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A simulation of the perturbation of sea level due to propagation of thetsunami waves that were triggered by the earthquake of 26 December

2004, off the coast of Sumatra. It represents the conditions 5 hours afterthe earthquake. Pink colour implies the sea level above the mean sea level.

Visit http://www.nio.org/jsp/tsu_simu.htm to see the model simulation.(Figure : S. Neetu)

CONTENTS

Director’s Report

Biogeochemistry ................................................ 1

Biotechnology .................................................... 9

Shallow water processes ................................... 14

Open ocean physical processes ......................... 20

Tsunami & other coastal hazards ...................... 24

Palaeoceanography ........................................... 27

Impact of deep-sea mining ............................... 33

Marine archaeology and other research ............ 37

Sponsored projects ........................................... 42

Research cruises .............................................. 46

Deputations ..................................................... 48

Events .............................................................. 52

Awards & recognition ....................................... 59

Patents & publications ..................................... 61

Finances & human resource ............................. 68

Research council .............................................. 72

The year 2005-06 marks an important milestonefor the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO).On 1 January 2006, the institute completed 40 yearsof its existence. Started as a national effort to sustainprogress made by the newly trained oceanographersfrom India during the International Indian OceanExpedition of early 1960s, NIO today is the largestinstitution dedicated to ocean sciences in this partof the world. NIO celebrated its 40th anniversary witha two-day programme which included a publiclecture by Prof. Gerardus ’t Hooft, Nobel Laureate,University of Utrecht, the Netherlands.

The year 2005-06 was also important to NIO becausethe Cabinet of the Government of India approved asanction of Rs. 189 crore for funding constructionof an ocean research vessel for NIO. We at NIO aregrateful for this decision. As Dr. R.A. Mashelkar,Director General of CSIR, put it, an oceanographicinstitute without an ocean going research vessel, islike a soldier without a gun. With the sanction offunds, we hope we will be in a position to have thevessel operational by 2009. Incidentally, the year2005-06 also marked completion of 100 cruises onboard our coastal research vessel CRV Sagar Suktithat became operational in the year 2001.

The year summarized here began with restructuringof the way in which our institutional researchprojects are run. The process that began a few yearsago (with the advise from CSIR that research shouldbe carried out in ‘project mode’) came to its logicalconclusion with erstwhile discipline-based ‘divisions’having no role in project management. We believethat this makes it easier to track progress of a projectand hence brings in more accountability in ourworking. It also provides more autonomy to projectleaders and encourages groups to interact acrossthe traditional boundaries of oceanographicdisciplines. The ‘project mode’ makes it easier toquantify performance of a group working in theproject.

We were fortunate to have this emphasis onperformance coincide with a new milestone inachievement. With considerable encouragementfrom CSIR, we have been keeping track of ourpublications in journals with Impact Factors (IF).During the calendar year 2005 our IF was highestever (see figure).

We hope that the coming years, with well definedperformance indicators, we shall see a trend towardshigher productivity. The research carried out in theinstitute led to filing of 5 patents in India and 13

abroad. Two patents were granted in India, 4 in USA,and one each in South Korea and Australia. Themajor themes covered in these patents arepharmacology, public health, pollution control andmarine instrumentation. Our external cash flowduring the year was one of the largest ever bothfrom government agencies and from industry.

As a national laboratory, while it is important for usto make our research known in scholarlypublications, as a public institution of a democraticcountry it is equally important to make our researchaccessible to lay public. It is with this intention thatthis year we made special efforts to make theinstitute accessible to both specialists and to generalpublic through our website www.nio.org. Thespecialists can now access every publication thatcame from the institute during the last four decades.They can also learn about ongoing research. Thegeneral public has access to popular literature onscience of waters around India, history of theinstitute, a gallery of pictures, etc. The new featureshave added to the popularity of the website. By oneestimate it now ranks in the top ten amongst allwebsites associated with oceanographic institutionsin the world.

This report provides an overview of the year underdifferent headings : research highlights (please notethat starting this year, research highlights will bereported for a calender year, instead of a financialyear), honours to our scientists, cash flow, specialevents and collaborations etc. We present the reportto our readers with the fond hope that this milestoneyear marks another stepping-stone towards higherperformance.

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Seasonal variability of the mixedlayer in the central Arabian Sea andits implication on nutrients andprimary productivityPrasanna Kumar, S. and J. Narvekar

The upper layers of the ocean play an importantrole in the regulation of the ocean–atmosphere as acoupled system. The Arabian Sea, situated in thewestern part of the northern Indian Ocean,participates in the intense air–sea exchangeprocesses associated with the semi-annuallyreversing monsoons. During winter monsoon theweak northeast trade wind brings cool, drycontinental air, while during the summer monsoonthe strong southwest wind brings humid maritimeair into the Arabian Sea. It is natural to expect thatthese semi-annual atmospheric forcing wouldmodulate the thickness of the upper ocean. Theseasonal variability of the mixed layer in the centralArabian Sea (equator to 25°N and 62–66°E) wasstudied using hydrographic data from NODC andINODC, while the atmospheric forcing responsible

for the observed changes were explored usingmeteorological data from COADS and FSU winds.The mixed layer depth (MLD) and sea-surfacetemperature (SST) in the central Arabian Sea, to alarge extent, were regulated by the incoming solarradiation and wind forcing. The Ekman dynamicsassociated with the Findlater Jet controlled themixed layer depth during summer monsoon, whilein winter the cooling and convective mixing regulatedthe MLD. It is speculated that the deep mixed layerduring February–March in the southern region isassociated with that of the Rossby wave propagation.During spring and fall intermonsoon, the weakwinds along with strong incoming solar radiationlead to the formation of a thin, warm and stratifiedmixed layer. It is shown that the biologicalproductivity of the Arabian Sea is rigidly coupled tothe seasonal cycle of MLD, which regulates thenutrient levels in the euphotic zone.

Deep ocean fluxes and their link tosurface ocean processes and thebiological pumpRixen, T., M.V.S. Guptha and V. Ittekkot

Intense studies of upper and deep ocean processeswere carried out in the Northwestern Indian Ocean(Arabian Sea) within the framework of JGOFS andrelated projects in order to improve ourunderstanding of the marine carbon cycle and theocean’s role as a reservoir for atmospheric CO2. Theresults show a pronounced monsoon-drivenseasonality with enhanced organic carbon fluxes intothe deep-sea during the SW Monsoon and duringthe early and late NE Monsoon north of 10°N. Theproductivity is mainly regulated by inputs ofnutrients from subsurface waters into the euphoticzone via upwelling and mixed layer deepening. Deepmixing introduces light limitation by carryingphotoautotrophic organisms below the euphotic zoneduring the peak of the NE Monsoon. Nevertheless,deep mixing and strong upwelling during the SWMonsoon provide an ecological advantage fordiatoms over other photoautotrophic organisms byincreasing the silica concentrations in the euphoticzone. When silica concentrations fall below 2 µmoll–1 diatoms lose their dominance in the planktoncommunity. During diatom-dominated blooms, thebiological pathway of uptake of CO2 (the biological

Schematic representation of various forcing that is responsible forchanges in the upper ocean mixed layer. The solar heating andprecipitation stratify and stabilize the upper ocean, while thewind, wave action and evaporation destabilize it through mixing.

Chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes andreactions that govern the composition of the water of theIndian Ocean; cycles of matter and energy that transportthe Earth’s chemical components in time and space

2

pump) appears to be more efficient than duringblooms of other organisms, as indicated by organiccarbon to carbonate carbon (rain) ratios. Due to theseasonal alternation of diatom and non-diatomdominated exports, spatial variations of the annualmean rain ratios are hardly discernible along themain JGOFS transect. Data-based estimates of theannual mean impact of the biological pump on theCO2 in the surface water suggest that the biologicalpump reduces the increase of fCO2 in the surfacewater caused by intrusion of CO2-enrichedsubsurface water by 50–70%. The remaining 30 to50% are attributed to CO2 emissions into theatmosphere. Rain ratios up to 60% higher in river-influenced areas of Pakistan and in the Bay of Bengalthan in the open Arabian Sea imply that riverinesilica inputs can further enhance the impact of the

biological pump on the fCO2 in the surface water bysupporting diatom blooms. Consequently, it isassumed that reduced river discharges caused bythe damming of major rivers increase CO2 emissionby lowering silica inputs to the Arabian Sea; thismechanism probably operates in other regions ofthe world ocean also.

The nitrogen cycle in the Arabian SeaBange, H.W., S.W.A. Naqvi and L.A. Codispoti

Despite their importance for the global oceanicnitrogen (N) cycle, estimates of N fluxes in theArabian Sea remain in considerable uncertainty. Inthis report, we summarize current knowledge ofimportant processes, including denitrification, N2

fixation and nitrous oxide emissions. Additionally,we discuss anthropogenic impacts on the N cycle inthe region. Existing studies suggest that the ArabianSea is a significant source of N2O, and a major sinkfor fixed-N mainly due to enhanced rates ofdenitrification that occur in suboxic portions of thewater column in the Arabian Sea. Sedimentarydenitrification is small compared to water columndenitrification, and additions of fixed-N via N2

fixation also are small compared to pelagicdenitrification. As a consequence, the fixed-N budgetof the Arabian Sea is dominated by an advectivesupply from the south, and by the sink arising frompelagic denitrification. Although relatively smallcompared to the advective supply, inputs of fixed-Nfrom runoff and from the atmosphere may havesignificant impacts on surface waters and on thecoastal waters of western India, and these inputsare rising because of human activities. Overall, theArabian Sea’s nitrogen cycle is likely to respondsensitively to climate change and, in turn, have animpact on climate via its N2O and denitrificationcomponents.

Simplified scheme of the N cycling in the Arabian Sea north of 6oN. All fluxes are given in Tg N yr-1. DINstands for the sum of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (NO-

3, NO-2 and NH4

+) and PON stands for particulateorganic nitrogen. The denitrification fluxes are abbreviated as follows: PD, pelagic denitrification and SD,sedimentary denitrification. Sed. rem. Stands for remineralization of PON in the shelf sediments.

DIC versus TA plot and the corresponding fCO2 in µatm. Effectscaused by the production of organic matter and the precipitationof carbonate (rain ratio = 3) are illustrated by arrows. Calculationwere made according to Zeebe and Wolf-Gladrow (2001, AppendixB, case 15. See also: http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/Carbon/co2book.html. Equations to calculate equilibrium constants andseawater pH obtained from Dickens and Goyet (1994) weresummarized in a fortran subroutine provided by Ernst Maier-Reimer. Additionally, a temperature of 25.6°C, a salinity of 36.3, asilicate and a phosphate of 2 and 0.2 µmol kg-1 respectively, wereconsidered.

Biogeochemistry

3

Biogeochemical ocean-atmospheretransfers in the Arabian SeaNaqvi, S.W.A., H.W. Bange, S.W. Gibb, C. Goyet,A.D. Hatton and R.C. Upstill-Goddard

Transfers of some important biogenic atmosphericconstituents, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),molecular nitrogen (N2), nitrous oxide (N2O), nitrateNO3

-, ammonia (NH3), methylamines (MAs) anddimethylsulphide (DMS), across the air–sea interfaceare investigated using published data generatedmostly during the Arabian Sea Process Study (1992–1997) of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study(JGOFS). The most important contribution of theregion to biogeochemical fluxes is through theproduction of N2 and N2O facilitated by an acute,mid-water deficiency of dissolved oxygen (O2);emissions of these gases to the atmosphere fromthe Arabian Sea are globally significant. For the otherconstituents, especially CO2, even though thesurface concentrations and atmospheric fluxesexhibit extremely large variations both in space andtime, arising from the unique physical forcing andassociated biogeochemical environment, the overallsignificance in terms of their global fluxes is notmuch because of the relatively small area of theArabian Sea. Distribution and air–sea exchanges ofsome of these constituents are likely to be greatlyinfluenced by alterations of the subsurface O2 fieldforced by human-induced eutrophication and/ormodifications to the regional hydrography.

Signature of terrestrial influence onnitrogen isotopic composition ofsuspended particulateKumar, S., R. Ramesh, M.S. Sheshshayee, S. Sardessaiand P.P. Patel

Nitrogen concentration and its isotopic compositionin surface suspended matter have been measuredat 24 different locations during the post-monsoonseason in the Bay of Bengal. In general, the stablenitrogen isotopic composition of surface particulateorganic nitrogen (PON) in the Bay of Bengal appearsto be a mixture of particulate matter from thecontinent and marine phytoplankton, the latterhaving inherited the isotopic composition of deepernitrate. Higher ~δ15N values of surface PON in openocean locations could be due to the supply of nitratewith higher δ15N values. However, offshore locationshave been diluted by the continental influenceleading to low ~δ15N values in PON.

Mesozooplankton of the Arabian Sea:Patterns influenced by seasons,upwelling, and oxygen concentrationsSmith, S.L. and M. Madhupratap

The intensive study of the Arabian Sea during the1990s included mesozooplankton investigations bythe Netherlands, United Kingdom, Pakistan, India,Germany and the United States. Several majordiscoveries resulted. First, the high biomass ofmesozooplankton observed during the NortheastMonsoon season is sustained by primaryproductivity stimulated by convective mixing andby an active microbial loop. The apparent ‘paradox’of high standing stocks of mesozooplanktoncoinciding with low standing stocks ofphytoplankton thus was resolved. Second, theSouthwest Monsoon (upwelling) season supports aburst of mesozooplankton growth, much of whichis exported to the interior of the Arabian Sea bystrong currents and eddy activity and to depth atthe end of the season when diapause causes at leastone very abundant copepod to leave the epipelagiczone. Third, the oxygen minimum zone severelyrestricts the vertical distribution of mesozooplanktonin the eastern region of the Arabian Sea. The copepodthat withstands conditions in the OMZ most readily,Pleuromamma indica has increased in abundanceover the past thirty years suggesting the OMZ mayhave grown in size and/or intensity in that time.Fourth, the Fall Intermonsoon and NortheastMonsoon seasons are characterized everywhere byincreased abundance of the cyclopoid copepodgenus, Oithona. Abundances of Oithona measuredin the 1990s are much higher than those of the1930s, suggesting food web alterations over the pasthalf-century.

Partial pressure of CO2 in surface water (bold curves) and in the

atmosphere (dots on dashed curves) and water temperature(thin curve) along two transects of the upwelling zone off Omanduring July–August, 1995. The upper panel shows tracks of theMeteor cruise 32/5 (from Körtzinger et al., 1997).

Biogeochemistry

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Living coccolithophores during thenortheast monsoon from theEquatorial Indian Ocean:Implications on hydrographyGuptha, M.V.S., L.P. Mergulhao, V.S.N. Murty and D.M.Shenoy

Water samples collected at five stations along 93°Esection (1°N-4°S) during the northeast monsoon (12-15 February 2000) at five depths (surface, 50, 100,150 and 200 m) in the eastern equatorial IndianOcean (EEIO) were studied for coccolithophores. Thisstudy has yielded 30 species of coccospheres,showing more diversity compared to coccolithsrepresented by only 18 taxa. High diversity andabundance of coccospheres were observed at theequator and at 2°S. High concentrations of coccolithswere observed at shallow depths (less than 50 m).The most abundant coccolithophore species wasUmbellosphaera irregularis followed byUmbilicosphaera sibogae, Gephyrocapsa oceanicaand Emiliania huxleyi. The U. irregularis floralassemblage suggested a prevalence of oligotrophicconditions or lack of supply of nutrients into theupper mixed layer (~50 m thick) during the northeast

monsoon. However, the relatively higher abundanceof Florisphaera profunda at 4°S indicated theprevalence of nutrient injection into the shallowmixed layer through upwelling from deeper depths.

Comparative accounts of biologicalproductivity characteristics andestimates of carbon fluxes in theArabian Sea and the Bay of BengalGauns, M., M. Madhupratap, N. Ramaiah, R. Jyothibabu,V. Fernandes, J.T. Paul and S. Prasanna Kumar

The Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal are tropicalbasins experiencing monsoonal wind forcing thatreverses semiannually. This brings changes inphysics, chemistry and biology of the upper watercolumn on a seasonal scale and ultimately regulatesthe sinking fluxes of the region. An attempt is madehere to focus on factors responsible for fluxes ofcarbon from the upper layers to the deep sea. Higherfluxes are observed during southwest and northeastmonsoon season in both the regions. In contrast tothe Arabian Sea, an immense quantity of freshwaterrunoff together with warmer SST (~30°C) makes thenorthern bay strongly stratified. The runoff alsobrings in billions of tonnes of fluvial matter as well.Stratification constrains subsurface nutrient inputinto the surface waters thereby reducing the primaryproduction in the Bay of Bengal. The total livingcarbon content in the Bay of Bengal is much lowerthan in the Arabian Sea. Higher downward fluxesassociated with deep mixed layer and highproduction in the Arabian Sea during summer andwinter pinpoint importance of strong winds causingmixing and upwelling during summer andevaporative cooling and convection during winter.Inability of the low-speed winds to break thestratification in the Bay of Bengal keeps the regionlow productive throughout the year. Therefore, riverwater associated with the terrigenous material dueto ballast effect appears to swipe off surfaceproducers to the deep, thereby increasing thedownward fluxes of total particulates, which aresometimes even higher than that of the moreproductive Arabian Sea.

Partitioning and speciation of tracemetal diagenesis in differingdepositional environments in thesediments of the Oman marginAlagarsamy, R., G.A. Wolff and R. Chester

Organic-rich sediment samples collected from atransect within, and below, the Oman Margin oxygenminimum zone (OMZ) were analyzed using asequential leaching technique to characterize thediagenetic behaviour and speciation of Mn and Fein operationally defined sediment host fractions.Trace metals showed distinct diagenetic behaviourin the two contrasting environments that were

(1) Emiliania huxleyi (x12,000), (2) Gephyrocapsa oeanica(x13,000), (3) Umbilicosphaera sibogae (x7000),(4) Umbellosphaera irregularis (x6000), (5) Discosphaera tubifera(x5000), (6) Syracosphaera nodosa (x10,000), (7) Umbilicosphaerahulburtiana (x9,5000), (8) Cyrtosphaera aculeata (x7000)(9) Coronosphaera mediterranea (x7000), (10) Syracosphaerarotula (x7,500), 11) Syracosphaera corrugis (x10,000),(12) Syracosphaera pulchra (x11,000).

Biogeochemistry

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sampled. The absence of non-detrital Mn in the coresbelow the OMZ site is attributed to the lack of easilyreducible oxides in surficial sediments and to thereduction and export of any moderately reducibleaged oxides. The reactive form of solid phase Mnshowed a “classic” feature of enrichment in the upperlayer of the sediments at the abyssal site, reflectingthe presence of an oxidizing sedimentary layer whichacts as a Mn trap during its recycling. The diageneticMn enrichment was inferred from typical downcorecolour changes and an upward-increasing Mncontent in the upper core sections. An easilyreducible Fe oxide layer was observed in the abyssalsediments at an identical depth to the Mnenrichment suggesting that Fe associated with Mnoxides also has undergone suboxic diagenesis.However, the association of Fe with organic matterdid not indicate diagenetic modification; i.e., thebinding strength of the metal with organic materialsappears to be sufficiently strong to preserve the tracemetal. The speciation signature of non-detrital Fediffered from that of Mn. The association of Fe withorganic matter suggests that this metal does notundergo diagenetic modification and is preservedin abyssal sediments. The contrasting behaviour ofMn and Fe observed between cores within the OMZwere particularly interesting. Another interestingobservation was that, for cores below the OMZ, theiron oxides were associated with the Mn-oxide peak,rather than deeper in the sediments as observed byearlier studies in the Atlantic.

Processes controlling forms ofphosphorus in surficial sedimentsfrom the eastern Arabian Seaimpinged by varying bottom wateroxygenation conditionsPrakash Babu, C. and B.N. Nath

The surficial sediments from the upper continentalslope of the eastern Arabian Sea, impinged by theoxygen minimum zone (OMZ, 150–1200 m waterdepth), show varying concentrations of the biogenicelement phosphorus (P, 0.1–0.2%) in the northernand southern areas even though total organic carbonconcentrations are relatively constant (TOC, 2–5%).To understand this discordance, 17 surfacesediment samples from shelf, slope and deep sea ofthe eastern Arabian Sea were investigated using afive-step sequential extraction scheme to delineatethe process responsible for P enrichment in OMZ.High fractions of organic phosphorus (Porg 10–26%),biogenic phosphorus (Pbio 36–48%), relatively lowmolar Corg/Porg ratios (322–447), and Corg/Preactive

ratios close to Redfield Ratio in OMZ sediments ofthe SE Arabian Sea suggest accumulation underhigh surface production and low residence time oflabile forms of P due to high sedimentation rates.Despite higher productivity in surface waters, lowfractions of Porg (8–13%; less than deep-sea

sediments of the study area 12–13%), Pbio (25–33%),relatively high molar Corg/Porg ratios (341–508), andCorg/Preactive ratios less than Redfield Ratio in OMZsediments from the NE Arabian Sea may indicate ahigher degree of regeneration and diagenetictransformation of labile forms of P to other phases.Authigenic phosphorus (Paut) fraction varies by afactor of 2–8 in sediments from the OMZ whencompared to well-oxygenated deep-sea sedimentsof the study area. While the Ptotal remains constant,significant P transformation seems to occur in NEArabian Sea, which is suggested by high Paut fraction(~50%) compared to low Paut fraction (10–39%) inthe SE Arabian Sea sediments. Supply rates ofphosphorus, variable rates of P dissolution undervarying dissolved oxygen contents in the bottomwaters, and early diagenetic transformation of Pwithin the sediments seem to influence Pgeochemistry in sediments overlain by the OMZ inthe eastern Arabian Sea.

Carbonate and carbon fluctuations inthe eastern Arabian Sea over 140 ka:Implications on productivity changesGuptha, M.V.S., P.D. Naidu, B.G. Haake and R. Schiebel

Biological productivity in the western Arabian Seawas higher during interglacial than glacial times. Inthe eastern Arabian Sea productivity was higher

Depth distribution of (A) Ptotal and (B) Paut. Notice the enrichment ofPtotal and Paut in the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). The shaded areaindicates the OMZ.

Biogeochemistry

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during the glacials compared to interglacials, whichis in sharp contrast to the southwest monsoonintensity variations. To examine temporal changesin productivity in the eastern Arabian Sea over thelast 140 ka, oxygen isotopes, calcium carbonate andorganic carbon on three cores (SL-1 & 4 and SK129-CR05) were analyzed. Oxygen isotope recordsdisplay distinct glacial and interglacial transitions.In the northeastern (Core SL-1) and eastern ArabianSea (Core SL-4) both calcium carbonate and organiccarbon variations show no significant systematicrelationship with glacial and interglacials periods.In the southeastern Arabian Sea (Core SK-129-CR05) calcium carbonate shows high and low valuesduring interglacial and glacials, respectively, andtemporal changes in organic carbon concentrationare significant only during MIS 5. Differentialvariation of calcium carbonate and organic carbonconcentration at the northeastern and southeasternArabian Sea, and between glacials and interglacials,are attributed to regional dif ferences insedimentation rates, dilution and preservation,which modify the signal of carbonate and carbonproduction.

Enhanced export of carbon by salpsduring the northeast monsoon periodin the northern Arabian SeaRamaswamy, V., M.M. Sarin and R. Rengarajan

A drifting sediment trap was deployed and 234Thactivity in the water column was measured tocalculate export flux of carbon at a time-seriesstation in the northern Arabian Sea (lat. 21°30′ N;long. 64°00′ E) during the winter monsoon, 10–23February 1997. The sampling period wascharacterized by an extensive salp swarm, and salpfaecal pellets were the dominant contributors to theparticulate matter in the sediment traps. Average234Th flux out of the photic zone was 2300 dpm m–2

d–1 and average POC/234Th ratio in trap-derivedparticles was 0.14 mg/dpm. Average 234Th derivedexport flux of carbon was about 332 mg m–2d–1

representing 36% of the daily primary production(PP) (925 mg Cm–2d–1). Export of about one-third ofthe daily PP during the end of the winter monsooncould be due to the episodic nature of salp swarms.Salp swarms are frequently observed in the ArabianSea and may be a significant pathway for rapidexport of carbon from the euphotic zone.

Settling barium fluxes in theArabian Sea: Critical evaluation ofrelationship with export productionNair, T.M.B., V. Ittekkot, R. Shankar and M.V.S. Guptha

Time series measurement of biogenic and bariumfluxes was made using nine sediment traps deployedin the western, central and eastern part of theArabian Sea with the objective of evaluating barium

as a proxy for surface ocean productivity. Ourobservations show a strong linear correlationbetween Ba excess fluxes and biogenic opal and organiccarbon (Corg) fluxes, indicating a biogenic origin ofparticulate Ba. However, the correlation betweenbiogenic and Baexcess fluxes is remarkably strong inareas of uniform productivity like the central ArabianSea, when compared to regions of episodicproductivity. The processes that precipitateparticulate Ba appear to be less active during periodsof high biogenic flux. A large discrepancy isdocumented between the export flux calculated fromthe barium-based algorithm and from Corg fluxes atdifferent depths. However, ~35% increase in Bafluxes and a concomitant increase in Ba/Corg ratiosare documented between 919 and 2002 m waterdepth in the western Arabian Sea. This increase maybe due either to barite formation within the fecalpellets of mesozooplankton thriving at deeper levelsor to scavenging of Ba by Mn oxyhydroxides.Manganese oxyhydroxides seem to act as aprominent scavenging phase for particulate Ba whenthe Mnexcess content in the settling particles exceeds~200 ppm, especially in the western and centralArabian Sea where in situ precipitation of Mn oxidesis reported. The estimated preservation efficiencyof Ba in the Arabian Sea sediments ranges between50% and 61%. This is two-fold higher than the globalaverage, suggesting that Ba may be a promisingproxy for paleoproductivity estimation.

234Th profiles in the water column at the 14-day time-series station(21°N, 64°E) during late NE monsoon.

Biogeochemistry

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Weekly observations on dispersal andsink pathways of the terrigenous fluxof the Ganga Brahmaputra in the Bayof Bengal during NE monsoonChauhan, O.S., A.S. Rajawat, Y. Pradhan, J. Suneethiand S.R. Nayak

The analyses of 64 sequential satellite images(October 1999-March 2001) of Indian RemoteSensing Satellite IRS-P4 ocean color monitor (OCM)(bands around 490, 555, and 670 nm) for totalsuspended matter (TSM), synchronous sea truthdata acquisition, and salinity variations have beenused to construct dispersal pathways of the surficialfluvial flux into the northern Bay of Bengal duringthe NE monsoon. From the spatial extent of theplumes of TSM (160–120 km) during October of 1999and 2000, off the mouth of the Himalayan riversthe Ganga and the Brahmaputra (G-B), it is deducedthat fluvial flux does not diminish concurrently withthe termination of the southwest (SW) monsoon, assuggested by time-series trap experiments in thenorthern bay. During the NE monsoon, the G-Bplumes move north to south initially off the mouth,and thereafter advects SW alongshore in the formof coastal sediment plumes, reducing the salinity ofthe coastal waters along the entire northern bayduring October–December. A strong relation betweenenhanced episodic discharges of the Ganga–Brahmaputra (G-B) and augmented coastal turbidityduring weekly events has been observed. It is alsoobserved that even during such short (weekly) eventsof very high pulse of TSM discharge by the G-Bsystem, the fluvial fluxes do not advect offshore intothe deeper regions of the north-central bay, but aretransported alongshore and distributed along theshelf. Our results, therefore, suggest that thereduced recovery of the fluxes in the sediments trapssubsequent to the SW monsoon are not linearlyrelated to the magnitude of fluvial flux of the G-B,but stems from the prevalent dispersal patterns.

Stable nitrogen isotopic ratios ofsinking particles and sediments fromthe northern Indian OceanGaye-Haake, G., N. Lahajnar, K-Ch. Emeis, D. Unger,T. Rixen, A. Suthhof, V. Ramaswamy, H. Schulz,A.L. Paropkari, M.V.S. Guptha and V. Ittekkot

δ15N values in modern sediments of the northernIndian Ocean range from less than 4 ppt in thenorthern Bay of Bengal to greater than 11 ppt inthe central Arabian Sea due to the strong spatialvariability of processes influencing nitrogen cyclingin the region. Suboxic conditions in Arabian Seaintermediate water lead to denitrification andaccumulation of isotopically enriched nitrate in thewater column. Upwelling of this enriched nitrate intothe euphotic zone results in high δ15N values inArabian Sea particulate matter and surfacesediments. δ15N minima in the northern Bay of

Bengal are caused by input of terrestrial organicmatter as well as depleted nitrate from rivers. δ15Nis about 8 ppt in the equatorial Indian Ocean as theinfluence of oxygen deficiency and river input ceases.δ15N of recent sediments correlates with the weighedmean δ15N of sediment trap material caught 500-1000 m above the sea floor, but with an enrichmentof 2-3 ppt between deep traps and underlyingsediments. Only at two locations characterized byhigh sedimentation rates, there is no significantoffset of d15N values between traps and sediments.δ15N of sediments and trap samples from the ArabianSea are correlated to the Degradation Index (DI), anindicator of amino acid degradation intensity,confirming the sensitivity of the δ15N to degradation.These results have to be considered for theinterpretation of the δ15N record in sediment coreswith large variations of diagenetic intensities.

Seasonal variations in carbonbiomass of bacteria, thraustochytridsand microzooplankton in theNorthern Arabian SeaRamaiah, N., S. Raghukumar, M. Gauns and M.Madhupratap

As a part of the JGOFS-India Programme, abundanceof heterotrophic bacteria (Hbac; 0-2000 m),thraustochytrids (0-2000 m), microzooplankton (0-200 m occasionally up to 300 m) as well as bacterialgrowth rates (0-500 m) were studied in the NorthernArabian Sea (NAS) during Spring (SpIM) and Fallintermonsoon (FIM), Northeast Winter (Win) andSummer (SuM) monsoon seasons. Hbac abundancewas mostly in the range of 108-109 cells l–1 in thesurface (0-100 m) and intermediate (150-400 m)depths. Thraustochytrids (heterotrophic protists richin polyunsaturated fatty acids) were roughly in therange of 103 l–1 (nil to ~2.7 x 105). Below 200 m, theydecreased drastically to values between nil and 10 l-1.Seasonal differences in carbon biomass of Hbac,

Generalized pathways of food availability to myctophids throughmicroheterotrophic carbon assimilation and biomass production.Assimilation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is almost entirelyby heterotrophic bacteria and thraustochytrids, while particulateorganic matter (POM) is assimilated by all the microheterotrophiccommunities. Thicker the arrow, more prominent the role ofmicroheterotroph.

Biogeochemistry

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thraustochytrids and microzooplankton were morepronounced than those seen in the mesozooplankton.The highest Hbac C biomass was observed duringFIM. Bacterial carbon demand (BCD, mg C m–3d–1; atan assumed 33% conversion efficiency) varied from0.45 to 40.6 in FIM, 23.43 to 100 in SpIM, 2.31 to17.5 in Win and from 6.6 to 25.4 in SuM in the top100 m. In general, with increasing depth the BCDdecreased quite rapidly ranging from 0.007 to 1.65mg C m–1d–1 below 100 m. In the NAS, heterotrophicbacteria appear to play a significant role in sustainingmicrozooplankton and the so-called ‘Arabian Seamesozooplankton stable-biomass paradox’ throughmicrobial loop. Sizable quantities of Hbac,thraustochytrids and microzooplankton C might besuggestive that Hbac support thesemicroheterotrophs, in mesopelagic zone in particular.Their role in sustaining a variety of deep-water micro-and meso-zooplanktonic communities as well as insome ways, the myctophids ingesting marine snow(enriched with bacteria, thraustocytrids and deadorganic matter besides zooplankters) is brought toattention.

Biological characteristics of CentralIndian Basin waters during thesouthern summerMatondkar, S.G.P., K.K.C. Nair and Z.A. Ansari

Phytoplankton biomass, taxonomy, primaryproductivity, and photosynthetically availableradiation (PAR) were studied as part of baseline datacollection for prospective nodule mining in theCentral Indian Basin during the ORV Sagar Kanyacruise SK-120 in January 1997. The phytoplanktoncell counts and chlorophyll a estimates showed lowbiomass level, suggesting low rates of primaryproductivity in the region studied. The averagechlorophyll a value was 0.775 mg m–3 at surfaceand 17.75 mg m–2 in the water column. Similarly,average primary productivity at surface was 3.72mg C m–3d–1 and was 51.23 mg C m–2d–1 in column.

The chlorophyll a maxima at 50 to 80 m was thecharacteristic feature of the euphotic zones of thearea. Average phytoplankton counts at the surfacewere low (3960 cells/l), compared to those at 25 m(6421 cells/l) and 75m (5187 cells/l). At most of thestations mesozooplankton biomass was maximumin the top 50 m -water column, indicating theimportance of grazing in the euphotic zone.Appreciable quantities of mesozooplankton wereobserved below the euphotic zone, where settlementof chlorophyll a occurs. The low iron concentrationin the water and its relationship with the watercolumn productivity were correlated. The resultsshow that waters in the CIB have low productivityin the surface as well as subsurface layers. This isexpected to change in this case of a mining dischargeinto these layers, possibly locally affecting theexisting marine ecosystems. The final impact of suchmining activity may remain negligible in the deep-sea environment.

(a) Copepod distribution at 0–50 m depth in Central Indian Basin;(b) Copepod distribution at 50–200 sm depth in Central IndianBasin.

