खण्ड - 'क' अपठित बोध - अध्याय 1 अपठित...

[k.M&^d* vifBr cks/k

v/;k; & 1 vifBr x|ka'k

Lej.kh; fcUnq

vifBr x|ka'k og va'k gS] tks igys ls u i<+k gksA fdlh Hkh vifBr x|ka'k dks i<+dj mls le>us dh izfrHkk dk fodkl

djuk gh vifBr x|ka'k dk y{; gSA

vifBr x|ka'k ls lEcfU/kr iz'uksa ds mÙkj nsus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,µ

⇒ x|ka'k ds HkkokFkZ dks le>us dk iz;kl djuk pkfg,A bl gsrq fn, x, x|ka'k dks /;ku ls de ls de nks ckj i<+ ysaA

⇒ x|ka'k ds mu Hkkxksa dks js[kkafdr djrs pysa ftuesa fdUgha iz'uksa ds mÙkj laHko gksaA

⇒ ;fn x|ka'k esa ls 'kCnksa ds vFkZ iwNs x;s gksa rks izlaxkuqlkj gh muds vFkZ fy[ksaA

⇒ 'kh"kZd nsrs le; x|ka'k ds ewy&Hkko dks O;Dr djus dh {kerk j[kus okyk 'kCn ;k lewg vFkok okD;ka'k pquuk pkfg,A

⇒'kh"kZd de ls de 'kCnksa dk gksuk pkfg,A

⇒iz'uksa ds mÙkj vadksa ds vuqlkj y?kq vFkok vfr y?kq :i esa gksus pkfg,A

qq

v/;k; & 2 vifBr dkO;ka'k

Lej.kh; fcUnq

vifBr dkO;ka'k og ys[k gS] tks igys u i<+k gksA fdlh Hkh dkO;ka'k dks fcuk fdlh dh lgk;rk ls i<+uk vkSj i<+dj mls le>us dh izfrHkk dk fodkl djuk gh vifBr dkO;ka'k dk y{; gSA

vifBr dkO;ka'k ls lEcfU/kr iz'uksa ds mÙkj nsus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,µ

ØdkO;ka'k ds HkkokFkZ dks le>us dk iz;kl djuk pkfg,AØdkO;ka'k ds mu Hkkxksa dks js[kkafdr djrs pysa ftuesa fdUgha iz'uksa ds mÙkj laHko gksaA

js[kkafdr Hkkx dks i<+rs gq, iz'uksa ds lokZf/kd mfpr fodYi ij fu'kku yxk,¡AØ;fn dkO;ka'k esa ls 'kCnksa ds vFkZ iwNs x, gksa rks izlaxkuqlkj gh muds vFkZ fy[ksaAØ 'kh"kZd nsrs le; dkO;ka'k ds ewy&Hkko dks O;Dr djus dh {kerk j[kus okyk 'kCn ;k 'kCn lewg vFkok okD;ka'k

pquuk pkfg,AØ'kh"kZd de&ls&de 'kCnksa dk gksuk pkfg,A

Øiz'uksa ds mÙkj vadksa ds vuqlkj y?kq vFkok vfr y?kq :i esa gksus pkfg,A

qq

2 ] vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] fgUnh ^c*&IX

[k.M&^[k* O;kdj.k cks/k

v/;k; & 1 o.kZ&foPNsn

Lej.kh; fcUnq

o.kZµHkk"kk dh fyf[kr ;k ekSf[kd NksVh&ls NksVh /ofu] ftlds vkSj VqdM+s u gks ldsa] o.kZ dgykrh gSA

mnkgj.kr;kµd~~] t~~] Q~~] i~~] r~] v] , vkfnA

o.kZekykµfdlh Hkh Hkk"kk dks fy[kus ds fy;s iz;qDr gksus okys o.kks± ds Øec¼ lewg dks o.kZekyk dgrs gSaA

o.kZ&foPNsnµlaf'yÔ o.kks± (/ofu;ksa) dks vyx&vyx djuk gh o.kZ&foPNsn dgykrk gSA

o.kZ&foPNsn djrs le; O;atu ds lkFk yxh Loj dh ek=kvksa ds LFkku ij iwjk Loj gh fy[kk tkrk gS rFkk O;atu o.kZ ds uhps gyUr (~) yxk;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.kr;k d esa d~ vkSj v /ofu;ksa dk laxe gSA vr% d dk o.kZ&foPNsn gSµd~ $ vA

o.kZ&O;oLFkk ds dqN egÙoiw.kZ fu;e(1) izR;sd O;atu gyar&lfgr gksrk gS_ tSls&d~] [k~] p~] V~] r~] i~] ;~ vkfnA oLrqr% O;atu /ofu dk fuekZ.k O;atu vkSj Loj ds

la;ksx ls gksrk gSA(2) O;atu dk mPpkj.k Loj ds fcuk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA blfy;s v{kjekyk esa mls d~ + v = d] [k~ + v = [k] p~ + v

= p vkfn :iksa esa fy[kk tkrk gSA(3) O;atu esa vk] b] m] ½] , vks vkfn Lojksa ds ;ksx ls fuEufyf[kr :i curs gSaµ d~ + vk = dk d~ + b = fd d~ + bZ = dh d~ + m = dq

d~ + Å = dw d~ + ½ = Ï d~ + , = ds d~ + ,s = dS d~ + vks = dks d~ + vkS = dkS d~ + b¡ = ¥d d~ + m¡ = dq¡ d~ + ,¡ = dsa (d¡) d~ + vk¡ = dksa (dk¡) d~ + v% = d%

(4) vU; O;atuksa esa Lojksa ds ;ksx ls Hkh lkekU;r;k blh izdkj ds :i curs gSaA la;qDrk{kj la;ksxµ

d~ + "k~ + v = {k r~ + j~ + v = = t~ + ´k~ + v = K 'k~ + j~ + v = J

n~foRo (f}Ro) lEcU/kh fu;eµfgUnh esa n~foRo okys :iksa esa fuEu O;oLFkk gS&^|*] ^}*] Ú] Î] â] Ø] dZ vkfn esa igys okyk o.kZ Loj&jfgr vFkkZr~ gy~ O;atu gksrk gS rFkk nwljk okyk o.kZ lLoj gksrk gS_ tSlsµ

| = n + ;~ + v } = n~ + o~ + v á = g~ + ;~ + v

ã = g~ + e~ + v = g + u~ + v Ø = d~ + j~ + vqq

v/;k; & 2 vuqLokj] vuqukfld rFkk uqDrk

Lej.kh; fcUnqvuqLokj ( a )

vuqLokj dk vFkZ gksrk gS Loj ds ckn vkus okykA vuqLokj ,d O;atu /ofu gSA blds mPpkj.k esa ukfldk ls vf/kd lk¡l fudyrh gS] eq[k ls de_ mnkgj.kr;k&iatkc] vax] iap] xaxk vkfnA vuqLokj dh /ofu ys[ku ds Lrj ij vuqLokj fpg~u ( a) ds n~okjk iz;qDr gksrh gSA

'kCn ds e/; esa vuqLokj vius ijorhZ O;atu oxZ ds ukflD; O;atu (iapek{kj) ;kfu M~-] ´k~] .k~] u~ rFkk e~ ds LFkku ij ;g ( −. ) o.kZekyk dk iape o.kZ gS vkSj ³~] ´k~] .k~] u~] e~ ds LFkku ij ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµ

vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] fgUnh ^c*&IX [ 3d oxZ µ ³~ = jax (j³~x) iadt (i³~dt)p oxZ µ ´k~ = eap (e´p) papy (p´py)V oxZ µ .k~ = iafMr (if.Mr) [kaM ([k.M)r oxZ µ u~ = fganh (fgUnh) 'kkar ('kkUr)i oxZ µ e~ = daiu (dEiu) vack (vEck)'k] "k] l] g ds iwoZ iapek{kj dk ugha] ( a ) fcUnq dk iz;ksx gksrk gS rFkk le~ milxZ ds ckn tks 'kCn varLFk ;k mG"e o.kks± ls izkjEHk

gksrs gSa rks e~ fuf'pr :i ls vuqLokj gks tkrk gS_tSlsµle~ $ okn = laokn] le~ $ ;a= = la;a=

vuqukfld ( ¡ )tc ge mPpkj.k djrs gSa rks ml le; tc gok eq¡g vkSj ukfldk nksuksa ls fudys] rks ml o.kZ ds Åij paæ fcUnq ( ¡ ) yxk;k tkrk

gS mls vuqukfld Hkh dgrs gSaA vuqukfld /ofu ds mPpkj.k esa ukd ls de vkSj eq¡g ls vf/kd lk¡l fudyrh gSA tSlsµv¡èksjk] vk¡lw] v¡xksNk vkfnA

vuqukfld Loj dk xq.k o vuqLokj vuqukflD; O;atu dk :i gSA ;gh bu nksuksa esa ewy varj gSA ysfdu ;fn f'kjksjs[kk ds Åij ek=k ds lkFk pUæfcUnq dh txg ( a) fcUnq vk;s rks ogk¡ fcUnq ( a ) vuqLokj ds LFkku ij vuqukfldrk ekuh tkrh gSA tSls&dSaph] phaVh] vfknA bldk iz;ksx lHkh Lojkasa ds lkFk gks ldrk gSA

uqDrkfgUnh] mnwZ] Qkjlh] vjch] vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds dqN 'kCnksa ds O;atuksa ds uhps dh rjQ ,d fcUnq ( - ) yxk;h tkrh gS bl fcUnh dks

uqDrk ;k iknfcanq dgrs gSaA vaxszth o mnwZ dh t+ o Q+ /ofu;k¡ fgUnh dh t rFkk Q ls vyx gksrh gSA buds mPpkj.k esa fHkUUrk gksrh gSaA mnkgj.kr;kµbt+] t+jk] dtZ+] tqYQ] Ýsap] Qhpj] Qjeku] Qdhj vkfnA

qq

v/;k; & 3 milxZ

Lej.kh; fcUnq

milxZµos lkFkZd 'kCnka'k tks fdlh 'kCn ds igys yxdj 'kCn dk vFkZ ifjofrZr dj nsrs gSa] milxZ dgykrs gSaAmnkgj.kµmidkj = mi + dkj] vidkj = vi + dkj] fodkj = fo + dkjA ;gk¡ mi] vi] fo milxZ gSaA fgUnh Hkk"kk eas laLÏr] fgUnh] mnwZ] Qkjlh] vjch vkfn vusd Hkk"kkvksa ds milxZ izpfyr gSaA bl le; fgUnh ds iz;qDr gksus okys

milxks± dh la[;k fuf'pr ugha gSA fo'ks"kµ(1) milxZ Hkk"kk ds lkFkZd [k.M gksrs gSaA (2) milxZ dk iz;ksx 'kCnka'k ds :i esa gksrk gSA (3) milxZ dk iz;ksx Lora= :i ls ugha gksrkA (4) milxZ 'kCn ds vkjEHk esa tqM+dj uohu 'kCn dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA tSlsµgkj ,d ewy 'kCn gS ftlesa lkekU;r% nks vFkZ fy;s tk ldrs gSaµekyk vkSj ijkt;A fdUrq milxks± ds ;ksx ls ^gkj* 'kCn

ls vusd u, 'kCnksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA tSlsµfcgkj] izgkj] vkgkj] migkj] lagkjA fgUnh Hkk"kk esa milxZ rhu izdkj ds gSaµ

(1) rRle milxZµtks milxZ laLÏr Hkk"kk ls vius ewy:i esa fgUnh esa vk, gS] mUgsa rRle milxZ dgrs gSaA tSlsµvk] vo] vfr] vf/k] vuq] vi] vfHk] mi] mr~] nqj] nql~~] fuj~~] fu] ijk] ifj] iz] izfr] fo] le~~] lq] lr~~] lg] LoA

tSlsµ vk $ tUe = vktUe vo $ xq.k = voxq.k vfr $ fjDr = vfrfjDr vf/k $ oDrk = vf/koDrk vuq $ eku = vuqeku izfr $ fnu = izfrfnu

4 ] vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] fgUnh ^c*&IX lg $ pj = lgpj Lo $ tu = Lotu (2) rn~~Hko milxZµ;s milxZ ewyr% laLÏr (rRle) milxks± ls gh fodflr gq;s gSaA ;s gh fgUnh milxZ dgykrs gSaA tSlss&v]

vu] (fgUnh ds milxZ) mu] dq] fu] ij] l] lq] v/k] Hkj] pkSA tSlsµ v $ Nwr = vNwr nq $ lk/; = nqlk/; Hkj $ isV = HkjisV ij $ fgr = ijfgr v/k $ [kqyk = v/k[kqyk pkS $ iky = pkSiky l $ dq'ky = ldq'ky mu $ lB = mulB (3) vkxr milxZµ;s milxZ fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa (mnwZ] Qkjlh) ls fgUnh esa vk;s gSaA tSls&c] ck] os] cn] [kq'k] uk] yk] xSj]

ge] gj] (fons'kh) nj] lj] deA tSlsµ ck $ vnc = ckvnc c<+ $ reht+ = cnreht uk $ ilan = ukilan yk $ okfjl = ykokfjl [kq'k $ ulhc = [kq'kulhc xSj $ gkft+j = xSjgkftj ge $ jkg = gejkg lj $ iap = ljiap

qq

v/;k; & 4 çR;;

