Subject - Contemporary India & Education
Dr. Amit Kumar Principal, B.P.S.P. B.Ed. College, Daudnagar
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr ¼1986½
National Education Policy (1986)
f'k{kk ,d lrr~ izfØ;k gksus ds dkj.k fujUrj fodflr o fofHkUuhÑr gksrh jgh
gS rFkk mldk izlkj {ks= yxkrkj c<+rk jgk gSA izR;sd jk"Vª viuh fof'k"V
lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd igpku dks Li"V djus o dk;e j[kus] ledkyhu pqukSfr;ksa dk
lkeuk djus o jk"Vªh; thou ds lao/kZu ds fy;s viuh fof'k"V f'k{kk iz.kkyh
fodflr djrk gSA LorU=rk izkfIr ds ckn ds Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ds bfrgkl esa 1964 ds
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk vk;ksx 1964&66 rFkk 1968 dh jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr ,d egRoiw.kZ dne
dk izrhd FkkA bl ij vey Hkh gksuk 'kq: gks x;k Fkk rFkk dbZ izkUrksa us vius &
vius <ax ls 10 $ 2 $ 3 dh f'k{kk laLFkku ykxw dj nh FkhA f=Hkk"kk lw=] izkUrksa esa
Ñf"k] O;olkf;d ,oa rdfudh f'k{kk] foKku f'k{kk vkSj oSKkfud 'kks/kksa ds fy;s fo'ks"k
izko/kku fd;s tkus yxs Fks rFkk f'k{kk esa lq/kkj gsrq vU; dk;ZHkh 'kq: dj fn;s x;s
FksA
ijUrq 1977 esa dsUnz esa turk ikVhZ dh ljdkj cuus ij 10 $ 2 $ 3 f'k{kk
lajpuk ds LFkku ij 8 $ 4 $ 3 f'k{kk lajpuk dk fopkj vk;kA ftlds ifj.kke &
Lo:Ik dqN f'k{kkfonks o lkalnksa ds lg;ksx ls rRdkyhu dsUnzh; f'k{kk ea=h Jh
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izrki pUnz us ,d ubZ f'k{kk uhfr 1979 dh ?kks"k.kk dj nhA bls vHkh ykxq Hkh ugha
fd;k x;k Fkk fd 1980 esa dsUnz esa iqu% dkaxzsl lRrk esa vk xbZ o iqu% N.P.E.
1968 ds vuqikyu ij tksj fn;kA
ijUrq blh chp bfUnjk xk¡/kh dh gR;k ds ckn jktho xk¡/kh ds iz/kkuea=h
cuus ij gj {ks= esa vkUnksyudkjh dne mBkus ds iz;kl esa f'k{kk ds iqufuZjh{k.k o
iquxZBu izfØ;k esa rRdkyhu f'k{kk dk losZ{k.k djkdj bls & f'k{kk ds pqukSrh
uhfr lEcU/kh ifjizs{; (Challenge of Education; A Policy Prospective)
uked nLrkost 1985 ¼vxLr½ esa izdkf'kr djk;k x;kA ftlesa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh
1951 ls 1985 rd dh izxfr ;k=k dk lkaf[;dh; fooj.k mldh miyfC/k;ksa ,oa
vlQyrkvksa dk ;FkkZFk fp=.k djrs gq, mlds xq.k&nks"kks dk lE;d foospu fd;k
x;k gSA bl nLrkost ij fo'oO;kih cgl 'kq: gqbZ vkSj lHkh izkUrksa ds fHkUu&fHkUu
{ks=ksa ls lq>ko izkIr gq;sA dsUnzh; ljdkj us bu lq>koksa ds vk/kkj ij ,d ubZ
f'k{kk uhfr rS;kj dh vkSj bls laln ds ctV vf/kos'ku 1986 esa izLrqr fd;kA
laln esa izLrqr djus ds ckn bls ebZ 1986 esa ikl djk;k x;kA
;g Hkkjr dh igyh ,slh igyh jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr gS] ftlesa uhfr ds lkFk
mlds dk;kZUo;u dh iwjh ;kstuk izLrqr dh xbZ gS vkSj lkFk gh blds fy, Ik;kZIr
lalk/ku tqVk;s x;s gSaA
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] 1986 dk nLrkost
(Format of National Education Policy, 1986)
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 dk nLrkost 11 Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gS] ftldk
laf{kIr o.kZu fuEu gS %&
¼1½ f'k{kk dk lkj o Hkwfedk (The Essence and Role of Education) -
f'k{kk okLro esa lHkh ds fy;s gSA ;g cgqeq[kh fodkl ij vk/kkfjr gSA f'k{kk
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ls vFkZO;oLFkk ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ds fy;s ekuo"kfDr fodflr gksrh gSA ;g
og vk/kkj gS] ftl ij 'kks/k o fodkl dh mUufr gksrh gSA ;g jk"Vªh;
vkRefuHkZjrk dh vfUre xkjaVh gSA f'k{kk dk ,d dk;Z laLÑfr laØe.k gSA
;g mu laosnu'khyrkvksa rFkk izR;{khdj.k dk ifj"dkj djrh gS] tks jk"Vªh;
leatu oSKkfud LoHkko eu o vkRek dh LorU=rk dks laHko cukrs gSa o bl
izdkj lafo/kku esa fufgr lektokn] /keZ&fujis{krk rFkk iztkrU= ds y{;ksa
dh izkfIr lqxe gks tkrh gSA bl uohu f'k{kk uhfr esa 1968 dh izFke jk"Vªh;
uhfr dk vuqlj.k fd;k x;k gSA blesa f'k{kk dks thou ls tksM+us] xzkeh.k
{ks= esa 90 % yksxksa dks izkFkfed f'k{kk dh miyC/krk] f'k{kk dh 10 $ 2 $
3 dh leku lajpuk] mPp f'k{kk esa dh xbZ izxfr] yksdra= ds ekxZ dh
ck/kk;sa] csjkstxkjh o tula[;k dh pqukSfr;k¡ rFkk vxys n'kd ds u;s rukoksa