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Biofilm diatom community structure:Influence of temporal andsubstratum variabilityPatil, J.S. and A.C. Anil

Diatoms are early autotrophic colonizers, and animportant constituent of the biofouling communityin the marine environment. The effects ofsubstratum and temporal variations on the foulingdiatom community structure in a monsooninfluenced tropical estuary were studied. Fiber glassand glass coupons were exposed every month for aperiod of 4 days and the diatom population sampledat 24 h intervals, over a period of 14 months. Theplanktonic diatom community structure differedfrom the biofilm community. Pennate diatomsdominated the biofilms whilst centric diatoms weredominant in the water column. Among the biofilmdiatoms, species belonging to the genera Navicula,Amphora, Nitzschia, Pleurosigma and Thalassionemawere dominant. On certain occasions, the influenceof planktonic blooms was also seen on the biofilmcommunity. A comparative study of biofilms formedon the two substrata revealed significant differencesin density and diversity. However speciescomposition was almost constant. In addition tosubstratum variations, the biofilm diatomcommunity structure also showed significantseasonal variations, which were attributed tophysico-chemical and biological changes in both thewater and substratum. Temporal variations in thetychopelagic diatoms of the water were also observedto exert an influence on the biofilm diatomcommunity. Variations in diatom communities maydetermine the functional ecosystem of the benthicenvironment.

Quantification of diatoms in biofilms:Standardisation of methodsPatil, J.S. and A.C. Anil

Benthic diatoms, which often dominate marinebiofilms are mostly pennate along with a few centricspecies that have an attached mode of life. Eventhough the range of diatoms in biofilms is diverse,their ecology is poorly understood because of thedifficulty in sampling and enumeration. Scrapingor brushing are the traditional methods used forremoval of diatoms from biofilms developed on solidsubstrata. The method of removal is the most criticalstep in enumerating the biofilm diatom community

structure. In this study, a nylon brush and ceramicscraper were used as tools for the removal of diatomsfrom 1–4-day-old biofilms developed on fiberglasscoupons and glass microscope slides.Standardization of methods showed that the samplevolume used in the analyses had the least influenceon the quantification, whereas the method ofremoval was critical. The nylon brush was moreefficient at recovering diatoms compared to a ceramicscraper. Direct microscopic enumeration of thecommunity in the case of glass slides indicated thatscraping resulted in between 30–50%underestimation. Heterogeneity in diatomcommunity structure between replicate samples isone possible reason for such underestimation.

Influence of diatom exopolymers andbiofilms on metamorphosis in thebarnacle Balanus amphitritePatil, J.S. and A.C. Anil

Natural biofilms constitute a complex network ofmicroorganisms (bacteria, diatoms, protozoa, fungi)and their extracellular polymeric substances (EPS),which influence settlement in benthic invertebrates.The influence of diatom (Bacillariophyceae) films andEPS (greater than 1000 molecular weight) onmetamorphosis in the acorn barnacle Balanusamphitrite Darwin, a dominant fouling organism,using axenic and non-axenic films, and free andbiofilm EPS, of 5 species of pennate diatoms:

Diatom loss (%) during removal of the biofilm developed on glassmicroscope slides using different tools (nylon brush and ceramicscraper). Error bars=SD.

Special features of marine organisms in the watersaround India and their applications.

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Amphora coffeaeformis, A. rostrata, Naviculatransitans var. derasa f. delicatula, N. crucicula andN. subinflata are investigated. Fourier-transformedinfrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra revealed thatthe EPS produced by diatoms are of similar nature;however, the proportion of monosaccharides varieswith species, indicating a potential role forinfluencing larval metamorphosis. Free EPS ofaxenic diatoms had no effect, whereas biofilm EPSinduced larvae to metamorphose. Amphora spp.produced more biofilm EPS, but had relativelyweaker effects than Navicula spp. Axenic diatomfilms also facilitated larval metamorphosis(depending on species and cell density) in somecases, suggesting that the cues provided by thediatoms themselves can also mediate invertebratelarval metamorphosis in the absence of microbialfilms. Non-axenic diatom films (which had highercell densities) and biofilm EPS promotedmetamorphosis to a greater degree than those ofaxenic diatoms. Enhancement of metamorphosisdepended on diatom species and on their density inthe films, as well as on the composition of their EPS.Differential responses of barnacle larvae to differentdiatom species and their EPS indicate that eachdiatom species provides a different set of physico-chemical signals to settling larvae.

Seasonal variation in the chemicalcomposition and carbohydratesignature compounds of biofilmDeSouza, F., A. Garg and N.B. Bhosle

Biofilm developed on stainless steel wascharacterized using biological, chemical andbiochemical parameters, as well as aldose molecularbiomarkers. Biofilm biomass and carbohydrateconcentration increased on stainless steel, whereasC:N and organic carbon: chlorophyll a ratiosdecreased over the period of immersion. Despite theabundance of microalgal biomass, carbohydrateconcentration was lower than that observed forproteins. Carbohydrate composition varied duringthe period of immersion. Glucose, arabinose andxylose were relatively more abundant during theinitial period (5 d) of immersion, whereas rhamnose,fucose, ribose and galactose were more abundantduring the latter period (>5 d) of immersion. Thesugar distribution trends suggest that biofilmcarbohydrates were mostly derived from degradedbiogenic and/or terrestrial sources, especially duringthe initial period (< 5 d) of immersion. As the periodof immersion increased, the contribution of biogenicsources to the biofilm carbohydrates increased. Thisconclusion was also supported by principalcomponent analysis based on wt % aldosecomposition. Multi-parameter approaches such asthe one used in the present study provide a betterpicture of the sources and nature of biofilm organicmatter.

Recruitment of the barnacle Balanusamphitrite in a tropical estuary:Implications of environmentalperturbation, reproduction and larvalecologyDesai, D.V. and A.C. Anil

Phytoplankton blooms are known to influencebarnacle recruitment and in boreal regions springblooms work as an important trigger. Close to thewest coast of the sub-continent of India, blooms tendto be triggered by breaks in the monsoon and therecurrence of the monsoon after a short break canstress the new recruits. The recruitment of Balanusamphitrite, an acorn barnacle, at Dona Paula Bayat the mouth of Zuari estuary, Goa, India wasstudied. Observations included variations inrecruitment, larval abundance, development andreproduction. Adult conditioning and inter-broodvariations were important factors in the larvalecology of this organism. The results indicate thatthe impulsive release of larvae during breaksbetween monsoons could be a shortsighted luxuryfor Balanus amphitrite in these waters. Temporalvariations or recruitment failure in suchenvironments can be attributed to inappropriate cuesynchronization.

Production of macroaggregates fromdissolved exopolymeric substances(EPS) of bacterial and diatom originBhaskar, P.V., H.P. Grossart, N.B. Bhosle and M. Simon

Exopolymeric substances (EPS) isolated from a pureculture of the marine bacterium Marinobacter sp.and the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum(axenic) were partially purified, chemicallycharacterized and used as dissolved organic matter(DOM) for the production of macroaggregates. Therole of organic particles such as transparentexopolymeric particles (TEP) and Coomassie stainedparticles (CSP) in the production of macroaggregates

Life cycle of the barnacle

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was experimentally assessed. Three experimentalrolling tanks containing sterile medium with: (1)EPS, (2) EPS + live diatom cells and (3) EPS + killedbacteria, and three control tanks without any addedEPS were used for macroaggregate production.Changes in abundance and average size ofmacroaggregates were monitored using imageanalysis, whereas TEP and CSP were enumeratedmicroscopically. In the presence of microbial EPS,macroaggregates of a size of 23-35mm2 wereproduced. Aggregate size and abundanceconsiderably varied with both time and source ofEPS. No correlation was observed for macroaggregatesize and abundance with either TEP or CSP. One-way ANOVA demonstrated significant differences inthe variance of particle abundance and size in tankshaving only EPS or EPS in combination with livediatom cells. Our data suggest that production ofmacroaggregates was influenced by polymerchemistry and surface properties of collidingparticles, whereas TEP and CSP concentrations wereinfluenced by molecular weight of EPS and thepresence of growing cells. Interestingly,macroaggregates were formed in the near absenceof TEP and CSP, highlighting the role of otherunknown processes in the transformation of DOMto particulate organic matter (POM) in aquaticenvironments.

Dynamics of amino acids in theconditioning film developed on glasspanels immersed in the surfaceseawaters of Dona Paula bayBhosle, N.B., A. Garg, L. Fernandes and P. Citon

The conditioning film developed on glass panelsimmersed in surface seawater over a period of 24 hwas analyzed for total organic carbon (OC), totalorganic nitrogen (ON), and total hydrolyzable aminoacid (THAA) concentrations and composition. Theconcentrations of C and N and THAA increased,whereas the C/N ratio decreased over the period ofimmersion. The amino acid-C and N accounted for3.7-6.7% and 10.3-65.3% of OC and ON,respectively. The relative contribution of glycine plusthreonine and serine to the total amino acidsdecreased while that of valine, phenylalanine,isoleucine and leucine increased over the period ofimmersion. Principal component analysis (PCA)based on mole% amino acid composition showedthat the degradation indices (DI) for the conditioningfilm organic matter increased over the period ofimmersion. A high C/N ratio, a low % THAA-C,% THAA-N and DI values and the abundance ofglycine plus threonine and serine in the conditioningfilm organic matter during the first few hours impliedthat the adsorbed organic matter was mostly derivedfrom degraded organic matter.

Thraustochytrium gaertnerium sp.Nov.: A new Thraustochytridstramenopilan protist frommangroves of Goa, IndiaBongiorni, L., R. Jain, S. Raghukumar and R.K. Aggarwal

Thraustochytrids are ubiquitous, chemo-organotrophic, marine stramenipilan protistsbelonging to the class Labyrinthulomycetes. Theirtaxonomy is largely based on life cycle developmentstages. Described here is a new species ofthraustochytrid isolated from mangroves of Goa,India. The organism is characterized by largezoosporangia with two distinct development cycles.In one, typical thalli with ectoplasmic net elementsmature into zoosporangia that divide to formheterokont biflagellate zoospores, leaving behind aproliferation body. In the second type, the thallidevelop into amoeboid cells, reminiscent of the genusUlkenia Gaertner. Unlike Ulkenia, however, the‘amoebae’ do not immediately produce zoospores,but round up prior to division into zoospores. Thetwo types of development occur simultaneously insingle cell-derived in vitro cultures. Molecularcharacterization of the new isolates involving 18SrRNA gene typing and comparative phylogeneticanalysis further establishes it to be a new anddistinct thraustochytrid species with Schizochytriumaggregatum Goldstein and Belsky andThraustochytrium kinnei Gaertner as the closest

Variations in macroaggregate abundance in the Bacterial experiment(a) and Diatom experiment (b). Bacterial experiment used bacterialEPS and Diatom experiment used diatom EPS as DOM.

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forms. This new species is named asThraustochytrium gaertnerium, deriving its speciesname in honour of Dr Alwin Gaertner, a pioneer inthe studies of taxonomy and ecology ofthraustochytrids.

Extracellular polysaccharideproduction by ThraustochytridprotistsJain, R., S. Raghukumar, R. Tharanathan and N.B.Bhosle

Four strains of marine stramenopilan protists, thethraustochytrids, were studied for their ability toproduce extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs).

Observations by light and scanning electronmicroscopy revealed the production of a matrix ofEPS around groups of cells in stationary cultures.EPS in shake culture filtrates ranged from 0.3 to1.1 g/L. EPS production, in 2 isolates, SC-1 andCW1, increased with age of cultures, reaching a peakin the stationary phase. Anion exchangechromatography yielded a single fraction of the EPSof both species. The EPS contained 39% to 53%sugars, besides proteins, lipids, uronic acids, andsulfates. Molecular weight of the EPS produced bySC-1 was approximately 94 kDa, and that of CW1,was 320 kDa. Glucose was the major componentwhile, galactose, mannose and arabinose were theother components in the EPS of both isolates.Cultures of both isolates survived air-drying up toa period of 96 hours, suggesting a role for EPS inpreventing desiccation of cells.

Convenient synthesis of volatileStreptomyces lactonesAmonkar, C.P., G.T. Tilve and P.S Parameswaran

A convenient three-step synthetic approach towards3-alkyl-5-methyl-2[5H] furanones was conducted.

The steps involved in the synthesis are dominoprimary alcohol oxidation-Wittig reaction, acid-catalyzed lactonisation and isomerisation. Thissynthetic approach has been exploited to synthesizefour Streptomyces lactones.

Biological deinking of inkjet-printedpaper using Vibrio alginolyticus andits enzymesMohandass, C. and C. Raghukumar

Recycling of office waste paper (photocopy, inkjet,and laser prints) is a major problem due to difficultyin removal of non-impact ink. Biological deinking ofoffice waste paper is reported using severalmicroorganisms and their enzymes. The study wasbased on the deinking and decolorization of thedislodged ink particles from inkjet printed paperpulp by a marine bacterium, Vibrio alginolyticusisolate no. NIO/DI/32, obtained from marinesediments. Decolorization of the pulp was achievedwithin 72 h by growing the bacterium in the pulp of3-6% consistency suspended in seawater.Immobilized bacterial cells in sodium alginate beadswere able to decolorize the pulp within 72 h. Thecell-free culture supernatant of the bacterium grownin nutrient broth was not effective in deinking.However, when the culture was grown in nutrientbroth supplemented with starch or Tween 80, thecell-free culture supernatant could effectively deinkand decolorize inkjet-printed paper pulp within 72h at 30°C. The culture supernatant of V. alginolyticusgrown in the presence of starch or Tween 80 showed49 U ml–1 and 33 U ml–1 amylase and lipase activities,respectively. Dialysis of these culture supernatantsthrough 10 kDa cut-off membrane resulted in a 35-40% reduction in their efficiency in decolorizing thepulp. It appears that amylase and lipase effectivelyhelp in dislodging the ink particles from the inkjetprinted-paper pulp. It is assumed that the bacteriummight induce the formation of low molecular weightfree radicals in the culture medium, which mightbe responsible for decolorization of the pulp.

Control denotes untreated xerox pulp with intact ink; Experimentdenotes xerox pulp treated with the marine bacterium Vibrioalginolyticus (NIOCC # 32) for 72 hours. The bacterial-treatedxerox pulp showed brightness index comparable to the whitepaper available in the market. Deinking of the xerox pulp is alsoachieved by using the enzymes produced by this bacterium.

(a) Phase-contrast photomicrograph of EPS matrix produced by theisolate Mar3. Bar represents 10 lm. (b) EPS sheath produced bythe isolate SC-1. Bar represents 10 lm. (c) SEM of EPS sheathproduced by the isolate SC-1. (d) SEM of EPS matrix produced bythe isolate CW1. (Arrows indicate cells; diamond arrows, the EPS.)

Biotechnology

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A tendem mass spectrometricapproach for determining thestructure of molecular species ofceramide in the marine sponge,Haliclona cribricutisTilvi, S., M. Majik and C.G. Naik

Ceramides are important intracellular secondmessengers that play a role in the regulation of cellgrowth, differentiation and programmed cell death.Analysis of these second messengers requires asensitive and specific analytical method to detectindividual ceramide species and to differentiatebetween them. Eight molecular species of ceramidewere identified from the marine sponge Haliclonacribricutis using electrospray ionization tandem massspectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). From this marinesponge, N-hencicosanoyl (N21:0) to N-hexasanoyl(N26:0) octadecasphing-4 (E)-enine has beenreported for the first time. The ESI-MS spectra gaveseveral strong protonated (M+H)+ molecular ions withthe corresponding bis (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalateadduct [M+H+DHEP]+. The collision-induceddissociation on ceramides at m/z 622.7337,636.7645, 650.7789, 664.7925 and 678.8130conducted at low-collision energy produced productions with good characteristic at m/z 252.31, 264.32,278.33 and 296.35 for d18:1 sphingosine, regardlessof the length of the fatty chain. The MS/MS of thephthalate adduct [M+H+DHEP]+ at m/z 1013.1820,1027.1971, 1041.2176, 1055.2394 and 1069.2573also yielded characterizing product ions forsphingosine and confirmed the molecular ion atm/z 391 for bis (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate. The majorions in the [M+H+DHEP]+ were found to be due tothe neutral loss of [M+H-H2O] + and [M+H-H2O]+.

Extremophilic microbes: Diversityand perspectivesSatyanarayana, T., C. Raghukumar and S. Shivaji

A variety of microbes inhabit extreme environments,which include high temperature, pH, pressure, saltconcentration, and low temperature, pH, nutrientconcentration and water availability, and alsoconditions having high levels of radiation, harmfulheavy metals and toxic compound (organic solvents).Culture dependent and culture-independent(molecular) methods have been used forunderstanding the diversity of microbes in theseenvironments. Extensive global research efforts haverevealed the novel diversity of extremophilicmicrobes. These organisms have evolved severalstructural and chemical adaptations, which allowthem to survive and grow in extreme environments.The enzymes of these microbes, which function inextreme environments (extremozymes), have severalbiotechnological applications. Antibiotics,compatible solutes and other compounds obtainedfrom these microbes have a variety of uses.

Biotechnology

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Heavy metal accumulation in a flowrestricted, tropical estuaryBalachandran, K.K., C.M. Lalu Raj, M. Nair, T. Joseph,P. Sheeba and P. Venugopal

Levels of heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni,Pb and Zn), organic carbon content and texturalcharacteristics in the surficial sediments of Cochinestuary (SW coast of India) and adjacent coast arestudied. Anthropogenic inputs from industries havegiven rise to a gradient in concentration of metalsin estuarine sediments. Metal accumulation initiatedby precipitation of iron complexes is probablyresponsible for the enrichment of Cd, Cu, Pb andZn in the estuary, whereas the coastal sedimentsdid not accumulate them to the same degree.Statistical analyses of the coastal and estuarinegeochemical data indicated a different associationof elements in the two provinces. Enrichment factorsfor Zn (x25) and Cd (x10) place the region amongthe impacted estuaries in the world. The weakflushing aggravated the accumulation of metals inthis estuarine system. These pressures are deemedinevitable with growth initiated in the harbour andassociated with mega city development in the offing.

A foraminiferal testimony for thereduced adverse effects of mining inZuari Estuary, GoaPanchang, R., R. Nigam, N. Baig and G.N. Nayak

Goa’s Mandovi-Zuari estuarine complex is mostvulnerable to deterioration caused by the miningindustry, which can be detected by foraminifera. Theobjective of the present study was to estimate thehealth of the Zuari estuary through foraminiferaldistribution in its surface sediments. The datagenerated was compared with the three-decade-olddata in 1972 and total suspended matter (TSM) dataover the years. There has been a substantial increasein the maximum total foraminiferal number (TFN),from 1143 specimens in 1972 to 3057 specimensper gram sand in 2003. Even the Total SpeciesNumber (TSN) has increased from 24 in 1972 to 50in 2003. This was in compliance with the TSM datacollected over the years, which has considerablydecreased. The foraminiferal data, TSM data andreduction in mining activities in the catchment areaof the Zuari Estuary suggest an improvement in theenvironmental health of the estuary. Thusstrengthening the view that foraminifera can be usedas a tool to monitor marine pollution.

Foraminifera in surface sediments ofMandovi River estuary: Indicators formining pollution and high sea standin Goa, IndiaNigam, R., R. Panchang and P. Banerjee

Foraminiferal characteristics of 11 surface sedimentsamples from the Mandovi estuary during 2001 havebeen compared to samples collected during 1994.The study revealed drastic fall in total foraminiferalnumber in the lower reaches of the Mandovi Riverestuary, from 138/g dry sediment sample in 1994to 41/g sediment sample in 2001. The decline isalso noted in diversity from 22 in 1994 to only 5species in 2001. The ever-increasing suspended loadin Mandovi estuary, probably due to mining activitiesin the catchment area of the Mandovi River estuary,has been suggested as the plausible reason for the

(a) Reworked foraminiferal assemblage encountered at StationSS/11 in the Mandovi River estuary in the present study.(b) Reworked forameniferal assemblage from the layer atBambolim.

Water and sediment dynamics in the estuaries,beaches and continental shelf around India.

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decline of fauna. An interesting result is theexistence of substantial amount of reworked/olderspecimens, at the lower reaches of the estuary,which are indicators of Holocene high sea stand.

Butyltin compounds in the oyster,Saccostrea cucculata, from the westcoast of IndiaGarg, A. and N.B. Bhosle

Organotins, especially tributyltin (TBT) compounds,are used in a wide range of applications includingstabilizers in the PVC industry, plastic additives,industrial catalysts, insecticides, fungicides,bactericides, wood preservatives and antifoulingpaints. As an antifouling paint additive it is usedexclusively on ship and boat hulls, sewage pipesystems, docks, fishnets and buoys to prevent thegrowth and attachment of barnacles, mussels, tubeworms, algae and other marine fouling organisms.Such large-scale utilization has resulted in theoccurrence and high abundance of TBT and otherorganotins in many aquatic and marineenvironments TBT is one of the most toxiccompounds to be introduced deliberately into marineenvironment by man. Even at very low concentration(< 10 ng/l), TBT can cause several detrimental effectson non target organisms, including high larvalmortality, severe malformation of shells and reducedreproduction in oysters, imposex in dogwhelkpopulations, growth retardation in mussels andmicroalgae. Because of these environmental effectsmany countries have formulated laws to control theusage of TBT. India is one of the most rapidlydeveloping countries in South-Asia. In India, TBTcompounds have been used as an antifouling agentin marine paints. The usage of organotins is notcontrolled in India. Further, little is known oforganotion concentrations in the marineenvironments of India. Results of the first survey ofbutyltins in oysters from the Indian waters arepresented. To elucidate the levels of butyltins, TBTand its degradation product, DBT were determinedin the edible oyster Saccostrea cucculata collectedfrom the Dona Paula Bay, west coast of India over aperiod of 15 months from May 1999 to July 2000.

Fluxes of nitrogen in Chaliyar riverestuary, IndiaXavier, J.K., T. Joseph and J.S. Paimpillil

The Chaliyar river estuary is a positive coastal plainestuary with total drainage area of 2923 km2. Theestuary’s functions as sink and transformer ofnutrients (uptake and release, retaining andrecycling of nutrients) and relative contribution ofexternal nutrient supply, nutrient budget, geo-chemical and biochemical pathways areinvestigated. The major source of nitrogen in theestuary is the river discharge. During pre-monsoon

period, the percentage of inorganic nitrogen to totalnitrogen pool is at the minimum and the major formis organic nitrogen. During the post-monsoon period,the contributions from both these components arealmost equal, with a predominance of inorganicform. The dissolved nitrogen components arepresent in one form or other through out the estuaryin all seasons and so nitrogen is not a limitingnutrient for primary production. The urea-N fractionremains less than 7% with the lowest levels in pre-monsoon. The contribution of Ammonia-N to totalnitrogen pool is less than 10% during monsoon andpre-monsoon seasons. The maximum contributionis greater than 25% is in the post-monsoon season.When the monsoon discharges are maximum, 80-90% contribution to the total nitrogen pool is bynitrate-N alone and in the pre-monsoon months,75-85% of total nitrogen pool is from the organic-N.The net fluxes of inorganic nutrients in monsoonand post-monsoon season are very large with verysmall positive or negative fluxes for the pre-monsoonmonths. The average net fluxes are 4.97 to 9.61 mgm–2 s–1 for the monsoon months and 7.22 to 8.01mg m–2 s–1 for the post-monsoon months. Duringpre-monsoon period, ammonia is transportedtowards the river (-0.47 to 0.03 mg m-2 s-1). The netfluxes of nitrite-N are very small and directedupstream during the pre-monsoon months. Theaverage flux of nitrate is of the order of 81.09 to 134mg m-2s-1 for the monsoon months and 4.87 to 33.23mg m-2s-1 in the post-monsoon months. During thepre-monsoon months, negative net flux is towardsthe river and the magnitude decreases upstream.The net flux of phosphate increases from marineend towards riverine end with the monsoon month’snet flux of 3.52 to 4.63 mg m-2s-1. During the post-monsoon months, fluxes vary from 1.87 to 2.82 mgm-2s-1. The net fluxes are very small and directedtowards the river in pre-monsoon months. Exceptin the pre-monsoon, there is net transfer of nutrientsto sea. The mean annual fluxes for nitrate-N,Ammonia-N and phosphate-P are 31.01 mg m-2s-1,

+3.9 mg m-2s-1 and +2.39 mg m-2s-1 respectively. Theaverage peak southwest monsoon transport ofnitrate, ammonia and phosphate to sea are 13.7Mg d-1, 1.2 Mg d-1 and 0.61 Mg d-1 respectively.

Comparative studies on trace metalgeochemistry in Indian and ChineseriversAlagarsamy, R. and J. Zhang

The trace metal geochemistry in Indian and Chineserivers in the Asian region was studied to understandits variation on a global scale in terms of climate,geological conditions and anthropogenic impact. Theaverage particulate trace metal concentration ofIndian rivers ~300-1000 mg g-1is higher than thatof Chinese rivers ~150-300 mg g-1 and the globalaverage ~170-350 mg g-1. Molar ratios of alkaline

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and alkaline earth metals to Fe and Al (i.e.segregation factor, SF) were calculated in Indian bedsediment and in suspended matter of Chinese riversto determine metal reactivity over the drainage basin.The segregation factors for bed sediments in Indianrivers were generally 1, except for the Tapti (~1.7)and the Godavari (1.4) systems. Regional andwatershed differences in segregation factors wereobserved, reflecting variable weathering rates dueto differing mineralogy, preferential removal ofalkaline and alkaline–earth metals relative to oxide-forming elements (Fe and Al), and a regional climaticshift north to south from temperate to sub-tropicalconditions. Elevated levels of lead in Chinese riversand of cobalt and zinc in Indian rivers indicatedanthropogenic inputs of these heavy metals.

A predictive regression model for thegeochemical variability of iron andmanganese in a coral reef ecosystemGopinath, A., N.C. Kumar, K.V. Jayalakshmi, D. Padmalaland S.M. Nair

This article focuses on the influence of nutrientforms (nitrogen/phosphorous forms) andparameters like pH and organic carbon in thedistributional characteristics of two important tracemetals, viz. iron and manganese, in differentsedimentary microenvironments of coral reefecosystem of Lakshadweep Archipelago. Positivecorrelations of Fe/Mn with nutrient forms attributesto a similar pattern of remineralization anddepositional characteristics involved in theiraccumulation. Negative correlations indicateselective removal of Fe/Mn or some othermechanisms operating with microbial assistance orboth which may act in opposition to one another. Inthe first stage, in order to formulate a predictiveregression model to assess the geochemicalvariability of Fe/Mn, the influence of

sedimentalogical characteristics as well as their first-order interaction effects in all the islands irrespectiveof there differences (n = 57) is taken into account.On the basis of this regression model, influencingfactors are categorized as limiting factors, which bytheir mere occurrence reduce the concentration ofFe/Mn, and as controlling factors, which areenhancing their concentrations. In the second stage,the sample observations are divided into twosubsamples of 30 samples and 27 samples each.For the first subsample, a model using only thehighly significant nutrients (/r/>0.2616), if any, andthe highly significantly correlated nutrients(/r/>0.2616) is incorporated. The model is developedas above and determined so that it is validated usingthe second subsample. The model has been foundto be validated with 43% efficiency. A goodunderstanding and prediction of manganese andiron concentrations and distribution in sediments(as a result of different influencing factors) may helpin forensic studies dealing with various natural andanthropogenic sources of these metals.

Water quality assessment ofGautami-Godavari mangroveestuarine ecosystem of AndhraPradesh, India during September2001Tripathy, S.C., A.K. Ray, S. Patra and V.V. Sarma

Some chemical and biological parameters wereanalysed at sixteen stations in the mangroveecosystem, of the neighboring Gautami-Godavari(GG) river estuary and Kakinada (KKD) bay tounderstand the present status of water quality andthe impact of external terrigenous inputs duringsouthwest (SW) monsoon. High concentrations ofnutrients in the mangrove ecosystem compared tothe bay and estuarine ecosystems revealed theimportance of this zone as a source of nutrients tothe adjacent coastal ecosystems. Low Si : N: P(29 : 4 : 1) ratios in these ecosystems were due tothe enrichment of these nutrients through externalanthropogenic inputs after the utilization byphytoplankton in the biological cycle. The mean Chlb / Chl a and Chl c / Chl a ratios and highphaeopigments (Pp) concentrations compared to Chlb and high ratios of Chl a / Pp suggests thepossibility of potential growth of phytoplanktonpopulations in lower light intensity and lowturbulent areas of these mangrove ecosystems.

Nitrogen uptake by size-fractionatedphytoplankton in mangrove watersDham, V.V., M.V.M. Wafar and A.M. Heredia

Seasonal changes in the uptake of nitrogenousnutrients (nitrate, nitrite, ammonium and urea) in2 size fractions (netplankton: 20 to 200 mm; andnanoplankton: 0.8 to 20 mm) were studied in

The segregation factor (SF) variation in the bed sediments ofIndian and suspended matter of Chinese rivers x 10.

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relationship to the phytoplankton speciescomposition in mangrove waters on the west coastof India. Seasonal changes in particulate organicnitrogen in the nano- and netplankton fractions weresimilar, whereas those of chlorophyll a varied,showing high values in nanoplankton in pre-monsoon and in netplankton in monsoon and earlypost-monsoon months. Nitrogen uptake as the sumof all 4 nutrients was similar between net- (150 nmolN l-1h-1) and nanoplankton (184 nmol N l-1 h-1) butdiffered substantially according to the N compound.Netplankton were responsible for greater than 90%of the nitrate taken up, and nanoplankton for greaterthan 80% of the ammonium uptake. Netplanktonalso took up ammonium (31 nmol N l–1h–1 20% ofthe total N taken up), whereas nitrate uptake (3 nmolN l-1h-1) in the nanoplankton amounted to only about2% of the total N uptake. The size-dependentdifferences in the utilisation of nitrate andammonium appear to be further enhanced by areduction in nitrate uptake through increased watertemperatures and a greater repression of nitrateuptake in the nanoplankton than in the netplanktonat ambient ammonium concentrations of greaterthan 0.5 µmol N l-1. The proportions of nitrite andurea uptake in the 2 size classes were similar tothose of nitrate and ammonium, indicating size-dependent uptake of these 2 compounds as well.Pennate diatoms and flagellates were dominantduring high nitrate uptake, and centric diatoms andblue green algae during high ammonium uptake.Species succession, however, is probably related tochanges in salinity.

Hindcasting of storm waves usingneural networksRao, S. and S. Mandal

Cyclone generated waves play a significant role inthe designing of coastal and offshore structures.Instead of conventional numerical models, neuralnetwork approach was used to estimate the waveparameters from cyclone generated wind fields.Eleven cyclones, which crossed the southern eastcoast of India between 1962 and 1979, wereanalyzed. The parametric hurricane wave predictionmodel by Young was used for hindcasting the waveheights and periods. Estimation of wave heights andperiods were carried out using back propagationneural network with three updated algorithms,namely Rprop, Quickprop and superSAB. In neuralnetwork, the estimation was done using thedifference between central and peripheral pressure,radius of maximum wind and speed of forwardmotion of cyclone as input nodes and the waveheights and periods as output nodes and the windspeed and fetch as input nodes and wave heightsand periods as output nodes. The estimated valuesusing neural networks matched well with thoseestimated using Young’s model and a highcorrelation of 0.99 was obtained.

Meteorologically induced modulationin sea level off Tikkavanipalem coast- central east coast of IndiaJoseph, A., R.G.P. Desai, Vijay Kumar, P. Mehra andS. Nagvekar

The seasonal variability of nontidal contributions ofthe sea level oscillations off Tikkavanipalem coast inAndhra Pradesh (India), on the western boundary ofthe Bay of Bengal was analyzed. Based onsimultaneous observations of tidal and surfacemeteorological parameters in four temporal segmentsof monthly durations for a period of 1 year, during1997-98. Sea level oscillations along theTikkavanipalem segment of the central east coast ofIndia contained contributions from tidal and set-up/set-down motions. Local wind pattern, coastalcurrent, and air pressure variations particularlyinfluenced the residual sea level elevation (differenceof the measured and astronomically induced dailymean sea level) in this region. Observed response ofthe sea level elevation to the barometric pressurerepresented an amplified/delayed inverted barometereffect. The relative importance of tidal and nontidalcontributions to the sea level was found to beseasonal, as the coastal current and themeteorological forcing suffer large seasonal variations.

Ocean wave parameters estimationusing backpropagation neuralnetworksMandal, S., Subba Rao and D.H. Raju

Studies on various ocean wave parameters arepredictable from theoretical Pierson–Moskowitzspectra as well as measured ocean wave spectrausing back propagation neural networks (BNN).Estimation of ocean wave parameters by BNNshowed the correlations are very close, thussubstantiating the use of neural networks (NN). ForIndian coast, Scott spectra are used as it reasonablyrepresents the measured spectra. Once the networkis trained the ocean wave parameters can beestimated for unknown measured spectra, whereassignificant wave height and spectral peak period arerequired to first generate the Scott spectra and thenestimate other ocean wave parameters.

Utility of natural generalized inversetechnique in the interpretation ofdyke structuresRao, M.M.M., T.V.R. Murty, P.R. Rao,S. Lakshminarayana, A.S. Subrahmanyam andK.S.R. Murthy

Forward and inverse methods of magneticinterpretation have been used to estimate theparameters of dyke like intrusion over the easterncontinental shelf of India. In the forward problem,the tentative parameters of the causative source are

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assumed and anomalies are calculated using theanomaly equation, while inverse problem refers tomethods of tracing the boundaries or outlines ofanomalous bodies using an iterative approach. Whilesolving the inverse problem, data kernel has beengenerated through the model (i.e. partial derivativesof magnetic anomaly function with respect to modelparameters at each station forming the kernel). Insolving the coupled eigen value problem ofcovariance matrices of data kernel, Singular ValueDecomposition (SVD) has been performed to buildGeneralized Inverse Operator (GIO). GIO is operatedon the observed anomaly (with reference to thecalculated) to yield improved model parameters.Data and model resolution matrices are computedto check the correctness of the solution and furtheranalysis. The marine magnetic total field anomalyof continental shelf of Visakhapatnam is interpretedusing GI technique, which revealed the causativesource of the anomaly as a dyke model at a depth of120 m below seabed.