Lej.kh; fcUnq

os 'kCnka'k tks 'kCn ;k /kkrq ds var esa tqM+dj ;kSfxd 'kCn cukrs gSa] mUgsa izR;; dgk tkrk gSA ;Fkkµgksugkj] lqanjrkA bu 'kCnksa esa ^gksu* o ^lqUnj* ewy 'kCn gSa vkSj buds var esa Øe'k% ^gkj* o ^rk* 'kCnka'k tqM+s gSa] os izR;; gSaA izR;; ds nks Hksn gSaµ(1) Ïr izR;;] (2) rn~f/kr izR;;A

fo'ks"kµ(1) izR;; vfodkjh 'kCn gSA (2) izR;; dk viuk dksbZ fo'ks"k vFkZ ugha gksrkA (3) izR;; dk iz;ksx Lora= :i ls ugha gksrkA (4) izR;; 'kCn ds var esa yxk dj vFkZ esa ifjorZu yk nsrs gSaA izR;; ewy :i ls nks izdkj ds gksrs gSaµ (1) Ïr izR;;µtks izR;; fØ;k ds ewy (/kkrq] :i) ds lkFk yxk dj laKk vFkok fo'ks"k.k 'kCnksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa os ^Ïr*

izR;; dgykrs gSaA tSlsµ nkSM+ $ uk = nkSM+uk rSj $ vkd = rSjkd iwt $ vuh; = iwtuh; i<+ $ vk = i<+k igu $ vkok = igukok

vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] fgUnh ^c*&IX [ 5 izeq[k Ïr izR;;µokyk] vDdM+] oS;k] d] vkyq] gkj] vkdw] b;y] vku] vkoV] vuh;] vkok] vkgV] vkbZ] vkSuk] vkl]

vkA (2) rn~f/kr izR;;µtks izR;; lnSo laKk] loZuke o fo'ks"k.k ds lkFk tqM+rs gS os rf¼r izR;; dgykrs gSaA tSlsµ xjhc $ bZ = xjhch dyk $ dkj = dykdkj Hkwxksy $ bd = HkkSxksfyd lrh $ Ro = lrhRo ued $ bZu = uedhu izeq[k rf¼r izR;;µeku] oku] bd] bZyk] bZ] vkbZ] vkik] Ro] gkjk] ,jk] bZ;] vku] vkl] vkgV] vkuh] iu] ru] bZu] b;k]

buA mnwZ ds izR;;µvkuk] dkj] nku] ckl] okj] [kkuk] [kksj] xhj] vkuhA milxZ o izR;; dk ,d lkFk iz;ksxµ tSlsµ milxZ $ ewy'kCn + izR;; = uohu 'kCn cs $ pSu + bZ = cspSuh vfHk $ eku + bZ = vfHkekuh v $ lekt + bd = vlkekftd vi $ eku + br = viekfur mi $ dkj + bZ = midkjh

qq

v/;k; & 5 lfU/k

Lej.kh; fcUnq

lfU/kµ ^lfU/k* 'kCn dk vFkZ gSµesy ;k esy&feykiA nks o.kks± ds ijLij esy ls /ofu ;k /ofu;ksa esa gksus okys ifjorZu dks lfU/k dgrs gSaA

tSls µ iqLrd $ vky; = iqLrdky; (v $ vk = vk)] jek $ bZ'k = jes'k (vk $ bZ = ,s)

laf/k foPNsnµlaf/k ds fu;eksa }kjk fufeZr o.kks± dks mudh iwokZoLFkk esa ykuk laf/k dgykrk gSA

tSlsµ fxfj'k = fxfj $ bZ'k] bR;kfn = bfr $ vkfn] Lokxr = lq $ vkxrA

lfU/k ds izdkjµlfU/k ds fuEufyf[kr rhu Hksn gksrs gSaµ

1. Loj lfU/k 2. O;atu lfU/k 3. folxZ lfU/k

(1) Loj laf/kµnks Lojksa ds ikjLifjd esy ls muesa tks ifjorZu gksrk gS] mls Loj laf/k dgrs gSa_

tSlsµfge $ vky; esa v $ vk ds esy ls ^vk* gks x;k& fgeky;A

Loj laf/k ds ik¡p Hksn gksrs gSaµ

(d) nh?kZ laf/k ([k) xq.k laf/k (x) ;.k laf/k (?k) o`f¼ laf/k (³) v;kfn laf/k

(d) nh?kZ laf/kµtc ÎLo ;k nh?kZ v] b] m] ds ckn ozGe'k% ÎLo ;k nh?kZ v] b] m vk,¡ rks feydj nh?kZ vk] bZ] mG gks tkrs gSaA bl laf/k dk ifj.kke nh?kZ Loj gksrk gS] vr% bls nh?kZ laf/k dgrs gSaA

tSls µ (i) v $ v = vk ije $ vFkZ = ijekFkZ v $ vk = vk nso $ vky; = nsoky; vk $ v = vk fo|k $ vFkhZ = fo|kFkhZ vk $ vk = vk egk $ vkRek = egkRek

6 ] vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] fgUnh ^c*&IX (ii) b $ b = bZ eqfu $ bUnz = equhUnz b $ bZ = bZ fxfj $ bZ'k = fxjh'k bZ $ b = bZ egh $ bUnz = eghUnz bZ $ bZ = bZ unh $ bZ'k = unh'k (iii) m $ m = mG lq $ mfDr = lwfDr m $ mG = mG y?kq $ mGfeZ = y?kwfeZ mG $ m = mG o/kw $ mRlo = o/kwRlo mG $ mG = mG o/kw $ mGtkZ = o/kwtkZ ([k) xq.k laf/kµv vkSj vk ds ckn ;fn ÎLo ;k nh?kZ b] bZ] m] mG ;k ½ vk;as rks nksuksa ds LFkku ij ozGe'k% ,] vks vkSj vj~

gks tkrk gSA laLÏr O;kdj.k esa v] vk] , dks ^xq.k* dgrs gSa] blhfy, ;g uke iM+k gSA tSlsµ (i) v $ b = , lqj $ bUnz = lqjsUnz v $ bZ = , uj $ bZ'k = ujs'k vk $ b = , egk $ bUnz = egsUnz vk $ bZ = , jek $ bZ'k = jes'k (ii) v $ m = vks ij $ midkj = ijksidkj v $ mG = vks ty $ mGfeZ = tyksfeZ vk $ m = vks egk $ mRlo = egksRlo vk $ mG = vks xaxk $ mGfeZ = xaxksfeZ (iii) v $ ½ = vj~ nso $ ½f"k = nsof"kZ vk $ ½ = vj~ egk $ ½f"k = egf"kZ (x) o`f¼ laf/kµtc v] vk ds ckn ,] ,s ;k vks] vkS Loj vk,¡ rks nksuksa ds LFkku ij ozGe'k% ^,s* vkSj ^vkS* gks tkrs gSaA laLÏr O;kdj.k esa ,s] vkS dks ^o`f¼* dgrs gSaA vr% ;g uke iM+k gSA tSls µ (i) v $ , = ,s ,d $ ,d = ,dSd v $ ,s = ,s er $ ,sD; = erSD; vk $ , = ,s lnk $ ,o = lnSo vk $ ,s = ,s egk $ ,s'o;Z = egS'o;Z (ii) v $ vks = vks nUr $ vks"B = nUrks"B vk $ vks = vks egk $ vkstLoh = egkstLoh v $ vkS = vkS ou $ vkS"kf/k = oukS"kf/k vk $ vkS = vkS egk $ vkSnk;Z = egkSnk;Z (?k) ;.k laf/k µ tc ÎLo ;k nh?kZ b] m ;k ½ ds ckn dksbZ fHkUu Loj vk,¡ rks b dk ;~] m dk o rFkk ½ dk j gks tkrk gS_ tSls µ (i) b $ v = ;~ ;fn $ vfi = ;|fi b $ vk = ;k bfr $ vkfn = bR;kfn b $ m = ;q vfr $ mÙke = vR;qÙke b $ mG = ;w fu $ mGu = U;wu m $ v = o lq $ vPN = LoPN m $ vk = ok lq $ vkxr = Lokxr m $ b = fo vuq $ bfr = vfUofr mG $ vk = ok o/kw $ vkxeu = o/okxeu b $ , = ;s izfr $ ,d = izR;sd m $ , = os vuq $ ,"k.k = vUos"k.k ½ $ vk = jk fir` $ vkKk = fi=kKk

vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] fgUnh ^c*&IX [ 7 (³) v;kfn laf/k µ ;fn ,] ,s vkSj vks] vkS ds i'pkr~ bUgsa NksM+dj dksbZ vU; Loj gks rks budk ifjorZu ozGe'k% v;]

vk;] vo] vko esa gks tkrk gSA ;Fkk µ (i) , $ v = v; us $ vu = u;u ,S $ v = vk; uS $ vd = uk;d vks $ v = vo iks $ vu = iou vkS $ v = vko ikS $ vd = ikod (2) O;atu laf/kµO;atu dk O;atu ;k Loj ls esy gksus ij O;atu esa tks fodkj gksrk gS] mls O;atu laf/k dgrs gSaA tSlsµ lr~ $ tu = lTtu O;atu laf/k ds fu;eµ O;atu laf/k ds fu;e fuEufyf[kr gSaµ (d) oxZ ds igys o.kZ dk rhljs o.kZ esa cny tkukµ;fn fdlh Hkh oxZ ds igys o.kZ (o~G] p~] V~] r~] i~) ds vkxs fdlh Hkh

oxZ dk rhljk] pkSFkk O;atu ;k ;] j] y] o] g ;k dksbZ Loj vk, rks oxZ dk izFke o.kZ vius gh oxZ ds rhljs o.kZ (x~] t~] M~] c~) esa cny tkrk gSA

tSlsµ d~ $ v = x fno~G $ vEcj = fnxEcj o~G $ x = Xx fno~G $ xt = fnXxt o~G $ n = Xn oko~G $ nku = okXnku o~G $ t = Xt oko~G $ tky = okXtky p $ v = t vp~ $ var = vtar r $ t = Tt txr~ $ tky = txTtky i $ t = Ct vi~ $ t = vCt ([k) u~ ds LFkku ij .kµ;fn u~ ls igys ½] j~] "k~ gks vkSj buds chp esa Loj] doxZ] ioxZ] vuqLokj] ; j y] o] g vkfn

dk O;o/kku gks rks u~ ds LFkku ij .k~ gks tkrk gSA tSlsµ ifj $ eku = ifjek.k Hkw"k $ vu = Hkw"k.k fo"k~ $ uq = fo".kq iz $ uke = iz.kke (x) l ds iwoZ v vkSj vk dks NksM+dj dksbZ Loj gks] rks ^l~* "k~ esa cny tkrk gSA tSlsµ vfHk $ lsd = vfHk"ksd fu $ fl¼ = fuf"k¼ vfHk $ lo = vfHk"ko (?k) e~ eas ifjorZuµtc e~ ds ckn d~ ls e~ rd dk dksbZ o.kZ gks rks e~] ckn ds O;atu ds o.kZ dk ik¡poka o.kZ gks tkrk gS

ysfdu d~ ls e~ ds ckn dk o.kZ gks rks e~ vuqLokj esa cny tkrk gSA tSlsµ e~ $ x = ³ le~ $ xfr = laxfr e~ $ r = u~ le~ $ rks"k = lUrks"k e~ $ i = e~ le~ $ iw.kZ = lEiw.kZ e~ $ ; = a le~ $ ;ksx = la;ksx e~ $ l = a le~ $ 'k; = la'k; (³) tc r~ ;k n~ dk la;ksx p@N ls gks rks p~] t@> ls gks rks t~] V@B ls gks rks V] M@< ls gks rks M~] y ls gks rks y~ gks tkrk

gSA ;fn r~ ds ckn ^'k* gks rks r~ ds LFkku ij p~ vkSj ^'k* ds LFkku ij ^N*_ ;fn r~ ds ckn ^g* gks rks ^r~* dk ^n~* vkSj ^g* dk /k~ ;k /k gks tkrk gSA

tSlsµ r $ p = Pp lr~ $ pfj= = lPpfj= r~ $ t = Tt lr~ $ tu = lTtu r~ $ M = M~M mr~ $ M;u = mM~M;u r~ $ y = Yy mr~ $ ys[k = mYys[k r~ $ 'k = PN r~ $ g = ¼ lr~ $ 'kkL= – lPNkL= mr~ $ ¼kj = m¼kj (mn~/kkj)

8 ] vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] fgUnh ^c*&IX 3- folxZ laf/kµfolxZ ds ckn Loj ;k O;atu vkus ij folxZ esa tks ifjorZu gksrk gS] og folxZ laf/k dgykrk gSA tSlsµ eu% $ u;u = euksu;u (d) folxZ laf/k ds fu;eµfolxZ ls igys v gks vkSj folxZ ds ckn v] oxZ dk rhljk] pkSFkk vkSj ik¡poka O;atu ;k ;]

j] y] o] g gks rks folxZ vks esa cny tkrk gSA tSlsµ eu% $ cy = eukscy rst% $ e; = rstkse; eu% $ jFk = euksjFk o;% $ o`¼ = o;kso`¼ eu% $ jatu = euksjatu ([k) tc folxZ ls igys v] vk dks NksM+dj dksbZ nwljk Loj gks vkSj folxZ ds ckn fdlh oxZ dk r`rh;] prqFkZ] iape oxZ