vkfn dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
¼2½ jk"Vªh; f'k{kk iz.kkyh (National Education System) - f'k{kk dh
jk"Vªh; iz.kkyh dk vk'k; gS & fdlh fuf'pr Lrj rd tkfr] iUFk] LFkku
;k fyax ds HksnHkko ds fcuk lHkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ,d leku xq.koÙkk okyh
f'k{kk rd igq¡p gksA f'k{kk dks lHkh ds fy;s lqyHk cukus gsrq f'k{kk dks
jk"Vªh; y{; ekurs gq;s bls ,d ,slk vkfFkZd fuos'k dgk x;k] tks lekt
vkSj O;fDr;ksa ds orZeku rFkk Hkfo"; nksuksa dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA ;g jk"Vªh;
f'k{kk ,d leku 'kSf{kd lajpuk ij fopkj djrh gSA ;g jk"Vªh; f'k{kk
iz.kkyh jk"Vªh; ikB~;Øe ij vk/kkfjr gksxh] ftlesa leku ewy ¼Core½ lfgr
vU; ?kVd 'kkfey gksrs gSa] tks yphys gksrs gSaA
volj dh lekurk dks c<+kok nsuk u dsoy lQyrk ds fy;s cfYd
lqyHkrk dh 'krksZa ds fy, Hkh vko';d gSA ;g tkx:drk ewy (Core)
ikB~;Øe }kjk iSnk dh tk;sxhA lHkh dks lQyrk lEcU/kh n'kkvksa ds leku
volj miyC/k djk;s tk;saxsaA f'k{kk ds izR;sd Lrj ij U;wure vf/kxe Lrj
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fu/kkZfjr fd;s tk;saxsa rFkk mpp f'k{kk esa lkekU;r% o izkfof/kd f'k{kk esa
fof'k"Vr% vUr{ksf=; xfr'khyrk dks c<+kok fn;k tk;sxkA
^thoui;ZUr f'k{kk* f'k{kk izfØ;k dk ,d iks"kd mÌs'; gksxkA viuh
euilUn f'k{kk dks mi;qDr LFkku ij tkjh j[kus ds fy;s ;qokvksa] x`gf.k;ksa]
Ñf"k o m|ksxksa esa dk;Zjr dkexkjksa dks volj fn;s tk;saxsA Hkfo"; esa eqDr
o nwjLFk f'k{kk ij cy fn;k tk;sxkA fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx] vf[ky
Hkkjrh; rduhdh f'k{kk ifj"kn~] Hkkjrh; Ñf"k vuqla/kku ifj"kn~ rFkk Hkjrh;
fpfdRlk ifj"kn~ dks l'kDr fd;k tk;sxkA f'k{kk fo"k; ds leorhZ lwph esa
gksus ds dkj.k dsUnz o jkt; ljdkjksa ds mÙkjnkf;Roksa esa ,d ubZ lk>snkjh
dh t:jr gSA
¼3½ lekurk ds fy;s f'k{kk (Education for Equality) - uà f'k{kk uhfr esa
orZeku le; esa ikà tkus okyh 'kSf{kd vlekurkvksa dks nwj djus rFkk
leku voljksa ls oafpr O;fä;ksa dh fof'k"V vko';drkvksa dh vksj è;ku
nsdj leku 'kSf{kd volj miyCèk djkus ij è;ku fn;k tk,xkA fL=;ksa dh
fLFkfr esa vkèkkjHkwr ifjorZu ykus ds fy,] fL=;ksa esa fuj{kjrk dks lekIr
djus o çkjafHkd f'k{kk rd mudh igqap o f'k{kk çkfIr esa ckèkkvksa dks gVkus
ij fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k tk,xkA bl Hkkx esa f'k{kk ls lacafèkr fuEufyf[kr
uhfr;ksa dks çLrqr fd;k x;k gS &
i. lkekftd fo"kerkvksa dks nwj j[krs gq, vc rd ds oafpr yksxksa
dks f'k{kk ds leku volj miyCèk djkukA
ii. efgykvksa dks l'kä o lkeF;Zoku cukus gsrq mu ij fo'ks"k
è;ku nsdj lkFkZd f'k{kk çnku djukA
iii. fofHkUu Lrjksa ij O;olkf;d] rduhdh rFkk O;olk; ls lacafèkr
f'k{kk esa efgykvksa dh lgHkkfxrk ij çeq[k cy fn;k tkukA
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iv. vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds cPpksa dh f'k{kk ds fy, fuèkZu ifjokjksa dks
vfuok;Z çkFkfed f'k{kk ds fy, çksRlkgu] fo'ks"k Nk=o`fÙk;ka]
fu;fer fujh{k.k] bu tkfr;ksa ds O;fä;ksa dks f'k{kd cukuk]
Nk=kokl dh lqfoèkk,a rFkk xzkeh.k jkstxkj dk;ZØe o xzkeh.k
Hkwfeghu jkstxkj xkjaVh dk;ZØe dk leqfpr mi;ksx vkfn ij
fo'ks"k è;ku nsukA
v. vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds ckydksa dh f'k{kk ds fy, vkfnoklh
{ks=ksa esa çkFkfed fo|ky; [kksyuk] vkfnoklh laL—fr o Hkk"kk
dk laj{k.k] vkfnokfl;ksa dks f'k{kd cukuk] vkJe rFkk
vkoklh; fo|ky; LFkkfir djuk] f'k{kk çkIr djus esa vkus
okyh ckèkkvksa dks nwj djuk] mPp f'k{kk o rduhdh f'k{kk ds
fy, Nk=o`fÙk;ka çnku djuk] fo'ks"k mipkjkRed ikBîØe]
vkaxuckM+h o vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dsaæ [kksyuk rFkk vkfnokfl;ksa
dh l`tukRed çfrHkk dk fodkl djuk vkfn dk;ZØe laiUu
fd, tk,axsA
vi. vYila[;dksa dks mudh Hkk"kk o laL—fr dh lqj{kk] viuh f'k{kk
laLFkkvksa dk lapkyu] oLrqfu"B ikBîØe dk fuekZ.k rFkk
jk"Vªh; mís';ksa ds vuq:i ,drk LFkkfir djus ds i;kZIr volj
fn, tk;saxsA
vii. uà f'k{kk uhfr esa 'kkjhfjd rFkk ekufld :i ls fodykax dks
cjkcj ds lk>hnkj dh rjg] vke turk ds lkFk lefUor djus
gsrq mudh f'k{kk vU; cPpksa ds leku djus] ;FkklaHko ftyk
eq[;ky;ksa esa Nk=koklksa lfgr fo'ks"k fo|ky;ksa dk çkoèkku