Statistical modelling of monthly meansea level at coastal tide gaugestations along the IndiansubcontinentSrinivas, K., V.K. Das and P.K. Dinesh Kumar

Statistical modelling of the monthly mean sea levelat 15 selected tide gauge stations (8 stations on thewest and 7 stations on the east coast) along thecoastline of the Indian subcontinent were examinedusing autoregressive, sinusoidal and exponentiallyweighted moving average (EWMA) techniques.Statistics pertaining to the mean seasonal cycle aswell as interannual variability are also presented. Astrong domination of the annual cycle over the semi-annual cycle was seen at ten stations. The maximumseasonal sea level ranges were observed along thewest coast at Bhavnagar (63 cm) and along the eastcoast at Sagar Island (48 cm). While theautoregressive and sinusoidal models weresatisfactory, EWMA technique was found to be thebest of all. Tuticorin on the east coast, and Mormugaoon the west coast have shown minimum RMSEs forthe corresponding coasts for all the three models,while Bhavnagar on west coast has shown very highRMSE values. The EWMA technique (which yieldsforecast with a lead time of only one month) gave thelowest root mean square errors relative to the verifyingobservations.

Tides in the Mandovi and Zuariestuaries, Goa, west coast of IndiaSundar, D. and S.R. Shetye

Mandovi and Zuari are two estuaries located in Goa,west coast of India. Variation of water level in theestuaries was monitored for a month at 13 locationsusing tide-poles during March-April 2003. Analysis

of this data has provided characteristics of how tidalconstituents vary in the narrow and shallowestuaries, typical of those found along the west coastof India. At a distance of 45 km from the mouth thetidal range increased in both estuaries byapproximately 20%. The tidal range at the upstreamend of the two channels at the stations droppedsharply because of the increase in elevation of thechannels.

ENSO signature in the sea level alongthe coastline of Indian subcontinentSrinivas, K., P.K. Dinesh Kumar and C. Revichandran

Evidence for the signature of El Nino-SouthernOscillation (ENSO) phenomenon in the monthlymean sea level at 8 tide gauge stations on the westcoast and 7 stations on the east coast of the Indiansubcontinent was examined utilizing the SouthernOscillation Index (SOI, indicator of the ENSOphenomenon). The relationship between sea leveland SOI is direct, with the sea level decreasingduring El Nino years and increasing during La Ninayears. The signature of ENSO is particularlyconspicuous in the sea level records on the eastcoast as compared to those on the west coast.Reduced rainfall over the Indian subcontinent andresultant river discharges, remote forcing byinterannual zonal winds along the equator andreduced Indonesian Throughflow are the probablefactors explaining the low sea level during ENSOevents. The interannual sea level along the coastlineof the Indian subcontinent shows more or lesssynchronous movement. At low frequency, spatialcoherence of sea level is very large.

Monthly-mean runoff (m3/s) at Ganjem in the Mandovi river. The top(bottom) of an error bar represents the maximum (minimum)discharge during a month. Climatological data (1980–97). Courtesy:Central Water Commission, New Delhi.

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Sediment texture, distribution andtransport on the Ayeyarwadycontinental shelf, Andaman SeaRao, P.S., V. Ramaswamy and S. Thwin

The Ayeyarwady continental shelf is a complexsedimentary system characterized by large sedimentinflux (N360 million ton/yr), a wide shelf (N170 km),a strong tidal regime (7 m maximum tidal range),and incised by the Martaban Canyon. Grain sizedistribution on the Ayeyarwady shelf revealed threedistinct areas in terms of sediment texture; a near-shore mud belt in the Gulf of Martaban and adjacentinner shelf; outer shelf relict sands and; mixedsediments with varying proportions of relict sandand modern mud in the Martaban Canyon. The bulkof the terrigenous sediment discharged by theAyeyarwady River is displaced eastwards by acombination of tidal currents and clockwise flowingSW monsoon current and deposited in the Gulf ofMartaban resulting in shoaling of its water depths.Part of the sediment discharge reaches the deepAndaman Sea via the Martaban Canyon and the

rest is transported westward into the Bay of Bengalby the counter-clockwise flowing NE monsooncurrents.

Sediment distribution study in theGulf of Kachchh, India, from 3Dhydrodynamic model simulation andsatellite dataKunte, P.D., C. Zhao, T. Osawa and Y. Sugimori

A fully 3D finite difference baroclinic hydrodynamicmodel ‘COSMOS’ is applied to the Gulf of Kachchh(GoK) to study tidal variation, ocean currents,residual tidal current, sea surface temperaturedistribution, etc. The ‘COSMOS’ is based on thehydrostatic and Boussinesq approximations anduses a vertical double sigma coordinate with a step-like grid. In addition to the momentum andcontinuity equations, the model solves two-transportequations for salinity and temperature and anequation of state to include baroclinic effects. Theother objectives are quantitative assessment ofsuspended sediments by analyzing SeaWiFS dataand understand the relation between residual tidalcurrents and erosion, movement and deposition ofsediments. The model results showed that thedominant current system within GoK is controlledby the simulated tidal and residual tidal currentsvariation. The residual tidal current velocity reducesfrom the surface towards the bottom. The residualsurface current velocity distribution displayscyclonic eddy continuity regions within the GoK. Itis concluded that bottom topography variation playsan important role in determining the distribution ofresidual current velocity and thereby sedimentdistribution. The residual current velocitydistribution map showed conformity with the grossgeomorphic subdivisions and the sedimentdistribution map of Gulf of Kachchh. The suspendedsediment plume pattern followed the current patternobtained from modeling. The model results of thesea surface temperature of the December monthshowed good agreement with the temperaturestructure and the pattern obtained form NOAA/AVHRR data.

(a) Triangular plot of sand–silt–clay. Grain size distribution variesfrom sand to mud with near equal proportions of silt and clay.(b) Sediments of the Gulf of Martaban and adjacent inner shelfcluster near the line joining silt and clay representing the muds.(c) Sediments from the outer shelf are dominated by sand fractionwhile sediments from the transition zone are sand–silt–clay.(d) Sediments in the Martaban Canyon range from sands to mud.

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Estimating the seaward extent of seabreeze from quickscat scatterometryAparna, M., S.R. Shetye, D. Shankar, S.S.C. Shenoi,P. Mehra and R.G.P. Desai

The offshore decay in the strength of the sea breezeresulted in an offshore decay of the vector correlationbetween the wind vectors near and away from thecoast. The degradation in the vector correlationcoefficient was used in the estimation of the seawardextent of the sea breeze using QuikSCAT data.

Observed variability of sea surfacesalinity and thermal inversions in theLakshadweep Sea during contrastmonsoonsGopalakrishna, V.V., Z. Johnson, G. Salgaonkar, K. Nisha,C.K. Rajan and R.R. Rao

The sea surface salinity (SSS) of the LakshadweepSea (LS) showed large seasonal variability due tohorizontal advection of low (high) salinity waters fromsouth (north) during winter (summer) monsoon. Themeasurements made in the LS during the ArabianSea Monsoon Experiment (ARMEX), records adramatic drop of 3.4 PSU in the SSS during thewinter following an active (2003) monsoon that isdouble that of the drop of 1.7 PSU observed duringthe winter following a weak (2002) monsoon. Theresultant near-surface thermal inversions have alsoshown large differences in the life cycle and depthof occurrence between these two winters.

Hydrography and water masses inthe southeastern Arabian Sea duringMarch June 2003Shenoi, S.S.C., D. Shankar, G.S. Michael, J. Kurian,K.K. Varma, M.R. Ramesh Kumar, A.M. Almeida,A.S. Unnikrishnan, W. Fernandes, N. Barreto,C. Gnanaseelan, R. Mathew, K.V. Praju and V. Mahale

As a part of the Arabian Sea Monsoon Experimenttwo cruises were conducted in March–June 2003for the hydrographic observations in theSoutheastern Arabian Sea (SEAS). The surfacehydrography during March–April was found to bedominated by the intrusion of low-salinity watersfrom the south while, during May–June, the low-salinity waters were replaced by the high-salinitywaters from the north. This led to considerable

Time series of vertical profiles of temperature (°C) and salinity (PSU)during 22nd March–7th April (a) and 23rd May–7th June 2003 (b) at TSL(74°30’E, 9°13’N in the SEAS). The measurements were made every twohours. The 25°C and 35.0 PSU contours are marked in the top panels.The contours in the bottom panels are marked every 1°C and 0.1 PSU.

TS diagram for some of the profiles collected at TSL during MarchApril 2003. To highlight the variability of RSW, only a part of the TSdiagram is shown. The three red curves represent the profiles at14:00, 16:00 and 18:00 hours on 4th April, green curves profiles at18:00, 20:00 and 22:00 hours on 6th April, black curves profiles at20:00 and 22:00 hours on 6th April and at 00:00 hrs on 7th April,and blue curves profiles at 07:00, 09:45, 13:00 hours on 7th April.

Physical processes over the open sea; interaction between theocean and the atmosphere.

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mixing at the bottom of the surface mixed layer,leading to interleaving of low-salinity and high-salinity layers. The flow paths were constructedfollowing the spatial patterns of salinity along thesections mimic those inferred from numericalmodels. Time-series measurements showed thepresence of Persian Gulf and Red Sea Waters in theSEAS to be intermittent during both cruises: theyappeared and disappeared during both the fortnight-long time series.

Hydrography of the eastern ArabianSea during summer monsoon 2002Shankar, D., S.S.C. Shenoi, R.K. Nayak,P.N. Vinayachandran, G. Nampoothiri, A.M. Almeida,G.S. Michael, M.R. Ramesh Kumar, D. Sundar andO.P. Sreejith

Hydrographic observations in the eastern ArabianSea (EAS) during summer monsoon 2002 (duringthe first phase of the Arabian Sea MonsoonExperiment (ARMEX)) include two approximatelyfortnight-long CTD time series. A barrier layer wasobserved occasionally during the two time series.These ephemeral barrier layers were caused by insitu rainfall, and by advection of low-salinity (high-salinity) waters at the surface (below the surfacemixed layer). These barrier layers were advectedaway from the source region by the West IndiaCoastal Current and had no discernible effect onthe sea surface temperature. The three high-salinitywater masses, the Arabian Sea High Salinity Water(ASHSW), Persian Gulf Water (PGW), and Red SeaWater (RSW), and the Arabian Sea Salinity Minimumalso exhibited intermittency: they appeared anddisappeared during the time series. Theconcentration of the ASHSW, PGW, and RSWdecreased equator ward, and that of the RSW alsodecreased offshore. The observations suggested thatthe RSW was advected equator ward along thecontinental slope of the Indian west coast.

Oceanic fronts along 45 degreeacross Antarctic circumpolar currentduring austral summer 2004Anil Kumar, N., M.K. Dash, A.J. Luis, V. Ramesh Babu,Y.K. Somayajulu, M. Sudhakar and P.C. Pandey

A pilot expedition was launched to monitor theoceanic fronts in the southwestern sector of theIndian Ocean during January–February 2004.Major fronts along 45°E between 40 and 56°S weredelineated and their spatial variations during 6–17February have been compared with earlier studies.The Agulhas Return Front (ARF) has been identifiedbetween 40°15′ and 41°15′S with a change intemperature from 19 to 17°C and a change in salinityfrom 35.54 to 35.39 ppt at the surface. The positionof Subtropical Front (STF) was observed between41°15′ and 42°15′ S, with a rapid decrease in surfacetemperature from 17 to 10.6°C and salinity from

35.35 to 34.05 ppt. The Subantarctic Front hasbeen located between latitudes 42°30′ and 47°S, witha change in surface temperature from 9.7 to 6.3°Cand change in surface salinity from 34.0 to 33.85ppt. The significant finding compared to previousstudies was the identification of ARF and STF withalmost equal width of ~110 km. In addition, theSurface Polar Front and the Subsurface Polar Frontwere also identified between 48 and 52°S.Temperature minimum layer was located between49 and 56°S and extended from 150 to 200 m. Thisexistence has been attributed to the residue of theprevious winter mixed layer capped by seasonalwarming and freshening. The freshwater inputthickness from 49 to 56° S was estimated to be 55 ±15cm, with a major thickness (69 cm) at 54°S.Therefore, the freshening south of the polar frontwas due to the advection of melted water originatingfrom the Weddell Basin.

Determination of dynamic heights inthe Bay of Bengal from XBT profilesand climatological salinitiesAli, M.M., V.V. Gopalakrishna, N. Araligidad, G.V. Reddyand G. Salgaonker

Dynamic height (DH) computations are used in theestimation of geostrophic currents, heat transportstudies, identification of eddies and to validate thealtimeter sea surface height (SSH) observations.Computation of DHs is possible only when thetemperature and salinity profiles to a reasonabledeeper level are present. But, temperature profilesalone, such as from XBT (expendable bathythermograph) are more numerous than combinedtemperature and salinity measurements from CTD(conductivity, temperature and depth). DH’scomputations cannot be carried out in the Bay ofBengal due to the absence of adequate CTDmeasurements, a method of utilizing XBTmeasurements and climatological salinities wereengaged, by replacing the CTD salinities with theclimatological salinities. The relative errorscompared to the DH signals were 3.8%, 2.7% and2.6% for 200, 700 and 1000 dbar levels, respectively.The DHs relative to 700 dbar computed using theXBT temperature and climatological salinity profilesare compared with the SSH observations fromTOPEX altimeter. The standard deviation of thedifference between the DHs computed afterconverting to geometrical units and SSH was 7.3 cm.

On some aspects of precipitation overthe tropical Indian Ocean usingsatellite dataRamesh Kumar, M.R. and O.P. Sreejith

The annual and inter -annual variability ofprecipitation over the tropical Indian Ocean wasstudied for the period 1979–1997, using satellite data

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from a variety of sensors. The Climate PredictionCenter Merged Analysis Precipitation (CMAP),Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) estimated that therainfall had better correlation with the island rainfalldata than the National Centers for EnvironmentalPrediction/National Center for Atmospheric ResearchReanalysis (NRA). A comparison of the mean annualrainfall by different estimates (CMAP, MSU, NRA andGPCP (Global Precipitation Climatology Programme))showed significant differences with the CMAP, GPCPand MSU estimates depicting maximum off theIndonesian Islands whilst the NRA exhibitedmaximum in the southern part of the Bay of Bengaland equatorial Indian Ocean. A study of the inter-annual variability of the monsoon rainfall using themonthly CMAP data over the tropical Indian Oceanfor different study areas, namely, Arabian Sea (AS),Bay of Bengal (BB), South Indian Ocean (SIO) andIndian Ocean (IO) showed significant differencesduring deficit years (1979, 1982, 1986 and 1987),excess monsoon years (1983 and 1988) and alsoduring El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) years(1982, 1987, 1992 and 1997). An analysis of therainfall anomalies showed positive and negativeanomalies in the north-eastern Bay of Bengal duringthe summer season of deficit (1986) and excess (1988)monsoon years respectively, whilst the easternequatorial Indian Ocean showed large positive andnegative rainfall anomalies during the autumn seasonof El Nino years, 1987 (deficit monsoon) and 1997(normal monsoon) respectively.

Air-sea interaction over the IndianOcean during the contrastingmonsoon years 2002 and 2003Ramesh Kumar, M.R., S. Sankar, K. Fennig, D.S. Pai andJ. Schultz

The air-sea interaction processes over the IndianOcean were studied using the satellite data from

the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Satellite fortwo contrasting monsoon years, namely 2002(deficit) and 2003 (normal). The moisture transportfor the two contrasting years was analyzed usingthe NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. Linear correlationcoefficient between the convective heating over theBay of Bengal and the zonal wind at 850 hPa overthe peninsular India showed maximum negativecorrelation (0.41) and was statistically significantat 99.9% significance level with a lag of 3 days, withconvection leading. The evaporation rates were lower(higher) over the Arabian Sea during active (weak)monsoon conditions, indicating its negligibleinfluence on the ensuing monsoon activity over thesubcontinent. Water vapor contents decreasedsubstantially prior to the break over the ArabianSea and low values prevailed throughout the breakperiod. Further, it was seen that more moisture wastransported into the subcontinent (equatorial region)during the active (weak) monsoon conditions.

Air-sea coupling during the tropicalcyclones in the Indian Ocean: A casestudy using satellite observationsSubrahmanyam, B., V.S.N. Murty, R.J. Sharp andJ.J. O’Brien

In the years 1999 and 2001, three intense tropicalcyclones formed over the northern Indian Ocean-two over the Bay of Bengal during 15–19 and 25–29October, 1999 and one over the Arabian Sea during21–28 May, 2001. The thermal, salinity andcirculation responses at the sea surface due to thesesevere cyclones in order to understand the air-seacoupling using data from satellite measurementsand model simulations. It is found that the SeaSurface Temperature (SST) cooled by about 0.5°-0.8° in the Bay of Bengal and 2° in the Arabian Sea.In the Bay of Bengal, the cooling took place beneaththe cyclone center in the Arabian Sea,. Thiscontrasting oceanic response resulted due to thesalinity stratification in the Bay of Bengal andthermal stratification in the Arabian Sea and theassociated mixing processes. In particular, thecyclones moved over the region of low salinity andsmaller mixed layer depth with a distinct mixed layer

Annual cycle of the rainfall (mm) over (a) the Arabian Sea (solid)and Bay of Bengal (dashed), and (b) the south Indian Ocean(solid) and Indian Ocean (dashed).

Outgoing Longwave Radiation differences in (W/m2) (2003–2002)over the tropical Indian Ocean for July.

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deepening to the left side of the cyclone track. Itwas envisaged that daily satellite estimates of SSTand Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) using OutgoingLongwave Radiation (OLR) and model simulatedmixed layer depth were useful for the study oftropical cyclones and prediction of their path overthe northern Indian Ocean.

Impact of convection over theequatorial trough on summermonsoon activity over IndiaRamesh Kumar, M.R., S.S.C. Shenoi and J. Schultz

Causes of disruption of rainfall (break in monsoonconditions) over the Indian subcontinent during themonsoon months for the period 1979–1998 wereanalyzed using pentad rainfall data from the GlobalPrecipitation Climatology Project (GPCP). Most(about 73%) of the break in monsoon (BM) events

Variation of (a-c) TRMM Sea Surface Temperature (°C) and (b-d) the NLOM - Mixed Layer Depth (m) on the days of intense supercyclone over the Bay of Bengal (October 28, 1999) and intense cyclone over the eastern Arabian Sea (May 24, 2001)highlighting the study carried out (corresponding to the paper on ‘Air-sea coupling during the tropical cyclones in the IndianOcean: A case study using satellite observations’ using satellite observations).

was associated with convective activity (rainfall morethan 30 mm/pentad) over the equatorial trough (ET)region. The association between these events andthe convective activity over the western (WET) andeastern equatorial trough (EET) regions of thetropical Indian Ocean were explored. Testing themfor different (deficit, normal and excess) monsoonconditions over the Indian subcontinent and the ElNino conditions in the Pacific Ocean. Resulting in anegative and significant correlation between theCentral Indian Region (CIR) rainfall and EET duringdeficit and non-El Nino years. During deficit and ElNino years (1982 and 1987), both CIR and All IndiaRainfall (AIR) exhibited a negative correlation withWET. During the years with no breaks, EET wasnegatively (positively) correlated in 1982 and 1992(1994 and 1997) with AIR. The convective activitywas found to be more intense over EET than WETduring prolonged BM and also in a deficit and non-El Nino year (1979).

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Science plan for coastal hazardpreparednessKrishna, K.S.

Preparedness to guard against hazards requiresscientific examination, therefore, a science plan,including its implementation was prepared toidentify the factors that determine vulnerability of acoastal area to hazards that are experienced alongthe Indian coast. The issues were categorized intoseven areas : identification of past storm surges andtsunamis in tide-gauge data, and their simulation;reconstruction of time series of past storm surgesand tsunamis from geological record;geomorphology, near shore bathymetry, and coastalinundation; coastal pollution; seismicity;engineering; and education.

Need for reassessment in the post-tsunami scenarioSubrahmanyam, A.S. and K.S.R. Murthy

Tamil Nadu (India), in particular Nagapattinam,experienced major wrath of recent Tsunami,therefore geophysical studies over coastal and shelfregions were analyzed for any tectonic andgeomorphic changes leading to demarcation of newlineament patterns.. This was carried out in twostages: Bathymetry, shallow seismic, magnetic andgravity studies between 10°N and 12°30′N and 80°and 82°E in order to compare the earlier results(pre-tsunami) to note deviations in lineament patternand geophysical studies over coastal regions of TamilNadu for correlating with offshore results for betterunderstanding of land-ocean tectonics.

Run-up and inundation limits alongsoutheast coast of India during the26 December 2004 Indian OceanTsunamiJaya Kumar, S., D. Ilangovan, K.A. Naik, R. Gowthaman,G. Tirodkar, G.N. Naik, P. Ganesan, R. Mani Murali,G.S. Michael, M.V. Ramana and G.C. Bhattacharya

The Indian Ocean Tsunami had a devastating effecton the Indian coastline. Apart from the Andamanand Nicobar Islands, the Tamil Nadu coast washighly affected. Survey carried out during January-February 2005 revealed the inundation limits andestimation of the run-up height, along the TamilNadu coast from Vedaranyam to Chennai. Theaverage inundation was 238 m inshore and averagerun-up height was 4.17 m.

Dealing with 26/12Mukhopadhyay, R. and S. De

The M9 earthquake of 26 December 2004 thatgenerated the devastating tsunami occurred due to acombination of three tectonic movements - dip-slip atSunda trench, strike-slip along the boundary betweenIndia and Australian plates, and uplift of westernBurma plate. Instead of costly instrumentation withuncertain return, ecologically friendly green andnatural measures may be adopted including increasein the ‘buffer zone’. Such adaptation is the key tomodern coastal management. Moreover, to do awaywith taken-by-surprise attitudes, a highly trainedprofessional rapid action force with requiredinstrumentation and logistics should be formed toreach relief within first 30 minutes anywhere in thecountry.

Tsunami of 26 December 2004Sadhuram, Y.

An attempt was made to identify the vulnerable areasof the Indian coast for the damages due to Tsunamibased on the context of sea level rise due to greenhouseeffect. It is inferred that 12-18°N stretch is safe onthe west coast when compared with the other regions.10-12°N; 14-16°N and 20°N on east coast, leaving 9-10°N and 21-24°N on the west coast are mostvulnerable to the damages caused by tsunami andstorm surges.

Schematic of each hazard in terms of duration of an event(abscissa) and its impact on life and property per unit time(ordinate). HAB, Harmful algal blooms.

Impact of the tsunami of 26 December 2004, oil spills andalgal blooms along the Indian coastline.

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Comment on ‘the great SumatraAndaman earthquake of 26December 2004’Neetu, S., I. Suresh, R. Shankar, D. Shankar,S.S.C. Shenoi, S.R. Shetye, D. Sundar and B. Nagarajan

The source region of 2004 Indian Ocean tsunamiestimated a 600-km length with the help ofbackward ray tracing. The analysis showed thatthe northern extent was mainly constrained by thetsunami travel times reported from the tide gaugesat Chennai, Visakhapatnam and Port Blair. As thebackward ray tracing works best for stations outsidethe tsunami source area and that Port Blair had aclock error of 46 min. a data gap at the time oftsunami strike, the Port Blair tide gauge data forthe estimation of the tsunami source was excluded.Adding tide-gauge data from Paradip, thenorthernmost of the Indian east-coast stations andtherefore the most critical constraint on the northernextent of the source, thus estimate that its lengthwas greater by nearly 30%.

First oceanographic expedition tosurvey the impact of the Sumatraearthquake and the tsunami of 26December 2004Murthy, K.S.R.

Thirty seven days Oceanographic Expedition inAndaman Nicobar region was held during 16th–21st

February 2005, onboard Ocean Research VesselSagar Kanya, having scientists participating fromall over India. The observations were made usingonboard equipments. Multi-parameteroceanographic data was analysed including

underway geophysical (bathymetry, gravity, swath-bathymetry, sub-bottom profiling), physicalparameters (CTD, XBT, thermosalinograph, ADCP,etc), chemical (Dissolved Oxygen, Nutrients, pH, etc),biological (phytoplankton, zooplankton, etc)geological (grab, spade and gravity cores). Detailedanalyses have revealed information on the post-tsunami impact in the region.

Tsunami engineering study in IndiaMandal, S.

The need for establishing Tsunami Engineering StudyCenters in India led researchers to investigate studieson historical tsunami, numerical modeling, fieldsurvey, physical experiments, evacuation models, etc.

Oil pollution off Goa coast - newsFondekar, S.P.

On 23 March 2005, around 01:00 hrs, an iron-orebarge Prapti collided with a Singaporean bulk carrierMaritime Wisdom, anchored about 4 nautical milesoff Aguada, rupturing the carrier’s oil tank andspilling about 110 tonnes of heavy fuel oil in thesea. The incident occurred when Prapti carryingabout 2000 tonnes iron ore was maneuvering alongthe side of Maritime Wisdom to unload its cargo,which was, however, not advisable due to rough seaconditions. As the barge was turning away, it hitthe carrier causing a 105×15 mm puncture into itsoil tank. The rupture was quickly sealed, accountingfor a loss of 110 metric tonnes oil, which had spilledinto the sea. The oil had spreaded over an area ofapproximately 2–3 square miles and started movingsouth easterly off Grandi Island. The Indian CoastGuard (Goa region) and Mormugao Port Trust werecombating the oil spill with spraying of dispersants,with the help of their offshore petrol vessels Sagar,Vigraha and interceptor boats. Dornier aircraft werealso deployed for the same use. On 24 March 2005,due to dispersant treatment, the thickness of oiland number of oil patches were reduced. Preliminarysurveys in the oil spill site and the surrounding areawere carried out and no signs of oil patches wereobserved. The Coast Guard carried out airsurveillance on 25 March 2005, resulting in veryfew patches of oil with insignificant oil sheen.

Red tide of Noctiluca miliaris off southof Thiruvananthapuram subsequentto the stench event at the southernKerala coastSahayak, S., R. Jyothibabu, K.J. Jayalakshmi,H. Habeebrehman, P. Sabu, M.P. Prabhakaran,P. Jasmine, P. Shaiju, G. Rejomon, J. Thresiamma andK.K.C. Nair

Red tides are the discoloration of the ocean surfacecaused by the blooming of some planktonic

Backward wavefronts for Paradip (red), Visakhapatnam (green),and Chennai (blue) corresponding to their respective observedtravel times. The asterisk marks the epicenter of the earthquake.The northern extent (~9°N) reported by Lay et al. is indicated byarrow A. The arrow B marks the new estimate (~11°N).

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organisms. A few species of dinoflagellates (a groupof protists) and Noctiluca miliaris are most frequent.The Noctiluca red tide observed on 29 September2004 was found to be significant since it hadoccurred within a fortnight of the stench event alongthe southern Kerala coast. Mass fish kill was noticedon 17 September 2004 along the Trivandrum coast,resulting in hospitalization of residents due tovomiting and nausea. Initial reports indicated thatthe causative organisms for the stench and fish killwere Cochlodinium sp. and Gonyaulax diegensis.However, detailed study on samples collected fromall along the southern Malabar Coast reported thecause due to a holococolithophore bloom.

Bloom of Noctiluca miliaris as (a) a large patch and (b) spreadevenly. (C) Photomicrograph of N. miliaris.

Detection of Trichodesmium bloompatches along the eastern ArabianSea by IRS-P4/OCM ocean colorsensor and by in-situ measurementsDesa, E.S., T. Suresh, S.G.P. Matondkar, E. Desa, J. Goes,A. Mascarenhas, S.G. Parab, N. Shaikh andC.E.G. Fernandes

The detection of blooms of the marinecyanobacterium Trichodesmium from space havebeen studied using high-resolution ocean colorimagery in the visible wavebands of the OCM monitor(Ocean Color Monitor) on the IRS-P4 satelliteplatform. Localized bands of Trichodesmium weredetected in OCM imageries of 16th, 18th, 20th and22nd March 2002 in decreasing numbers with time.These patches were aligned approximately parallelto the shoreline, and distributed over the shallowwaters off the west coast of India. An analogoussearch of Trichodesmium bloom patches usingavailable SeaWiFS (Sea Viewing Wide field of ViewSensor) sensor revealed features of reduced spatialresolution compared to that observed by the higherresolution OCM sensor, and at locations furtheroffshore. During the field study on 19th to 22nd March2002, around the off coast of Goa Trichodesmiumpatches were found. Microscopic analysis confirmedthat these samples belonged to the speciesTrichodesmium erythraeum. These field patches werefurther offshore from the positions occupied by thenear-shore patches seen in the OCM imageriesduring 18th to 22nd March 2002. Radiometricmeasurements made the cruise-detected patchesshow water leaving radiances averaging ~1 µW/cm2/nm, below the detection threshold of the presentsatellite detection scheme. It is clear that furtherefforts are needed to improve the detection range ofpresent protocols so as to detect the presence ofless reflective Trichodesmium patches of the typeencountered during our cruise.

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Evidence of Himalayan erosionalevent at ~0.5 ma from a sedimentcore from the equatorial IndianOcean in the vicinity of ODP leg 116sitesNath, B.N., S.M. Gupta, P.G. Mislankar, B.R. Rao,G. Parthiban, I. Roelandts and S.K. Patil

A sediment core collected from an area ~100 milessouth of the ODP Leg 116 (distal Bengal Fan) in theequatorial Indian Ocean was investigated formicrofossils, mineralogy, mineral chemistry,magnetic susceptibility, grain size, major, minor andrare-earth element geochemistry, organic carbonand total nitrogen contents in the bulk sediments.Distinct changes in depositional characteristics(including presence of abundant sand-sized micasand other detrital minerals) occur at two sub-surfacedepths corresponding to ~0.5 and probably 0.8 Matime periods. The detrital mineral suite of this coreresembles that of turbidite unit 1 sediments of ODPcores in the distal Bengal Fan. The core site hasreceived an increased supply of terrigenoussediments at these two time periods, the older pulse(0.8 Ma) stronger than the younger pulse. Severallines of evidence such as the nature of the mineralsuite, lower magnetic susceptibility values, Si/Al inmica mineral separates; major element composition;discrimination plots of Ca/Ti versus K/Ti and K2O/Al2O3 and La/Yb ratios suggest a highly

metamorphosed source such as higher Himalayancrystalline (HHC) series indicating two events ofincreased physical weathering and erosion in theHimalayan region. While the erosional event of 0.8Ma is well known, the episode of 0.5 Ma was notreported earlier.

Distribution and origin of seamountsin the Central Indian Ocean BasinDas, P., S.D. Iyer, V.N. Kodagali and K.S. Krishna

Identification of nearly 200 seamounts in the CentralIndian Ocean Basin (CIOB) (9°S to 16°S and 72°Eto 80°E), of different dimensions were done with thehelp of multibeam bathymetry maps, of which 61%form eight chains. The seamounts are clusteredabove and below 12°S latitude. Two areas 9°-12°Sshowed a concentration of smaller seamounts (lessthan or equal to 400 m height), and area 12°-15°Shad a mixed population (including both less andmore than 400 m height). Inspite of the differencesin their height, the seamounts of these eight chainsare morphologically (slope angle, flatness, basalwidth) co-relatable. Therefore, the height-width ratiowas useful in identifying the style of seamounteruption. The seamount chains in the CIOB probablyoriginated from propagative fractures and wereproduced between 61 and 52 Ma (chrons A26 toA23) as a result of the interaction between the

Generalized satellite (NOAA SERVER) bathymetry map of the CIOB to depict the major fractures zones, TJT-In, and eightchains of seamounts.

Deciphering climatic and other conditions in and aroundIndian Ocean during the past.

28

conjugate crusts of the Central Indian and SoutheastIndian Ridges during the Indo-Eurasian collisionevent.

Variations in terrigenous sedimentdischarge in a sediment core fromsoutheastern Arabian Sea during thelast 140 kaPattan, J.N., T. Masuzawa and M. Yamamoto

The bulk concentration (wt%) and massaccumulation rates (MAR; g/cm2/ka) of terrigenoussource representing elements such as Al, Ti, K andZr in a sediment core (SK-129/CR-05) fromsoutheastern Arabian Sea, record considerablevariations in riverine sediment discharge over thelast 140 ka. The mean Al concentration (4.51±0.47%)and its MAR (0.105 g/cm2/ka) are higher duringthe glacial period and lower (3.61±0.58%;0.084 g/cm2/ka) in the interglacial period. Thissuggests an increased terrigenous sedimentdischarge (TSD) of ~25% corresponding withchemical weathering (K/Al ratio) during glacials thanin the interglacials. The last ~5 ka received lowestand uniform TSD (mean Al concentration-2.36±0.06%; Al MAR, 0.075 g cm2/ka; K/Al ratio,0.23±0.003) may be due to weak monsoon andstabilized sea level. Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) -1and 4 recorded the lowest and highest TSDrespectively. Interestingly, during MIS-5,interstadials (5.1, 5.3 and 5.5) were associated withrelatively larger TDS, suggesting humid conditions

and intense precipitation. On the contrary, stadials(5.2 and 5.4) were characterized by relatively smallerTDS, indicative of low precipitation and aridcondition in the Indian subcontinent.

Changing sedimentary environmentduring the Late Quaternary:Sedimentological and isotopicevidence from the distal Bengal FanKessarkar, P.M., V.P. Rao, S.M. Ahmad, S.K. Patil,A. Anil Kumar, G. Anil Babu, S. Chakraborty andR. Sounder Rajan

The sediments recovered from two gravity cores ofthe lower and distal Bengal Fan were investigatedfor sedimentological properties and Sr–Nd isotopes.Each core exhibits two distinct units, the lower unit2 and upper unit 1 sediments. The unit 2 sedimentsare predominantly olive black/grey in colour withabundant finer silt-size fractions, low organic carbonand CaCO3, quartz and mica in the coarse fraction,dominant illite and chlorite in the less than 2 mmfraction and uniform rock-magnetic properties.Biogenic constituents are extremely rare or restrictedto the lower part of unit 2. The unit 1 sediments, onthe other hand, are moderate brown/yellowishbrown in colour with intermittent thin dark-colouredsediment layers. Higher clay, organic carbon, CaCO3,and biogenic constituents in the coarse fraction, andenriched smectite and kaolinite in the <2 µm fractionare typical. Magnetic susceptibility values are higherand correlate well with acid-insoluble residuecontent. Higher Rb, Sr, Sm and Nd concentrations,

Grain size variations in mud fraction (<63 mm size) of the sediment in core SK 148/2.

