NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHYDONA PAULA

GOA

1986-87

Printed and Published byDirector,National Institute of Oceanography

Compiled and edited by

Information & Publication Division

Editorial Personnel

Shri R.M.S. BhargavaShri V. Kesava DasShri S.J.D. Vara PrasadMrs. R. ThomasShri John Gonsalves

DESIGN AND PRINTIED BY INSDOC, NEW DELHI-110 012

CONTENTS

1. FORWARD BY THE DIRECTOR

2. LIST OF PROJECTS

3. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

3.1 Physical Oceanography3.2 Chemical Oceanography3.3 Geological Oceanography3.4 Biological Oceanography3.5 Marine Corrosion & Materials Research3.6 Ocean Engineering3.7 Marine Instrumentation, Computer & Data3.8 Publication, Information & Public Relations3.9 Training3.10 Planning

4. REGIONAL CENTRES

4.1 Bombay4.2 Cochin4.3 Waltair

5. OCEANOGRAPHIC CRUISES

6. ANTARCTIC RESEARCH

7. SPONSORED PROJECTS

8. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMMES

9. INFRASTRUCTURE

10. VISITORS

11. AWARDS, HONOURS & MEMBERSHIPS

12. DEPUTATIONS

13. PARTICIPATION IN SEMINARS, SYMPOSIA AND MEETINGS

14. PUBLICATIONS

Annex-I : BudgetAnnex-II : Composition of Various Committees of NIOAnnex-III : Appointments/Transfers/ResignationsAnnex-IV : Scientific, Technical and Administrative Staff

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FOREWORD

It is my privilege to present the report of the Institute for the year 1986-87, after assuming theoffice of the Director on 15th November, 1986.

On 14th November, 1986, we were shocked by the sudden and untimely demise of Dr.H.N. Siddiquie, who was the Director of the Institute, from 1st July, 1985. During the short periodof his tenure as Director, he revitalised the R & D programmes of this Institute, especially in thefield of Marine Geology. On 26 March 1987, we lost another senior colleague Dr. R.V. Unnithanwho joined the Institute in 1961. I take this opportunity to express the profound grief of theentire staff at the sad demise of our dear colleagues. During the course of the year two seniorscientists of the Institute, Dr. T.S.S. Rao and Dr. M.G.A.P. Setty retired from the services onsuperannuation.

In spite of these and several other constraints, I believe the Institute has made significantcontributions during the year and fulfilled its commitments. The Institute participated in the6th Antarctica Expedition, and resumed the exploratory work on polymetallic nodules in the IndianOcean. One test of research programmes could be in the quality and quantity of their outputin terms of publications in standard journals. Another test could be the usefulness of the outputwhich can be evaluated by the services commissioned by user agencies. The record for the yearin these respects amply meets the tests. An account of the achievements and activities of the Insti-tute have been given in the following pages.

Evaluation is one of the most complex and elusive challenges in the processes of Researchand Development, yet it is vital to improve those processes. Towards this end, the Research Ad-visory Council (RAC) examined the reports of Peer Groups constituted for evaluating the ongoingR & D programmes of the Institute. The declaration of the new ocean regime brought in a vastarea of the sea upto a distance of 200 nautical miles from our coastline under the Exclusive Eco-nomic Zone (EEZ). This zone occupies an area of about 2 million sq. km. as large as two thirdof the country. The derivation of benefits from this zone depends on the scientific knowledgethat we have for its effective management. Keeping this in view, the RAC and the CSIR have de-cided to provide major thrust for a comprehensive study of the EEZ. Accordingly all the ongoingR & D efforts have been reoriented and restructured for the rest of the plan period mainly towardsundertaking studies on physical, chemical, biological and geological aspects of the EEZ.

Some of the investigations carried out on the denitrification problem in the Arabian Searevealed that the old belief of intermediate waters being stagnated was not valid. One of the in-teresting information obtained is the labile character of the thick oxygen-deficient layer in theArabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal; the turn-over time of this water mass between 100 m and1000 m, has been calculated as around 4 years. These results have immense significance in marinepollution mechanism indicating the possibility of intermediate water turning completely anoxic dueto either pollution or climatic changes which may have a serious impact on the ecosystem.

Circulation in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea was studied as input to the developmentof numerical models. A two dimensional barotropic model of the wind driven circulation in the Bayof Bengal has been developed. Sea surface temperature and heat content anomalies in the ArabianSea, have been found to have linkages with the monsoon variability.

A method was perfected for the detection of sources of oil spills by ships. This has beenrecommended by the Indian Ports and the Indian Port Management Association for detectingthe oil discharging ships.

The efforts for isolation of bioactive compounds from marine organisms yielded promisingresults. A diketone was reported for the first time from a natural resource i.e., Acanthophoraspecifera. Six species of soft corals exhibited antiviral property while a gorgonian showed antiferti-lity activity.

Studies have indicated that the growth rate of nodules in the Central Indian Ocean basinwere in the range of 1-3 mm/106 years. Significant changes in climate over a span of 2 lakh yearswere noticed in this region.

Mineral analysis along the Konkan coast indicated that the concentration of heavy mineralsvary from 0.09 to 98%. Geochemical maps for the elements like Aluminium, Iron, Titanium, Manga-nese, Copper, Nickel, Calcium carbonate and Organic Carbon of the western continental shelf ofIndia were prepared.

The technique of mussel culture has been demonstrated to the fish farmers of Goa. Atechno-economically feasible method for the commercial scale production of Artemia (a feedorganism) has been developed. A thraustochytrid bacteria, isolated from the decaying leaves ofRhizophora mucronata is suspected to be new to the science. Results have indicated that due tothe fouling organisms on the O.R.V. Sagar Kanya, fuel consumption increased by 35%, speed wasreduced by 6 knots and the ship time was increased by four hours per 300 nautical miles.

A system called micro-processor based geologer has been developed. An electronic Bathy-thermograph developed by the Institute was successfully tested.

Two emerging areas in oceanography viz., Remote Sensing of the oceans and Acoustic Tomo-graphy, initiated at the Institute received support from the Department of Ocean Development.An Image Processing System procured from Canada has been installed and put to use for the Re-mote Sensing Studies. An experiment on acoustic transmission and receptor was successfullyconducted in the Bay of Bengal, engaging the two ships, R.V. Gaveshani and O.R.V. Sagar Kanya.

The Institute continued to support public and private organizations in their work connect-ed with the sea. During the year, the Institute undertook 24 new sponsored and grant-in-aid pro-jects. The main sponsoring agencies continued to be ONGC, Port Trusts, Navy, DOD, DST, DOEnand other private industries.

A survey on the occurrence and distribution of environmental pollutants in the sea aroundIndia was initiated. Fifteen organizations from the littoral states of India are involved in thisprogramme. As a first step NIO has imparted training courses to the participants from these or-ganisations in marine pollution monitoring techniques.

Our scientists have been actively engaged in the studies of Antarctic waters. Sixth IndianScientific Expedition to Antarctica was led by Dr. A.H. Parulekar of NIO. The wintering teamled by Dr. Vinod Dhargalkar of NIO, successfully completed the assignment.

A Memorandum of Understanding relating to the studies on Polymetallic Nodules wassigned between NIO (CSIR) and Department of Ocean Development, Government of India. M.V.Skandi surveyor was chartered again by the DOD and the NIO was entrusted with the work ofsurvey and exploration of polymetallic nodules in the Central Indian Ocean with a view to de-lineate, in detail, the potential mining sites.

The NIO was recognised as an input centre for the Aquatic Science and Fisheries Informa-tion System (ASFIS) by UNESCO. The Data Centre of the Institute published two inventoriesgiving details of stations covered during the cruises of R.V. Gaveshani for the period 1976-1985.

During the year, the scientists of NIO and FRG collaborated together in deploying the se-diment traps in the Arabian Sea to study the source and nature of sediment and sedimentaryprocesses. The collaborative work with USA and Norway also continued. A delegation from Nor-way visited NIO in this connection.

A high power Russian delegation led by Academician G.I. Marchuk visited NIO to fina-lise the Indo-USSR collaborative work in the following areas:

1. Air-Sea interaction in relation to monsoon dynamics.2. Space-time variability of equatorial currents in the Indian Ocean.3. Trans Indian Ocean Geotraverse.4. Ecosystem analysis and basic research in the equatorial Indian Ocean.

Research Vessels Gaveshani and Sagar Kanya undertook 24 cruises at the sea this year.R.V. Gaveshani completed 15 and O.R.V. Sagar Kanya completed 9 cruises. One of the cruisesof O.R.V. Sagar Kanya was undertaken under the Indo-FRG project to study the quarternaryupwelling and climate in the Arabian Sea related to the monsoon events. A hitherto unchartedsubmerged mount was located at a latitude 10° N and longitude 69° E at a depth of 3700 m

during one of the cruises. An Electric Rock Core Drilling System was successfully operated forthe first time in India to collect sea bed rock samples.

It is a matter of satisfaction that the infrastructure facilities (technical and administra-tive) ably supported the R & D activities. A few more sophisticated instruments in the labora-tories and books in the library were added. Apart from this, 28 staff quarters were completedand alloted to the staff.

In the year 1986-87 we were able to raise external funding through sponsored grant-in-aid and consultancy projects to the tune of Rs. 3 crores which constitutes about 50% of the in-ternal budget.

It seems inevitable that funding by CSIR is likely to decline because of zero budgeting.Hence, our ability to find funds from other sources need to be sharpened.

The Staff Club organised several social, recreational and sports activities with great en-thusiasm, to keep up the spirit and harmony amongst the staff and their families.

I thank all my colleagues for their continued efforts in achieving the targets and objectivesof the institute. I am grateful to those organisations which sponsored and supported various prog-rammes as well as to the individuals, especially the RAC and EC members who manifested theirinterest and support so affirmatively. I hope and expect that the momentum will build up fur-ther in the coming years to achieve the targets at a better pace.

B.N. DESAIDIRECTOR

2. LIST OF PROJECTS

1. Coastal zone management.2. Studies on seasonal, annual and inter - annual variability of oceanographic parameters

in the Northern Indian Ocean.3. Remote sensing of oceanic features/parameters.4. Ocean modelling.5. Chemical Oceanographic and marine environmental studies of the seas around India.6. Bioactive substances from the seas around India.7. Regional geological, geophysical, geochemical, paleoclimatic and foraminiferal studies

of the sediments of continental margins of India.8. Regional geological and manganese nodule deposits in the Central Indian basin of the

Indian Ocean.9. Assessment, evaluation and generation of biological resources of the seas around India.10. Studies on marine fouling, wood preservation and corrosion along the Indian Coast.11. Evaluation of environmental parameters for the development of offshore oil fields and

coastal works.12. Development of Marine Instrumentation Systems including data buoys.13. Coastal studies off Waltair and adjacent areas.

During the mid-year, the projects were re-organised in which the thrust was given on thestudies of the Exclusive Economic Zone. Accordingly many of the projects have been regroupedunder this heading. The reporting of these new projects will be effective from the next report.However, a list of the new projects is also given below.

1. THRUST & INHOUSE PROGRAMMES

1.1 Oceanography of the EEZ of India

1.11 Physical Oceanography of the EEZ of India1.12 Chemical & Environmental studies in the seas around India.1.13 Marine biodeterioration of materials along the Indian coast.1.14 Integrated studies of the estuaries.1.15 Biological resources of the seas around India.1.16 Regional geological, geophysical, geochemical and paleoclimatic studies

of the continental margins of India.1.17 Evaluation of environmental parameters for the development of offshore

oil fields and coastal works.1.18 Development of marine instrumentation systems including data buoys.

1.2 Oceanography of the Northern Indian Ocean

1.3 Training and Manpower Development

2. NATIONAL PROGRAMMES

2.1 Surveys for polymetallic nodules.2.2 Oceanographic studies of the Antarctic waters.

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3. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

3.1 PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

3.1.1 Studies on coastal processes and physical oceanography of the Shelf Seas (C.S. Murthy)3.1.2 Studies on seasonal, annual and inter-annual variability of the oceanographic parameters

in the Indian Ocean (J.S. Sastry)3.1.3 Remote sensing of oceanic features/parameters (L.V.G. Rao)3.1.4 Modelling Studies (M.J. Varkey)

A. R&D PROJECTS

3.1.1 Studies on Coastal Processes and Physical Oceanography of the Shelf Seas (C.S. Murthy)

a) Wave Climate along the west coast of IndiaThe digitisation of bathymetric data for the areas between Mormugao and Mutom Point

(Trivandrum) has been completed. The computer programme for wave refraction has been satis-factorily test run.

Team : V. Krishna Kumar and S.S.C. Shenoi.b) Wave induced circulation along the Goa Coast

A numerical model to study the wave induced circulation in the nearshore areas was de-veloped. This model takes into account the variations in the bathymetry and radiation stress dueto the presence of waves. The model when applied to two small stretches of the beach at Calan-gute, showed rip currents with velocities upto 3.0 m/s and longshore currents with magnitudes of1.5 m/s for the normal approach of waves. These magnitudes are comparable to those observed inthe field earlier.

Team: V. Krishna Kumar.

c) Currents in the shelf region off the Goa coast

Based on the time series data on currents and temperature in the shelf waters off Goa. theobserved semi-diurnal oscillations in the thermal structure and flow fields have been found to bedue to the pressence of internal tide. The alongshore and cross-shore flows were dominated bybarotropic and baroclinic modes respectively. An examination of the uncoupled nature of thetwo components of the flows clearly indicated the cross shore flows resulting from the incidenceof internal tide generated at the shelf edge while the alongshore flows reflect the dominance oftide and wind stress independent of baroclinic modes.

Team: S.S.C. Shenoi, M.K. Antony and D. Sundar.

d) Hydrography and circulation over the western continental shelf

i) Analysis of the hydrographic data from the western continental shelf indicated the pre-sence of a northward undercurrent during the time of upwelling. This current with characteristictemperature of 18-20° C and salinity of 35.14 - 35.4%. is located at depths of 100-150 m imme-diately below the layer of upwelling. The waters of this current have been found to be relativelywarm when compared to those from equivalent depths further offshore.

Team: M.K. Antony.2

3.1.1 Studies on coastal processes and physical oceanography of the Shelf Seas (C.S. Murthy)3.1.2 Studies on seasonal, annual and inter-annual variability of the oceanographic parameters

in the Indian Ocean (J.S. Sastry)3.1.3 Remote sensing of oceanic features/parameters (L.V.G. Rao)3.1.4 Modelling Studies (M.J. Varkey)

ii) The data collected on the thermal structure along the central western continental shelf andthe bordering slope regions during September 1986 using DBT indicated prominent upward slopesof the isotherms towards the coast suggesting the presence of upwelling. The thermocline in' theoffshore regions was found to be deep (80 m) with weak gradient. This is in contrast to strongand shallow (25 m) thermocline observed close to the shoreward boundary. The surface waterswere relatively cool in the southern latitudes (15-17° N) compared to those on the northern side(18-19° N).

Team: S.S.C. Shenoi.

e) Wave refraction and sediment transport along the Konkan Coast

Studies carried out on the wave refraction along the Konkan coast helped in the identi-fication of zones of converging wave energy at Jaigarh and Warori and diverging wave energy atNarvan and Ambwah. The bays existing at these locations have been found to come under theinfluence of different water circulatory cells and the attendant sediments. The presence of a sandbar at the inlet falling under the zone of diverging wave energy prevents free mixing of river se-diments with those of the bay and divert the sediments alongshore.

Team: P. Vethamony.

f) OTEC potential off the Indian Coasts

The OTEC potential of the offshore areas of India have been reassessed based on the meantemperature of upper 50 meters of the Ocean (which is more realistic than the SST) as the sourcetemperature of the OTEC plants. Based on this evaluation, regions off the west coast of India bet-ween 10° and 12° N, southern tip of India and Andaman and Nicobar Islands have a high OTECpotential.

Team: C.K. Gopinathan and D. Sundar.

3.1.2 Studies on seasonal, annual and inter-annual variability of the oceanographic parameters inthe Indian Ocean (J.S. Sastry)

a) Physical oceanographic features of the Bay of Bengal

The hydrographic data collected during R.V. Gaveshani cruise off Visakhapatnam have been ana-lysed to study the circulation. The coastal current in the study area is found to be steadily north-easterly. A cyclonic gyre is present in the vicinity of Visakhapatnam. The geostrophic currentscomputed relative to 500 db level show alternating bands of northeasterly and southwesterlycurrents in the study area except across the northern most section, where a weak northeasterlycurrent prevails all over.

Team: D. Panakala Rao, V.S.N. Murty, Y.V.B. Sharma, A. Suryanarayana and M.T. Babu.

b) Winter dynamics of the Arabian Sea

Data collected during February-March 1985 were analysed and maps of horizontal and verticalstructures of temperature, salinity, density and density flux function together with dynamic to-pography charts and volume transport maps were prepared to understand the dynamics of theArabian Sea during the last phase of winter season. Some important features of this analysis are:i) The northern most region is still affected by winter cooling as seen from the presence of lowestSST (< 24°C). However, surface wanning (SST > 29°C) is seen taking place in the coastal regionsoff Konkan coast with a formation of seasonal thermocline near the surface, ii) A zone of high

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salinity (> 36.4 ppt) is encountered at about 65° E whereas low saline waters (< 35.8 ppt.) are con-fined to the coastal zone off the west coast of India between Goa and Okha, iii) A zone of diver-gence is seen approximately along 65° E. The flow patterns generally show predominance of anti-clockwise circulation with northerly flow east of 65° E and southerly flow west of it, iv) Verticalmixing seems to be important in the eastern coastal boundary regions of the Arabian Sea duringlate winter season.

Team: V. Ramesh Babu, M.S.S. Sarma, R.J.K. Charyulu, V.V. Gopalakrishna and Y.Sadhuram.

c) Heat content variations in the northeastern Arabian Sea

In the northern Arabian Sea, during August-September, 1986, observations were carried out at3 hourly interval at a stationary location (19° N and 67° E) for about a week to investigate short-term variability of heat content of the upper 500m water column. The observational period mostlycoincided with one of the break periods of the monsoon season, 1986. Some of the importantresults of the study are: (i) The surface wanning on an average is almost accounted by the netenergy exchange at sea surface during a weak spell of summer monsoon period, (ii) The heat con-tent variations in the upper 50 m are one order less than those in the thermocline.

Team: V. Ramesh Babu, V.V. Gopalakrishna, M.S.S. Sarma and Y. Sadhuram.

d) Moisture budget over the Arabian Sea

Mean rates of evaporation and precipitation over the Arabian Sea for three monsoon seasons areworked out to be 2.78 x 10 and 2.1 x 10 tons/day respectively suggesting that 80% of the eva-porated water is utilized locally for the precipitation.

Team: Y. Sadhuram and M.R. Ramesh Kumar.

e) Mixed layer variability in the North Indian Ocean

Using the data collected during MONEX-79 and MONSOON-77 programmes, the variability ofmixed layer at different regions of the north Indian Ocean is studied. The fluctuations in mixedlayer thickness are compared with those of wind-stress and wind-stress curl. Following are some ofthe salient results : (i) A linear dependence of mixed layer thickness on windstress is seen uptoaround 60 m depth; (ii) The influence of wind forcing on the development of mixed layer is morepredominant in the Central Arabian Sea compared to that in the Bay of Bengal.

Team: V. Ramesh Babu, V. V. Gopala Krishna and Y. Sadhuram.

f) SST-Monsoon rainfall linkages

i) Pre-monsoon SST anomalies in the eastern Arabian Sea are related to summer monsoonrainfall intensity at west coast of India. The anomalies are worked out making use of ship wea-ther reports during 1975-84 period. It is observed that abnormally warm waters during pre-mon-soon season (April-May) are associated with poor monsoon and vice-versa. Abnormalities in theatmospheric forcing parameter like cloudiness and winds may cause SST anomalies of < 0.5°Cwhich may not feed back its influence to the atmosphere in a short time scale of the order of 1 or2 months.

Team: V. Ramesh Babu and M. Subba Rao.

ii) Another study linking SST regimes (derived from the satellite data) in different protionsof the western Indian Ocean during pre-monsoon period with the monsoon rainfall over Indiashows that the pre-monsoon SST anomalies in the western equatorial Indian Ocean are well corre-lated with the monsoon rainfall. Further work is planned to verify this with larger data set.

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Team: M.R. Ramesh Kumar, Y. Sadhuram and L. V.G. Rao.

iii) The relation between the summer SST in the Indo-Pacific region and the summer monsoonrainfall over India has been studied. The summer rainfall has been above normal whenever thewaters of SST more than 29° C were nearer to the Indian subcontinent. Rainfall decreased verymuch whenever it was located farther east.

Team: C.K. Gopinathan.

g) Watermass structure and current system in the western equatorial Indian Ocean.

The data collected during August 1985 in the western equatorial Indian Ocean between 4° N and6° S have been analysed. Arabian sea surface water, Red sea water and Pacific low salinity waterswere observed in this region. The computed currents are westerly near the equator and easterlyon either sides the equator.

Team: A. Suryanarayana, G.V. Reddy, T. Pankajakshan, G.S. Michael and N..Bahulayan.

h) Physico chemical characteristics of the south-west Indian Ocean

Based on the historical data, the distribution maps of physico-chemical parameters (T, S 2 , O 2 , P O 4 )

were prepared for austral summer and winter seasons. The influence of topography (Mauritius -Seychelles Ridge) on the flow patterns was also examined. Some of the salient results are: (i)The Mauritius - Seychelles Ridge affects the zonal flow by causing divergence (upwelling) witha consequent increase in inorganic phosphate levels on its leeward side especially during winter,(ii) The occurrence of two gyres with clockwise and anti-clockwise rotations concentrating around12° S and 20° S respectively.

Team: Ramesh Babu and S. Ragoonaden.

i) Studies in relation to Acoustic Tomography

Reconnaissance surveys were carried out in the Bay of Bengal along two transects, Madras toPort Blair and Port Blair to Visakhapatnam during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Duringthese surveys, the data on hydrological parameters were collected. These data have been used forestimation of geostrophic currents and sound velocity profile determinations.

The sound velocity profile data has been subjected to EOF analysis in order to understandthe variability in space and in depth apart from the variations in the hydrographic conditions lead-ing to differential sound velocity structures. The magnitude of the spatial variability has beenfound to be 2 m/s while between the two seasons variability of 10 m/s has been noted from thisanalysis.

Team : C.S. Murty, Y.K. Somayajulu, T. V. Ramana Murty and S. Prasanna Kumar.

3.1.3 Remote sensing of oceanic features/parameters (L.V.G. Rao)

a) Studies in relation to upwelling along the southwest coast of India

Processing of the physical oceanographic data (BT, hydrocast, currentmeter and wave data) collect-ed in the sea off the southwest coast of India in different seasons during 1984 and 1985 through7 oceanographic cruises is in progress. Programmes developed for computerized digitization andprocessing of the Quanta Spectrometer (QSM) data give spectral values of absorption, reflectanceand diffuse attenuation co-efficients. Using these programmes, all the QSM data collected duringApril 1985, off the southwest coast of India, have been processed. Using the data collected in thestudy area, the maps of primary production and sea surface chlorophyll concentrations have beenprepared. High values of surface primary production (8.7 mu gc/l/hr) and surface chlorophyll (1.16

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Processing of the physical oceanographic data (BT1 hydrocast, currentmeter and wave data) collect-ed in the sea off the southwest coast of India in different seasons during 1984 and 1985 through7 oceanographic cruises is in progress. Programmes developed for computerized digitization andprocessing of the Quanta Spectrometer (QSM) data give spectral values of absorption, reflectanceand diffuse attenuation co-efficients. Using these programmes, all the QSM data collected duringApril 1985, off the southwest coast of India, have been processed. Using the data collected in thestudy area, the maps of primary production and sea surface chlorophyll concentrations have beenprepared. High values of surface primary production (8.7μgc/l/hr) and surface chlorophyll (1.16

μg/l) were found off the Mangalore coast. The picoplanktonic fraction of phytoplankton in thisarea also was monitored. All these in situ data are being analysed and the relevant satellite dataare being processed for a comparative study and a better understanding of the processes involved.

Team: S.S. Nath, P.V. Sathe, M.R. Ramesh Kumar and S.S.C. Shenoi.

b) Remote sensing of marine primary production

A theoretical model of radiation transfer has been developed to evaluate sensitivity of the remotesensing technique to (i) changes in the spectral quality of incoming solar radiation, and (ii) changesin the vertical distribution pattern of chlorophyl concentration. It is found that the model success-fully simulates the one dimensional upwelling radiance above the sea surface for a given waterquality.

Team: S.S. Nath and P. V. Sathe.

c) Sea surface temperature mapping using a thermal infrared scanner

A comparative study of SST values recorded by the thermal infrared scanner (developed by theSpace Applications Centre, Ahmedabad) on board R. V. Gaveshani during April/May 1984 in theeastern Arabian Sea and those determined by conventional bucket thermometer was made. Thedifference between the temperature values from the thermal infrared scanner and those fromthe bucket thermometer varied from +1°K to -1°K.

Team .· M.R. Ramesh Kumar and R.J.K. Charyulu.

3.1.4 Modelling Studies (M.J. Varkey)

a) Wind wave modelling

A new method is developed to increase the resolution of the variance spectrum (computed usingFFT methods) by adding "zeros" to the data series without loss of variance and accuracy. Themethod corrects for about 10% variance loss when 10% additional zeros are added. 30% varianceloss is seen when 25% zeros are added.

Team: M.J. Varkey.

b) Level of nomotion for geostrophic computations

Various methods are available to fix a reference level for geostrophic computations. A new methodis developed to arrive at dependable reference levels (or levels of nomotion) on yearly and seasonalbasis in the Bay of Bengal. The reference depths are identified from the vertical profiles of themean and variance of the gradient of the dynamic depth anomalies for different layers of the watercolumn for various pairs of stations.

Team: M.J. Varkey.

c) Theoretical analysis of drifting buoy data

Results from a theoretical analysis of data on drift velocity explained the downwind componentof velocity observed in satellite tracked drifters which was, hitherto, not explained satisfactorily.

Team : S.R. Shetye and C.S. Michael.

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d) Simulation of wind driven circulation in the Bay of Bengal

A two dimensional barotropic model of the wind driven circulation in the Bay of Bengal is de-veloped in which wind data from the Atlas of Hastenrath are used as input. The model was inte-grated for a period of 6 months (January-June) and the resulting current charts compared wellwith published information.

Team: N. Bahulayan and A.S. Unnikrishnan.

e) Scattering of Rossby and Poincare waves off randomly rough coastline

Scattering of Rossby and Poincare waves from a stochastically rough coastline using a group theo-retical argument and an expansion in terms of Wiener - Hermite Polynomials is completed. Anincoming Rossby wave is shown to transfer energy to a set of Rossby waves with wave numberscovering a wide range. In case of Poincare wave scattering, there exists a sink of energy at thecoast, which is attributed to the existence of a natural trapped mode, the Kelvin wave.

Team : A.A. Fernandes.

f) Oil spill analysis model

The model which simulated an oil spill on the sea surface has been further upgraded and the modelnow incorporates the four variables namely wind, currents, spreading and evaporation.

Team: A.D. Gouveia.

g) Analysis of wave direction

The analysis of linear and polygonal arrays are completed for wave direction determination withsimulated sinusoidal wave trains. The results are found to give good direction resolution

'Team : A.A. Fernades and A.D. Gouveia

B. SPONSORED PROJECTS

Details of work carried out are given under Chapter on Sponsored Projects.

Photo-1 .· Image Processing Laboratory7

3.2 CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

3.2.1 Chemical oceanographic and marine environmental studies of the seas around India.(R. Sen Gupta)

1. Study of spatial and temporal variations in chemical parameters and their interactionsin the central Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and important estuarine regions.(R. Sen Gupta)

a) R. V. Gaveshani data

The data collected along an equatorial section on board R.V. Gaveshani during February-March1986 have been processed and interpreted as follows: The concentration of organic nitrogen washigh in the surface layers (average percentage varying between 83 and 98% of total nitrogen) whileits concentration in deep waters was low (lowest percentage 11% of total N at 800 m). Between75 and 200 m it showed a large well defined peak which was associated with the thermocline.This enrichment of organic nitrogen at the thermocline is attributed to the accumulation of parti-culate matter at the density boundaries.

Team: S.N. De Souza, P. V. Shirodkar, M.S. Shailaja and M.D. George.

b) Denitrification in the Arabian Sea

Utilizing a fairly large amount of recent data, a detailed study concerning the Arabian Sea deni-trification problem has been concluded.

The true levels of dissolved oxygen within the oxygen minimum zone, determined colori-metrically, are about an order of magnitude lower than those reported previously. The secondarynitrite maximum occurs at O2 <μmol. dm-3 in conjunction with a pronounced minimum in nitrate.Both features exhibit significant temporal changes, and are not confined to a specific watermass.Occurrence of an additional minimum in nitrate and a corresponding maximum in nitrite withinthe depth range 700-1200 m at several stations in the northeastern Arabian Sea suggests theoccasional development of a deeper denitrifying layer. This appears to be related to an observedincrease in the POC at this level. Possible mechanisms of the occurrence of these features are exa-mined.

The distribution of nitrate deficits is characterized by large spatial and temporal variabi-lity. The southern boundary of denitrification appears to oscillate between Latitudes 12° and14°N. However, in the western Arabian Sea, where intense upwelling occurs during the SW mon-soon, it could shift to 18°N. Nitrate deficits integrated over the entire water column exhibit anorthward increase, consistent with increases in the thickness of the oxygen minimum layer. How-ever, peak values of the deficits are not observed within or near zones of high biological producti-vity, i.e., off the Indian and Arabian coasts. This is attributed to increased renewal along the easternand western boundaries. Evidences for large short term variability in denitrification is providedfrom the distribution of integrated deficits.

Rate of denitrification in the Arabian Sea has been computed from the exports of nitratedeficits out of the denitrification zone. The results indicate that the horizontal processes are res-ponsible for the removal of the bulk (> 85%) of the nitrate deficits from denitrifying layer. Therate of denitrification has been estimated as 29.5 T gN/y, which is of higher magnitude than the

8

3.2.1 Chemical oceanographic and marine environmental studies of the seas around India.(R. Sen Gupta)

3.2.2 Bioactive substances from the seas around India (R.Sen Gupta)

A. R & D PROJECTS

previous estimates. Combining this value with the estimated "standing crop" of denitrified nitrogen(115 Tg), the average renewal time of the intermediate layer comes to ~ 4 y contradicting the oldbelief that waters within the main thermocline of the Arabian Sea are highly stagnated. The shortrenewal time is consistent with the observed short-term variability in denitrification. It also indi-cates that the oxygen deficient, reducing layer in the Arabian Sea is an unstable, time variablefeature, and that the acute deficiency in oxygen is primarily due to excessive consumption.

Team: S. W.A. Naqvi.

c) Phosphorus and nitrogen in sediments

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of sediment pH on the amountof phosphorus bound in aluminium, iron, calcium and saloid-bound fractions of the sedimentscollected from the estuarine regions of Goa. Phosphorus fractionation was carried out based onselective solubility of phosphate in various extractants.

Aluminium and iron phosphate fractions both reached their point of minimum fixationat pH 7.40. Calcium phosphate reached a point of minimum fixation at acidic pH values and itsmaximum fixation occurred at pH 7.5. The amount of calcium bound phosphorus as comparedto the iron and aluminium fractions was small. Saloid bound phosphate was at a maximum inacidic conditions and the quantity decreased as the sediment became more alkaline.

