Ùkrk

iznku djus] rduhdh f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa vUrlZEcU/k c<+kus vkSj bl {ks= esa

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lrr~ f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk djus dh ckr dgh x;h gSA blds fy, fuEu dk;Z

fd;s tk;saxs &

i. rduhdh rFkk izcU/k f'k{kk dh /kkjk;sa vyx&vyx gksus ij Hkh

buds ikjLifjd lEcU/kksa dks ns[krs gq, lnh ds vUr rd

izLrkfor dYiuk ds vuqlkj budk iquxZBu djuk vko';d

gksxkA ;g vko';d gS fd rduhdh ,oa izcU/k f'k{kk dh uhfr

ds vUrxZr Hkfo"; esa vkfFkZd] lkekftd] Ik;kZoj.kh; mRiknu

vkSj izcU/k izfØ;k o Kku dk nzqr xfr ls izlkj fd;k tk;

vkSj bls foKku o izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa gksus okys lkekftd

ifjorZuksa ds lUnHkZ esa ns[k tk;A

ii. ekuo 'kfDr lEcU/kh lwpukvksa dks fodflr djus ds Øe esa gky

gh esa LFkkfir VSDuhdy eSu ikoj bUQkesZ'ku flLVe dks vkSj

vf/kd fodflr ,oa l{ke cuk;k tk;A

iii. LFkkfir o fodkl'khy izkS|ksfxdh ds fy, lrr~ f'k{kk

(Continuing Education) dk fodkl fd;k tk;sxkA

iv. lkeqnkf;d ikWfyVsfDudksa ds ek/;e ls xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa detksj

oxZ ds yksxksa dks mRiknd O;olk;ksa esa izf'k{k.k fn;k tk;sxkA

v. f'k{kk esa vk/kqfud lapkj izkS|ksfxdh ds Kku ds vUrxZr Nk=ksa

dks vko';d lwpukvksa dk Kku] f'k{kd izf'k{k.k] 'kSaf{kd xq.koÙkk

esa o`f)] dyk o laLÑfr ds izfr tkx:drk rFkk LFkk;h ewY;ksa

ds laLdkj vkfn dk Kku djk;k tk;sxkA

vi. dk;Z vuqHko dks mÌs';iw.kZ o lkFkZd 'kkjhfjd dk;Z ekurs gq,

bldk iz;ksx Nk=ksa ds fy, ek/;fed Lrj ij fn;s tkus okys

9

iwoZ O;kolkf;d dk;ZØe rFkk mPprj ek/;fed Lrj ij

O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ds fy, fd;k tk;sxkA

vii. rduhdh f'k{kk dk lEcU/k m|ksx] vuqla/kku vkSj fodkl

laxBuksa ls] xzkeh.k vkSj lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØeksa ls rFkk

iwjd Lo:Ik okys vU; f'k{kk {ks=ksa ls LFkkfir fd;k tk;sxkA

viii. f'k{kdksa dks bl lUnHkZ esa cgqeq[kh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gq, f'k{k.k]

vuqla/kku] f'k{k.k lkexzh rS;kj djus ds lkFk laLFkk ds izcU/k esa

Hkh gkFk caVkuk gksxkA lHkh rduhdh izf'k{kdksa ds fy, lsok iwoZ

vkSj lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k vfuok;Z dj fn;k tk;sxkA

¼7½ f'k{kk O;oLFkk dks dkjxj cukuk (Making the Education System

Effective) - bl f'k{kk uhfr esa rRdkyhu 'kSf{kd okrkoj.k esa mÌs';ksa dh

xaHkhjrk ds lkFk&lkFk vk/kqfudhdj.k ,oa ltZukRedrk dh vko';dk dks

/;ku esa j[krs gq,] f'k{kk ds xq.k ,oa izlkj ds {ks= esa O;kid ifjorZuksa dks

lfEefyr fd, tkus dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA vr% blesa laLFkkvksa ds iz'kklu

rFkk f'k{kdksa ds fy, ekud fu/kkZfjr djus] f'k{kd rFkk Nk=ksa dh dk;Z

iz.kkyh esa lq/kkj djus vkSj f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dk ewY;kadu djus ij cy fn;k