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87Sr/86Sr ratios and more radiogenic ε Nd values arecharacteristic for unit 2 sediments compared to unit1 in both the cores. The unit 2 sediments representPleistocene hemiturbidites, older than 13 14C kyrBP with their source from the northern Bay of Bengal(NBOB), derived from the Himalayas and transportedby the Ganges–Brahmaputra (G–B) River system.Unit 1 sediments are calcareous pelagic sediments,which started depositing ~12 14C kyr BP, with itsclastic sediments derived from the Himalayas andSE Indian/Sri Lankan margins. The change inlithofacies from unit 2 to unit 1 suggests that thesediment deposition by turbidity current activityceased in the distal Bengal Fan at ~12 14Ckyr BP,perhaps because of the rapid rise in sea level duringthe melt water pulse 1A and Holocene.

The beach ridges of India: A reviewKunte, P.D. and B.G.Wagle

Beach ridges of the east and west coast of India aregrouped in thirteen-beach ridge complexes basedon their association, which are not older than theHolocene age; they are abundant along the eastcoast; and their presence indicates that the eastern

coastal stretch has protruded approximately 30-35km seawards since the beginning of the Holoceneperiod. Based on their evolutionary trend, beachridges complexes are distinguished into 4 geneticclasses. Finally the utilization of beach ridges in thereconstruction of sea level curve, palaeo-climate andsediment budget histories has been highlighted andscope for future study is discussed.

Rock magnetic records of thesediments of the eastern ArabianSea: Evidence for the LateQuaternary climatic changeAnil Kumar, K., V.P. Rao, S.K. Patil, P.M. Kessarkar andM. Thamban

Rock-magnetic measurements along with grain size,acid-insoluble residue (AIR), organic carbon (OC),CaCO3 and δ18O of the planktonic foraminifers ofthe sediments were determined for 15 gravity coresrecovered from the western continental margin ofIndia. Magnetic susceptibility (MS) values in thesurficial sediments reflect the land-derived input,which are the highest in terrigenous sediment-

Down-core variations of sedimentological parameters, δ18O of the Globigerinoides ruber and rock magnetic properties in GC2.Arrows in the figure show changing sedimentary conditions after 16 ka.

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dominated sections of the cores off Saurashtra–Ratnagiri, followed by those from off Indus–Gulf ofKachchh and the Mangalore–Cape Comorin. Thedown-core variations in mineral magneticparameters reveal that the glacial sediments off theIndus were characterized by low MS values/S-ratiosassociated with high AIR-content, low OC, CaCO3

contents and relatively high δ18O values, while thoseoff SW India are characterized by low MS values/high S-ratio% associated with low AIR content, andrelatively high OC, CaCO3 and δ18O values.Conversely, the Early Holocene sediments of all coreswere characterized by high MS values/S-ratio%associated with high AIR content, low OC, CaCO3

contents and gradually decreased δ18O values. Theseresults imply that during the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM), the cores off northwestern India receivedabundant continental supply leading to thepredominance of eolian/fluvial sedimentation,whereas the SW region influence of hinterland fluxwas less evident, but convective mixing associatedwith the NE monsoon resulted in increasedproductivity. During the early Holocene intense SWmonsoon conditions resulted in high precipitationon land, which in turn contributed to the increasedAIR content/MS values in the continental marginsediments. The late Holocene organic-rich sedimentsof the SW margin of India were subjected to earlydiagenesis at different intervals in the cores.

Past 100 ky surface salinity-gradientresponse in the eastern Arabian Seato the summer monsoon variationrecorded by δ18O G. sacculiferChodankar, A.R., V.K. Banakar and T. Oba

Northward flowing coastal currents along the westernmargin of India during winter–spring advect low-salinity Bay of Bengal water into the Eastern ArabianSea producing a distinct low-salinity, due to thefreshwater flux during the summer monsoons. Thesedimentary records of δ18O

G. sacculifer, the past salinity-

gradient serves as a proxy for the variation infreshwater flux to the Bay of Bengal and hencesummer monsoon intensity. The north–south contrastin the sea level corrected (residual)- δ18O

G. sacculifer was

interpreted as a measure of surface salinity-contrastbetween the two locations because the modern seasurface temperature and its past variation was foundto be uniform. The core-top residual- δ18O

G. sacculifer

contrast of 0.45 ppt between the two cores reflectedthe modern surface salinity difference of 1 psu andserved as a calibration for past variations. The residualδ18O

G. sacculifer contrast varied between ~0.2 ppt at ~75 ky

B.P. (i.e., late-Marine Isotope Stage 5) and ~0.7 ppt at~20 ky B.P. (i.e., Last Glacial Maximum), suggestingthat the overall salinity difference between thenorthern and southern end of the low-salinity tonguehas varied between ~0.6 and ~1.6 psu. Considerablyreduced difference during the former period than

the modern suggests substantially intensified andnorthward-extended low-salinity tongue due tointense summer monsoons than today. On the otherhand, large difference (~1.6 psu) in the latter periodindicated that the low-salinity tongue wassignificantly weakened or withdrawn due to weakersummer monsoons. Thus, the salinity-gradient wasused to understand the past variations in the Indiansummer monsoons.

Monsoon related changes in seasurface productivity and watercolumn denitrification in the easternArabian Sea during the last glacialcycleBanakar, V.K., T. Oba, A.R. Chodankar, T. Kuramoto,M. Yamamoto and M. Minagawa

Winter monsoons in the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM)- Eastern Arabian Sea were increased due toweakened freshwater flux. T ime-series ofsedimentary organic-carbon Corg, sigma alkenoneand δ13Corg for the last 100 kyr, indicated increasedglacial productivity. Significantly reducedsedimentary - δ15N during the LGM indicated,diminished water column denitrification in spite ofincreased productivity. The distinct decoupling ofdenitrification from productivity during the LGM wasexplained by vigorous ventilation of the thermoclineas a result of simultaneously intensified formationof high-salinity water and deep-winter mixing innorthern-Arabian Sea related to the extreme coldclimate. The closely comparable time-series δ15Nrecorded across the Arabian Sea suggested basin-wide homogenization of the isotopic signal thatprobably resulted due to the combined monsoon-dependent surface water mixing and changes innorth–south salinity gradient.

Locations of the GC-8 (northern) and CR-4 (southern) sedimentcores used in the present study (open stars). Open circle-labelledas MD900 is the sediment core (MD900963: 5°04 N, 73° 53V E)studied by Rostek et al. (1993) for palaeo-salinity and -labelled as3104G is the sediment core (12° 30V N, 71° 15V E) having AMS14C chronology (Sarkar et al., 2000). Continuous lines are theannual average salinity contours with corresponding values inpsu. Dotted curved arrows are summer monsoon circulations, andsolid curved arrows are winter monsoon circulations. AS—Arabian Sea, BOB—Bay of Bengal, EC—Equatorial currents,SECC—South-equatorial counter currents, SEC— South equatorialcurrents, SC—Somali currents.

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Palaeoceanographic implications ofabundance and mean proloculusdiameter of benthic foraminiferalspecies Epistominella exigua in sub-surface sediments from distal Bay ofBengal fanSaraswat, R., R. Nigam and L. Barreto

Temporal variation in abundance and meanproloculus diameter of the benthic foraminiferalspecies Epistominella exigua has been reconstructedover the last ~50,000 yr BP, from a core collected atthe distal Bay of Bengal fan, to assess its potentialapplication in palaeoceanographic reconstructionstudies. The downcore variation showed significantchange in abundance of E. exigua during the last~50,000 yr BP. In view of the present day abundanceof this species from areas with strong seasonalorganic matter supply, it is concluded that at ~7,~22, ~33 and ~46 kyr BP, strong seasonalityprevailed in the distal Bay of Bengal fan, probablyindicating either strong or prolonged northeastmonsoon or weakened south–west monsoon. For thefirst time, a strong correlation was observed inabundance and mean proloculus diameter of E.exigua, based on coherent variation, postulating thatmean proloculus diameter can be used to inferincreased seasonality in organic matter production,resulting in variation of strength or duration ofmonsoon.

A first look at past sea surfacetemperatures in the equatorial IndianOcean from Mg/Ca in foraminiferaSaraswat, R., R. Nigam, S. Weldeab, A. Mackensen andP.D. Naidu

Sea surface temperature (SST) for the centralequatorial Indian Ocean, was reconstructed over thelast ~137 kyr, from Mg/Ca of the planktonicforaminiferal species Globigerinoides ruber. Theequatorial Indian Ocean SST was ~2.1°C colderduring the last glacial maximum as compared topresent times. The data showed that the surface

equatorial Indian Ocean was comparatively warmerduring isotopic stage 5e than today (~29.9 vs~28.5°C). Comparison of the equatorial Indian OceanSST with the Antarctic δD and Greenland δ18Oshowed major high-latitude cooling/warming eventsare present in the equatorial Indian Ocean SSTvariation. Similarity between the equatorial IndianOcean SST and the equatorial Pacific SST suggestedthe possibility of a common mechanism controllingthe SSTs in both the equatorial Indian Ocean andthe Pacific Ocean.

δ13C depleted oceans before thetermination 2: more nutrient-richdeep-water formation or light-carbontransfer?Banakar, V.K.

Carbon-isotopes δ13C composition of benthicforaminifera was used in understanding the linkbetween deep-water circulation and climate.Equatorial Indian Ocean δ13C records of planktic-and benthic-foraminifera together showed anunexplained shift in the long-term mean oceanic-δ13C around the penultimate glacial termination (T2:132 ka). The time-series planktic- and benthic-species δ13C records exhibited two distinct mean-δ13C levels. The low mean δ13C characterizes the pre-T2 period (250 ka–132 ka), while the post-T2 (~95ka – Present) period recorded high mean δ13C,generating a one-time shift of ~0.4 ppt within thelast ~250 kyr time-period. due to consistently higherδ13C in post-T2 glacial (and interglacial) periods ascompared to the pre-T2 glacial (and interglacial)periods, and begins around the T2 (~132 ka), lastsuntil ~95 ka, and sustained through the T1. Theglacial-interglacial δ13C variations of ~0.3 ppt occursas secondary fluctuations around the long-termprimary mean-levels in the Indian Ocean, as wellas in other oceans. The T2 δ13C shift appeared to bean inherent feature of the world oceans. Therefore,it represented a fundamental change in deep-oceancirculation (nutrient) dynamics due to the mean-δ13C shift, which was accounted as a result ofsignificant increase in transfer of terrestrial light-carbon to the ocean reservoir due to changes in theglobal wind patterns.

Constraints in using cerium-anomalyof bulk sediments as an indicator ofpaleo bottom water redoxenvironment: A case study from theCentral Indian Ocean BasinPattan, J.N., N.J.G. Pearce and P.G. Mislankar

The total rare earth elements (ε REE) abundancealong with major and a range of trace elementchemistry of twenty-eight sub-sections in a 5 m longsediment core (AAS-05/GC-02) from the Central

Epistominella exigua.

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Plot of Ce-anomaly and P content in a sediment core AAS-05/GC-02 from Central Indian Ocean Basin.

Indian Ocean Basin shows a distinct REEfractionation. Sediments from the top ~1m of thecore have comparatively low ε REE abundance (closeto average shale), with a sample/shale REE ratiovery close to 1 strongly suggesting a dominantlyterrigenous source. The down-core ε REE abundanceshows a nearly two-fold increase (ε REE=167–341ppm) with depth and the REE strongly co-varies withMn, Ti, P and smectite. Inter-element correlationsand the shale-normalized REE patterns suggest thatlight, middle and heavy REE are selectively carriedby terrigenous, Mn oxide and authigenic phosphatephases respectively suggesting a distinct REEfractionation. These fractionation effects becomemore pronounced with increasing depth in the core.

The Cerium (Ce)-anomaly in marine sediments isused as one of the promising tools to trace paleobottom water redox conditions and this varies inthe sediments from 0.10 to -0.08. The Ce-anomalyin general is positive in the top 4 m but the top ~1m have higher Ce-anomaly, Mn/Ti and Ce/Tisuggest sediment deposition relatively under moreoxic bottom water condition. The negative Ce-anomaly between 4 and 5 m depth may beinterpreted as a suboxic/anoxic environment. Theredox environment inferred by the Ce-anomaly iscompared to a number of other redox sensitiveparameters to test its reliability. These include Mncontent, total organic carbon, U/Th, authigenicUranium, Cu/Zn and V/Cr ratio all indicatedeposition of sediments under oxygenated bottomwater condition. Thus, proving that the negative Ce-anomaly observed between 4 and 5 m core depthdoes not represent a suboxic/anoxic environment,but is more likely due to the retention of a negativeCe-anomaly caused by authigenic phosphate andauthigenic Fe-rich smectite which is formed by thereaction between iron oxyhydroxide and biogenicopal, suggesting an early diagenetic process and isin equilibrium with seawater REE. Early diageneticprocess is responsible for the part of negative Ce-anomaly. Therefore, suggesting that the Ce-anomalyof bulk sediments as an indicator of paleo-oceanbottom water redox conditions needs to be used witha caution.

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Restoration of deep-sea macrofaunaafter simulated benthic disturbancein the Central Indian BasinIngole, B.S., S. Pavithran and Z.A. Ansari

Macrofaunal communities of the Central IndianBasin (CIB) were sampled with a spade before (June1997), and immediately after (August 1997), and44 months (April 2001) after a simulated benthicdisturbance for polymetallic nodule mining. Theaverage density recorded down to a sediment depthof 40 cm ranged from 89 to 799 ind m-2 (mean:373±21 SD; n=12) and 178–1066 ind m-2 (mean:507±489 SD; n=3) in the test and reference area,respectively. Most of the macrobenthic animals(64%) were concentrated in the upper 0 to 2 cmsediment layers, whereas, sizeable fauna (6%)inhabited the 20–40 cm sediment section and thedeepest 5 cm section from 35–40 cm contributedonly about 2% to the total population density. Thefauna, comprised of 12 groups, were dominated bythe nematodes, which constituted 54% of the totalpopulation. The macrofaunal density in the test siteshowed a significant increase (x: 400 ind±m-2) inthe 44 months post-disturbance sampling (x:320ind ± m-2). The population of nematodes andoligochaetes was nearly restored after 44 months,but the polychaetes and crustaceans did not reachthe baseline populations measured in June 1997.The top 0–2 cm sediment layer was severely affectedby the disturber, and the study suggests thatphysically disturbed deep-sea macrofauna mayrequire a longer period for restoration andresettlement than normally believed.

Recovery of deep-sea meiofauna afterartificial disturbance in the CentralIndian BasinIngole, B.S., N.R. Goltekar, S. Gonsalves and Z.A. Ansari

Colonization of deep-sea (5000–5500 m depths)metazoan meiofaunal assemblage (in terms ofabundance and community structure) wasinvestigated in the Central Indian Ocean Basin(CIOB), immediately after and also 44 months aftera benthic disturbance experiment. The abundanceof nematodes, which normally dominate the deep-sea meiofauna, was reduced (by 50%; p < 0.001) inpost-disturbance. The density of meiofauna wasgenerally low during the monitoring phase andvaried moderately inside and outside the test area(experimental site). The density values ranged from8 and 52 no. 10 cm-2 (mean: 23.5±12.2 SD; n=12)in the impacted area. There was steady buildup innematode population in the test area between the

Abundance (no. 10 cm-2) of meiofauna in CIB during three INDEXphases (North: north of the test area; South: south of the testarea)

Vertical distribution of macrofauna in the disturbance area.

Perturbation and recovery of deep-sea ecology in theCentral Indian Basin following simulated deep-sea.

mining.

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experiment and the monitoring observations 44months later, as compared to other metazoandensity. Meiofauna were vertically recorded downto the 30–35 cm sediment layer during themonitoring. Although, the bulk of meiofauna (80%)occurred in the top 20 cm sediment layer of thereference area, only 16% of the fauna was observedabove 0–2 cm. On the contrary, 30% metazoanpopulation occurred in the 0–2 cm section in thetest area. Bringing up nutrients from subsurfaceand depositing this organically rich material on thesediment surface, could have acted as a stimulatingfactor for meiofaunal recovery as most of themeiofauna feed on bacteria and dead organicmaterial (DOM). This experimental study suggeststhat, whereas commercial mining of the deep-seamineral resources may affect deep-sea benthiccommunities immediately after the impact, theavailability of food due to turn over (similar toplowing) of sediments may help recolonization on atemporal scale.

Response of sedimentary nucleicacids to benthic disturbance in theCentral Indian BasinFernandes, C.E.G., M.J.B.D. DeSouza, S. Nair andP.A. Loka Bharathi

Information on the response of nucleic acids (i.e.,DNA and RNA) to simulated benthic disturbance wasobtained from samples collected from eight sedimentcores (0–10 cm) located in the Central Indian Basin(CIB). In general the total sedimentary DNA (DNA)increased with depth (from 380.09 to 408.99 mgg-1), while total sedimentary RNA (RNA) decreased(from 878.13 to 484.16 mg g-1). Following thesimulated benthic disturbance brought about by thebenthic hydraulic disturber, DNA decreased by 10%along the disturbed track while the RNA increasedby around 75%. The RNA/DNA ratio decreasednearly 10%. However, the ratio doubled along thedisturbed track suggesting that the activity wasstimulated at molecular level following artificialdisturbance. The nucleic acid ratio thus shows thatthe CIB sediments are metabolically active, and withdisturbance the activity tends to increase further.

Impacts on surface productivityduring sediment dispersal experimentin Central Indian BasinLoka Bharathi, P.A., B.N. Nath, B.S. Ingole, G. Parthiban,S.G.P. Matondkar, C. Raghukumar, N.H. Khadge,A.B. Valsangkar, A. Suryanarayana, S. Jaisankar andR. Sharma

It is anticipated that in the case of mining of marineminerals, sea floor sediments will be brought upalong with the mineral ores and discharged on thesurface. These nutrient rich sediments would createa set of different physicochemical conditions at thepoint of discharge thus altering the regimes of

productivity in the water column. In order to assessthe effects of deep-sea sediment discharge on theoceanic surface water-layers (0–50 M) after nodulemining, a Sediment Dispersal Experiment (SEDEX)was conducted in Central Indian Basin (CIB). A totalof 675 liters of slurry prepared from 225 kg of wetsediment (330 g l-1) was discharged on the surfaceduring the experiment. Water samples were collectedbefore and after the discharge to monitor thechanges in different environmental parameters.There was a general increase in bacterial abundanceand primary producers along with suspendedparticulate matter. Migration of zooplankton isartificially induced by the stimulatory effect of thesediment and high load of phytoplankton. Anincrease in diversity, both at the primary andsecondary level is noticeable. Within the spatial andtemporal frame of observation, waters become net-nitrifying. The influence of the dispersal isapparently more beneficial than harmful on theexperimental scale. The results are interesting andwarrant more intense effort with long-termobservations to evolve predictive models.

Deep-sea impact experiments andtheir future requirementsSharma, R.

In recent years, several experiments to assess thepotential impacts due to deep-sea mining in thePacific as well as the Indian Oceans have indicatedthe immediate changes and restoration patterns ofenvironmental conditions in the marine ecosystem.

(1) Discharge of sediment slurry at 0 minute. (2) Discharge ofsediment slurry at 5 minutes. (3) Discharge of sediment slurry at10 minutes.

Impact of deep-sea mining

(1) (2)

(3)

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The large volume of sediment (~500 x 107m3 per year)estimated to be resuspended would be the majorinfluencing factor in environmental impact in themining area, leading to changes in availability ofcertain nutrients and composition of biomass,followed by gradual restoration. Important resultshave been obtained from these experiments, but inorder to have a better understanding of the impactsand restoration processes, it will be necessary toimprovise future experiments to resemble actualdeep-sea mining in terms of scale and methodology.

Monitoring the impact of simulateddeep-sea mining in Central IndianBasinSharma, R., B.N. Nath, and S. Jaisankar

Monitoring of deep-sea disturbances, natural orman-made, has gained significance due to theassociated sediment transport and for the ensuingalterations in environmental conditions. During theIndian Deep-sea Environment Experiment (INDEX),resuspension of deep-sea sediment in the CentralIndian Basin (CIB) resulted in an increase and lateralmovement of suspended particles, vertical mixingof sediments, changes in sedimentological,biochemical, and geochemical conditions and anoverall reduction in benthic biomass. Monitoring theconditions 44 months after the experiment hasshown a partial recovery of the benthic ecosystem,with indications of restoration and recolonization.

First phase monitoring studies ofsimulated benthic disturbancedelineating movement of fineparticles in the Central Indian BasinValsangkar, A.B.

Benthic disturbance due to future deep-seapolymetallic nodule mining would involve extensivesediment plume generation and resedimentation onthe sea floor. In order to evaluate the effects ofresedimentation on benthic environment, the IndianDeep-sea Environment Experiment (INDEX) wasconducted in 1997, and pre-, and post-disturbancestudies on grain size were carried out. The initialincrease in clay content after the experiment,continued to increase further as measured in the firstmonitoring phase samples, 44 months later. Increasein clay-sized particles during monitoring-1 (M-1) washighest within the simulated (disturbed) zone and tothe north of it, which is attributed to the combinedeffects of disaggregation, abrasion, and powderizationof sediments during transportation. Due to thisfractionation (breaking up), the particles appear tohave remained in suspension over a prolonged periodof time after they were discharged in the water column5 m above the seabed during INDEX. The travel effectsof INDEX plume appears to be localized and confinedwithin and around the disturbed zone (DZ) as

resettlement of fine particles from the benthic plumewas traced up to 2 km south and 12 to 18 km northof the Disturbed Zone. The evidence does not suggestthe existence of strong currents and benthic stormsin the CIB.

Alterations in geochemicalassociations in artificially disturbeddeep-sea sedimentsNath, B.N., G. Parthiban, S. Banaulikar and S. Sarkar

In view of the role of sediment geochemistry inregulating the benthic ecosystem, diageneticremobilization of dissolved constituents, bottom waterredox, and regeneration of benthic fluxes, surficialsediments in and around the track disturbed by a‘benthic disturber’ were studied for metal variationin three phases: (1) before the disturbance, (2)immediately after the disturbance, and (3) duringmonitoring of restoration after ~44 months, from thesame locations. Minor variations in metalconcentrations before the disturbance were noticedindicating the homogeneity in the area or supply fromsimilar source areas. Terrigenous fraction determinednormatively from titanium contents in thesesediments ranges between 40 and 47%. Most of theelements analyzed showed reduced averageconcentrations immediately after the disturbancesuggesting physical removal and re-sedimentation inother areas with the migration of the plume. All theelements showed positive relation and coherence inthe sediments collected after the disturbance,irrespective of their susceptibility to changes inprovenance and depositional environment, whereaselemental associations during the predisturbance andmonitoring periods can be explained by the knowngeochemical processes. The changes in Al, Ti, excessaluminium contents, their interelement relations, andfactor analyses, suggest the possible transformationof clay mineral type due to the benthic disturbancethat would involve changes in surface chemistry ofclays. Interelement relations among redox-sensitiveelements have also changed with time. This includesdecoupling of Co from Mn after 44 months, probablydue to the varying oxidation kinetics of two majoroxides, Fe and Mn. Model calculations suggestincreased diagenetic remobilization rates of Mn duringthe monitoring phase. Substantial increase in redox-sensitive elements, especially Fe and Mn indicateoxygenation of bottom.

Changes in geotechnical properties ofsediments from the Central IndianBasin induced by disturbanceexperimentKhadge, N.H.

The Indian Deep-sea Environment Experiment(INDEX) in the Central Indian Basin simulated thenodule mining activity, distributing sediments lifted

Impact of deep-sea mining

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from the seafloor, and then redeposition effect onthe geological, chemical and biologicalcharacteristics of benthic environment. The firstmonitoring cruise, was part of long-termobservations for restoration of conditions. The effectsof the experiment on geotechnical properties ofsediments measured in predisturbance,postdisturbance and monitoring phases wereanalyzed. To compare the effects, sediment coreswere collected from the same locations during thethree phases. Siliceous, fine-grained sedimentsshowed change in geotechnical properties inducedas a result of the disturbance. Marginal increase innatural water content and significant reduction inundrained shear strength at the 0–5 cm sedimentlayer of cores from the tow zone duringpostdisturbance was observed. However, during themonitoring phase, an increase in shear strength andreduction in water content was noticed, indicatingthat the sediments are gradually acquiringpredisturbance characteristics. The study alsorevealed that the meiofaunal density has a positivecorrelation with the water content, but a negativerelationship with the shear strength of thesesiliceous sediments. Specific gravity of solids andporosity showed marginal change, whereas wetdensity remained unchanged.

Rise of the dormant: simulateddisturbance improves culturableabundance, diversity, and functionsof deep-sea bacteria of Central IndianOcean BasinLoka Bharathi, P.A and S. Nair

The abundance of baroduric bacteria from ninesediment cores (0–10 cm below sea floor) wasexamined for their response to simulated benthicdisturbance in the Central Indian basin (CIB). Whilethe total counts of bacteria decreased from 109 to106 g-1 dry wt sediment, the average retrievablecounts (CFU-colony forming units) improved by twoorders of magnitude, i.e., from 102 to 10 g-1 dry wtsediment. The baroduric retrievable forms weredominated by Acinetobacter and Moraxella sp beforethe disturbance. After the disturbance the genericdiversity was represented by Staphylococcus sp,Enterobacter sp, Micrococcus sp, Coryneforms sp,and Pseudomonas sp in addition to Acinetobacter.These observations were corroborated by changesin enzymatic activities of the retrievable bacteria,which could lead to changes in the biochemicalcharacteristics of the sediment. Thus the simulateddisturbance brought about an increase in culturableabundance, taxonomic and functional diversity ofdeep-sea sediment of the CIB.

Evidences for incipient hydrothermalevent(s) in the Central Indian Basin:A reviewIyer, S.D.

The Central Indian Basin (CIB 10°–19°S)encompasses morphotectonic features such asseamounts, abyssal hills, faults, fracture zones andlineations and basic to silicic volcanics that werederived from different sources. Instances of incipienthydrothermal event(s) occurred as evident from:(1) spilites that probably formed due to low-temperature hydrothermal action on the precursorybasalts (2) slabs and fragments of zeolitites whichare the consequent products of palagonitization ofthe basaltic glasses (3) chemical variations in theferromanganese crusts and (4) abundance ofvolcanogenic-hydrothermal material (vhm) thatincludes ochrous sediments and magnetitespherules. The vhm suggests its origin by interactionof Fe-rich hydrothermal solutions with surroundingsediments. The CIB spherules occur in sedimentsof ~10 ka and ~425 to 650 ka age and are orders ofmagnitude younger than the 50 to 60 Ma age of thebasin. Incidentally, to the north of the basin at ODPSite 717–719 (1° S/81° E) hydrothermal precipitatesof inorganic calcite and deposition of sulphideminerals (~7.5 to 9 Ma and 0.5 Ma) occur as a resultof the on-going intraplate deformation. This paperreviews the above evidences that possibly indicateepisodes of localized hydrothermal events in the CIB.

(a) A large specimen of zeolitite extensively altered and burrowedby bottom dwelling organisms. (b) A specimen of altered pillowbasalt with ferromanganese oxides on the upper part while thelayers below are rich in zeolites. (c) Electron micrograph showingthe presence of phillipsite crystals. (d) Photomicrograph ofmagnetite spherules coated with reddish-orange ochroussediment. In many instances, the spherules occur as individualentities and sometimes in a bunch. (e) Electron micrograph of afeatureless magnetite spherule. (f) Electron micrograph of amagnetite spherule exhibiting a linear arrangement of magnetitecrystals.

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Marine Archaeology

Maritime heritage in and aroundChilika Lake, Orissa: Geologicalevidences for its declineTripati, S. and K.H. Vora

Chilika Lake is the largest brackish water body inIndia. Archaeological explorations and excavationsaround the Chilika lake region have brought to lightthe habitational remains of the Neolithic–Chalcolithic period during the 3rd millennium BC.The archaeological findings represent the fact thatwell-known ports of the bygone era such asManikapatnam on Chilika coast, Palur on theextreme south and Che-li-ta-lo had close contactswith Africa, Ceylon, China and Southeast Asiancountries. Further, a text of the 10th century ADmentions about the maritime activities of the lakeand ships, which used to ply to the Southeast Asiancountries from Chilika. Similarly, Soran, Nairi,Pathara and other villages around the lake have hadglorious navigational traditions. The ports locatedaround Chilika Lake played a significant role inspreading the Indian culture to other countries.However, subsequent changes in the hydrodynamicregime caused the formation of sand bars, spits andaltered sedimentation pattern, which eventuallycaused a decline in maritime activities in the Chilikaregion.

Ancient shell industry at Bet DwarkaIslandGaur, A.S., Sundaresh and V. Patankar

Almost every archaeological site in the Indiansubcontinent has the remains of shells. The mostimportant shell used in the past was Turbinellapyrum (Chank) shell, which has been found

extensively in inter-tidal zones of Saurashtra andthe Gulf of Kachchh. Large number of importantartifacts such as bangles, beads, seals and inlaywork were found during the surface exploration andexcavation. Bet Dwarka has been the major centreof shell industry in the past during the Indus ValleyCivilization. Till date it’s shore is loaded with a varietyof shells that are picked up by the fishermen.. Thispaper discusses the importance of shell artifactsrecovered during the excavation at Bet DwarkaIsland and their significance in dating of anarchaeological site.

Use of timber in shipbuildingindustry: Identification and analysisof timber from shipwrecks off Goacoast, IndiaTripati, S., M. Sujatha, R.V. Rao and K.S. Rao

The use of timber in the boat building or shipbuildingindustry has been ever since the manufacturing ofboats and ships. Various kinds of timber are usedin the construction of vessels. The Yuktikalpataru(the wishing tree of artifice) composed by the kingBhoja of Dhar (11th century AD) gives a detailedTerracotta ringwells noticed at Manikapatnam on the bank of

Chilika.

Historical period shell artifacts and waste from Bet DwarkaIsland, west coast of India.

Marine archaeological finds around the Indian coastlineand other issues.

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account of boats, ships and the variety of wood usedfor construction and classification of ships. Further,the quality of timber that is required for constructionof seagoing ships, which could resist the action ofwaves, currents and marine biofouling; is alsomentioned. In order to locate the remains of ships,cargo and their history, maritime archaeologicalexplorations were carried out off Goa, which broughtto light timber from the century old shipwreck offSt George’s Reef and an iron anchor with a woodenstock 300 years old from Aguada waters.Radiocarbon dating and anatomical analysis of thesetwo timbers were carried out to estimate their ageand species. This communication details theanatomical analysis of timber and associatedfindings from the sites. Their tentative dates areascribed to the findings in relation to the maritimehistory of the Goa region along the central west coastof India. Thus putting forth the view that Indianteak was extensively used by Indian and foreignshipbuilders because of its high quality.

Southern Oceans

Zooplankton studies with specialreference to krill Euphausia superbaDana from fishing area 58 of IndianOcean sector in southern oceanRathod, V.

Distribution, abundance and species compositionof zooplankton collected during the First IndianAntarctic Krill Expedition were studied. Zooplanktonbiomass values ranged from 9.79 to 303.62 ml

100 m-3 ( x = 142.14 ± 77.02). High standing stockvalues were recorded in the study area, wherecopepods, chaetognaths, euphausiids and salpswere dominant taxa. Copepods and chaetognathsformed the major constituents of zooplanktoncommunity and comprised more than 70% ofzooplankton catch. Swarms of krill and salps wereobserved during the study period (austral summer),which were the prime cause for high standing stockof zooplankton. The prevailing physicochemicalparameters with rich food supply were importantfactors influencing the geographical distribution ofdifferent zooplankton groups. The study revealedthat the present investigation site falls underpotential krill fishing ground.

Distribution, abundance and verticalmigration pattern of krill - Euphausiasuperba Dana at fishing area 58 ofthe Indian Ocean sector of southernoceanRathod, V.

The First Indian Antarctic Krill Expedition (FIKEX)was an attempt to examine and obtain first-handinformation pertaining to distribution, abundanceand vertical migration pattern of krill Euphausiasuperba Dana at fishing area 58 of the Indian Oceansector of Southern Ocean. It has been ascertainedthat krill migrations occur between sea surface anda depth of about 100 m. Availability of food is thekey factor affecting both seasonal and annualchanges, and leads to krill migration. Under goodfeeding conditions the amplitude is maximal, andthe migration cycle approaches 24h. Adultindividuals exhibit 24h migration, whereas juvenilesshow lower migration, and their submergence isshallower. Water stratification may also affect krilldistribution in the water column, and in certainconditions may lead to limitation of migration range.

Geology of ridges

Manganese oxidation by bacterialisolates from the Indian Ridge SystemFernandes, S.O., K.P. Krishnan, V.D. Khedekar andP.A. Loka Bharathi

The abundance and activity of culturablemanganese-oxidizing bacteria were assessed fromnear-bottom water samples of the tectonically activeCarlsberg Ridge. Retrievable counts as colonyforming units (CFU) on dilute nutrient agar medium(dilNA = 2 gm l-1 nutrient broth+2% agar) and ondilNA supplemented with 1, 2 and 3 mM MnCl2 4H2Owere in the order of 106 CFU L-1. Retrievability ofheterotrophs ranged from non-detectable levels (ND)to 2.82 x 106 CFU L-1. The retrievable counts on Mnamended dilNA ranged from ND to 3.21 x 106, 1.47x 106 and 1.45 x 106 CFU L-1 on 1, 2 and 3 mM,

Timber remains of the shipwreck off St. Georges Reef.