djus] fodykaxksa dks O;olkf;d çf'k{k.k nsus o fodykax cPpksa
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dh fo'ks"k dfBukb;ksa ds lekèkku gsrq LoSfPNd ç;Ru djus o
f'k{kd çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dh iqu% vfHkeq[krk dk çkoèkku j[kk
x;kA
viii. çkS<+ rFkk lrr~ f'k{kk ds O;kid dk;ZØe dks vusd çdkj ls
ykxw fd;k tk,xk] ftlesa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa lrr~ f'k{kk dsUæksa dh
LFkkiuk] fu;kstdksa] etnwj la?kksa o ljdkjh vfHkdj.kksa }kjk
dkexkjksa dh f'k{kk] iqLrdksa] iqLrdky;ksa o okpuky;ksa dk çlkj]
jsfM;ks] Vh-oh- o fQYeksa dk tu o lewg vfèkxe ekè;e ds :i
esa ç;ksx] nwjLFk f'k{kk dk;ZØe] #fp o vko';drk ij vkèkkfjr
O;olkf;d çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk,xkA
¼4½ fofHkUu Lrjksa ij f'k{kk dk iquxZBu (Reorganisation of Education at
different levels)
a) iwoZ ckY;dky ns[kHkky o f'k{k.k (Early childhood care and
Education - ECCE) & f'k{kk uhfr esa f'k'kq ds fodkl dh loZrksUeq[kh
izÑfr dks ekU;rk nh xbZ gS] vFkkZr~ vkgkj] LokLF; rFk lkekftd]
ekufld] 'kkfjfjd] uSfrd o HkkoukRed fodkl ij fo'ks"k /;ku nsrs
gq;s lesfdr cky fodkl dk;ZØe pyk;k tk;sxk] ftlesa iwoZ izkFkfed
f'k{kk dks lesfdr djrs gq;s fo|ky;ksa ds LokLF; dk;ZØeksa dks vkSj
lqn`<+ cuk;k tk;sxkA lkFk gh izkFkfed f'k{kk dks Hkh ckydsfUnzr
cuk;k tk;sxkA f'k'kq dh ns[kHkky o iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kk esa iw.kZ leUo;
j[kk tk;sxkA bls ,dhÑr cky fodkl lsok dk;ZØe ls mi;qDr :Ik
ls lefUor fd;k tk;sxkA
b) izkFkfed f'k{kk [Primary (Elementary) Education] & bl f'k{kk uhfr
esa 14 o"kZ rd dh vk;q ds cPpksa ds lkoZtfud ukekadu o fu;fer
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f'k{kk izkfIr rFkk f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk esa Ik;kZIr lq/kj ij cy fn;k
tk;sxkA bl Lrj ij ckydsfUnzr o fØ;k vk/kkfjr vf/kxe izfØ;k
viukbZ tk;sxhA u;h f'k{kk uhfr esa izkFkfed f'k{kk ds nks igyqvksa ij
cy fn;k tk;sxk &
i. lkfoZd izos'k rFkk 14 o"kZ dh vk;q rd cPpksa dh lkfoZd f'k{kkA
ii. f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk esa egRoiw.kZ lq/kkjA
c) ek/;fed f'k{kk (Secondary Education) & ek/;fed f'k{kk fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dks foKku ] ekufodh rFkk lkekftd foKkuksa dh fofHkUu Hkwfedkvksa
dh tkudkjh nsuk 'kq: djrh gSA bl uhfr ds lq>koksa ds vuqlkj
izfrHkk'kkyh cPpksa dks rhoz xfr ls izxfr djus nsus ds fy;s vPNh
xq.koÙkk okyh f'k{kk o mi;qDr volj lqyHk djkus ds fy;s ns'k ds
fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa ,d fuf'pr izdkj ds ^isl lsfVax Ldwy* ;k ^xfr
fu/kkZjd fo|ky;* [kksys tk;saxsA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 esa ek/;fed
f'k{kk ds izlkj o mUu;u gsrq vko';drkuqlkj ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa
esa uoksn; fo|ky;ksa dh Hkh LFkkiuk dh tk;sxh rkfd rhoz xfr ls
fodkl djus okys ;k fo'ks"k izfrHkk okys cPpksa dks volj iznku fd;k
tk ldsA
¼5½ mPp f'k{kk (Higher Education) - bl f'k{kk uhfr esa mPp f'k{kk ds
mUu;u gsrq Nk=ksa dks izos'k ijh{kk }kjk izos'k nsus] ikB~;Øeksa ds iquxZBu
djus] mPp f'k{kk laLFkkuksa dks lk/ku miyC/k djkus vkSj muds f'k{kdksa ds
fy;s iqucksZ/k dk;ZØeksa dh O;oLFkk djus dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA bl lEcU/k esa
uohu f'k{kk uhfr esa fuEufyf[kr izko/kku gSa &
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i. ,d cM+h la[;k esa Lok;Ùkrk izkIr dkWystksa dk fodkl fd;k
tk;sxk rFkk fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds dqN pqus gq;s foHkkxksa dks Hkh
Lok;Ùkrk nh tk;sxhA
ii. mPp f'k{kk dk ifj"kn~ksa ds ek/;e ls jkT; Lrjh; fu;kstu o
leUo; fd;k tk;sxk rFkk {kerk ds vuqlkj izos'k dks fu;fer
fd;k tk;sxkA
iii. f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa dks cnyus ds iz;kl fd;s tk;saxs rFkk f'k{kdksa ds
dk;Z dk ewY;kadu Hkh O;ofLFkr <ax ls fd;k tk;sxkA
iv. fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa vuqla/kku dk;ksaZa dh O;oLFkk dh tk;sxh vkSj
vuqlU/kku dh mPp xq.koÙkk dks lqfuf'pr cukus ds fy;s
lgk;rk iznku dh tk;sxh o vko';d iz;kl fd;s tk;saxsA