x;k gSA bl dk;Z gsrq f'k{kdksa dh tckonsgh] okafNr O;ogkj&ekudksa dk

Nk=ksa }kjk vuqikyu ,oa mUur Nk=lsok dh O;oLFkk laLFkkvksa dks vPNh

lqfo/kk iznku djuk rFkk jk"Vªh; ;k Lo%jkT; ij fu/kkZfjr ekud rFkk Lrjksa

ds vuqlkj laLFkkuksa dh fu"ifÙk ds lUnHkZ esa ewY;kadu O;oLFkk dk fuekZ.k

djus dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA

¼8½ 'kSf{kd fo"k; oLrq vkSj izfØ;k dks u;k Lo:Ik nsuk (To give new

prospective to Educational content and process) - rRdkyhu

10

ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,slk vuqHko fd;k tk jgk gS fd vkSipkfjd f'k{k.k i)fr

vkSj ns'k dh le`f) o fofo/k lkaLÑfrd ijEijkvksa ds chp dh [kkbZ dks

Hkjuk vko';d gS] bu lkaLÑfrd ijEijkvksa ds e/; fo|eku vUrj dks

lekIr djus gsrq ,d lsrq dk fuekZ.k vko';d gSA bl izdkj ubZ f'k{kk

uhfr bu nksuksa ds U;k;ksfpr la'ys"k.k ij cy nsus ds lkFk gh lkfgR; vkSj

dyk vkfn ds f'k{k.k&izf'k{k.k okys laLFkkuksa ds lao)Zu ij Hkh cy nsxhA

cPpksa dh lkSUn;Z] laxhr o ifj"dkj ds izfr laosnu'khyrk fodflr dh

tk,xh rFkk f'k{kk }kjk lkoZHkkSfed ewY;ksa dk fodkl fd;k tk;sxkA bl

izdkj ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk] lkekftd o uSfrd ewY;ksa ds fodkl gsrq ,d l'kDr

ek/;e cusxh rFkk blls /kkfeZd vU/kfo'okl] dV~Vjrk] vlfg".kqrk] fgalk

vkSj HkkX;okn dk vUr djus esa lgk;rk feysxhA

dk;kZuqHko dh f'k{kk dks lHkh Lrjksa ij nh tkus okyh f'k{kk dk ,d

vko';d vax ekuk tk;sxk o bls nsus gsrq ,d Js.khÑr o lqlajfpr

dk;ZØe Hkh cuk;k tk;sxkA blds }kjk izkIr fd;k x;k vuqHko vkxs pydj

jkstxkj ikus esa cgqr lgk;d gksxkA okrkoj.kh; lpsrurk ;k tkx:drk

mRiUu djus ds dk;ZØeksa dks lEiw.kZ 'kSf{kd izfØ;k esa lekdfyr fd;k

tk;sxkA

cPpksa esa fpUru] rdZ] fo'ys"k.k o rkfdZd la'ys"k.k esa izf'k{k.k nsus ds

fy, xf.kr i<+kuk pkfg,A foKku f'k{kk dks bl izdkj etcwr cuk;k tk;sxk

fd cPpksa esa i`PNk] l`tukRedrk] oLrqfu"Brk] ftKklk] lkSUn;kZRed

laosnu'khyrk] leL;k lek/kku o fu.kZ; ysus ls lEcfU/kr dkS'ky fodflr

gks lds o os nSfud thou esa fofo/k i{kksa ls foKku dk lEcU/k tku ldsaA

[ksydwn o 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk dks Hkh vf/kxe izfØ;k dk vfHkUu vax

ekurs gq, fu"ifÙk ds ewY;kadu esa bls Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tk;sxkA ;ksx ij

11

fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k tk;sxk o bls lHkh Ldwyksa o f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa

esa 'kkfey fd;k tk;sxkA

iqLrdksa ds Lrj dks lq/kkjus rFkk iBu vknr dks c<+kus ds fy, fo'ks"k

iz;kl fd;k tk;sxkA iqLrdksa ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk jk"Vªh; Lrj ij

iqLrdky;ksa ds lq/kkj dk vkUnksyu Hkh pyk;k tk;sxk o u;s iqLrdky;ksa

dh O;oLFkk dh tk;sxhA f'k{kk laLFkkuksa esa Hkh iqLrdky;ksa dh lqfo/kk;sa

c<+kbZ tk;saxh ,oa iqLrdky;ksa dh o`f) dh tk;sxh ,oa iqLrdky;k/;{kksa

ds Lrj esa o`f) dh tk;sxhA

f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj ykus ds fy, f'k{k.k vf/kxe dh fdlh Hkh