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respectively. About 87% of the Mn tolerant isolates(n = 39) showed taxonomic affinities to Pseudomonas1 and 2 sp. Two representative strains CR35 andCR48 (CR-Carlsberg Ridge) isolated on manganese-supplemented media were tested for their ability totolerate a range of Mn amendments from 1 nM to100 mM in terms of growth and respiration. CR35represents 66% of the total CFU (3.04 x 106 CFUL-1), while CR48 represented only 6% of the totalCFU (1.05 x 106 CFU L-1). The colonies of these twoisolates were dark brown in color suggestingprecipitation of Mn as oxide. Tests for the effect ongrowth and respiration were conducted in mediasimulating heterotrophic (amended with 0.01%glucose) and lithotrophic (unamended) conditions.Maximum stimulation in growth and respiration ofCR35 occurred at 100 µM Mn both in unamendedand amended media. At levels of Mn > 100 µM thecounts decreased steadily. Total respiring cells ofCR48 were stimulated to a maximum at 1 µM Mn inunamended medium and 1 nM in amended medium.Total cells counts for the same decreased beyond100 µM Mn in unamended and 1 nM in amendedmedium. The isolates were tested for their ability tooxidize Mn amendments from 1 µM to 10 µM Mn.At the end of a 76-day incubation period, there wasevidence of manganese oxide precipitation at highMn concentrations (> 1 mM) as a dark browncoloration on the sides of culture tubes. Highest Mnoxidation rates were observed at 10 mM Mn(II)concentration with CR35 oxidizing 27 and 25 µMMn day–1 in unamended and amended condition,respectively. CR48 oxidized Mn at the rate of 26 µMMn day–1 in unamended medium and 35 µM Mnday-1 in amended medium. Scanning electronmicroscope (SEM) observations of both isolatesrevealed free-living cells in clustered matrices ~2 µmdiameter. Energy dispersive spectrum of the cellmatrix of CR35 cultured in 1 mM Mn detected 30%Mn, while the cell aggregates of CR48 harbored7-10% Mn. The relatively high specific activity ofthese mixotrophic bacteria under relativelyoligotrophic conditions suggests that they may beresponsible for scavenging dissolved Mn from theCarlsberg Ridge waters and could potentiallyparticipate in oxidation.

Three-phase tectonic evolution of theAndaman Backarc basinKamesh Raju, K.A.

A three-phase evolutionary scheme since LateOligocene for the Andaman backarc basin is proposedbased on the multibeam swath bathymetry, magneticand seismological data. A SW–NE trending spreadingridge bisects the basin. The tectonic evolution of theAndaman basin with special reference to theformation of oceanic crust within the backarc basinencompassing the backarc spreading, suggested aphase of ridge propagation. Swath bathymetry datadocumented topographic fabric of the ridgepropagation and reveal several morphotectonicfeatures that divided the basin into a complex westernpart comprising arc-parallel seamount chains, N–Strending fault systems and a relatively smooth easternpart. Spreading centre jump during Late Oligocene,rifting and extension during Middle Miocene to EarlyPliocene followed by the recent true seafloor spreadingsince last 4 Ma define the three-phase tectonicevolution of the Andaman backarc basin. The recentphase has experienced westward propagation of thespreading centre and has thus modulated the crust.

Compressional wave velocity andindex properties of the gabbroic rocksdrilled at Hole 1105a of the Atlantisbank, Southwest Indian RidgeRao, D.G and K.S. Krishna

Compressional wave velocities (Vp) and indexproperties of 70 mini-gabboric rock-core samples of25 cm diameter x 2.1 cm long from 157.1 m belowseafloor in Hole 1105A of the Atlantis Bank, SouthwestIndian Ridge, were measured in the laboratory.Comparision of the Vps and onboard lithostratigraphyrevealed that the Vps of the gabbros and olivine gabbrosare very close and have the values 6.74±0.04 and6.7±0.07 km/s respectively. Oxides and oxide olivinegabbros have marketedly lower Vps 6.53±0.076 and6.59±0.077 km/s respectively as abundance of Fe-Tioxide minerals vary as a result of alteration processes.They are also consistent with well-log results of Hole1105A and Hole 735B from the bank. The mean bulkdensity of the rocks is 2.93±0.15 gm/C3. The otherindex properties - porosity, void ratio and grain densityand their means are consistent with model populationsof the rock minerals.

Coral reefs

Stress response of two coral speciesin the Kavaratti atoll of theLakshadweep archipelago, IndiaHarithsa, S., C. Raghukumar and S.G. Dalal

To determine the traits for diagnosis of coral health,a detailed study was carried out to assess and

Electron micrograph of clustered manganese-oxidizing bacteriaheld together by its exopolymeric secretions.

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compare physiological changes in healthy, semi-bleached and totally bleached colonies of two coralspecies, Porites lutea and Acropora formosa, duringa natural bleaching event in the Lakshadweeparchipelago in the Arabian Sea. In April 2002, three‘health conditions’ were observed as ‘appearinghealthy’, ‘semi-bleached’ and ‘bleached’ specimensfor two dominant and co-occurring coral species inthese islands. Changes in the pigment composition,zooxanthellae density (ZD), mitotic index (MI) ofzooxanthellae, RNA/DNA ratios and protein profilein the two coral species showing different levels ofbleaching were compared, resulting in no differencein health condition between species and bleachingstatus. The loss in chlorophyll chl a, chl c and ZDin the transitional stage of semi-bleaching A. formosa(branched coral) was 80, 75 and 80%, respectively,compared to P. lutea (massive coral), being 20, 50and 25%, respectively. The decrease in zooxanthellardensity and chl a was accompanied by an increasedMI of zooxanthellae and RNA/DNA ratios in boththe species. An increase in accumulation oflipofuscin granules in partially bleached P. luteatissue, was an indication of cellular senescence.Multivariate statistical analyses showed thatcolonies of P. lutea ranked in different healthconditions differed significantly in chl a, chl c, ZD,RNA/DNA ratios, and protein concentrations,whereas in A. formosa chl a, chl c, chl a/c,phaeopigments and MI contributed to the variancebetween health conditions.

Instrumentation & Software

Need of a disaster alert system forIndia through a network of real-timemonitoring of sea level and othermeteorological eventsJoseph, A. and R.G.P. Desai

Need of a disaster alert system (DAS) capable ofonline transmission of real-time integrated sea leveland surface meteorological data is discussed. Inaddition to INSAT platform transmit terminal, VHF,etc., the ubiquitous cellular phone network wouldbe an important option that can be effectivelyutilized. Such a system would also provide a near-real-time database for running storm-surge modelsand complement any deep ocean tsunami warningsystem that India might put in place. Web-enabledDAS network with authorized access would facilitateviewing real-time/near-real-time coastal sea leveland surface meteorological events, ensuring datasecurity and confidentiality.

Performance evaluation of honeywellsilicon piezoresistive pressuretransducers for oceanographic andlimnological measurementsVijay Kumar, K., A. Joseph, R.G.P. Desai, S. Prabhudesai,S. Nagvekar and V. Damodaran

Simultaneous calibrations of three temperature-compensated piezoresistive ruggedized precision‘absolute’ pressure transducers (Honeywell modelPPTR0040AP5VB-BD), which have been designedspecially for long-term coastal oceanographic andlimnological measurements, have been carried outat four differing temperatures (10°, 20°, 30°, and 40°C)to evaluate their suitability for such applications. Thefull-scale pressure range of these shallow waterabsolute pressure sensors is ≈2800 hPa (equivalentto water depth of ≈18 m). Measurement results havebeen used to examine the transducers’ performanceindicators, such as zero-point offset, accuracy,linearity, hysteresis, temperature sensitivity, andslope. Differing piezoresistive ruggedized precisionabsolute pressure transducers (PPTRs) exhibiteddiffering zero-point offset values, ranging from 2 –79hPa. Temperature sensitivity of zero-point offset was≈0.3 hPa over the temperature range 10°–40°C. Themean hysteresis over the full-scale absolute pressurerange (≈2800 hPa) varied from approximately 2–8 hPaover the temperature range 10°–40°C. The slope ofthe least squares–fitted linear graph (taking the meanof ascending and descending pressures) was close tothe ideal value of unity (deviation from 1 over thetemperature range 10°–40°C was in the range of 0.001to +0.005). Linearity was excellent, its mean over theentire pressure range being between ≈0.006% and0.008% of full-scale (FS) over the above temperaturerange. The worst performance was exhibited at inputpressures below ≈1500 hPa. Zero-point offset hasplayed a significant role in deteriorating the accuracyof the PPTR, the mean accuracy (within ≈0.1% and5%) having been exhibited by those transducershaving offsets of 2 –79 hPa, respectively. The meanaccuracy exhibited temperature sensitivity of ≈1% inthe range 10°–20°C and negligible sensitivity beyond20°C. Use of a calibration equation significantlyimproved the mean static accuracy obtainable fromthe PPTR, to between –0.04% and 0.01% of FS.Evaluation results have indicated that a suitablycalibrated temperature-compensated Honeywell PPTRprovides an alternate cost-effective means forpressure measurements for coastal oceanographicand limnological studies.

An interactive end-user softwareapplication for a deep-seaphotographic databaseJaisankar, S. and R. Sharma

A photographic database is created for cataloguingdata from underwater deep-tow photographic

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surveys conducted in the Central Indian OceanBasin, which includes digitizing, encoding andmerging different types of data and informationobtained from different sources of the system. Dateand time is used as the key reference for mergingthe data from different sources. Techniques that aredeveloped to encode information from photographsand area calculations are discussed. InteractiveJAVA application software is developed to play videoclippings (dynamic images), displaying photographs(static images), plotting simple graphs, searchingand retrieving information from the database andfinally saving the searched information into separatefiles. The software is the first of its kind in deep-seaapplications and it also attempts to educate the userabout deep-sea photography. The applicationsoftware is developed by modifying establishedroutines and by creating new routines to save theretrieved information. The information retrieval fromthe database with newly developed routines to creategraphs and to display images are some of the outputsof the application. Finally, additional modificationsneeded for the application are highlighted.

Aerosol

Seasonal variations of aerosol overDona Paula, A coastal site on thewest coast of IndiaSuresh, T. and E.S. Desa

Observations of the aerosol studies carried-out forthree years (2000-2002) at Dona-Paula, Goa, India(15.456°N, 73.801°E), a coastal site on the west coastof India is reported. Aerosol optical depths weremeasured using a five channel sunphotometer withwavelengths at 440, 500, 675, 870 and 936 nm.The site enjoys a tropical climate and is under theinfluence of the strong southwest or summermonsoon and weak northeast or winter monsoon.Being a coastal station land-sea breeze play animportant role in the variations of the aerosol loadingover the site and their transport to the Arabian Sea.

The mean aerosol optical thicknesses (AOT) at 500and 870 nm are 0.46 (±0.15) and 0.23 (±0.097),respectively, while the Angstrom exponent is 1.31(±0.347). The aerosol properties over the site showeda distinct seasonal variations, with high values ofAOT observed during summer, with mean values of0.48 (±0.15) and 0.26 (±0.09) at 500 and 870 nm,respectively, while during the winter relatively lowvalues were observed, with mean value of 0.41(±0.14) and 0.19 (±0.09) at 500 and 870 nm,respectively. The values of Angstrom exponentsobserved at the site suggest that the aerosolcomprise mostly of the small size particles, withrelatively larger particles being observed duringsummer than winter. An anti-correlation is observedbetween the inter-annual variations in the aerosolloading and the rainfall over Goa. Aerosol propertiesshow diurnal variations, with comparatively lowervalues of AOT being observed in the evening. Thesediurnal variations are within a limit of 10% of theaverage values observed for the day. Seasonalpatterns in the diurnal variations of aerosol opticaldepths have been observed. Considering the effectof the meteorological parameters over the aerosol,it is observed that the AOT is positively correlatedwith water vapor column, however the wind is foundto aid in the reduction of aerosol load over Goa. Itcan be inferred from the weak negative correlationbetween AOT and Angstrom exponent that thecontribution of large size particles in increasing theaerosol load was marginal. The aerosol optical depthderived from SeaWiFS at 865 nm was found to agreewell with the measured values at 870 nm. However,the Angstrom exponent values from SeaWiFS at 510nm were found to be underestimated.

Logical diagram for data retrieval based on position (latitude andlongitude).

Monthly variations of Angstrom exponent (A) and AOT (B).

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Title Sponsoring Agency Project Leader

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Release of treated effluent from the ECPL in the Effluent Channel Project Ltd., M.D. Zingdeestuary of Mahi River Baroda

Periodic monitoring of Amba Estuary Indian Petrochemicals Corporation M.D. ZingdeLtd., Nagothane

Monitoring of turbidity and its impact on marine Hazira Port Private Ltd., J.R.M. Jaiswarbiota due to dredging operations at Hazira Ahmedabad

Oil spill risk assessment and preparation of Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., S.P. Fondekaroil spill contingency plan for Paradip Port Bhubaneshwar

Offshore monitoring in Bengal Offshore Block ONGC, Betul B. IngoleWB-OSN-2000/1

Oil Spill risk assessment and preparation of oil Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., S.P. Fondekarspill contingency plans for Budge Budge at KolkataKolkata Port and Port Blair

Release of treated effluent from Ruby Macons Ruby Macons Ltd., Vapi, A.N. KadamLimited in Kolak estuary Gujarat State

Impact assessment study on prevailing ecology Reliance Energy Ltd., Mumbai J.R.M. Jaiswarof Dahanu and assessment of impact of FGDeffluents on marine environment

Marine EIA for the proposed dredging and Cochin Port Trust, Kochi V. Kesava Dasreclamation for NH connectivity to the proposedInternational Container Transhipment Terminal(ICTT) at Vallarpadam, Kochi

Rapid marine EIA studies off Nallamattipalem M/s Hetero Drugs Ltd., B. Prabhakara Rao,off Nakkapalli Mandal, Visakhapatnam Dist. Hyderabad G.P.S. Murthy &

Y. Sadhuram

Management of marine ecology and Essar Oil Limited, Jamanagar S.N. Gajbhiye &conservation of corals off Vadinar, Phase IV K.H. Vora

Discharge of additional m3/d effluent in Kolak Alok Industries Ltd., Gujarat R.V. Sarmaestuary

Monitoring of Kolak estuary Welspun Terry Towels, Vapi A.N. Kadam

Release of treated effluent from ESSAR steel in Essar Steel Ltd., Hazira M.D. ZingdeTapi estuary

Marine monitoring and marine EIA for marine Reliance Industries Ltd., Gujarat M.D. Zingdefacilities off the Sikka coast

EIA study for soda ash plant expansion at GHCL, Gujarat R.V. SarmaSutrapada

EIA studies for seismic operations and Reliance Industries Ltd., M.D. Zingdeexploratory drilling (four blocks) Navi Mumbai

Marine facilities in EIA for thermal power and Mundra Special Economic Zone S.N. Gajbhiyedesalination plant of Mundra SEZ near Tunda Ltd., Ahmedabad

Rapid marine EIA for KG-OSN-2001/3 Multi Mantech International Pvt. V. Kesava Das &exploration block in Kakinada Bay Ltd., Ahmedabad M.D. Zingde

Marine EIA and conceptual risk assessment Reliance Ports & Terminals Ltd., M.D. Zingdestudies for proposed expansion of Mumbaipertrochemical/refinery facilities at Jamnagar

Rapid EIA for a Town Planning Architecture Yesoram Infra Developers Pvt. V. Kesava Dasdevelopment project above Cochin backwaters Ltd., Yasoram, Kochi

Marine EIA for release of treated effluent of Pollution Control Committee, A.N. Kadamdistilleries in Damanganga estuary UT’s of Daman & Diu, Daman

Rapid EIA for the disposal of treated distillery M/s Mc.Dowell & Company P.K. Dinesh Kumareffluents Ltd., Cherthala, Kerala

Treated effluent from Birla Cellulosic - its toxicity Birla Cellulosic, Gujarat Z.A. Ansariand manifestation

Marine environmental monitoring Gujarat Alkalies and A.N. KadamChemicals Ltd., Bharuch

43

Comprehensive marine EIA for expansion of Gujarat Ambuja Cements V.S. Naiduexisting facilities at Muldwarka Ltd., Mumbai

Radiotracer investigation to locate ideal Cochin Port Trust, Kochi C. Ravichandrandumping site

Marine EIA study for debottle necking and Essar Oil Limited, Mumbai M.D. Zingdemodification of Vadinar Refinery

Rapid marine EIA and investigations to lay a M/s Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, K.S.R. Murthy,marine pipeline for discharging the effluent Visakhapatnam B. Prabhakara Rao,

K. Mohana Rao,Y. Sadhuram,V.V. Sarma &B.S. Ingole

Marine EIA and conceptual risk assessment Reliance Industries Ltd., Mumbai M.D. Zingdestudies for proposed expansion of RILpetrochemical marine facilities at Hazira

Rapid Marine EIA for the proposed M/s Ramky Infra Consulting B. Prabhakara Rao,Apparel Park at Visakhapatnam Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad G.P.S. Murthy,

Y. Sadhuram,N.P.C. Reddy &B.S. Ingole

Geological and Geophysical Surveys

Compilation of marine bathymetry, gravity and Reliance Industries Ltd., Mumbai M.V. Ramanamagnetic data of West Coast of India

Regional geological, geophysical and oceano- Reliance Industries Ltd, K.S.R. Murthy,graphic information of western and eastern V. Subrahmanyam,continental margins of India M.M. Malleswara Rao,

P.S. Rao,V. Ramaswamy &S.S.C. Shenoi

Third party Inspection of initial and final dredging New Mangalore Port Trust, M.C. Pathaksurvey for the capital dredging work at NMP Mangalore

Engineering

Consultancy on geotechnical investigations for South Asia Region, Halcrow K.H. VoraRewas Port Group Ltd., New Delhi

Model studies on waves and currents off Gujarat Adani Port Ltd., S. JayakumarMundra for single point mooring (SPM) Ahmedabadsystem and connected facilities

Consultancy services for laying of 250 mm P.W.D., Goa Sanil Kumar &HDPE underwater pipeline across River Mandovi M.C. Pathak

Theoretical dilution through a diffuser off Dahej Larsen & Toubro Ltd., R.V. SarmaAhmedabad

Geotechnical, bathymetry and water quality Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., K. Mohan Rao,studies of the Jatadharmohan River, Paradip, Orissa B. Prabhakara Rao,Orissa for Paradip Refinery Project M.D. Rajagopal &

P. Vethamony

Metocean data acquisitions and design criteria Gujarat State Petroleum Sanil Kumar,studies for the development of KG-OSN-2001/3, Corporation Ltd., Gujarat S. Jayakumar &wave hindcasting and hydrodynamic modelling D. Ilangovanof currents and water levels off Kakinada

Current measurements using DCM12 instrument Indomer Coastal Hydraulics K. Ashok Kumaroff Paradip Ltd., Mumbai

Design of protection measures for the bastion Archaeological Survey of India D. Ilangovanof lower fortification of Aguada

Estimation of siltation pattern near the proposed ABG Shipyard Ltd., Mumbai S. Jayakumar &dry dock and jetty at Dahej and Bathymetry M.C. Pathaksurvey at Dahej, Jageshwar Dist. Baruch, Gujarat

Coastal Regulation Zone Demarcation

CRZ demarcation between Visakhapatnam Visakhapatnam Urban B. Prabhakara Raoand Bheemili Beach Development Authority (VUDA),

Visakhapatnam

Demarcation of HTL and CRZ boundary along Dr. Balaji Tambe, Karla M.C. Pathakthe property at village Walwati & Shreevardhan,Tak Shreevardhan, Dist. Raigad, Maharashtra

Title Sponsoring Agency Project Leader

Sponsored projects

44

Demarcation of inland vessels limit off Directorate General of Shipping, P. VethamonyMormugao Port region including Panaji Mumbai

Demarcation of HTL and delineation of CRZ Maharashtra Police Co-operative M.C. Pathakboundary along the plot located at village Housing Federation (Ltd.), MumbaiMulund, Mumbai

CRZ demarcation at Chittirapettai near Indomer Coastal Hydraulics Pvt. B. Prabhakara RaoCuddalore, Tamilnadu Ltd., Chennai

Demarcation of HTL, LTL and delineation of Mundra Special Economic Zone M.C. PathakCRZ boundary at Mundra Tak, Kachchh, Gujarat Ltd., Ahmedabad

Model study for reclamation activities at Gujarat Adani Port Ltd., V.S. NaiduBaradimata Creek in connection with Ahmedabaddevelopment of ship engineering project yardat Mundra

CRZ, EIA /EMP studies off Paradip for minor M.N. Dastur & Company (P) B. Prabhakara Rao,port to be set up by POSCO Ltd., Kolkata V. Subrahmanyan,

K. Ashok Kumar,Y. Sadhuram,V.V. Sarma,Z.A. Ansari &M.D. Rajagopal

HTL/LTL and CRZ demarcation near Chennai Indomer Coastal Hydraulics, B. Prabhakara RaoChennai

Demarcation of HTL and delineation of CRZ Pooja Properties (P) Ltd., Mumbai M.C. Pathakboundary across property bearing CTSNo. E/12 located in H/West Ward of villageBandra Plot No 588. 589, 19th Road, Khar,Mumbai

Delineation of HTL, LTL and CRZ boundaries Samoon & Associates, Mumbai M.C. Pathakfor the property bearing C.S. No.122, 1/122,2/122,124 & 3/47 (pt) of lower Parel Division atDr. E Moses Road Worli, Mumbai, Maharashtra

Extra CRZ work along the JMC sand spit and M. N Dastur & Company (P) B. Prabhakara RaoBalitutta Creek for POSCO, Kolkata Ltd., Kolkata

Demarcation of HTL and CRZ boundary along John Joseph Pires, Calangute M.C. Pathakthe property at Calangute, Goa

Delineation of HTL and CRZ boundary along Ganesh Benzoplast Ltd., Mumbai M.C. Pathakplot No II, Mumbai

Demarcation of HTL and delineation of CRZ P.N. Bhobe & Associates, M.C. Pathakboundary along plot No. 139 to 142 & 143 (pt) MumbaiColaba, Mumbai

CRZ studies for proposed expansion of Reliance Industries Ltd., Mumbai B. Prabhakara Raopetrochemical/refinery facilities at Hazira,Gujarat

Demarcation of HTL, LTL and CRZ boundaries L&T Rambol Consulting B. Prabhakara Raoat Kakinada Port Engineers Ltd., Hyderabad

Marine bathymetry survey in KG-offshore, Oil and Natural Gas V. Subrahmanyameast coast of India Commission Ltd., Chennai

Others

Supply, installation and commissioning of Lakshadweep Development R.G. Prabhu DesaiAutonomous Weather Station & real time Corporation Ltd., Kochireporting Sea Level Gauge at Kavaratti &Androth Island

Grant-in-aid Projects

Genome analysis of corals for their Ministry of Environment & Usha Goswamisystematic and conservation Forests, New Delhi

A digital atlas of observed and derived Space Applications Centre, T. Pankajakshanthermal structures of the North-Eastern AhmedabadArabian Sea

Portal on coastal hazards Dept. of Scientific & Industrial M.P. TapaswiResearch, New Delhi

Identification of antimicrobial compounds in Department of Science & Sumita Sharmamarine organisms Technology, New Delhi

Calcareous nanoplankton from the Northern Dept. of Science & Technology, M.V.S. GupthaIndian Ocean New Delhi

Title Sponsoring Agency Project Leader

Sponsored projects

45

Gravity anomalies, crustal structure and Department of Science & K.S. Krishnalithospheric flexure of the Ninetyeast Technology, New DelhiLaccadive and 85 degree E ridges in theNorthern Indian Ocean

Fellowship for Manpower Project “Marine Department of Ocean C. Raghukumarbiodiversity and ecosystem functioning” Development, New Delhiunder OSTC

Deep water current, wave and wind measure- Oil Industry Development Board, K. Ashok Kumarments at a location for a period of one month MOP&NGin the KG Basin at 3 locations, one locationeach in Andaman Sea and Arabian Sea

Reconstruction of past changes in productivity Department of Science & S.W.A. Naqwiof Arabian Sea Technology, New Delhi

Gene expression in Penaeus monodon and Department of Biotechnology, N. RamaiahPenaeus indicus in relation to microbial New Delhiinfection and environmental stress

Variability of upper ocean thermohaline INCOIS, DOD, New Delhi Y. Sadhuramstructure, circulation and acoustic fields in theBay of Bengal using Argo Data

High resolution temporal shore line - Department of Science & O.S. Chauhanphysiographic changes and associated Technology, New Delhisediments dynamics - source to sink pathways,Gulf of Kachchh, western India

Deep crustal study of Bay of Bengal deduced Department of Science & V. Subrahmanyamfrom geophysical data Technology, New Delhi

Simulation and forecast of coastal winds INCOIS-DOD, Hyderabad P. VethamonyMarine biodiversity: Comprehensive catalogue Department of Science V.K. Dhargalkarof seaweeds of the central west coast of India & Technology, New Delhi

Collaborative Projects

IndOBis, establishment of the Indian Ocean Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, C.T. AchuthankuttyOBIS Regional Node USA

Assessing impacts of TBT on multiple coastal European Commission N.B. Bhosleuses

Deciphering history of the Indo-Eurasia collision Indo-French Centre for the G.C. Bhattacharyafrom detailed plate tectonics of the Indian Promotion of Advanced ResearchOcean

Title Sponsoring Agency Project Leader

Sponsored projects

46

Cruise No. Dates/Chief Scientist Objectives

CRV Sagar Sukti

91 22-28 Mar. 06 Conduct the environmental monitoring of Mumbai High AreaB.S. Ingole

92 28 Mar. to 3 Apr. 05 Carry out time series physico-chemical observationS.W.A. Naqvi

6 Apr.05 Trial cruise of multiple sediment corerA.V. Sonawane

93 7 - 8 Apr. 05 Test the Multicorer and collect sedimentHema Naik

94 10-20 Apr. 05 Study of Algal Blooms, axonomy, ecology production,S.G.P. Matondkar CAL-VAL site with low chlorophyll a stable and homogenous

area in Lakshadweep in between Agathi and Kavarathi islands

95 26-30 Apr. 05 CTD profiling and meteorological data collection in the shelfV. Sanil Kumar

96 16-20 May 05 Carry out hydrographic survey and time series observationsG.S. Michael

97 21-24 May 05 Test the instrumentP. Marathe

23 Aug. 05 Conduct field measurementN.B. Bhosle

13 Sep. 05 Study the salinity distribution in the Mandovi estuary duringA.S. Unnikrishnan monsoon

98 27 Sep. to 2 Oct. 05 Carry out time series physico chemical observationS.W.A. Naqvi

99 8-15 Oct. 05 Carry out time series physico-chemical observationS.W.A. Naqvi

100 17-21 Oct. 05 Collect sediments samplesK. Venkat

101 23-27 Oct. 05 Collect seabed samples and to test temperature probes/sensorsB.R. Rao

102 29 Oct. to 1 Nov. 05 Time series measurement and pump cast samplingS.W.A. Naqvi

103 3-6 Nov. 05 Study the Indian continental margin to decipher gas hydrateT. Ramprasad

103A 5-6 Nov. 05 Identify methane seeps in the nearshore regions of Betul, GoaB.R. Rao

104 5 –10 Jan. 06 EEZ project for shallow water multi-beam surveyK. Srinivas

105 12-16 Jan. 06 Study the seasonal variation in biological diversity (planktonic andB.S. Ingole benthic) & ecosystem functioning

106 19-23 Jan. 06 Acquire high resolution sparker and side scan sonar data in theT. Ramprasad Goa off shore

107 25-30 Jan. 06 EEZ project for shallow water multi-beam surveyS.S. Gaonkar

108 4-9 Feb. 06 EEZ project for shallow water multi-beam surveyS.S. Gaonkar

109 11-13 Feb. 06 Test the Remote Access Sampler, collect sea water andSiby Kurian sediment samples

110 20 Feb. to 14 Mar. 06 Carry CTD time series surveyV.V. Gopalkrishna

111 24-30 Mar. 06 EEZ project for shallow water multi-beam surveyS. Gaonkar

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ORV Sagar Kanya

219 Apr. to 9 May 05 Measure currents in the upper 40 m water column using currentV. Ramesh Babu meters fixed to the mooring line of the surface moored buoy and to

collect time series of upper ocean temperature, salinity andcurrents together with surface meteorological parameters aroundthe moored buoy to understand the dynamics of the southeasternArabian Sea Warm Pool during 15 April to 5 May, 2005

220 10 May to 6 June 05 Collect high resolution physical and biologeochemical data -S. Prasanna Kumar temperature, salinity, chlorophyll, nutrients, dissolved oxygen, pH

and in situ primary productivity at along 77E and 83E longitudesbetween 5N and 5S during May-June 2005 to understand thebiogeochemistry of the equatorial Indian Ocean

FORV Sagar Sampada

240 25 Nov. 05 to 5 Jan. 06 Conduct the winter measurements on the physical, chemical andN. Ramaiah biological parameters

CRV Sagar Purvi

16/05 20-22 Dec. 05 Collect echo and sediment samples along the track of Betul, Goa forG.S. Navelkar seafloor classification studies

R.V. Akademik Boris Petrov

6 31 May to 29 June 05 Carry out multibeam survey in the PMN areaB. Chakraborty

Cruise No. Dates/Chief Scientist Objectives

Research cruises

48

Visiting Scientist Country Visited Duration Purpose

Meeting/Discussion

Dr. K.A. Kamesh Raju Germany 11-13 Apr. 05 Steering Committee meeting of Inter-Ridge

Dr. Elgar Desa USA 25-27 Apr. 05 Census of Marine Life Scientific SteeringCommittee meeting

Dr. A.S. Unnikrishnan China 9-12 May 05 Second Lead Author’s Meeting for the WorkingGroup I of the Inter-Government Panel on ClimateChange (IPCC)

Dr. S.R. Shetye China 4-5 Jun. 05 First meeting set up by the Inter-Academy toprepare a document on “Natural Disaster Mitigation”

Shri G.H. Sainekar Italy 4-14 Oct. 05 The Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts(ASFA) Advisory Board Annual Meeting and conferenceon the International Association of Aquatic and MarineScience Library and Information Centres (JAMSLIC)

Dr. P.A. Loka Bharathi Germany 2-7 Nov. 05 CoML meeting in the capacity of a Program Manager forIndian Ocean Census of Marine Life (IO-CoML)

Dr. A.S. Unnikrishnan New Zealand 12-15 Dec. 05 The Third Lead Author’s Meeting of the WorkingGroup I of the IPCC at University of Canterbury

Dr. S.W.A. Naqvi Germany 24 Feb. to The first meeting of the Scientific24 Mar. 06 Planning Committee of PACKAMEDS (Dynamics

semi-enclosed marine systems : the integratedeffects of changes in sediment and nutrient inputfrom land)

Dr. V.S.N. Murty USA 26 Feb. to The Third meeting of the CLIVAR/GOOS Indian Ocean5 Mar. 06 Panel at the International Pacific Research Centre

(IPRC), University of Hawaii

Workshop/Conference/Symposium/Session

Dr. A.K. Chatterji France 7-20 Apr., 05 Participation in the International Conference onEnvironmental and Therapeutical Applications ofNanobiotechnology and Genomics and finalizationof new project & data analysis

Drs. S.S.C. Shenoi & France 16-21 May 05 Conference and presentationon Indo-FrenchShankar Doraiswamy Programme for Research on Weather and Climate

(IFPReWAC) and to visit LOCEAN and LMDlaboratories in Paris, making presentation anddiscussions on collaborative work with FrenchOceanographers

Drs. S.R. Shetye, Singapore 20-24 Jun. 05 Participation, presentation and deliver a lecture onDileep Kumar, tsunamis at the 2nd Asian Oceanic GeoSciencesS. Prasanna Kumar, Society (AOGC) Annual Conference MeetingP. Divakar Naidu,Prakash Babu,Shankar Doraiswamy &Shri Damodar Shenoy

Dr. Mahesh D. Zingde France 21-30 Jun. 05 The 23rd session of the IOC Assembly at UNESCOHeadquarters

Dr. M. Dileep Kumar The Netherlands 27-29 Jun. 05 Conference on Land-Ocean Interactions in theCoastal Zone (LOICZ II Inaugural Open ScienceMeeting (IOSM)

Dr. A.C. Anil UK 10-23 Jul. 05 Conference on “Inter-sessional meeting of the BallastWater Working Group and 53rd Session of the MarineEnvironment Protection Committee.

Dr. B. Nagender Nath France 22-23 Jul. 05 Conference on 2nd Census of the Diversity of AbyssalMarine Life (CeDAMar) Steering CommitteeMeeting

Dr. Mahesh D. Zingde Indonesia 9-12 Aug. 05 IOGOOS Workshop and Third Annual Meeting(IOGOOS-III) and high level meeting to review IOPimplementation plan.

49

Dr. M.P. Tapaswi Belgium 14-22 Aug. 05 Conference participation at the ODINAFRICAMarine Information Management Training Courseas a resource person

Dr. Rosamma Stephen Australia 22-26 Aug. 05 Conference and paper presentation at theDynamic Planet 2005 Joint Assembly of IAG/IAPSO and IABO

Dr. Damodar M. Shenoy The Netherlands 30 Aug. to Conference on Phaeocystis, major link in the4 Sep. 05 biogeochemical cycling of climate-relevant elements.