Team: M.D. Rajagopal.

d) Iron and Manganese in the sediments of Mandovi

Exchangeable fraction of Fe was found to vary from 3.99 to 17.11 μg/g. Among the four majorfractions, Fe was found to be present in larger quantities as Fe-Mn oxide and it varied between3.30 and 4.52 mg/g. Organically bound Fe was also found to be high at all stations and variedfrom 1.22 to 9.31 mg/g.

Exchangeable and carbonate fractions of maganese were present in higher concentrationsthan the respective counterparts of iron. Exchangeable fraction of Mn was found to vary from51.99 to 539.90 μg/g, the river end of the estuary always showing higher values. Unlike iron,manganese was present in low quantities as organic-bound fraction in all the samples, varying from37.88 to 158.63 μg/g. However, like iron, manganese was always found in maximum concentra-tions in the Fe-Mn oxide form (324 and 2385 μg/g).

Team: A. Jayakumar and A. Rajendran.

e) Chemical speciations of important metals in Lakshadweep waters

The studies on speciation of a few metals were carried out within the Agatti and Kalpeni lagoons(Lakshadweep). As compared to Agatti, the lagoon at Kalpeni exhibited higher concentrations.One of the reasons for higher concentrations of all metals could be the shipping activity.

Team: M.D. George.

f) Studies on Iodide-Iodate-Iodine

Water samples from Mandovi-Zuari estuarine complex were analysed for iodide, iodate and iodine.In the Mandovi, the variations in the iodide, iodate and iodine concentrations were respectively0-19.38, 19.9-39.63 and 19.9-58.25 μg/kg in the premonsoon, 0-19.25, 19.9-39.23 and 19.5-58.25μg/kg in the postmonsoon and 0-17.58, 19.9-37.65 and 19.9-54.68 μg/kg in the monsoon. Simi-larly in the Zuari, the variations for iodide, iodate and iodine in the monsoon, postmonsoon andpremonsoon seasons were respectively 0-17.95, 0-19.49 and 0-19.86 μg/kg, 19.9-37.88, 19.9-39.53and 19.9-39.95 μg/kg and 19.9-55.0, 19.9-58.5 and 19.9-58.9 μg/kg. The distributuon of iodinespecies exhibited a near-conservative behaviour.

9Team: F.P. De Souza

g) Studies on humic substances in the marine and estuarine environment of India

Sediment samples along the continental shelf region of the west coast of India were analysedfor organic carbon to assess the potential of humic and fulvic acids in the sediments. The per-centage of organic carbon in the northern Arabian continental shelf region varied from 0.46 to2.36% whereas in the southern region, it varied from 0.64 to 2.43%. The highest concentrationwas observed in the inner continental shelf region in both the areas.

Data on fulvic and humic acids from Ganga sediments varied from 0.03 to 0.11% on ashfree basis.

Team: S. Sardessai.

h) Chromium and its different species in the Arabian Sea

The residence time of chromium species was estimated to find its regional variation within theArabian Sea and to estimate the average residence time of total Cr, Cr (VI) and Cr(III) species.In general, the net chromium removed is more in the northern Arabian Sea than in the southernpart. Residence time of Cr (III) does not show variation between northern and southern ArabianSea, having an average of 3.21 x 103 years. But Cr (VI) has relatively larger residence time in thesouthern Arabian Sea (3.3 x 103 yr) than that in the north (2.4 x 10 3 yrs). Total chromium resi-dence time is high in the southern (7.12 x10 3 yrs) rather than in the northern (6.12 x103 yrs)Arabian Sea. In the oxygen minimum zone total chromium has a residence time of 1.46 x103 yrs.

Team: M. Dileep Kumar.

2. Protection of marine environment and monitoring of pollutants along the Indian coast(R. Sen Gupta).

a) Dissolved/dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons

Monitoring activities of oil pollution in the northern Indian Ocean were continued. Observationswere made in the Bombay High region (May-June 1986), along the oil tanker route (February-March 1986), and within the EEZ of the west coast (August-September 1986).

In the Bombay High Region, dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons varied from non-detect-able limit to 40.2 μg/1). Sediment samples have also been collected to examine their petroleumhydrocarbon content.

Along the Oil Tanker Route across the southern Bay of Bengal, the concentration rangeof the dissolved petroleum hydrocarbon was 7.3 - 29.5 μg/l in the upper 30 meters. Near the Equa-tor, the concentration varied from 5.2 to 25.9 μg/l in the same depth range. The similarity bet-ween these two sets of values indicates that the petroleum hydrocarbons released along the oiltanker route flow along the equatorial counter-current of the Indian Ocean.

Within the EEZ of the west coast of India, dissolved petroleum hydrocarbon values rangedfrom 1 to 26 μg/l in the depth range 0 to 20 metres, not substantially different from values ob-served earlier. NEUSTON net haul indicated insignificant occurrence of floating tar particles.of the 12 stations sampled, 7 indicated presence of tar particles while 2 stations had values of0.7 and 4 mg/m2 respectively.

Studies on the effect of dissolved/dispersed petroleum hydrocarbon residues on the growthand metabolism of phytoplankton, natural as well as in culture, were continued. Data for thispurpose were collected from different areas in the Indian Ocean: (i) near the Equator in 2 tran-sects; (ii) in the northern Arabian Sea with particular reference to the area around the BombayHigh region and oil tanker route. Results obtained in (i) above indicated that depending on theirnature, the hydrocarbon components present in water caused either (ii) enhancement or inhibi-tion both natural phytoplankton communities and Nitzschia species in pure culture. Thus, closeto the oil tanker route the growth of the phytoplankton culture was severely inhibited (78.5%)whereas along the Equator, it was considerably enhanced.

10

Team: T.W. Kureishy, S. Sanzgiry, A.M. Mesquita, R. Alagarswamy and C. Dias.

All the available data on dissolved/dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons in the upper 20 mof the Northern Indian Ocean have been summed up in Table I. The table also indicates the generaldecreasing trend of oil transport from the middle eastern countries, particularly along the west-going tanker route. Consequently, the volume of tanker traffic has also reduced considerably.Due to the reduction in traffic, an apparent reduction in the oil pollution could be deduced fromthe data presented in Table I from 1982 onwards in the Arabian Sea and from 1981 onwards inthe Bay of Bengal.

A method to identify sources of oil spills in the harbours have been perfected. The ana-lytical techniques used for matching of the oil in the ship and in the harbour are: UV-Spectro-fluorometry, IR-Spectrometry and Gas chromatography. This method for identifying the sourceof oil pollution has been recommended recently by the Indian Port Management Associationto all the Port Trust authorities in India.

Table 1 : Relation between the dissolved/dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons in the upper 20 mof the Northern Indian Ocean and oil transport along the tanker routes

b)

Team: S.P. Fondekar, R.J. Noronha, M.S. Shailaja, T.W. Kureishy and R. Sen Gupta.

Toxic and non-toxic heavy metals

During January-February 1987 in the northeastern Arabian Sea, a total of 110 water sampleswere collected at 26 stations. Fifty sediment samples were also collected from these stations.

Cadmium and lead were analysed in several sediment samples from the Mandovi estuary.This is a part of the study on physical and chemical characteristics of sediments in Mandovi.

In continuation, to examine the role of selenium in controlling mercury concentration,several analytical methods for selenium were tried. A method has now been standardized andseveral samples were analysed.

NIO participated in two intercalibration exercises. These were IOC/UNEP internationalintercalibration exercise for heavy metals in biological and sediment samples, and NIO/DOD/SCORfirst Indian national intercalibration exercise for nutrients and heavy metals. In both these exer-cises, analyses of the samples were carried out for their lead, cadmium and mercury concentra-tions.

11

YearTransport (MT)

To West To EastConcentrations range μg/kg)

Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

Net % decreasefrom 1978 to 1985

652

659

561

455

332

291

237

215

67 28

323

351

308

270

247

222

26

232

0.9 - 42.5

10.4- 41.6

6.4-230.0

130.0 - 305.0

0- 16.2

1.6- 22.9

0.7- 31.0

1.0- 23.5

0-28.224.0-75.2

3.1 -27.40 - 4.50 - 2.8

0- 3.45.2 -29.5

C) Pesticides residues in the marine environment

A number of organochlorine pesticides residues and their metabolites were detected and quanti-fied from the marine sediments collected along the east coast of India following the gas chromato-graphic method using electron capture detector. The pesticides detected in the sediments weremostly Aldrine, gamma BHC, Dieldrine, DDT and their metabolities. Among the metabolites ofDDT detected so far, p, p'-DDE and o, p'-DDE were found to be in abundance in most of thesediment samples whereas the other two metabolites such as p, p , - D D D and o, p , - D D D were spa-ringly observed. The distribution of pesticides in sediments off the east coast of India is given inFig. 1.

Fig.1: Concentration of chlorinated pesticides residues in the sea sediments along theeast coast of India.

Team: A. Sarkar and M.S. Shailaja

d) Chemistry of sea-surface microlayer

During October 1986, along the west coast of India, surface microlayer samples and sub-surfacesamples were analysed for phosphate, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and silicate and their enrichmentfactors were calculated.

Table 2 gives the ranges of enrichment factors of some chemical parameters in surfacemicrolayer along the west coast of India.

12

Total DDT > 0 2 ppm

Total DDT > 01 ppm

Total DDT > 0 7 ppa Aldrina >0.5 ppm

Diadrina > Total DDT Aldrina >04 ppm

r - BHC > Dieldrine > 0.2 ppm

Dleldrine >BHC >Ο.15 ρρm

Dieldrine >Total DDT Aldrina > 0 1 ppm

Total DDT >0.4l m

CONCENTRATION OF CHLORINATED PESTICIDES

RESiDUES iN SEA SEDIMENTS

Phosphate Ammonia Nitrite Nitrate SilicateMax. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.

Enrichment 5.0 0.37 1.22 0.02 6.0 1.16 12 2.05 0.91 0.14

During the year 1986-87, 4 field trips were undertaken along the intertidal regions of the westcoast of India. One was from Karwar to Kanyakumari-Mandapam, the second was along the Guja-rat coast and the other two were for repeat collections in the Ratnagiri-Malvan region. Two divingexcursions were arranged for collection of flora and fauna in the atolls, reefs and lagoons of threeislands, e.g. Kavaratti, Agatti and Minicoy in the Lakshadweep and Grande Island off Mormugaoharbour. A total of 25 new marine organisms for primary screening and 30 organisms for repeatscreening were collected during these field trips. Three marine organisms collected in bulk weresent to CDRI, Lucknow for chemical studies.

The chemical investigation of this alga, exhibiting antifertility activity, has led to the isolationof several fatty acids and their esters from the petroleum ether fractions.The chloroform frac-tion yielded three more compounds in pure form. One of these compounds was identified at 5a -cholestene 3,6 dione on the basis of IR, H and 13C NMR and Mass spectral data and confirmedby comparison with synthetic compound prepared from cholesterol. This is the first report ofthis diketone from a natural source. The other two compounds were found to be keto sterol M+ 416,ir 3480, 1680 cm - 1 , NMR signals at δ 0.65, 0.78, 0.92 and 1.02 and aromatic compound M+444with m/e 105 (base peak), 77, 91 (aromatic), at absorption between 1500-1600 cm - 1 , -DH ab-sorption at 3300 cm - 1 and carbonyl absorption at 1720 cm - 1 . NMR (90 MHz) showed signalsbetween δ 7-8 due to benzene ring. The structural elucidation of these compounds are in progress.

b) Stoechospermum marginatum

The non-polar fraction of the methylene chloride extract of this alga was repeatedly chromato-graphed to give a crystalline solid m.p. 65-66°. The H NMR spectrum (220 MHz, CDCI3) is strong-ly similar to that of 5 (R) - hydroxyspata - 13, 17-diene reported earlier from this laboratory,the main difference being that the methane proton doublet at δ 3.74 is shifted downfield andappears as a doublet at δ 4.91 (J=4.4 Hz) and there is an additional methyl singlet at δ 2.03 dueto acetoxy methyl. This indicated that the new compound must be an acetyl derivative of hydroxy-spata -13,17-diene.

Team: S. Y.S. Singbal, P. V. Narvekar & R. Nagarajan.

3.2.2 Bioactive substances from the seas around India (R. Sen Gupta)

1. Collection of marine organisms

Team: S.Y. Kamat and C.G. Naik.

2. Chemical investigations of marine organisms

a) Acantophora specifera

Table 2

13

Chemical investigations of the buds and flowers of the mangrove plant Acanthus ilicifolius led tothe isolation of benzoxazolinone-2-one, a compound isolated earlier from the leaves of the sameplant in this laboratory. This compound exhibited analgesic properties. Different analogs of thiscompound are being prepared for testing.

Besides, two more highly polar compounds have been isolated from ethyl acetate frac-tion and work on structural elucidation is in progress.

d) Holothuria

The body wall and the cuverian glands of the animals were extracted separately with methanol.The column chromatography of body wall concentrate resulted in the isolation of oily liquids cha-racterized as fatty esters. The cuverian glands on column chromatography yielded a hygroscopicamorphous powder. The solid which was glycosidic in nature on hydrolysis gave a product whichshowed hydroxyl grouping in the IR spectrum. The aqueous extract of the above hydrolysis experi-ment was found to contain several mono and disaccharides in TLC. Further work on characteri-zation of these compounds is in progress.

e) Soft corals and Gorgonians

Six of the 20 species of soft corals, collected from the Lakshadweep, were found to exhibit anti-viral properties. Steroids have been isolated from these soft corals and have also indicated anti-viral properties. The water soluble fraction has been subjected to fractional crystallization to yieldflakes, which have been sent for confirmatory tests. Positive and negative ion mass-spectrometrywas applied to characterize the wax-esters of these soft corals. One of the Gorgonians, collectedoff Grande Island, was found to exhibit antifertility activity.

Team: S. Wahidullah, C.G. Naik, L. D'Souza, J. Patel, J. Bhattacharya, V. Jayashree andB. Das.

14

B. SPONSORED PROJECTS

Details of work carried out are given under chapter on "Sponsored Projects".

c) Acanthus ilicifolius

The 13C NMR spectrum further supported the structural assignment of this new diterpene.

3.3 GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

3.3.1 Regional geological, geophysical, geochemical and paleoclimatic studies of the sedimentsof the continental margins of India (P.S.N. Murty)

a) Regional geology of the western continental margin of India

More than 3970 lkm of echosounding and 2570 lkm of shallow seismic profiling data together withsediment samples (grabs 100, cores 15) were collected in the shelf-slope region between Quilon-Cape Comorin and off Dwarka-Kori creek. A preliminary analysis of the data revealed the follow-ing:

Quilon - Cape Comorin Shelf: The shelf is characterised by even topography and the shelf breakoccurs between 120 - 170 m water depth. The shelf is wider in the southernmost part. Shallowsiesmic profiles showed a typical penetration of 7 0 - 8 0 m in the shelf and 350 - 400 m in the sloperegion with 4 - 5 prominent seismic reflectors indicating changes in lithology of the subsurfacesediments. As elsewhere, burried channels on the shelf and sediment slumping on the continentalslope are quite conspicuous.

Dwarka-Kori Creek: The shelf of Dwarka is marked by even topography and the first shelf breakoccurs between 125-138 m and a more prominent second break at 200 - 240 m with a maximumseismic penetration of 220 m. The outer most shelf and the slope are marked by layered sediments.

Team: M. Veerayya, B.G. Wagle, F. Almeida, K.H. Vora and S.M. Karisiddaiah

b) Exploration for offshore heavy mineral placers off Konkan coast, Maharashtra, India

The project is in its last phase. Most of the analyses are completed and maps are under preparation.The analyses indicate the presence of heavy minerals in various percentages (maximum 80%). Theheavy mineral suite in general consists of magnetite, ilmenite, hematite and transparent augite,hornblande, epidote, zoisite, tourmaline, etc. In addition to this, mineralogical analysis of sedi-ments of some of the beaches of Maharashtra coast (from Alibag in the north to Deobag in thesouth) was carried out. The results show that concentration of heavies (magnetite, ilmenite,hematite, augite, epidote, garnet, staurolite, sillimanite, hypersthene, etc) vary from 0.09 to 98%.

Shallow seismic records reveal 3-4 major reflectors viz. clay, sand, sand-murram, basement(traps). Profiles show on an average 15-20 m sediment thickness. These surveys also indicate theextension of onshore placers to the offshore below the clay zone.

Team: A.R. Gujar & M.V. Ramana.

c) Marine Geophysics

Magnetic anomaly maps of the continental shelf off Saurashtra and Bombay coasts are prepared.Two dimensional model studies of the areas have been carried out and basement nature and struc-ture are identified. Northern boundary faults of the Narmada rift-graben on the continental marginnorth of Porbandar (Saurashtra coast) is deliniated. The hitherto unknown basement nature whichvaries from the late Cretaceous-early Tertiary basalts and Archaen/pre-Cambrian granites etc. off

15

A. R & D PROJECTS

3.3.2 Regional geology and manganese nodule deposits in the Central Indian basins of the IndianOcean (R.R. Nair)

3.3.1 Regional geological, geophysical, geochemical and paleoclimatic studies of the sedimentsof the continental margins of India. (P.S.N. Murty)

Bombay coast is identified. Depth to top of the magnetic basement occur at 1.0 km to 8.0 km offSaurashtra coast and 1.4 km to 4.0 km off Bombay coast.

Total magnetic intensity data over the Direction Bank suggested that the structural trendsare similar to those of Dharwarians. Two dimensional model studies indicate that the casuativesources are at a depth of 2.2 - 3.0 km, suggesting faulting on both the sides of the basement overwhich the present configuration of the bank lies.

About 8,400 lkm marine gravity surveys have been carried out between Devgarh and Kar-war, western continental shelf of India, in collaboration with ONGC. The data has been processedand a Bouguer gravity anomaly map at 2 mgal contour interval was prepared. The anomaly mapdepicts a prominent gravity high.

A prominent WNW-ESE trending fault has been interpreted from the magnetic anomalieson the continental shelf south of Coondapur, West Coast of India.

The regional marine geophysical studies of the south western continental margin of Indiabetween 60 m to 4900 m water depth revealed that (i) the configuration of the acoustic basementin the shelf margin basin overlain by about 2.5 seconds (two way travel time) thick sediments,(ii) the Laccadive ridge complex governed at places by steep scarps and volcanic intrusives associat-ed with large amplitude magnetic anomalies.

Based on the regional marine magnetic profiles off Kaveripattinam, Tamilnadu coast, asmany as 8 sites are identified for future marine archaeological exploration.

A weakly magnetised igneous basement (Lamprophyre) of continental origin has beenidentified on the northeastern flank of the Mount Error in the northwestern Indian Ocean.

Geology and structure of the Princess Astrid Ridge, Antarctica has been studied. A grabenlike structure within the Archaean basement (similar to Charnokitic) with 3.6 Am-1 magnetisationand thickness around 16 - 18 km is interpreted from seismic reflection and magnetic anomalystudies.

Software package for onboard plotting of composite profiles of marine geophysical datawas developed and several anomaly plots were made on HP-1000 computer and plotter. A schemefor processing underway data (navigation, bathymetry and magnetics) collected during the Project"Surveys for Polymetallic Nodules", has been designed and implemented.

Team: D. Gopala Rao, G.C. Bhattacharya, L.V. Subbaraju, M.V. Ramana, V. Subrah-manyam, K.A. Kamesh Raju, T. Ramprasad, A.Κ. Chaubey, K. Sreekrishna.

d) Geochemistry

Based on the chemical data of surficial sediment samples for the western continental shelf ofIndia, geochemical maps were prepared for the elements Zn, Al, Fe, Ti, Mn, Cu, Ni, CaCo3 Corgand P 2 O 5 (Fig. 2).

Surficial sediment samples collected between Quilon and Cape Comorin were analysedfor CaCO3 and organic carbon. The sediments of the slope region have high organic carbon(> 3%)content as compared to the shelf region. Calcium carbonate content also is high in the slope region.

Sediment cores collected off Ratnagiri at a depth of about 3000 m, off Bombay at a depthof about 2548 m and off Gulf of Kutch at a depth of about 1760 m were analysed for organiccarbon and CaCog. A study on lithological variations of these cores suggest that slumping is takingplace on a large scale frequently all along tne western continental margin of India. From the natureof the cores collected off Ratnagiri, it appears that a few thousand years back, the present oxygenminimum layer (250 - 1500 m) extended down to the depth of 3000 m or it might have exist-ed at that depth. Down core variations of organic carbon and CaCo3 are similar in that the top70 cm have low content (1% & 40% respectively) while the bottom portion (upto 1200 cm) havehigher contents (2% &> 65%).

The clay mineralogy studies of the shelf sediments between Visakhapatnam and Gangeswere completed. Estuarine samples of Hooghly consist of highest percentage of illite and chloritewith minor amounts of kaolinite and traces of montmorillonite, whereas in the shelf sedimentsillite and chlorite concentrations decrease with the increase in concentration of montmorilloniteand kaolinite. Sediment samples of the peninsular rivers show illite, kaolinite and montmorillonitewith minor amounts of chlorite and gibbsite. Lateral variations in the distribution of clay mineralsindicate that illite and kaolinite proportions are higher in sandy zones and montmorillonite pro-portions in the clay zones.

Team: Ch.M. Rao, A.L. Paropkari16

Fig. 2(a). Distribution of Zinc

17

Fig. 2(b). Distribution of Al2O3

18

Fig. 2(c). Distribution of total Iron

V)

Fig. 2(a). Distribution of TiO2

20

Fig. 2(e). Distribution of Mn

21

Fig. 2(f). Distribution of Copper

22

Fig. 2(g). Distribution of Nickel

23

Fig. 2(h). Distribution of CaCO3

24

Fig. 2(i). Distribution of Organic Carbon

25

Two 5.5 m box cores from the Arabian sea raised from water depth of 3869 m and 2477 m havebeen analysed for coarse fraction content, clay mineralogy, organic carbon, foraminiferal con-tent and sedimentation rate. Distinct changes marking climatic variation at various depths occurand are correlated with Pleistocene and Holocene events.

Down core (one metre from the top) variation of the above parameters of the cores, oneof which represents conditions in the Arabian Sea and the other in the Laccadive sea, show similartrends. However, the depth interval of each parameter in the two cores varies because the sedi-mentation rate is higher in the first core. The glacial, inter-glacial boundary of 10,000 years there-fore, occurs at about 40 - 45 cm in first core and at 35 - 40 cm in second core. The CaCO3 distri-bution in first core remains unchanged ( ~ 50%) over the top one metre implying no significantchanges in carbonate production from Holocene to upper Pleistocene. On the other hand theorganic carbon content fluctuates between 1 to 2.5% over the same time interval indicating eithervariations in upwelling or more likely variations in the conditions of their preservation.

The down core variation in the terrigenous components (quartz, felspars, clay minerals)shows generally higher content during the Holocene and less below the Holocene-Pleistoceneboundary.

The distribution of total benthic foraminifera shows a reciprocal relationship to the coarsefraction content, their number being high in the Holocene segment of the core and sharply reducedin the colder period. Planktonic foraminifera species corelate well with the climatic changes aswell as with upwelling signatures.

From the studies of mean proloculus size of foraminifera it is proposed that this parame-ter can be used as an additional tool in deciphering palaeoclimates.

61 samples collected at 2 cm interval from a box core collected in front of river mouthhas been processed for foraminiferal contents. Preliminary results show that total foraminiferalnumber variation in core indicate a change in paleomonsoonal precipitations.

During Cruise 27B of O.R.V. Sagar Kanya testing of the Underwater Electric Rock CoreDrilling System was undertaken. Four drilling operations were performed at two different sites.The preliminary results are quite encouraging. Samples could be collected in three operations,the longest rock core being of 23.5 cm in length. This system was operated for the first time inIndia to collect sea bed rocks for the R & D projects.

Team: R.R. Nair, M.V.S. Guptha, N.H. Hashimi, R. Nigam, D.V. Borole, Aradhana S. Raoand A.S. Muralinath

3.3.2 Regional geology and manganese nodule deposits in the Central Indian basins of the IndianOcean (R.R. Nair)

Detailed surveys for polymetallic nodules have been carried out, in the Central Indian Basin, on-board ORV Sagar Kanya during April-May 1986 and onboard MV Skandi Surveyor, the charteredvessel during January-March 1987. Over 36,000 lkm underway data and over 6 tonnes of noduleswere collected. The data collected include magnetic, gravity and echosounding and the operationsinclude various seabed sampling techniques and dredge operations for bulk nodule collection.

Underway data, underway drifting buoy and weather data were processed at MECON,Ranchi, whereas geostatistical analyses of the data were carried out at EIL, New Delhi.

Team: S.M. Karisiddaiah, A.B. Valsangkar, P.C. Rao, P.S. Rao, V.K. Banakar, R. Baner-jee, V. Ramaswamy, G. Ranade, S. Afzulpurkar, Pratima Jauhari, R. Sharma, S.M.Gupta, R. Mukhopadaya, B. Nagendra Nath, V.N. Kodagalli, J.N. Pattan, M. Sudha-kar, N.P.C. Reddy, B. Chakrabortty, N.H. Khadge, A. V. Mudholkar, M.S. Prasad,T. Ram Prasad, K.A. Mamesh Raju and S.D. Iyer

B. SPONSORED PROJECTS

Details of work carried out are given under chapter on "Sponsored Projects".

e) Paleoclimatic studies

26

B. SPONSORED PROJECTSDetails of work carried out are given under chapter on "Sponsored Projects".

3.4 BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

Productivity studies carried out in the Arabian Sea revealed that, in the northeast Arabian Seachl a varied from 0.03 to 4.51 mg m - 3 . In the northern Arabian Sea the occurrence of an out ofseason (first week of June) red tide caused by Trichodesmium was observed at Lat. 20°E and Long69°30'N. During the bloom chl a concentration reached up to 9.8 mg m - 3 .

Further studies carried out along the central west coast of India during September showedthat chl a varied from 0.024 to 2.99 mg m - 3 . During the course of the studies it was observedthat a mixed diatom bloom comprising mainly of Nitzchia scriata, Rhizosolenia sp., Chaetocerossp. and Leptocylindrus sp. prevailed at Lat. 15°30'E and Long. 73°30'N. Time series experimentscarried out during the above period off Goa showed that maximum chl a concentration (4.0 mgm - 3) occurred at 0000 hours (5 m depth) and minimum (0.03 mg m - 3 ) at 0600 hours (15 m depth).

During October the chl a concentration at surface off Bombay and the Gulf of Kutch wasfou-nd to be between 0.05 and 1.20 (av. 0.32) mg m - 3 . The corresponding column values variedfrom 3.98 to 25.71 (av. 11.71) mg m - 2 . The integrated depth mean value of chl a had a variationfrom 0.04 to 0.90 with an average of 0.34 mg m - 3 . In the Gulf of Bombay the highest value ofchlorophyll a was observed.

In January-February the concentration of pigment in chl a at surface of the area betweenMormugao and Gulf of Cambay varied from 0.05 and 1.53 (av. 0.35) mg m - 3 . The column valueswere found to be between 2.82 and 49.34 (av. 17.25) mg m - 2 . The integrated depth mean valuesshowed a variation from 0.06 to 1.12 (av. 0.32) mg m - 3 . The offshore regions showed highervalues of chlorophyll a as compared to near shore regions.

Team: V.P. Devassy, Aditi Pant, Ρ.Μ.Λ. Bhattathiri, M.V.M. Wafar, J.I. Goes & HelgaGomes.

b) Secondary Production

Zooplankton samples collected from the Arabian Sea during May - June, September - October wereanalysed for spatial distribution of standing stock, abundance and zooplankton community struc-ture. The zooplankton biomass values during this period (R.V. Gaveshani cruise nos. 169, 172 &173) fluctuated between 0.1 to 4.44 ml n r 3 (av. 0.77 ml m - 3 ) ; 0.06 to 0.44 ml m - 3 (av. 0.17 mlm - 3 ) and 0.2 to 8.57 ml m - 3 (av. 1.32 ml m - 3 ) respectively. Higher zooplankton biomass values of4.44 ml m-3 and 8.57 ml m-3 obtained at Lat. 18°30'N: Long. 72°47.7'E and Lat. 22°00'N:Long. 68°36'E were due to the unusual abundance of hydromedussae in the samples. Zooplanktoncommunity structure was diverse with preponderance of carnivores at most of the stations.

Studies on distribution of epipelagic calanoid copepods showed that about 183 speciesoccur frequently in the northern Indian Ocean, of which 40 are fairly ubiquitous. More homoge-neity was noticed between Indian and Pacific fauna than between Indian and Atlantic Oceans.Zoogeographical studies showed substropical convergence to be a major faunal boundary for avariety of zooplankton organisms in the Indian Ocean.

27

a) Primary Production

3.4.1 Assessment, evaluation and generation of biological resources of the seas around India(A.H. Parulekar)

A. R. & D. PROJECTS

3.4.1 Assessment, evaluation and generation of biological resources of the seas around India(A.H. Parulekar).

Subtidal Marine Algal Survey by SCUBA Diving was carried out at Lakshadweep. Out of 69 spe-cies reported from Lakshadweep intertidal and subtidal region, 21 were reported for the firsttime from Lakshadweep waters. Very few species like Halimega, Turbinaria and Asparagopsiawere observed in the subtidal zone upto 10 m depth.

Seaweed distribution at the submerged Angria Bank off Vijaydurg (Central West Coast)was studied during three cruises of R.V. Gaveshani. Four different transects were selected fordredging the seaweed samples from 15 to 40 m depth. During these cruises, about 58 marine algalspecies were collected. Perhaps, this is the first study on offshore seaweed distribution along theIndian coast.

Team: T.G. Jagtap, C.R.K. Reddy & Vijaya Ambiye.

ii) Coralline Algae

About 27 species of coralline algae have been collected from different coast of Gujarat, Maha-rashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep islands and Tamil Nadu.

Team: Vijaya Ambiye.

iii) Mangroves

The mangrove afforestation activities were initiated at Goa and Maharashtra. The technique ofmangrove afforestation is being extended to other areas also.

Kandla region in the Gulf of Kutch was surveyed for mangrove distribution. The specieslike Avicennia marina, Salicornia brachiata, Salvodara persica were commonly observed in thishighly saline region. Salt encrusted areas were infested with Portulaea oleracea. There was markedzonation in the mangrove distribution. The major cause of mangrove destruction was observed tobe heavy grazing of camels and indescriminate cutting for fuel purposes.

Mapping of mangrove areas using remote sensing technique along Maharashtra coast is inprogress.

Team: A.G. Untawale, T.G. Jagtap.

iv) Studies on litterfall and decomposition of mangroves

Complete nutrient cycle in the mangroves of Goa was studied which began with phenologicalstudies of growth of plants, their leaves, flowers and fruits. Litteral study was undertaken for 4months to find out the rate of litterfall. About 5000 samples were analysed qualitatively andquantitatively. Leaves were the major components of litter throughout the year. Further studieson decomposition were conducted on the fallen leaves of dominant mangroves. Decompositionrate, biochemical changes during decomposition and release of nutrients in the mangrove waterswere studied.