;k j] ;] y] o gks rks folxZ ^j* esa cny tkrk gSA tSlsµ fu% tu = futZu fu% /ku = fu/kZu iqu% tUe = iqutZUe fu% $ xq.k = fuxqZ.k (x) folxZ ls iwoZ b] m gks vkSj folxZ ds ckn d] [k] V] B] i] Q esa ls dksbZ o.kZ gks rks folxZ "k~ esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA tSlsµ prq% $ ikn = prq"ikn fu% $ Qy = fu"Qy nq% $ Qy = nq"Qy fu% $ dke = fu"dke fu% $ dyad = fu"dyad (?k) tc folxZ ds ckn 'k] "k] l gks rks folxZ vifjofrZr jgrk gSA tSlsµ nq% 'kklu = nq%'kklu fu% lansg = fu%lansg

qq

v/;k; & 6 fojke&fpg~u

Lej.kh; fcUnq

^fojke dk vFkZ gS* #dukA ftl izdkj VªSfQd ykbV gesa ladsr nsrh gS fd dc #duk gS] dc pyus ds fy;s rS;kj jguk gS vkSj dc vkxs c<+uk gS] mlh izdkj fdlh Hkh okD; dks cksyrs o fy[krs le; fojke&fpg~u gh gesa ladsr nssrs gSa fd dc FkksM+k #duk gS vFkok dc iw.kZ :i ls fojke djuk gSA dc iz'ukRed Hkko O;Dr djuk gS vkSj dc foLe; vkfn dk Hkko O;Dr djuk gSA

bl izdkj] okD; cksyrs ;k fy[krs le; fojke izdV djus okys fpg~uksa dks fojke fpg~u dgrs gSaAfgUnh ds fojke fpg~u fuEufyf[kr gSaµ uke fpg~u 1- iw.kZ fojke A 2- vYi fojke ] 3- vn~/kZ fojke _ 4- iz'ulwpd \ 5- foLe;kfn cks/kd ! 6- ;kstd & 7- funsZ'kd µ 8- dks"Bd ()] {} 9- mn~/kj.k ^^**] ^* 10- fooj.k % µ

vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] fgUnh ^c*&IX [ 9 11- g¡lin (=wfViwjd fpg~u) ª 12- mifojke % 13- yk?ko Œ 1. iw.kZ fojke (A ) iz;ksx fLFkfr;k¡ µ (d) ljy] la;qDr rFkk feJ okD; ds var esaµ mnkgj.k µ (i) fodkl eqacbZ x;kA (ii) ekssfgr us dgk fd eSa iqLrdky; tkmG¡xkA (iii) fufdrk us eqds'k dks vkokt nh] ijarq mlus lquk ughaA ([k) vizR;{k iz'u okys okD;ksa ds var esa µ mnkgj.k µ eSaus ufyuh ls iwNk fd og D;k dj jgh gSA (x) nksgk] pkSikbZ] lksjBk vkfn Nanksa ds igys pj.k ds var esa ,d iw.kZ fojke rFkk nwljs pj.k ds var esa nks iw.kZ fojke

fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA mnkgj.k µ xq# xksfoan nksm [kM+s] dkds ykxw ik;A cfygkjh xq# vkius] ftu xksfoan fn;ks feyk;AA (?k) iw.kZ fojke dk iz;ksx okD; iw.kZ gks tkus ij fd;k tkrk gS vr% izR;sd gS] Fk k ds ckn bldk iz;ksx ugha djuk pkfg,A

;g ns[kuk pkfg, fd okD; iwjk gks x;k gS ;k ughaA (³) vkSj ls igys dHkh iw.kZ fojke ugha yxrkA

2. vYi fojke (] ) iz;ksx fLFkfr;k¡ µ (d) okD; esa 'kCnksa ds tksM+ksa dks vyx djus ds fy, µ mnkgj.k µ nq%[k vkSj lq[k] iki vkSj iq.; µ ;s lc bZ'oj ds cuk, gq, gSaA ([k) mikf/k;ksa dks vyx djus ds fy;s µ mnkgj.k µ ch-,-] ,e-,-] ,e-fQy (x) fdlh mn~/kj.k ls iwoZµ mnkgj.kµ ekssgu us dgk] ^^mlus Ldwy NksM+ fn;k gSA** (?k) ,d gh 'kCn ;k okD;ka'k dh iqujko`fÙk gksus ij µ mnkgj.kµ Hkkxks] Hkkxks] rwQku vk x;kA (³) fo'ks"k.k miokD;ksa ds chp esa µ mnkgj.kµ og yM+dk] ftls geus dy ns[kk Fkk] eksfgr dk cM+k HkkbZ gSA (p) gk¡ ;k ugha ds ckn µ mnkgj.k µ (i) gk¡] eSa pyfQj ldrk gw¡A (ii) ugha] rqe ;g iqLrd er i<+ksA

3. v¼Z fojke (_ )

iz;ksx fLFkfr;k¡µ (d) foijhr vFkZ izdV djus ds fy, µ mnkgj.kµ mlus eksaVw dks xkyh nh_ fQj Hkh og pqi jgkA ([k) fdlh fu;e ds mnkgj.k lwpd 'kCn ls iwoZ µ mnkgj.k µ vDlj fL=;ksa ds ukeksa ds lkFk ^nsoh* 'kCn tksM+k tkrk gS_ tSls y{eh nsohA (x) lekukf/kdj.k okys okD;ksa ds chp esa µ mnkgj.k µ vkt Hkkjr esa csjkstxkjh gS_ Hkw[k gS_ {ks=okn dk tksj gSA

10 ] vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] fgUnh ^c*&IX4. iz'uokpd fpg~u (\)

iz;ksx fLFkfr;k¡ µ

(d) iz'uokpd okD;ksa ds var esa µ

mnkgj.k µ D;k vki cktkj tk jgs gSa\

([k) lansgkRed ;k vfu'p;kRed okD;ksa ds var esa µ

mnkgj.k µ dy vki gh feys Fks\

(x) O;aX;kRed okD;ksa ds var esa µ

mnkgj.k µ ns'k ds usrkvksa ds dkjukeksa ls banz Hkh 'kjek tk,\

5. foLe;kfncks/kd fpg~u (! )


(d) lacks/ku 'kCnksa ds ckn µ

mnkgj.k µ eksgu! ;gk¡ vkvksA

([k) foLe;lwpd 'kCnksa] inca/kksa vFkok okD;ksa ds var esa µ

mnkgj.k µ

(i) okg! D;k lqanj n`'; gSA

(ii) vksg! Hkkjr eSp gkj x;kA

(x) ftu iz'uksa ds mÙkj dh vis{kk u gksµ

mnkgj.kµ vc D;k gksuk gS!

6. ;kstd (&)


(d) n~oan~o lekl ds chp esa µ

mnkgj.k µ ekrk&firk] iki&iq.;A

([k) iqu#Dr ;k ;qXe 'kCnksa ds chp esa µ

mnkgj.k µ rst&rst] dy&dy

(x) 'kCnksa esa fy[kh tkus okyh viw.kZ la[;kvksa ds chp esa µ

mnkgj.k µ rhu&pkSFkkbZ] ,d&frgkbZ

(?k) lk] lh] ls vkfn rqyukRed 'kCnksa ds chp esa µ

mnkgj.k µ dchj&lk HkDr] ehjk&lh nhokuhA

(³) inca/k dks lkekfld cukus ds fy, µ

mnkgj.k µ nkSM+rs&okSM+rs] pk;&ok;A

7. funsZ'kd (µ)


(d) okD;ka'k ;k in dh O;k[;k ds fy, µ

mnkgj.k µ rqEgsa ,d vPNk ukxfjd cuuk gS µifjJe] yxu vkSj dk;Zdq'kyrk lsA

([k) laoknksa@okrkZykiksa esa ukeksa ds ckn µ

mnkgj.k µ eksfguh µ dfg, D;k gky gS\

foHkw µ Bhd gw¡A

vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] fgUnh ^c*&IX [ 11 (x) ^fuEufyf[kr* ls izkjaHk gksus okys okD; ds var esa µ

mnkgj.k µ fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa ij /;ku nhft, µ

(?k) vorj.k ;k va'k dks fy[kdj mlds ys[kd dk uke fy[kuk gks µ

mnkgj.k µ ^^Lora=rk gekjk tUefln~/k vf/kdkj gS** µ fryd

8. dks"Bd (( ) {})


(d) dfBu 'kCnksa ds vFkZ Li"V djus ds fy, µ

mnkgj.k µ ljdkj us iqy fuekZ.k gsrq VsaMj (fufonk) vkeaf=r dhA

([k) fdlh 'kCn ;k okD; dks Li"V djus ds fy, µ

mnkgj.k µ eqa'kh (izsepan) th izfln~/k miU;kldkj FksA

9. fooj.k fpg~u (%µ)

fdlh ckr dk mÙkj vFkok mnkgj.k vxyh iafDr esa nsus ds fy, ftl fojke fpg~u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] og fooj.k fpg~u dgykrk gSA tSls µ

(d) fVIi.kh ds fy, uhps ns[ksa %µ

([k) fo'ks"k.k ds pkj Hksn gksrs gSa %µ

10. mn~/kj.k fpg~u (^------* ^^--------**)

iz;ksx fLFkfr;k¡ µ (d) 'kh"kZd fy[kus esa µ mnkgj.k µ ^egkHkkjr* ds jpf;rk osnO;kl th gSaA ([k) fdlh O;fDr ds dFku dks ewy :i esa m/k`r djus ds fy, µ mnkgj.k µ usrk th dgrs gSa µ ^djks ;k ejks* (x) fof'k"Vrk fn[kkus ds fy, µ mnkgj.k µ ?kksM+ks dk ?kj ^vLrcy* gksssrk gS11. =qfV iwjd ;k gal in (∧) iz;ksx fLFkfr;k¡ µ tc fy[kus ls dqN NwV tk;s µ mnkgj.k µ nwljksa∧midkj djus okys O;fDr nqyZHk gSaA (dk)12. mi fojke ;k viw.kZ fojke (%) iz;ksx fLFkfr;k¡ µ 'kh"kZd fy[kus esaµ mnkgj.k µ es?knwr% dqN fopkj.kh; izlax13. yk?ko (Œ)µbl fpºu dk iz;ksx 'kCnksa dks laf{kIr :i esa fn[kkus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA tSls% iz;ksx fLFkfr;k¡ µ fdlh cM+s 'kCn dks la{ksi esa fy[kus ds fy,µ mnkgj.k µ MkWDVjµ MkWŒ if.Mr µ iaŒ

qq


[k.M ^x* ikB~; iqLrd % Li'kZ (Hkkx&1)

v/;k; & 1 nq%[k dk vf/kdkj µ ;'kiky

ys[kd ifjp;;FkkFkZoknh 'kSyh ds fof'k"V jpukdkj ;'kiky th dk tUe iatkc ds fQjkstiqj Nkouh esa lu~ 1903 esa gqvkA dk¡xM+k esa izkjfEHkd

f'k{kk izkIr djus ds ckn ch-,- ykgkSj ds us'kuy dkWyst ls fd;kA Hkxr¥lg vkSj lq[knso ds lEidZ esa vkus ds ckn ;s Lok/khurk laxzke ls tqM+ x;sA ftlds QyLo:i tsy Hkh tkuk iM+kA lu~ 1976 esa budk nsgkUr gks x;kA

;'kiky th us lkekftd fo"kerk] jktuSfrd ik[kaM o #f<;ksa dks viuh jpukvksa dk eq[; fo"k; cuk mudk fojks/k fd;kA ftuesa Kkunku] >wBk lp] nknk dkejsM] iwGyksa dk dqrkZ] ¥itjs dh mM+ku] vferk vkfn eq[; jpuk,¡ gSaA

ikB dk lkjka'k^nq%[k dk vf/kdkj* ;'kiky dh ,d ekfeZd dgkuh gSA blesa ,d fu/kZu ifjokj dh d#.kkiw.kZ osnuk dk ;FkkFkZ fp=.k gSA Hkxokuk