Dr. Baban Ingole & Thailand 12-14 Sep. 05 The LOICZ (IGBP-IHDP) Training Workshop on ScienceShri R. Anantha Sreepada Communication for Southeast, Asia and South Asia

Dr. B. Chakraborty USA 18-23 Sep. 05 Conference on IEEE MTS Oceans 2005 andpaper presentation

Shri P.V. Krishnamurthy Japan 26-30 Sep. 05 The UNITAR Training Workshop on Sea andHuman Security: Food Security

Dr. Sugandha Sardesai Sri Lanka 15-22 Oct. 05 Workshop on River Basin-Coast interaction in southand south-east Asia and the workshop on Science-Policy interactions in the coastal zone in south Asia

Dr. Anil Chatterji USA 16-21 Oct. 05 Conference on Estuarine Research Federation2005 and presentation of paper on ‘Nestingbehaviour of the Horseshoe Crab (Xiphosure)’

Dr. Baban Ingole France 19-23 Oct. 05 Conference on Result of the Sumatra Earthquakeand Tsunami Offshore Survey 2005

Dr. Elgar Desa Germany 2-8 Nov. 05 CoML 2nd All Program Conference and relatedSCOR/Panel meeting at the Senckenburg NaturalMuseum, Frankfurt

-do- Italy 8-12 Nov. 05 International Workshop on Underwater Robotics(IWUR 2005) and to present a paper, entitled“Environmental monitoring of the coastal zone byrobot platforms”

Dr. Baban Ingole Germany 21-29 Nov. 05 The Census of the Diversity of Abyssal Marine Life(CeDAMar) Workshop on Taxonomy of Deep-SeaCopepods

Dr. S.S.C. Shenoi Japan 12-18 Dec. 05 To deliver a talk at Frontier Research Centre forGlobal Change (FRCGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) and toattend the Memorial Conference on the 2004 GiantEarthquake and Tsunami in the Indian Ocean

Drs. Z.A. Ansari, Myanmar 15-26 Dec. 05 Third India-Myanmar Joint Workshop inP.S. Rao & Oceanography and presentation of two papersV. Ramaswamy

Dr. P. Vethamony Dubai 20-21 Dec. 05 Conference on Mapping and monitoring of coastalzone, coral reef, water quality and oil spill offDubai using field measurements, modeling,remote sensing and GIS

Dr. V.V. Gopalakrishna Germany 23-24 Mar. 06 Workshop on Third International PortMeteorological Officers

Dr. Baban Ingole Jamaica 27-31 Mar. 06 Workshop on Deep seabed cobalt-crusts and thediversity - a distribution patterns of seamountfauna, and present a paper on “Biogeographicdistribution of benthic fauna associated with theCentral Indian Ocean Basin Seamounts” at theInternational Seabed Authority

Training/Visiting Scientist

Drs. P.A. Lokabharati, Russia 4-19 Apr. 05 Visit Prof. Lobkovski’s Laboratory at RussianShanta Achuthankutty & Academy of SciencesMaria Judith Gonsalves

Dr. Hema Naik Taiwan 15 Apr. 05 to Post-Doctoral Fellowship at the Institute of Marine14 Apr. 06 Geology and Chemistry

Dr. A.V. Mudholkar The Netherlands 17-30 Apr. 05 Advanced training on X-Ray fluorescencespectrometer

Visiting Scientist Country Visited Duration Purpose

Deputations

50

Dr. Rahul Sharma Jamaica 17-30 Apr. 05 Interview for the post of Sr. Scientific Officer by IAS

Dr. S.W.A. Naqvi Germany 18 Apr. to Invitation for Hansee-Wissens Chafts12 Sep. 05 Kollege (HWK) Fellowship

S/shri Shripad Gaonkar, Norway 28 May to Training on Shallow Water Multibeam SystemDevidas K. Naik, 10 Jun. 05Areef A. Sardar &William A. Fernandes

Dr. Ranadip Banerjee Japan 15 Jun. 05 Collaborative work on Manganese Nodules(3 months)

Dr. P. Vethamony Dubai 27-29 Jun. 05 Technical discussion regarding the project “Mappingand monitoring of coastal zone, water quality, coral reefand oil spill off Dubai

Dr. Usha Goswami USA Jul. to Sep. 05 Visiting Scientist at the Rutgers, the State(3 months) University of New Jersey

Shri B.R. Rao Russia 27 Aug. to Interaction with the Russian counterparts20 Sep. 05 during drilling of gas hydrates in Lake Baikal and

formulate Protocols at the Institute of Limnology

Dr. Shyam Murti Gupta Sweden 1 Sep. 05 to Marie-Curie International Fellowship31 Aug. 07

Dr. Anil Chatterji France 1 Sep. to Indo-French Fellowship at the University of Paris6 Oct. 05

Dr. Y.V.B. Sarma Oman 1 Sep. 05 to Offered position of Asst. Professor at Sultan Qaboos30 Jun. 2008 University, Oman

Dr. B. Nagender Nath Sweden 3 Oct. to Visit Uppsala University (i) attend meetings and1 Nov. 05 discussions (ii) discussions and writing report

(iii) meeting with Prof. G. Possnert regarding theC-14 dating (iv) deliver an invited lecture

Dr. C. Raghukumar Czech Republic 17-26 Oct. 05 Visit the Institute Microbiology of ExperimentalMycology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic

S/shri T. Suresh & Portugal 17 Oct. to Research work under the project - Variability ofAntonio Mascarenhas 6 Nov. 05 oceanic processes in the west coast of India and Azores

Archipelago

Dr. V.S.N. Murty Japan 19 Oct. to Carry out joint studies on deep-sea circulation in the16Nov.05 equatorial Indian Ocean based on the observed

currents data and JAMSTEC’s high resolution OceanGeneral Circulation Model simulations in relation tothe Indian Ocean climate research

S/shri R. Madhan, Portugal 1-23 Nov. 05 Mechanical design and safety aspect: control andGajanan Navelkar & navigation of Autonomous Under Water VehiclePramod Kumar Maurya

Dr. Elgar Desa -do- 12-22 Nov. 05 -do-

Dr. V. Sanil Kumar USA 7-12 Nov. 05 Training course on Acoustic Doppler current profiler-theory of operation, set up, maintenance and relatedsoftware at Teledyne RD Instruments

Dr. Siby Kurian Portugal 15 Nov.6 to Research work on project, entitled Reconstruction ofDec.05 past changes in productivity

Dr. Anil Chatterji France 21-25 Nov. 05 Award of an Indo-French Fellowship

Dr. B. Nagender Nath Japan 1 Dec. 05 to Undertaking research on Geochemical and isotopic31 May, 06 studies of riverine and marine sediments from the

Indian Ocean region at the Institute for Studyof the Earth’s Interiors, Okayama University at Misasa

Drs. K.S. Krishna & Canada 4-21 Dec. 05 Training on Terse Software for processing and modelingof ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) data

Dr. P.S. Rao Denmark 8-13 Jan. 06 Model testing of the new Ocean Research Vessel (ORV)at Force Technology, Lyngby

-do- Norway 14-20 Jan. 06 Meeting with Vik-Sandwik for modification/finalizationof GA Plan of new ORV

Shri Satya Rajan Sahu Belgium 13-24 Feb. 06 Participation in the ODINCINDIO Marine Information

Visiting Scientist Country Visited Duration Purpose

Deputations

51

Management Training organized jointly by theODINCINDIO projects and IODE (UNESCO/IOCInternational Oceanographic Data and InformationExchange Committee)

Dr. M.P. Tapaswi Belgium 20-24 Feb. 06 Conference participation as resource person for theparticipants from Indian Ocean bordering countries atthe ODINCINDIO Marine Information ManagementTraining Course

Shri D. Kavlekar Belgium 6-11 Mar. 06 Participation in the marine biodiversity datamanagement training course organized jointly by theIOC Project Office for IODE (UNESCO/IOCInternational Oceanographic Data and InformationExchange Committee) and MarBEF (Marine biodiversityand ecosystem functioning European Union network ofexcellence)

Shri B.R. Rao Russia 10-28 Mar. 06 Research work on gas hydrates of Lake Baikal andformulate protocols at the Institute of Limnology

Cruise participation

Dr. Baban Ingole Thailand 24 Apr. to The International Post Tsunami Expedition on boardRV M/s Performer Cruise

Dr. K.S. Krishna Indonesia 13 Jul. to Indo-French Collaborative Cruise in Sumatra-Andaman11 Aug. 05 Earthquake Region on board a French Research Vessel

“Marion Dufresne”

Drs. C. Raghukumar & Portugal 1-4 Nov. 05 Cruise participation Off Azores Island, AtlanticC. Mohandass

Visiting Scientist Country Visited Duration Purpose

Deputations

52

NIO scientist included inInternational Tsunami EpicenterResearch ExpeditionDr. Baban Ingole, a senior scientist of the biologicaloceanography division, was invited to participate inSumatra Earthquake and Tsunami Offshore Survey(SEATOS), an international expedition to theepicenter of the tsunami earthquake that occurredon 26th December 2004 in the Indian Ocean, off thecoast of Indonesia. The expedition consisted of 27scientists from six nations and a wide range ofscientific fields, including tsunami modelers, marinebiologists, seismologists, geologists, and scientificvisualization experts. The team boarded the shipon 9th May and spent 17 days on station at theepicenter.

Training for science teachersThe Institute organized a 5-day “Faculty Motivationand Training Programme” from 13-17 June 2005for High School science teachers from Goa. TheHuman Resource Development Group of CSIRfunded the programme. The training was aimed toupgrade the knowledge base of the participants,especially in new emerging areas of science, andalso to provide opportunities for the trainees tointeract with the scientific community. Twenty twoscience teachers attended the programme fromdifferent schools of Goa. Mr. P.R. Nadkarni,Chairman, Goa Board of Secondary and HigherSecondary Education encouraged the teachers touse new skills of teaching through interaction withthe scientists.

Lectures on topics like oceans and climate, naturalresources, understanding past climate,environmental pollution, prevention and control,microbiology & biotechnology, alternative energyresources, coastal hazards and informationtechnology were organized. All these topics werecentered around the main theme, i.e., how sciencerelates to our day-to-day life. Practicaldemonstration of specialized equipment such as

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, ElectronMicroscope and X-ray Diffractometer, groupdiscussions and presentations were organized.Visits to NIO’s Coastal Research Vessel Sagar Suktiand field trips were a part of the programme.

Training Workshop on Isotope RatioMass SpectrometryA training workshop on Isotope Ratio MassSpectrometry (IRMS) was organized from 3 to 5October 2005 cosponsored by Department of Science& Technology, New Delhi, GV Instruments UK Ltd.,Manchaster (UK) and Thermo Finnigan Corporation,Mumbai. Dr. S.K. Aggarwal, President ISMAS &Head, Mass Spectrometry Section, FCD, BhabhaAtomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, deliveredthe inaugural address. Notable amongst guestspeakers were Dr. S.K. Bhattacharya, PhysicalResearch Laboratory, Ahmedabad, Shri Umesh P.Kulkarni, BARC, Prof. Allan Chivas, University ofWollangong, Australia, Dr. M. Sheshshayee, Univ.of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Mr. JohnMorisson and Dr. John Cantle from GV Instrumentsand Dr. Ajit Datar, Thermo Corporation Ltd.,Mumbai.

The main objectives of the workshop were: (1) tointroduce mass spectrometry to novices andacquaint the users with latest developments inisotopic measurements of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,nitrogen and sulphur by IRMS and in samplepreparation techniques; (2) to update the users withvarious applications of water sediments andcarbonate analysis in basic and applied research;(3) to advance and promote the cause of research inthe field of earth and environmental sciences to gaina better understanding of the earth and oceanprocesses and (4) to strive for strengthening thecontacts among scientists, students and professorsto improve the scope of research work.

The workshop was coordinated by Dr. P.V.Shirodkar, Senior Scientist, NIO, and was attendedby more than 100 participants, mostly students,

53

research fellows, scientists and faculty fromuniversities.

National Conference on MarineArchaeology of the Indian OceanCountriesThe Institute organized the 7th National Conferenceon “Marine Archaeology (NCMA) of Indian OceanCountries” on 6 and 7 October. Dr. N.P.S. Varde,Joint Secretary & Director, Science & Technology,Environment, Goa Government was the chief guestat the inaugural function. He released a souvenirbrought out on the occasion.

The conference was inaugurated by Dr. N.B. Bhosle,Dy. Director, NIO and Dr. S.R. Rao, President,Society for Marine Archaeology, presided over thefunction and delivered the keynote address. Inappreciation of his notable contributions in the fieldof marine archaeology, he was felicitated on theoccasion. It was due to his efforts that maritimearchaeological studies in India began in 1981.

In all 37 papers were presented marking the progressachieved in various aspects of marine archaeology.More than 50 archaeologists and scientists fromvarious archaeological departments, universities andinstitutions participated in the conference.

International Workshop on IOGOOS/JCOMM Western Indian Ocean XBTtrainingAn international workshop on IOGOOS/JCOMMWestern Indian Ocean Expendable Bathythermo-graph (XBT) Training was held during 5-7 October2005 at Hotel Marriott, Miramar, Goa. TheUNESCO’s Intergovernmental OceanographicCommission (IOC) provided funds for conductingthis workshop. The objective of the workshop wasto build a regional capacity to ensure that the XBToperations are sustained in the Western IndianOcean.

The workshop was inaugurated by Dr. V.S.N. Murty,a senior scientist from NIO and Chairman of the

workshop in the presence of Dr. Sidney Thurston,NOAA, US, Dr. Gary Meyers, Chairman, CLIVAR/GOOS Indian Ocean Panel (IOP), Australia and Dr.Steve Cook, Chairman, SOOPIP (Ships ofOpportunity Implementation Panel), NOAA, US. Dr.Sidney Thurston delivered the inaugural addresson the overview of the workshop.

Fifty participants including 15 foreign nationals, andrepresentatives from various organizations weretrained in logistical and implementation topics suchas receiving XBT shipments, installing equipmenton ships, XBT probe deployment, and demonstrationof Shipborne Environmental (data) AcquisitionSystem (SEAS) for the XBT data acquisition and realtime transmission of the data.

Indo-Norwegian Workshop onEnvironmental Management ofCoastal AquacultureA two-day Indo-Norwegian workshop on‘Environmental Management of Coastal Aquaculture’was organized at the institute in collaboration withthree Norwegian institutes, RF-Rogaland Research,Stavanger, Norwegian Institute for Water Research(NIVA), Oslo, and Hobas Tropical Aquaculture (HTA),Sola on 10-11 November 2005. The workshop aimedat dissemination of the outcomes and highlights ofIndo-Norwegian project that was in operation forthree years with field trials conducted atexperimental ponds located at Kumta in coastalKarnataka. The objective of the project was todevelop and produce more eco-friendlyenvironmental management strategies forsustainable coastal aquaculture.

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Dr. S.A.H. Abidi, Ex-Vice Chancellor, CentralInstitute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, andMember, Research Council NIO, inaugurated theworkshop and delivered the keynote address. Dr.Chandramohan, former Dy. Director, NIO andcoordinator of project who is now associated as aconsultant, asserted that aeration technologyintroduced by Norwegian Company, HTA, is testedsuccessfully. A project summary report was releasedon the occasion.

Biodiversity Informatics WorkshopThe Bioinformatics Centre of the Institute organizeda “National Workshop on Applications of Informaticsin Marine Biodiversity Conservation” from 5 to 7December 2005. The workshop was organized as apart of the activity of the Biotechnology InformationSystem Network (BTISnet) of the Department ofBiotechnology (DBT), Govt. of India. The NIO hasbeen recognized by DBT to develop informatics formarine biodiversity, with Dr. C.T. Achuthankuttyas Co-ordinator. Prof. P.S. Zacharias, ViceChancellor of Goa University, inaugurated theworkshop on 5 December 2005. Dr. N.P.S. Varde,Jt. Secretary & Director, Department of Science,Technology & Environment, Govt. of Goa was theguest of honour. Dr. D. Chandramohan, formerDeputy Director and coordinator of the programmedelivered the keynote address on “Status and Trendsin Biodiversity Informatics”.

The main objective of BTISnet was to harnessscientific knowledge for rapid advancement inbiotechnology and sustainable utilization ofbiological resources. The coastal ecosystems alongIndian coasts, particularly coral reefs andmangroves, harbour rich biodiversity. The majorconcern was the unchecked expansion ofanthropogenic activities and interferences on thecoastal and marine ecosystems which causesirreversible damage to the ecosystems and alsothreatens the survival of many species.

The workshop was aimed towards enhancing ourexpertise in managing the vast amount of marinebiodiversity, which could be used for conservation,utilization and sustainable development of the richand diverse marine resources of the seas aroundus.

Workshop on Science-PolicyInteractions on the River Basins andCoastal Zone management, GoaThe Institute organized a two-day workshop on 7-8March 2006 on “Science-Policy interactions on theriver basins and coastal zone management, Goa”.Dr. N.P.S. Varde, Director and Joint Secretary,Department of Science, Technology andEnvironment, Government of Goa inaugurated theworkshop. In his inaugural address, he emphasizedthat our Former Prime Minister Late Mrs. IndiraGandhi sowed the seeds of the coastal zonemanagement in India in the year 1981, declaringthe entire stretch upto 500 m from the High TideLine (HTL) as ‘No Development Zone’ following whichGoa could maintain its pristine environment.However, the change in today’s present scenario isdue to the increasing population pressure.

The deliberations of the workshop were categorizedinto six technical sessions in which 29 papers werepresented. All the papers presented were centeredon the main theme vulnerability of the coastal zoneof Goa due to manmade activities. Following issueswere addressed: (1) The Mandovi–Zuari Ecology (2)The coastal zone and resources of Goa (3) Pollutionof Goa’s ecosystems (4) Economic analyses of fishes(5) Fresh water resources and their management(6) Goa’s salt and its importance (7) Policyconsiderations.

These deliberations have generated ideas onimportant issues related to our coastal zone, whichcould be incorporated in implementation of asustainable clean and productive environment.

Training programme on IndustrialOffshore Surveys for Naval Officers

A Hydrography Specialization Course on IndustrialOffshore Surveys was conducted for 8 Naval officersfrom India, one each from Bangladesh and Nigeriaand two from Sri Lanka from 13 June to 8 July,2005. The Institute has been conducting this coursefor naval officers since 1997 at the behest of theNational Hydrographic School (NHS),Vasco-da-Gama.

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The Navy personnel explore the sea-bottom and sub-bottom features of the seas using contemporary geo-scientific methods. Considering their requirement,a course comprising of a series of lectures byscientific and technical staff on geological andgeophysical surveying and mapping techniquesfollowed by tutorials was conducted. Field workonboard Coastal Research Vessel Sagar Shukti wasalso organized in order to provide practical trainingto the participants. Dr. A.K. Chaubey, Scientist wasthe course coordinator.

So far, 75 naval officers have undergone this courseat NIO, 51 officers from the Indian Navy and 24from Malaysia, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nigeria,Vietnam, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh.

Sagar Sukti – NIO’s Coastal ResearchVessel completed 100 cruisesSagar Sukti, the Coastal Research Vessel of theInstitute completed 100 cruises in Octiober 2005.A celebration to mark the occasion was organizedat the NIO. Dr. S.Z. Qasim, former Director NIO,presided over the function. While introducing SagarSukti to the gathering, Mr. Sanjeev Afzalpurkar,traced the history of Sagar Sukti. He also highlightedsome of the scientific studies in which Sagar Sukti’scontribution would be remembered for years tocome. Large data has been collected over Sagar Suktisince it sailed first on 5th September 2001 helpingus to improve our understanding of the seas aroundus.

Dr. Qasim, while delivering the presidential address,acknowledged the contribution of Sagar Sukti andthe importance of research vessels in oceanographicstudies. He complimented the crew and many othersinvolved in her management. He wished Sagar Suktiall the success for its next century of cruises.

During the function participants with large numberof cruise days on Sagar Sukti were honoured.Certificates of appreciation and mementos were alsogiven to the persons who made importantcontribution to upkeep of the vessel. Dr Qasim alsoformally unveiled the institute’s nameplate on thevessel.

National Seminar on Sustainability ofSeafood ProductionThe Institute in association with the Society forIndian Ocean Studies (SIOS), New Delhi, organizeda national seminar on Sustainability of SeafoodProduction on 23-24 February 2006. The mainobjective of the seminar was to cover practicalaspects of sea and estuarine food production in thecountry. Dr. S. Aayyappan, Deputy DirectorGeneral, Fisheries, ICAR, New Delhi, inauguratedthe seminar. Dr. S.Z. Qasim, Vice Chairman, SIOSand Dr. Satish Shetye, Director, NIO welcomed theparticipants. The two-day seminar had sevensessions covering the themes: (1) Existing state ofmajor fisheries (2) Fishing rights (3) Seaweeds (4)Prawn fisheries and by-products (5) Aquaculture andMariculture (6) Marine ecology (7) Pollution control.

At the end of the seminar, the experts felt a need fordevelopment of fisheries in tropical and southernoceanic waters, as they possess greater potentialfor expansion and for the restoration of mangroves– a breeding ground for the fishes. Avoidance ofshallow water fishing is essential to reduce thejuvenile mortality. Control of pollution forsustainable development of Indian fisheries is to beenforced by law.

Over 90 delegates from all over the country attendedthe seminar and more than 60 papers in differentfields, giving the reflections and causes of annualseafood production, were presented.

Prof. Har Swarup Memorial Lectureat NIOProf. M.K. Chandrashekaran, 6th recipient of Prof.Har Swarup Memorial Lecture, delivered a publiclecture on “Biological clocks in bats, mice andhumans” on 27 October 2005. The Indian NationalScience Academy (INSA) organized this prestigiousendowment lecture at NIO.

Presently, he is continuing research on theEvolutionary & Organismal Biology at theJawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced ScientificResearch, Bangalore. His research focuses on theunderstanding and interpreting circadian rhythmsin different animals and plants.

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Public lecture on Making HighTechnology Work for the poor“We must use traditional knowledge, includingtraditional medicines, by changing our attitude. Weshould not consider empirical observations on herbsas unreliable, fanciful, false and irrelevant.” Thesewere the views expressed by Dr. R.A. Mashelkar,Director General, Council of Scientific & IndustrialResearch (CSIR) during a public lecture deliveredat the Institute on 11 June 2005.

In his lecture, he urged that there was immensewealth of knowledge in rural India, especially withtraditional healers although it was not documentedand often not transferred to new generations.Because of this there is a need to document suchinformation on traditional herbal medicines existingin its oral form. He stressed, “Such preciousknowledge can be stored in concrete form and it’sbenefits shared with the tribes or communities thathave been practicing the same over the centuries”.

On this occasion, Dr. Mashelkar released “Sagar– apocketbook on oceans with special reference to thewaters around India”. Besides, he presentedcertificates of appreciation to some NIO scientistswho have made significant contributions - the projectleaders earning highest external cash flow during2002-05 from government and industries, theauthors who published research papers with novelfindings, the inventors for commercialization ofintellectual property, and project leaders underwhose project more papers were published

CSIR Foundation Day CelebrationsThe Institute observed CSIR Foundation Day on 26September 2005 by keeping its laboratories open tovisitors and by organizing a public lecture. Amongthe visitors a vast majority were students, about2000 from 29 schools/colleges. Films on oceansciences were screened and working of specializedequipment was demonstrated. The visitors were alsogiven an opportunity to interact with scientists.

The public lecture was delivered by Padma BhushanProf. Roddam Narasimha, Chairman, EngineeringMechanics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre forAdvanced Scientific Research, Bangalore. He spokeon “The Future of Indian Aerospace”. The lecturetraced the history of aerospace research in Indiaand underlined its notable achievements includingthe launching of SARAS (14 pax light transportaircraft) by NAL.

While outlining India’s aerospace today, he providedglimpses of ongoing activities in development ofaircrafts, UAVs, and space missiles. He felt that thereis an upsurge in these activities because of sufficientbudget allocation to various organizations, increasein domestic air traffic, and entry of private airlines.Prof. Narasimha felt that there is now a need toenhance synergies among industry, R&D institutionsand academia. Concluding his talk, Prof. Narasimhasaid that as in Information Technology andBiotechnology, India can become a R&D hub inaerospace too. This, however, would need self-confidence, impatience, and hunger for global successin spite of many gaps and holes.

In the afternoon programme of the Foundation Daycelebrations, Dr. S.R. Shetye honoured 21 retiredemployees with shawls and Sanman Patra for theservice rendered to CSIR. The 28 employees whocompleted 25 years of service received wristwatchesas a token of their valuable services. Four wards ofemployees received from CSIR Sports PromotionBoard, a stipend of Rs. 5000 each for excelling insports, and one ward received the CSIR Studentshipaward for obtaining highest marks in science subjects.

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40th Foundation DayIndia’s participation in the International IndianOcean Expedition (IIOE, 1962-65) led to the birth ofNational Institute of Oceanography (NIO) on 1stJanuary 1966. On the occasion of it’s 40th

Foundation Day this year, Nobel Laureate, Prof.Gerard ’t Hooft from the Institute for TheoreticalPhysics, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands,delivered the Foundation Day Lecture on “TheSmallest Building Blocks of Matter”. Prof Hooftdescribed the developments in particle physics since1960s. He also summarized the new informationthat is available concerning the tiniest sub-atomicparticles in the atomic nuclei today. He discussed

the agents that transmit forces across these nucleiand explained that the weak, the electro-magnetic,and the strong forces turn out all to be based onthe same principles. However, he said, that thegravitational force linked to the fabric of space andtime still presents us with mysteries.

Before the lecture Prof. ’t Hooft interacted with Goanstudents during “Meet the Nobel Laureate”programme. Over 250 students listened to Prof. ’tHooft as he answered the questions submitted bythe students in advance. His simple style ofexplaining the basics was truly impressive. “A uniquelife-time experience” was how the students andaccompanying teachers described the two-hourprogramme.

ExhibitionsThe institute participated in the followingexhibitions:

• Health Exhibition – organized at ShriKamaxidevi Homeopathic Medical College &Hospital, Shiroda, Goa on 26-28 August

• Science Expo 2005 at Nehru Science Centre,Mumbai, 23-27 November

• Hi PC-2005 Industrial Exhibition InternationalConference, held at hotel Cidade-de-Goa, 18-21December

• Science Exhibition at Kala Mandir, Ponda,21-22 January

• Science Fiesta 2006 at Goa Science Center,Miramar, 16-18 February

• Tech Twister -06 – organized by ShreeRayeshwar Institute of Engineering andInformation Technology, Shiroda, 23-24 March.

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MoUs Signed by NIO during the Year

Organization Area Duration NIO Coordinator

Smt Parvatibai Chowgule Academic and research 12.4.2005–1.4.2010 V.K. BanakarCollege, Margao, Goa exchanges

Indian Institute of Academic and research 18.4.2005–17.4.2010 K.S. KrishnaTechnology, Mumbai exchanges

Myko Tech Private Screening & commercial 22.06.2005–21.06.2008 C.G. NaikLtd., Dona Paula, Goa utilization of deep-sea

fungi for the productionof enzymes, nutraceuticalsand pharmaceuticals

Birbal Sahni Institute of Geochronology, palynology, 23.07.2005–22.07.2010 Rajiv NigamPaleobotany, Lucknow placers, archaeology and

paleoclimatic studies

NCL, Pune and Institute Invention patenting and 30.08.2005–29.08.2010 A.C. Anilof Chemical Technology, commercialization;University of Mumbai, development of suitableMumbai processed methods/

technology for disinfectionof seawater and ballast water

Shree Rayeshwar Shree Rayeshwar Institute 19.09.2005–18.09.2010 Incharge,Students/Institute of Engineering of Engineering & IT, Scholars Exchange,& IT, Shiroda, Goa Shiroda, Goa HRM.

Pancham Aquaculture Technologies and products 11.11.2005–10.11.2010 R.A. SreepadaFarms Limited, Mumbai for sustainable coastal

aquaculture and healthmanagement in aquaculture

Nicholas Piramal India Research collaboration and 10.03.2006–09.03.2009 C. G. NaikLtd., Mumbai commercialization in

microbial biotechnology

St. Xavier’s College, Computer science, 16.03.2006–15.03.2011 Incharge, Students/Mapusa, Goa instrumentation, chemistry, Scholars Exchange,

biosciences and physics HRM.

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Marie-Curie FellowshipDr. Shyam Murti Gupta, was awardedthe Marie-Curie InternationalFellowship of the European Union,introduced recently. Presently he isworking at the University of Goteborg,Sweden with world renowned Prof.Bjorn Malmgren for a period of two years.

In the project submitted by him, Dr. Gupta hasproposed to work on “Radiolarian artificial neuralnetwork based estimation of the paleo-sea surfacetemperatures (SSTs) and salinities in the Arctic andAntarctic Oceans and their response to insolationforcing”. He will use advanced methods to comparethe reliability and reproducibility of oceantemperatures through geological times, which areoften used in setting the boundary conditions ofclimatic models.

Assignment at International SeabedAuthority

Dr. Vijay Kodagali, an expert on multi-beam echo-sounding system wasselected as Senior Research Officer(Marine Geology) at the InternationalSeabed Authority which has itsheadquarters at Kingston, Jamaica,

administering ocean resources of the seabed andocean floor and subsoil beyond the limits of nationaljurisdiction.

Dr. Kodagali is associated with the Ocean Resourcesand Environmental Management (OREM) divisionof the seabed authority in the P4 level IV position.His responsibilities will be: resource evaluation, dataprocessing and overall technical and scientificsupport to the authority.

CSIR Young Scientist AwardDr. Mangesh Uttam Gauns, gotselected for the CSIR Young ScientistAward 2005 in the category of Earth,Atmosphere, Ocean and PlanetarySciences, by the Council of Scientific& Industrial Research (CSIR), NewDelhi. This award is given annually to a scientistbelow the age of 35 years.

The work which has brought him this award, isrelated to the study of microzooplankton, along withother biological, chemical and physical parameters,carried out in the Arabian Sea. His results haveprovided new insights into the ecology and functionsof microplanktonic life in the sea. He has examined

the existence of the ‘microbial loop’ in the stratified,low-chlorophyll waters of the Arabian Sea duringthe spring inter -monsoon period. Theseobservations have important implications for thefunctioning of the “biological pump” during springintermonsoon, which is principally responsible forthe sizable flux of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

MAAS awardThe Muslim Association for theAdvancement of Science (MAAS), anAligarh based body, has recognized thescientific work of Dr. Solimabi andconferred on her the title, “MuslimWoman Scientist” for the year 2003.

Scientist of the Year AwardA team of two scientists, Dr. Usha Goswami and Dr.Vijay Kumar Rathod, were conferred with theScientist of the Year Award 2005 by the NationalEnvironmental Science Academy, New Delhi, inrecognition of their achievements and outstandingcontributions in the field of marine biotechnologyand biodiversity.

Dr. Usha Goswami initiated cytogeneticand genetic studies for the first timeon Indian marine animals. Dr.Goswami has contributed significantlyto the field of oceanography withspecial reference to marinebiotechnology by prospecting genes of marineorganisms that live in different types of oceanicenvironments. One of her major activities today isfinding out bioactive molecules from the sea forindustrial utilization.

Dr. Vijay Kumar Rathod has beenworking on seasonal variability inzooplankton and benthic production,composition, diversity and their impacton the ecosystem and biologicalproperties. He has also worked on the

environmental characteristics of the habitat ofhorseshoe crab, its population dynamics,occurrence, migration, feeding, breeding biology andecological aspects. Earlier, he participated in theIndian Antarctic expedition to study the Antarctickrill, which plays a significant role in the Antarcticfood chain and the marine ecosystem.

Prof. Ghosh 80th Birthday AwardDr. Dileep Kumar was awarded the Prof. B.N. Ghosh80th Birthday Award by the Indian Chemical

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Society, Kolkata. He received thishonour in recognition of hiscontributions in the field of chemicalsciences. The award will be presentedto Dr. Dileep Kumar, in December 2006at the annual convention at Dr. B.R.Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad(Maharashtra). On the occasion Dr. Dileep Kumarwill also deliver the award lecture.

Fellow of the Academy ofEnvironmental Biology

Dr. Zakir Ali Ansari was elected as aLife Fellow of the Academy ofEnvironmental Biology, India for hiscontributions in the field of marineenvironmental sciences. The awardwas formally presented to Dr. Ansarion 15 February 2006 at Industrial

Toxicology Research Centre (ITRC), Lucknow. Onthe Occasion he delivered a lecture “Response ofdeep-sea benthos to environmental disturbances”.

JSPS Post-doctoral FellowshipDr. Pravin Kunte, received a post-doctoral fellowship for a period of twoyears from Japan Society for thePromotion of Science (JSPS). Dr.Kunte has contributed to the fields ofdatabase management, remotesensing of sediment dynamics and coastal modelingstudies. The JSPS is an innovative society assistingyoung researchers to initiate good research. He willjoin the Chiba University, Japan in May 2006 and

will be working on development of next generationSynthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensor for coastaldisastrous area monitoring.

Earlier, Dr. Kunte received the JSPS RonpakuFellowship to carry out doctoral research.

Adjunct Scientist in WHOIDr. S.W.A. Naqvi was appointed ashonorary Adjunct Scientist in theMarine Chemistry and GeochemistryDepartment at the Woods HoleOceanographic Institution (WHOI),USA. Such a position is offered to acollaborating researcher making a

sustained contribution to the success of a researchprogramme at the WHOI. This allows Dr. Naqvi toseek research grant, along with other experts in USA,from National Science Foundation (NSF). He wishesto work on Carbon Cycling in the Indian Ocean.

Distinguished Alumnus AwardDr. Satish R. Shetye, Director, NIO isselected for the Distinguished AlumnusAward of Indian Institute of Technology(IIT), Bombay for the year 2006. Hereceived this award at the 47thFoundation Day of IIT, Bombay, at thehands of Dr. K. Kasturirangan (MPRajya Sabha), Director, National Institute ofAdvanced Studies, Bangalore.

Awards & Recognition

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Patents granted

Abroad

Pressure housing for in-water pressure based systems -Ehrlich Desa, Gajanan P. Naik, Antony Joseph, ElgarS. Desa, Prakash Mehra, Vijay Kumar, ShivanandPrabhu Desai & Surekha M. Nagvekar (KR No.501033 dt. 5.7.2005 & AU No. 2002242937 dt.11.8.2005).

Pharmaceutical composition useful for inhibition ofosteoclast formation and a process for the extractionof mussel hydrolysate from Indian green mussel -Wani, Mohan R. Parab, Pradeep Bhaskar (Pune) &Anil Chatterji (US No. 6905710 dt. 14.6.2005).