v. f'k{kk ds Lrj ij fuxjkuh ds fy;s fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;sx
vkSj f'k{kk ifj"knsa dk;Z djsaxhA
vi. lkekU; :Ik ls mPp f'k{kk dks rFkk fo'ks"k :Ik ls Ñf"k]
fpfdRlk] VsDuksykWth] dkuwu o f'k{kk ij vk/kkfjr vU;
O;olk;ksa ds {ks=ksa dks viuk y{; cukus okyh ,d jk"Vªh; laLFkk
dh LFkkiuk f'k{kk uhfr esa ,d:irk o lqlaxfr iSnk djus ds
mÌs'; ls dh tk;sxhA
¼6½ rduhdh o izcU/k f'k{kk (Technical and Management Education) -
uohu jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr esa rduhdh o izcU/k f'k{kk gsrq vf[ky Hkkjrh;
rduhdh f'k{kk ifj"kn~ (AICTE) ,oa jkT;ksa ds rduhdh f'k{kk cksMksaZ dks
lqn`<+ djus] dqN vPNs rduhdh ,oa izcU/k f'k{kk laLFkkuksa dks Lok;Ùkrk
iznku djus] rduhdh f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa vUrlZEcU/k c<+kus vkSj bl {ks= esa
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lrr~ f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk djus dh ckr dgh x;h gSA blds fy, fuEu dk;Z
fd;s tk;saxs &
i. rduhdh rFkk izcU/k f'k{kk dh /kkjk;sa vyx&vyx gksus ij Hkh
buds ikjLifjd lEcU/kksa dks ns[krs gq, lnh ds vUr rd
izLrkfor dYiuk ds vuqlkj budk iquxZBu djuk vko';d
gksxkA ;g vko';d gS fd rduhdh ,oa izcU/k f'k{kk dh uhfr
ds vUrxZr Hkfo"; esa vkfFkZd] lkekftd] Ik;kZoj.kh; mRiknu
vkSj izcU/k izfØ;k o Kku dk nzqr xfr ls izlkj fd;k tk;
vkSj bls foKku o izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa gksus okys lkekftd
ifjorZuksa ds lUnHkZ esa ns[k tk;A
ii. ekuo 'kfDr lEcU/kh lwpukvksa dks fodflr djus ds Øe esa gky
gh esa LFkkfir VSDuhdy eSu ikoj bUQkesZ'ku flLVe dks vkSj
vf/kd fodflr ,oa l{ke cuk;k tk;A
iii. LFkkfir o fodkl'khy izkS|ksfxdh ds fy, lrr~ f'k{kk
(Continuing Education) dk fodkl fd;k tk;sxkA
iv. lkeqnkf;d ikWfyVsfDudksa ds ek/;e ls xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa detksj
oxZ ds yksxksa dks mRiknd O;olk;ksa esa izf'k{k.k fn;k tk;sxkA
v. f'k{kk esa vk/kqfud lapkj izkS|ksfxdh ds Kku ds vUrxZr Nk=ksa
dks vko';d lwpukvksa dk Kku] f'k{kd izf'k{k.k] 'kSaf{kd xq.koÙkk
esa o`f)] dyk o laLÑfr ds izfr tkx:drk rFkk LFkk;h ewY;ksa
ds laLdkj vkfn dk Kku djk;k tk;sxkA
vi. dk;Z vuqHko dks mÌs';iw.kZ o lkFkZd 'kkjhfjd dk;Z ekurs gq,
bldk iz;ksx Nk=ksa ds fy, ek/;fed Lrj ij fn;s tkus okys
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iwoZ O;kolkf;d dk;ZØe rFkk mPprj ek/;fed Lrj ij
O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ds fy, fd;k tk;sxkA
vii. rduhdh f'k{kk dk lEcU/k m|ksx] vuqla/kku vkSj fodkl
laxBuksa ls] xzkeh.k vkSj lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØeksa ls rFkk
iwjd Lo:Ik okys vU; f'k{kk {ks=ksa ls LFkkfir fd;k tk;sxkA
viii. f'k{kdksa dks bl lUnHkZ esa cgqeq[kh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gq, f'k{k.k]
vuqla/kku] f'k{k.k lkexzh rS;kj djus ds lkFk laLFkk ds izcU/k esa
Hkh gkFk caVkuk gksxkA lHkh rduhdh izf'k{kdksa ds fy, lsok iwoZ
vkSj lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k vfuok;Z dj fn;k tk;sxkA
¼7½ f'k{kk O;oLFkk dks dkjxj cukuk (Making the Education System
Effective) - bl f'k{kk uhfr esa rRdkyhu 'kSf{kd okrkoj.k esa mÌs';ksa dh
xaHkhjrk ds lkFk&lkFk vk/kqfudhdj.k ,oa ltZukRedrk dh vko';dk dks
/;ku esa j[krs gq,] f'k{kk ds xq.k ,oa izlkj ds {ks= esa O;kid ifjorZuksa dks
lfEefyr fd, tkus dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA vr% blesa laLFkkvksa ds iz'kklu
rFkk f'k{kdksa ds fy, ekud fu/kkZfjr djus] f'k{kd rFkk Nk=ksa dh dk;Z
iz.kkyh esa lq/kkj djus vkSj f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dk ewY;kadu djus ij cy fn;k
x;k gSA bl dk;Z gsrq f'k{kdksa dh tckonsgh] okafNr O;ogkj&ekudksa dk
Nk=ksa }kjk vuqikyu ,oa mUur Nk=lsok dh O;oLFkk laLFkkvksa dks vPNh
lqfo/kk iznku djuk rFkk jk"Vªh; ;k Lo%jkT; ij fu/kkZfjr ekud rFkk Lrjksa
ds vuqlkj laLFkkuksa dh fu"ifÙk ds lUnHkZ esa ewY;kadu O;oLFkk dk fuekZ.k
djus dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA
¼8½ 'kSf{kd fo"k; oLrq vkSj izfØ;k dks u;k Lo:Ik nsuk (To give new
prospective to Educational content and process) - rRdkyhu