,d xjhc uo;qod FkkA og uxj ds ikl ,d [ksr esa Qy] lCth mxkdj mUgsa cspdj ifjokj dk xqtkjk djrk FkkA ,d fnu og losjs [kjcwts rksM+us x;k rks mls lk¡i us Ml fy;k vkSj mldh e`R;q gks xbZA ?kj esa mldh cw<+h ek¡] iRuh vkSj csVk&csVh FksA ?kj esa tks dqN FkksM+k&cgqr Fkk] og rks Hkxokuk ds fØ;k&deZ esa yx x;kA vc Hkw[k ls yM+us ds fy, Hkxokuk dh ek¡ dks iq= 'kksd dks eu esa nckdj cktkj esa [kjcwts cspus cSBuk iM+kA mldk bl çdkj cSBuk cktkj ds /kuh yksxksa dks [kyrk gSA os mls rjg&rjg ls rkuk ekjrs gSaA rc ys[kd Hkxokuk dh ek¡ ds iq= 'kksd dh rqyuk ,d /kuh efgyk ds iq= 'kksd ls djrk gS] tks ,d o"kZ iwoZ vius iq= ds 'kksd ls <kbZ ekl iyax ls mB u ldh Fkh tcfd MkWDVj fnu&jkr mldh lsok esa jgrs FksA

ys[kd ,d fnu cktkj esa tk jgk FkkA mlus ns[kk fd ogk¡ QqVikFk ij dqN rks Mfy;k esa vkSj dqN tehu ij fcØh ds fy, [kjcwts iM+s FksA [kjcwtksa ds lehi gh ,d v/ksM+ mez dh xjhc o`¼k nksuksa ?kqVuksa esa flj fn;s jks jgh FkhA m/kj cktkj ds ykyk yksx mlds lEcU/k esa ?k`.kk ls ckr dj jgs FksA ys[kd us Hkh tkuus dh dksf'k'k dhA

ys[kd dks iwNus ij irk pyk fd cqf<+;k dk ,d toku csVk Fkk&HkxokukA ek¡&csVs ds vfrfjDr ?kj esa Hkxokuk dh iRuh vkSj nks cPps (,d csVk ,d csVh) Hkh FksA Hkxokuk 'kgj ds ikl gh tehu ds ,d NksVs&ls&VqdM+s ij Qy vkSj lCth mxkdj vius ifjokj dk fuokZg djrk FkkA cktkj essa [kjcwts vkfn cspus dHkh og Lo;a cSBrk vkSj dHkh mldh cw<+h ek¡ cSBrhA

,d fnu losjs&losjs Hkxokuk [kjcwts rksM+us x;k rks mls lk¡i us Ml fy;kA fo"k mrkjus ds fy, vks>k cqyk;k x;kA tks dqN ikl esa Fkk] og vks>k dh HksaV gks x;k] ij fQj Hkh Hkxokuk u cpkA vius dM+s&daxu cspdj ek¡ us mldk dQu e¡xk;k rc nkg&laLdkj gqvk] vc ?kj esa dqN [kkus dks Hkh u jgk vkSj u dksbZ iSlk gh cqf<+;k ds ikl FkkA

vxys fnu losjs cPps mBsA Hkw[k ds dkj.k jksus yxs rks cw<+h nknh us mUgsa [kkus dks [kjcwts ns fn;s] ij cgw dks dqN u ns ldhA og Hkh Toj ls ri jgh FkhA

rc ml o`¼k us Hkxokuk ds bdV~Bs fd, [kjcwt Mfy;k esa Mkys mUgsa cspus cktkj esa vk xbZ] ij iq=&'kksd ds dkj.k og QQd&QQd dj eq¡g Nqik;s jks jgh FkhA fdruk dBksj fny Fkk] mldk] tks xjhch ds dkj.k iq=&'kksd gksus ij Hkh cktkj esas lkSnk cspus vk xbZ FkhA

ml o`¼k dh fLFkfr dks ns[k mlds iq=&'kksd dh rqyuk ds fy, ys[kd dks xr o"kZ dh ,d ?kVuk ;kn vkbZ fd mlds iM+ksl essa ,d dqyhu /kfud L=h iq= fo;ksx ds dkj.k <kbZ eghus pkjikbZ ls mB u ldhA fnu&jkr mldk bykt Hkh pyrk jgk vkSj bèkj ;g L=h gS] tks fu/kZurk vkSj Hkw[k ds dkj.k fny ij iRFkj j[kdj iq= dh e`R;q ds nwljs fnu gh cktkj esa lkSnk cspus vk xbZ gSA

bldks ns[kdj yksx ml ij rkuk ekjus ls ug° pwdrs] mldk Nqvk lkeku yksx [kjhnus ls drjkrs gSaA ys[kd bl fLFkfr dks ns[kdj cgqr nq%[kh gqvk vkSj ekuk fd yksx vehj&xjhc esa Hksn&Hkko djrs gSaA yksx vehj&xjhc dks vyx&vyx utjksa ls ns[krs gSa ;g lekt dh ,d cqjkbZ gSA gesa HksnHkko dh uhfr ug° j[kuh pkfg,] yksxksa dk rkuk dluk nq%[k dks c<+kok nsrk gS yksxksa dks lgkuqHkwfriwoZd xjhc ds nq%[k dks le>uk pkfg, ys[kd ;g lans'k nsuk pkgrk gS fd xjhcksa dks Hkh nq%[k eukus dk vf/kdkj gksuk pkfg,A

'kCnkFkZiks'kkdµigukok_ lgwfy;rµvkjke_ eq¡g&va/ksjsµlosjs_ cjdrµc<ksÙkjh_ [kleµifr_ yqxkbZµiRuh_ dfN;kjhµ[ksrksa esa

lCth&Qy bR;kfn mxkuk_ vks>kµ>kM+&iwG¡d djus okyk_ fuokZgµxqtkjk_ æforµfi?kyuk_ vM+puµfo?u_ csg;kµfuyZTt_ O;Fkkµnq%[k_ Jsf.k;k¡µoxZ_ cnuµ'kjhj_ ewNkZµcsgks'k_ eqnkZµyk'k_ lglkµvpkud_ O;o/kkuµ#dkoV_ nisGµckj_ laHkzkrµvehj&lH;A

qq

vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] fgUnh ^c*&IX [ 13

v/;k; & 2 ,ojsLV—esjh f'k[kj ;k=k µ cNsUæh iky

ys[kd ifjp;cNsUæh iky dk tUe 24 ebZ 1954 dks mÙkjkapy ds peksyh ftys esa caik xk¡o esa gqvkA buds firk dk uke fd'ku ¥lg iky rFkk

ekrk dk galknsbZ usxh gSA ifjokj ds vk£Fkd :i ls detksj gksus ds ckotwn Lo;a flykbZ&d<+kbZ dj cNsUæh iky us ,e-,-] ch-,M- dh mPp f'k{kk gkfly dhA

cNsUæh dks cpiu ls gh igkM+ksa ij p<+us dk pko Fkk blfy, tc bafM;u ekmaVsu QkmaMs'ku us ,ojsLV vfHk;ku ds fy, lkglh efgykvksa dh [kkst 'kq: dh rks cNsUæh Hkh bl vfHk;ku esa 'kkfey gks x;haA cNsUæh us vius Vªs¥ux dky esa gh 7500 eh- Å¡ph eku pksVh ij p<+us esa lQyrk izkIr dj yhA ftlls budk gkSalyk vkSj cqyaUn gks x;k rFkk lrr~ vH;kl o yxu ds cy ij ,ojsLV fot; gkfly djus okyh izFke Hkkjrh; efgyk dk xkSjo izkIr fd;kA

ikB dk lkjka'kcNsUæh iky fgeky; ds loksZPp f'k[kj ,ojsLV ij p<+us okyh çFke Hkkjrh; efgyk gSaA çLrqr ikB esa mUgksaus viuh ;k=k dh ppkZ

dh gSA bl ;k=k esa mUgsa Hkkjh eqf'dyksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA ftl fnu mUgksaus viuh ;k=k 'kq: dh mlh fnu ls fnDdrsa 'kq: gks xb±A tgk¡ ls mUgsa ;k=k 'kq: djuh Fkh] og° dM+h B.M iM+ jgh FkhA rst cQhZyh gok;sa py jgh Fk°A ysfdu cNsUæh muls Mjh ug° cfYd ,ojsLV ds çfr mudk vkd"kZ.k vkSj rhoz gqvkA vxys fnu esa nks yksxksa dh e`R;q gqbZ tks ?kcjk nsus ds fy, dkQh Fkh fdUrq muds usrk duZy [kqYyj us ekSr dks lgt Hkko ls ysus dh ckr dj mRlkg Hkj fn;kA mudk csldSEi Hkh dkQh Å¡pkbZ ij fLFkr Fkk tgk¡ vfu;fer :i ls fgeikr gks jgk FkkA igys rhu fnu mUgsa ioZrkjksg.k ds ckjs esa vko';d çf'k{k.k fn;k x;kA blh nkSjku rsu¥tx 'ksjik ls bl ny dh eqykdkr gqbZ tks dkQh çsj.kknk;d jghA 15&16 ebZ 1984 dk fnu cNsUæh ds fy, gknls okyk fl¼ gqvkA ftl txg budk dSEi yxk gqvk Fkk og° cQZ dk ,d Hkkjh pêkuuqek VqdM+k vkdj fxj x;kA lHkh yksx mlesa nc x;sA nSo;ksx ls fdlh dh e`R;q ug° gqbZA ysfdu cNsUæh dks NksM+dj ckdh yksx ?kk;y gks x;s vkSj okil Hkst fn;s x;sA cQZ [kksndj cNsUæh dks fudkyk x;kA bl ?kVuk ls mudh fgEer vkSj c<+ xbZA

bruh dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh mUgsa vius lkfFk;ksa dh enn djus dk fopkj jgrkA ,sls gh ,d ekSds ij og ,d lkFkh dh enn ds fy, uhps mrj vkb±A ^lkmFk dksy dSEi* ij budk vxyk dSEi yxkA

vxys fnu uk'rk djds ysf[kdk vius rEcw ls fudy iM+hA vaxnksjth ckgj [kM+k FkkA og fcuk vkWDlhtu ds p<+kbZ djus okyk FkkA ysfdu blds dkj.k mlds iSj BaMs iM+ tkrs FksA mlus ysf[kdk ls lkFk pyus ds fy, iwNkA lqcg 6-20 ij os nksuksa lkmFk dksy ls ckgj fudysA BaM cgqr FkhA nksuksa fuf'pr xfr ls Åij p<+rs x,A nks ?kaVs ls de le; esa os f'k[kj dSEi ij igq¡p x,A YgkVw muds ihNs&ihNs vk jgk FkkA YgkVw ,d uk;ykWu dh jLlh yk;k FkkA mlus jLlh viuh lqj{kk dh ctk; muds lUrqyu ds fy, idM+ j[kh FkhA jsxqysVj ij vkWDlhtu dh vkiw£r c<+krs gh p<+kbZ vklku yxus yxhA nf{k.k f'k[kj ds Åij gok dh xfr c<+ xbZ FkhA ysf[kdk dh lk¡l ekuks #d xbZ FkhA mls fopkj dkSa/kk fd lQyrk cgqr utnhd gSA ysf[kdk 23 ebZ 1984 ds fnu nksigj ,d ctdj lkr feuV ij ,ojsLV dh pksVh ij tk [kM+h gqbZA ,ojsLV dh pksVh ij igq¡pus okyh og çFke Hkkjrh; efgyk Fk°A

,ojsLV 'kadq dh pksVh ij bruh txg ug° Fkh fd nks O;fDr ,d lkFk [kM+s gks ldsaA pkjksa vksj gtkjksa ehVj yEch lh/kh <yku FkhA lqj{kk dk ç'u lkeus FkkA mlus QkoM+s ls cQZ dh [kqnkbZ dj vius vkidks lqjf{kr fd;kA blds ckn og ?kqVuksa ds cy cSB°] cQZ dks vius ekFks ls yxk;k vkSj ̂ lkxjekFks* ds rkt dk pqEcu fy;kA mlus vius FkSys ls nqxkZ ek¡ dk fp= vkSj guqeku pkyhlk fudkykA mUgsa yky diM+s esa yisVk vkSj NksVh&lh iwtk vpZuk dh fQj bUgsa cQZ esa nck fn;kA ysf[kdk dks bl vkuan ds {k.k esa vius ekrk&firk dk /;ku vk;kA blds ckn mlus mBdj gkFk tksM+s vkSj vaxnksjth ds çfr vknj&Hkko ls >qd°A mUgksaus mls xys yxk;k vkSj dkuksa esa QqlQqlk;kµßnhnh] rqeus vPNh p<+kbZ dhA eSa cgqr çlUu gw¡AÞ

dqN nsj ckn lksue iytj vkSj mUgksaus QksVks ysus 'kq: fd,A bl le; rd YgkVw us usrk dks ,ojsLV ij pkjksa ds gksus dh lwpuk ns nhA rc ysf[kdk ds gkFk esa okWdh&VkWdh fn;k x;kA duZy [kqYyj mudh lQyrk ij cgqr çlUu FksA mUgksaus c/kkbZ nhA os cksysµßeSa rqEgkjh bl vuwBh miyfC/k ds fy, rqEgkjs ekrk&firk dks c/kkbZ nsuk pkgw¡xkA ns'k dks rqe ij xoZ gS vkSj vc rqe ,sls lalkj esa okil tkvksxh] tks rqEgkjs ihNs NksM+s gq, lalkj ls ,dne fHkUu gksxkAÞ

'kCnkFkZjTtwµjLlh_ miLdjµvkjksgh dh vko';d lkexzh_ Xysf'k;jµciZG dh unh_ vfxzeµvkxs okyk_ vfHk;kaf=dhµrduhdh_