izfØ;k ds vkUrfjd vax ds :Ik esa fu"ifÙk dks ewY;kadu dk vfuok;Z vax

ekurs gq, ijh{k.k iz.kkyh dh iquO;ZoLFkk dh tk;sxh] ftlesa ewY;kadu

fof/k dh fo'oluh;rk o oS/krk lqfuf'pr dh tk;sxhA dk;kZRed lUnHkZ

esa ewY;kadu dk rkRi;Z daBLFkhdj.kdks grksRlkfgr djuk] la;ksx o

oS;fDrdrk ds voljksa dks nwj djuk] lrr~ o l?ku] ewY;kadu djuk]

f'k{kdksa] Nk=ksa ,oa vfHkHkkodksa }kjk ewY;kadu izfØ;k dk izHkkoh mi;ksx o

ijh{kk lapkyu esa lq/kkj djuk gksxkA blds lkFk gh 'kSf{kd lkexzh rFkk

f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa esa lgxkeh ifjorZu] Øfed :Ik esa ek/;fed Lrj ls gh

lsfeLVj iz.kkyh ykxw djuk o vadksa ds LFkku ij xzsfMax dk mi;ksx

djuk vkfn mik;ksa dks viukdj ckã ijh{kk ds iwoZ izHkko dks de fd;k

tk;sxkA

¼9½ f'k{kd o f'k{kd f'k{kk (Teacher and Teacher Education) -

lekt esa f'k{kdksa dk LFkku loksZifj gksus ds lkFk&lkFk 'kSf{kd O;oLFkk

dh lQyrk f'k{kdksa ds ckSf)d] 'kSf{kd rFkk muds ekuoh; xq.kksa ij

vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA ubZ f'k{kk uhfr ds vUrxZr f'k{kdksa dh lsok 'krksZa vkSj

12

dk;Zdkjh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa O;kid lq/kkj fd;k tk;sxkA f'k{kdksa ds p;u

ds rjhdksa dks Hkh bl izdkj iquxZfBr fd;k tk;sxk fd ;ksX;rk o

oLrqfu"Brk lqfuf'pr gks lds o izfØ;k {ks=h; o dk;Zijd vis{kkvksa ds

vuq:Ik gksA izfrHkkoku Nk=ksa dks fo'ks"k rkSj ij f'k{kk O;olk; dh vksj

vkdf"kZr djus ds fy, tksM+k tk;sxkA leku osru rFkk HkÙks] lsok dh

n'kk;sa ,oa ns'k Hkj esa mudh dfBukb;ksa dks nwj djus dh iz.kkyh ds

xBu djus ds iz;kl fd, tk;sxsaA f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfDr ,oa LFkkukUrj.k

gsrq Hkh ekxZnf'kZdk rS;kj dh tk;sxh rFkk mPp xzsM gsrq eqDr] lg;ksxh

,oa vk¡dM+ksa ij vk/kkfjr f'k{kd ewY;kadu iz.kkyh fodflr dh tk;sxh]

ftlesa f'k{kd ds mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk ewY;kadu] vPNh o cqjh fu"ifÙk dks

n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, ekudksa ds vk/kkj ij gksxkA

f'k{kk ,d lrr~ izfØ;k gS vr% blesa iwoZ o lsokdkyhu i{kksa dks vyx

ugha fd;k tk ldrk vr% igys pj.k esa f'k{kd f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dks

iquO;ZofLFkr fd;k tk;sxkA

'kSf{kd izfØ;k esa f'k{kd f'k{kk dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gS vr% ubZ f'k{kk uhfr

esa f'k{kd f'k{kk dh iz.kkyh esa vkewy ifjorZu fd;s tkus dh vko';drk

dks ns[krs gq, ftyk f'k{kk o izf'k{k.k laLFkku (D.I.E.T. District

Institute of Education and Training) LFkkfir fd, tk;saxs] tks

izkjafHkd Ldwyksa ds f'k{kdksa o fujkSipkfjd vkSj izkS<+ f'k{kk ds {ks= esa

dk;Zjr dkfeZdksa ds fy, lsokiw.kZ o lsokdkyhu dk;ZØe vk;ksftr djsxsaA

budh LFkkiuk gksrs gh Lrjghu laLFkkvksa dks lekIr dj fn;k tk;sxk o

pqus gq, f'k{kd izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa dh mUufr SCERT (State Council of