Natural nontoxic multicolor fluorescent protein dye froma marine invertebrate, compositions containing thesaid dye and its uses - Usha Goswami & AnutoshGanguly (US No. 6916492 dt. 12.7.2005).

Simultaneous decolorization and detoxification ofmolasses spent wash using novel white rot-lignin-modifying fungus Flavodon flavus - ChandralataRaghukumar, Shailaja & Srinivasamurthy (Mysore)(US No. 6953685 dt. 11.10.2005.

Multiple fluorescent natural dye compound from amarine organism - Usha Goswami & Anutosh Ganguly(US No. 6956122 dt. 18.10.2005).

India

A process for isolation of peridinisol from Zoanthus sp. –Cynthia Gonsalves, P.S. Parameswaran, C.G. Naik &C.T. Achuthankutty (No. 192980 dt. 9.12.2005)

An improved process for the preparation of TachyplusAmoeboryte Lysate (TAL) useful for detection ofpyrogens in vitro – Anil Chatterji (No. 192968 dt.20.1.2006)

Publications“The list of publications from this year would be reported

for the last calendar year. Hence following list is of theyear 2005. Having reported January-March 2005publications in earlier report, they are however, notincluded here.”

Papers in SCI Journals

Alagarsamy, R., G.A. Wolff and R. Chester, 2005.Partitioning and speciation of trace metal diagenesisin differing depositional environments in thesediments of the Oman margin. Aquat. Geochem.,11:195-213.

Alagarsamy, R. and J. Zhang, 2005. Comparativestudies on trace metal geochemistry in Indian andChinese rivers. Curr. Sci., 89(2):299-309.

Ali M.M., V.V Gopalakrishna, N. Araligidad, G.V Reddyand G. Salgaonker, 2005. Determination of dynamicheights in the Bay of Bengal from XBT profiles andclimatological salinities. J. Mar. Res., 63(4):671-682.

Amonkar, C.P., G.T. Tilve and P.S. Parameswaran,2005. Convenient synthesis of volatile Streptomyceslactones. Synthesis, 14:2341-2344.

Anil Kumar, K., V.P. Rao, S.K. Patil, P.M. Kessarkar andM. Thamban, 2005. Rock magnetic records of thesediments of the Eastern Arabian Sea: Evidence forthe late Quaternary climatic change. Mar. Geol.,220(1-4):59-82.

Anil Kumar, N., M.K. Dash, A.J. Luis, V. Ramesh Babu,Y.K. Somayajulu, M. Sudhakar and P.C. Pandey,2005. Oceanic fronts along 45 degrees acrossAntarctic Circumpolar Current during australsummer 2004. Curr. Sci., 88(10):669-1673.

Aparna, M., S.R. Shetye, D. Shankar, S.S.C. Shenoi, P.Mehra and R.G.P. Desai, 2005. Estimating theseaward extent of sea breeze from QuickSCATscatterometry. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32(13):doi:10.1029.

Balachandran, K.K., C.M. Lalu Raj, M. Nair, T. Joseph,P. Sheeba and P. Venugopal, 2005. Heavy metalaccumulation in a flow restricted; tropical estuary.Estuar. Coast. Shelf. Sci., 65(1-2):361-370.

Banakar, V.K., 2005. d13C depleted oceans before thetermination 2: More nutrient-rich deep-waterformation or light-carbon transfer? Indian J. Mar.Sci., 34(3): 249-258.

Banakar, V.K., T. Oba, A.R. Chodankar, T. Kuramoto, M.Yamamoto and M. Minagawa, 2005. Monsoon relatedchanges in sea surface productivity and water columndenitrification in the Eastern Arabian Sea during thelast glacial cycle. Mar. Geol., 219(2-3):99-108.

Bange, H.W., S.W.A. Naqvi and L.A. Codispoti, 2005.The nitrogen cycle in the Arabian Sea. Prog.Oceanogr., 65(2-4):145-158.

Bhaskar, P.V., H-P. Grossart, N.B. Bhosle and M.Simon, 2005. Production of macro-aggregates fromdissolved exopolymeric substances (EPS) of bacterialand diatom origin. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 53(2):255-264.

Bhosle, N.B., A. Garg, L. Fernandes and P. Citon, 2005.Dynamics of amino acids in the conditioning filmdeveloped on glass panels immersed in the surfaceseawaters of Dona Paula Bay. Biofouling, 21(2):99-107.

Bongiorni, L., R. Jain, S. Raghukumar and R.K.Aggarwal, 2005. Thraustochytrium gaertnerium sp.nov.: A new Thraustochytrid Stramenopilan protistfrom mangroves of Goa. India Protist, 156(3):303-315.

Chodankar, A.R., V.K. Banakar and T. Oba, 2005. Past100 Ky surface salinity-gradient response in theeastern Arabian Sea to the summer monsoonvariation recorded by delta super(18)O of G. sacculifer.Global Planet. Change, 47(2-4):135-142.

De Souza F., A. Garg and N.B. Bhosle, 2005. Seasonalvariation in the chemical composition andcarbohydrate signature compounds of biofilm. Aquat.Microb. Ecol., 41(2):199-207.

Desa, E.S., T. Suresh, S.G.P. Matondkar, E. Desa, J.Goes, A. Mascarenhas, S.G. Parab, N. Shaikh andC.E.G. Fernandes, 2005. Detection of Trichodesmiumbloom patches along the eastern Arabian Sea by IRS-P4/OCM ocean color sensor and by in-situmeasurements. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 34(4):374-386.

Desai, D.V. and A.C. Anil, 2005. Recruitment of thebarnacle Balanus amphitrite in a tropical estuary:Implications of environmental perturbation,reproduction and larval ecology. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc.UK, 85:909-920.

Dham, V.V., M.V.M. Wafar and A.M. Heredia, 2005.Nitrogen uptake by size-fractionated phytoplankton inmangrove waters. Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 41(3):281-291.

Fernandes, C.E.G., M.J.B.D. De Souza, S. Nair and P. A.Loka Bharathi, 2005. Response of sedimentary nucleicacids to benthic disturbance in the Central IndianBasin. Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol., 23(4):289-297.

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Fernandes, S.O., K.P Krishnan, V.D. Khedekar and P.A.Loka Bharathi, 2005. Manganese oxidation bybacterial isolates from the Indian Ridge System.BioMetals, 18(5):483-492.

Fondekar, S.P., 2005. Oil polluion off Goa coast – News.Mar. Pollut. Bull., 50(6):613-614.

Garg, A. and N.B. Bhosle, 2005. Butyltin compounds inthe oyster, Saccostrea cucculata, from the west coastof India. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 75(5):982-988.

Gaur, A.S., Sundaresh and V. Patankar, 2005. Ancientshell industry at Bet Dwarka island. Curr. Sci.,89(6):941-946.

Gaye-Haake, G., N. Lahajnar, K -Ch. Emeis, D. Unger, T.Rixen, A. Suthhof, V. Ramaswamy, H. Schulz, A.L.Paropkari, M.V.S. Guptha and V. Ittekkot, 2005.Stable nitrogen isotopic ratios of sinking particles andsediments from the northern Indian Ocean. Mar.Chem., 96(3-4):243-255.

Gopalakrishna, V.V., Z. Johnson, G. Salgaonkar, K.Nisha, C.K. Rajan and R.R. Rao, 2005. Observedvariability of sea surface salinity and thermalinversions in the Lakshadweep Sea during contrastmonsoons. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32(18), L18605,doi:10.1029/2005GL023280, 4pp.

Gopinath, A., N.C. Kumar, K.V. Jayalakshmi, D.Padmalal and S.M. Nair, 2005. A predictiveregression model for the geochemical variability ofiron and manganese in a coral reef ecosystem.Environ. Forensics, 6:301-310.

Harithsa, S., C. Raghukumar and S.G. Dalal, 2005.Stress response of two coral species in the Kavarattiatoll of the Lakshadweep archipelago, India. CoralReefs, 24(3):463-474.

Ingole, B.S., N.R. Goltekar, S. Gonsalves and Z.A.Ansari, 2005. Recovery of deep-sea meiofauna afterartificial disturbance in the Central Indian Basin.Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol., 23(4):253-266.

Ingole, B.S., S. Pavithran and Z.A. Ansari, 2005.Restoration of deep-sea macrofauna after simulatedbenthic disturbance in the Central Indian Basin. Mar.Georesour. Geotechnol., 231(4):267-288.

Iyer, S.D., 2005. Post-disaster reflections. Curr. Sci.,88(10):1532.

Iyer, S.D., 2005. Evidences for incipient hydrothermalevent(s) in the Central Indian Basin: A review. ActaGeol. Sinica, 79(1): 77-86.

Jain, R., S. Raghukumar and D. Chandramohan, 2004.Enhanced production of polyunsaturated fatty aciddocosahexaenoic acid by thraustochytrid protests.Mar. Biotechnol., 6:S59-S65.

Jain, R., S. Raghukumar, R. Tharanathan and N.B.Bhosle, 2005. Extracellular polysaccharideproduction by Thraustochytrid protests. Mar.Biotechnol., 7(3):184-192.

Jaisankar, S. and R. Sharma, 2005. An interactive end-user software application for a deep-sea photographicdatabase. Comput. Geosci., 31(6):718-734.

Jayakumar, S., D. Ilangovan, K.A. Naik, R. Gowthaman,G. Tirodkar, G.N. Naik, P. Ganeshan, R. Mani Murali,G.S. Michael, M.V. Ramana and G.C. Bhattacharya,2005. Run-up and inundation limits along southeastcoast of India during the 26 December 2004 IndianOcean tsunami. Curr. Sci., 88(11):1741-1743.

Joseph, A. and R.G.P. Desai, 2005. Need of a disasteralert system for India through a network of real-timemonitoring of sea-level and other meteorologicalevents. Curr. Sci., 89(5):864-869.

Joseph, A., R.G.P. Desai, K. VijayKumar, P. Mehra and S.Nagvekar, 2005. Meteorologically induced modulationin sea level off Tikkavanipalem Coast - Central eastcoast of India. J. Coast. Res., 21(5):880-886.

Kamesh Raju, K.A., 2005. Three-phase tectonicevolution of the Andaman Backarc basin. Curr. Sci.,89(11):1932-1937.

Kessarkar, P.M., V.P. Rao, S.M. Ahmad, S.K. Patil, A.Anil Kumar, G. Anil Babu, S. Chakraborty and R.Sounder Rajan, 2005. Changing sedimentaryenvironment during the late Quaternary:Sedimentological and isotopic evidence from the distalBengal Fan. Deep-Sea. Res. (I. Oceanogr. Res. Pap.),52(9):1591-1615.

Khadge, N.H., 2005. Changes in geotechnical propertiesof sediments from the Central Indian Basin inducedby disturbance experiment. Mar. Georesour.Geotechnol., 23(4):401-417.

Krishna, K.S., 2005. Science plan for coastal hazardpreparedness (Natl. Workshop on Formulation of aScience Plan for Coastal Hazard Preparedness;National Institute of Oceanography), Curr. Sci.,89(8):1339-1347.

Kumar, S., R. Ramesh, M.S. Sheshshayee, S. Sardessaiand P.P. Patel, 2005. Signature of terrestrial influenceon nitrogen isotopic composition of suspendedparticulate. Curr. Sci., 88(6): 770-774.

Kunte, P.D. and B.G. Wagle, 2005. The beach ridges ofIndia: A review. J. Coast. Res., 42 (SI):174-183.

Kunte, P.D., C. Zhao, T. Osawa and Y. Sugimori, 2005.Sediment distribution study in the Gulf of KachchhIndia from 3D hydrodynamic model simulation andsatellite data. J. Mar. Syst., 55(3-4):139-153.

Loka Bharathi, P.A. and S. Nair, 2005. Rise of thedormant: Simulated disturbance improves culturableabundance; diversity; and functions of deep-seabacteria of Central Indian Ocean Basin. Mar.Georesour. Geotechnol., 23(4):419-428.

Loka Bharathi, P.A., B.N. Nath, B.S. Ingole, G.Parthiban, S.G.P. Matondkar, C. Raghukumar, N.H.Khadge, A.B. Valsangkar, A. Suryanarayana and S.Jaisankar, 2005. Impacts on surface productivityduring sediment dispersal experiment in CentralIndian Basin. Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol., 23(4):315-330.

Mandal, S., 2005. Tsunami engineering study in India.Curr. Sci., 88(7):1020.

Mandal, S., Subba Rao and D.H. Raju, 2005. Oceanwave parameters estimation using backpropagationneural networks. Mar. Struct., 18(3):301-318.

Matondkar, S.G.P., K.K.C. Nair and Z.A. Ansari, 2005.Biological characteristics of Central Indian Basinwaters during the southern summer. Mar. Georesour.Geotechnol., 23(4):299-314.

Mohandass, C. and C. Raghukumar, 2005. Biologicaldeinking of inkjet-printed paper using Vibrioalginolyticus and its enzymes. J. Ind. Microbiol.Biotechnol., 32(9):424-429.

Mukhopadhyay, R. and S. De, 2005. Dealing with 26/12. Curr. Sci., 88(11):1713.

Murthy, K.S.R., 2005. First oceanographic expedition tosurvey the impact of the Sumatra earthquake and thetsunami of 26 December 2004. Curr. Sci., 88(7):1038-1039.

Naqvi, S.W.A., H.W. Bange, S.W. Gibb, C. Goyet, A.DHatton and R.C. Upstill-Goddard, 2005.Biogeochemical ocean-atmosphere transfers in theArabian Sea. Prog. Oceanogr., 65(2-4):116-144.

Nath, B.N., G. Parthiban, S. Banaulikar and S. Sarkar,2005. Alterations in geochemical associations inartificially disturbed deep-sea sediments. Mar.Georesour. Geotechnol., 23(4):373-400.

Neetu, Suresh, I. Suresh, R. Shankar, D. Shankar,S.S.C. Shenoi; S.R. Shetye, D. Sundar and B.Nagarajan, 2005. Comment on “The Great Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake of 26 December 2004”. Science,310-1431.

Patents & publications

63

Nigam, R., R. Panchang and P. Banerjee, 2005.Foraminifera in surface sediments of Mandovi RiverEstuary: Indicators for mining pollution and high seastand in Goa, India. J. Coast. Res., 21(4):853-859.

Panchang, R., R. Nigam, N. Baig and G.N. Nayak, 2005.A foraminiferal testimony for the reduced adverseeffects of mining in Zuari Estuary, Goa. Int. J.Environ. Stud., 62(5):579-591.

Patil, J.S and A.C. Anil, 2005. Biofilm diatomcommunity structure: Influence of temporal andsubstratum variability. Biofouling, 21(3-4):189-206.

Patil, J.S and A.C. Anil, 2005. Quantification ofdiatoms in biofilms: Standardisation of methods.Biofouling, 21(3-4):181-188.

Patil, J.S. and A.C. Anil, 2005. Influence of diatomexopolymers and biofilms on metamorphosis in thebarnacle Balanus amphitrite. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.,301:231-245.

Pattan, J.N., T. Masuzawa and M. Yamamoto, 2005.Variations in terrigenous sediment discharge in asediment core from southeastern Arabian Sea duringthe last 140 ka. Curr. Sci., 89(8):1421-1425.

Pattan, J.N., N.J.G. Pearce and P.G. Mislankar, 2005.Constraints in using Cerium-animaly of bulksediments as an indicator of paleo bottom water redoxenvironment: A case study from the Central IndianOcean Basin. Chem. Geol., 221(3-4):260-278.

Pereira, N. and X.N. Verlecar, 2005. Role of marinealgae in organic farming. Curr. Sci., 89(4):593-594.

Pereira, N. and X.N. Verlecar, 2005. Is Gulf of Mannarheading for marine bioinvasion? Curr. Sci., 89(8):1309-1310.

Ramesh Kumar, M.R., S. Sankar, K. Fenning, D.S. Paiand J. Schulz, 2005. Air-sea interaction over theIndian Ocean during the contrasting monsoon years2002 and 2003. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32(14):L14821,4pp.

Ramesh Kumar M.R., Shenoi S.S.C., Schultz J., 2005.Impact of convection over the equatorial trough onsummer monsoon activity over India. Int. J. RemoteSens., 26(21):4747-4762.

Ramesh Kumar, M.R. and O.P. Sreejith, 2005. On someaspects of precipitation over the tropical Indian Oceanusing satellite data. Int. J. Remote Sens., 26(8):1717-1728.

Rao, D.G. and K.S. Krishna, 2005. Compressional wavevelocity and index properties of the gabbroic rocksdrilled at hole 1105A of the Atlantis Bank southwestIndian Ridge. J. Geol. Soc. India, 65(5):609-617.

Rao, M.M.M., T.V.R. Murty, P.R. Rao, S.Lakshminarayana, A.S. Subrahmanyam and K.S.R.Murthy, 2005. Utility of natural generalised inversetechnique in the interpretation of dyke structures.Indian J. Mar. Sci., 34(3):285-298.

Rao, P.S., V. Ramaswamy and S. Thwin, 2005. Sedimenttexture distribution and transport on the Ayeyarwadycontinental shelf Andaman Sea. Mar. Geol., 216(4):239-247.

Rao, S and S. Mandal, 2005. Hindcasting of stormwaves using neural networks. Ocean Eng., 32(5-6),667684.

Rathod, V., 2005. Zooplankton studies with specialreference to krill Euphausia superba Dana fromfishing area 58 of Indian Ocean sector in SouthernOcean. Curr. Sci., 89(4):681-686.

Rathod, V., 2005. Distribution; abundance and verticalmigration pattern of krill - Euphausia superba Danaat fishing area 58 of the Indian Ocean sector ofSouthern Ocean. Curr. Sci., 89(10):1749-1753.

Rixen, T., M.V.S. Guptha and V. Ittekkot, 2005. Deepocean fluxes and their link to surface ocean processesand the biological pump. Prog. Oceanogr., 65(2-4):240-259.

Sadhuram, Y., 2005. Tsunami of 26 December 2004.Curr. Sci., 88(10):1530-1531.

Sahayak, S., R. Jyothibabu, K.J. Jayalakshmi, H.Habeebrehman, P. Sabu, M.P. Prabhakaran, P.Jasmine, P. Shaiju, G. Rejomon, T. Joseph and K.K.C.Nair, 2005. Red tide of Noctiluca miliaris off south ofThiruvananthapuram subsequent to the ‘stench event’at the southern Kerala coast. Curr. Sci., 89(9):1472-1473.

Saraswat, R., R. Nigam, S. Weldeab, A. Mackensen andP.D. Naidu, 2005. A first look at past sea surfacetemperatures in the equatorial Indian Ocean fromMg/Ca in foraminifera. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32(24):4pp

Saraswat, R., R. Nigam and L. Barreto, 2005.Palaeoceanographic implications of abundance andmean proloculus diameter of benthic foraminiferalspecies Epistominella exigua in sub-surface sedimentsfrom distal Bay of Bengal fan. J. Earth Syst. Sci.,114(5):453-458.

Satyanarayana, T., C. Raghukumar and S. Shivaji,2005. Extremophilic microbes: Diversity andperspectives. Curr. Sci., 89(1):78-90.

Sharma, R., 2005. Deep-sea impact experiments andtheir future requirements. Mar. Georesour.Geotechnol., 23(4):331-338.

Sharma, R., B.N. Nath and S. Jaisankar, 2005.Monitoring the impact of simulated deep-sea miningin Central Indian Basin. Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol.,23(4):339-356.

Shankar, D., S.S.C. Shenoi, R.K. Nayak, P.N.Vinayachandran, G. Nampoothiri, A.M. Almeida, G.S.Michael, M.R. Ramesh Kumar, D. Sundar and O.P.Sreejith, 2005. Hydrography of the eastern ArabianSea during summer monsoon 2002. J. Earth Syst.Sci., 114(5):459-474.

Shenoi, S.S.C., D. Shankar, G.S. Michael J. Kurian,K.K. Varma, M.R. Ramesh Kumar, A.M. Almeida, A.S.Unnikrishnan, W. Fernandes, N. Barreto andGnanaseel, 2005. Hydrography and water masses inthe southeastern Arabian Sea during March–June2003. J. Earth Syst. Sci., 114(5):475-491.

Smith, S.L. and M. Madhupratap, 2005.Mesozooplankton of the Arabian Sea: Patternsinfluenced by seasons, upwelling, and oxygenconcentrations. Prog. Oceanogr., 65(2-4):214-239.

Srinivas, K., P.K. Dinesh Kumar and C. Revichandran,2005. ENSO signature in the sea level along thecoastline of Indian subcontinent. Indian J. Mar. Sci.,34(2):225-236.

Srinivas, K., V. Kesava Das and P.K. Dinesh Kumar,2005. Statistical modelling of monthly mean sea levelat coastal tide gauge stations along the Indiansubcontinent. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 34(2):212-224.

Subrahmanyam, A.S. and K.S.R. Murthy, 2005. Needfor reassessment in the post-tsunami scenario. Curr.Sci., 89(2):p. 244.

Subrahmanyam, B., V.S.N. Murty, R.J. Sharp and J.J.O’Brien, 2005. Air-sea coupling during the tropicalcyclones in the Indian Ocean: A case study usingsatellite observations. Pure Appl. Geophys., 132(8-9):1643-1672.

Sundar, D. and S.R. Shetye, 2005. Tides in the Mandoviand Zuari estuaries, Goa, west coast of India. J.Earth Syst. Sci.,114(5):493-503.

Suresh, T and Elgar Desa, 2005. Seasonal variations ofaerosol over Dona Paula, a coastal site on the westcoast of India. Atmospheric Environment ( Elsevier),39/19:3471-3

Suresh, T., Elgar Desa, Ancy Rodrigues andK. Ramdasan. Turbidity of the atmosphere and waterat the major ports of India. EnvironmentalGeochemistry, 8:1&2:214-21.

Patents & publications

64

Tilvi, S., M. Majik and C.G. Naik, 2005. A tendem massspectrometric approach for determining the structureof molecular species of ceramide in the marinesponge; Haliclona cribricutis. Eur. J. Mass Spectrom.,11(3):345-351.

Tripati, S., M. Sujatha, R.V. Rao and K.S. Rao, 2005.Use of timber in shipbuilding industry: Identificationand analysis of timber from shipwrecks off Goa coast;India. Curr. Sci., 89(6):1022-1027.

Tripati, S. and K.H. Vora, 2005. Maritime heritage inand around Chilika Lake Orissa: Geological evidencesfor its decline. Curr. Sci., 88(7):1175-1181.

Tripathy, S.C., A.K. Ray, S. Patra and V.V. Sarma, 2005.Water quality assessment of Gautami-Godavarimangrove estuarine ecosystem of Andhra PradeshIndia during September 2001. J. Earth Syst. Sci.,114(2):185-190.

Vijay Kumar, K., A. Joseph, R.G.P. Desai, S.Prabhudesai, S. Nagvekar and V. Damodaran, 2005.Performance evaluation of honeywell siliconpiezoresistive pressure transducers for oceanographicand limnological measurements. J. Atmos. Ocean.Technol., 22(12):1933-1939.

Valsangkar, A.B., 2005. First phase monitoring studiesof simulated benthic disturbance delineatingmovement of fine particles in the Central IndianBasin. Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol., 23(4):357-371.

Veerayya, M., 2005. Report: Proceedings of the HedbergResearch Conference ‘Gas Hydrates : Energy resourcepotential and associated geologic hazards’. J. Geol.Soc. India, 65(5):651-654.

Papers published in the InternationalWorkshop on Biogeochemical Processes in theNorthern Indian Deep-Sea Res., 52(14-15),2005:

Chauhan, O.S., A.S. Rajawat, Y. Pradhan, J. Suneethiand S.R. Nayak. Weekly observations on dispersaland sink pathways of the terrigenous flux of theGanga–Brahmaputra in the Bay of Bengal during NEmonsoon, 2018-2030.

Gauns, M., M. Madhupratap, N. Ramaiah, R.Jyothibabu, V. Fernandes, J.T. Paul and S. PrasannaKumar. Comparative accounts of biologicalproductivity characteristics and estimates of carbonfluxes in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal,2003-2017.

Gaye-Haake, B., M.V.S. Guptha, V.S.N. Murty and V.Ittekkot. Editorial - Biogeochemical processes in thenorthern Indian Ocean, 1845-1847.

Guptha, M.V.S., L.P. Mergulhao, V.S.N. Murty and D.M.Shenoy. Living coccolithophores during the northeastmonsoon from the Equatorial Indian Ocean:Implications on hydrography, 2048-2060.

Guptha, M.V.S., P.D. Naidu, B.G. Haake and R.Schiebel. Carbonate and carbon fluctuations in theEastern Arabian Sea over 140 ka: Implications onproductivity changes?, 1981-1993.

Nair, T.M.B., V. Ittekkot, R. Shankar and M.V.S.Guptha. Settling barium fluxes in the Arabian Sea:Critical evaluation of relationship with exportproduction, 1930-1946.

Nath, B.N., S.M. Gupta, P.G. Mislankar, B.R. Rao, G.Parthiban, I. Roelandts and S.K. Patil. Evidence ofHimalayan erosional event at approx. 0.5 Ma from asediment core from the equatorial Indian Ocean in thevicinityof ODP Leg 116 sites, 2061-2077

Prakash Babu, C. and B.N. Nath. Processes controllingforms of phosphorus in surficial sediments from theeastern Arabian Sea impinged by varying bottomwater oxygenation conditions 1965-

Ramaiah, N., S. Raghukumar, M. Gauns and M.Madhupratap. Seasonal variations in carbon biomassof bacteria; thraustochytrids and microzooplankton inthe northern Arabian Sea, 1910-1921.

Ramaswamy V., Sarinb M.M.R. Rengarajan Enhancedexport of carbon by salps during the northeastmonsoon period in the northern Arabian Sea, 1922-1929.

Prasanna Kumar, S., A. Ishida, K. Yoneyama, M.R.Ramesh Kumar, Y. Kashino and H. Mitsudera.Dynamics and thermodynamics of the Indian Oceanwarm pool in a high-resolution global generalcirculation model, 2031-2047.

Prasanna Kumar, S. and J. Narvekar. Seasonalvariability of the mixed layer in the central ArabianSea and its implication on nutrients and primaryproductivity, 1848-1861

Papers in Non-SCI Journals

Bhat, S.R., 2005. Chlorophyll: The wonder pigment. Sci.Rep., 42(7):29-32.

Das, P., S.D. Iyer, V.N. Kodagali and K.S. Krishna, 2005.Distribution and origin of seamounts in the centralIndian Ocean Basin. Mar. Geod., 28(3):259-269.

Dhargalkar, V.K. and N. Pereira, 2005. Seaweed:Promising plant of the millennium. Sci. Cult., 71(3-4):60-66.

Gaur, A.S. and Sundaresh, 2005. Late Harappan Port atKindar Kheda on the Saurashtra coast. Man Environ.,30(2):44-48.

Laluraj, C.M., G. Gopinath and P.K. Dinesh Kumar,2005. Groundwater chemistry of shallow aquifers inthe coastal zones of Cochin; India. Appl. Ecol. Environ.Res., 3(1): 133-139.

Mukhopadhyay, R., 2004. Geol. Surv. India. Newslett(Mar. Wing):18(2):79-80.

Raghukumar, S., 2002. Ecology of the marine protiststhe Labyrinthulomycetes (Thraustochytrids andLabyrinthulids). Europ. J. Protistol., 20(2):127-145.

Xavier, J.K., T. Joseph and J.S. Paimpillil, 2005. Fluxesof nitrogen in Chaliyar River Estuary; India. Int. J.Ecol. Environ. Sci., 31(3):223-229.

Technical Reports

Tripati, Sila. Exploration and excavation of shipwrecksin Goa and adjoining waters 2004-05 (NIO/TR-02/2005)

Ilangovan, D. et. al. Inundation, run up heights, cross-section profiles & litteral environment along the TamilNadu coast after 26th December, 2004-Tsunami (NIO/TR-03/2005)

Fernandes, William. A brief report on Mets system(NIO/TR-04/2005)

Sadhuram, Y. Event driven software package for database of integrated coastal and marine areamanagement (ICMAM) (NIO/TR-05/2005)

Vora, K.H. Marine archaeological explorations on theSaurashtra coast, 2004-05 (NIO/TR-06/2005)

Rao, M.M.M. Application of generalized inverse foranalysis of magnetic anomalies due to a dyhe model –some numerical experiments (NIO/TR-07/2005)

Bhattacharya, G.C. Observations of post-Tsunamireconnaissance investigations along eastern coastaltract of India following the devastating Tsunami of 26December, 2004 (NIO/TR-08/2005)

Ramana Murty, T.V. Algorithms and interfaces for oceanacoustic ray tracing (Developed in Matlab) (NIO/TR-09/2005)

Fernandes, A.A. Multivariate data analysis (NIO/TR-10/2005)

Patents & publications

65

Sponsored Project Reports

Prabhakara Rao, B. Demarcation of HTL, LTL and CRZboundary near Calinadi river at Karwar (NIO/SP-08/2005)

Murty, K.S.R. Demarcation of HTL, LTL and CRZboundaries between Visakhapatnam andBhimunipatnam for Vada, Visakhapatnam(NIO/SP-09/2005)

Sanil Kumar, V. Consultancy services to MRPL duringinstallation of 400 mm effluent pipeline (NIO/SP-10/2005)

Vora, K.H., et. al. Underwater inspection andvideography of effluent discharge pipeline offChitrapur, Mangalore (NIO/SP-11/2005)

Vora, K.H., et. al. Underwater inspection andvideography of effluent discharge pipeline offChitrapur, Mangalore (NIO/SP-12/2005)

Pathak, M.C. Demarcation of HTL and CRZ boundaryalong and across the property No. 142/1/A Cts No.832/6 of village Ambivalli, Taluka Andheri k-wardAndheri (West) (NIO/SP-13/2005)

Pathak, M.C. Demarcation of HTL and CRZ boundaryalong and across the property at village Versova –Oshiwara, Taluka Andheri in K-ward of MCGM(NIO/SP-14/2005)

Sarma, V.V. Post project monitoring for chemical andbiological parameters in the marine environment offPydibhimavaram and toxicological studies for thetreated effluents (NIO/SP-15/2005)

Subrahmanyam, V. Seabed surveys for inspection oftreated effluent submarine outfall pipeline (400 mm)corridor off Chitrapura (NIO/SP-16/2005)

Subrahmanyam, V. Seabed surveys for inspection oftreated effluent submarine outfall pipeline (630 mm)corridor off Chitrapura (NIO/SP-17/2005)

Achuthankutty, C.T. Environment and biodiversitymonitoring of the exploratory drilling sites at BlockKG-OSN-2001/3 (KG-Block) – 1st Phase (NIO/SP-18/2005)

Murthy, K.S.R. Delineation of HTL, LTL and CRZboundaries near Chittirapettai, Cuddalore (Dt.)Tamilnadu (NIO/SP-19/2005)

Zingde, M.D. release of treated industrial effluent fromECPL in Mahi estuary (NIO/SP-20/2005)

D’Silva, Classy. Evaluation of the oil spill dispersant“NOVA-OSD” (SSP 1569) (NIO/SP-21/2005)

Pathak, M.C. Demarcation of HTL and delineation ofCRZ boundary along and across the property of Dr.Balaji Tambe located at Village Valvati, Srivardhan(NIO/SP-22/2005)

Sarma, V.B. Rapid marine environmental impactassessment (RMEIA) studies for treated effluents inthe marine environment off Tikkaranipalem -Malyalammapalem, Visakhapatnam District, AndhraPradesh (NIO/SP-23/2005)

Pathak, M.C. Demarcation of HTL, CRZ boundary atHazira, Surat (NIO/SP-24/2005)

Shirodkar, P.V. Monitoring of environmental parametersin Kandla Port area (NIO/SP-25/2005)

Murty, K.S.R. Delineation of HTL, LTL and CRZ fordesalination plant at Kattupalli village, Minjur forChennai metropolitan water supply & sewerage board,Govt. of Tamil nadu (NIO/SP-26/2005)

Achuthankutty, C.T. Environment and bio-diversitymonitoring of the exploratory drilling sites at blockK6-OSN-2001/3 (KG block) (NIO/SP-27/2005)

Pathak, M.C. Demarcation of HTL and delineation ofCRZ boundary along and across the property bearingCTS No. E/12H/West ward of village Bandra (NIO/SP-28/2005)

Pathak, M.C. Demarcation of HTL and CRZ boundaryalong the land bearing bearing survey CTS No. 1320at Mulund (E) Mumbai (NIO/SP-29/2005)

Pathak M.C. Pre and postlay surveys of sewage disposalsubmarine pipeline at Campal (NIO/SP-30/2005)

Sreepada, R.A. Bio-assay of drilling, druic mud cultiageand base oil from Sc-8 of Mumbai region onmaneorganetics (NIO/SP-31/2005)

Prabhakara Rao, B. Demarcation of high tide and lowtide lines and delineation coastal regulation zoneboundaries for setting up of a captive minor port andsteel plant at Jatadhavamolian Creek near Paradeepin Orissa (NIO/SP-32/2005)

Rajagopal, M.D. (i) Bathymetry, HWL/LWL and currentstudies of Iahadhamohan Creek, Paradip, Orissa, Vol.I; (ii) Report on evaluation of sandspit stability due todredging (Phase II), Vol. II; (iii) Geotechnicalinvestigations for (Phase II) dredging atIahadhanmohan Creek, Paradip, Orissa, Vol. III; (iv)Dredging scheme for reclamation (Phase II) of PDRDRefinery complex at Paradip, Orissa, Vol. IV (NIO/SP-33/2005)

Monographs and Articles in monographs,conference proceedings, etc.

Gauns, M., 2005. The biology of the Arabian Sea andBay of Bengal. In: Glimpses of the work onenvironment and development in India. Ed. by: Singh,J.S.; Sharma, V.P.: 12. General Assembly of SCOPE.New Delhi, India, 7-11 Feb 2005. Angkor. New Delhi,India. 183-210.

Gaur, A.S., Sundaresh, K.H. Vora, 2005. Archaeology ofbet Dwarka island: An excavation report. NIO. Goa,India. :xxii+ 146pp. (Includes 53 Plates, 9 Figs. and52 Maps).