IyweµciZG ds cM+s iwGy tSlk ¥iM_ 'kadqµuksd_ tksf[keµ[krjk_ csl&dSaiµvk/kkj f'kfoj_ volknµmnklh] nq%[k_ voxr djkukµtkudkjh nsuk_ f'k[kjµpksVh] eqdqV_ deZBrkµdeZ ds izfr fu"Bk_ vfu;ferµfu;fer u gks_ fgeikrµciZG fxjuk_ ukSflf[k;kµu;h&u;h lh[kus okyh_ ioZrkjksghµioZrksa ij p<+us okyk_ fgefonjµciZG esa njkj_ vfHk;kuµfdlh dke ds fy, izfrc¼rkA

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v/;k; & 3 rqe dc tkvksxs] vfrfFk µ 'kjn tks'kh

ys[kd ifjp;fgUnh ds izeq[k O;aX;dkj 'kjn tks'kh dk tUe e/; izns'k ds mTtSu 'kgj esa lu~ 1931 esa gqvkA bUgksaus dqN le; rd ukSdjh djus ds

ckn ys[ku ds {ks= esa inkZi.k fd;kA dgkuh ys[ku ls 'kq:vkr djus ds ckn ;s /khjs&/khjs O;aX; ys[ku djus yxsA bUgksaus O;aX; ys[k] O;aX; miU;kl] O;aX; dkWye ds lkFk gkL; O;aX;iw.kZ /kkjkokfgdksa dh iVdFkk,¡ o laokn Hkh fy[ksA fgUnh lkfgR; txr esa O;aX; dks izfrf"Br djus esa bUgksaus mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku fn;kA lu~ 1991 esa budk fu/ku gks x;kA

ifjØek] fdlh cgkus] thi ij lokj bfYy;k¡] ,d Fkk x/kk] va/kksa dk gkFkh] fryLe vkfn budh izeq[k jpuk,¡ gSaA

bUgksaus lekt dh lHkh folaxfr;ksa dk ;FkkFkZ fp=.k viuh jpukvksa esa dj ikBdksa dks pfdr dj fn;kA eqgkojksa o gkL; O;aX; budh jpukvksa ds izk.k gSaA

ikB dk lkjka'kçLrqr ikB ^rqe dc tkvksxs] vfrfFk* fgUnh ds egku~ O;aX;dkj 'kjn tks'kh }kjk jfpr gSA bl ikB esa ys[kd us ,sls O;fDr;ksa dh

[kcj yh gS] tks vius fdlh ifjfpr ;k fj'rsnkj ds ?kj fcuk lwpuk fn, pys tkrs gSa vkSj fQj tkus dk uke ugha ysrs] Hkys gh muds jgus ls estcku dks fdruh Hkh dfBukbZ gks] mu ij fdruk Hkh Hkkj D;ksa u iM+s\ okLro esa vPNk vfrfFk rks ogh gksrk gS] tks igys ls gh vius vkus dh lwpuk nsdj vk, vkSj ,d ;k nks fnu dh esgekuh djkdj fonk ysA ysfdu bl ikB esa of.kZr vfrfFk dh rjg tks gksxk] mls rks estcku xsV vkmV dgus ij foo'k gksuk iM+sxkA bl ikB ds ek/;e ls ys[kd us ;g lans'k fn;k gS fd vfrfFk ds ,d ;k nks fnu ds ckn vius ?kj ykSV tkus esa gh mldh xfjek gS] mldk nsoRo lqjf{kr gS rFkk lRdkj dh Å"ek cuh jgrh gSA ,slh ckrksa dks n'kkZuk gh bl ikB dk lans'k gS] çsj.kk gS] f'k{kk gSA

ys[kd dgrk gS fd vfrfFk dks vk, pkj fnu chr x, FksA blfy, ys[kd dk eu ckj&ckj ;g lkspus ij foo'k gks tkrk Fkk fd vfrfFk dc tk,xk\ ys[kd rFkk mldh iRuh us vfrfFk dk cgqr gh xeZtks'kh ls Lokxr fd;kA mls [kwc vPNh rjg ls f[kyk;k&fiyk;k] flusek fn[kk;k rFkk vfrfFk dh esgekuuokth esa dksbZ Hkh dlj u NksM+hA ysfdu vfrfFk us tc vius /kksus okys diM+ksa dks ykaMªh esa nsuk pkgk rks ys[kd dks yxk vfrfFk ges'kk nsork ugha gksrsA D;ksafd gj rjg ds fo"k; ij vfrfFk ds lkFk xIisa gks pqdh Fkha] ftØ gks pqdk FkkA mlds ckn ekSu&lk Nk x;k Fkk] cksfj;r gksus yxh Fkh] Hkkouk,¡ Hkh vi'kCnksa dk :i /kkj.k dj jgh FkhaA ysfdu blds ckotwn vfrfFk tkus dk uke ugha ys jgk FkkA blls vPNs rks ,sLVªkWukV~l Fks] tks yk[kksa ehy yEch ;k=k djus ds ckn Hkh yEcs le; rd pk¡n ij ugha #ds FksA blfy, ckj&ckj ys[kd dk eu lkspus ij foo'k gks tkrk fd vfrfFk dc tk,xk\ mls mldk ?kj rks LohV yx jgk gS] ysfdu nwljs ds ?kj dh feBkl D;ksa viuh mifLFkfr ls lekIr dj jgk gS\ vfrfFk dk ik¡pok fnu FkkA bl nsork vkSj vfrfFk esa varj gksrk gS] D;ksafd nsork rks n'kZu nsdj pys tkrs gSa] blh esa mudk nsoRo gSA blfy, vfrfFk dks ykSV tkuk pkfg,A vkSj viuk nsoRo igpku dj bls cjdjkj j[kus dk ç;kl djuk pkfg,A

'kCnkFkZvkxeuµvkuk_ fuLladkspµladksp jfgr_ xqatk;ekuµxw¡trh gqbZ_ pj.kµiSj_ fuewZyµewyjfgr_ ek£edµeeZLi'khZ_

mioklµozr_ ,LVªksukWV~lµvarfj{k ;k=h_ 'kuS%&'kuSµ/khjs&/khjs_ vk?kkrµpksV_ lnSoµges'kk_ lrrµfujarj_ laØe.kµ,d voLFkk ls nwljh voLFkk esa tkuk_ vkSipkfjdµjLeh_ dksuyksaµdksuksa ls_ Nksjµfdukjk_ izrhrµyxuk_ varjaxµ?kfu"B_ vizR;kf'krµvpkud_ lkehI;µlehirk_ uezrkµujeh_ lkSgknZµân; dh ljyrk_ prqFkZ fnolµpkSFkk fnu_ lknjµvknj ds lkFkA

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v/;k; & 4 dhpM+ dk dkO; µ dkdk dkysydj

ys[kd ifjp;dkdk dkysdj dk tUe lu~ 1885 esa egkjk"Vª ds lrkjk uxj esa gqvkA mudh ekr`Hkk"kk ejkBh gksrs gq, Hkh mUgsa xqtjkrh] fgUnh] ckaXyk

vkSj vaxzsth vkfn Hkk"kkvksa dk Hkh vPNk Kku izkIr FkkA mUgksaus xk¡/kh th ds lkFk jk"VªHkk"kk fgUnh ds izlkj o izpkj esa ;ksxnku fn;k vkSj Lo;a Hkh fgUnh esa ys[ku djus yxsA ns'k ds vktkn gksus ds ckn Hkh dkdk vkthou xk¡/khth ds fopkj vkSj lkfgR; dks tulkekU; rd igq¡pus esa tqVs jgsA fouksck Hkkos] lhekar xk¡/kh vCnqy x¶Qkj [kk¡ ds leku gh dkdk dkysdj Hkh xk¡/khth ds vuquk;h FksA ubZ fnYyh eas xk¡/kh laxzgky;

vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] fgUnh ^c*&IX [ 15ds fudV lfUuf/k esa dkdk ds thou ls tqM+h cgqr lh oLrq,¡ vkSj mudk lkfgR; vkt Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

mudh izeq[k jpuk,¡ gSa—fgeky;uks izokl] yksdekrk (;k=k o`rkar) Lej.k ;k=k (laLej.k)] /keksZn; (vkRepfjr)] thouh vkuan vcjukoj (fucU/k laxzg) vkfn dkdk us dbZ o"kks± rd eaxy izHkkr uked i= dk lEiknu dk;Z Hkh fd;kA

ljy] ljl] vkstLoh o lkjx£Hkr Hkk"kk dks iz;ksx dkdk us vius ys[ku esa fd;kA lHkh fo"k;ksa dh rdZiw.kZ <ax ls O;k[;k djuk dkdk ds ys[ku dh fo'ks"krk FkhA lu~ 1982 esa dkdk dkysdj th dk fu/ku gks x;kA

ikB dk lkjka'k ^dhpM+ dk dkO;* ikB ys[kd dkdk dkysydj n~okjk jfpr gSA ys[kd us bl ikB ds varxZr dhpM+ dh mi;ksfxrk dk dkO;kRed

'kSyh esa o.kZu fd;k gSA mudk dguk gS fd gesa dhpM+ ds xansiu ij ugha tkuk pkfg,A cfYd gesa rks dhpM+ dh mi;ksfxrk ekuo&thou rFkk i'kqvksa ds thou esa D;k gS] bl ij fo'ks"k /;ku nsuk pkfg,A mÙkjh&iwohZ jkT;ksa esa rks lcls vf/kd iSnk gksus okyh /kku dh Qly dhpM+ esa gh mx ikrh gSA ;fn dhpM+ u gksrk] rks ekuo vusd fu;kerksa ls oafpr jg tkrk blfy, gesa ;g Lohdkjuk gksxk fd dhpM+ gs; ugha Jn~/ks; gSA vFkkZr~ dhpM+ dh miyC/krk] mi;ksfxrk] mikns;rk vkfn dks n'kkZuk gh bl ikB dk /;s; gSA

ys[kd dgrk gS fd vkdk'k dk] i`Foh dk] tyk'k;ksa dk o.kZu rks lHkh djrs gSa] ijarq dHkh dhpM+ dk o.kZu djrs gq, fdlh dks ugha ns[kk dhpM+ esa dksbZ Hkh iSj Mkyuk ilan ugha djrk] blls 'kjhj eSyk gks tkrk gS] diM+s eSys gksrs gSa] dhpM+ mMs+ vkSj 'kjhj ij yxs] ;g fdlh dks Hkh vPNk ugha yxrkA dhpM+ ds izfr fdlh dks Hkh dksbZ lgkuqHkwfr ugha gksrhA okLro esa dhpM+ esa de lkSan;Z ugha gksrkA dykfoK yksx rks vf/kdrj dkys jax gh ilan djrs gSaA

dhpM+ ds lkSan;Z ds fofo/k :i gSaaA tc dhpM+ lw[k tkrk gS rks tehu Bksl gks tkrh gSA bl ij xk;] HkSalksa] HksM+] cdfj;ksa ds iSjksa ds fu'kku vafdr gks tkrs gSa] rks ;g n`'; de 'kksHkuh; ugha gksrkA dhpM+ ij iM+s fu'kku efg"k dqy ds Hkkjrh; ;qn~/k ds laiw.kZ bfrgkl dk cks/k djkrs gSaA egh unh ds eq[k ds vkxs ls tgk¡ rd utj igq¡ps] ogk¡ rd loZ= lukru dhpM+&gh&dhpM+ fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA bl dhpM+ esa rks igkM+ ds igkM+ yqIr gks tkrs gSaA blfy, euq"; dks vxj Kku gksrk rks og dhpM+ dk frjLdkj u djrkA vFkkZr~ euq"; dhpM+ dks dhpM+ gh u le>rk] cfYd mlesa lkSan;Z dks ns[krk gSA

'kCnkFkZvkd"kZdµlqUnj_ u[kjsµcsotg dk gko&Hkko fn[kykuk_ tyk'k;µrkykc_ dhpM+µiSjksa esa fpidus okyh xhyh feV~Vh_

o`fÙkµrjhdk_ foKµtkudkj_ ;qfDr 'kwU;µfopkjghu_ HkklµvkHkkl_ efg"kdqyµHkSlksa dk ifjokj_ rVLFkrkµfu"i{krk_ Bhdjkµ[kiM+s dk VqdM+k_ dnZeµdphM+_ vYiksfDrµFkksM+k dguk_ ikM+sµHkSal ds uj cPps_ 'osrµlQsn_ in fpg~uµiSjksa ds fu'kku_ r`fIrµlarqf"V_ loZ=µgj txg_ yqIrµxk;c_ efyuµxank_ vkgkndRoµg"kZ dk Hkko_ daBµxnZu] xyk_ lukruµges'kk ds fy,_ [kksijkµukfj;yA