Education Research and Training) ds :Ik esa dh tk;sxhA NCERT

ds f'k{kd izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa dks l{ke cukus] ikB~;Øe rFkk fof/k;ksa ds

fuekZ.k gsrq ekxZn'kZu ds fy, okafNr lalk/ku iznku fd, tk;sxsaA ;s

13

laLFkk,¡ o fo'ofo|ky; ds f'k{kk foHkkx vkil esa feydj dke djsaxsA

dqN p;fur ek/;fed f'k{kd izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;ksa dks Hkh mPphÑr

djds mUgsa SCERT ds dk;Z ds iwjd ds :Ik esa dk;Z fn;k tk;sxkA

jk"Vªh; v/;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~ (NCTE) dks v/;kid f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dks

ekU;rk nsus dk vf/kdkj fn;k tk;sxk rFkk mls vko';d lk/ku miyC/k

djk, tk,axsA bl izdkj f'k{kd f'k{kk laLFkkuksa o fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk

foHkkxksa dh lqlEc) laxfBr J`a[yk fodflr dh tk,xhA

¼10½ f'k{kk dk izcU/ku (Management of Education) -

a) f'k{kk ds izcU/ku gsrq 'kSf{kd fu;kstu o izcU/k iz.kkyh esa ifjorZu dks

izkFkfedrk nh tk,xhA blds fy, dqN fl)kUrksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk

vko';d gksxk &

i. 'kSf{kd vk;kstu o izcU/k dk nh?kZdkyhu ifjizs{; (Long

Term Profile) rS;kj djuk vkSj mls ns'k dh fodklkRed

vkSj ekuo'kfDr lEcfU/kr vko';drkvksa ls tksM+ukA

ii. fodsfUnzdj.k rFkk f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa Lok;Ùkrk dh Hkkouk mRiUu

djukA

iii. f'k{kk esa yksd Hkkxhnkjh] xSj ljdkjh lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx rFkk

LoSfPNd iz;klksa dks egRo nsukA

iv. 'kSf{kd fu;kstu o izcU/k esa fL=;ksa ds Hkkx ysus dks izksRlkfgr

djukA

v. vjktdh; vfHkdj.kksa dh ifj"knksa o ,sfPNd iz;klksa dh

lgHkkfxrk ij cy nsukA

14

vi. iznÙk mÌs';ksa rFkk ekun.Mksa ds lEcU/k esa tckonsgh ds fl)kUr

dh LFkkiuk djuk] tSls funsZ'kd fopkjksa ij /;ku nsukA

b) jk"Vªh; Lrj ij 'kSf{kd fu;kstu o izcU/k dh fn'kk esa ^lsUVªy

,Mokbtjh cksMZ vkWQ ,twds'ku* 'kSf{kd fodkl ds fy, egRoiw.kZ

Hkwfedk fu/kkZfjr djsxk rFkk f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa lq/kkj gsrq okafNr

ifjorZu fd;s tk;saxsA ekuo lalk/ku ea=ky; ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa

leUo; gsrq okafNr lfefr;k¡ rFkk vU; vfHkØeksa dks fØ;k'khy cuk;k

tk;sxk ftlesa f'k{kk foHkkx dsUnz rFkk jkT; Lrj ij O;kolkf;dksa ds

lg;ksx ls l'kDr cusxkA bl izdkj ;g laLFkk 'kSf{kd fodkl dk

iqujkoyksdu djus rFkk rU= dks lq/kkjus gsrq blds dk;kZUo;u ij

fu;U=.k j[ksxh rFkk vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj dh ^Hkkjrh; f'k{kk lsok*