Raghukumar, C. 2005. Diversity and adaptations ofdeep-sea microorganisms. In: Microbial diversity:Current perspectives and potential applications. Ed.by: Satyanarayana, T.; Johri, B.N. I.K. International.New Delhi, India. : 53-70.

Rao, L.V.G. and P. ShreeRam, 2005. Upper OceanPhysical Processes in the Tropical Indian Ocean (Amonograph prepared under CSIR Emeritus ScientistScheme). NIO. Goa, India. :vp.

Sarkar, A., 2005. Detection of pollutants in marineorganisms and in the environment as markers ofenvironmental quality. In: Wildlife diseases:Landscape epidermilogy, spatial distribution andutilization of remote sensing technology. Ed. by:Majumdar, S.K.; Huffman, J.E.; Brenner, F.J.; Panah,A.I. Pennsilvania Acad. Sci., USA. : 398-414.

Shankar, D., and S.R. Shetye, 2005. Writing smart:Writing quality research papers. In: Researchhandbook - Towards nurturing research culture inhigher education institutions in India. UniversityGrants Commission. New Delhi, India. : 1-15.

Suryanarayana, A., and V. Hiteshkumar, and P.D. Om,2005. Site selection for effluent discharge along thecoast using GIS. In: Eighth Annual India ESRI UserConference Proceedings, December 1-2 2005,Radisson MBD Hotel, Noida, India.: ESRI, India. : 11pp.

Suryanarayana, A., and V.V. Joglekar, 2005. Mappingof biodiversity in the Mumbai port using GIS. In: MapIndia 2005 / Geomatics 2005.: 8. Annu. Int. Conf. andExhibition. Taj Palace, New Delhi, India, 7-9 Feb 2005.Indian Society of Geomatics, India. : 11 pp.

Varkey, M.J. 2005. Summer monsoon rainfall predictionfor India - Some new ideas. In: PredictingMeteorological Events: Mathematical Approach. ed.By: Mahanti, N.C.: Birla Institute of Technology,Mesra, India, Mar 2003. Narosa Publishing House.New Delhi, India. : 77-83.

Patents & publications

66

Articles published in National Seminar onDevelopment Planning of Coastal PlacerMinerals (PLACER - 2005). Ed. by: Loveson, V.J.;Chandrasekar, N.; Sinha, A.: ManonmaniumSundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India, 26-27 Oct 2005. Allied. New Delhi :

Ambre, N.V., A.R. Gujar, P.G. Mislankar, 2005. Surfacetextures of quartz grains from Goa coast - Anapplication of the scanning electron microscope, 121-132.

Angusamy, N., D.S. Manickaraj, R. Chandrasekaran, N.Chandrasekar, V.J. Loveson, A.R. Gujar, and G.V.Rajamanickam, 2005. Heavy mineral distribution inthe beaches of Nagapattinam District, Tamilnadu,India, 80-92.

Chandrasekaran, R., N. Angusamy, D.S. Manickaraj,V.J. Loveson, A.R. Gujar, N. Chandrasekar, and G.V.Rajamanickam, 2005. Grain size distribution andannual variation along the beaches from Poompuharto Nagoor, Tamilnadu, India, 156-170.

Fernandes, C.E.G., A. Das, D.G. Faria, and P.A.LokaBharathi, 2005. Microbiology and biochemistryof placer rich beach sediment: Short-term response tosmall scale simulated mining, 248-255.

Loveson, V.J., R.P. Barnwal, V.K. Singh, A.R. Gujar, andG.V. Rajamanickam, 2005. Application of groundpenetrating radar in placer mineral exploration formapping subsurface sand layers: A case study, 71-79.

Manickaraj, D.S., R. Chandrasekaran, A.R. Gujar, V.J.Loveson, N. Angusamy, N. Chandrasekar, and G.V.Rajamanickam, 2005. Stability of the beaches inNagapattinam District, Tamilnadu, India, 171-179.

Mislankar, P.G., A.R. Gujar, and N.V. Ambre, 2005.Transparent heavy minerals in the coastal sedimentsof south Maharashtra and their significance indelineating source and environment of transportationand deposition, 29-39.

Sivadas, S., S. Sautye, M. Nanajkar, and B.S. Ingole,2005. Potential impact of sand mining onmacrobenthic community at Kalbadevi Beach,Ratnagiri, West coast of India, 264-270.

Valsangkar, A.B., 2005. Seasonal variations in heavymineral placer sand from Kalbadevi Bay, Ratnagiri,Maharashtra, 59-65.

Articles published in Antarctic geoscience,ocean-atmosphere interaction and paleo-climatology. Ed. by: Rajan, S.; Pandey, P.C.:NCAOR, Goa, India, Nov 2003. NCAOR. Goa,India:

Anil Kumar, N., P.K. DineshKumar, and K. Srinivas,2005. Suspended sediment fluxes in a tropicalestuary, west coast of India, 318-330.

Nigam, R., 2005. Sediment traps as a new tool forestimation of longevity of planktonic foraminifera,216-224.

Thamban, M., and V.P. Rao, 2005. Clay minerals aspalaeomonsoon proxies: Evaluation and relevance tothe late Quaternary records from SE Arabian Sea,198-215.

Articles published in Proceedings of NationalSeminar on Polymetallic Nodules (PMN 2005),RRL, Bhubaneswar, 29-30 September. Ed. by:Anand, S.; Sanjay, K.: Regional ResearchLaboratory, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India, 29-30 Sep 2005. RRL, Bhubaneswar, India :

Das, A., C.E.G. Fernandes, S.S. Naik, B.N. Nath, andP.A. LokaBharathi, 2005. Bacterial response tocontrasting geochemistry in the sediments of centralIndian Ocean basin, 1-8.

Ingole, B.S., S. Pavithran, and R. Goltekar, 2005.Benthic communities associated with ferromanganesenodules from the Central Indian Ocean, 32-37.

Iyer, S.D., 2005. Pumices from the Central Indian OceanBasin, 19-21.

Pattan, J.N., and G. Parthiban, 2005. Buried nodulesfrom the central Indian Ocean basin, 9-13.

Pavithran, S., and B.S. Ingole, 2005. Macrobenthicstanding stock in the nodule areas of Central IndianOcean Basin, 26-31.

Sharma, R., 2005. Environmental studies for mining ofdeep-sea polymetallic nodules - Accomplishments andfuture plans, 50-55.

Shyam Prasad, M., 2005. Exploration for nodules in theCentral Indian Ocean Basin: Past present and thefuture, 22-25.

Articles published in Encyclopedia of coastalscience. Schwartz, M.L. Encyclopedia Earth Sci.Ser. Springer. Dordrecht, The Netherlands. :

Ingole, B.S., 2005. Indian Ocean coasts, coastal ecology,546-554.

Kunte, P.D., 2005. Databases, 1145-1154.

Wafar, M.V.M., S. Wafar, P. Yennavar, 2005. IndianOcean Islands, coastal ecology and geomorphology,557-564.

Articles published in: Proceedings of the NationalSymposium on Ocean Electronics (SYMPOL-2005), 15-16 December, 2005. Ed. by: Pillai,P.R.S.; Balakrishnan, K.G.; Supriya, M.H.:Cochin University of Science and Technology,Cochin, India, 15-16 Dec 2005. Allied. NewDelhi, India. :

Desai, R.G.P., A. Joseph, Y. Agarvadekar, P. Mehra, N.Dabholkar, A. Parab, A. Gouveia, and S. Tengali,2005. Real-time reporting and internet-accessiblecoastal sea-level gauge, 297-305.

Joseph, A., P. Mehra, R.G.P. Desai, J. Dotse, J.T.Odammetey, E.K. Nkebi, K. VijayKumar, and S.Prabhudesai, 2005. Application of model studies forquality control of bottom pressure based GLOSS sealevel gauge at Takoradi Harbour (Ghana, West Africa),286-291.

Joseph, A., R.G.P. Desai, Y. Agarvadekar, T. Tengali, M.Mishra, C. Fadate, and L. Gomes, 2005. Design andperformance evaluation of a hall effect magneticcompass for oceanographic and meteorologicalapplications, 292-298.

Mahale, V., W.G. El Dine, B. Chakraborty, 2005.Seafloor backscatter signal simulation andclassification, 49-54.

Mehra, P., R.G.P. Desai, A. Joseph, K. VijayKumar, N.Dabholkar, S. Prabudesai, S. Nagvekar, and Y.Agarvadekar, 2005. Endurance and stability of somesurface meteorological sensors under land- and ship-based operating environments, 257-264.

Navelkar, G.S., R.G.P. Desai, and B. Chakraborty, 2005.Duel frequency echo data acquisition system for sea-floor classification, 42-48.

Patents & publications

Articles published in Proceedings of NationalSymposium on Half A Century Progress inOceanographic studies of North Indian Oceansince Prof. La Fond’s Contributions (HACPO).ed. By: Prasad, K.V.S.R.: Visakhapatnam,India, 23-24 Dec 2004. Andhra University.Visakhapatnam, India :

Kumar, A.R.S., T.V.R. Murty, M.M.M. Rao, V.R. Rao,B.S.R. Reddy, 2005. Circulation and mixing processin Vasishta-Godavari estuary, east coast of India,92-97.

Murty, T.V.R., Y. Sadhuram, M.M.M. Rao, B.P. Rao, S.SuryaPrakash, P. Chandramouli, K.S.R. Murthy, andK.V.S.R. Prasad, 2005. Canonical sound speed profileand related ray acoustic parameters in the Bay ofBengal, 8-17.

Shree Ram, P. and L.V.G. Rao, 2005. Upwelling featuresnear Sri Lanka in the Bay of Bengal, 30-33.

Varkey, M.J. 2005. Development of summer monsoonand onset of continuous rains over central west coastof India, 38-45.

Patents & publications

Articles published in Revealing India’s past(recent trends in art and archaeology) Prof. AjayMitra Shastri commemoration volume. Ed. by:Sharma, R.K.; Handa, D. Aryan Books. NewDelhi, India, 1 :

Gaur, A.S., Sundaresh, and S. Tripati, 2005.Underwater explorations of a Sangam period (300 BC-AD 400) port town at Poompuhar, east coast of India.33-43.

Sundaresh, A.S. Gaur, K.H. Vora, S. Tripati, and S.N.Bandodkar, 2005. Some new thoughts on thediscovery of ancient Dwarka: A study based on recentmarine archaeological exploration off Dwarka, WestCoast of India, 22-32.

68

Staff list

FinancesDuring the year we received CSIR grant ofRs. 28.53 crores for our Institutional R&Dprojects. External cash flow from othergovernment departments and ministries forconducting their programmes was Rs. 13.81crores while we charged Rs. 7.70 crores fromindustries towards sponsored projects andconsultancy.

DirectorDr. Shetye SR

Sc.GDr. Zingde MD

Sc.FDr. Varkey MJSh. Josanto VDr. Swamy GNSh. Sarupria JSDr. Murthy KSRDr. Desa Elgar SDr. Bahulayan NDr. Dalal SGSh. Desai Prabhu RGDr. Loka Bharathi PADr. Naik CGSh. Ramesh Babu VDr. Naqvi SWADr. Nigam RajivSh. Gouveia Albert DDr. Ramana MVDr. Nair KKCDr. Stephen RosammaDr. Achuthankutty CT

Dr. Bhosle NBDr. Wahidullah SDr. Saramma UPDr. Poi Fondekar SNDr. Goswami UshaSh. Bhattacharya GCDr. Paropkari ALDr. Rajagopal MDDr. Sarma VVDr. Gujar ARSh. Vora KHSh. Sathe PVSh. Sarma RVSh. Das Kesava VDr. Valsangkar ABDr. Nagender Nath BDr. Pattan JNDr. Kamesh Raju KADr. Shyam Prasad MDr. Ramaiah NDr. Parameswaran PSDr. Rao Prattipati SDr. Mukhopadhyay RanadhirDr. Sharma Rahul KDr. Karisiddaiah SMDr. Harkantra SN

Dr. Prasanna Kumar SDr. Shenoi SSCDr. Banakar VKDr. Kodagali VNDr. Rao Purnachandra VDr. Murty VSNDr. Ansari ZASh. Ranade GHDr. Naidu Divakar PDr. Banerjee RSh. Ram Prasad TDr. Iyer Sridhar DDr. Narvekar PVDr. Sardesai Sugandha DDr. Raghukumar ChandralataDr. Chatterji Anil KDr. Chakraborty BishwajitSh. Afzalpurkar SDr. Gopalkrishna VVDr. Vethamony PDr. Ramesh Kumar MRDr. Mandal SDr. Gajbhiye SNDr. Kadam AN

Doc.Off.Dr. Tapaswi MP

Sc.EIISh. Diwan SGMrs. Jayalakshmi KVMrs. D’Silva ClassySh. Suresh TDr. Krishnakumari LDr. Somayajulu YKDr. Rao Malleswara MMDr. Subrahmanyam VDr. Jauhari PratimaDr. Ramaswamy VDr. Sarma YVBDr. Shyam Gupta MDr. Borole DVDr. Chauhan OSSh. Bhat SRDr. Joseph Antony KDr. Mudholkar Abhay VMrs. Mesquita Analia MBDr. Verlenkar XNDr. Menezes MariaSh. Krishnama Charyulu RJMrs. Kaisary SujataSh. Reddy Venkata GDr. Sadhuram Y

69

Finance & Human Resources

Sh. Rao Narasimha TVSh. Subramanyam ASDr. Murty Ramana TVDr. Ingole BSDr. Prabhu Matondkar SGSh. Ashok Kumar KDr. Krishna KSDr. Chaubey Anil KDr. Khadge NHDr. Suryanarayana ADr. Jagtap TGDr. Achuthankutty ShantaSh. Balasubramanian TDr. Fernandes AASh. Reddy Purnachandra NDr. Mascarenhas ADr. Anil Chandrashekar ADr. Dinesh Kumar PKDr. Pankajakshan TDr. Sawant SSDr. D’Souza Lizette MSh. Rao Mohan KDr. Sawkar KalidasDr. Muraleedharan PMDr. Sarma KVLNSDr. Wafar MVMDr. Jiyalal Ram MJDr. Unnikrishnan ASDr. Rathod Vijayakumar PDr. Revichandran CDr. Sarkar AnupamDr. Shailaja MSSh. Nampoothiri Govindan EDr. Raveendran TVSh. Sarma MSSDr. Rao Prabhakara BSh. Saran AKMrs. Joseph TresiammaSh. Mascarenhas Antonio AMQSh. Naik Gajanan PDr. Kunte PD

Sc.EISh. Murty GPSSh. Menezes Andrew ADr. Shirodkar PVSh. Navelkar Gajanan SSh. Ilangovan DSh. Madhan RDr. Sanil Kumar VVDr. Mohandas CSh. Ambre NVSh. Mislankar PGSh. Jayakumar SeelamDr. Shankar DSh. Mehra PrakashDr. Lakshiminarayana S

Sc.CSh. Durga Prasad PVSSDr. Nagarajan RSh. Sarma PVSSRDr. Velamala S Naidu

Sc.BDr. Bhat Subraya ShankarSh. Sudarshan RMrs. Pereira Maria Brenda LSh. Mani Murali RSh. Kocherla MuralidharDr. Sukumaran SoniyaDr. Ravindran JDr. Gauns Mangesh UDr. Gonsalves Maria-JudithMis. Cathrine Sumathi JSh. Ray DurbarDr. Kurian Siby

Dr. Shenoy Damodar MDr. Naik HemaSh. Maurya Pramod KumarDr. Aparna MMrs. Suresh NeetuSh. Suresh IDr. Dewangan Pawan

TO-EIISh. Subramaniam V

TO-EISh. Kotnala KLSh. Venugopal PSh. Sharma SPMrs. Dias Caroline FMSh. Marathe PrakashSh. Panneer SelvamSh. Tengali Suryakant BSh. Wahidullah MdSh. SundareshSh. Mohanan VNSh. Pathak MCDr. Sila TripatiSh. Muralinath ASSh. Raveendran OSh. Sonawane AVDr. Gaur Anuruddh SinghMrs. Singh KavitaSh. Sharma PrashantSh. Mandalia AV

Supt.Engg.(Civil)Sh. Kubasad RBSh. Mathews Chacko P

TO-CSh. Nanyasi SKSh. Fernandes BlascoSh. Premakumar MKSh. Babu MTSh. Tony J ThottamSh. Prabaharan NSh. Rao Ramalingeswara BDr. Balachandran KKSh. Almeida Anselmo MSh. Krishnakumar VDr. Srinivas KarlapatiSh. Parthiban GSh. Vijay Kumar BDr. Prakash Babu CDr. Alagarsamy RSh. Rokade MASh. Phadte GMSh. Fernando VijayanSh. Khedekar VDSh. Sundar DamodaranSh. Gracias DGSh. Michael G SelvanSh. Satyanarayana RYDr. Prabha DeviSh. Vijayan PRNSh. Gaonkar SSSh. Pattanshetti SSSh. Pednekar PSSh. Pathak KCSh. Raju NSNSh. Walker Gavin ASh. Ganesan PMrs. Simon SojaSh. Naik Davidas K

Lib.Off.-CSh. Sainekar GH

Lady Medical OfficerDr. Chodankar Kalpana

Exe.Engg.(Elect.)Sh. Singh Bachcha

TO-BSh. Naik BGSh. Venkat Krishnamurty PSh. Sreepada Anantha RMrs. Desa Maria AnaSh. Jai Sankar SSh. Patil Manohar PMrs. Nagvekar M SurekhaSh. Mahale Arun YSh. Reddy Sreenivasulu ChSh. Bandodkar Shrinivas NSh. Sardar Areef ASh. Prabhu Girish AnandMrs. Garg AnitaSh. Moraes Ceasar NRMrs. Lasitha Ratnakaran

Asst.Exe.OfficerSh. Phutankar Rajendra P

Medical OfficerDr. Fernandes Ivone A

Lib. Off. ASh. Thampi KE

TO-ADr. Nair MaheswariSh. Vijayakumar KanojiaSh. Jawahar Kumar ChSh. Gowthaman R

STASh. Luis RAASh. Naik Kamlakant L

JTASh. Prabhudesai Shivanand PSh. Fernandes William ASh. Sahu Satya RajanSh. Dabholkar Nitin AnilMis. Gonsalves Sharon TSh. Methar Anand LSh. Agarvadekar Yogesh VSh. Khalap Sadashiv TSh. Gurudas M TirodkarSh. Vaz Santana CaitanSh. Lakshmipathi VMis. Phatarpenkar VandanaMrs. Bandodkar Sujal SSh. Satelkar Narayan PSh. Singh JaiMis. Gawade Lata GSh. Naik Milind MinanathMrs. Karapurkar Supriya GSh. Kunkolikar Kishan GSh. Das Santosh KumarSh. Sudheesh KSh. Kavlekar Devanand P

Elect. SupervisorSh. Kumaran K

Lab. SupervisorSh. Patil MN

SLAMrs. Ramaswamy PhilomenaMrs. Ribeiro ChristalinaSh. Gawas Vasant BSh. Mochemadkar Manohar VSh. Prasad Ranga TVSh. Mascarenhas Luis SSh. Naik Ganesh NSh. Rao Koteswara ASh. Amaral Jose ANSh. Nair Sivaraman KKSh. Sudhakaran TK

70

Finance & Human Resources

Sh. Naik Nagvenkar ShyamSh. Bhobe Datta Prasad PSh. Naik Laximan BSh. Talkatnal YSSh. Mir Hussain SajjadSh. Chauhan Gopal KSh. Anirudh RamSh. Bagde DSSh. Babu Suri ASh. Monteiro AntonioSh. Parmar UASh. Ramdasan KMrs. Prabhu Beena SMrs. Prabhu Geeta SMrs. D’Souza RosariaSh. Fernandes BrunoSh. Naik RLSh. Dalvi Hanumant SSh. Gauns Fotu OSh. Patel Babu GSh. Desai GajananSh. Prabhu N SitaramSh. Rlbeiro Melwin

Technican-CSh. Sasikumar KL

Tech. Asst.Sh. Madaswamy BSh. Goudar MGK

Nursing SisterMenezes ThelmaMrs. Mochemadkar Kanchan P

Fine Mech.Sh. Surlekar Manohar

CompounderMrs. Fernandes Maria Angela

PlumberSh. Karelkar Laxman R

Driver Cum Mech.Sh. Fernandes BernardSh. Chakkapan CPSh. Nadar KasiSh. Polichetti NSh. Chorat Baji Rao

Sr.DeckhandSh. Dhavjekar Maheshwar VSh. Kankonkar PJSh. Sasi EKSh. Mandrekar Uday DSh. Toraskar Namdev B

KPOMrs. Rodrigues AncySh. Prabhu RKSh. Jakhi SPNSh. Dias MathewSh. Naik Suryakant R

Sr. Mech.(AC)Sh. Fernandes Milton

Machine OperatorSh. Pednekar Babuso H

Printing Mech.Sh. Naroji Subhash S

Compositor (Gr.II)Sh. Mochemadkar Mahesh V

TurnerSh. D’Silva Eulalio O

CarpenterSh. Naik Gurudas P

TracerSh. Javali UdaykumarSh. Chavan RLSh. Chitari KGSh. Akerkar SGSh. Pawaskar PramodSh. Uchil RSh. Chitari Satish B

Staff Car DriverShri Shet RPSh. John LuisSh. Dige Anant ShankerSh. Sable Baban VSh. Chavan Subhash SSh. Naik Baboi NSh. Braganza Joaquim DSh. Fadte Namdev JSh. Morajkar Nishakant V

Photo. Asst.(Gr.VI)Sh. Shirsat UmeshSh. Sheikh Ali Karim

JLASh. Kulkarni VK

FitterSh. Fernandes Peter P

Tech.(Inst.)Mrs. Vimalakumari D

Technician Gr.IIMrs. Venkata Ramana K Ch.Mis. Fernandes AidaMrs. Grace Joseph

Works MistrySh. Krishnaiah KSh. Sardessai RB

Engine Driver Cl.IISh. Kurle PR

Jr. Tech.Sh. Shirgaunkar Anil V

CateloguerSh. Gawas Atmaram K

CookSh. Godinho Jose

MasonSh. Gawas Mohammad

Dispatch RiderSh. Poi Venkatesh R

Sr. Gest. OperatorSh. George Thomas

Lab. Att.Sh. Dongrekar STSh. Mustafa Basha Shaik

Lab. BearerMrs. Geethakumari PGSh. Sheikh YacubSh. Parulekar Atmaram SNSh. D’Souza Francis

Workshop Asst.Sh. Naik Vasudev BSh. Sawant Raghunath

Tech.Sh. Gawas Suresh M

Book BinderSh. Sirvoikar Chandrakant

Guest House Att.Sh. Kamat Dattaram S

Helper Gr.ASh. Gawas Laxman BSh. Jogle Arjun HSh. Ilyas MdSh. Gonsalves Graciano ZSh. Gauns Dinu PSh. Gawas Monu GSh. Martins NagueshSh. Oza Jayram GSh. Gawade Shivaji D

KhalasiSh. Kotharkar ShantaSh. Jogle Vithal ASh. Fernandes Aquino TSh. Shariff Md BepariSh. Vijayan P

MaliSh. Kunkolkar DinkerMrs. Shirodkar SusheelaSh. Sirvoikar ShamuSh. Sirvoikar HanumantSh. Gaunco Anant MSh. Jamal Sahib MullaSh. Keshavappa TSh. Vithoba Kundaiker

PeonSh. Arlekar Pradeep

WatchmanSh. Parsekar SBSh. Poi NTSh. Mahale Jaidev GSh. Gaonkar HM

COASh. Muthukrishnan A

COFASh. Dias CM

A OSh. D’Silva Peter I

SPOShri Ramankutty TKSh. Pant Suresh

Hindi OfficerDr. Singh Umesh Kumar

PSMis. Cardoz Milagrina

SO(F&A)Sh. Bhaskar Kumar RaviSh. Ram Rishi Raman

SO(G)Mrs. Mascarenhas NancyMrs. D’Silva Regina MCSh. Fadte SRMis. Shahapurkar Meena

SO (S&P)Sh. Mascarenhas Johny

Dy.SPOSh. Sanke SG

Asst. (Gr. I)Sh. Tharawal RSh. Ghanti SimantaMrs. D’Souza Anna JMrs. Fernandes M FranciscaSh. Kurtarkar Ratnakar SMrs. Lobo Pia GracindaMrs. Pillai SwarnakumariSh. Sivadasan KSh. Vernekar RGSh. Sirvoikar Onu

71

Mrs. D’Mello VilmaMrs. Rego Sacramenta MSh. Narvekar Dileep KMrs. Rao SyamalaSh. Verenkar Madan JMrs. D’Costa EdithMrs. Mochemadkar Mamta MMrs. Kala KBSh. Pereira EdwardMrs. Amaral Vijaya AfonsoSh. Cota Caitaninho

Asst. (Gr. II)Mis. Fernandes TerezinhaMis. De Araujo Liberate EMrs. Kelkar Kanti S

Asst. (Gr.III)Sh. Mochemadkar Nitin S 0

Asst. (F&A)(Gr. I)Sh. Date ASSh. Murthy VSSh. Naik Umesh BSh. Vijayakumar GMrs. Priolkar Alka

Asst. (F&A)(Gr.II)Mrs. Fernandes Ita ML

Asst. (F&A)(Gr.II)Mis. Savaratkar Minakshi G

Sr. Steno (ACP)Sh. Sasidharan VMrs. Radhakrishna KSh. Simon TPMrs. D’Souza Lucinda VSh. Nair PB

Sr. StenoSh. Bhinge RSSh. Nair Rajagopalan KMrs. Vaz SheilaMrs. Subramanian GeetaMrs. Veliath LindaMrs. Fernandes Maria GoretteMrs. Sudhakar AlisonMrs. Korde Vanamala PMrs. Cardozo CletaMrs. Martins FatimaMis. Alphonso Felecidade

Asst. S&P(Gr.I)Sh. Rao Siva PVSh. Chodnekar BL

Sh. Terdalkar Surendra GSh. Mujawar YARMrs. Peshwe MelitaSh. Sukumaran A

Asst. S&P(Gr.II)Sh. Maijikar HarishMrs. Fernandes CarminaSh. Lopes CraveiroSh. Hasanwale AshrafSh. Lamani TG

Asst. S&P(Gr.III)Sh. Ravi Prakash KVMrs. D’Mello Rosaria EffieSh. Pereia Santosh Rama

Jr. StenoSh. Patil RajaramMrs. Shettigar Sunita

ReceptionistMrs. Almeida Shanti E

Security Asst.Sh. James P

Asst. Halwai (ACP)Sh. Tervankar Rama B

Peon (Higher Gr.)Sh. Pereira Peter

Record KeeperSh. Gad Surya V

Asst. ManagerSh. Toraskar DT

FarashSh. Gauns Keshav

Bearer(ACP)Sh. Kharde Ramesh TSh. Coelho ReginaldoSh. Fernandes CiriloSh. Dias Ghanashyam

PeonSh. Gaunco NanuSh. Gauns NaniSh. Martins DakuSh. Gauns DigambarSh. Hamza KH

AcronymsAO - Administrative OfficerAsst. Exe.Officer. - Assistant Executive EngineerCOA - Controller of AdministrationCOFA - Controller of Finance & AccountsDoc Off – Documentation OfficerDr. Cum Mech. – Driver cum MechanicElect. Supervisor – Electrical SupervisorExe. Engr. - Executive EngineerFine Mech. – Fine MechanicGuest House Att. – Guest House AttendantJLA - Junior Laboratory AssistantJr. Sec. Gd. - Junior Security GuardJr. Steno. - Junior StenographerJr. Tech. - Junior TechnicianJTA - Junior Technical AssistantKPO - Key Punch OperatorLab. Att. - Laboratory AttendantLab. Bearer – Laboratory BearerLab. Supervisor – Laboratory Supervisor

Lib. Off. - Library OfficerPhoto. Asst. - Photographic AssistantPrinting Mech. – Printing MechanicP.S.- Private SecretarySc. - ScientistSecu. Asst. - Security AssistantSLA - Senior Laboratory AssistantSO - Section OfficerSPA - Stores and Purchase AssistantSPO – Stores & Purchase OfficerSr. Deckhand – Senior DeckhandSr. Gest. Operator – Senior Gestetnor OperatorSr. Mech. – Senior MechanicSr. Steno. – Senior StenographerSTA – Senior Technical AssistantSupt. Engg. – Superintending EngineerTech. - TechnicianTech. Asst. – Technical AssistantTO - Technical OfficerWorkshop Asst. – Workshop Assistant

Peon (ACP)Sh. Shirodkar GovindSh. Gonsalves Joseph

Store BearerSh. Gawas BhikuSh. Kuttikar Mahadev

Tea Maker (ACP)Sh. Rao Rama DSh. Gupta Dhanilal PSh. Kannan PV

Tea/Coffee MakerSh. Tuyekar Gopal N

Wash Boy (ACP)Sh. Appala Raju KSh. Estrocio FrancisSh. Nayaka Ramesh

KitchenClerk(ACP)Mrs. Mary PK

WatchmanSh. Gawas PundalikSh. Nair SanelkumaranSh. Singh Omkar R

SafaiwalaSh. Gauns DMrs. Begh SubhadraMrs. Fernandes Luisa MMrs. Sirvoikar MinaxiSh. Tang Devichand CSh. Naik Mahadev HSh. Satelkar SabajiSh. Gauns BudoSh. Viegas CaitanSh. Khade Ramesh MMrs. Ghanki ShantiMrs. Martins Noli DSh. Gauns MukundMrs. Surlekar Sumitra SMrs. Mulgaonkar Sangita CMrs. Naik Vijayshree GMrs. Menama Raja DevenSh. Sawant Meghanath LMrs. Gaunco Caveri V

Jr. Security GuardSh. Vijayan RSh. Das Ram Khilavan

Gr.IVarkey KV

Finance & Human Resources

72

ChairmanDr. P.S. GoelSecretaryDepartment of Ocean DevelopmentMahasagar Bhavan, Block-12,CGO Complex, Lodi Road,New Delhi – 110 003.

MembersDr. J. SrinivasanChairmanCentre for Atmospheric & Oceanic Scienceand Professor Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of ScienceBangalore – 560 012.

Dr. N.S. SarmaProfessor & DirectorSchool of ChemistryAndhra UniversityVisakhapatnam – 530 003.

Dr. M. RavindranFormer Professor, Ocean Engineering Centre, IIT MadrasRetired Director, National Institute of Ocean Technology“Vigna Raja”, 17C, Pondicherry Road, Kottur,Chennai – 600 085

Dr. S.A.H. AbidiEx-MemberAgricultural Scientists Recruitment Board, Govt. of India,New Delhi,C-M-11/B, Sector-B,Aliganj Street and City Expansion Scheme,Aliganj, Luknow – 226 020 (U.P.)

Dr. D.M. KaleExecutive Director and Head,Keshawa Deva Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration,ONGC, 9, Kaulagarh Road, DehradunUttranchal – 248195

Dr. Prodipto GhoshSecretary,Ministry of Environment & ForestsParyavaran Bhavan, CGO Complex, Lodi Road,New Delhi – 110 003

Dr. V.P. DimriDirectorNational Geophysical Research InstituteUppal RoadHyderabad – 500 007

Mr. B.S.J. SwamySr. Vice PresidentReliance Industries Ltd.Oil and Natural Gas DivisionDhirubhai Ambani Knowledge CityH- Block, First Floor, Koper KhaireThane Belapore RoadNavi Mumbai – 400 706

Dr. S.R. ShetyeDirectorNational Institute of OceanographyDona Paula, Goa.

Dr. M.D. ZingdeDy. DirectorNational Institute of OceanographyLokhandwala Road, Four Bungalows, Andheri West,Mumbai – 400 053

SecretaryDr. A.C. AnilScientistNational Institute of OceanographyDona Paula, Goa.

Management Council

ChairmanDr. S.R. ShetyeDirector

MembersDr. K.S.R. MurthySci, ‘F’, RC Viskhapatnam

Dr. C. RevichandranSci, ‘E-II’, RC Kochi

Shri IlangovanSci, ‘E-I’,

Ms. Maria BL MascarenhasSci, ‘B’

Dr. (Mrs.) Kalpana ChodankarTO(B)

Dr. M.R. NayakSci. ‘G’, NAL, Bangalore

Head, RDPD & PME

Shri C.M. DiasCOFA

Member-SecretaryShri A. MuthukrishnanCOA

3

Published by : Director, NIO, GoaAssistance : S.P. Sharma, A.Y. Mahale, Sharon Gonsalves, Sujal Bandodkar and B.C. RibeiroCompilation, Layout & Production : Publication & Reprography SectionPrinted by : M/s Manipal Press Ltd., Karnataka

Regional Centres

Mumbai

Dr. M. D. ZingdeScientist-in-ChargeNational Institute of OceanographyRegional CentreLokhandwala Road, Four Bungalows,Andheri (West), Mumbai – 400 053

: 91(0)22-26359605Fax : 91(0)22-26364627e-mail : mzingde@nio.org

Kochi

Dr. C.T. AchuthankuttyScientist-in-ChargeNational Institute of OceanographyRegional CentreDr. Salim Ali Road, P.B. No. 1913,Kochi - 682 018

: 91(0)484-2390814Fax : 91(0)484-2390618e-mail : achu@nio.org

Vishakhapatnam

Dr. K.S.R. MurthyScientist-in-ChargeNational Institute of OceanographyRegional Centre176, Lawsons Bay Colony,Visakhapatnam - 530 017

: 91(0)891-2539180Fax : 91(0)891-2543595e-mail : ksr@nio.org

GoaDr. S.R. ShetyeDirectorNational Institute of OceanographyDona Paula, Goa – 403 004

: 91(0)832-2450 450Fax : 91(0)832-2450 602

91(0)832-2450 604e-mail : ocean@nio.orgURL : http://www.nio.org/

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