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v/;k; & 5 /keZ dh vkM+ µ x.ks'k 'kadj fo|kFkhZ

ys[kd ifjp;x.ks'k 'kadj fo|kFkhZ th dk tUe lu~ 1891 esa e/; izns'k esa fLFkr Xokfy;j 'kgj esa gqvkA ,aVªsl dh ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ dj os dkuiqj esa

djsalh ds n¶rj esa dk;Z djus yxsA os vkpk;Z egkohj izlkn f}osnh dks viuk lkfgfR;d xq# ekurs FksA lu~ 1921 esa bUgksaus ^izrki* uked lkIrkfgd i= fudkyuk 'kq: fd;kA ns'k dh vktknh muds fy, cgqr egRoiw.kZ FkhA izsj.kk izkIr dj bUgksaus vktknh dh Hkkouk txkus okyh jpuk fy[khA budk T;knkrj thou tsy esa gh chrkA vaxzst ljdkj us budk v[kckj cUn djkus dk Hkh iz;kl fd;kAlu~ 1931 esa dkuiqj esa gq, lkEiznkf;d naxksa dks 'kkar djkrs gq, buds izk.k pys x,A fo|kFkhZ th us vktknh dh yM+kbZ esa vkM+s vkus okyh ijEijkvksa vkSj ÏR;ksa dk vius thou vkSj ys[ku esa tedj fojks/k fd;kA os xjhcksa] fdlkuksa] etyweh vkfn ds izfr viuh gennhZ dks ys[ku ds ek/;e ls izdV djrs jgsA budh Hkk"kk ljy o lgt gksus ds lkFk gh csgn ekjd vkSj lVhd izgkj djus esa l{ke FkhA

ikB dk lkjka'k izLrqr ikB ^/keZ dh vkM+* x.ks'k 'kadj fo|kFkhZ }kjk jfpr gSA bl ikB esa ys[kd us mu yksxksa ds bjknksa vkSj dqfVy pkyksa dks csudkc fd;k gS] tks /keZ dh vkM+ ysdj tulk/kkj.k dks vkil esa yM+kdj LokFkZ fl¼ djrs gSa rFkk usrk yksx rks viuh dqlhZ dh j{kk ds fy, dksbZ Hkh pky py ldrs gSa vkSj ekuork dk xyk ?kksaV ldrs gSaA ysfdu viuk LokFkZ fl¼ djus okys yksx gekjs ns'k esa gh ugha gSa] fons'kksa esa Hkh ,slk gksrk gSA ogk¡ Hkh yksx /keZ dh vkM+ esa cM+s&cM+s dqdeZ dj Mkyrs gSa rFkk vuhfr;ksa dk lgkjk ysrs gSaA

16 ] vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] fgUnh ^c*&IXokLro esa vkt pkjksa vksj /keZ dh /kwe gSA lk/kkj.k O;fDr rks /keZ ds uke ij dqckZu gks tkrk gSA cspkjk og D;k tkus /keZ ds rÙoksa

dks] blh dk ykHk dqfVy pkyksa okys izfrf"Br yksx mBkrs gSaA /keZ dh Hkkouk rks bZ'oj dh izkfIr ds fy, ekxZ iz'kLr djrh gS] ;g vkRek dks 'kq¼ djus o Å¡pk mBkus dk lk/ku gSA blfy, egkRek xk¡/kh /keZ dks loZ= LFkku nsrs Fks] os /keZ ds fcuk ,d dne Hkh ugha pyrs FksA muds /keZ dh ifjHkk"kk mnkjoknh FkhA

'ka[k ctkus] ekyk Qsjus] uekt i<+us ;k fryd&Nki yxkus dk uke /keZ ugha gSA 'kq¼ vkpj.k rFkk lnkpkj /keZ ds Li"V fpg~u gSaA bZ'oj dks /keZ ds uke ij dHkh fj'or ugha nh tk ldrhA ,sls /kkfeZdksa ls rks ukfLrd vkneh dgha vf/kd vPNs vkSj Å¡ps gSaA blfy, ys[kd dgrk gS fd gesa euq";Ro dks viukuk pkfg,] i'kq&o`fÙk;ksa dks NksM+dj balkfu;r dks igpkuuk pkfg,A

'kCnkFkZmRikrµmiæo_ bZekuµuh;r_ cstkµxyr_ dlkSVhµtk¡p_ iziapµ/kks[kk_ /kwrZµik[kaMh_ /kuk<~;µ/kuoku_ tkfgyµx¡okj_

vV~Vkfydk,¡µÅ¡ph&Å¡ph bekjrsa_ Hkyeulkgrµ'kjkQr_ yk&etgcµftldk dksbZ /keZ u gks_ mnkjµn;kyq_ f[kykQrµ[kyhQk dk in ftls iSxEcj ;k ckn'kkg dk izfrfuf/k ekuk tkrk gks_ okftcµmfpr_ ;FkkFkZµokLrfodA

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v/;k; & 6 'kqØ rkjs ds leku µ Lokeh vkuan

ys[kd ifjp;laU;klh Lokeh vkuan dk tUe lu~ 1887 esa xqtjkr ds dfB;kokM+ ftys ds fdeMh xk¡o esa gqvkA fgEeryky budk ewy uke FkkA

nl o"kZ dh vk;q esa bUgsa dqN vk;q vius lkFk fgeky; ys x, vkSj budk uke Lokeh vkuan j[k fn;kAlu~ 1907 esa ;s ns'k ds Lora=rk vkUnksyu ls tqM+ x;sA dqN le; rd ;s egkjk"Vª ls ̂ r#.k fgUn* uked v[kckj fudkyrs jgs] ckn esa

cky xaxk/kj fryd ds ^dsljh* v[kckj ds fy, dk;Z djus yxsA 1917 esa xk¡/khth ds lalxZ essa vkus ds ckn mUgha ds funs'ku esa ^uothou* vkSj ^;ax bafM;k* dh izlkj O;oLFkk esa tqV x;sA ftlds dkj.k ;s xk¡/kh th ds lkFk egknso HkkbZ nslkbZ o I;kjsyky th ds fudV vk;sA

ikB dk lkjka'k

izLrqr ikB Lokeh vkuan }kjk jfpr gSA bl ikB esa ys[kd us xk¡/kh th ds futh lfpo egknso HkkbZ nslkbZ dh cstksM+ izfrHkk vkSj mudh O;Lrre fnup;kZ dk cM+k gh ckjhdh ls o.kZu fd;k gSA mudh ljyrk] lTturk] fu"Bk] leiZ.k] fujfHkeku vkfn fo'ks"krkvksa ls ys[kd iwjh rjg ls vfHkHkwr gS vkSj mlus cM+h gh dq'kyrk ls bu fo'ks"krkvksa dks vius 'kCnksa esa fijks;k gSA ys[kd ds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh egku O;fDr] egkure dk;Z rHkh dj ikrk gS] tc mlds lkFk ,sls lg;ksxh gksa] tks mldh reke fparkvksa vkSj my>uksa dks vius flj ys ysaA xk¡èkh th ds fy, egknso HkkbZ vkSj HkkbZ I;kjsyky th ,sls gh lg;ksxh FksA

ys[kd dgrk gS fd 'kqØ rkjs dh rjg gh HkkbZ egknso th us vkèkqfud Hkkjr dh LorU=rk ds m"kkdky esa viuh oSlh gh vkHkk ls gekjs vkdk'k dks txexk;k rFkk 'kqØ rkjs dh rjg gh vpkud vLr gks x,A xk¡èkh th ds fy, os iq= ls Hkh vfèkd Fks rFkk muds mÙkjkfèkdkjh FksA os jkst eqykdkrsa] i=&O;ogkj] vke lHkk,¡ vkfn dkeksa ds vykok ^;ax bafM;k* lkIrkfgd esa ys[k] fVIif.k;k¡] iatkc ds ekeyksa ds lkjs la{ksi vkSj xk¡èkh th ds ys[kµ;g lkjh lkexzh os dsoy rhu fnu esa rS;kj djrs FksA

igys egknso HkkbZ us ljdkj ds vuqokn foHkkx esa ukSdjh dh FkhA Hkkjr esa budh fy[kkbZ dk dksbZ lkuh u FkkA blfy, okbljk; ds ikl tkus okys i= ges'kk egknso th dh fy[kkbZ esa gksrs FksA cM+s&cM+s flfofy;u vkSj xouZj dgk djrs Fks fd lkjh fczfV'k lfoZl esa egknso ds leku v{kj fy[kus okyk dksbZ [kkstus ij Hkh feyuk ugha FkkA

izFke Js.kh dh f'k"V] laLdkj laiUu Hkk"kk vkSj euksgkjh ys[ku&'kSyh dh bZ'ojh; nsu egknso dks feyh FkhA xk¡èkh th dh vkRedFkk ^lR; ds iz;ksx* dk vaxzsth vuqokn bUgksaus fd;k FkkA ij ehyksa iSny pyus ds dkj.k izfrdwy izHkko iM+k tks budh vle; e`R;q dk dkj.k cukA xk¡èkh th ds fny ij thrs th budh e`R;q dk izHkko cuk jgkA xk¡èkh th budks Hkwy u lds] blfy, rks I;kjs yky ds LFkku ij xk¡èkh th ds eq[k ls egknso gh fudyrkA okLro esa egknso HkkbZ rFkk I;kjs yky xk¡èkh th ds lPps lg;ksxh FksA

'kCnkFkZis'kkµO;olk;_ gEekyµdqyh_ ykM+ykµI;kjk_ /kqja/kjµizoh.k_ [kjµx/kk_ ihjµegkRek_ C;ksjkµfooj.k_ #c#µvkeus&lkeus_

lYrurµgqdwer_ vuk;klµvpkud_ ljkcksjµrjcrj_ lkuhµcjkcjh djus okyk_ fooj.kµo.kZu_ v|ruµvc rd dk_ flyflykµØe_ L;kgµdkyk_ xknµryNV_ C;ksjkµfooj.k_ pkSdlkbZµutj j[kuk_ ftxjhµ?kfu"B_ ckophZµjlksb;k_ vklaqyfgekpyµ'ksrq ck¡/k jkes'oj ls fgekpy rd dk foLrkj_ dyxh :iµrst pedus okyk rkjk_ m"kkdkyµizkr%dky_ rRdkyµrqjUr_ lewpsµlkjsA

qq


dkO;&[k.M

v/;k; & 1 jSnkl ds in µ HkDr dfo jSnkl

dfo&ifjp;jSnkl uke ls fo[;kr lar jfonkl dk tUe lu~ 1388 esa cukjl esa gqvk ekuk tkrk gSA budh [;kfr ls izHkkfor gksdj fnYyh ds

'kkld fldUnj yksnh us bUgsa vius njckj esa cqyok;kA jSnkl Hkh dchj ds leku lar ekus tkrs gSaA bUgksaus Hkh ew£riwtk] rhFkZ;k=k tSls fn[kkoksa dk vius inksa ds }kjk fojks/k fd;kA jSnkl dks e/;;qxhu lk/kdksa esa fo'ks"k LFkku izkIr gSA os O;fDr dh vkarfjd Hkkoukvksa vkSj vkilh HkkbZpkjs dks gh lPpk /keZ ekurs FksA

jSnkl us ân; ds Hkkoksa dks lh/ks&lkns inksa esa cM+h lgtrk ls izdV fd;k gSA buds }kjk jfpr inksa esa vkRefuosnu] nkL;Hkko] lgt HkfDr Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA jSnkl ds pkyhl in fl[kksa ds ifo= /keZxzUFk ^xq:xzaFk lkgc* esa ladfyr fd, x, gSaA

jSnkl us vo/kh] jktLFkkuh] [kM+h cksyh vkSj mnwZ&Qkjlh ds 'kCnksa ls ;qDr cztHkk"kk dk viuh dkO;&jpuk esa iz;ksx fd;kA lu~ 1518 bZ- esa budk fu/ku gks x;kA

dfork dk lkjka'k

dfo jSnkl us igys in esa vius vkjk/; jke dh vkjk/kuk djrs gq, dgk gS fd mUgsa jke ds uke dh /kqu yx xbZ gSA ftls vc NksM+ ikuk lEHko ugha gSA dfo us vius izHkq rFkk Lo;a ds lEcU/k dks vusd mnkgj.kksa }kjk Li"V djrs gq, dgk gS fd izHkq vki panu rks eSa ikuh] vki ?ku';ke rks eSa eksj] vki pk¡n rks eSa pdksj] vki nhid rks eSa ckrh] vki Lokeh rks eSa nkl ds leku gw¡A vkids fcuk esjk dksbZ vfLrRo ugha gSA eSa rks vkidk nkl gw¡A

nwljs in esa dfo us izHkq dks lcdk j{kd ekuk gSA mlds izHkq nhu&nqf[k;ksa ij n;k djus okys gSaA ftls lalkj vNwr ekurk gS ij ijekRek fcuk fdlh ls Mjs fuMj gksdj mldk Hkh m¼kj dj nsrs gSaA tSls mUgksaus dchj] ukenso] f=ykspu] lSuq tSls fuEu tkfr esa mRiUu O;fDr;ksa ij Ïik dh vkSj oSls gh dfo ij Ïik dj mls Hkh egku cuk fn;kA