Team: Sayeeda Wafar.

v) Marine Macrophytes - reference centre

Samples of seaweeds, mangroves, seagrasses and sand dune flora are preserved by both dry andwet method. Total number of above macrophytes are as follows:

28

i) Seaweeds

Mangroves and Seaweedsc)

Team: S.C. Goswami, C.T. Achuthankutty, M. Madhuparatap & S.R. Sreekumaran Nair.

Benthic fauna of the estuarine complex of Goa region was studied in relation to pollution induceddisturbances. There was an overall reduction in benthic fauna both in biomass and populationdensity due to the disturbances of the estuarine bed. Population counts were significantly higherat the enriched zone and benthic animals showed characteristic response gradient with distancefrom the source of pollution. Indicator species of organic pollution in the estuarine region wereidentified, viz. the polychaete species, Dendroncreis aestuarina, Prionospio polybranchiata, Peri-nereis nuntia, Lumbriconereis polydesma.

Team: Z.A. Ansari, B.S. Ingole & A.Η. Pandckar.

ii) Exclusive Economic Zone

Benthic samples were collected from the waters in the EEZ of India (three cruises) for the esti-mation of benthic biomass and assessment of potential demersal fishery resources. Samples arebeing analysed.

Team: S.N. Harkantra, Z.A. Ansari & A.H. Parulekar.

iii) Deep Sea Biology

A total of 5 samples were collected during 1986-87 in the depth range of 2000 to 5300 m. Thesesamples were analysed for ecological and faunistic characterization and the values for benthicbiomass for deeper waters were estimated.

Team: A.H. Parulekar, S.N. Harkantra, Z.A. Ansari & B.S. Ingole.

e) Coastal Aquaculture

i) Culture of feed organisms

Feed organisms, such as turbellarians (Macrostomum orthostylum; microstomid sp.) harpacticoidcopepods (Amphiascoides subdebilis: Nitocra spiniceps, scottalana. sp.) and ciliated protozoan(Euplotes woodruffi) are being maintained in culture. Occurrence of resting eggs in the life cycleof M. orthostylum has been reported.

Team: B.S. Ingole.

ii) Brine Shrimp (Artemia) Culture

Biometric, biochemical and hatching characteristics of Artemia collected from Balamba salterns,Saurashtra Coast were studied under laboratory conditions. The smaller naupliar size and highprotein content (60%) indicated that this strain is suitable for predators. Maximum percentageof hatching was found to occur at 30°C and at 5%, and 35%o, salinities. Addition of antibiotics

29

d)

i)

Benthos

Estuarine

Team: Vijaya Ambiye, Geeta Deshmukhe, C.R.K. Reddy.

Total 1898

Marine algaeSeagrassesSand dunesMangroves

- 1475- 18

- 300- 105

such as penicillin and streptomycin to the hatching media improved the hatching percentage bysuppressing bacterial infections.

The macro-algae Porphyra vietnamensis, Entromorpha intestinalis and Ulva fasciata andrice bran were used as feed for evaluation of optimal growth and survival of the brine shrimpArtemia. Rice bran yielded best growth in the laboratory and out-door experiments. The Artemiafed with rice bran took shortest time to reach maturity, released maximum number of naupliiper adult than Artemia fed with other feed. Thus it is possible to culture Artemia on cheap andinert food stuff like rice bran.

Feeding experiments on the commercially important shrimps (Penaeus indicus, Metapena-eus dobsoni and M. monocerros) were carried out using adult Artemia as feed. Maximum growthwas recorded at 15% feeding level in all the three species of shrimps. All shrimps accepted adultArtemia and grew well thereby indicating that adult Artemia are suitable as feed for the shrimps.

Team: Sumitra Vijayaraghavan, Joseph P. Royan & L. Krishna Kumari.

iii) Genetic improvisation in the candidate species in Aquaculture

Studies on selective breeding programme in economically important penaeid prawns with tailweight as the selected character was continued. The factor analysis of data collected on Penaeusmonodon from Goa waters showed that 49.37% and 39.77% of the variation in the character infemales and males respectively is explainable by the genetical factors. The environmental factorsexplained 19.08% and 23.47% of the variation in females and males respectively.

The chromosomal studies on Penaeus monodon showed a diploid number of 90 chromo-somes. The karyotype comprised of 2 submetacentxic, 14 metacentric and 74 acrocentric chromo-somes.

Team: Usha Goswami & S.C. Goswami.

iv) Induced maturation and spawning of penaeid prawns under Captivity

In continuation of attempts of induced maturation and spawning of penaeid prawns under capti-vity, a number of spawning trials were made and larval survival upto 60% were obtained with.P. merquiensis.

An experiment was conducted on in vitro fertilization of P. merquiensis and successfulresults were obtained. Percentage survival was observed to be 28.5.

Team: S.R. Sreekumaran Nair.

v) Shrimp culture

Studies on the estuarine phase of life cycle of the penaeid prawns, Penaeus merquiensis and Meta-penaeus dobsoni showed that both the species had an initial growing phase in the mangrove andlater migrated to the estuary. Residence in the estuarine biotope under normal environmentalconditions was found to be 5-7 months for P. merquiensis and 5-6 months for M. dobsoni. Theoptimum attainable growth during their life phase in the estuary was 70-80 and 50-60 mm, respec-tively. The water temperature didn't seem to influence the post-larval entry and distribution.However, salinity had some influence but was not critical during the estuarine phase.

Team: C.T. Achuthankutty & S.R. Sreekumaran Nair.

f) Microbiological studies

Water samples were analysed for total microbial biomass, anaerobic microflora and aerobic hetero-trophs from 4 depths of each station. Additional samples were analyzed for sulfate reducing bac-teria (SRB) which are economically important. The surface waters harboured these forms in highernumbers when compared to subsurface and deeper waters. SRB isolated from mangrove swamps

30

were found to be mostly benzoate oxidizers. Further work indicated that sulfate reduction wasnot only mediated through lactate and acetate but also through propionate and butyrate.

Work on the bioluminescent bacteria was continued. These bacteria were found to consti-tute a stable fraction of the total viable bacteria (TVC) and there was a TVC dependent distribu-tion in the upper 100 tem, perhaps suggesting the free living nature of these bacteria. However, atdeeper layer (200 m) their distribution was found to be independent of TVC which indicastheir symbiotic nature in these depths. Vibrio fischeri and V. harveyi were the dominant species.

The immunofluorescence technique has been standardized and antiserum was preparedfor the thraustochytrid, Ulkenia visurgensis, isolated from an algal bed at Baga Beach, Goa. Usingthe Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FAT) several substrates were searched for locating U. visur-gensis and it was found that hydrotheca and coelom of hydroid harboured this species more pre-dominantly. During the investigation on fungi from mangroves, an interesting thraustochytridwas isolated from decaying leaves of Rhizophora mucronata. The organism is suspected to benew to science.

The survey on disease of algae was continued. About five destructive fungal parasites wererecorded from various species of algae collected at Mandapam (South India). These are reportedfor the first time from tropical waters. Two of them, Labyrinthuda sp. and Pontisma lagenidioidescaused loss of weight and chlorophyll in green alga Chaetomorpha media. Studies on degradationof calcareous shells by shell boring cyanobacteria and fungi was also carried out in detail. A fungusOstracoblabe implexa was isolated from oyster shells where it causes warts. This fungus is alsoreported for the first time from tropical waters.

Team: D. Chandramohan, Ρ.A. Lokabharati, N. Ramaiah, S. Raghukumar, ChandralataRaghukumar & S. Achnthankutty.

B. SPONSORED PROJECTS

Details of work carried out are given under chapter on "Sponsored Projects".

Photo-2

Smith-McIntyre bottom sampler being operated31

Photo-3

Hamburg Plankton net being operated

Photo-5 : Labrynthula in green alga Rhizoclonium

32

Photo-4 : Oyster shells infected with the fungus showing typical warts

rangeMussels 1.04-16.96Hydroids 1.32-29.09Bryozoans 0.50 - 26.59Oysters 0.40 - 26.66

3.5 MARINE CORROSION AND MATERIALS RESEARCH

3.5.1 Studies on marine fouling, wood preservation and corrosion along the Indian coast (A.B.Wagh)

Hydrocarbon concentrationmg/g

Organisms

Table 4. Total Hydrocarbon in fouling organisms

A. R & D PROJECTS

Depth Surface Middle Bottom

Premonsoon FG 68.11 53.86 35.55Al 62.88 63.31 42.12

Monsoon FG 13.14 19.64 9.57Al 13.11 37.70 9.59

Postmonsoon FG 15.01 28.23 22.12Al 14.23 35.04 24.20

FG- Fibre Glass, Al- Aluminium

(ii) Studies on the use of fouling organisms to monitor environmental changes in pollutantsuch as hydrocarbon were undertaken. Total hydrocarbon concentrations in some of the commonfouling organisms is given in Table 4.

3.5.1 Studies on marine fouling, wood preservation and corrosion along the Indian coast (A.B.Wagh)

I. BIOFOULING STUDIES

a) Macrofouling

(i) Aluminium and fibre glass panels were suspended at three depths at Mormugao harbourfrom January 1986 to January 1987 to evaluate the macrofouling intensity on these two surfaces.The abundance, and settling rates of the fouling bryozoans were studied with respect to physico-chemical parameters and seasons. Following bryozoans were observed as foulers - Electra benga-lensis, Electra sp., Alderina arabiensis, Bugula neritina, Bugula sp., Scrupocellaria sp., and Parasmi-ttina sp. Of these Electra bengalensis was present through out the year.

Biomass of these foulers was maximum in the premonsoon season (Table 3) probably dueto high salinity, temperature and high phytoplankton biomass.

Table 3. Biomass of fouling organisms (g/300 cm2)

33

(iii) In order to relate the growth of fouling organisms (filter feeders) and the concentrationand composition of the particulate matter, studies were undertaken on the measurements of fluxesand composition of particulate matter. Organic carbon expressed as percent of settling particleswhich were collected by sediment trap was always higher at surface and 22 m. Fouling intensitywas also higher at these depths. This indicates that organic matter of the particulate matter playsan important role in the fouling of the materials.

b) Antifouling Measures

(i) Six antifouling paints procured from the leading firms were applied on the hull of ORVSagar Kanya in order to assess the effectiveness of these antifouling paints on controlling themacrofouling. These results will be obtained when the ship comes for dry docking in May 1987.

(ii) Natural products isolated from Salvadora and Excoecaria spp. were also evaluated as anti-fouling agents. Studies are in progress.

c) Microfouling Studies in the Shelf and Slope waters of the Arabian Sea

(i) Microfouling Survey

During 160th cruise of RV Gaveshani in the Arabian sea seven shelf and four slope stations wereoccupied to know the microfouling potential of these waters. Microfouling film formed on alu-minimum panels placed in the surface waters (approx. 1m) at these stations was quantified interms of organic carbon. The microfouling biomass was always higher in shelf waters (109-346μg/100 cm 2 ) as compared with that of slope waters (31-68 μg/100 cm 2 ) .

(ii) Initial Events in Microfouling

In order to assess the succession or initial events of microfouling in surface waters and at variousdepths a station (15°8 'N, 73° 16'E) was occupied in 165th cruise of RV Gaveshani. Bacteriawere the first microfouling organisms followed by diatoms. Bacteria gave an irregular growthpattern which was stabilised in the later stages of microfouling. Diatoms were observed after 48 hrof bacterial growth. Diatom numbers decreased with depth. Biochemical analysis of microfoulingmaterial suggest that lipid and carbohydrates were the most dominant as compared with protein.

Π CORROSION STUDIES

The short-term tests were conducted on mild steel to quantify the corrosion rate at differentzones of marine environment. The atmospheric corrosion studies were carried out at four differ-ent heights above mean sea level (3.5, 6.5, 11.3, and 20.8 m) and the relative concentration ofsea salt in the air at these levels have been correlated. The corrosion rates were (for 150 days)4 mpy at topmost and 25 mpy at lowest level. As regards the corrosion rates at splash and sub-merged zone elucidated for a short duration of 15 days showed higher values (44 mpy) at splashas compared to submerged zone of 3 mts. (30 mpy). In another experiment linear relationshiphas been established between the cathode/anode area ratio and corrosion rate due to crevice.The corrosion of mild steel in estuarine subsoil (Zuari and Mandovi) were found to be essentiallydue to the activities of the sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB).

In a laboratory study the effect of fouling diatoms Nitzschia on corrosion of metal hasshown 20 % increase in corrosion rate. Performance studies were carried out on reinforced cementconcrete (RCC) for marine corrosion and biodegradation. Specimens of RCC incorporating differ-ent common corrosion preventive measures such as coating the embedded steel reinforcement withzinc chromate primer, bituminous solution and cement slurry, use of steel fibres concrete (SFRC)and a wire mesh in concrete were exposed to typical environment and to natural sea water immer-sion in the laboratory. Effectiveness of antifouling concrete and surface overlays were also eva-luated. RCC beams were placed in the subsoil along Mandovi and Zuari estuaries. After a short-term study it was concluded that while coating on the steel reinforcement (preferably zinc chro-mate) and use of fibrous concrete mitigate corrosion. Antifouling concrete made with metal wasfound to be more effective and practical than surface overlays in preventing fouling.

34

ISO

Fig. 3. Variation of atmospheric corrosion rate of mild steel

DURATION (weeks)

Fig. 4. Effect of fouling diatom (Nitzschia) on corrosion ofmild steel in sea water

35

III. STUDIES ON WOOD-BORING ORGANISMS

Extensive data on wood-boring and fouling organisms were collected from Bombay High Offshorewaters of Arabian Sea using mango wood (Mangifera indica). These observations showed thatthe deterioration was carried out by the members of the family Teradinidae. Wood destruction wasmore at 42 and 62m depths.

Rearing of Wood-bore Teredo parksi: Wooden panels exposed in Bombay offshore waterscontaining mature borers were brought back in live conditions and were maintained in the labo-ratory and its larvae were collected. Using the recently procured 'Time Lapse Photographic Systemstudies on life history of this species were made.

B. SPONSORED PROJECTS

Details of work carried out are given under chapter on "Sponsored Projects".

Photo-6 : Comparison extent of corrosion of mild steel in diatomcultured medium and sterile medium

Photo- 7 : RCC beams before exposure

36

3.6 OCEAN ENGINEERING

3.6.1 Evaluation of environmental parameters for the development of offshore oil fields andcoastal works.

A. R & D PROJECTS

3.6.1 Evaluation of environmental parameters for the development of offshore oil fields andcoastal works (B.U. Nayak).

1. Design and Development of mooring systems, deployment and retrieval techniques

i) Three shallow water moorings, each consisting of 2 Nos Aanderaa RCM4 Currentmetersand 1 No. EG&G acoustic release transponder was developed and deployed off Madras, Machili-patnam and Visakhapatnam at 30 m, 40 m and 45 m respectively. The above three moorings wereretrieved after about 19 days. Preliminary analysis of the data has been completed using HP85BPersonal computer.

ii) Two deep water moorings specifically to serve as station locations for ocean acoustic to-mography studies were developed and deployed at stations M and N of latitudes and longitudesas 17° 33.6'N and 84° 33.4Έ and 16° 30.51'N and 84° 35.42'E respectively. Each of these twomoorings consists of a surface marker buoy, a subsurface buoy of 200 kg buoyancy about 100 mbelow the water surface, one Aanderaa RCM4 Currentmeter about 2 m below the subsurface buoyand 2900 m and 3000 m respectively. The current data collected has been successfully transferredto the main computer system ND-520, through the HP Vectra and Norlink software facility at thedivision developed under the NDRAD project IND-013.

iii) Computer software has been developed to evaluate the forces on the mooring line and theadditional stresses during deployment. The mooring consists of a subsurface buoy, a mooring lineof about 1000 m and an anchor weight. The programme computes forces on each segments ofspecified length for a given current profile and integrates the forces.

Team: N.M. Anand, S.G. Diwan, A.K. Suryavanshi, S. Mandal, K. Ashok Kumar, H.C.Mandal, P. Pednekar, K.C. Pathak.

2. Long-term data collection and analysis programme

i) Two wave rider buoys were deployed using suitable shallow water mooring configura-tions, one off Kavaratti island at 18 m water depth and another inside the lagoon at a 4 m waterdepth. The data on waves were collected from February to May 1986 inside the lagoon. Kavarattiand from March to September 1986 inside the lagoon. The analysis of the data collected inside thelagoon shows that the monthly significant wave height HS varied between 0.14 to 0.37 m inMarch, April and May, 0.10 to 0.66 m in June, July, August and September. The maximum waveheight varied between 0.20 to 0.65 m in March, April and May, 0.10 to 1.10 m in June, July,August and September. The zero upcrossing wave period varied between 2.8 to 12.1 sec. in March,April and May, 3.8 to 15.5 sec. in June, July, August and September. The waves off Kavarattishows the significant wave height varied between 0.27 to 1.73 m, the maximum wave height variedbetween 0.40 to 2.45 m and the zero up crossing wave period varied between 5.4 to 14.6 sec.during February to May.

ii) A continuous measurement on waves using Datawell wave rider buoy have been madeoff Kandla in the Gulf of Kutch at 15 m water depth. The analysis of the collected wave data showsthat the significant wave height varied between 0.15 to 1.40 m and the maximum wave heightbetween 0.20 to 2.50 m and the zero up crossing wave period between 2.3 to 11.3 sec during Juneto December.

37

Team: N.M. Anand, S.G. Diwan, P. Chandramohan, S. Mandal, A.K. Suryavanshi, K.Ashokkumar, Shankar Bhat, H.C. Mandal, N.S.N. Raju, K.C. Pathak, P. Pednekar.

3. Development of Numerical Models

Wave Hindcasting Model - DOLPHIN: The numerical wave hindcasting Model DOLPHIN procuredunder NORAD Project was implemented in ND-520 which started functioning from February,1987. The model calculates wave conditions (i.e. significant wave height, peak frequency, mainwave direction, one-dimensional and two-dimensional energy spectrum) at required time intervalsfor given historical wind field and water depth.

Team: S. Mandal, Shankar Bhat.

4. Coastal Engineering studies

The ship reported wave data along the Indian coast were compiled for 16 years from 1968 to 1983and a report comprising of directional distribution of wave height and period was prepared andpublished. The visual data on waves were analysed for long term and extreme value distribution.The wave power potential along the Indian coast was evaluated. A shallow water numerical modelincorporating refraction, shoaling, bottom friction and viscous dissipation is being developed withspecific application to east coast of India.

Team: P. Chandramhan, P. Pednekar, Shankar Bhat, N.S.N. Raju

5. Design, development and maintenance of Ocean Engineering instruments

Direct Read out system for Aanderaa Tape Reader: A readout system for checking the data beingrecorded on magnetic spool in the Aanderaa Currentmeter was developed using commerciallyavailable EC-85 Microprocessor Kit. This Direct Read out system is being used in laboratory andon board vessels for checking the functioning of currentmeters prior to their deployment andimmediately after the retrievals.

Team: S.G. Diwan, A.K. Suryavanshi, K. Ashokkumar, H.C. Mandal,

B. SPONSORED PROJECTS

Details of work carried out are given under chaptr on "Sponsored Projects".

Photo-8 : Current meter operations in shallow waters38

3.7 MARINE INSTRUMENTATION, COMPUTER AND DATA

3.7.1 Development of Marine Instrumentation System including Data Buoys (E. Desa).

3.7.2 Indian National Oceanographic Data Centre (INODC) (J.S. Sarupria)

A. R & D PROJECTS

3.7.1 Development of Marine Instrumentation Systems including data buoys (E. Desa)

a) Development of Field Digitizer (Eurico J. D'Sa)

The ship-borne digitizer has been re-engineered to acquire data from upto 8 user selectable channelsand record on a Microdrive data cassette recorder.

b) Recording Weather Station (R.G. Prabhu Desai)

The existing ship-borne weather station has been reengineered to record data on EPROMS. Allcircuits have been redesigned with CMDS devices. This work is taken up to meet the requirementsof the Ocean Engineering Division of the Institute and Goa Electricity Department for baselinedata for a wind farm.

c) Development of Oceanographic Data Buoy (M.R. Nayak)

It was decided to utilise a commercially available buoy hull and one such type has been identi-fied. Other design work is in progress.

3.7.2 Indian National Oceanographic Data Centre (INODC) (J.S. Sarupria)

The INODC is involved in acquiring, processing, storing and dissemination of oceanographic dataand information pertaining to Institute's research vessels as well as other vessels.

In addition, the Centre continued its work on IOC/UNESCO Pilot Project on Developmentof Oceanographic Information And Data Services. Data Centre implemented IFS Format for DataManagement. A brief summary of the activities are as follows:

a) Data Acquisition

Data on physical, chemical and biological parameters were acquired from the cruises of R.V. Gave-shani and ORV Sagar Kanya. Hydrographic data of first, second and fourth Antarctic Expeditionswere also acquired.

b) Data Processing

i) A system for cruise and station inventory based on ROSCOP Code has been designedin FORTRAN and implemented on ND-520 System.

U) The stations covered by RV Gaveshani for the period 1976-85 and ORV Sagar Kanya forthe period 1983-85 were stored on IFS Format and four volumes of cruise and station inventorieswere published.

iii) A special software known as Station X - Y plot with 5 sub routines in FORTRAN wasdeveloped and implemented on ND-520 System. Using this software 10 years (1976-85) R V Gave-shani station coverage and three years (1983-85) ORV Sagar Kanya coverage was plotted and theseplots were included in the published reports.

3939

The same software was utilized for the plotting of the Zooplankton Biomass values inone degree square grid.

iv) Data on physical, chemical and biological parameters collected during 30 cruises of RVGaveshani were transferred into data base on IFS Format.

c) Data Dissemination

During this period several enquiries/requests were received from various organisations, universi-ties and other private agencies and attended to.

B. SPONSORED PROJECTS

Details of work carried out are given under chapter on "Sponsored Projects".

40

41

3.8 PUBLICATION, INFORMATION & PUBLIC RELATIONS

3.8.1 Publication, Information & Public Relations (R.M.S. Bhargava)

3.8.1 Publication, Information & Public Relations (R.M.S. Bhargava)

The Division continued the infrastructure support to the R & D work of the Institute. The acti-vities included publication and handling of Institute's publications, information handling, printing& binding, and public relations. At the end of the year, the photography and drawing sectionshave also been attached to this Division. The main activities were:

(a) Publication

The following publications were brought out:

i) Mahasagar - Bulletin of the National Institute of Oceanography. This is quarterly and allthe four issues were published and distributed in time;

ii) NIO Newsletter - This is also a quarterly newsletter and four issues were published.

iii) Annual Report - The 21st Annual Report of the Institute was published for the year 1985-86. This contained the Hindi version of the Director's report.

iv) Collected Reprints - During this year the Collection of Institute's reprints of the year1984 were released and the volume for the year 1985, is under preparation.

v) Cruise Reports - Nine reports of RV Gaveshani cruises and six reports of ORV Sagar Kanyacruises were brought out during the year.

vi) Inventories - The inventories prepared by Institute's Data Centre were published by thisDivision. They were:

(a) Inventory of stations and cruises of RV Gaveshani Volume I (1976-80),

(b) Inventory of stations and cruises of RV Gaveshani Volume II (1981-85),

(c) Inventory of stations and cruises of ORV Sagar Kanya Volume III (1983-85),

(d) Inventory of the Marine Geological samples of RV Gaveshani Volume IV (1976-85).

Sales and distribution of all the publications were looked after.

(b) Information:

The following information products were brought out:

i) A bibliography on the energy from the sea - this cyclostyled document contains morethan 1000 references arranged chronologically with authors in the alphabetical order.

ii) Monthly abstracts of research papers published/communicated by the staff of the Institute.

iii) The directories of marine research projects in India and on marine scientists are beingupdated. The former is almost complete.

iv) The two brochures: (i) Achievements of NIO and (ii) NIO's support to Industries havebeen brought out.

The Institute has been recognised as the Input Centre for the Aquatic Sciences and Fisher-ies Information System (ASFIS) by the FAO/UNESCO under which a computer and ASFA biblio-graphic data base have been provided by Unesco.

The Division on behalf of the Institute participated in an Exhibition "Goa 86" organisedby the Government of Goa, Daman and Diu on the occasion of the Silver Jubilee celebrations ofGoa Liberation. This was held at Panaji from December 19, 1986 to February 19, 1987. The exhi-bition was inaugurated by the President of India Giani Zail Singh who also visited the NIO Pavi-llion where activities of the Institute were shown through working models, photographs, charts andsamples.

Similarly, an exhibition was arranged to celebrate the world environment day on June 5,1986 and support was also provided for an exhibition at INS Mandovi for training the Navy Staff.

The Press Clipping Service was continued.More than 300 enquiries were replied to disseminate scientific and technical information.This year about 7500 visitors visited the Institute who were shown and briefed with NIO's

activities. These included VIPs, Research Personnel, students in batches and general public.The Division also attended to Parliament Questions for which answers were finalized and

sent from time to time.

Printing & Binding:

These facilities were continued to be provided to R & D and Administrative activities alike. Thesewere proved to be very handy, convenient and effective. The various jobs done by this Sectionwere estimated to be worth Rs. 98,600/- (approx).

The activities of photography and drawing section are mentioned else where.

' • •aa .

Photo-9 : President Zail Singh visits NIO Pavilion at Goa

42

3.9 TRAINING

3.9.1 Training and manpower development (B.N. Desai/ G. Narayana Swamy)

The Training Division contributed to the development of trained manpower within the Instituteand at other organisations through series of general and specialised courses, field training, etc.A systematic growth of special working groups is envisaged through these activities so that rede-ployment of scientific and technical personnel is possible to handle challenging projects in newand emerging areas of ocean science and technology. A number of NIO scientists were also deputedfor undergoing training at other institutions of excellence in the respective fields. NIO extendedits infrastructural facilities to the teachers, students and research workers of other organisationsfrom time to time.

The details of the specific courses conducted by the Division are summarised in Table 5.

B. SPONSORED PROJECTS

Details of work carried out are given under Chapter "Sponsored Projects".

43

3.9.1 Training and Manpower Development (B.N. Desai/ G. Narayana Swamy)

A. R & D PROJECTS

Table 5

44

Course Period Expert Participants

Application of ModellingTechniques to coastalOceanographic Processes

5-9 May,1986 Dr. Satish Shetye,Dr. S.S.C. Shenoi &Shri Albert Gouveia ofPhysical OceanographyDivision of NIO.

15 NIOScientists

NIOScientists

S/Shri A.A. Fernandes &Albert Gouveia ofPhysical OceanographyDivision of NIO.

8 May 1986

12-14 May, 1986

NIOScientists

20 NIOScientists

25 NIOScientists

NIOScientists

For trainees ofIndian Inst. ofRemote Sensing,Dehra Dun.

5 Officers ofIndian Navy

12 NIOScientists

Shri G. Prathiban ofGeological OceanographyDivision of NIO.

Senior scientists of theInstitute

Prof. G. Madhava Reddyof Osmania University

26 June to4 July, 1986

8-9 July, 1986

The usage of the pro-gramme CROSS-SPECL forc ross-spectrum analysisof time series onND-100 computer

Operation of AtomicAbsorption Spectroscope

Training of Oceanographywith thrust on Physicalaspects

A lecture series on plantgenetics

Mathematical modellingtechniques as applied inoceanographic research

Fortran ComputerProgramming

Laboratory Scale Modellingin Fluid Mechanics

Oceanographic Course

Marine OrganicElectrochemistry

5 November, 1986(5 week course)

24-27 Nov., 1986

Prof. S. Narasimhan ofDept. of Civil Engg.,I.I.T., Bombay.

NIO Scientists

Dr. A.C. Ranade, NIODept. of Chemistry, ScientistsUniversity of Pune.

Dr. A.B. Valsangkar of 2 Under-Geological Oceanography Graduates ofDivision of NIO and ChandrapurN.M. Anand of Ocean Engg. CollegeEngineering Division of NIO.

NIO Scientists (on board Teachers of MaritimeRV Gaveshani) Universities

January, 1987

March. 1987

Training Cruise

Marine PollutionMonitoring Methodology

December, 1986Aspects of OceanMining

Sept.-Oct., 1986(two weeks)

29-30 Oct., 1986

Dr. Satish Shetye ofPhysical OceanographyDivision of NIO.

Shri A.A. Femandes &Shri Andrew Menezes

NIO Scientists Technicians of thethe Central & StatePollution Boards.

3.10 PLANNING

Planning Group carried out many management exercises related to evaluation, monitoring, costingof projects and infrastructural services. Many documents on the current activities and future planswere also prepared. The exercises and documents prepared are as follows:

1. Annual Plan 1987-88, Project Budget 1986-87 and Seventh Five Year Plan Projects,

2. Oceanography of the Exclusive Economic Zone

3. Present status of oceanographic research in the EEZ

4. Integrated oceanographic studies of Andaman

5. Integrated oceanographic studies of the Bay of Bengal

6. R & D Programme for 1987 to 1990

7. Performance of Purchase Section

8. Directory of the Sponsored Projects

9. Manpower profile for 1987 to 1990

For the first time Peer Groups constituted by the Research Advisory Council for each dis-cipline evaluated the work done and suggested future direction. Planning Group assisted the PeerCommittee members in evaluating the projects. The suggestions of Peer Committee are being imple-mented.

Based on zero based budgeting, budget allocation was made to each project. The Project-wise cost accounting was continued.

Monthly Summary Report, Milestones and the information on other important events wereprepared regularly and sent to CSIR and RAC Members. A close liaison was maintained with Plann-ing Division of CSIR.

Planning Group provided support to the scientists of the Institute in preparing severalproject documents.

Team: S.G. Dalal, G. Banerjee, S. Simon.

45

4. REGIONAL CENTRES

4.1.1 Chemical oceanographic and marine environmental studies of the seas around India(M. D.Zingde).

Although Mahim Bay in Bombay experiences considerable tidal flushing, the occurrence of rockyoutcrops at the mouth of Mahim Creek considerably reduces the tidal influence within the estuaryand the regions upstream. Evidently, the excursion lengths calculated from the volume of the es-tuary under different tidal conditions decreased from about 2 km in the creek to only a few metresin the inner estuary. Application of the modified tidal prism method to the estuary revealed flush-ing time of as high as 32 tidal cycles (spring) when the riverine flow was 1160 m3/day and de-creased to 19 after infinite number of tidal cycles, the load retained in the estuary would be atleast 12 times (83x103 m3) the load introduced per tidal cycle under spring conditions. Thisindicates the extent of built-up of pollutants within the estuary leading to extreme pollutionconditions.

Team: M.M. Sabnis

ii) Extractable organics in sediments of Thana Creek - Bombay Harbour.

Thana Creek - Bombay Harbour receives 260 mld (million litres per day) of domestic wastewater(often released untreated) through point discharges along the western shores. In addition, ThanaCreek receives industrial wastewater estimated to exceed 200 mld. The major industries are ferti-lizers, petrochemicals, thermal power station, nuclear, Pharmaceuticals and chemicals. These waste-waters transport large quantities of pollutants of petroleum origin alongwith other variety of con-taminants to the marine environment. In addition, large scale loading and unloading operationsand high tanker traffic also contribute significantly to the load of pollutants.

Surface sediments from 16 stations in the bay were studied to evolve the levels of petro-leum residues as an index of sediment contamination.