(IES) 'kq: dh tk;sxhA

c) 'kSf{kd fu;kstdksa] iz'kkldksa o laLFkkvksa ds izf'k{k.k ij Hkh /;ku fn;k

tk;sxkA

d) jkT; Lrj ij 'kSf{kd fu;kstu o izcU/k gsrq jkT; ljdkj LVsV

,Mokbtjh cksMZ dh LFkkiuk dh tk;sxh] tks jkT;ksa ds fofHkUu foHkkxksa

dk ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ds fy, izHkko'kkyh lg;ksx djsxhA

e) ftyk o LFkkuh; Lrj ij Hkh] mPp ek/;fed Lrj rd dh f'k{kk dk

izcU/k djus ds fy, ftyk f'k{kk cksMZ dk xBu fd;k tk;sxkA f'k{kk

fodkl dh cgqLrjh; lajpuk ds Hkhrj dsUnzh;] jkT;] ftyk o LFkkuh;

Lrj ij fu;kstu] leUo;] izcU/ku ,oa ewY;kadu esa Hkkx fy;k

tk;sxkA

15

f) f'k{kk dks O;kikj cukus ds mÌs'; ls xfBr laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk ij

jksd yxkus ds Hkh iz;kl fd, tk,xsa rFkk lgh izcU/k okyh laLFkkvksa

dks foÙkh; lgk;rk nh tk;sxhA

g) f'k{kk laLFkk ds v/;{k dks Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djuk

gksxkA mUgsa izf'kf{kr fd;k tk;sxk rFkk fo|ky; ifjljksa dks ueuh;

vk/kkj ij fodflr fd;k tk;sxkA blls f'k{kdksa esa lgfØ;kRed

vk/kkj ij o`fÙkd fodkl gksxk] vuqHko o lqfo/kkvksa esa Hkkxhnkjh ds

}kjk ekudksa rFkk vkpj.k dh izfrc)rk gks ldsxhA

h) bu laLFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls LFkkuh; lqnk;ksa dks fo|ky; fodkl

dk;ZØe esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk lkSaih tk;sxhA

¼11½ lalk/ku rFkk leh{kk (Resources and Evaluation) -

i. O;ogkfjd :Ik ls lHkh f'k{kkfonksa us ;g Lohdkj fd;k gS fd

f'k{kk ij fd;k tkus okyk O;; vkfFkZd fuos'k gksrk gS rFkk

blds }kjk gh Hkkjr esa lerkoknh mÌs';ksa o fodkl dsfUnzr

y{;ksa dks izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vHkh rd f'k{kk ij jk"Vªh;

vk; dk vf/kd izfr'kr f'k{kk ij O;; djds gh Hkkjr esa

lerkoknh mÌs';ksa] fodkl dsfUnzr y{;ksa dks izkIr fd;k tk

ldrk gS vkSj ;g dk;Z ds vk;kr rFkk vH;klksa ds Øe esa

gksxkA

ii. f'k{kk ds fy, iw¡th ,df=r djus gsrq pank ysuk Hkouksa dh

ns[kHkky vkSj nSfud dk;ksZs ds fy, LFkkuh; O;fDr;ksa dh

lgk;rk ysuk] 'kqYd o`f) rFkk ekStwnk lalk/kuksa dk leqfpr

mi;ksx vkfn yxHkx lHkh laHko mik; fd;s tk;saxsA

16

iii. foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh dh f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr laLFkkvksa dk izlkj

o mUgsa rhoz xfr ls vk/kqfud Lo:Ik nsuk Hkh vko';d gksxkA

iv. vuqla/kku o fodkl ls yxs laLFkkuksa dks] lqfo/kkvksa dk iz;ksx

djus okys vfHkdj.kksa] ljdkjh foHkkxksa rFkk m|fe;ksa ij f'k{kk

vf/kHkkj yxkuk gksxkA bu lHkh mik;ksa ls jkT; ij Hkkj Hkh de

gksxk rFkkljdkj dks izkFkfed f'k{kk dj lkoZHkkSehdj.k]

fuj{kjrk mUewyu] iwjs ns'k dh lHkh oxksZa ds fy, 'kSf{kd voljksa

dh lekurk] lkekftd] izklafxdrk dh vfHko`f)] 'kSf{kd

dk;ZØeksa dh xq.kkRed o dk;kZRed izHkko'khyrk ds fy, /ku Hkh

izkIr gksxkA

v. f'k{kk esa fofuos'k ;k vi;kZIr fuos'k ds xEHkhj ifj.kkeksa ls cpus

ds fy, o foKku o izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa LorU=rk izkfIr ds