'kCnkFkZcklµlqxa/k_ lksu¥gµlksus esa_ tksfrµT;ksfr] ykS_ tkdhµftldh_ lekuhµlekuk_ eksjkµeksj_ ?kuµckny_ fprorµns[kuk_

panµpk¡n_ cjSµtyrh gS_ jkrhµjkr esa_ dmuqµdkSu_ xjhc fuoktqµnhuks ij n;k djus okyk_ ekFksµeLrd ij_ NksfrµNqvkNwr_ <jSµæfor gksuk_ xks¥cnqµxksfoUn_ rjSµrj x,] eks{k ik x,_ ljSµlaHko gks tkuk_ gfjthmµgfj th lsA

qq

v/;k; & 2 jghe ds in µ dfooj jghe

dfo&ifjp;jghe dk tUe lu~ 1556 bZŒ esa ykgkSj (ikfdLrku) esa gqvkA budk iwjk uke vCnZjghe [kku[kkuk FkkA bUgsa vjch] Qkjlh] laLÏr

vkSj fgUnh Hkk"kk dk vPNk Kku FkkA ;s e/;;qxhu njckjh laLÏfr ds izfrfuf/k dfo;ksa esa jghe dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku Fkk lkFk gh ;s vdcj ds uojRuksa esa 'kkfey FksA

buds uhfrijd nksgs vf/kd izpfyr gSa D;ksafd bUgksaus nSfud thou ds mnkgj.k nsdj mUgsa ljy] lgt vkSj cks/kxE; cuk fn;k ftlds dkj.k ;s loZlk/kkj.k dks tYnh ;kn gks tkrs gSaA

jghe lrlbZ] Ük`axkj lrlbZ] enuk"Vd] jkl iapk/;k;] jghe jRukoyh] cjoS vkfn budh izeq[k jpuk gS tks ^jghe xzUFkkoyh* esa ladfyr gSA lu~ 1626 bZ- esa budk nsgkUr gks x;kA

dfork dk lkjka'k

jghe ds nksgs muds vius futh vuqHkoksa ij vk/kkfjr gSaA jghe us uhfrijd nksgksa ds ek/;e ls yksxksa dks uhfrijd f'k{kk,¡ nha] euq"; dks dj.kh; o vdj.kh; vkpj.k ls lEcfU/kr lq>ko fn,µ

18 ] vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] fgUnh ^c*&IXigys nksgs esa mUgksaus izse lEcU/kksa dks uktqdrk ls laHkkyus o dHkh u rksM+us dk lans'k fn;k ogha nwljs nksgs esa vius eu dh ihM+k dks

nwljksa ds lkeus izdV u dj vius gh eu esa j[kus dks dgkA rhljs nksgs esa ,d ijekRek dk gh /;ku djus] muds 'kj.k esa tkus ls loZdk;Z

dh flf¼ gksus dh izsj.kk nhA pkSFks nksgs esa jke ds mnkgj.k }kjk fp=dwV ds egRo dks n'kkZ;kA ogha ik¡pos nksgs esa FkksM+s ls v{kj okys nksgs

Nan esa xgjk o O;kid vFkZ fNis gksus dh ckr dghA

NBs nksgs esa vkdkj ds LFkku ij mi;ksfxrk ds egRo dks crkrs gq, dgk gS fd tgk¡ I;kl cq>s ogh lkxj ds leku gSA lkrosa nksgs esa

datwl yksxksa ij O;aX; djrs gq, dgk gS fd tks yksx izlUu gksus ij Hkh nku ugha nsrs os i'kq ls Hkh ghu gSaA vkBosa nksgs esa ,d ckj fcxM+ tkus

ij ckr l¡okjus ds fy, yk[kksa tru djus iM+rs gSaA uosa nksgs esa NksVksa dh mi;ksfxrk o egRo dks n'kkZrs gq, dgk gS fd cM+ksa ds leku NksVksa

dh mis{kk ugha djuh pkfg,A nlosa nksgs esaµeqlhcr ds le; O;fDr dh viuh gh lEifÙk dke vkrh gSA X;kjgosa nksgs esa ikuh ds egRo

dks crkrs gq, ikuh ds rhu :i ikuh] ped o lEeku bu rhuksa dk thou esa egRo crk;k gSA

'kCnkFkZpVdk;µ>Vds ls rksM+uk_ xks;µfNikdj_ vfBySgSaµmigkl djuk_ dks;µdksbZ_ lk/ksµlk/kus ij_ ewy¥gµtM+ dks_ v|k;µr`Ir

gksuk_ lhafpcksµ¥lpkbZ djus ls_ foinkµeqlhcr_ jfeµjeuk (jguk)_ nhj?kµyEck] xgjk_ vk¥gµgksrs gSa_ tk¥gµtkrk gS_

flfefVµfleVdj_ /kfuµ/kU; gS_ iadµdhpM+_ y?kq ft;µNksVs tho&tUrq_ mnf/kµleqæ_ cMkbZµcM+Iiu_ uknµvkokt_ jhf>µeqX/k

gksdj_ gsrµizse_ dNwµdqN_ fcxjh ckrµfcxM+h gqbZ ckr_ eFksµeFkuk_ MkfjµMkyuk] NksM+uk_ rjokfjµryokj] Ïik.k_ lgk;µlgk;d]

ennxkj_ tytµdey dk iwGy_ jfoµlwjt_ ikuhµlEeku] ikuhAqq

v/;k; & 3 vknehukek µ ut+hj vdcjkoknh

dfo&ifjp;uthj vdcjkcknh dk tUe m-iz- ds vkxjk 'kgj esa lu~~ 1735 bZ- esa gqvkA vkxjk ds e'kgwj vnhcksa ls bUgksaus f'k{kk izkIr dhA uthj

jkg pyrs uTes dgus ds fy;s e'kgwj FksA ;fn jkg esa dksbZ jkgxhj bUgsa jksddj Lo;a ls lEcfU/kr uTe dgus dh xqtkfj'k djrk rks uthj

rqjUr gh ,d uTe ml jkgxhj ds fy;s cuk nsrs FksA blh dkj.k fHk'rh] ddM+h cspus okyk] fclkrh rd uthj dh uTesa xkdj viuk lkSnk

csprs FksA uthj nqfu;k ds jax esa jaxs gq;s ,d dfo FksA uthj fgUnqvksa ds R;ksgkjksa esa Hkh fnykstku ls 'kkfey gksrs FksA uthj us jk"Vªh; ,drk

ls lEcfU/kr dfork,¡ fy[khA uthj fe= dh rjg yksxksa dks lykg nsrs FksA bUgksaus fgUnh o mnwZ nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa esa dkO; jpuk dhA uthj dh

jpuk,¡ thou dh lPpkbZ o mYykl ls Hkjh gksrh FkhA bUgksaus viuh dforkvksa esa nqfu;k¡ dks g¡lrs&cksyrs] pyrs&fQjrs vkSj thou esa [kqf'k;k¡

eukrs :i esa fn[kk;kA lu~ 1830 bZ- esa budk nsgkolku gks x;kA

dfork dk lkjka'k

vknehukek esa uthj vdcjkoknh euq"; dks mldh vPNkbZ vkSj cqjkbZ ds lkFk izLrqr djrs gSaA dfo us vkneh dks lalkj dh loksZÙke

jpuk ekurs gq;s mls vius thou esa ln~~xq.kksa dks viukus dh izsj.kk nh gSA ogha nqfu;k dk ckn'kkg gS vkSj ogh iztk gSA jbZl Hkh ogh gS vkSj

xjhc HkhA elftn cukus okyk] uekt i<+us okyk] elftn esa twrs pqjkus okyk] uekt+ i<+us okyk Hkh vkneh gh gSA gR;kjk Hkh ogh vkSj

j{kd Hkh ogh] 'kjhQ] dehuk vkfn Hkh vkneh gh gSA vPNk Hkh vkneh gS vkSj cqjk Hkh vkneh gS vFkkZr~ vPNs ls vPNs dk;Z Hkh vkneh

djrk gS rFkk cqjs ls cqjs Hkh ogh djrk gSA

'kCnkFkZckn'kkgµjktk_ eqQfyl&vks&xnkµxjhc vkSj fHk[kkjh_ tjnkjµvehj] /kuoku_ csuokµdetksj_ fuverµcf<+;k Hkkstu_

[kqrck[ok¡µdqjku 'kjhQ dk vFkZ crkus okyk_ rkM+rkµHkk¡i ysuk_ okjsµU;kSNkoj djrk_ rsxµryokj_ v'kjkQ+µ'kjhQ yksx_

dehukµrqPN_ 'kkgµjktk_ o+thjµea=h_ fnyit+hjµeupkgk_ eqjhnµf'k";_ ihjµ/kkfeZd xq#Aqq


v/;k; & 4 ,d Qwy dh pkg µ fl;kjke'kj.k

dfo&ifjp;fl;kjke'kj.k xqIr dk tUe lu~ 1895 esa >k¡lh ds fudV fpjxk¡o esa gqvk FkkA ;s jk"Vªdfo eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr ds NksVs HkkbZ FksA buosG

firk Hkh dfo FksA blfy, dfork fy[kus ds laLdkj bUgsa ifjokj ls fojklr esa feys FksA buds Åij egkRek xk¡/kh vkSj fouksck Hkkos ds fopkjksa dk cgqr izHkko iM+kA bUgksaus viuh jpukvksa esa ns'k dh Toyar ?kVukvksa o leL;kvksa dk fp=.k djus ds lkFk lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ij Hkh izgkj fd;kA xqIr th us vius dkO; esa vk/kqfud ekuork dh d#.kk] ;kruk vkSj }a} dks lefUor :i esa izLrqr fd;kA

ekS;Z fot;] vknzkZ] ikFks;] e`.e;h] udqy] vkRekslxZ] mUeqDr vkSj nwokZny vkfn budh izeq[k jpuk,¡ gSA lu~ 1963 esa xqIr th dk fu/ku gks x;kA

dfork dk lkjka'k ^,d Qwy dh pkg* fl;kjke'kj.k xqIr th dh ,d vfr yksdfç; dfork gSA izLrqr dfork NqvkNwr dh leL;k ls lacafèkr gSA

lqf[k;k uke dh ej.kklék vNwr dU;k ds eu esa vpkud ;g bPNk mBh fd mls nsoh ek¡ ds pj.kksa esa v£ir fd;k gqvk Qwy dksbZ ykdj nsA lqf[k;k dk firk bl dke dks djus ds fy, vFkkZr~ viuh csVh dh bPNk iwjh djus ds fy, nsoh ek¡ ds eafnj esa igq¡pk] ysfdu og Hkäksa dh ut+jksa esa [kVdus ds dkj.k izlkn viuh csVh rd u igq¡pk ldkA Hkäksa us mls vi'kCn dgs] ekjk&ihVk rFkk mls lkr fnu tsy dh lt+k Hkh fnyokbZA mldh csVh ej xbZ ijarq og vafre le; mls viuh xksn esa Hkh u ys ldkA bl rjg ls vLi`'k;rk dh leL;k] oxZ&Hksn] tkfr&Hksn] lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa bR;kfn ds ifj.kkeksa dks n'kkZuk gh bl dfork dk lans'k gS] izfrikn~; gSA

'kCnkFkZm}sfyrµHkkoukvksa esa Mwcdj_ izpaMµrhoz_ joµ'kksj_ {kh.kdaBµnch gqbZ vkokt_ 'kqfprkµifo=rk_ ljfltµdey_ ruqµ'kjhj_

vo;oµvax_ xzlukµfuxyuk_ gkgkdkjµph[kiqdkj_ vikjµvR;f/kd_ vfoJksrµfcuk #ds_ fog~oyµcspSu_ f'kfFkyµdetksj_ furkarµfcYdqy_ e`roRlkµftl ek¡ dh larku ej x;h gks_ vJq jkf'k;k¡µvk¡lqvksa dh /kkjk_ fugkjukµns[kuk_ frfejµva/ksjk_ egkdk'kµ[kqyk vkdk'k_ 'kSyµigkM+_ eq[kfjrµizdV_ jfodj tkyµlwjt dh fdj.kksa dk lewg_ flag ikSjµefUnj dk eq[; }kj_ /kuµckny_ rki&rIrµToj ls ihfM+r_ o`anµlewg_ f<dykµBsyk x;k_ dyqf"krµvifo=_ ej?kVµ'ke'kku ?kkV_ Hk; ttZjµMj ls ihfM+r_ foLrh.kZµQSyk gqvk_ vkeksfnrµvkuaniw.kZ_ ifj/kkuµdiM+s_ egkekjhµcM+s Lrj ij QSyus okyh chekjhA

qq

v/;k; & 5 vfXuiFk µ gfjoa'kjk; cPpu

dfo&ifjp;gfjoa'k jk; cPpu dk tUe 27 uoEcj 1907 dks mÙkj izns'k ds bykgkckn 'kgj esa gqvkA ekrk&firk I;kj ls bUgsa ^cPpu* cqykrs