The hydrocarbon content in sediments along the western shore of the bay was markedlyhigher as compared to the eastern region. The fatty acid content of the sediment however did notreveal any definite trend of variation among the stations. The finger print pattern of the hexanefraction supported the crude oil origin of the residues. Paraffinic (C8-C34) peaks were identifiedby comparing the retention time of the peaks of authentic samples (Fig.5). It was possible to ca-tegorise the residues as less weathered, paraffinic or aromatic type crude based on the concen-trations of straight chain aliphatics and the pattern of uresolved complex mixture (UCM) in gaschromatograms.

Infrared spectroscopic studies indicated the presence of alkanes, cycloalkanes and mono-substituted aliphatic hydrocarbons while, the intermediate benzene fraction revealed the presenceof ketones and polyunsaturated hydrocarbons apart from aromatics. Spectra of methanol frac-tions indicated the presence of polymeric bonded hydroxy groups and comparatively strong absorp-tions at 1728, 1660 and 1600 cm -1 suggested presence of carbonyl groups, unsaturation and alka-nols (such as sterols).

4.1 REGIONAL CENTRE, BOMBAY

A. R & D PROJECTS

i) Flushing characteristics of Mahim River estuary.

4.1.1 Chemical oceanographic and marine environmental studies of the seas around India (M.D.Zingde).

46

Fig. S. Paraffinic (C8 - C34) peaks in the chromatograms of the sedimentsample from Thana Creek

Fig. 6. Profile of petroleum residue in the sediment core from Thana Creek

In order to understand the depositional history and the depth of burial of petroleum re-sidues, sediment cores obtained from Thana Creek were investigated for their depthwise distri-bution (Fig. 6).

47

The depth profile of the petroleum residues suggests that there is considerable increasein the sediment contamination in recent years. However, the magnitude of increase in the top14 cm may not represent prevailing situation in quantitative terms because several fractions ofpetroleum specially the aliphatic component, are biodegradable and hence its content in sedimentwould decrease with age.

Team: M.A. Rokade and A.Ν. Kadam.

iii) Petroleum hydrocarbons in surface sediments of Kandla Creek

In continuation with the earlier studies, the gravimetric values were compared with those obtainedby using UV spectroscopy. The later concentrations (6-23 ppm) were significantly lower than theformer (10-140 ppm) perhaps because of the presence of other organic contaminants, adding tothe gravimetric values. Gas chromatographic patterns suggested that the sediments were conta-minated with whole crude oil residues as well as the distillation fractions in the range C16 - C18.The chromatographic fingerprint patterns were sufficiently distinct to distinguish between para-ffinic and aromatic nature of the residues.

Team: A.N. Kadam.

iv) Heavy metals in sediments of the coastal environment of Bombay

Thana Creek - Bombay Harbour region receives 468 Kg - Fe, 9 Kg - Co, 20 Kg - Ni, 25 Kg - Cu,52 Kg - Zn, 2 Kg - Pb and 2000 Kg - P per day through domestic wastewater alone. The fate ofthese contaminants on entering the marine environment has not been established. Since their levelsin the water column have not shown any significant increase, it is possible that they would beultimately scavanged to the sediments. Hence, sediment cores upto a depth of 1.4 m obtained fromThana Creek, Bombay Harbour and offshore region of Bombay (20 km off the coast) were studiedfor metal contamination. In order to introduce the time scale of deposition, sedimentation rateswere determined from the plot of 210 Pb excess activity versus depth (Fig. 7). This rate was ashigh as 2.5 cm/yr for Thana Creek.

48

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Core depth (cm)

Fig. 7. Variation of 210Pb (excess) against depth in the corefrom Thana Creek

Depthwise concentrations of various elements revealed that the levels of Fe, Mn, Al andCo have remained more or less unchanged over the past 60 years or so. A marginal but steady in-crease from 100 ppm at 140 cm depth to 150 ppm at the surface was observed for Cu while forZn, the profile was irregular with abrupt increase at some sections revealing variable inputs of themetals to the creek. The overall Ni profile revealed that the Ni concentrations have decreasedsteadily from around 1925 to 1974 and then increased upto 1981.

The 80 cm long core obtained off Bombay represented the past 100 year history of thedepositional environment. It is evident from Fig. 8 that the levels of P (from 800 to 900 ppm),Cu (70 to 95 ppm) have increased over the past 200 years though to a small extent. Organic carbonand Ni on the other hand revealed marginal decrease with depth and the concentrations of Zndid not reveal any definite trend. Hence it appears that the present inputs of heavy metals to thecoastal marine environment of Bombay has increased their levels in the sediments only marginally.

v)

Team: Prashant Sharma.

Zooplankton of the Bombay Harbour - Thana Creek - Bassein Creek system

As a part of the studies on the contribution of plankton to the productivity of the nearshoreand creek environments of Bombay, eight stations were periodically monitored over fifteen months.

Fig. 8. Depthwise variation of some elements in the sediment corefrom the coastal region oj Bombay

49

Preliminary analyses indicate quantitative and qualitative variability of zooplankton betweenthe nearshore and creek stations. The creeks harboured relatively low standing stock of zooplank-ton particicularly during the monsoon period. Year round fluctuations in zooplankton biomassfor monsoon, post-monsoon and pre-monsoon periods were 2.5 - 52.5, 3.6 - 157.9 and 3.2 - 67ml/100 m3 respectively. The faunal composition of zooplankton maintained their identity forthe different zones. The worked out ratio for different groups of zooplankton for the creek andnearshore stations was higher for the monsoon (7 : 15) than the pre-monsoon (9 : 16) and post-monsoon ( 12 : 16) periods. Further studies on species diversity of zooplankton are in progress.

Team:Neelam L. Lodh and Vijayalakshmi R. Nair.

vi) Benthos of the Bombay Harbour - Thana Creek - Basein Creek System

Detailed investigations on the biological potential of the inshore waters of Bombay are beingundertaken inorder to assess the extent of damage to the marine ecosystem due to the variety ofpollutants entering the system. Studies in benthos formed an important aspect in the above eco-logical assessment programme. Sampling was undertaken for fifteen months at eight stations spreadin the above coastal marine system. The preliminary results indicated that the creek environmentsof Thana (av. 1670/m2) and Bassein (av. 816/m2) were relatively more productive in terms ofmacrofaunal population count than the nearshore regions of Bassein (av. 72/m2) and Bombay Har-bour (av. 266/m2). Also nearshore regions of Bassein sustained less potential for subtidal macro-benthos. Seasonally, the premonsoon period sustained relatively higher population count (av.1476/m2) than the postmonsoon (av. 453/m2) and monsoon (av. 238/m2). Thus, the monsoonperiod accounted for a poor benthic productivity of the area studied. Molluscs and polychaeteswere the most abundant faunal groups chiefly encountered in the creek regions. Other faunalgroups like foraminiferans, crustaceans, sipunculids, nemertines and echinocerms were commonbut less abundant.

vii) Fishery potential of Thana and Bassein Creeks

It has been feared that fishery potential of Thana and Bassein creeks has considerably reduced dueto the wastewater discharges. In order to evaluate the present status of fishery of the area, regularexperimental trawling was undertaken in Thana and Bassein Creeks. Catchwise, Thana Creek wasmore productive (av. 25 Kg/hr) than the Bassein Creek (av. 8 Kg/hr). Higher catch was obtainedduring February-May in Thana Creek while, catch was maximum during August-September inBassein Creek. The composition of fish catch indicated zonal variability. Engraulids, sciaenids andprawns formed the common constituents in Bassein Creek, while in Thana Creek the most commongroups were cat fishes, sciaenids and crabs. Mullets were observed only in Thana Creek.

Biological production potential off Sutrapada during different seasons was evaluated consideringthe contribution of phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos along three transects each coveringa depth of 5 to 25 m. Phytoplankton maintained an almost steady population during differentperiods. The area was not very rich in zooplankton even though the composition indicated a diversefaunal assemblage. Unusual congregations of the salp Pegea confoederata led to very high biomassin October. The rich subtidal macrofauna indicated the high fertility of the area. The results ofoverall biological productivity including the fishery, suggested the prevailing good fishery poten-tial of the coastal waters of Sutrapada.

50

Team: Annie Mathew and K. Govindan.

Team: Asha Jyoti and Vijayalakshmi R. Nair.

viii) Biological characteristics of the coastal waters of Sutrapada, Veraval

Team: Vijayalkshmi R. Nair, K. Govindan, S.N. Gajbhiye, Neelam M. Lodh and AnnieMat hew.

ix) General hydrography and nearshore circulation

General hydrography, circulation and waste dispersion potential of the coastal marine environ-ment of Maharashtra and Gujarat were studied. The nearshore circulation generally indicateda tide dominated flow pattern with significant onshore drift (about 2 km/day) under the influenceof prevailing winds. The nearshore and inshore flow patterns were reversing tidal currents withmaximum current speeds of 2 knots, whereas the offshore flows (Heera Oil Field region) wererelatively weak with maximum currents of 1 knot. The coastal waters were more or less well mixedand homogeneous.

Team: V. Josanto and R.V. Sarma.

B. Sponsored Projects

Details of work carried out are given under chapter on "Sponsored Projects".

51

4.2 REGIONAL CENTRE, COCHIN

4.2.1 Assessment, evaluation and generation of biological resources in the seas around India(M. Krishnankutty).

4.2.2 Chemical Oceanographic and marine environmental studies of the seas around India.

A. R & D PROJECTS

4.2.1 Assessment, evaluation and generation of biological resources in the seas around India(M. Krishnankutty).

A. Assessment and evaluation of biological resources

i) New orientation in the studies on species composition and abundance

Copepoda being the most dominant zooplanktonic group, a knowledge of the relative abundanceof the different families and their fluctuations have an important bearing on the spawning successof fish populations. Likewise a similar study of the zooplankton taxa and those of early larvalstages, most favoured as food by fishes especially during their early pelagic life will also be animportant contribution to our understanding of the oceanography of the 'EEZ' as a whole, evenif these groups are generally less represented than the copepods. All the available data on zooplank-ton are being re-examined from this angle and will be supplemented by relevant small scale studiessuch as micro-layering of plankton and their role in deciding the annual year-class strength ofcommercially important fishery resources especially in the ΈΕΖ'. Future collection and analysisof all zooplankton data are also geared and computerised for this purpose. Suitable data sheetsare also designed for the same.

Table 6 summerises the order of abundance of the major copepod families in the IndianOcean. It is interesting to note that only one family (Eucalanidae) was uniformly abundant contri-buting as much as 31.1% of the entire copepod biomass. Family Lucicutidae contributed only7.4% but is also widely distributed in the Indian Ocean. Family Euchaetidae showed high densitybut is scattered in the Indian Ocean. Metrididae is next to Eucalanidae in numerical abundancewith the genus Pleuromamma contributing to the bulk of the population. Metridea calanoides(Family Metrididae), Pseudodiaptomus (Family Pseudodiaptomidae) and Tortanus (Family Tor-tanidae) are very rare but when present occur in high densities suggesting that they may be oppor-tunistic species increasing to great abundance whenever more dominant species in the same eco-logical habitat dwindle in abundance. Undinula species (Family - Calanidae) and Scolecithricidaeshowed similar distributional pattern being well represented in the equatorial waters but poorlyrepresented below 10°S latitude.

ii) Distribution of Pelagic Polychaetes

In continuation of the preparation of the monograph on systematics and ecology of the pelagicpolychaetes of the world, a similar compilation on their distribution is taken up. Out of 44 speciesof pelagic polychaetes excluding Tomopteridae reported from the Pacific Ocean, 28 are found inthe Indian Ocean of which Lopadorhychus indica, L. panikkarai and Plotohelmis sumatraensisare new species.

A comparison of the true pelagic annelids of the plankton of the Indo-Facific shows a nearlycomplete identity with those of the Atlantic Ocean. Many antarctic circumpolar species such asTyphloscolex mulleri, Mompasia cocca, Travisiopsis lanceolata, Pelagobia longicerrata are nowfound to penetrate into the tropical Indian Ocean.

52

Table 6 : Results of the 340 subsorted copepod samples, selected from the various5° Marsdan squares representing the entire Indian Ocean

Family Dominant genus

Eucalanidae

Metrididae

Euchaetidae

Lucicutidae

Calanidae

Scolecithricidae

Candaciidae

Centropagidae

Temoridae

Aetididae

Augaptilidae

Heterorhabdidae

Pontellidae

(Pleuromamma)

(Euchaeta)

(Lucicutia)

(Undinula)

(Temora)

(Haloptilus)

(Calanopia)

(Labridocera)

(Pontella)

(Pontellina)

(Pontellopsis)

Others

31.1

15.1

13.1

7.4

6.5

5.4

4.1

3.9

3.3

2.9

2.1

1.7

0.92

0.8

0.3

0.3

0.01

1.07

iii) General systematic ecology and distribution

Oxycephalidae being exclusively oceanic in distribution, paucity of samples and literature poseda serious problem for the proper study of the group. Taxonomic studies on all the 18 species underthe family and of their successive juvenile stages are a notable contribution on Indian Ocean zoo-plankton.

Identical studies on flat fish larvae were also completed. This is another taxonomicallylittle understood and confusing group. This is probably the first study from the Indian Ocean

53

%

where marine fish larvae were identified to the species level. Of the 24 species identified and dis-cussed in detail, 16 are new descriptions adding valuable information on our understanding of thisgroup.

Developmental stages of commercially important species of decapod crustacea - Atypope-naeus, Penaeus, Metapenaeus, Parapenaeopsis and prawns of less important species such as Penaeop-sis, Sicyonia and Funchalia were identified and described.

iv) Foramanifera in Lakshadweep atolls

A total of 107 foraminiferal species belonging to 29 families and 48 genera in the lagoon sedimentsof Agatti, Kavaratti, Suhelipar and Minicoy atolls have been identified. The fauna was dominatedby calcarious foraminifera, but arenaceous forms were rare due to the coarse nature of the de-posits.

Team: K.J. Peter, P. Sivadas, B.M. Panikkar, M. Saraswathy, P.N. Aravindakshan, V.T.Paulinose, T. Balachandran, C.B. Lalithambika Devi, K. Kameswara Rao, T.C. GopalKrishna, V. Santhakumari, K.K.C. Nair, P.P. Meenakshi Kunjamma, Saramma U.Panampunnayil, Rossamma Stephen, George Peter, B. Narayanan, K.V. Jayalakshmy

B. Coastal Aquaculture

1. Ecosystem studies in the Cochin backwater in relation to biological resources,

i) Ecological potential of the Cochin backwater for prawn production

An integrated study of the various physico-chemical parameters, substratum characteristics, etc.in conjunction with qualitative and quantitative analysis of biomass at different trophic levels toassess the regional differences in prawn production as well as the potential production from theecological angle in certain prawn culture fields have been completed. Among the abiotic factors,salinity appeared to be the most important factor controlling prawn production since nutrients andsubstratum characteristics were found favourable both for primary and benthic production. Acombination of environmental factors such as shallow ponds, good tidal and wind mixing, finegrained loose substratum, etc. favour efficient mineralisation under aerobic conditions. Such fa-vourable environmental factors in these ponds along with rich detritus and macro-benthos areconducive for maintaining high growth rate and carrying capacity in terms of prawn production.

The dwindling prawn production in recent years except in localised areas affected by thedischarge of industrial effluents appeared to be largely due to the paucity of Penaeid juvenilesentering the backwater which is their major nursery ground.

ii) Need for a fresh look at the ecological status of the Cochin backwater through food chainstudies]

Detailed environmental and benthic studies reported and additional work undertaken by thisCentre as part of the pollution monitoring programme have shown that many of the prawn culturefields provide ecological conditions favourable for high density culture of prawns. But Mugil andEtroplus resources have been steadily dwindling in recent years, while the yield of hardy speciessuch as Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) has considerably increased.

2. Studies on the life history, ecology and culture of benthic organisms

a) Apseudes chilkensis

Further studies on Apseudes chilkensis revealed that the developing egg passes through lecitho-trophic hatching (intra marsupial), manca I, manca II, juvenile, preparatory stages and copulatoryadults. Presence of different type of males in the population indicate protogyny.

54

This is hardy harpacticoid copepod, also proved in the laboratory to have high potential for massculture. Recent experiments have shown that by adjusting temperature, food and salinity thegeneration time can be brought down from the formerly reported 15-17 days to 6-7 days. Techni-ques are developed to maintain them idenfinitely in the laboratory and can supply cultures of thisspecies for aquaculture, ecotoxicological purposes, etc. to interested laboratories.

Team: U.K. Gopalan, T. Balasubramanian, M. Viswakumar and Doyil T. Vengayil

c) Marine Microbiological studies

i) General survey of the fungal flora of the estuarine and marine ecosystem of Cochin andtheir biochemical ability.

Bimonthly survey of the fungal flora has been carried out at seven ecologically different stationsin Cochin backwater area, two of them being mangrove areas. 230 fungi were isolated (including24 yeasts) from the mangrove soil, water, decaying mangrove vegetation, from the free-floatingplants decaying in the backwater and the barmouth of Cochin. Most of the isolates have beenidentified and are being maintained in the laboratory as pure culture.

Sixty of these soil isolates were screened for their ability to solubilize phosphate and nineof them showed activity.

Twenty yeasts and 12 filamentous fungi were isolated from the water samples from thesouth west coast of India during FORV Sagar Sampada cruise No. 24. Two of them were fromnaturally decaying fragments of zooplankton.

ii) Microbial biodeterioration of materials in marine environment

A number of fungi have been isolated from the decaying parts of traditional fishing craft (dug outcanoe, kattu vallams and kattamarans) from Chellanam, Vypeen and Fort Cochin villages surround-ing Cochin. Loss of mechanical strength after accelerated fungal decay test on wood blocks wasestimated. Tests were also carried out on wood blocks with traditional preservative treatment.

Preliminary study on the primary films formation (by bacteria, microalgae and fungi) onsuspended glass slides was carried out at ecologically different location in the Cochin backwater.The results showed different patterns of settlement at different sites for the three different seasons(monsoon, post-monsoon and pre-monsoon.

4.2.2 Chemical Oceanographic and Marine Environmental Studies of the Seas around India

a) Marine Environment - Pollution and their control

i) Major Estuarine Systems of Southwest coast of India

Major benthic groups like crustaceans, molluscs, polychaetes and assorted freshwater forms wererepresented in all the estuaries. Their density and composition however varied very much. Cochinhad the most varied benthic assemblage followed by Korapuzha. The density of populations alsofollowed the same trend with the other estuaries having much fewer animals. Among crustaceans,the amphipod Corophium triaenonyx was the most widely distributed at all estuaries. The isopodCirrolinia fluviatilis was also common. The latter seems to prefer higher organic content. Thepolychaete Diapatra neapolitana was also present at all these estuaries. Like the Cochin backwater,the estuaries at Mahe, Korapuzha and Neendakara had subtidal populations of oysters, whichhowever were sparse.

55

Team : Ranu Gupta and N. Prabhakaran.

b) Nitocra spinipes

Veli near Trivandrum and Thottapally near Alleppey have lost many characteristic features of atypical estuary, the former because of the naturally formed sand bar that has closed its entranceto the sea and the latter by the man made spillway. While surface salinity remained very lowthroughout the year in both these lakes, the salinity at the bottom registered higher values (23.8in March at Veli) during the premonsoon season. Only sporadic presence of (in very small numbers)high saline marine species like Temora discaudata, Tortanus gracilis, Acartia negligens, etc. at Veliand Pseudodiaptomus serricaudatus and P. aurivilli at Thottapilly were observed.

iii) Mussel watch programme along the south west coast of India

One year collection of mussel - Perna viridis (green) and Perna indica (brown) at 6 selected stationsalong the Kerala coast together with water samples and major environmental parameters have beencompleted as part of this Centre's programme on assessing the nature and extent of metal pollu-tion in the coastal waters of Kerala.

Bacterial contamination of these mussels as indicated by the qualitative and quantitativeestimations of 'indicator bacteria' - Salmonella spp. and pathogenic Vibrio are also being studiedin collaboration with CIFT, Cochin.

iv) Extraction of organic chemicals from coconut pith, a solid waste from coir industry

Coconut pith, a solid waste from coir industry is a nuisance all over Kerala. To avoid aquatic pollu-tion and for better economic use of this material, its potential for production of organic chemicalssuch as amines, acetic acid and alcohol is being explored by methods involving alkali digestionacid digestion, neutralisation, fermentation and distillation.

v) Low-cost technique for treating industrial effluents and production of useful by-products

Mussel shells (shells of the molluscs Perna viridis and Perna indica) may be used for treating theindustrial effluents containing high concentrations of phosphoric acid and fluoride. Substantialquantities (69 - 70%) can be removed from the industrial effluents by using "specially treated"mussel shells. Mussel shells unlike clam shells are at present discarded as they are not used for thepreparation of quick lime. The by-product thus obtained after treatment can be used as a manure.

Team: R.V. Unnithan, P.S. Gore, P. Haridas, K. Sarala Devi, P. Venugopalan, O. Raveen-dran, S. Kumaran, M. Vijay an and K. Sunitha.

b) Chemical Oceanography

Unusual occurrence of deeper water over extensive area off south west coast of India

Samples from nearly 20 stations collected from 12° to 8° N latitude and stretching up to 200miles from the coast in November 1986 showed a thin layer of 10 to 40 m upper mixed layerwith low phosphate concentration of 0.2 - 0.4 μ mol l-1 and > 1 μ mol-1 below this layer. Dissol-ved oxygen level below the well mixed layer was also low > ml 1-1 . This can be attributed onlyto the presence of deeper water during the time of sampling and the factors responsible for thisphenomenon can be ascertained only after detailed analysis of the data. Information on suchanomalies is of significance to the exploitation of the living resources of the region.

Team: V.N. Sankaranarayanan, Thresiamma Joseph and K.K. Balachandran.

c) Integrated studies on Estuaries

Under the above project study of the dynamics of Azhikode estuary was undertaken. The collec-tion of the field data on environmental temperatures, suspended and bottom sediments planned

ii) Freshwater dominated estuaries.

56

up to December 1986 was completed. The detailed analysis of the field data is being done on theTandy Model 4 computer for converting the data to non-dimensional depths, fixed interval time(with linear extrapolation if necessary) and lateral interpolation (cross-sectional), with the genera-lised software developed for each in Fortran IV Language. Another software in Basic was also de-veloped for the computation of water and salt budget of the estuaries studied.

Preliminary analysis of the data of the post-monsoon season for the lower reaches of theestuary has been done. The salient features are -

i) Tide integrated residual flow is seaward at all depths for all the stations.

ii) Salt flux due to vertical shear increases in the upstream direction.

iii) Effective eddy diffusivity is higher at Barmouth, compared to upstream stations,when tidal action is maximum.

iv) Upstream salt transport is mainly due to diffusion.

Further analysis has shown that topographic variations play a very important role in thecirculation pattern and sedimentation in the lower reaches of the Azhikode estuary. There is suddenwidening of the inner harbour region reducing the current velocity of both the ebb and flood.Also there is clear cut separate channels for flood and ebb flow. The flood flow is prominent onthe northern bank and the ebb flow on the southern bank. This type of circulation is causingconsiderable sedimentation inside the harbour region. If the flow velocity can be increased inthe harbour region the sedimentation inside the harbour and the bar-formation can be arrested.The increase in flow velocity can be attained in the inner harbour region by constructing a bund.Also the outer bar formation can be prevented, by providing the breakwaters.

B. Sponsored Projects

Details of work carried out are given under Chapter on "Sponsored Projects"

Photo-11Cladosporium spp.a. Conidiogenous cell; b. Conidia

Photo-10Fungi from the decaying zooplankton Periconia spp.a. Fungal mycelium; b. Conidiophore;c. Conidiogenous cell; d. Conidia

57

Team: P. Udaya Varma, C. Revichandran, Abraham Pylee, K.R. Shyan and A.S. Sundaram

Marine geophysical surveys comprising bathymetric, shallow seismic and magnetic, were carried outover the inner shelf off Visakhapatnam in two phases, the first covering the innershelf from 15 to70 metres water depth by perpendicular and parallel traverses and the second phase covering thenearshore bays north and south off Visakhapatnam.

These surveys provided useful information on the (1) extension of onshore structuralfeatures into the sea, (2) areas favourable for nearshore placer deposits, (3) ancient shore lines and(4) location of some anomalous objects either sunken ship wrecks or objects of archaelogical im-portance. Magnetic anomalies over the bays south and north of Visakhapatnam indicate the buriedriver channels and fracture zones which may be associated with placer deposits. Shallow seismicstudies indicate sedimentary ridges at 60-70 m water depth related to Pleistocene beach levels.

b) Geological and geophysical surveys off the Eastern continental margin

Bathymetric, magnetic and shallow seismic data over the eastern continental shelf between Nellorein the south 14° 30'N and Paradip 20°N in the north was collected along 33 profiles across theshelf during February-March 1987. In addition, seven parallel profiles covering the coast line bet-ween Nizampatnam in the south and Paradip in the north were also taken. In total, nearly 6600line km of geophysical data were collected.

Surface as well as core samples were also collected along traverses taken off the importantriver mouths in the area between Nizampatnam and Paradip covering the water depths from 30-120 m. In addition, the continental shelf between 50 and 100 m off Visakhpatnam was covered indetail to study the nature of the sediments associated with the carbonate mounds and ridges de-lineated from shallow seismic surveys. In total 112 sediment/core samples were collected.

The bathymetric, magnetic and shallow seismic data revealed :

i) High amplitude magnetic anomalies associated with shelf/slope break;

ii) High amplitude magnetic anomalies related to the extention of coastal features intothe sea;

iii) Presence of calcareous reef structure at 70 m and 90 m water depth extending allalong the coast over the continental shelf between Kakinada and Kalingapatnam. Anexample of shallow seismic record south of Visakhapatnam shows the different sur-face and subsurface features observed in the shallow seismic record.

iv) Gas seepages were recorded in the seismic records at several places off Narsapur,Kakinada and off Mahanadi Basin. The nature and extent of these gas seepages are tobe studied in detail as they are sometimes indicative of the presence of oil fields.

58

v) Basinal and sub-basinal structures recorded off Mahanadi basin.

vi) Submarine Canyons recorded off Kalingapatnam.

a) Nearshore mineral exploration off Visakhapatnam coast

Geology and Geophysics1.

4.3.1 Castal studies of Waltair and adjacent areas. (T.C.S. Rao & V.S. Rama Raju)

4.3 REGIONAL CENTRE, WALTAIR

A. R&D PROJECTS

vii) Calcareous shells and concretions were collected over the reef structures recorded inthe seismic records.

The hydrography of the Wadge Bank during premonsoon (May 1981) and monsoon (September1981) seasons has been studied. In this area where the waters of the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengalmeet, the thermocline slopes downward towards the central region. Upwelling is prominent in theentire region during monsoon, and it is observed only in the western and central parts of the regionduring premonsoon. The low saline Bay of Bengal waters are present in the south eastern part ofthe Wadge Bank and high saline waters of Arabian Sea intrude from northwest indicating thewithdrawal of the north equatorial current (NEC) by May during premonsoon. During monsoonseason high saline (35.2%o) waters of the western equatorial Indian Ocean are present in the westernregion and in the eastern part low saline (34.8%o) Bay of Bengal water is present.

b) Hydrographical studies in Visakhapatnam Harbour

The data collected on hydrographic parameters in the main channel of Visakhapatnam harbourover a tidal cycle in different seasons have been analysed. Variations in salinity in surface watersshowed increasing trend during flood tide and decreasing trend during ebb tide. The wide fluctua-tions in temperature and salinity observed at northwestern arm may be attributed to the closenessof stations to the outfall of industrial effluents into the channel. The average salinity gradientbetween surface and nearbottom is 0.3%o/m during post-monsoon and 0.1%o/m during pre-monsoonseason while the salinity gradient is negligible (0.03%o/m) during southwest monsoon season. Nosignificant variation is found during a tidal cycle in bottom water. The variations in wind duringdifferent seasons influence the current speeds in addition to the tide in the Visakhapatnam harbour.The net cross sectional discharges through the mouth of the harbour into the sea during premon-soon seasons are 26.51, 48.30 and 19.64 m3/s-1 respectively.

c) Oceanography of Wadge Bank — Current measurements over a tidal cycle off the south coast ofIndia

Direct current measurements made during the onset and termination of south west monsoonindicate wide fluctuations in space and time. The nearshore current decreases in magnitude from theonset to the termination of the monsoon. The resultant surface current over a tidal cycle is ob-served to flow parallel to the coast directed southeastward off Muttam Point in the Arabian Sea,east to southeastward in the area south of Cape Comorin in the Indian Ocean and northeastwardparallel to the coastline in the area off Manappad in the Bay of Bengal.

59

Team : V.S. Ramaraju, T.V. Narasimha Rao and B. Prabhakara Rao.

3. Chemical and biological oceanography

a) Hydrochemical chracteristics of coastal waters off Visakhapatnam and adjacent areas

viii) Pink coloured corals were collected at 70 m water depth off Bavanapadu.

a) Studies on the hydrography of the Wadge Bank - Premonsoon and monsoon seasons

2.1 Physical Oceanographic, marine meteorological and air-sea interaction studies in the NorthIndian Ocean

2. Physical Oceanography

Team : K.S.R. Murty, M.M. Malleswera Rao, A.S. Subrahmanyam, K.V.L.N. Sarma,S. Kannan, M.K. Premkumar, S.C. Narayana and K. Venkateswarulu.

The distribution of hydrochemical parameters in the coastal waters off Visakhapatnam duringthe year showed distinct changes with time. The observed supersaturation and saturation of oxygenin surface waters is due to favourable plankton growth and undersaturation of oxygen during pre-monsoon season may be attributed to upwelling in these coastal waters. The distribution of nutri-ents showed two major peaks. A significant coorelation between nitrate and phosphate in thesurface and bottom waters showed the prominance and association of these nutrients in planktonicgrowth.

Team : V. V. Sarma

b) Hydrographical characteristics of Visakhpatnam Harbour

The high concentrations (supersaturated values) of dissolved oxygen in surface waters was foundto be the main factor for plankton production over the other factors such as incursion of sea waterduring high tide, fresh water flow during southwest monsoon season, etc. The wide fluctuationsobserved at northwestern arm may be attributed to the closeness of station to discharge point ofindustrial pollutants. No significant variations were found during a tidal cycle in bottom water.The high values of suspended solids (61.0 mg/1) in post-monsoon seasons may be due to the in-creased dredging operations and high biological production.

Team : V.V. Sharma

c) Zooplankton distribution in the nearshore and harbour waters of Visakhapatnam

The distribution of biomass in the nearshore water and harbour waters of Visakhapatnam showedthat the faunal composition was very diverse and the number of species present were more espe-cially during late pre and post-monsoon seasons with conspicuous decrease during the peak of southwest monsoon season. Copepoda, Decapoda, Chaetognaths and fish eggs and larvae constituted thebulk in the collections. Copepods were the dominant component in the samples except duringpost-monsoon when chaetognaths dwarfed their dominance.

Team : R. Vijaya Kumar

60

Photo-12 : Calcareous shells and concretions collected offVisakhapatnam at 85 m water depth

Photo-13 : Calcareous shells· with corals collected off Visakhapatnamat 68 m water depth

61

5. OCEANOGRAPHIC CRUISES

Cruises of R.V. Gaveshani

To study the chemical oceanography of theshelf areas in relation to physical, chemicaland biological parameters. Water, sedimentand plankton samples were collected to studythe chemical parameters like oxygen, salinity,phosphate, nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, totalnitrogen and phosphatase activities. Studyon distribution of nutrients in the surfacemicrolayers were also carried out at fewstations. Time series studies were conductedfor 24 hours.