10
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,slk vuqHko fd;k tk jgk gS fd vkSipkfjd f'k{k.k i)fr
vkSj ns'k dh le`f) o fofo/k lkaLÑfrd ijEijkvksa ds chp dh [kkbZ dks
Hkjuk vko';d gS] bu lkaLÑfrd ijEijkvksa ds e/; fo|eku vUrj dks
lekIr djus gsrq ,d lsrq dk fuekZ.k vko';d gSA bl izdkj ubZ f'k{kk
uhfr bu nksuksa ds U;k;ksfpr la'ys"k.k ij cy nsus ds lkFk gh lkfgR; vkSj
dyk vkfn ds f'k{k.k&izf'k{k.k okys laLFkkuksa ds lao)Zu ij Hkh cy nsxhA
cPpksa dh lkSUn;Z] laxhr o ifj"dkj ds izfr laosnu'khyrk fodflr dh
tk,xh rFkk f'k{kk }kjk lkoZHkkSfed ewY;ksa dk fodkl fd;k tk;sxkA bl
izdkj ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk] lkekftd o uSfrd ewY;ksa ds fodkl gsrq ,d l'kDr
ek/;e cusxh rFkk blls /kkfeZd vU/kfo'okl] dV~Vjrk] vlfg".kqrk] fgalk
vkSj HkkX;okn dk vUr djus esa lgk;rk feysxhA
dk;kZuqHko dh f'k{kk dks lHkh Lrjksa ij nh tkus okyh f'k{kk dk ,d
vko';d vax ekuk tk;sxk o bls nsus gsrq ,d Js.khÑr o lqlajfpr
dk;ZØe Hkh cuk;k tk;sxkA blds }kjk izkIr fd;k x;k vuqHko vkxs pydj
jkstxkj ikus esa cgqr lgk;d gksxkA okrkoj.kh; lpsrurk ;k tkx:drk
mRiUu djus ds dk;ZØeksa dks lEiw.kZ 'kSf{kd izfØ;k esa lekdfyr fd;k
tk;sxkA
cPpksa esa fpUru] rdZ] fo'ys"k.k o rkfdZd la'ys"k.k esa izf'k{k.k nsus ds
fy, xf.kr i<+kuk pkfg,A foKku f'k{kk dks bl izdkj etcwr cuk;k tk;sxk
fd cPpksa esa i`PNk] l`tukRedrk] oLrqfu"Brk] ftKklk] lkSUn;kZRed
laosnu'khyrk] leL;k lek/kku o fu.kZ; ysus ls lEcfU/kr dkS'ky fodflr
gks lds o os nSfud thou esa fofo/k i{kksa ls foKku dk lEcU/k tku ldsaA
[ksydwn o 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk dks Hkh vf/kxe izfØ;k dk vfHkUu vax
ekurs gq, fu"ifÙk ds ewY;kadu esa bls Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tk;sxkA ;ksx ij
11
fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k tk;sxk o bls lHkh Ldwyksa o f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa
esa 'kkfey fd;k tk;sxkA
iqLrdksa ds Lrj dks lq/kkjus rFkk iBu vknr dks c<+kus ds fy, fo'ks"k
iz;kl fd;k tk;sxkA iqLrdksa ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk jk"Vªh; Lrj ij
iqLrdky;ksa ds lq/kkj dk vkUnksyu Hkh pyk;k tk;sxk o u;s iqLrdky;ksa
dh O;oLFkk dh tk;sxhA f'k{kk laLFkkuksa esa Hkh iqLrdky;ksa dh lqfo/kk;sa
c<+kbZ tk;saxh ,oa iqLrdky;ksa dh o`f) dh tk;sxh ,oa iqLrdky;k/;{kksa
ds Lrj esa o`f) dh tk;sxhA
f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj ykus ds fy, f'k{k.k vf/kxe dh fdlh Hkh
izfØ;k ds vkUrfjd vax ds :Ik esa fu"ifÙk dks ewY;kadu dk vfuok;Z vax
ekurs gq, ijh{k.k iz.kkyh dh iquO;ZoLFkk dh tk;sxh] ftlesa ewY;kadu
fof/k dh fo'oluh;rk o oS/krk lqfuf'pr dh tk;sxhA dk;kZRed lUnHkZ
esa ewY;kadu dk rkRi;Z daBLFkhdj.kdks grksRlkfgr djuk] la;ksx o
oS;fDrdrk ds voljksa dks nwj djuk] lrr~ o l?ku] ewY;kadu djuk]
f'k{kdksa] Nk=ksa ,oa vfHkHkkodksa }kjk ewY;kadu izfØ;k dk izHkkoh mi;ksx o
ijh{kk lapkyu esa lq/kkj djuk gksxkA blds lkFk gh 'kSf{kd lkexzh rFkk
f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa esa lgxkeh ifjorZu] Øfed :Ik esa ek/;fed Lrj ls gh
lsfeLVj iz.kkyh ykxw djuk o vadksa ds LFkku ij xzsfMax dk mi;ksx
djuk vkfn mik;ksa dks viukdj ckã ijh{kk ds iwoZ izHkko dks de fd;k
tk;sxkA
¼9½ f'k{kd o f'k{kd f'k{kk (Teacher and Teacher Education) -
lekt esa f'k{kdksa dk LFkku loksZifj gksus ds lkFk&lkFk 'kSf{kd O;oLFkk
dh lQyrk f'k{kdksa ds ckSf)d] 'kSf{kd rFkk muds ekuoh; xq.kksa ij
vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA ubZ f'k{kk uhfr ds vUrxZr f'k{kdksa dh lsok 'krksZa vkSj
12
dk;Zdkjh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa O;kid lq/kkj fd;k tk;sxkA f'k{kdksa ds p;u
ds rjhdksa dks Hkh bl izdkj iquxZfBr fd;k tk;sxk fd ;ksX;rk o
oLrqfu"Brk lqfuf'pr gks lds o izfØ;k {ks=h; o dk;Zijd vis{kkvksa ds
vuq:Ik gksA izfrHkkoku Nk=ksa dks fo'ks"k rkSj ij f'k{kk O;olk; dh vksj
vkdf"kZr djus ds fy, tksM+k tk;sxkA leku osru rFkk HkÙks] lsok dh
n'kk;sa ,oa ns'k Hkj esa mudh dfBukb;ksa dks nwj djus dh iz.kkyh ds
xBu djus ds iz;kl fd, tk;sxsaA f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfDr ,oa LFkkukUrj.k