I'pkr~ LFkkfir foKku o izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa fØ;k'khy

laLFkkvksa dks fujFkZdrk ls cpkus gsrq bu dkslksZa dks v|ru o

vko';drkvksa dh ekax ij vk/kkfjr cukuk gksxkA vU;Fkk bu

{ks=ksa ij fd;k x;k fuos'k Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks gkfu Hkh

igq¡pk ldrk gSA

vi. 1968 dh f'k{kk uhfr esa f'k{kk ds fuos'k dks /khjs&/khjs c<+kus dh

ckr dgh x;h gS ftlesa ;FkklaHko jk"Vªh; vk; dk 6% rd

f'k{kk ij O;; fd;k tk ldsA pw¡fd fuos'k dk okLrfod Lrj

ml y{; ls dgha de gS vr% uhfr esa fu/kkZfjr dk;ZØeksa ds

fy, okafNr /ku iznku djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k tk;A lkFk gh

vuqoh{k.k (Monitoring) o iqujkoyksdu ds vk/kkj ij

17

le;&le; ij vko';drk dh ek¡x ds vuqlkj /ku dh O;oLFkk

dh tk;A

ubZ f'k{kk uhfr ¼1986½ gsrq dk;Z ;kstuk (Plan of Programme of

Action for New Education Policy)

jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr dks laln ds }kjk ikl gksus ds ckn uoEcj 1986

esa bl f'k{kk ;kstuk dks ykxq djus ds fy, dk;Z ;kstuk cukbZ xbZA blds

rgr 23 dk;Z nyksa dk xBu fd;k x;k ftlesa [;kfr izkIr f'k{kkfon] fo"k;

fo'ks"kK rFkk ofj"B ljdkjh vf/kdkjh 'kkfey FksA bUgksaus f'k{kk uhfr ds

izeq[k izko/kkuksa dks fØ;kfUor fd;s tkus dh fof/k ij fopkj djds viuh

laLrqfr tqykbZ 1986 esa izLrqr dhA ftls vafre izk:Ik esa Hkkjrh; laln }kjk

vxLr 1986 esa LohÑr fd;k x;k] ftls ckn esa lHkh jkT;ksa esa ykxq dj

fn;k x;kA

ubZ f'k{kk uhfr esa izkjfEHkd f'k{kk gsrq dk;Z ;kstuk (Plan of Action for

Elementary Education in N.E.P.)

bl f'k{kk uhfr esa izkjfEHkd f'k{kk gsrq fuEu lq>ko fn;s x;s &

14 o"kZ rd ds ckydksa dks f'k{kk ds fy, iqjs ns'k esa leku izos'k iz.kkyh rFkk

leku vof/k dh f'k{kk gksuh pkfg,A

izkFkfed f'k{kk esa lq/kkj okafNr fn'kk esa rFkk ewrZ :Ik esa gksus pkfg,A

ckydksa ds laKkukRed vf/kxe esa o`f) gksuh pkfg,A

fo|ky;ksa esa 'kkjhfjd n.M dh izFkk dks fcYdqy lekIr dj nsuk pkfg,A

Nk=ksa dks O;olkf;d Kku mudh lqfo/kkuqlkj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

18

vkWijs'ku CySd cksMZ ds ek/;e ls Nk=ksa dks [ksy ds leku] uD'ksa] pkVZ] pkWd]

';keiê rFkk MLVj vkfn iznku fd;s tkus pkfg,A

viO;; rFkk vojks/ku dks jksdus ds fy;s cM+s iSekus ij fujkSipkfjd f'k{kk

ds dk;ZØe vk;ksftr fd;s tkus pkfg,A

ubZ f'k{kk uhfr esa ek/;fed f'k{kk gsrq dk;Z ;kstuk (Plan of Action for

Secondary Education in N.E.P. 1986)

ubZ f'k{kk uhfr esa ek/;fed f'k{kk ds egRo dks Hkyh izdkj le>k x;k FkkA

vr% blesa bl Lrj dh f'k{kk ds lEcU/k esa fuEukafdr lq>ko fn;s x;s Fks &

vkfFkZd fLFkfr detksj gksus ij Hkh izfrHkkoku ckydksa dh 'kSf{kd izxfr esa

rsth ykus dk iz;kl djukA

bl uhfr esa ek/;fed Lrj ij O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dk ,d ,slk O;ofLFkr o