To carry out shallow seismic, magnetic andbathymetric surveys and sampling (sedi-ment). Observations were carried out at54 stations. A number of good satellitefixes and radar fixes were obtained nearthe coast. Eight lines were surveyed usingSimrad EQ Echosounder from 40 m to1600 m depth. An EG&G Sparker was operatedat 10 kjl on the shelf and 4.5 kjl and 10 kjlon the outer shelf and slope regions. Pettersongrab was operated at 52 locations for seabedsamples. Two cores were collected by boxcorer at two stations.

1. To collect seismic data together withsamples to decipher the geological &geomorphological features along theGujarat coast.2. To collect core samples at differentwater depths required by PRL, Ahmedabadfor geoehronological studies. Position fixingwas done by Tracor satellite and TracorOmega automatic navigation systems. SimradEQ Echosounder and EG&G Sparker wereoperated for surveys. Sampling was done usingPetterson grab and gravity box corer. 48 grabstations were occupied and 47 samples wererecovered. of 13 corings at 10 times recoverywas successful. Full 1 metre length cores werepossible in 4 locations.

S.P. Anand;NIO- 11;ONGC - 1 ;CSMCRI- 1;Jabalpur Univ. · 3

Ch. M. Rao;NIO-13;CESS- 1;Karnatak Univ. - 1

S. M. Karisidiah;NIO-9;PRL, Ahmedabad - 2;

Osmania Univ. - 2

62

Area of Operation Objectives and Work done Chief Scientist/Participants

4321

CruiseNo. Port &Period

166Mormugao31.3.86toMormugao11.4.86

Continentalshelf of thenorthernArabianSea

168Mormugao6.5.86toMormugao22.5.86

Westerncontinentalmargin ofIndiabetweenDwarka andKori Creek

South-westerncontinentalmarginof India

167Mormugao16.4.86toMormugao2.5.86

A.H. Parulekar;NIO-16;Keshav Dev-Malviya Inst. ofPetroleum Exploration,DehraDun - 1;Rani Durgavati MahavidyalayaJabalpur Univ. - 1 ;Kerala Univ. -1

D. Panakala Rao;NIO - 6;NPOL, Cochin-10;NSTL, Visakhapatnam - 2

D. Panakala Rao;NIO-1l;ONGC-3

V.P. Devassy;NIO-13;Cochin Univ. - 2;Goa Univ. -2;Kerala Univ. -1

63

169Mormugao27.5.86toMormugao10.6.86

ArabianSea

Off Visakha-patnamin theBay ofBengal

170Mormugao14.6.86toCochin8.7.86

171Bombay25.8.86toBombay4.9.86

ArabianSea - atHeera OilFields ofONGC

CentralWestcoast ofIndia

172Bombay11.9.86toMormugao30.9.86

For studying biological productivity, micro-fouling, hydrography, biotic diversity andenvironmental variability characterizing thepremonsoon and monsoon interphase in theArabian sea. By deploying 96 hydrocasts,131 plankton hauls, 93 grab/snapper/dredgehauls and 192 aluminium panels, morethan 32 physical, chemical, geological andbiological parameters were investigated.1005 biological, 744 chemical, 279 physicaland 58 geological observations were recorded.

For collection of various Oceanographic dataunder the project "NPOL-HydrographicSurvey off Visakhapatnam". Twelve hydro-graphic stations were occupied. Time seriesdata on thermal structure and currentmeasurements were collected at twostationary positions for 72 hrs by deployingan array of current meters at a depth of90 m. Under water acoustic signals were alsorecorded at these two stations using explosives.At each station data on temperature, salinityupto 500 m and surface meteorological para-meters were collected.

To determine the optimum depth for thedrawal of sea water for injecting in theformation and the quality of water requiredto design the treatment systems. Observa-tions on chemical constituents, temperatureand salinity with depth were carried out atstationary position. A current meter mooringconsisting of self recording Aanderaa currentmeters was deployed for the study of thestructure of the currents.

To study the primary, secondary andbenthic production patterns, physical(temperature) and chemical parametersduring the southwest monsoon season. Atotal of 63 stations were worked out, thisincluded 44 parametric and 63 DBT stations.Thermal structure over the shelf and EEZwas obtained by using a digital bathyther-mograph. Samples collected from 32 stationswere analysed for nutrients. Sediment sampleswere collected from 14 coastal stations forchlorinated hydrocarbons. Primary, secondary,benthic and microbial studies were also carriedout. Water samples were collected from 12stations.

To study the physical, biological and chemicalparameters in the EEZ of the northernArabian Sea. In all 55 stations were covered..Algal growth and their distribution in theshallow waters off Vijaydurg were studied.At 31 stations, samples were collected forthe study of Benthic fauna and the sedimentcharacteristics. Primary productivity andchlorophyll distributions were also studied.At 14 stations purely physical parameterswere studied.

To obtain time series current data usingcurrent meter mooring and for micro-fouling studies. Current meter mooringconsisting of 5 current meters was de-ployed. Hourly observations of the thermalstructures and surface meteorologicalobservations were carried out. Micro-fouling studies also were carried out.Plankton samples were collected by theUniversity participants.

To study the zooplankton and physico-chemical parameters. Observations werecarried out at 40 stations. 114 zoo-plankton samples were collected.

S.P. Anand;NIO -16;Cochin Univ. - 1 ;Dharwar Univ. - 1 ;RRL, Jorhat -1

M.K. Antony;NIO-9;NPOL, Cochin - 2;Andhra Univ. - 1 ;Kerala Univ. - 1 ;Kamataka Univ. -1

V.N. Sankaranarayanan;NIO -12;Cochin Univ.. 1;Kamatak Univ. -1

Y.K. Somayajulu;NIO-6;NPOL - 13

S.N. D'Souza;NIO-1l;Goa Univ. - 1;Berhampur Univ. - 1 ;J.N. Univ.-1;Andhra Univ. -1

T.C.S. Rao;NIO-12;Andhra Univ. - 3

Sponsored by NPOL, Cochin. Hydrographic ,acoustic and wave observations were carriedout at a stationary position. Four nansencasts, 100 MICOM BT observations and 35wave recorders were obtained. The magneto-meter was towed from Cochin to the stationaryposition and back along the cruise track. Fivecurrent meters were moored at 10, 20, 30, 50and 60 m depths for data on temperature,salinity and pressure at 5 minute intervalsfor 5 days.

To train the University graduates in thepractical aspects of oceanographicresearch and to collect samples of sub-tidalorganisms by diving for extraction ofbioactive substances of the seas aroundMinicoy.

Geological and geophysical studies in theBay of Bengal. Bathymetric, magneticand shallow seismic profiles were takenperpendicular to the coast at a regularinterval of 25n miles. Four long rangemagnetic profiles covering deeper regionswere taken. Surface and core sedimentsamples were collected over the shelf.Bathythermograph and temperaturesalinity measurements were also taken.

6464

173 NorthernMormugao Arabian4.10.86 SeatoMormugao20.10.86

174 ArabianMormugao Sea27.10.86toMormugao12.11.86

175 West coastMormugao of India14.11.86 and theto WadgeCochin Bank area30.11.86176 OffCochin Cochin3.12.86toCochin9.12.86

177 OffMormugao Minicoy12.1.87 IslandtoMormugao24.1.87

178 Bay ofVisakhapatnam Bengal6.2.87toVisakhapatnam19.2.87

To collect geological and geophysical dataover the continental margin betweenVisakhapatnam and Paradip. Bathymetric,magnetic and shallow seismic data werecollected along 14 vertical profiles. Shelfbetween Kakinada and Paradip was coveredby long profiles parallel to the coast. Coresediment samples were collected. Bathythermo-graph and temperature-salinity measurementswere also taken.

T.C.S. Rao;NIO-11;Andhra Univ. - 3

To carry out acoustic transmission experi-ments over short ranges using two ships(R.V. Baveshani as transmitting ship andO.R.V. Sagar Kanya as receiving ship).The sound signals (frequency 594 Hz,duration 10 sec.) have been transmittedfrom an acoustic transducer. In all 17transmissions were made each lasting for20 minutes.

C.S. Murty;NIO- 4;NPOL, Cochin - 6:IIRS, Dehra Dun - 6;NPL, New Delhi - 1

Fig 9

65

179Visakhapatnam21.2.87toVisakhapatnam7.3.87

180Visakhapatnam11.3.87toVisakhapatnam20.3.87

Bay ofBengal

Bay ofBengal

1 2 3 4

O.R.V. Sagar Kanya

Geological and geophysical surveys alongthe continental margin between Goa andBombay. Underway bathymetric, magneticand gravity data and sea bed samples werecollected. 3200 lkm of bathymetric andgravity and 2800 lkm of magnetic datawere collected. In all 5 stations wereworked.

Sampling of polymetallic nodule deposits,Afanasiy nikitin sea mount survey andsimultaneous collection of meteorologicaldata were carried out. Boomerang grabsand still Cameras were operated forsampling. Detailed echosounding, magneticand gravity surveys were carried out onthe Afansiy nikitin sea mount.

To understand the response of the oceanto the summer monsoon and the feed backeffect of the Arabian sea cooling on thelower atmospheric layer. Hydrographic datawere collected at 73 stations, MBT at 60stations and XBT at 14 stations wereoperated. Data on waves were collected atmost of the stations. Radio Sonde and OmegaSonde were operated by IMD participants torecord upper air temperature, humidity fieldsand profiles of winds.

This was a continuation of the previouscruise. To understand the response of theocean to the summer monsoon and the feedback effect of the Arabian Sea cooling on theenergetics of the moonsoon. Hydrographicdata were collected at 35 stations. XBT wasoperated at 26 hydrographic stations at 3hourly interval. Shipborne wave recorder wasused to collect wave data at all the stations.Surface meteorological observations were alsotaken at all the stations. Radiosonde and OmegaSonde were operated by IMD participants.

Studies related to cyclogenesis and withdrawalphase of southwest monsoon and collectionof data on currents and tides. Current metermoorings were deployed at 3 locations. 44Radio Sonde ascents were taken along withthree hourly surface meteorological observa-tions. Depthwise distribution of currentswere also studied.

G.C. Bhattacharya;NIO-1l;PRL, Ahmedabad - 2;Kerala Univ. - 1 ;Mangalore Univ. - 1 ;CESS - 1 ;Preussag (FRG) - 2

A.B. Valangkar;NIO -16;NGRI · 3;IMD - 6;Delhi Univ. - 2;Jadavpur Univ. - 3;Osmania Univ. - 1 ;Goa Univ. -1

V. Ramesh Babu;NIO - 9;IMD-6

V. Ramesh Babu;NIO-10;IMD-6

N.M. Anand;NIO-7;IMD-4;Jadavpur Univ. - 1 ;Andhra Univ. - 1 ;Cochin Univ. - 1

66

ArabianSea

CentralIndianOceanbasin

SouthernandCentralArabianSea

CentralandNorthernArabianSea

CentralandadjoiningBay ofBengal

22 BCochin19.3.86toMormugao2.4.86

23Mormugao7.4.86toMormugao22.5.86

24Mormugao4.7.86toMormugao11.8.86

25Mormugao15.8.86toMormugao7.9.86

26Mormugao14.9.86toMormugao17.10.86

This is an Indo-FRG Project cruise (1) Tostudy the quaternary- upwelling and climatein the Arabian Sea related to the monsoonevents; (2) To retrieve and redeploy the 3sets of sediment traps deployed earlier fora further period of six months, and (3) Tocarry out detailed hydrography and hydro-chemical profiles of the satellite stations forshallow water hydrocarbons.

For the testing of the Under water ElectricRock Core Drilling System. During thecruise 4 drilling operations were performedat two different sites. Samples were collectedin 3 of the operations.

To conduct the free fall grab sampling andechosounding survey at seamount inCentral Indian Ocean and geophysicalsurvey of southern portion 90 East Ridge.11600 lkm echosounding and 736 lkm ofgravity surveys were carried out. In all 12stations were covered.

To conduct biological and chemical investi-gations. In all 3421 nautical miles and 65stations were covered. Studies were madeon primary production, trace metal andnutrients. Smith-McIlntyre grab, Hamburgplankton net and In-situ water sampler wereoperated successfully for the first time. Asubmerged mount was located at 16°Nlatitude and 69°E longitude at a depth of3700 m.

(1) To carry out acoustic transmissions andreception between RV Gaveshani and ORVSagar Kanya; (2) To Develop capability ofdeploying and retrieving deep sea moorings,ship's position keeping, etc. and to assessrequirements for tomography. Two mooringswere deployed and retrieved successfully.Data were collected at 5 stations usingCSTD. EBT and wave rider buoy were alsooperated. Acoustic transmissions were con-ducted successfully.

M.V.S. Gupta;NIO - 20;Hamburg Univ. -6;Woods Hole OeeanographicInst., U.S.A.-1

N.H. Hashimi;NIO-1l;Goa Univ. -4;Cochin Univ. -1

V.N. Kodagali;NIO 13;Goa Univ. - 2

V.P. Devassy;NIO -20;PRL, Ahmedabad-2;ONGC-I;Karnataka Univ. - 1 ;Andhra Univ. - 1

J.S. Sastry;NIO 14;NGRI - 2;NPOL - 7;IMD-7

67

27ABombay5.11.86toMormugao22.11.86

27 BMormugao26.11.86toMormugao8.12.86

28Mormugao15.12.86toMormugao14.1.87

29Mormugao19.1.87toMormugao14.2.87

30Visakhapatnam11.3.87toVisakhapatnam20.3.87

ArabianSea

ArabianSea

CentralIndianOcean

Centraland northwestcoast ofIndia

OffVisakhapatnamin theBay ofBengal

Fig. 10

6. ANTARCTIC RESEARCH

The Sixth Scientific Expedition to Antarctica which left from Mormugao Harbour on 26 November1986 was headed by Dr. A.H. Parulekar, Head, Biological Oceanography Division of the Institute.Four other scientists deputed for this expedition were M/s S.P. Fondekar, Baban Ingole, JoaquimGoes and Ramesh Kumar. The team continued the work initiated in earlier expeditions with specialemphasis on ozone holes and land biology.

The details of data collected during the past and present expeditions are reported here:

(a) Physical oceanographic studies (M.R. Ramesh Kumar)

Expendable Bathythermograph (XBT) was operated and surface meteorological observations werecarried out between 10°N and 46°S latitudes during the onward journey to and the return journeyfrom the Antarctica. Altogether about 80 XBT records were obtained for studying thermal struc-ture of the ocean. Seven oceanographic stations were occupied in polynia and the data on tempera-ture and salinity of the sub-surface waters of this region were collected. During the return journey25 hydrographic stations were occupied between 67°S and 57°S latitudes and the temperatureand salinity measurements were carried out for studying the watermass structure.

(b) Chemistry of the waters (S.P. Fondekar)

During the expedition, 35 oceanographic stations were worked on a pre-planned cruise track andwater samples were collected at different depths for the analysis of pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen,nutrients and dissolved and particulate carbohydrates on board. Eight different lakes on the Antarc-tic continent were also studied for the above physico-chemical parameters. Aerosol sampling wascarried out from equator to 70°S. A total of 30 samples were collected. The detailed analyses ofthe above water and aerosol samples are being done.

(c) Observations on the frontal structure in the south Indian Antarctic Ocean (S.W.A. Naqvi)

Observations made during two crossings of major oceanic fronts in the southeastern and south-western Indian/Antarctic Oceans were utilized to compute latitudinal surface temperature gradientsas a tool for identifying the major fronts, i.e. the subtropical convergence (STC), the subantarcticfront (SAF) and the Antarctic Polar Front (APF). The results indicate two striking differencesbetween the frontal structures in the eastern and western sectors: the SAF is very pronounced inthe southeastern Indian/Antarctic Ocean, while the STC is weakly developed; and, the STC is farmore intense in the western sector, while the SAF is either poorly defined or absent. Probably re-lated to these differences is the observation that the characteristics of "Subantarctic Mode Water"north of the STC correspond very well to the thermostat observed south of the STC in the south-eastern Indian Ocean, but not in the south western region. It is concluded that while the watercharacterized by an oxygen maximum is formed within the sub-antarctic zone (between the STCand the SAF) in the eastern sector, it originates north of the STC in the western region. Morenortherly formation zone in the southwestern Indian and southeastern Atlantic Oceans would notonly make the water warmer, but the volume of the water formed here will also be smaller becauseof shorter periods of intense surface cooling. This would also account for the observed attenuationof the oxygen maximum to the west.

(d) Nutrients and organic production in Antarctic waters (A.H. Parulekar)

69

Nutrients and primary productivity sampling in the euphotic zone was undertaken in the oceanregion and coastal ice edge zone of Antarctica between 60° to 70°S latitude for a continuousperiod of 2 months during 1984-85. Concentrations of ammonia-N and Urea-N in this waters variedfrom 0.5 to 2.31 μm 1-1 and from 0 to 2.37 μm-1 respectively. Primary productivity (PP) andchlorophyll (chl a) in the coastal waters were much higher (average values, chl a: 1.72 ±1.0 mgm-3 , pp: 1.27± 1.0 mgC m-2 hr ) as compared to those of oceanic region (average values, chl a:0.28 ± .14 mg m - 3 , pp: 0.31 ± .14 mgC m-2 hr - 1 ) . In contrast to the phytoplankton production,

nutrients, especially the nitrates were found to be markedly low in the coastal waters (meanNO3-N: 15.12 ± 4.0 μm l-1; SiO3-Si: 34.91 ± 6.2 μm1-1) as compared to those in oceanic region(mean NO3-N: 24.7 ± 2.7 μ m - 1 ) , SiO3-Si: 55.7 ± 4.1μm 1-1) indicating their utilisation byphytoplankton in coastal waters. From the experimental work it can be deduced that, while nitrateconsitute more than 80% of the inorganic nitrogen, the phytoplankton organisms in Antarcticwaters have higher affinity for reduced sources of nitrogen like ammonia and urea, which undergorapid recyling.

Team : X.N. Verlecar, B.S. lngole, S.G. Prabhu Matondkar

(e) Krill production in Southern Ocean (Λ.Η. Parulekar)

While working on the permanent cruise track in the Indian Ocean sector, a total of 150 primaryproductivity and 100 zooplankton observations were made. 716 mgC m2 d - 1 i s the average pri-mary productivity figure projected for this region. The krill production estimated from these aswell as from phytoplankton and zooplankton data is 1118 xl06 t (net) wet weight of krill per yearin the Southern ocean.

Team : S.G. Prabhu Mantondkar, X.N. Verlencar, B. S. Ingole, A. Pant

70

7. SPONSORED PROJECTS

During the year, nine sponsored, three consultancy and eleven Grant-in-aid projects were carriedout. Twelve projects of the previous years were completed. A summary of the work done undereach project is given below:

A. SPONSORED PROJECTS

1. Demonstration scale production of green mussels and oysters by off bottom culture incoastal waters of Goa. (Estimated cost Rs l.12 lakhs) sponsored by Council of Science Techno-logy and Environment, Government of Goa, Daman & Diu.

This is a continuing project. In continuation with the previous work, two wooden raftswere floated at Dona Paula Bay and series of demonstrations were arranged for the benefit of theparticipants sponsored by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research and, local Taluka and Pan-chayat authorities.

2. Biology and larval rearing of horse-shoe crab under natural and captive conditions (Esti-mated cost Rs. 2.90 lakhs) sponsored by M/s Unichem Laboratories, Bombay.

This is a continuing project. Observations on the environmental parameters like pH, salinity,dissolved oxygen, Particulate Organic Carbon, Chlorophyll, benthic meio- and macrofauna, bio-logical parameters like food and feeding cycle, population dynamics, seasonal abundance andoccurrence of the Horse shoe crab population with lunar cycle have been carried out.

This is a continuing project. Water samples obtained at every 5 m depth from the surfaceto the bottom were analysed for temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, particle size distri-bution, total suspended solids, chlorine demand, carbonate, bicarbonate, total iron, calcium, mag-nesium, barium, sulphate, nitrate, ammonia etc. during December (premonsoon) and August (mon-soon). The results did not reveal specific advantage of water quality at any particular depth and inprinciple the intake water can be drawn at any convenient depth. However, the region being shal-iow, suspension of the bottom sediment into the water column during rough weather conditionsmight increase the suspended load in the bottom layer (below 40 m or so). The top layer on theother hand (top 20 m or so) is likely to be influenced by the local platform activities, the loadassociated with monsoonal run off and high swells during rough sea conditions.

4. Tidal power development in the Gulf of Kutch (Estimated cost Rs. 13.65 lakhs) sponsoredby Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi.

The project is aimed at understanding the impact of the proposed plant on water quality,biological productivity and weed growth. Studies were carried out on the salinity changes due tomonsoonal productivity of the little Gulf of Kutch and seasonal variability of base water quality.Data on waves are also being collected off Kandla region.

5. Shallow seismic surveys for the proposed New Mandovi Bridge (Estimated cost Rs. 0.545lakhs) sponsored by Government of Goa, Daman and Diu.

Surveys were carried out at the proposed new Mandovi Bridge site to determine the sedi-ment thickness and bed rock profile. A preliminary report was submitted to the sponsors.

6. Development of an Automatic Tide Gauge (Estimated cost Rs. 2.585 lakhs) sponsoredby Calcutta Port Trust.

This project aims at the development of a new type of tide gauge using random accessmemories to store tidal data. The use of a differential transducer eliminates the need for applyingatmospheric correction to tidal data. The design, artwork, and fabrication of the system hardwarecircuits are nearing completion, and the testing of software routines is being parallely carried out.The fabrication of the sea unit is completed.

7. Bathymetric surveys off Mithapur (Estimated cost Rs. 1.31 lakhs) sponsored by M/s TataChemical Limited, Gujarat.

General bathymetric surveys off Mithapur were carried out to recommend a route forlaying of submarine pipeline for their waste water disposal.

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8. Gravity surveys on the western continental shelf between Devgarh and Karwar (Estimatedcost Rs. 24.9 lakhs) sponsored by Oil and Natural Gas Commission.

The objective of this project is preparation of the bougher gravity anomaly map of thewestern continental shelf between Devgarh and Karwar. The study of this anomaly map helps indeciphering the geology, structure and tectonic lineament of the area.

9. Bathymetric survey and water line determination in river Tapi for effluent disposal fromGPC, Hajira (Estimated cost Rs. 2.295 lakhs) sponsored by Oil and Natural Gas Commission.

Bathymetric surveys of Tapi river was taken up to locate a suitable effluent release point.ONGC complex is located 15 kms away from Surat near the mouth of the river Tapi. The bathy-metric data collected helped in understanding the river bed morphology for selecting the sub-marine pipeline route and the effluent discharge point.

B. CONSULTANCY PROJECTS

1. Studies on beaches of Pondicherry and their nearshore environment (Estimated costRs.3,200/-) for Directorate of Tourism, Government of Pondicherry.

These studies were taken up in connection with selection of suitable sites for the develop-ment of water sports along the coast of Pondicherry. A reconnaissance survey was carried out onthe beaches along this coast. Based on the prevailing wind and wave climates along this coast andwave refraction studies, a few locations have been identified as suitable for different types of watersports. The results of the reconnaisance survey and the recommendations were submitted.

2. Feasibility report on transportation of heavy load barges and navigation in Amba estuary(Estimated cost Rs. 0.40 lakhs) for M/s ABC India Ltd., Bombay.

A feasibility report for navigation of ocean going barges with heavy load through Ambariver was prepared. From the bathymetric surveys and the data analysis, it was recommended thatshallow draught barges are appropriate vessels for the purposes.

3. Conversion of wave rider digital data off Madras to computer compatible format and itsanalysis. (Estimated cost Rs.0.30 lakhs) for Ocean Engineering Centre, Indian Institute of Techno-logy, Madras.

Conversion of wave rider digital data off Madras to computer compatible format and itsanalysis was undertaken and completed using the data processing systems available at the Institute.

C. GRANT-IN-AID PROJECTS

1. Nation wide survey on the occurrence and distribution of environmental pollutants in theseas around India - Training and Intercalibration (Estimated cost Rs. 4 lakhs) of the Departmentof Ocean Development.

This national project, jointly organised and funded by the Department of Ocean Develop-ment and Department of Environment with NIO as the coordinating agency, involves the partici-pation of 15 organisations in the littoral states of India.

As a first step, training courses in marine pollution monitoring techniques - analytical andsampling - are being organised at NIO, Goa. The first course was held from 3-13 March, 1987involving participation of 7 scientists from 5 organisations. The second course was held from 17-27March and had 8 scientists from 5 organisations.

2. Marine algal resources survey along the central west coast of India (Estimated cost Rs. 4.5lakhs) of the Department of Ocean Development.

The central west coast of India was surveyed for intertidal and subtidal ecology, phenologyand biomass estimation at 6 stations viz. Ratnagiri, Malvan, Anjuna, Karwar, Honnavar and Bhatkal.A total of 218 species were recorded. Of these, 21 species were new to central west coast of India.The average biomass estimated for some dominant seaweeds was 0.4 to 800 kg/m2 (wet weight).

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3. Oceanographic training on board Boats and Research Vessels/Crafts (Estimated cost Rs.3.45lakhs) of the Department of Ocean Development.

The Training Division has received a grant-in-aid project from the Department of OceanDevelopment for its on-board training programme.

The Instrumentation Division has been entrusted with the development of the followinginstruments:

i) Automatic weather station;ii) Direct Reading Current meter;

iii) Electronic Bathythermograph;

The project started in March, 1987. Under this project, it is also proposed to design anintegrated Data Acquisition System, using the IBM-PC. The systems also provide necessary soft-ware for the analysis of data to the user.

4. Development of Laboratory-based Photo Array Optical System (Estimated cost Rs. 8.8lakhs) of the Department of Ocean Development.

The project was funded in January 1987 under Department of Ocean Development's (DOD)Remote Sensing Programme. The scope of this project includes the setting up of a laboratory opti-cal system to be used for the measurement of the optical properties of sea water constituents. Thesystem design has advanced to the stage where simple absorption experiments can be performedusing a 512 element photo array detector, a high resolution spectrograph, and a simple opticalgeometry to collect and direct transmitted light from a sea water sample cell.

5. Development of Satellite Transmitting Tide Gauge (Estimated cost Rs. 2.592 lakhs) ofDepartment of Science and Technology, Government of India.

The entire hardware design of the gauge is completed. The software design is being formu-lated.

6. Development of Recording Current Meter (Estimated cost Rs. 9.21 lakhs) of the Depart-ment of Ocean Development.

A vector-averaging recording current meter with an option for temperature and depth re-cording is to be developed.

7. Development of Free Fall Bathythermograph (Estimated cost Rs. 7.0 lakhs) of the Depart-ment of Ocean Development.

A portable self-recording bathythermograph with end-to-end capabilities for the processingof temperature with depth is to be developed.

8. Marine Archaeological studies (Estimated cost Rs. 17.81 lakhs) of the Department ofScience & Technology.

This is a continuing project.

(a) The chartering of a well-equipped vessel M.F.V. Vedhavati enabled the underwater excava-tion work for long hours and survey a larger area than was possible in the earlier expeditions.The divers trained in underwater archaeological photography were able to take colour photographsof international standards. In all, 14 trenches were dug in the seabed 500 to 800 m seaward of thetemple of Samudranarayana (SN) which marks the ancient harbour site at Dwarka. The overburdenof sediment and vegetation had to be removed by adopting the airlift technique in order to exposethe submerged protohistoric (Period I) and early historic (Period II) structures. Both are in situ at5.56 to 6.14 m and 2.81 m depth respectively below MSL.

(b) Protohistoric Fort Wall and Jetty (Period I): A massive fort wall and a crescentic bastionwith a partly eroded plinth and couple of other walls - all built of large and well dressed blocks oflimestone - were exposed upto 3 courses. Five 3-holed stone anchors similar in shape and site tothose used in Cyprus and Syria in the 14th-12th century B.C. and weighing 75 to 250 kg were

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recovered from the close proximity of the fortwall which might have also served as a jetty or pier.The stone anchors, a chert blade and distinct ceramic wares such as the Lustrous Red Ware andblack-and-red ware suggest a 15th century date for the submerged settlement of Period I. It musthave been a city in view of the fact that it extended upto Rupen as indicated by the dressed build-ing blocks noticed 500 m seaward of the Radio and T.V. Towers.

(c) Early Historic Structure and Shipwreck: Two arms of a stone wall of Period II and ironanchor and wooden ribs and part of a hull of a shipwreck were found about 600 m seaward ofSN temple. Lumps of a black resinuous material perhaps bitumen or amber were also recoveredfrom the wreck site. Another iron anchor of a later period as can be judged from the typologyfound at the same station is larger in size. The structure of Period II seems to belong to the earlycenturies of the Christian era as indicated by the coarse red pottery bowls. The large anchor is ofthe medieval period. The full extent of the submerged city and its plan are not yet known. Butthe present investigations confirm that both Dwarka and Bet Dwarka were large port-towns in1400 B.C. and were submerged by the sea as mentioned in the Mahabharata.

(d) Sea Level Fluctuations: The bastion of Period I which is in situ at 6 m below MSL musthave been built at 1.5 m above the then MVL, and the present MWL is about 1.9 m above MSL. Itis therefore possible to postulate a 9 m rise in the sea level since 1400 B.C. The rise in sea levelsince the beginning of the Christian era can be said to be 5.5 m in view of the evidence providedby the structure of Period II at 2.5 m below MSL (.25 + 1.5 + 1.5). Eustatic features contributingto the submergence are yet to be studied.

9. Oceanographic data and information management (Estimated cost Rs. 28 lakhs) of theDepartment of Ocean Development.

The aim of this project is to develop computerised system and services for oceanographicdata and information and to develop data based software to handle multiple users enquiry. Re-quired equipment and computer peripherals are being procured.

10. Acquisition of Antarctic data (Estimated cost Rs. 1.09 lakhs) of the Department of OceanDevelopment.

This project is for acquiring oceanographic data of the Antarctica region from NationalOceanographic Data Centres and World Data Centres. So far 15 data tapes have been acquired fromU.S.A.

11. Development of acoustic techniques for remote sensing of oceans for collection of oceano-graphic data in real time (Estimated cost Rs. 120.7 lakhs) of the Department of Ocean Develop-ment.

This project is for three years duration with the following programmes:

(i) Organisation of four cruises for seasonal variability studies;(ii) Theoretical studies on hydrographic and acoustic variability in space and time,(iii) Development of immersion methods.for profile reconstruction;(iv) Procurement of short and medium range systems;(v) Field studies on internal waves, ocean eddies, ocean fronts, etc.;(vi) Analysis and interpretation of signals;

The work has been initiated as per the above programmes.

D. COMPLETED PROJECTS OF THE PREVIOUS YEARS

Assessment of environmental conditions at Mangalore Harbour, sponsored by New Manga-lore Port Trust, Mangalore.