gsrq Hkh ekxZnf'kZdk rS;kj dh tk;sxh rFkk mPp xzsM gsrq eqDr] lg;ksxh
,oa vk¡dM+ksa ij vk/kkfjr f'k{kd ewY;kadu iz.kkyh fodflr dh tk;sxh]
ftlesa f'k{kd ds mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk ewY;kadu] vPNh o cqjh fu"ifÙk dks
n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, ekudksa ds vk/kkj ij gksxkA
f'k{kk ,d lrr~ izfØ;k gS vr% blesa iwoZ o lsokdkyhu i{kksa dks vyx
ugha fd;k tk ldrk vr% igys pj.k esa f'k{kd f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dks
iquO;ZofLFkr fd;k tk;sxkA
'kSf{kd izfØ;k esa f'k{kd f'k{kk dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gS vr% ubZ f'k{kk uhfr
esa f'k{kd f'k{kk dh iz.kkyh esa vkewy ifjorZu fd;s tkus dh vko';drk
dks ns[krs gq, ftyk f'k{kk o izf'k{k.k laLFkku (D.I.E.T. District
Institute of Education and Training) LFkkfir fd, tk;saxs] tks
izkjafHkd Ldwyksa ds f'k{kdksa o fujkSipkfjd vkSj izkS<+ f'k{kk ds {ks= esa
dk;Zjr dkfeZdksa ds fy, lsokiw.kZ o lsokdkyhu dk;ZØe vk;ksftr djsxsaA
budh LFkkiuk gksrs gh Lrjghu laLFkkvksa dks lekIr dj fn;k tk;sxk o
pqus gq, f'k{kd izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa dh mUufr SCERT (State Council of
Education Research and Training) ds :Ik esa dh tk;sxhA NCERT
ds f'k{kd izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa dks l{ke cukus] ikB~;Øe rFkk fof/k;ksa ds
fuekZ.k gsrq ekxZn'kZu ds fy, okafNr lalk/ku iznku fd, tk;sxsaA ;s
13
laLFkk,¡ o fo'ofo|ky; ds f'k{kk foHkkx vkil esa feydj dke djsaxsA
dqN p;fur ek/;fed f'k{kd izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;ksa dks Hkh mPphÑr
djds mUgsa SCERT ds dk;Z ds iwjd ds :Ik esa dk;Z fn;k tk;sxkA
jk"Vªh; v/;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~ (NCTE) dks v/;kid f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dks
ekU;rk nsus dk vf/kdkj fn;k tk;sxk rFkk mls vko';d lk/ku miyC/k
djk, tk,axsA bl izdkj f'k{kd f'k{kk laLFkkuksa o fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk
foHkkxksa dh lqlEc) laxfBr J`a[yk fodflr dh tk,xhA
¼10½ f'k{kk dk izcU/ku (Management of Education) -
a) f'k{kk ds izcU/ku gsrq 'kSf{kd fu;kstu o izcU/k iz.kkyh esa ifjorZu dks
izkFkfedrk nh tk,xhA blds fy, dqN fl)kUrksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk
vko';d gksxk &
i. 'kSf{kd vk;kstu o izcU/k dk nh?kZdkyhu ifjizs{; (Long
Term Profile) rS;kj djuk vkSj mls ns'k dh fodklkRed
vkSj ekuo'kfDr lEcfU/kr vko';drkvksa ls tksM+ukA
ii. fodsfUnzdj.k rFkk f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa Lok;Ùkrk dh Hkkouk mRiUu
djukA
iii. f'k{kk esa yksd Hkkxhnkjh] xSj ljdkjh lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx rFkk
LoSfPNd iz;klksa dks egRo nsukA
iv. 'kSf{kd fu;kstu o izcU/k esa fL=;ksa ds Hkkx ysus dks izksRlkfgr
djukA
v. vjktdh; vfHkdj.kksa dh ifj"knksa o ,sfPNd iz;klksa dh
lgHkkfxrk ij cy nsukA
14
vi. iznÙk mÌs';ksa rFkk ekun.Mksa ds lEcU/k esa tckonsgh ds fl)kUr
dh LFkkiuk djuk] tSls funsZ'kd fopkjksa ij /;ku nsukA
b) jk"Vªh; Lrj ij 'kSf{kd fu;kstu o izcU/k dh fn'kk esa ^lsUVªy
,Mokbtjh cksMZ vkWQ ,twds'ku* 'kSf{kd fodkl ds fy, egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk fu/kkZfjr djsxk rFkk f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa lq/kkj gsrq okafNr
ifjorZu fd;s tk;saxsA ekuo lalk/ku ea=ky; ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa
leUo; gsrq okafNr lfefr;k¡ rFkk vU; vfHkØeksa dks fØ;k'khy cuk;k
tk;sxk ftlesa f'k{kk foHkkx dsUnz rFkk jkT; Lrj ij O;kolkf;dksa ds
lg;ksx ls l'kDr cusxkA bl izdkj ;g laLFkk 'kSf{kd fodkl dk
iqujkoyksdu djus rFkk rU= dks lq/kkjus gsrq blds dk;kZUo;u ij
fu;U=.k j[ksxh rFkk vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj dh ^Hkkjrh; f'k{kk lsok*
(IES) 'kq: dh tk;sxhA
c) 'kSf{kd fu;kstdksa] iz'kkldksa o laLFkkvksa ds izf'k{k.k ij Hkh /;ku fn;k
tk;sxkA
d) jkT; Lrj ij 'kSf{kd fu;kstu o izcU/k gsrq jkT; ljdkj LVsV
,Mokbtjh cksMZ dh LFkkiuk dh tk;sxh] tks jkT;ksa ds fofHkUu foHkkxksa
dk ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ds fy, izHkko'kkyh lg;ksx djsxhA