lqfu;ksftr dk;ZØe cukus dh laLrqfr dh xbZ gS] tks Nk=ksa dks muds f'k{kk

iwjh djus ds ckn mUgsa vkRefuHkZj cukus esa lgk;rk djsA

O;kolkf;d f'k{kk laLFkkvksa ds fuekZ.k dk mÙkjnkf;Ro ljdkj rFkk futh

lsok;kstdksa ij lgHkkfxrk ds vk/kkj ij lkSaik x;k gSA

ek/;fed Lrj ij d{kk 10 ds fy, ,d lkekU; vk/kkjHkwr ikb~;Øe cuk;k

x;k gSA

xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa rFkk efgykvksa ds fy, ljdkjh ,oa O;fDrxr nksuksa izdkj

dh laLFkkvksa esa O;kolkf;d f'k{kk c<+kus ds fy, fo'ks"k dne mBk;s tkus

pkfg,A

ek/;fed f'k{kk dk ikB~;Øe ,slk gks fd Nk= foKku] lkekftd foKku

rFkk ekufodh ds {ks= esa viuh izfrHkk dk iw.kZ fodkl dj ldsaA

19

mPp f'k{kk gsrq dk;Z ;kstuk (Plan of Action for Higher

Education)

mPp f'k{kk dh leL;kvksa ij xEHkhjrkiwoZd fopkj djus ds ckn] ubZ

f'k{kk uhfr esa fuEufyf[kr laLrqfr;k¡ nh xbZ gSa &

Hkkjr esa fLFkr 150 fo'ofo|ky; o 5000 egkfo|ky;ksa dh la[;k c<+kus ds

LFkku ij buds Lrj esa lq/kkj fd;k tk;A

f'k{kk esa vk/kqfud pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds uokpkjksa dks ykxw djuk o

vf/kd lqfo/kk;sa iznku djukA

lEc) dkWystksa ds LFkku ij dqN izeq[k Lok;Ùk dkWyst [kksys tk;saA

Hkk"kkxr ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij Ik;kZIr /;ku nsuk o ikB~;Øeksa esa yphykiu

gksukA

mPp f'k{kk ds Lrj ij o mldh xq.koÙkk ij ;w- th- lh- }kjk fujUrj

fuxjkuh j[kukA

f'k{kd f'k{kk dh n`f"V ls vksfj,UVs'ku izksxzke rFkk iqu'p;kZ ikB~;Øe

lapkfyr djus gsrq ,sdsMsfed LVkQ dkWystksa dh LFkkiuk djukA

ubZ f'k{kk uhfr & 1986 }kjk mBk;s x;s dqN egRoiw.kZ dne

(Some Important Steps Taken By

New National Education Policy - 1986)

ubZ f'k{kk uhfr & 1986 dk xBu f'k{kk dh pqukSfr;ksa ds :Ik esa fd;k x;k FkkA

vr% bldk Hkkjr dh f'k{kk O;oLFkk ij Ik;kZIr LFkk;h ,oa O;kid izHkko iM+k gS]

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ftldk dkj.k laHkor% mlds }kjk mBk;s x;s dqN egRoiw.kZ 'ksf{kd dne gSaA

f'k{kk esa ;ksxnku nsus okys ;s egRoiw.kZ dne bl izdkj gSa &

1- 10$2$3 f'k{kk lajpuk (10+2+3 Structure of Education)

2- uoksn; fo|ky; (Navodaya Vidyalaya)

3- fo|ky; ladqy (Group of Schools)

4- loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku (Education for all Movement)

5- 'kSf{kd voljksa dh lekurk (Equalization of Educational Opportunities)

6- vkWijs'ku CySd cksMZ (Operation Black Board)

7- nwjLFk f'k{kk ,oa eqDr fo'ofo|ky; (Distance Education and Open

Universitues)

8- mikf/k dks lsok ls vyx djuk (To Remove Degree from Service)

9- f'k{kd izf'k{k.k (Teacher Training)

10- f'k{kd dh tokcnsgh (Accountability of Teacher)

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