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Studies on portable breakwater system to control sediment transport near tidal inlets formaintaining continuous supply of brine for salt pans, sponsored by the Salt Commissioner,Government of India.Hydrographic and microbiological studies in Amba river estuary for waste water disposalfrom a petrochemical complex, sponsored by Indian Petrochemical Corporation Limited,Bombay.Feasibility report on transportation of heavy load barges and navigation in Amba estuary,consultancy project for M/s ABC India Limited, Bombay.

Integrated oceanographic studies off Lakshadweep, Grant-in-aid project for the Laksha-dweep Administration.Study of estuarine environments of major Indian rivers, Ganga and Mahanadi;Grant-in-aidproject of the Department of Environment.

NIO/DOD/SCOR Indian National inter-calibration exercise on nutrients and trace metals,grant-in-aid project of the Department of Ocean Development.

Wave measurements off Hazira, sponsored by Oil & Natural Gas Commission, Bombay.

Seabed surveys at Sutrapada, Veraval, sponsored by Gujarat Heavy Chemicals.

Shallow seismic surveys in Vembanad lake, Kerala, sponsored by M/s Travancore CementsLimited.

Environmental baseline studies around offshore structures in Bombay High sponsored byONGC.

Biofouling of offshore structures, sponsored by Oil and Natural Gas Commission.

Seabed surveys for location of SBM terminal and connecting pipeline off Hajira, sponsoredby Oil and Natural Gas Commission.

Hydrographic survey off Visakhapatnam, sponsored by Naval Physical Oceanographic Labo-ratory, Cochin.

Hydrographic survey off Cochin, sponsorved by Naval Physical Oceanographic Laboratory,Cochin.

Water quality analysis in Heera field, sponsored by Oil and Natural Gas Commission.

Analysis of samples collected from Bombay Harbour for biological characteristics, spon-sored by Ocean Logistics, Bombay.

Gravity survey on the western continental shelf between Devgarh and Karwar, sponsored byOil and Natural Gas Commission.

Surveys for settlement of flexible protection works of Kosi Barrage, sponsored by IrrigationDepartment of Government of Bihar.

Analytical Services

Analysis of water /fish samples were undertaken for the following organisations :-

Hotel Cidade de Goa, Goa

D.J. Hatcheries, Bangalore

Gwalior Rayons, Karnataka

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Photo-14 : A diver plots the submerged bastion, Dwarka

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8. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMMES

1. Indo-FRG Collaborative Research

A joint Indo-FRG Collaborative Scientific programme on "Quaternary Upwelling and Climate inthe Arabian Sea related to monsoon events", was launched from Djibouti on April 23, 1986 onboard F.S. SONNE in the Arabian Sea. In this programme five scientists of the Institute partici-pated alongwith the scientists from the Universities of Hamburg, Heidelberg and Kiel, (FRG). Themain objective of the cruise was to deploy three sediment traps in the water at a depth of about4000 m specially designed to collect suspended particulate matter in the Arabian Sea to understandthe source and nature of the sediment and sedimentary processes. Six current meters were alsomoored along with the traps to get information on currents. The deployment of deep sea sedimenttraps was first of its kind in the deep Arabian Sea. This experiment was continued for six monthsThe period of deployment is the most ideal time for studying the sedimentary processes operatingduring pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon periods. It was also helpful in understanding theupwelling phenomenon in the Arabian Sea water and to identify the fauna indicative of upwellingepisodes as recorded in the sediment cores.

The cruise terminated at Mauritius on June 4, 1986 and the second part of the programmei.e. to retrieve the sediment traps was carried out by O.R.V. Sagar Kanya. The samples and otherdata collected would be jointly investigated by India and FRG on problems of sedimentology,micropaleontology and geochemistry.

2. Indo-FRG Collaboration on Geothermal Metallogenesis in the Indian Ocean

This project was initiated in 1983 with the participation of NIO personnel in the 28th cruise of FSSONNE in the Indian Ocean. This was followed by a workshop conducted in NIO on the Indo-FRG scientific collaboration and was decided to continue the cruise programmes for the project"Geothermal Metallogenesis in the Indian Ocean".

Based on the results of SO-28, two areas (i) Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge and (ii) the TripleJunction were selected and surveyed for hydrothermal mineralised zones during the cruise SO-43 inwhich 4 scientists from NIO participated. Extensive sampling for rocks, sediments and water, insitu measurements for pressure, temperature, oxygen, conductivity and salinity of the water columnat various levels and deep sea photography were carried out. The ridge system was surveyed indetail with sea-beam along closely spaced rocks for locating the rift valley and fracture zone.

Water samples were analysed for manganese, methane and helium anomalies with AtomicAbsorption Spectrophotometer and Gas Chromatography, which are indicators for hydrothermalactivity. Fresh basalts were collected while dredging the rift valley. The sediments were mostlycalcareous ooze with or without micro nodules. Occasionally at specific intervals in the sedimentcores basaltic glass pieces were noticed. The cores collected were sub-sampled and sedimentologi-cal, mineralogical and geochemical studies were carried out. Thin sections were prepared from therocks samples for petrological studies.

3. International intercalibration exercises

In pursuance of the Annual General Meeting of the Indian National Committee for SCOR held atNew Delhi in March 1984, the Institute organised an intercalibration exercise which was co-spon-sored by Indian National Committee for SCOR and the Department of Ocean Development, NewDelhi. Seventeen laboratories took part in the exercise. The parameters calibrated were nutrientssuch as phosphate-phosphorus, Nitrate-nitrogen and Silicate-silica in aqueous standards and metalssuch as copper, cadmium, lead, zinc, cobalt, iron, nickel and mercury in mussel tissue homogenateand marine sediment reference samples. Percentage of error was as high as + 24% with coefficientof variation + 66.08 for phosphate. Results of Nitrate-Nitrogen and Silicate-Silica analysis alsoshowed similar variations. Due to insufficient data, analysis for actual concentration of metals wasnot carried out.

4. Accelerated corrosion of metals and alloys in the marine environment.

Under this Indo-US collaborative research programme, physical, chemical and biological factorswhich can accelerate the rate of corrosion of various metals and alloys in the marine environmenthas been undertaken and the work is in progress.

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9. INFRASTRUCTURE

1. Library

a) Collections :

Books

Technical reports

Journals on subscription

Journals on exchange/gift

b) Users :

Institute staff

Outsiders

Photocopies/books/periodicals loanedto other institutes

Photocopies/books/periodicals receivedfrom other institutes

The Library continued its resource sharing with the Goa University and the publication of"Aquatitles" and "New Arrivals". During the year, the Library has established the following newactivities :-

(a) Development of software package for library routines - books purchases;(b) Computerised processing of journal subscription renewals;(c) Computerised literature search facility:

(i) Oceanline (inhouse system);(ii) Dialog (online international system);

2. Photography Section

The photography section attends to the jobs of the various divisions in the laboratory and in thefield. Several cruises were also attended by the staff for photographic work. Besides these, theMarine Archaeology field work at Dwarka was also attended. The total number of jobs undertakenduring the year is 436.

3. Drawing Section

The Drawing Section has completed around 380 jobs during the current year.

4. Workshop

The workshop has completed a total number of 240 jobs during the year. The major fabricationwork completed are :

Stainless Steel Time Casing (3 Nos.);

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Additions duringthe year

728

258

10

5

- 446

- 864

175

110

TotalCollection

16924

4582

210

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SS Sample Squeezers;

Carpentry jobs for computer room, NIO exhibits, Goa Fair 1986 and for Solar Stills;

In addition, service jobs requiring urgent need has also been attended to.

5. PrototypeThis Section has prepared the circuit lay out and fabrication of P.C. boards for rotor current meter,weather station, E.B.T. and many others for testing purposes. Preparation of circuit layouts andP.C. boards for the Goa Engineering College Projects has also been carried out.

6. Facilities Added During the Year

Instrumentation

The Marine Instrumentation Group procured the following :

i) Chi PC-XT — An IBM PC Compatible PC for applications such as scientific softwaredevelopment, interface to instruments and systems being developed in the divisionand microprocessor software development.

ii) Winchester Hard Disk for INTEL MDS II system with storage capacity of 20Megabyte.

iii) Under DOD sponsored project "OPTICAL ANALYSER" following things werepurchased:

* 1452 512 Element 2.5 mm aperture slip array detector;

* 1461 - XD detector interface for diode array;Detector consisting of 1461 detector interface and 1462 detector Module.

* Spectrograph with grating holographic, 300g/mm blaze, useful range 200-800 nm.

* CE 0091 extended memory option (256 K bytes);

* 11-097 grating, holographic, 150g/nm blaze useful range 200-800 nm.

Computer

The Computer ND-520 was available to the user throughout the year. Users' statistics during theperiod April 1986 to March 1987 are as follows :

Terminal time used : 6992.36 hours;CPU time used : 539.18 hours;

The System was upgraded with the following hardware and software during the year :-

Hardware

Mannesman Tally Dot Matrix printer - two nos.Inchem Alfa Numerical Terminals - three nos.Main memory from 1.25 MB - 2.00 MBAdditional I/O port line - 8 nos.UPS System - 2 nos.

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Power distribution unit - 1 no.Second disc of 140 MB started using on line.

Software

SIBAAS Data Base Management System on ND-100.SORT/MERGE utilities.UNIQUENotise-business-graphicsSINTRAN III VSE/500 and version installed.

Besides the management of the Centre, the Computer Group has taken up the followingadditional work :-

A course on FORTRAN Programming was conducted for M.Sc. students of the GoaUniversity.

Created the inventory data base of cruises and stations of R.V. Gaveshani and O.R.V.Sagar Kanya for the period of 1976 to 1986.

Physical Oceanography

A Microvax II based Aries III Image Analysis System procured from the Dipix System Limited,Canada at a cost of about Rs.33 lakhs has been installed and commissioned in February, 1987.

Ocean Engineering

Under NORAD Project IND-0l3 on Coastal Zone Management, water level recorders, Acousticrelease, DIMA and DIWAR wave recording systems, Memodyne tape reader, wave buoy directionindicator, recording equipments HP-85B and HP-Vectra, Graphic plotter were received.

Geological Oceanography

An underwater electrical rock core drill onboard O.R.V. Sagar Kanya was installed.

Marine Corrosion and Materials Research

Time-Lapse Photographic System with Video recorder was procured. It is being used to studylarval development, counting of bacterial colonies and to assess the response to pollutants byvarious organisms.

Regional Centre, Cochin

The following were procured during the year :-

(1) Hot Air Oven; (2) 18 CPS Daisy Wheel Printer; (3) Mini 20 Spectrophotometer;(4) Teflon Faced Pyrex Holder - 3 Nos.; (5) Double Beam UV Visible Spectrophotometer;(6) Metlar Analytical Balance.

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10. VISITORS

A six member Norwegian delegation led by Mr. Storloekken Kseil, Director, NORADvisited NIO on 26 November 1986 and had discussions with the Director and other scientists whoare associated with the Indo-Norwegian Collaborative Programmes; (i) Coastal zone management,and (ii) Geological and geophysical surveys - west coast and proposed computer system for NIO.Discussions were also held on the utilization of the Norwegian fund for these two projects. Thedelegation expressed their happiness about the progress of Indo-Norwegian projects. Later theywere taken around the Institute and the activities of the different Division were shown to them.

A high power Russian delegation led by Academician G.I. Marchuk visited NIO on March19, 1987, and discussed various topics of proposed Indo-USSR collaborative programmes inOceanography. Academician Marchuk and Acad. Sarkisyan, both physical oceanographers, haddetailed discussions on the results of monsoon studies in the Indian Ocean. Both of them addressedthe NIO scientists on oceanographic studies with particular reference to circulation, currents andair-sea interaction in the Indian Ocean.

The delegation was in India for finalizing the Indo-USSR Collaborative Programme in whichOceanography has also been included. The programmes were identified by an Indo-USSR Workshopheld in December 1985. The following four areas of oceanography have been identified for jointresearch.

1. Air-sea interaction in relation to monsoon dynamics;2. Space-time variability of equatorial currents in the Indian Ocean;3. Trans Indian Ocean Geotraverse;4. Ecosystem analysis and basic research in the equatorial Indian Ocean.

Acad. Marchuk showed keen interest in the programme and expressed that the joint workwill help to solve many problems on monsoon development and prediction in the Indian Oceanthrough oceanographic studies. He offered cooperation in the form of joint expeditions in theIndian Ocean region and exchange of scientists between the two countries to avail each others'facilities.

The US Ambassador to India Mr. Gunthur Dean visited the Institute on March 19, 1987.The Director, Dr. B.N. Desai welcomed him and explained the activities of the Institute. Later hewas taken around the various laboratories in the Institute. He showed keen interest in the Insti-tute's programmes and discussed about Indo-US joint programmes on bioactive substances, bio-deterioration and corrosion studies.

The NIO has a project largely funded by United States through PL-480 on the bioactivesubstances from the sea. This programme includes identification of marine plants and animalswhich show bioactive properties.

Other distinguished visitors were :

At Headquarters

Dr. A. Wroblewski, Institute of Oceanology, Sopot, Poland under the Exchange Programme.Dr. Lakshmi H. Kantha, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Programme, Princeton University.Dr. Daniel Spitzer, Head of Remote Sensing Section, Tidal Waters Division, Ministry ofTransport and Public Works, Netherlands.Prof. R. Balasubranmanyam and Dr. K. Gopalan, Cochin University.Prof. R.P. Bambah, Vice-Chancellor, Chandigarh University.Prof. S. Dey, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.Prof. C.M. Ramachandran, University Grants Commission.Prof. Sheikh Ali, Goa University.Prof. D.C. Parasnis, Prof. Naresh Kumar and Prof. J. Akelia under TOKTEN Programme.Dr. D.S. Cronan and Dr. M.B. Beck, Imperial College, London.

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Dr. Y.C. Agrawal, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, USA.Dr. Dutta, Calcutta Port Trust.Dr. Ram K. Iyengar, CSIR, New Delhi.Dr. S.N. Dwivedi, Department of Ocean Development, New Delhi,Shri Shantaram Potduke, Member of Parliament, New Delhi.Dr. A. Prakash, Environmental Protection Service, Canada.Prof. O.G. Houmb, Norway.Mr. Tor Kollstad, Norway.Mr. Bern and Ms. Fareh, Norway.

At Regional Centre, Cochin

Dr. Stefan Wellershaus, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar & Marine Research, FRG.Dr. Mohan M. Bhadbhade, Lab. of Molecular Biophysics, University of Oxford.Dr. Weyne V. Burf, Oregon State University.Prof. Saad Kamal El.Wakeel and Dr. A. El-Agamy, Qatar University.Prof. K M. Bahauddin, NIEPA, New Delhi.

Photo-15 : Acad. Marchuk from USSR (centre) at NIO with the Director (right)

Photo-16 : U.S. Ambassador Dean (centre) visiting NIO

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11. AWARDS, HONOURS AND MEMBERSHIPS

Dr. H.N. Siddiquiewas posthumously given "State Award" by the Government of Goa, Daman & Diu for hismeritorious contributions in Science.

Dr. B.N. DesaiMember, Goa Council of Science & TechnologyMember, Planning Board of Government of GoaMember, Executive Council of the Goa UniversityInvited Member of Ocean Science & Technology Board, New Delhi.

J.S. SastryMember, Indian National Committee for World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) bythe Indian National Science AcademyMember, Indian National Committee for Studies on Tropical Ocean and Global Atmos-phere (TOGA)Member, Indian Ocean Panel of the CCCO IOC/ICSUMember, Expert Group on Atmospheric Boundary Layer Studies.

Dr. R. Sen GuptaMember, CSIR Steering Committee on EnvironmentGuide in Marine Chemistry at Kerala and Cochin Universities.

Dr. M. Krishnan KuttyMember, Board of Studies in School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science& TechnologyMember, Board of Studies, Mariculture, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University ofScience & TechnologyMember, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science & TechnologyMember, Academic Council, Cochin University of Science & Technology.

Dr. B.U. NayakConferred with Distinguished Alumnus Award by Manipal Institute of Technology, ManipalChairman for the Instituion of Engineers (India).Goa Sub-Centre.

Dr. A.H.ParulekarFellow (Life-time), National Academy of Sciences of India.Member, Marine Fisheries National Productivity Council, Ministry of Industry & Mines,Govt. of India.Member, High Level Committee on Development & Management of Marine Fishery Re-sources, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.

Dr. A.G. UntawaleMember, Recreational Park at Aguada Plateau, Directorate of Tourism, Govt. of Goa,Daman & Diu.Member, Technical Advisory Committee for Western Ghat Development Programme, Govt.of Goa, Daman & DiuMember, Editorial Committee, BAKAWAN: A Mangrove Information Bulletin, Manila,Philippines.Member, Environmental Protection Council, Govt. of Goa, Daman & Diu.

Dr. M.D. ZingdeMember Secretary, Expert Committee for the Preparation of Monograms on Acoustic andCommercial Surveys for Island Development Authority, Department of Ocean Develop-ment, New Delhi.Member, Board of Examiners, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Bombay.

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Dr. (Mrs.) Vijayalakshmi R. NairMember, Consultative Group, Fishery Survey of India, BombayMember, International Working Group on Chaetognaths, SwedenMember, Editorial Board, Journal of the Indian Fisheries Association, Bombay.

Shri L.V.G. RaoAssessor in the field of Thermal & Optical Measurements under the calibration service pro-gramme of NCTCF (National Coordination of Testing and Calibration Facilities) Scheme.Member, Action Group on Recommendations of Task Force on Remote Sensing in Oceano-graphy, Marine Resources Management and Coastal Studies.

Dr. D. ChandramohanNominated Member, Editorial Board, Journal of Microbiological Methods (an internationaljournal published by Elsevier).

Shri P.S.N. MurtyElected Fellow of Association of Exploration Geophysics.

Dr. A.B. WaghFellow of the Academy of Environmental Biology, India.Member of Executive Council of Academy of Environmental Biology.

Dr. Ch. M.RaoMember, Board of Studies, Mangalore UniversityMember Board of Examiners, Mangalore University.

Dr. V.N. SankaranarayananMember, Board of Studies in Marine Geology, Cochin University of Science & TechnologyExaminer in Chemical Oceanography of Andhra, Cochin and Berhampur Universities.

Shri M.R.NayakFellow, International Institute of Material Sciences.

Shri G. Narayana SwamyConvenor, Ad hoc Committee, Indian Society for the Physical and Engineering Sciences ofthe Ocean.

Dr. Shubha SathyendranathSelected for the Scientific Exchange Award of the National Science and Engineering Re-search Council of Canada.

Dr. T. BalachandranLife Member, Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)Life Member, National Academy of Sciences of IndiaLife Member, Asian Fishery Society.

Shri K.K.C. NairLife Member, Marine Biological Association of India.

Shri P. ChandramohanExecutive Committee Member, Institution of Engineers (India), Goa Sub-Centre.

Shri V. Kesava DasMember, CSIR Sports Promotion BoardInvited Member, Council of Science, Technology & Environment, Govt. of Goa, Daman &Diu.

85

Dr. U. GoswamiMember, Asian Fisheries Society, Phillipines & Indian Branch, Mangalore.

Dr. Anil ChatterjeeAwarded Second Price by Akhil Bhartiya Vaigyanik Parishad organised by Bhaba AtomicResearch Centre on an article (Hindi) "Harit Seepyar Ki Kheti".

Dr. Ranu GuptaMember, Association of Microbiologists of IndiaMember, World Wild Life FundCouncilling Member, Society for Ecological Conservation & DevelopmentLife Member, Society of Fisheries Technologists (India).

Shri O. RaveendranMember, Society of Fisheries Technologists (India).

Shri J.S. SarupriaMember, Computer Society of India (Goa Chapter)Coordinator from India at International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange(IODE).

Awards of Ph.D.

86

Tariq W. Kureishy

Shanta Achuthankutty

T.G. Jagtap

Helga do RosarioGomes

D. Sen Gupta

S. Prasanna Kumar

Studies on mercury, cadmiumand Lead in marine organismsin relation to marine pollutionfrom the seas around India.

Studies on antibacterial acti-vities of marine bacteria.

Ecological studies in relationto the mangrove environmentalong the Goa coast, India.

Studies on dissolved organicmatter in the marine environ-ment.

Some physical and dynamicalaspects of waves in the sea.

Studies on sediment transportin the surf zone along certainbeaches of Kerala.

AligarhMuslimUniversity

Universityof Tokyo

ShivajiUniversity

Universityof Bombay

Universityof Bombay

CochinUniversity

Dr. S.Z. Qasim

Dr. U. Shimidu

Dr. A.G. Untawale

Dr. A.H. Parulekar

Dr. V.V.R. Varadachari

Dr. P.G. Kurup

1986

1986

1986

1986

1986

1986

12. DEPUTATIONS

To attend the meeting of the experts of the"Four Pioneer Investors".

To attend a meeting of the SCOR WorkingGroup - 82 on Polar deep sea paleo environ-ments and to present a paper at the SecondInternational Conference on Paleo Oceano-graphy.

To attend a conference on "Law of the Sea".

To attend the meeting of Core Group ofWorking Group-26 of GESAMP as Rappor-teur for Task Team for the South Asian SeasRegion.

To participate in project document and RTFMeeting of UNDP/UNESCO.

To participate in Regional Mangroves Sym-posium and TPR meeting and present a paper"Conservation of Chorao Mangrove Island inthe backwaters of Mandovi estuary, Goa,India".

To participate in the Regional Mangrove Sym-posium and present a paper "New perspectivesin research and management of mangrove eco-systems".

To attend the VII dissertation symposium onchemical oceanography at Honolulu and toundergo advance training in applications ofimage processing in marine chemical ecologyat Los Angeles.

To participate in the 3rd World Congress inGenetics applied to live stock production ofNebraska and present a paper "Studies onmorphometric traits in penaeid prawns forselective breeding programme.

To participate in the Second Regional CoralTaxonomy Field Training Workshop.

For advanced research in biological oceano-graphy under Monbusho Fellowship.

1. Dr. H.N. Siddiquie

2. do

3. Dr. T.S.S. Rao

4. Dr. R. Sen Gupta

5. Dr. A.G. Untawale

6. -do-

7. Dr. Aditi Pant

8. Dr. S.W.A. Naqvi

9. Dr. Usha Goswami

10. Dr. M.V.M. Wafar

11. Dr. S.N. Gajbhiye

U.S.S.R.

U.S.A.

U.S.A.

U.K.

Philippines

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka

U.S.A.

U.S.A.

Philippines

Japan

28 to 31 July,1986

8 to 12 Sept.,1986

21 to 24 July,1986

19 to 23 Jan..1987

28 to 30 April,1986

11 to 14 Nov.,1986

11 to 14 Nov.,1986

7 to 28 Feb.,1987

16 to 22 July,1986

12 to 21 May,1986

October 1985 toMarch 1987

87

88

12. Dr. Joseph P. Royan

-do-

ί 3. Shri P.S. Parameswaran

14. Dr. M. Veerayya

15. Shri G.C. Bhattacharyaand Shri T. Suresh

16. Shri Kamesh Raju

17. Shri M.V.GuptaShri N.H. HashimiShri V.K. BanakarShri B. Umamaheswara

RaoShri R. Venkatesan

18. Shri P.S. RaoShri B. Nagendar NathShri R MukopadhyayaShri T. Ram Prasad

19. Dr. Maria Menezes

20. Shri M.P. Tapaswi

21. Shri M.R. Nayak

22. Smt. K. Sarala Devi

23. Shri J.S. Sarupria

NagarjunaUniversity(India)

Belgium

U.S.A.

Netherlands

Germany,Norway,France &U.S.A.

Norway

Djibouti

Mauritius

Japan

Thailand

FRG

Netherlands

Moscow

15 June to1 July, 1986

1 February to

30 April 1987

19 March 1986 to

18 March 1987

13-26 April1986

11 to 24 Jan.,1987

12 April 1986 to30 June 1986

24 April 1986 to5 June 1986

4 June 1986 to11 July 1986

20 April 1986 to20 Oct., 1986

19 to 30 Jan.,1987

24 Sept., 1986 to3 Oct., 1986

June 1986for one year

8 to 17 Dec,1986

Under the U.G.C. Visiting Professor Scheme.A workshop on Artemia was conducted whichcovered lectures on ecological and physiologi-cal aspects of artemia followed by demonstra-tion of culture techniques.Belgium Government Scholarship for advancedtraining in recent developments in Artemiaculture techniques.

For training in advance research methodologyin marine natural products under the Indo-USProject on "Bioactive Substances from theIndian Ocean".

To participate in the IOC Orientation Courseon Scientific Basis required for the manage-ment of the Coastal Zone.

Tour to study the computerisation and datamanagement in different oceanographic insti-tutes.

Training on GMS Software package underNORAD Project IND-015.

To participate in the FS SONE Cruise-42under the Indo-FRG Project "Quaternary up-welling and climate in the Arabian Sea relatedto monsoon events".

To participate in the FS SONE Cruise 43 underthe Indo-FRG Project on "Geothermal Metal-logenesis in Indian Ocean".

To study the latest techniques in population

genetics.

In depth training course on the mini-micro ver-sion of the CDS/ISIS software package underUNESCO.

For inspection of spares for scientific equip-ment on board ORV Sagar Kanya and to visitoceanographic labs.

Under UNESCO Fellowship for higher studiesin Environmental Science.

Twelfth meeting on International Oceano-graphic Excahgne (IODE XII).

13. PARTICIPATION IN SEMINARS, SYMPOSIA, MEETINGS, ETC.

89

Name of the Participant Symposia/Seminar Title of the paper or lecture Venue & dateattended presented/delivered

(Authors in bracket)

Dr. H.N.Siddiquie

1. Dr. J.S. Sastry2. Shri P. Vethamony

1. Dr. J.S. Sastry2. Shri V. Josanto3. Dr. Y. Sadhuram4. Shri A. Suryanarayana5. Shri G. Narayana Swamy

1. Dr. J.S. Sastry2. Shri L.V.G. Rao3. Dr. S.R. Shetye4. Shri Y.K. Somayajulu5. Dr. N. Bahulayan6. Dr. M.K. Antony

1. Dr. R. Sen Gupta2. Dr. S.Y. Kamat

1. Dr. R. Sen Gupta2. Dr. S.Y. Kamat3. Dr. Solimabi Wahidullah4. Mrs. B. Dw5. Ms. Prita Sirvoicar

Dr. R. Sen Gupta

II International Congresson Paleo-Oceanography

National workshop onwave studies andapplications.

Symposium on short-term variability ofphysical oceanographicfeatures in the Indianwaters

Inter-agency Workshopon Cruise Plans

Workshop on bioactivesubstances from theIndian Ocean.

III Scientific WorkersGroup Meeting of theIndo-US Project onBioactive substancesfrom the Indian Ocean.

InterdepartmentalSeminar on pollution

Geology and structure of thePrince Astrid Ridge, Drown-ing Maud Land, Antarctica.

Thermohaline circulation (1);Thermal variability in theBombay High region (2); Heatcontent variations in the northeastern Arabian sea during aweak spell of 1986 summermonsoon (3); Spectral charac-teristics of the coastal currentsof Thal, Bombay during a fairday (4).

Defence mechanism inOnchidium (5).

Health of the Indian Ocean;Techniques, strategies andimportance of intercallbra-tion exercises in marinechemical studies;Environmental characteristicsof the Ganga estuary.

U.S.A.8-12 Sept., 1986

Madras,3-5 Feb., 1986

Cochin,19-20 Feb., 1987

Goa,17-18 Jan.,1987

Bose Institute,Calcutta, 7-8Aug., 1986

Lucknow,11-12 Nov.,1986

New Delhi,27-28 Nov., 1986

90

New Delhi,13-14 Jan., 1987

Waltair,2-4 Jan., 1987

Dehra Dun,9 July, 1986

New Delhi,4 April, 1986

Calcutta,7-8 Aug., 1986

Visakhapatnam,22 Aug., 1986

Waltair,26 Dec., 1986

Kamal,

16-20 Feb., 1987

Cochin,13-14 Feb., 1987

Madras,22-23 Dec., 1986

Observations on food habitsand growth of Aplysiabenedicti (Eliot) on differentseaweed diet (4); Spyridiafasiformis new to the westcoast of India (5); Steroidsfrom the red algae Acantho-phora specifera and biologyand ecology of an echino-derm (2 & 3).

Role of remote sensing inIndian Ocean studies(Invited Lecture).

A note on ecology and biologyof Opisthobrachiate molluscaalong the Goa Coast (1);Extracellular products ofphotosynthesis in a tropicalenvironment (2).

Ecology of an Opistho-brachiate molluscOnchidium verraculatumcuvier from diverse biotope.

Developments in marineSeismic prospecting

The geophysical studies oncontinental shelf of theeast coast of India.

Collection, analysis andinterpretation of coastalmarine environmental datafor the planning, site selectionand design of marine outfallsystems.

Workshop on Bioactivesubstances from theIndian Ocean

Winter School inMarine Chemistry

Orientation course onRemote Sensing Appli-cations to coastalprocesses and marineresources.

Indo-US ProjectWorkshop

Geoforum GeologicalSociety of India,Visakhapatnam.

Workshop on Moderndeltaic systems of theeast coast of India.

Afforestation on thesalt affected soils.

National Seminar onmussel watch

Second NationalWorkshop on MarineOutfalls

1. Dr. R. Sen Gupta2. Dr. S.Y. Kamat3. Dr. Solimabi Wahidullah4. Ms. Prita Sirvoicar5. Ms. V. Ambiye

Dr. R. Sen Gupta

Shri L.V.G. Rao

1. Dr. A.H. Parulekar2. Dr. A. Pant

Dr. A.H. Parulekar

Dr. T.C.S. Rao

Dr. T.C.S. Rao

Dr. A.G. Untawale

Shri V. Josanto

Shri G. Narayana Swamy

91

Dr. S.Y.S. Singbal

1. Dr. S.C. Goswami2. Dr. C.T. Achuthankutty

1. Shri C.K. Gopinathan2. Shri V. Ramesh Babu

1. Shri P. Udaya Varma2. Shri O. Chauhan

Dr. U.K. Gopalan

ΧΧII Conference ofchairman and membersecretaries of the Centraland State PollutionBoards.

All India Symposiumon Aquatic organisms.

International Seminaron long range for-casting of monsoonrainfall

Futurology workshopon S&T input of datadevelopment ofLakshadweep Islands

Seminar on PotentialMarine FisheryResources.

Seminar on State ofEnvironment in Kerala.

Seminar on Brackishwater Prawn culture

Seminar on Environ-mental Awareness

National Seminar on"Save Periyar"

Seminar on PostHarvest Technologyfor low cost fish.

Mangroves from aquacul-ture: some thoughts inrelation to capture andculture fisheries of marineprawns (2); Biology of thebanana prawn, Peaneus mer-guiensis De Man (2);

Is the summer monsoon rain-fall over India related to theBay of Bengal SST (1);Premonsoon SST anomalies inwestern Indian Ocean - Pro-bable predictors for forecast-ing monsoon rainfall over Indiaby M.R. Ramesh Kumar et al (1)Influence of the easternArabian Sea on the summermonsoon rainfall (2).

On some geological observa-tions in Lakshadweep (2);Role of marine sector in thelong term development ofLakshadweep Islands.(l).