e) ftyk o LFkkuh; Lrj ij Hkh] mPp ek/;fed Lrj rd dh f'k{kk dk
izcU/k djus ds fy, ftyk f'k{kk cksMZ dk xBu fd;k tk;sxkA f'k{kk
fodkl dh cgqLrjh; lajpuk ds Hkhrj dsUnzh;] jkT;] ftyk o LFkkuh;
Lrj ij fu;kstu] leUo;] izcU/ku ,oa ewY;kadu esa Hkkx fy;k
tk;sxkA
15
f) f'k{kk dks O;kikj cukus ds mÌs'; ls xfBr laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk ij
jksd yxkus ds Hkh iz;kl fd, tk,xsa rFkk lgh izcU/k okyh laLFkkvksa
dks foÙkh; lgk;rk nh tk;sxhA
g) f'k{kk laLFkk ds v/;{k dks Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djuk
gksxkA mUgsa izf'kf{kr fd;k tk;sxk rFkk fo|ky; ifjljksa dks ueuh;
vk/kkj ij fodflr fd;k tk;sxkA blls f'k{kdksa esa lgfØ;kRed
vk/kkj ij o`fÙkd fodkl gksxk] vuqHko o lqfo/kkvksa esa Hkkxhnkjh ds
}kjk ekudksa rFkk vkpj.k dh izfrc)rk gks ldsxhA
h) bu laLFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls LFkkuh; lqnk;ksa dks fo|ky; fodkl
dk;ZØe esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk lkSaih tk;sxhA
¼11½ lalk/ku rFkk leh{kk (Resources and Evaluation) -
i. O;ogkfjd :Ik ls lHkh f'k{kkfonksa us ;g Lohdkj fd;k gS fd
f'k{kk ij fd;k tkus okyk O;; vkfFkZd fuos'k gksrk gS rFkk
blds }kjk gh Hkkjr esa lerkoknh mÌs';ksa o fodkl dsfUnzr
y{;ksa dks izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vHkh rd f'k{kk ij jk"Vªh;
vk; dk vf/kd izfr'kr f'k{kk ij O;; djds gh Hkkjr esa
lerkoknh mÌs';ksa] fodkl dsfUnzr y{;ksa dks izkIr fd;k tk
ldrk gS vkSj ;g dk;Z ds vk;kr rFkk vH;klksa ds Øe esa
gksxkA
ii. f'k{kk ds fy, iw¡th ,df=r djus gsrq pank ysuk Hkouksa dh
ns[kHkky vkSj nSfud dk;ksZs ds fy, LFkkuh; O;fDr;ksa dh
lgk;rk ysuk] 'kqYd o`f) rFkk ekStwnk lalk/kuksa dk leqfpr
mi;ksx vkfn yxHkx lHkh laHko mik; fd;s tk;saxsA
16
iii. foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh dh f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr laLFkkvksa dk izlkj
o mUgsa rhoz xfr ls vk/kqfud Lo:Ik nsuk Hkh vko';d gksxkA
iv. vuqla/kku o fodkl ls yxs laLFkkuksa dks] lqfo/kkvksa dk iz;ksx
djus okys vfHkdj.kksa] ljdkjh foHkkxksa rFkk m|fe;ksa ij f'k{kk
vf/kHkkj yxkuk gksxkA bu lHkh mik;ksa ls jkT; ij Hkkj Hkh de
gksxk rFkkljdkj dks izkFkfed f'k{kk dj lkoZHkkSehdj.k]
fuj{kjrk mUewyu] iwjs ns'k dh lHkh oxksZa ds fy, 'kSf{kd voljksa
dh lekurk] lkekftd] izklafxdrk dh vfHko`f)] 'kSf{kd
dk;ZØeksa dh xq.kkRed o dk;kZRed izHkko'khyrk ds fy, /ku Hkh
izkIr gksxkA
v. f'k{kk esa fofuos'k ;k vi;kZIr fuos'k ds xEHkhj ifj.kkeksa ls cpus
ds fy, o foKku o izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa LorU=rk izkfIr ds
I'pkr~ LFkkfir foKku o izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa fØ;k'khy
laLFkkvksa dks fujFkZdrk ls cpkus gsrq bu dkslksZa dks v|ru o
vko';drkvksa dh ekax ij vk/kkfjr cukuk gksxkA vU;Fkk bu
{ks=ksa ij fd;k x;k fuos'k Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks gkfu Hkh
igq¡pk ldrk gSA
vi. 1968 dh f'k{kk uhfr esa f'k{kk ds fuos'k dks /khjs&/khjs c<+kus dh
ckr dgh x;h gS ftlesa ;FkklaHko jk"Vªh; vk; dk 6% rd
f'k{kk ij O;; fd;k tk ldsA pw¡fd fuos'k dk okLrfod Lrj
ml y{; ls dgha de gS vr% uhfr esa fu/kkZfjr dk;ZØeksa ds
fy, okafNr /ku iznku djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k tk;A lkFk gh
vuqoh{k.k (Monitoring) o iqujkoyksdu ds vk/kkj ij
17
le;≤ ij vko';drk dh ek¡x ds vuqlkj /ku dh O;oLFkk
dh tk;A
ubZ f'k{kk uhfr ¼1986½ gsrq dk;Z ;kstuk (Plan of Programme of
Action for New Education Policy)
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr dks laln ds }kjk ikl gksus ds ckn uoEcj 1986
esa bl f'k{kk ;kstuk dks ykxq djus ds fy, dk;Z ;kstuk cukbZ xbZA blds
rgr 23 dk;Z nyksa dk xBu fd;k x;k ftlesa [;kfr izkIr f'k{kkfon] fo"k;
fo'ks"kK rFkk ofj"B ljdkjh vf/kdkjh 'kkfey FksA bUgksaus f'k{kk uhfr ds
izeq[k izko/kkuksa dks fØ;kfUor fd;s tkus dh fof/k ij fopkj djds viuh
laLrqfr tqykbZ 1986 esa izLrqr dhA ftls vafre izk:Ik esa Hkkjrh; laln }kjk
vxLr 1986 esa LohÑr fd;k x;k] ftls ckn esa lHkh jkT;ksa esa ykxq dj
fn;k x;kA
ubZ f'k{kk uhfr esa izkjfEHkd f'k{kk gsrq dk;Z ;kstuk (Plan of Action for
Elementary Education in N.E.P.)