Trivandrum8-9 Jan., 1987

Poondi,Thanjavur,9-11 Feb., 1987

New Delhi,16-18 April, 1987

Trivandrum,20-23 July, 1986

Cochin,23 April, 1986

Ernakulam,31 Aug., 1986

Cannanore,Kerala,23 Oct., 1986

Emakulam,11 Dec., 1986

Alwaye,Kerala,7 Dec., 1986

Cochin,10 March, 1987

92

1. Dr. S.R. Shetye2. Shri V.S.N. Murty3. Shri Y.V.B. Sarma

1. Shri L.V. Subbaraju2. Shri M.V. Ramana3. Shri V. Subramanyam4. Shri D. Gopala Rao

Shri J.S. Sarupria

1. Dr. Rajiv Nigam2. Dr. D.V. Borole

Shri M.P. Tapaswi

Shri V. Ramesh Babu

1. Dr. Z.A. Ansari2. Shri B.S. Ingole

Dr. T.G. Jagtap

Workshop on Long-term variability of thetropical atmosphere andocean.

Seminar of Associationof Exploration Geo-physicists.

Seminar on "Managementof Computer Installa-tions"

International Symposiumon Paleoclimatic andPaleo-environmentalchanges in Asia duringlast 4 million years.

Seminar on micropro-cessors in library appli-cation and informationservices.

Seminar on InformationDissemination throughBooks and periodicals.

Prof. Oort's LectureSeries on "GlobalClimate System"

National Workshop on"Basic Physics ofMonsoon"

Fisheries and Fishingcommunity

Workshop on Environ-mental awareness

Variability of the ArabianSea Surface Temperature(Invited talk) (1).

Marine magnetic surveys inshallow waters off Kaveri-pattinam, Tamil Nadu (1);Significance of short wavelength magnetic anomalies inoffshore exploration forplacer deposits, centralwest coast (2); Basementridge off the western conti-nental shelf, Karwar (3);Geophysical studies on thesouth western continentalmargin of India (4).

Reproductive behaviour ofbenthic foraminifera: A key topaleoclimate (1); Paleoclimaticstudies on deep sea cores fromthe Arabian Sea (2).

Computer based Libraryservices for marinesciences

Some considerations for infor-mation disseminationthrough books and periodicals.

Conservation of marine livingresources (1); Sea farming ofgreen mussels in Goa (2).

Bangalore,10-13 Feb., 1987

Trivandrum,15-17 Dec., 1986

Madras,24-26 April, 1986

Ahmedabad,15-21 Dec., 1986

Thanjavur,Tamil Nadu,23-24 Aug., 1986

Bombay,1 Sept., 1986

Ahmedabad,7-18 Nov., 1986

Kharagpur,28-31 Dec, 1986

Goa,16 Oct., 1986

Baruchh,2-16 Dec., 1986

93

Shri A.N. Kadam

Shri A.N. Kadam

1. Shri A.N. Kadam2. Shri M.A. Rokade

1. Dr. S. Raghukumar2. Dr. Chandralata

Raghukumar

1. Shri V.V. Sharma2. Shri R. Algarswamy3. Shri V.S. Rama Raju

1. Shri A. A. Fernandes2. Shri P. Vethamony

1. Dr. Y.Sadhuram2. Dr. M. Subba Rao

Dr. Y. Sadhuram

Dr. M. Subba Rao

Shri R. Mukhopadhyay

Shri B. Chakraborthy

Dr. Anupam Sarkar

National Seminar onmarine pollution

Workshop on marinepollution

Workshop on marinepollution

Applied mycology

Winter School inChemistry.

Third Indian Con-ference on OceanEngineering.

National Workshop onSatellite Meteorology-Interpretation Techni-ques.

Workshop on Dynamicsof Tropical Cyclones.

National Space ScienceSymposium

National Symposiumon Nickel and cobaltMetallurgy

National Symposiumon Acoustics

School on Toxicologyof Pesticides

Behaviour and eftects of oil Calcutta,in marine environment 17-19 Sept., 1986

Pesticides - chemical and Pune,analytical aspects 26 Nov., 1986

Bombay,17-18 Nov., 1986

The importance of fungi in the Tamil Nadu,degradation of wood in the 26-27 Dec, 1986sea (1); Implication of studieson fungal parasites of marinealgae (2).

Three lectures on Nutrient Waltair,cycles in sea (1); Physical 22 Dec, 1986 toprocesses in coastal environ- 10 Jan., 1987ment: Depression pattern ofpollutants (3).

Directional spectrum of ocean Bombay,waves (1); Characteristics of 11-13 Dec, 1986wave groups in the ArabianSea associated with the cyclonicactivity (2); Seasonal variationsin ocean thermal energy off theIndian coasts by C. K. Gopinathanand D. Sundar (2).

Bangalore,22-27 Dec, 1986

Waltair,22-27 March, 1987

Meridional circulation changes Gauhati,and the onset of the summermonsoon; Circulation changesin poor and active monsoonyears.

Bhubaneswar,30-31 Oct., 1986

Coaxial circular array: Im- Bombay,proved beam patterns of 9-12 Dec, 1986different operating wave lengthsfor underwater transducerapplications.

Hyderabad,20-31 Oct., 1986

Winter School on Designof offshore structures.

Training Course onMicrobial Technologyand Microbial Engineering.

Recent advances in plantcell and tissue culture ofecologically importantplants.

Seminar on Managementand applications ofMicrographics.

Course on PMDS - IISystem Management.

Bombay,2-16 Dec.,1986

New Delhi,June 1986

Hyderabad,24-26 July,1986

Madras,2Λ Dec.,1986

Bangalore,5-16 May,1986

Shri S. Mandal

Dr. Ranu Gupta

Ms. G. Deshpande

Shri V.M. Date

Shri R.Y. Prabhu Desai

14. PUBLICATIONS

Research Papers

Achuthankutty, C.T. and A.H. Parulekar. Distribution of penaeid prawn larvae in the coastal watersof Goa. Indian J. mar. Sci., 15(1): 45-47, 1986.

Achuthankutty, C.T. and A.H. Parulekar. Growth of penaeid prawns in Goa waters. Indian J. mar.Sci., 15(2): 117-120,1986.

Achuthankutty, C.T. and A.H. Parulekar. Biology of commercially important penaeid prawns ofGoa waters. Indian J. mar. Sci., 15(3): 171-173, 1986.

Anand, N.M. and A.L.F. Torum. Effect of Bottom Proximity on the Vibrations, Fluid loading andVertex shedding on submarine pipelines in steady flows. Proc. Third. Ind. Conf. on Ocean Engg.,L: A 179-190,1986.

Anand, S.P. and R.M. Dhawan. A preliminary study on marine-cum-farm product solar dryer forfish drying. Research & Industry, 31(4): 361-365, 1986.

Ansari, Z.A., A. Chatterji and A.H. Parulekar. Growth and production of benthic bivalve Gafrariumpectinatum from the west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 15(4): 262-263, 1986.

Ansari, Z.A., B.S. Ingole, G. Banerjee and A.H. Parulekar. Spatial and temporal changes in benthicmacrofauna from two estuaries of Goa, India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 15(4): 223-229,1986.

Ansari, Z.A., B.S. Ingole and A.H. Parulekar. Effect of high organic enrichment on benthic poly-chaete population in an estuary. Mar. Poll. Bull., 17(8): 361-365, 1986.

Bahulayan, N. and V.V.R. Varadachari. Numerical Model for wind-driven circulation in the Bay ofBengal. Indian J. mar. Sci., 15(1): 8-12, 1986.

Bhat, S.S., I.V. Nayak and B.U. Nayak. Statistical Analysis of Wave parameters - A case study.Third Ind. Conf. on Ocean Engg., A-101-112, 1986.

Bhattacharya, G.C. and V. Subrahmanyam. Extension of the Narmada-Son lineament on the conti-nental margin off Saurashtra, Western India as obtained from magnetic measurements. MarineGeophysical Research, 8: 329-344,1986.

Bhosle, N.B., M.A. Rokade and M.D. Zingde. Short term variations in particulate matter in MahiRiver estuary. Mahasagar - Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 18(4): 449-455, 1985.

Bhosle, N.B., M.A. Rokade and M.D. Zingde. Total dissolved carbohydrate in Mahi River estuary.Mahasagar - Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 18(4): 507-509, 1985.

Bhosle, N.B. Growth of the hydrocarbon utilizing micro-organisms. Indian J. mar. Sci., 15(1): 52-54, 1986.

Chakraborthy, B. Coaxial circular array: Study of farfield pattern and frequency responses. Jour.Acoustical Soc. Amer., 79(4): 1161-1163, 1986.

Chadramohan, D. P.A. Lokabharathi, Shanta Nair and S.G.P. Matondkar. Bacteriology of Ferro-manganese nodules from the Indian Ocean. Geomicrobiology Journal, 5: 17-31, 1986.

Charyulu, R.J.K. and L.V. Gangadhara Rao. Temperature measurement in the sea. Research &Industry, 30: 429-450, 1985.

Dalai, S.G. and A.H. Parulekar. Validity of zooplankton biomass estimates and energy equivalent inthe Indian Ocean. Indian J. mar. Sci., 15(4): 264-266, 1986.

Dalai, S.G. and R.M.S. Bhargava. Relationship between chlorophyll a and column primary produc-tion. Mahasagar - Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 19(1): 61-63, 1986.

Das, V.K. and D.V. Rama Raju. Estimation of salinity power potential in India. Mahasagar - Bull.natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 19(2): 113-118, 1986.

Desa, E., R.Y. Prabhu Desai and E.S. D'Sa. Satellite Transmission of Oceanographic Data. StudentsJournal IETE, 27A: 173-177, 1986.

Desa, E.S. A graphics dump routine for the HP 9845B computer. Mahasagar - Bull. natn Inst.Oceanogr., 19(2): 123-128, 1986.

Desa, E.S. and E.J. D'Sa. Memory Addressing the Apple Graphics screen. Computer Science & infor-mation, 15(2): 23-24, 1986.

Desa, E.S. R.G. Prabhu Desai and E.J. D'Sa. A Low Cost Data Logging System with Satellite Trans-mission Capabilities. Mahasagar - Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 19(2): 173-177, 1986.

Desa, Eurico J. Multichannel ship-borne Digitizer system. IETE Technical Review, 3(10): 544-546,1986.

95

Desai, B.N. and G. Narayana Swamy. Studies on coastal and estaurine pollution in India. Scavenger,17,1986.

Desai, R.G. Prabhu, E.J. D'Sa, E.S. Desa and S. Afzulpurkar. Geological Data Logger. IEEE Journalof Oceanic Engg., OE-33(3): 428-431, 1986.

Desai, R.G. Prabhu, and E. Desa. A ship borne meteorological station for ground truth measure-ments. International Symposium on Marine Data System MDS, 86: 290-295, 1986.

De Sousa, S.N. and R. Sen Gupta. Variations of DO in M & Z estuaries. Indian J. mar. Sci., 15(1):64-71, 1986.

De Sousa, S.N. and S.Y.S. Singbal. Relationships between D.O. and nutrients in the central ArabianSea. Indian J mar. Sci., 15(3): 153-164, 1986.

Dhargalkar, V.K. Some observations on the biota of the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica. Growing Focuson Antarctica ed. R.C. Sharma, Rajesh Publications, New Delhi: 127-141, 1985.

Dhargalkar, V.K. Biochemical studies in Ulva reticulata Forskal in the Chapora Bay, Goa. Mahasagar- Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 19(1): 45-51, 1986.

Dhargalkar, V.K. Effect of treated sewage on growth of marine algae. Indian J. mar. Sci., 15(1): 33-36,1986.

Dhargalkar, V.K. and N.V. Bhosle. Hydrocarbon in benthic marine algae of the Vestfold Hills, Antar-ctica. Environ. Contamin. and Toxicology, 38(2): 313-317, 1987

Dileep Kumar, M. A regeneration model to estimate addition fluxes and removal constants of tracemetals in sea water. Marine Chemistry, 19: 323-335, 1986.

Diwan, S.G., Suryavanshi, A.K. and B.U. Nayak. Operational problems of Waverider buoys in HighFlow Areas. Proc. Third Ind. Conf. on Ocean Engg: G81-90, 1986.

Fernandes, A.A. A.D. Gouveia and R. Nagarajan. Directional spectrum of ocean waves. ThirdIndian Conf. on Ocean Engg., V. II: G-133-144, 1986.

Gajbhiye, S.N. Vijayalakshmi R. Nair and B.N. Desai. Distribution of planktonic decapods withspecial reference to Acetes from nearshore waters of Bombay. J. Ind. Fish. Ass., 12 & 13: 51-57, 1985.

George, M.D. Distribution of various forms of Cd, Pb and Cu in the Wadge Bank area. Indian J. mar.Sci., 15(3): 271-273, 1986.

Goes, J.I. and V.P. Devassy. Primary productivity and carbon assimilation patterns in tropicalmarine phytoplankton. Indian J. mar. Sci., 15(4): 205-211, 1986.

Gopalkrishna, V.V. M.S.S. Sarma, Y. Sadhuram and V. Ramesh Babu. Heat content variations inthe northeastern Arabian Sea during a weak spell of 1986 monsoon. Proc. Symp. Short termvariability of physical oceanographic features in the Indian water, NPOL, Cochin: 5-9, 1986.

Gopalan, U.K. and Doyil T. Vengayil. Environmental constraints on the progress of brackish waterprawn fanning in Kerala. Proc. Seminar on Brackish water Prawn Farming, organised by the

. MPEDA: 1-12, 1986.Gopinathan, CK. and D. Sundar. Seasonal variations in the OTEC potential off the Indian coasts.

Third Indian Conf. on Ocean Engg., Vol. II: F43-F49, 1986.Gore, P.S., O. Raveendran and R.V. Unnithan. Studies on Thiobacillii spp isolated from sandy

beaches of Kerala. Fish. Techol., 23: 183-188,1986.Goswami, Usha. Studies on morphometric traits in penaeid prawns for selective breeding program-

me. Proc. Third World Congress in genetics applied to livestock production., University ofNebraska, Lincoln, U.S.A.: 423-427, 1986.

Goswami, Usha, S.G. Dalai and S.C. Goswami, Preliminary studies on prawn, Penaeus merquiensisfor selection of brood stock in genetic improvement programs. Aquculture., 53: 41-48, 1986.

Gujar, A.R.,G.V. Rajamanickam and M.V. Ramana. Geophysical investigations of Vijaydurg bay,Maharashtra, west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 15(3): 241-245, 1986.

Harkantra, S.N. and A.H. Parulekar. Benthos off Cochin, South west coast of India. Indian J. mar.Sci., 16(1): 57-59,1987.

Hashimi, N.H. and R.R. Nair. Climatic aridity over India 11,000 years ago, Evidence from feldspardistribution in shelf sediments. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, 53: 309-319, 1986.

Jagtap, T.G. Studies on the associate flora in the mangrove environment of Goa, India. Proc. Natn.Symp. Biol. Utiliz. Cons. Mangroves, (ed. L.J. Bhosle) Shivaji Univ., Kolhapur: 180-187,1986.

96

Jagtap, T.G. Structure and composition of the Mangrove Forest along the Goa coast. Proc. Natn.Symp. Biol. Utiliz. Cons. Mangroves, (ed. L.J. Bhosle) Shivaji Univ., Kolhapur: 188-195,1986.

Jagtap, T.G. and A.G. Untawale. Utilization and Management of Mangrove Forest in Goa. Proc.Workshop Environ. Awareness, GNFC, Bharuch: 140-151, 1986.

Jayalakshmy, K.V., S. Kumaran and M. Vijayan. Phytoplankton distribution in Cochin backwaters -A seasonal study. Mahasagar - Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 19(1): 29-37, 1986.

Joseph, Antony and E. Desa. Design of a microcomputer based flow measuring instrument. Proc.Third Ind. Conf. Ocean Engg., Vol. II: K73-K84, 1986.

Kadam, A.N. and M.D. Zingde. Investigations on oil patches around M.T. Lajpatrai, Bombay Har-bour. Mahasagar - Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 18(4): 511-516, 1985.

Kadam, A.N. and M.D. Zingde. Infrared spectroscopic analysis of used crankcase oil. Res. and Ind.,30: 382-385,1985.

Kannan, S.T. and R. Sen Gupta. Organochlorine residues in zooplankton off the Saurashtra coast,India. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 18: 92-94, 1987.

Krishna, K.S. and A.K. Chaubey. Double off-end configuration in seismic reflection surveys. Journalof Association of Exploration Geophysicists, 8(1): 35-40,1987.

Krishnakumari, L. and Vijayalakshmi R. Nair. On the water quality of selected environments alongBombay coast. J. Ind. Fish. Ass., 14 &15: 49-57, 1986.

Lokabharathi, P.A. and D. Chandramohan. Characterization of purple and green photosyntheticbacteria isolated from the lagoon of Agatti atoll (Lakshadweep sea). Curr. ScL, 55: 426-427,1986.

Lokabharathi, P.A., N. Ramaiah and D. Chandramohan. Occurrence and distribution of Vibrio para-haemolyticus (Sakazaki et al.) and related organisms in the Laccadive Sea. Indian J. mar. Sci,15(2): 96-98,1986.

Madhupratap, M. and P. Haridas. Epipelagic calanoid copepods of the northern Indian Ocean.Oceanologica Acta, 9: 105-117, 1986.

Madhupratap, M. and T. Onbe. Structure and species diversity of the zooplankton community struc-ture of the Inland sea of Japan. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 23: 725-737, 1986.

Mandal, S. and B.U. Nayak. Wave prediction Techniques - A review. Proc. Third Ind. Conf. onOcean Engg., I: J21-32,1986.

Menezes, M.R. An electrophoretic study of the soluble lens proteins from the Indian mackerel.Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuv). Mahasagar- Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanog., 19(1): 69-71, 1986.

Murthy, K.S.R., T.C.S. Rao and M.M. Malleswara Rao. Delineation of Structural Lineaments fromMarine Magnetic data off Lawson's Bay, Visakhapatnam (India). Indian J. mar. ScL, 16(1):19-21, 1986.

Murthy, T.V.R., M. Veerayya and C.S. Murty. Sediment size distributions of the beaches of Goausing EOF analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research (Oceans), 91(C-7): 8523-8536, 1986.

Narayanan, B. and P. Sivadas. Studies on the intertidal macrofauna of the sandy beach at Kavarattiatoll (Lakshadweep). Mahasagar - Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 19(1): 11-22, 1986.

Nair, Vijayalakshmi, R. and K. Govindan. Biological characteristics as part of pollution monitoringstudies. Proc. National Seminar on Mussel Watch, Cochin: 86-92, 1986.

Naqvi, S.W.A. H.P. Hansen and T.W. Kureishy. Nutrient uptake and regeneration ratios in the RedSea with reference to the nutrient budget. Oceanologica Acta, 9: 271-276, 1986.

Naqvi, S.W.A. and T.W. Kureishy. Deep and bottom water characteristics in the Owen fracturezone, western Arabian Sea. Indian J. mar. Sci, 15(1): 48-49, 1986.

Nayak, B.U. and P. Chandramohan. A brief review on devices for wave measurement at sea. Proc.Third Ind. Conf. on Ocean Engg., I: K45-54, 1986.Nayak, B.U., P. Chandramohan, and S.G. Diwan. Analysis of Waves off Yanam on the East Coast ofIndia. Proc. Third Ind. Conf. on Ocean Engg., I: G63-72,1986.

Nayak, B.U. P. Chandramohan, S. Mandal and S.G. Diwan. Wave climate studies off Daman on theWest Coast of India. Proc. Third Ind. Conf. on Ocean Engg., I: G73-80,1986.

Nayak, B.U. S. Mandal, and K. Ravi. Spectral Analysis of Cyclone Waves off Daman, India. Proc.Third Ind. Conf. on Ocean Engg., I: G91-100,1986.

Nayak, B.U. and S. Mandal. Analysis of waves off Umbergaon, west coast of India. Proc. Third Ind.Conf. on Ocean Engg., I: G101-110,1986.

97

Nayak, B.U. and A.K. Suryavanshi. Submersibles for Ocean Science and Engineering. Proc. ThirdInd. Conf. on Ocean Engg., I: L37-48, 1986.

Nayak, M.R. Satellite links with Antarctica. Communications Int'l., (U.K.), 13(5): 66-68, 1986.Nayak, M.R. On the operational aspects of subsea systems. Proc. ROV'87, (MTS, San Diego, CA,

USA): 75-78, 1987.Nigam, R. Foraminiferal assemblages and their use as indicators of sediment movement - A study in

the shelf region off Navapur, West Coast of India. Continental Shelf research, 5(4): 421-430,1986.

Nigam, R. Dimorphic forms of recent benthic foraminifera: An additional tool in palaeoclimaticstudies. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, 53: 239-344, 1986.

Nigam, R. Distribution, factor analysis and ecology of benthic foraminifera within inner shelfregime of Vengurla - Bhatkal sector, West coast of India. Journal of Geological Society ofIndia, 29: 327-334, 1987.

Panampunnayil, S.U. New mysids from south Australian coastal waters. Paranebiolina secunda sp.nov., Leptomysis largisquara, sp. nov. and Doxomysis johnsoni sp. nov. Journal of PlanktonRes., 8(6): 1183-1195,1986.

Parulekar, A.H., Z.A. Ansari and B.S. Ingole. Effect of mining activities on the clam fisheries andbottom fauna of Goa estuaries. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., (Animal Sci.), 95: 325-339, 1986.

Parulekar, A.H. Marine bio-resources of India. Spl. Publ. Institute of Remote Sensing & Photointer-pretation: 19-31, 1986.

Parulekar, A.H. Aquaculture in mangrove ecosystem: state-of-art & prospects. Proc. Natl. Symp.Biol. Utiliz. Cons. Mangroves, (ed. L.J. Bhosle), Shivaji Univ., Kolhapur: 112-118, 1986.

Parulekar, A.H. Fauna of mangrove ecosystem. In report of Second Introductory Training Courseon Mangrove Ecosystem, (Unesco Publication): 53-62,1986.

Paulinose, V.T. Larval and postlarval stages of Atypopenaeus Alcock (Decapoda - Penaeidae) fromIndian Ocean. Mahasagar - Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 19(4): 257-264, 1986.

Peshwe, V.B. and E. Desa. Electronic Bathythermograph. Third Ind. Conf. on Ocean Engg., II: 89-91, 1986.

Qasim, S.Z. and T.W. Kureishy. Biological diversity in the seas around India - present status andmajor treats. Proc. of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Animal/Plant Science) Supplement: 1-17, 1986.

Raghukumar, Chandralata. Fungal parasites of the marine green algae, Cladophora and Rhizophora.Bot. Marina, 29: 289-297, 1986.

Raghukumar, Chandralata. Chytridium polysiphoniae, a fungal pathogen of the red alga, Centro-ceros elevulatum. Indian J. mar. Sci., 15(1): 42-44, 1986.

Raghukumar, Chandralata. Thraustochytrid fungi associated with marine algae. Indian J. mar. Sci.,15(2): 121-122, 1986.

Raghukumar, S. Occurrence of the thraustochytrid Corallochytrhim limacisporum gen. et. sp. nov.in the coral reef lagoons of the Lakshadweep islands in the Arabian Sea. Bot. Marina, 30: 83-89, 1986.

Rajamanickam, G.V., P. Vethamony and A.R. Gujar. Effects of waves in the redistribution of sedi-ments along the Konkan Coast. Proc. of Indian Academy of Sciences (Earth Planet. Sci.):95(2): 237-244, 1986.

Ramana, M.V., V. Subramanyam and L.V. Subba Raju. Marine magnetic profiles from the directionbank to Kori bank, Western Continental shelf of India. Journal of Geological Society of India,27:352-358, 1986.

Ramana, M.V. Regional tectonic trends on the inner continental shelf off Konkan and central westcoast of India. Geo-Mar. Letters, 6: 1-5, 1986.

Rama Raju, V.S., V. Ramesh Babu and A.F. Anto. Oceanography of Wadge Bank-current measure-ments over a tidal cycle off south coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 15(3): 135-140,1986.

Ramesh Kumar, M.R., S. Sathyendranath, N.K. Viswambharan and L.V. Gangadhara Rao. Sea sur-face temperature variability over North Indian Ocean - a study of the contrasting monsoonseasons. Proc. Indian Acad. of Sci. (Earth Planet. Sci), 95: 435-446, 1986.

Rao, B.P. V. Ramesh Babu and P. Chandramohan. Seasonal and diurnal variability of thermal struc-ture in the coastal waters of Visakhapatnam. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth Planet. Sci.),96(1): 69-79, 1987.

98

Rao, B.P. and V. Ramesh Babu. Nearshore hydrography off Visakhapatnam, east coast of Indiaduring winter. Indian J. mar. Sci., 15(3): 141-143, 1986.

Rao, D.G. and T.K.S. Prakasa Rao. Inversion of gravity anomalies due to basin like structure. Assoc.Exploration Geophysics, VIII(2): 97-98, 1986.

Rao, K.H., M.K. Antony and C.S. Murty. Gyres in the Bay of Bengal - some observational evidences.Indian J. mar. Sci., 16(1): 9-14, 1987.

Rao, M.V., V. Ramesh Babu, L.V.G. Rao and J.S. Sastry. Estimation of evaporation rates over theArabian Sea from Satellite Data. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., (Earth Planet. Sci.), 95(2): 417-426,1986.

Rao, T.C.S. S. Lakshminarayana and K.V.L.N.S.Sarma. Magnetic Anomalies in Central Bengal Fan.Indian J. mar. Sci., 16(1): 15-18, 1987.

Rao, T.S.S. and M. Madhupratap. Zoogeography of the Indian Ocean Zooplankton: Concepts andConstraints. Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science, 49: 212-214, 1986.

Rao, T.V.N., D.P. Rao, B.P. Rao and V.S. Rama Raju. Upwelling and sinking along Visakhapatnamcoast. Indian J. mar. Sci., 15(2): 84-87, 1986.

Rao, V.P. Mineralogy of the Polymetallic Nodules and associated sediments from Central IndianOcean Basin. Marine Geology, 74: 151-157, 1987.

Raveendran, T.V. and A.B. Wagh. A new record of marine wood-borer (Mollusca: Teredinidae) fromwaters off Bombay. Mahasagar - Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 19(3): 209-211, 1986.

Rokade, M.A., A.N. Kadam, N.B. Bhosle and M.D. Zingde. Characterization and source identifica-tion of an oil spill by infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography. Indian J. mar. Sci.,15(3): 250-252, 1986.

Sadhuram, Y. V.V. Gopalkrishna, V. Ramesh Babu and J.S. Sastry. Heat and moisture budgets ofthe atmosphere over the central equatorial Indian Ocean during summer monsoon. Mausam,38(2): 225-230, 1987.

Sadhuram, Y. Variability in the surface wind direction at a coastal site of complex terrain. Proc.Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth Planet. Sci.), 96(1): 59-67, 1987.

Sankaranarayanan, V.N., P. Udaya Varma, K.K. Balachandran, A. Pylee and T. Joseph. Estuarinecharacteristics of the lower reaches of the River Periyar (Cocohin backwater). Indian J. mar.Sci., 15(3): 166-170, 1986.

Sanilkumar, K.V., K.R. Shyam, P. Udaya Varma and P. Sivadas. Topography and sedimentary cha-racteristics of the sandy beach of Kavaratti (Lakshadweep) - A premonsoonal study. Indian J.mar. Sci., 15(1): 75-77, 1986.

Sarkar, A. and R. Sen Gupta. Persistence and fate of some organochlorine pesticides in sea-sediments along the east coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 15(1): 72-74,1986.

Sarma, M.S.S. and L.V. Gangadhara Rao. Currents and temperature structure off Godavari (Eastcoast of India) during September, 1980. Indian J. mar. Sci., 15(2): 88-91, 1986.

Sarma, V.V. Iodate in inshore and offshore waters of central Bay of Bengal. Indian J. mar. Sci.,15(2): 162-165,1986.

Sarma, Y.V.B., V.S.N. Murty, D. Panakala Rao and J.S. Sastry. Circulation and watermass structurein the central Arabian Sea during December, 1982. Indian J. mar. Sci., 15(4): 234-240, 1986.

Saraswathy, M. Pleuromamma (Copepoda - Calanoida) in the Indian Ocean. Mahasagar - Bull. natn.Inst. Oceanogr., 19(3): 185-201, 1986.

Saraswathy, M. and H. Krishna Iyer. Ecology of Pleuromamma indica Wolfenden (Copepoda - Cala-noida) in Indian Ocean. Indian J. mar. Sci, 15(3): 219-222, 1986.

Sastry, J.S. and Y.V.B. Sarma. Thermohaline circulation - A brief review. Proc. on short term varia-bility of the physical oceanographic features in the Indian waters, NPOL, Cochin. 43-45,1987.

Sathe, P.V. and S. Sathyendranath. Polarization of reflected light as a function in remote sensing ofsea state. Jour. Ind. Soc. Remote Sensing, Photonirvachak, 14(2): 63-78, 1986.

Sathyendranath, S. Remote sensing of phytoplankton : a review with special reference to the impli-cations of picoplankton. In: T. Platt. & W.K.W.Li (Eds.) Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 214:561-583, 1986.

Sathyendranath, S., L. Lazzara and L. Prieur. Variations in the spectral values of specific absorptionof phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr., 32(2): 403-415, 1987.

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Shailaja, M.S. and A. Pant. Relationship between participate and extracellular carbon compounds ofphytoplankton photosynthesis in a tropical estuary. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 32: 161-167,1986.

Shenoi, S.S.C. and C.S. Murty. Viscous damping of solitary waves in the mud banks of Kerala, westcoast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci, 15(1): 78-83, 1986.

Shetye, S.R. A model study of the seasonal cycle of the Arabian Sea surface temperature. J. Mar.Res., 44: 521-542, 1986.

Sirvoicar, P. and A.H. Parulekar. A new distributional record for the sea cucumber Holotburia (Sem-perothuria) cinerascens Brandt) from Goa coast. Mahasagar - Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr.,19(4): 279-281, 1986.

Subba Raju, L.V. and M.V. Ramana. Physical and elastic properties of marine sediments off Bom-bay. Marine Geotechnology, 6(4): 859-875, 1986.

Subramanyam, V. Offshore extension of the structural element at Udipi. Information from marinemagnetics. Geological Society of India, 29; 256-263, 1987.

Suryanarayana, A. and G. Narayana Swamy. Spectral Characteristics of the coastal currents offThal, Bombay, during a Fair Day. Proc. of the Symposium on Short-Term Variability of Phy-sical Oceanographic features in the Indian waters, NPOL, Cochin: 61-65, 1987.

Suryavanshi, A.K., S.G. Diwan and B.U. Nayak. Biofouling and corrosion of waverider buoy system.Proc. Third Ind. Conf. on Ocean Engg., I: E9-20,1986.

Suryavanshi, A.K. and B.U. Nayak. Safe handling of deep-sea Instrumented Moorings. Proc. ThirdInd. Conf. on Ocean Engg., I: K55-64, 1986.

Untawale, A.G. Status of Mangrove Research in India. Proc. Intem. Symp. Biol. Utiliz. Cons. Man-groves., (Ed. L.J. Bhosle), Shivaji Univ., Kolhapur: 127-134, 1986.

Untawale, A.G. and V.K. Dhargalkar. Ecological studies of Uiva reticulata Forskal in Chapora Bay,Goa. Mahasagar - Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 19(3): 175-184, 1986.

Varshney, P.K., K. Govindan, Vijayalakshmi R. Nair and B.N. Desai. Biological productivity andfishery potential in the coastal waters off Bombay. J. Ind. Fish. Ass., 12 &13: 35-43, 1986.

Venugopalan, V.P. and A.B. Wagh. Fouling Gammaridea (Amphipoda) from Bombay offshorewaters. Mahasagar - Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 19(3): 213-215, 1986.

Venugopalan, V.P. and A.B. Wagh. A note on the fouling hydroids from the offshore waters ofBombay. Mahasagar - Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 19(4): 257-277, 1986.

Vethamony, P. and J.S. Sastry. Characteristics of wave groups in the Arabian Sea associated withcyclonic activity. Proc. Third Ind. Conf. on Ocean Engg., I: A215-224, 1986.

Vethamony, P. and J.S. Sastry. On the characteristics of the multipeaked spectra of ocean surfacewaves. Journal of Institute of Engineers (India), 66(C3&4): 129-132, 1986.

Viswambaran, N.K., S. Sathyendranath and L.V. Gangadhara Rao. Remote sensing of sea surfacetemperature through infrared radiometry - a review. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. (Engineering Sci),Sadhana, 9: 281-297, 1986.

Wafar, M.V.M. Corals and coral reefs of India. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. (Animal Sci./Plant Sci.) Suppl:19-43,1986.

Wahidullah, S. L. D'Souza and S.Y. Kamat. Chemical constitutents of the red alga Acanthophoraspecifera. Bot. Marina, 29: 49-50, 1986.

Zingde, M.D. Wastewater effluent and coastal marine environment of Bombay. Proc. Seawater Qua-lity Demands: 20.1-20.3, 1985.

Zingde, M.D., P.V. Narvekar, P. Sharma and M.M. Sabnis. Environmental studies of the Ambika andassociated river estuaries. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 17: 267-274, 1986.

Popular Articles

Ansari, Z.A. Saluorius Sea-food. Navhind Times - 22nd Feb., 1987.Bhargava, R.M.S. Ten years of R.V. Gaveshani. Science Reporter: 23(5): 323-324,1986.Bhargava, R.M.S., R.V. Gaveshani ki safalta ke das varsha. CSIR Samachar, 3(12): 78-90,1986.Bhargava, R.M.S. Gaveshani Vaigyanik Abhiyanon ke das safal varsha. Vigyan Pragati, Jul-Aug.,

1986.Dhargalkar, V.K., Antarctica: Need for Caution. Science Today, p. 27, June, 1986.

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Gopalan, U.K. Water pollution and fish krill in Kerala. Proc. one day seminar on Environmentalpollution, organised by DPIFC, Quilon, Kerala: 1-9, 1986.

Gopalan, U.K. Environmental Education. Souvenir - High School Education, Trivandrum, 1986.Gopalan, U.K. Note on Fisheries in Kerala. In: Status of Environment in Kerala. Edited by Dept. of

Science & Technology, Govt. of Kerala, 1986.Kadam, A.N. Prakash Denari Battary. Maharashtra Times (Science Supplement), 30 July 1986.Nair, S.R.S. Marine Munifice - Oil Sardines. Navhind Times, 25 January, 1987.Nair Vijayalakshmi, R. Perspectives of ocean research in India. In: We and the Ocean, Issue by

State Institute of Science Education, Nagpur: 25-29, 1986.Prasanna Kumar, S. Ocean Acoustic Tomography. Science Reporter, 23: 36-39, 1986.Ramesh Babu, V. El Nino - The climate changer. Science Reporter 23: 492-496, 1986.Sen Gupta, R. Problems of marine and coastal environmental management in India. In: We and the

Oceans: 13-24, 1986.Siddiquie, H.N. and R.M.S. Bhargava. National Institute of Oceanography and its contributions to

Goa. Goa, Daman and Diu Silver Jubilee Celebration Commemorative Volume, Directorate ofPlanning, Statistics and Evaluation, Government of Goa, Daman and Diu, Panjim: 57-63.

Swamy, G.N. Protection of Marine Environment - A case in Japan (in Malayalam). sastragati, 20(3):20-21,1986.

Technical Reports & Other Publications

Selvam, A.P. NIO/TR-3/86. Data Buoy.Sen Gupta, R. et. al. NIO/TR-4/86. A study of estuarine environments of major Indian rivers -

Ganga and Mahanadi estuaries. (Work carried out under a Grant-in-Aid Project of the Depart-ment of Environment, Govt. of India).

Ramesh Kumar & Ananthakrishna. NIO-TR-5/86. The weather and climate of Cochin.Sudhakar, M. NIO/TR-6/86. Five: An Interactive Plotter Programme.Nayak, B.U. & A.K. Suryavanshi. NIO/TR-7/86. Slubmersibles for ocean science and engineering.Fernando Vijayan. NIO/TR-8/86. Application of a tension type load-cell for monitoring gravity

corers and dredges.Venkatesan, A. NIO/TR-9/86. Selection and maintenance of wire rope for the deep sea geological

sampling work.Sarupria, J.S. NIO/TR-10/86. Station coverage in exclusive economic zone of India.Sen Gupta, R. et al. NIO/TR-1/87. NIO/DOD/SCOR Indian National intercalibration exercise on

nutrients and trace metals. (Work carried out under a Grant-in-Aid Project of the Departmentof Ocean Development.

Rajendran, A. Trace metal geochemistry in three sediment cores from the Skagerak (North Sea).NIOZ, Texel, Tech. report No.1986-6, 30 pp.

Book Reviews

Nayak, M.R. Handbook of the Information Technology of office system. Ed. A.E. Cawkell. IETE,Tech. Rev: 578,1986.

Parulekar, A.H. Antarctica nutrient cycles and food webs. Eds. W.R. Siegfried, P.R. Condy & R.M.Laws. Indian J. mar. Sci., 15(2): 133-134, 1986.

101

BUDGET

ANNEX - I

A. RECURRING

Pl Pay of OfficersP2 Pay of EstablishmentP3 AllowanceP4 ContingenciesP6 MaintenanceP7 Chemicals & GlasswareP8 Boat Operations

102

Head of Expenditure Actuals 1986-87 (Rs. in lakhs)

Non-Plan Plan Total

Actuals 1986-87 (Rs. in lakhs)

Non-Plan Plan Total

Head of Expenditure

245.236 107.452 352.688TOTAL A

B. CAPITAL

P5(l)P5(2)P5(3)P5(4)

WorksServicesEquipment(i) Furniture(u) Lib. Books(iii) Vehicles(iv) Workshop Stores

9.299

16.6723.805

136.6961.4401.4980.762

(-) 0.186

16.6723.805

136.6961.440

10.7970.762

(-) 0.186

25.21325.68778.64620.6602.390

19.82072.820

5.7613.832

13.40711.186

1.69311.12260.450

30.97429.51992.05331.8464.08330.942

133.270

ANNEX - II

COMPOSITION OF VARIOUS COMMITTEES OF NIO

Research Advisory Council

1. Dr. S.Z. Qasim, ChairmanSecretary,Department of Ocean Development,Mahasagar Bhavan, Block No.12,C.G.O. Complex, Lodhi Road,New Delhi-110 003.

2. Dr. D. Srinivasan, MemberOcean Engineering Centre,Indian Instt. of Technology,Madras (T.N.).

3. Prof. M.N. Sastry,Department of Chemistry,Andhra University,Waltair-530003 (A.P.)

4. Dr. S. Aditya,Director,Institute of Petroleum Exploration,9, Kaulagarh Road,Dehradun - 248 001.

5. Vice-Admiral K.K. Nayar, PVSM, AVSM, ADCVice Chief of Naval Staff,Naval Headquarters,New Delhi-110 01l.

6. Prof. V.S. Raju,Department of Ocean Engineering,Indian Institute of Technology,Madras-600 036.

7. Prof. Supriya Roy,Department of Geology,Jadavpur University,Calcutta-700 032.

8. Prof. R. Natarajan,Centre for Advanced Studies in Marine Biology,Porto Novo,Anamalai University,Anamalai Nagar (Tamilnadu).

9. Prof. M.P. SinghCentre for Atmospheric Research,Indian Institute of Technology,New Delhi-110 016.

103

10. Dr. E.V. Chitnis,Director,Space Application Centre,Jodhpur Tekra,Ahmedabad - 380 053 (Gujarat).

11. Dr. E.G. Silas,Central Institute of Brackish water Aquaculture,No.l, Karmeshwar Koil Street,Mylapore, Madras- 600 002.

12. Director-General,India Meteorological Department,Lodi Road, 'New Delhi-110 003.

13. Prof. (Mrs.) T.R. Doctor,Head of the Department of Microbiology,M.V. College,Andheri (West),Bombay-400 058.

14. Prof. V.K. Gaur,Director,National Geophysical Research Institute,(Chairman, Coordination Council forPhysical & Earth Sciences),Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500 007.

15. Dr. N. Balakrishnan Nair,Dept. of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries,University of Kerala,Trivandrum, Kerala.

16. Director General, SIR orhis nominee

17. Director, NIO, Goa

Executive Committee

1. Director, NIO, Goa

2. Prof. M. GadgilIndian Institute of ScienceBangalore-560 012.

3. Prof. M.P. SinghCentre for Atmospheric ResearchIndian Institute of Technology,New Delhi -110 016.

104

Member

Member(Ex-Officio)

Chairman

Member

4. Prof. Supriya RoyDepartment of Geology,Jadavpur University,Calcutta - 700 032.

5. Dr. J.S. Sastry,Deputy Director, NIO, Goa.

6. Dr. M.D. Zingde,Scientist Incharge,R.C. of NIO, Bombay.

7. Dr.A.B.Wagh,Head, MCMRD,NIO, Goa.

8. Sr. Finance & Accounts Officer,N.I.O., Dona Paula, Goa.

9. Administrative Officer,NIO, Dona Paula, Goa.

CRUISE PLANNING AND PROGRAMME PRIORITIES COMMITTEE FORO.R.V. SAGAR KANYA & R. V. GAVESHANI

(a) O.R.V. Sagar Kanya

1. Dr. S. Z. Qasim,Secretary to the Government of India,Department of Ocean Development,Mahasagar Bhavan, Block No.12,C.G.O. Complex, Lodi Road,New Delhi -110 003.

2. The Director General,Scientific & Industrial Research,Council of Scientific & Industrial Research,Rafi Marg,New Delhi-110 001.

3. Director General & Secretary,to the Govt. of India,Indian Council of Agricultural Research,Krishi Bhavan,New Delhi-110 001.

4. Shri A.P. Tewari,Department of Mines,Shastri Bhavan,New Delhi.

5. Commander Narender Singh,Director,Department of Non-Conventional Source of Energy,C.G.O. Complex, Block No.14,Lodhi Road,New Delhi-110 003.

105

Member-Secretary

Chairman

Member

6. The Chairman,University Grants Commission,Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg,New Delhi.

7. Dr. C.R. Madhavan,Ocean Science Division,Naval Physical Oceanography Laboratory,Campus II, M.G. Road,Cochin -682 015.

8. Shri K.R. Sachar,General Manager (C & P S Division),Shipping Corporation of India,245, Madame Cama Road,Bombay-400 021.

9. Dr. M.G. Gupta,India Meteorological Department,Lodi Road,New Delhi-110 003.

10. The Chairman,Oil & Natural Gas Commission,Tel Bhavan,Dehradun.

11. Dr. P.K. Pant,Project Manager,Bombay Off Shore Project,Oil & Natural Gas Commission,Bank of Baroda Building,Parliament Street,New Delhi-110 001.

12. Wireless AdviserGovernment of India,Ministry of Communications,Samachar Bhavan,20, Ashok Road,New Delhi - 110 001.

13. Shri S. Gopalan,Director (Designs),Ministry of Shipping & Transport,Parivahan Bhavan,Sansad Marg,New Delhi-110 001.

14. Shri S.S.V. Rao,Industrial Adviser,Director General of Technical Development,Udyog Bhavan,Maulana Azad Road,New Delhi-110 011.

106

Member

15. Shri Vijay K. Nambiar,Director, (UNP & NAM),Ministry of External Affairs,South Block,New Delhi-110 011.

16. Dr. S. Ramanathan,Deputy Adviser (S & T),Planning Commission,Yojana Bhavan,New Delhi -110 001.

17. Dr. Pranav Desai,Deputy Head,Meteorology Division,Space Applications Centre,Jodhpur Tekra,Ahmedabad.

18. Dr. M.W. Nerurkar,Joint Secretary,Department of Electronics,Lok Nayak Bhavan,New Delhi- 110 003.

19. Dr. M.N. Qureshy,Adviser (ES),Department of Science & Technology,New Delhi-110 016.

20. Dr. S.N. Dwivedi,Director,Central Institute of Fisheries Education,J.P. Road, Andheri (West),Bombay - 400 059.

21. The Director,Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute,K.C. Avenue, Post Box 1912,Cochin - 682 018.

22. Shri V.M.K. Nair,Deputy Secretary (Land Customs),Central Board of Excise & Customs,Room No. 47-A, North Block,New Delhi-110 001.

23. The Joint Secretary,to the Prime Minister of India,C-II/31,Tilak Marg,New Delhi-110 001.

24. Director,Naval Oceanography,Naval Head Quarters,New Delhi.

107

Member

25. Director,National Institute of Oceanography,Dona Paula, Goa.

26. Joint Secretary,Department of Ocean Development,Mahasagar Bhavan, Block No.12,C.G.O. Complex, Lodhi Road,New Delhi-110 003.

27. Financial Adviser & Joint Secretary,Department of Ocean Development,Mahasagar Bhavan, Block No.12,C.G.O. Complex, Lodhi Road,New Delhi-110 003.

28. Dr. S.A.H. Abidi,Department of Ocean Development,Mahasagar Bhavan, Block No.12,C.G.O. Complex, Lodhi Road,New Delhi-110 003.

29. Principal Scientific Officer,Legal,Department of Ocean Development,Mahasagar Bhavan, Block No.12,C.G.O. Complex, Lodhi Road,New Delhi-110 003.

(b) R.V. Gaveshani

1. The Director General,Scientific & Industrial Research,Council of Scientific & Industrial Research,Rafi Marg,New Delhi-110 001.

2. Joint Adviser (Planning),Council of Scientific & Industrial Research,Rafi Marg,New Delhi-110 001.

3. Director,National Institute of Oceanography,Dona Paula, Goa.

4. The Director,National Geophysical Research Institute,Uppal Road,Hyderabad - 500 007.

5. The Director General,India Meteorological Department,Lodi Road,New Delhi - 110 003.

108

Member

Chairman

Member

6. Chairman,Central Water Pollution Board,5th & 6th Floors, Skylark,60, Nehru Palace,Post Box No.4364,New Delhi-110 019.

7. The Director,Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute,K.C. Avenue, Post Box No.1912,Cochin - 682 018.

8. Fisheries Adviser toGovernment of India.

9. The Director,Institute of Petroleum Exploration,Oil & Natural Gas Commission,9, Kaulagarh Road,Dehradun-248 001.

10. The Member Offshore,Oil & Natural Gas Commission,Express Towers, Nariman Point,Bombay.

11. The Director General,Geological Survey of India,Ratnakar Building,4, Chowringhee Lane,Calcutta.

12. Secretary to the Government of India,Department of Ocean Development,Mahasagar Bhavan, Block No.12,C.G.O. Complex, Lodhi Road,New Delhi -110 003.

13. Secretary to the Government of India,Department of Science & Technology,Technology Bhavan, Shahjahan Road,New Delhi-110 011.

14. Secretary to the Government of India,Department of Environment,Bikaner House,Shahjahan Road,New Delhi-110 011.

15. Secretary to the Govt.of India,Department of Space,3rd Floor, Loknayak Bhavan,Prithviraj Lane,New Delhi -110 003.

109

Member

16. Secretary to the Go'vt. of India,Department of Non-Conventional Source of Energy,C.G.O. Complex, Block No.14,Lodhi Road,New Delhi-110 003.

17. Secretary to the Govt. of India,Department of Electronics,Lok Nayak Bhavan,Khan Market,New Delhi -110 011.

18. Naval Head Quarters,New Delhi-1l0 011

19. The Director,Naval Hydrographic Office,Rajput Road,Dehradun-248 001.

20. The Director,Naval Physical Oceanography Laboratory,Naval Base,Cochin - 682 004.

21. The Vice-Chairman,University Grants Commission,Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg,New Delhi.

22. Director,Centre for Earth Science Studies,Saikrishna Building,TC No .9/1421, Sasthamangalam,Trivandrum -10.

23. Chairman,Central Electricity Authority,Government of India,Bikaner House,New Delhi-110 011.

24. Wireless Adviser,Government of India,Ministry of Communication,Sanchar Bhavan,20, Ashok Road,New Delhi-110 001.

25. Head, Co-ordination Department,Minor Ports Organisations,Ministry of Shipping & Transport,Parivahan Bhavan,Sansad Marg,New Delhi-110 001.

110

Member

26. Secretary,Ministry of Shipping & Transport,Parivahan Bhavan,Sansad Marg,New Delhi-110 001.

27. Secretary,Ministry of External Affairs,South Block,New Delhi-110 011.

28. Joint Adviser (S & T),Planning Commission,Yojana Bhavan,New Delhi-110 001.

I l l

ANNEX - ΙΠAPPOINTMENTS/TRANSFERS/RESIGNATIONS

New Appointments

Shri U.V. Jose )" S.S.Bhat )" George Vithayathil )" Anantha Krishna )

Dr. Anupam Sarkar )" A.S. Unnikrishnan ) Scientist 'B'

Shri S.S. Sawant )" T. Pankajakshan )" P.U. Dinesh Kumar )" T.V. Raveendran )

Dr. (Smt.) M.S. Shailaja )" P.M. Muraleedharan )

Shri C. Ravichandran )

Transfers

Kum. C. Suguna, J.T.A. to R.C. WaltairShri K. Raghavan, J.T.A. to Structural Engineering Research Centre, MadrasShri N.P.C. Reddy, Sci. 'B' to R.C. WaltairShri Prabhakara Kurup, Watchman to R.C. Cochin

Resignations

Shri Ravi Kottur )" D.V. Rama Raju ) Sci. 'B'" S.T. Kannan )" J.M. Roy )" B. Uma Maheswara Rao ) J.T.A." N. Athiyaman )" J. Kannaiyan )" S.M. Hanif Junior Mechanic

Retirement

Dr. T.S.S. Rao, Deputy Director on 31st October, 1986Dr. M.G.A.P. Setty, Scientist E-II on 30th September, 1986Shri P.B. John, Assistant on 31st March, 1987 (Voluntary)

112

ANNEX - IV

SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF(The staff upto the level of JTA/Assistant as on 31st March, 1987)

Director

Late Dr. H.N. Siddiquie (upto November 14,1986)Dr. B.N. Desai (from 15th November, 1986)

1. Physical Oceanography Division

Head of the Division

Dr. J.S. Sastry

Scientists

Shri L.V.G. RaoDr. C.S. Murty

" D.P. RaoShri M.J. Varkey

" C.K. GopinathanDr. N. Bahulayan

" S.R. Shetye" S.S. Nath

Shri V. Ramesh BabuDr. M.K. AntonyShri V. Kesava Das

" A.F. Anto" A.D. Gouveia" P.V. Sathe" R.J.K. Charyulu" Y.K. Somayajulu" V.V. Gopalakrishna" M.R. Ramesh Kumar" V.S.N. Murthy

Dr. S. Prasana Kumar" S. Shenoi

Shri A. SuryanarayanaDr. Y. SadhuramShri P. Vethamony

" Y.V.B.SarmaDr. T.V. Ramana Murthy

Shri M.S.S. Sarma" A.A. Fernandes

Dr. PM. Muraleedharan" A.S. Unnikrishnan

Technical Officer

Shri G. Nampoothiri

Junior Technical Assistants

Shri K. Santanam" D. Sundar" M.T. Babu" A.M. Almeida" G.S. Michael" V. Krishna Kumar

Research Associate

Dr. M. Subba Rao

Senior Research Fellow

Shri D. Sen Gupta

Junior Research Fellow

Shri Harilal B. Menon

2. Chemical Oceanography Division

Head of the Division

Dr. R. Sen Gupta

113

Scientists

Shri S.P. AnandDr. S.Y.S. Singbal

" S.Y. Kamat" A. Rajendran" C.G. Naik

Dr. S.N. D'Souza" S.W.A. Naqvi

Shri M.D. GeorgeDr. S. Wahidullah

" S.P. FondekarShri M.D. RajgopalMrs. C. D'SilvaMrs. S. SardesaiDr. T.W. KureishyMiss S. SanzgiriDr. M. Dileep KumarShri P.S. Parameshwaran

" P.V. NarvekarMrs. A.M. MesquitaDr. K. Sawkar

" F.P. DeSouzaShri M. ManoharanMrs. M.L. D'SouzaDr. M.S. Shailaja

" A. Sarkar

Senior Technical Assistants

Mrs. C.M. DiasMrs. B. DasShri R. NagarajanDr. P.V. Shirodkar

Junior Technical Assistants

Mrs. K. A. RaoShri D. A. Jayakumar

" R. Algarswamy" K. Soma Sundar

Senior Research Fellows

Miss Jivexa PatelMr. S. UpadhyayaMrs. Jayashree Ghosh

Junior Research Fellows

Mr. J. BhattacharyaMiss Maheshwari Sankaran NairShri R.J. Noronha

3. Geological Oceanography Division

Head of the Division

Shri P.S.N. Murty

Scientists

Shri R.R. NairDr. Ch. M. Rao

" D.G. Rao" M. Veerayya

Shri B.G. Wagle" K.H. Vora" N.H. Hashimi" F. Almeida" M.V.S. Gupta

Shri L.V. Subba RajuDr. A.L. ParopkariShri G.C. Bhatacharya

Dr. R. Nigam" S.M. Karisiddaiah

Shri A.R. Gujar" M.V. Ramana" A. Mascarenhas

Dr. A.B. ValsangkarShri V. Subramanyam

" B.N. NathMiss J. PratimaShri V.P.C. Rao

" V.K. Banakar" M.S. Prasad" G.H. Ranade" R. Mukhopadhyaya" V.N. Kodagali" Shyam Murti Gupta" T. Ramprasad" R. Banerjee" M. Sudhakar" R.K.Sharma" S. Afzulpurkar" P.S. Rao" V. Ramaswamy

Dr. D.V. BoroleShri K.A. Ramesh Raju

" Iyer Sridhar" O.S. Chauhan" P.S. Naidu" A.V. Mudholkar" B. Chakraborty" K. Sree Krishna" A.K. Chaubey" N.H. Khadge" M.C. Pathak" E.C.A. Dias" K.A. Kotnala

114

Senior Technical Assistants

Shri P.A. Marathe" S.K. Nanyasi" N.V. Aambre" A.S. Muralinath

Junior Technical Assistants

Shri P.G. Mislankar" B. Rama Lingeshwara Rao" B. Vijayakumar" G. Janakiram" F. Vijayan" R. Venkatesan" V.S. Rajaraman" G.M. Phadte" Tony Thottam" K.V. Durgaram" B.U. Rao" T. Sudhakar" D.G. Gracias" Y. Satyanarayana Raju" P.R. Vijayan" P. Ganesan" K.M. Sivakholundu" N. Prabhakaran" A. Ghosh" S.S. Gaonkar" G.A.Walker" R.C. Agarwal" G. Parthiban" S.S. Pattenshetty" C. Prakash Babu" D.K. Naik" K.L. Naik" R.A.A. Luis" K. Srinivas

Junior Mechanical Assistant

Shri A.V. Sonawane

Radio Operator

Shri S. De Almeida

Senior Research Fellows

Shri M. Suresh Raj" B. Janardhan Reddy

Junior Research Fellows

Miss Aradhana RaoShri B.K. Kallapur

" G.P.S. Murty

4. Biological Oceanography Division

Head of the Division

Dr. A.H. Parulekar

Scientists

Dr. A.G. Untawale" V.P. Devassy" Aditi Pant" S.C. Goswami" S. Vijayaraghavan" P.M.A. Bhattathiri" D. Chandramohan" Loka Bharathi" R.A. Selvakumar" M. Madhupratap" C.T. Achuthankutty" S.N. Harkantra" J. Royan

Shri S.R.S. NairDr. Z.A. Ansari

" L. Krishnakumari" M.V.M. Wafar" A.K. Chatterji

Shri N. RamaiahDr. V.K. Dhargalkar

" R. Menezes" X.N. Verlenkar

Mrs. S. WafarShri B.S. Ingole

" S.G.P. MatondkarDr. S. Raghukumar

" L. Raghukumar" T.G. Jagtap" U. Goswami" S. Achuthankutty

Shri V. Subramaniam

Junior Technical Assistant

Shri J. I. Goes

Research Associate

Dr. (Miss) Helga Gomes

115

Senior Research Fellows

Miss Geeta DeshmukhShri C.R.K. Reddy

Junior Research Fellows

Miss Vijaya Ambhiye" P. Shirvoicar

5. Marine Corrosion & Materials Research

Division

Head of the Division

Dr. A.B. Wagh

Scientists

Dr. N.B. BhosleShri S.S. Sawant

" T.V. Raveendran

Senior Research Fellows

Shri V.P. Venugopalan" L.K. Bhat

Junior Research Fellows

Shri K. Nandakumar

6. Ocean Engineering Division

Head of the Division

Dr. B.U. Nayak

Scientists

Dr. N.M.AnandShri S.G. Diwan

" P. Chandramohan" S. Mandal" A.K. Suryavanshi" K. Ashok Kumar" Shankar S. Bhat" U.V.Jose

Junior Technical Assistants.

Shri H.C. Mandal" P.S. Pednekar" K.C. Pathak" N.S.N. Raju

7. Marine Instrumentation & Computer Division

Head of the Division

Dr. E. Desa

Scientists

Shri M.R. NayakDr. E.S. DesaShri J.S. Sarupria

" G. Venkata Reddy" E.J. D'Sa" A.Joseph" T. Suresh" Arvind Ghosh

Mrs. V.B. PeshweShri George Vithayathil

" K. Anantha Krishna" T. Pankajakshan

Senior Technical Assistants

Shri A.P. Selvam" Md. Wahidullah" V.M. Date

Junior Technical Assistants

Shri Andrew Menezes" K. Raghavan

Senior Mechanical Assistant

Shri S.B. Tengali

Junior Mechanical Assistant

Shri V. N. Chodankar

Fine Mechanic

Shri D. Rodrigues

8. Publication & Information Division

Head of the Division

Shri R.M.S. Bhargava

116

Shri S.J.D. Varaprasad" S.R. Bhat

Senior Technical Assistant

Mrs. R. Thomas

9. Training Division

Head of the Division

Dr. B.N. Desai

Scientist

Shri G.N. Swamy

10. Planning Cell

Scientists

Dr. S.G. DalalShri G. Banerjee

" P.V.S.S.R. Sarma

Junior Technical Assistant

Mrs. S. Simon

11. Library

Sr. Documentation Officer

Shri M.P. Tapaswi

Senior Librarian

Mrs. S.H. Oka

Library Assistant

Shri G.H. Sainekar

12. Establishment & General Sections

Administrative Officer

Shri R.V. Sarma

Section Officers

Shri K.P. Rajaram" K.R. Das" K. Ramamoorthi

Senior Personal Assistant

Shri V.N.N. Menon

Assistants

Shri Peter D'Silva" R.K. Duggal" Paul D'Souza

Mrs. Nancy Mascarenhas" R. D'Silva

Shri F.G. LourencoMiss M. Shahapurker

Senior Stenographers

Miss Milagrine CardozoMrs. Juliana Pinto

13. Finance & Accounts

Sr. Finance & Accounts Officer

Shri A. Rajachandran

Section Officers

Shri C.M. Dias" M. Krishna Murthy

Assistants

Shri Joslin D'Mello" M.G. Dalvi" Agnelo Femandes" S.R. Fadte

Mrs. S. Subramaniam

14. Stores & Purchase Section

Sr. Stores & Purchase Officer

Shri M.R. Gurumurthy

Assistants

Shri T.C. Femandes" G.K. Gaur" P. Gopinathan" K.S. Naik" T.K. Ramankutty

Junior Technical Assistant

Shri Blasco Fernandes

15. Works Section

Civil Engineers

Shri T.N. Sharnappa" George Philip

117

Junior Engineers

Shri R.B. Kubsad" K.B. Kulkarni" Mathew P. Chacko

16. NIO Dispensary

118

Resident Medical Officer

Dr. Lakshmi V. Bhandare

17. Boats

Bosun

Shri R.R. Garudi.

B. REGIONAL CENTRES

1.Regional Centre, Bombay

Scientist-in-Charge

Dr. M.D. Zingde

Scientists

Shri V. JosantoDr. V.R.Nair

" K. GovindanShri M.M. Sabnis

" R.V. SarmaDr. S.N.Gajbhiye

" A.N. Kadam

Junior Engineer

Shri M.B. Kewalraman

Senior Technical Assistants

Shri A.V. MandaliaMs. Prabha D.GoreShri Prashant Sharma

Junior Technical Assistant

Shri M.A. Rokade

2. Regional Centre, Cochin

Scientist-in-Charge

Dr. M. Krishnankutty

Scientists

Dr. R.V. Unnithan" V.N. Sankaranarayanan" P. Sivadas" P.U. Varma" U.K. Gopalan" K.J. Peter" B.M. Panikkar" M. Saraswathi

Shri P.N. AravindakshanDr. V.T. PaulinoseMrs. C.B.L. DeviDr. V. SanthakumariShri K. Kameswara Rao

" K.K.C. NairDr. T.C. Gopalkriahna

" T. BalachandranShri P.S. GoreMrs. U.P. Saramma

" R. Stephen

" P.P.M. Kunjamma" R. Stephen" K.V. Jayalakshmi

Dr. P. HaridasShri T. BalasubramaniamMrs. K.S. Devi

" T. JosephShri C. Ravi ChandranDr. G. PeterShri P. Venugopal

" C. Revichandran

Senior Scientific Assistants

Shri Abraham Pylee" B. Narayanan" O. Raveendran

Shri S. Kumaran" K.K. Balachandran" K.R. Shyam

Senior Personal Assistant

Shri C.S. Krishna Pai

Senior Stores and Purchase Assistant

Shri P.V. Raphael

Senior Draughtsman

Shri V.N. Mohanan

Senior Stenographer

Shri K.K. Gopinathan

Assistant

Shri P.B. John

Precision Mechanic

Shri T.R. Valson

Engine Driver Cl. I

Shri O.K. Balakrishnan

Research Associate

Dr. Ranu Gupta

Senior Research Fellow

Shri M. Viswakumar

119

Research Fellow (DOD)

Shri Doyil T. Vengayil

Junior Research Fellows

Shri N. Prabhakaran" A.S. Sundaram

3. Regional Centre, Waltair

Scientist-in-Charge

Dr. T.C.S. Rao

Scientists

Shri V.S. Rama RajuDr. K.S.R. Murthy

" V.V. SarmaShri M.M.M. Rao

" A.S. Subramanyam

" T.V. Narasimha Rao" B.P. Rao" K.M. Rao" K.V.L.N.S. Sarma" N.P.C. Reddy

Senior Scientific Assistant

Shri R. Vijayakumar

Senior Technical Assistants

Shri M.K. Premkumar" S. Kannan

Junior Technical Assistants

Shri S.L. Narayanan" K. Venkateshwarlu

Miss C. Suguna

120