bl f'k{kk uhfr esa izkjfEHkd f'k{kk gsrq fuEu lq>ko fn;s x;s &
14 o"kZ rd ds ckydksa dks f'k{kk ds fy, iqjs ns'k esa leku izos'k iz.kkyh rFkk
leku vof/k dh f'k{kk gksuh pkfg,A
izkFkfed f'k{kk esa lq/kkj okafNr fn'kk esa rFkk ewrZ :Ik esa gksus pkfg,A
ckydksa ds laKkukRed vf/kxe esa o`f) gksuh pkfg,A
fo|ky;ksa esa 'kkjhfjd n.M dh izFkk dks fcYdqy lekIr dj nsuk pkfg,A
Nk=ksa dks O;olkf;d Kku mudh lqfo/kkuqlkj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
18
vkWijs'ku CySd cksMZ ds ek/;e ls Nk=ksa dks [ksy ds leku] uD'ksa] pkVZ] pkWd]
';keiê rFkk MLVj vkfn iznku fd;s tkus pkfg,A
viO;; rFkk vojks/ku dks jksdus ds fy;s cM+s iSekus ij fujkSipkfjd f'k{kk
ds dk;ZØe vk;ksftr fd;s tkus pkfg,A
ubZ f'k{kk uhfr esa ek/;fed f'k{kk gsrq dk;Z ;kstuk (Plan of Action for
Secondary Education in N.E.P. 1986)
ubZ f'k{kk uhfr esa ek/;fed f'k{kk ds egRo dks Hkyh izdkj le>k x;k FkkA
vr% blesa bl Lrj dh f'k{kk ds lEcU/k esa fuEukafdr lq>ko fn;s x;s Fks &
vkfFkZd fLFkfr detksj gksus ij Hkh izfrHkkoku ckydksa dh 'kSf{kd izxfr esa
rsth ykus dk iz;kl djukA
bl uhfr esa ek/;fed Lrj ij O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dk ,d ,slk O;ofLFkr o
lqfu;ksftr dk;ZØe cukus dh laLrqfr dh xbZ gS] tks Nk=ksa dks muds f'k{kk
iwjh djus ds ckn mUgsa vkRefuHkZj cukus esa lgk;rk djsA
O;kolkf;d f'k{kk laLFkkvksa ds fuekZ.k dk mÙkjnkf;Ro ljdkj rFkk futh
lsok;kstdksa ij lgHkkfxrk ds vk/kkj ij lkSaik x;k gSA
ek/;fed Lrj ij d{kk 10 ds fy, ,d lkekU; vk/kkjHkwr ikb~;Øe cuk;k
x;k gSA
xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa rFkk efgykvksa ds fy, ljdkjh ,oa O;fDrxr nksuksa izdkj
dh laLFkkvksa esa O;kolkf;d f'k{kk c<+kus ds fy, fo'ks"k dne mBk;s tkus
pkfg,A
ek/;fed f'k{kk dk ikB~;Øe ,slk gks fd Nk= foKku] lkekftd foKku
rFkk ekufodh ds {ks= esa viuh izfrHkk dk iw.kZ fodkl dj ldsaA
19
mPp f'k{kk gsrq dk;Z ;kstuk (Plan of Action for Higher
Education)
mPp f'k{kk dh leL;kvksa ij xEHkhjrkiwoZd fopkj djus ds ckn] ubZ
f'k{kk uhfr esa fuEufyf[kr laLrqfr;k¡ nh xbZ gSa &
Hkkjr esa fLFkr 150 fo'ofo|ky; o 5000 egkfo|ky;ksa dh la[;k c<+kus ds
LFkku ij buds Lrj esa lq/kkj fd;k tk;A
f'k{kk esa vk/kqfud pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds uokpkjksa dks ykxw djuk o
vf/kd lqfo/kk;sa iznku djukA
lEc) dkWystksa ds LFkku ij dqN izeq[k Lok;Ùk dkWyst [kksys tk;saA
Hkk"kkxr ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij Ik;kZIr /;ku nsuk o ikB~;Øeksa esa yphykiu
gksukA
mPp f'k{kk ds Lrj ij o mldh xq.koÙkk ij ;w- th- lh- }kjk fujUrj
fuxjkuh j[kukA
f'k{kd f'k{kk dh n`f"V ls vksfj,UVs'ku izksxzke rFkk iqu'p;kZ ikB~;Øe
lapkfyr djus gsrq ,sdsMsfed LVkQ dkWystksa dh LFkkiuk djukA
ubZ f'k{kk uhfr & 1986 }kjk mBk;s x;s dqN egRoiw.kZ dne
(Some Important Steps Taken By
New National Education Policy - 1986)
ubZ f'k{kk uhfr & 1986 dk xBu f'k{kk dh pqukSfr;ksa ds :Ik esa fd;k x;k FkkA
vr% bldk Hkkjr dh f'k{kk O;oLFkk ij Ik;kZIr LFkk;h ,oa O;kid izHkko iM+k gS]
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ftldk dkj.k laHkor% mlds }kjk mBk;s x;s dqN egRoiw.kZ 'ksf{kd dne gSaA
f'k{kk esa ;ksxnku nsus okys ;s egRoiw.kZ dne bl izdkj gSa &
1- 10$2$3 f'k{kk lajpuk (10+2+3 Structure of Education)
2- uoksn; fo|ky; (Navodaya Vidyalaya)
3- fo|ky; ladqy (Group of Schools)
4- loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku (Education for all Movement)
5- 'kSf{kd voljksa dh lekurk (Equalization of Educational Opportunities)
6- vkWijs'ku CySd cksMZ (Operation Black Board)
7- nwjLFk f'k{kk ,oa eqDr fo'ofo|ky; (Distance Education and Open
Universitues)
8- mikf/k dks lsok ls vyx djuk (To Remove Degree from Service)
9- f'k{kd izf'k{k.k (Teacher Training)
10- f'k{kd dh tokcnsgh (Accountability of Teacher)
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