Fks ftls ckn esa bUgksaus viuk miuke cuk fy;kA cPpu fo'ofo|ky; esa izk/;kid ds in ij dk;Z djus yxs ysfdu dqN le; ckn gh ;s Hkkjrh; fons'k lsok esa pys x;sA tgk¡ jgdj bUgsa dbZ ns'kksa esa ?kwers gq, eap ij vkstLoh ok.kh esa dkO;ikB djus ds fy, izflf¼ feyhA cPpu th dks lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj] lksfo;r Hkwfe usg: iqjLdkj vkSj ljLorh lEeku ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA

budh izeq[k jpuk,¡ e/kq'kkyk] fu'kk&fuea=.k] ,dkarlaxhr] VwVrh pV~Vkus feyu ;kfeuh] :i rjafx.kh] vkjrh vkSj vaxkjs] uhM+ dk fuekZ.k fQj (lHkh dfork laxzg) vkSj vkRedFkk ds pkj [kaM_ D;k Hkwyw¡ D;k ;kn d#¡] clsjs ls nwj] n'k}kj ls lksiku rd vkfn gSaA cPpu th dh dfork,¡ lgt vkSj laosnu'khy gSA budh jpukvksa esa O;fDr osnuk] jk"Vªpsruk] vkSj thoun'kZu izeq[kyk ls fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA bUgksaus viuh jpukvksa ds ek/;e ls jktuSfrd thou ds <ksx] lkekftd vlekurk vkSj dqjhfr;ksa ij O;aX; fd;kA cPpu th }kjk fyf[kr vkRedFkk fgUnh x| dh cstksM+ d`fr gSaA

lu~ 2003 esa gfjoa'k jk; th dk fu/ku gks x;kA

dfork dk lkjka'k izLrqr dfork esa dfo us euq"; ds la?k"kZe;h thou dks vfXuiFk dgk gSA mUgksaus bl dfork esa dgk gS fd vfXuiFk ij c<+rs gq, euq";

dks jkg esa lq[k dh pkg u dj] fcuk #ds] fcuk foJke fd, viuh eafty dh vksj deZBrkiwoZd c<+rs gh tkuk pkfg,A dfo us 'kCnksa dh iqujko`fÙk n~okjk euq"; dks viuh n`<+rk ij MVs jgus rFkk fcuk fopfyr gq, viuh jkg ij vxzlj gksus dh izsj.kk nh gSA vFkkZr~ ;g thou Qwyksa dh ugha] cfYd dk¡Vksa dh 'k¸;k gS] ftl ij euq"; dks gj izfrdwy ifjfLFkfr dk lkeuk djrs gq,] fcuk ihNs eqM+s vius y{; dks izkIr djuk pkfg,A ,slh ckrksa dks n'kkZuk gh bl dfork dk ewy ea= gSA

20 ] vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] fgUnh ^c*&IX'kCnkFkZ

vfXuiFkµcgqr gh dfBu ekxZ_ yFkiFkµluk gqvk_ Losnµilhuk_ i=µiRrk_ jDrµ[kwu_ 'kiFkµdle_ vJqµvk¡lw_qq

v/;k; & 6 (i) u, bykds esa µ v#.k dey

dfo&ifjp;v#.k dey dk tUe 15 Qjojh 1954 dks fcgkj ds jksgrkl ftys ds ukljhxat bykds esa gqvkA orZeku le; esa ;s iVuk

fo'o&fo|ky; esa izk/;kid ds in ij dk;Zjr gSaA budh dforkvksa ds fy, bUgsa lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj lfgr dbZ vU; iqjLdkjksa ls Hkh lEekfur fd;k x;k gSA

budh izeq[k jpuk,¡ ̂ viuh dsoy /kkj*] ̂ iqryh esa lalkj*] lcwr] uk, bykds esa (dfork laxzg) rFkk dfork vkSj le; (vkykspukRed d`fr) vkfn gSaA bUgksaus dfork ys[ku ds lkFk dbZ iqLrdksa vkSj jpukvksa dk vuqokn Hkh fd;kA ftuesa ek;dksO;Ldh dh vkRedFkk vkSj taxy cqd dk fgUnh esa vuqokn izeq[k gSA v#.k dey th us fgUnh ds ;qok dfo;ksa dh dforkvksa dk vaxzsth esa Hkh vuqokn fd;k tks ^okW;lst* ds uke ls izdkf'kr gqvkA

bUgksaus viuh dforkvksa esa vkichrh vkSj txchrh ds lkFk thou ds fofo/k {ks=ksa dk fp=.k fd;kA bUgksaus orZeku 'kks"k.k O;oLFkk ds f[kykQ vkØks'k] uQjr dk o.kZu fd;k rFkk ,d ubZ ekuoh; O;oLFkk ds fuekZ.k dk iz;kl fd;kA

dfork dk lkjka'k

çLrqr dfork ^u, bykds esa* dfo v#.k dey n~okjk jfpr gSA bl dfork esa dfo us nqfu;k ds vLFkk;h :i dk o.kZu fd;k gSA 'kgjhdj.k ds dkj.k thou&;kiu esa u,&u, ifjorZu vk jgs gSaA ysfdu tks vkt u;k gS ogh dy iqjkuk iM+ jgk gSA iqjkuh igpku ds vFkZ gh cny x, gSaA vius eaft+y :ih ?kj rd Hkh iqjkuh Le`fr ds fu'kkuksa ds lgkjs ug° igq¡pk tk ldrk] D;ksafd fuR; u,&u, fuekZ.k dk;Z gks jgs gSa] izxfr :ih 'kgjhdj.k ds dkj.k iqjkus Le`fr fpg~u dg° [kks tkrs gSaA euq"; ds ikl le; de gS] ijUrq mldh xfr cgqr rst+ gSA ?kj ds lgh irs ds fy, dksbZ igpku okyk pkfg,A vFkkZr~ thou esa LFkk;h dqN Hkh ug° gS] D;ksafd gj iy curh fcxM+rh nqfu;k esa Le`fr;ksa ds Hkjksls th ug° ldrsA ,slh ckrksa dks n'kkZuk gh bl ikB dk izfrik| gSA

'kCnkFkZ<gkµfxjk_ bykdkµ{ks=_ rkdrkµns[krk_ <gkµfxjk gqvk_ BdedkrkµMxexkrk gqvk ;k /khjs&/khjs_ Le`frµ;knsa_ ?kVµ?kfVr

gksuk_ vdklµvkleku_qq

(ii) [kq'kcw jprs gSa gkFk µ v#.k dey

dfork dk lkjka'k çLrqr dfork dfo v#.k dey n~okjk jfpr gSA bl dfork esa dfo us lkekftd fo"kerkvksa dk inkZQ+k'k fd;k gSA ;g dSlh foMacUkk

gS fd tks oxZ lekt ds fy, lkSan;Z dh l`fÔ djrk gS rFkk mls [kq'kgky cukrk gS] ogh oxZ vHkkoksa esa] vR;f/kd xanxh Hkjs ekgkSy esa viuk thou&;kiu djrk gSA ns'k dh e'kgwj vxjcfÙk;ksa dk fuekZ.k djus okys gkFk n;uh;] 'kkspuh;] Hk;kog ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jgus dks foo'k gSaA lqxa/k fc[ksjus okys ;s yksx lekt esa misf{kr gSaA ,slh gh ckrksa dks n'kkZdj dfo us ljdkj] lekt vkfn dks >d>ksjk gS] muds lgh drZO; dks psrk;k gSA ;gh bl dfork dk eq[; mís'; gSA

'kCnkFkZVksykµcLrh_ e'kgwjµizfl¼_ [klµiksLrk_ t[eµ?kko_

qq


iwjd ikB~;&iqLrd lap;u (Hkkx&1)

v/;k; & 1 fxYyw µ egknsoh oekZ

ysf[kdk&ifjp;Jherh egknsoh oekZ vk/kqfud ;qx dh izfl¼ dfof;=h ,oa x| ysf[kdk ekuh tkrh gSaA mUgsa vk/kqfud ;qx dh ehjk dgk tkrk gSA

egknsoh oekZ dk tUe lu~ 1907 bZŒ esa mÙkj izns'k ds Q#Z[kkckn ftys esa gqvkA mUgksusa lu~ 1932 esa bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky; ls laLd`r esa ,e-,- dh ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ dh vkSj iz;kx efgyk fo|kihB dh izkpk;kZ ls dqyifr cu x;haA lu~ 1987 bZŒ esa mudk fu/ku gks x;kA

egknsoh oekZ dks Hkkjr ljdkj us in~eHkw"k.k o Hkkjrh; KkuihB iqjLdkj iznku fd;k rFkk dqek;wWa vkSj fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; us mUgsa Mh- fyV~ dh ekun mikf/k ls foHkwf"kr fd;kA

Ük`a[kyk dh dfM+;k¡] Le`fr dh js[kk,sa] {konk] esjk ifjokj] vrhr ds pyfp= vkfn mudh izeq[k x| jpuk,Wa gSa ogha uhgkj] uhjtk] jf'e] ;kek] nhif'k[kk vkfn mudh izeq[k dkO; jpuk;sa gSA

egknsoh oekZ us tgkWa ,d rjQ nhu&nqf[k;ksa dk ekfeZd fp=.k fd;k ogha nwljh vksj fujhg i'kq&if{k;ksa dk Hkh ân;Li'khZ o.kZu fd;kA

ikB dk lkj^fxYyw* egknsoh oekZ }kjk jfpr ek£ed laLej.k gSA ysf[kdk lksutqgh csy esa yxh ihyh&ihyh dfy;ksa dks ns[kdj NksVs ls

çk.kh fxYyw dh ;knksa esa [kks tkrh gSaA og dHkh lksutqgh yrk dh gfj;kyh esa fNi tkrk Fkk rks dHkh vpkud ysf[kdk ds da/ks ij dwndj cSB tkrk Fkk rks ysf[kdk pkSad tkrh FkhaA ysf[kdk igys lksutqgh dh dyh dks [kkstrh fQjrh Fkha ijarq mUgsa vc fxYyw dh ;kn vkrh gS tks vc ug° gSA ysf[kdk dks i'kq&if{k;ksa ls cgqr çse FkkA ysf[kdk us ,d fnu ns[kk fd nks dkS, ,d xeys ds pkjksa vksj Nqvk&Nqvkou tSlk [ksy] [ksy jgs gSaA vpkud ysf[kdk us xeys ls fpids ,d NksVs ls fxygjh ds cPps dks ns[kkA dkS, mls [kkuk pkgrs FksA mUgksaus mls viuh pksap ls ?kk;y dj fn;k Fkk ftlls og ejs gq, ds leku gks x;k FkkA ysf[kdk us mls mBk;k vkSj Hkhrj ys xb± rFkk bykt fd;k] mls ejge yxkbZ rFkk mlds eq¡g esa ikuh dh cw¡nsa Vidkb±A rhu fnu ckn og ysf[kdk dh m¡xyh ij cSBdj bèkj&m/kj ns[kus yxkA

rhu&pkj eghus ckn ml fxygjh ds cPps ds fpdus cky] xqPNsnkj iw¡N vkSj uhys eksrh&lh vk¡[ksa lHkh dks vkd£"kr djus yx°A vc lHkh mldks fxYyw dgdj iqdkjus yxsA mls Qwyksa okyh NksVh&lh Vksdjh esa #bZ fcNkdj f[kM+dh ij yVdk fn;k tkrk Fkk ftlesa og nks o"kZ rd jgkA og eksfr;ksa tSlh vk¡[kksa ls ckgj&Hkhrj lc dqN ns[krk jgrkA og cgqr le>nkj FkkA tc ysf[kdk fy[kus cSBrh rks og iSjksa rd vkdj f[kM+dh ds insZ ij p<+ tkrkA dHkh&dHkh ysf[kdk mls idM+ dj ,d fyQkQs esa j[k nsrh rks og ?k.Vksa ysf[kdk ds dk;ks± dks ns[krk jgrk FkkA

fxYyw ds thou dk igyk clar vk;k rks uhe&pesyh dh lqxa/k dejs esa vkus yxhA ckgjh fxygfj;k¡ f[kM+dh dh tkyh ls mls ns[kr°] fxYyw Hkh ckgj >k¡drkA ysf[kdk us mls eqä djus ds fy, tkyh dk ,d dksuk [kksy fn;kA fxYyw ckgj fudydj [kq'k gks x;k ijarq tc ysf[kdk dkWyst ls ykSVdj dejk [kksyrh rks og tkyh ds }kj ls vanj vkdj nkSM+us yxrkA

ysf[kdk tSlh gh [kkus ds dejs esa igq¡prh fxYyw est ij igq¡p tkrk vkSj Fkkyh ds ikl cSBdj ,d&,d pkoy cM+h lQkbZ ls [kkrk jgrk FkkA dktw mls cgqr fç; FksA

,d ckj ysf[kdk dks eksVj nq?kZVuk esa ?kk;y gksus ij vLirky esa jguk iM+kA fxYyw dejs esa >wys ls mrj dj nkSM+ yxkrk jgrk FkkA yksx dktw ns tkrs Fks ijarq og mUgsa ug° [kkrk Fkk vkSj >wys esa fNik nsrk Fkk] tc >wys dh lQkbZ dh xbZ rks cgqr ls dktw fudysA

fxygjh dk thou yxHkx nks lky gksrk gSA vc mldk var fudV vk x;k FkkA mlus fnu Hkj dqN ug° [kk;k vkSj u ckgj gh x;kA jkr dks >wys ls fudydj ysf[kdk ds fcLrj ij vk;k vkSj m¡xyh idM+dj gkFk ls fpid x;k] tSls cpiu esa ej.kklUu gkyr esa mlus vaxqyh idM+h FkhA mls cpkus dk mik; fd;k x;k ijUrq lqcg gksrs gh mlds thou dk var gks x;kA

'kCnkFkZlksutqghµtwgh (Qwy) dk ,d izdkj tks ihyk gksrk gSA_ fLuX/kµfpduk_ [kk|µ[kkus ;ksX;_ ihrkHkµihys jax dk_

y?kqizk.kµNksVk tho_ gjhfrekµgfj;kyh_ vuk;klµvpkud_ Nwvk&NqvkSoyµpqids ls Nwdj Nqi tkuk vkSj fQj Nwuk_ leknfjrµfo'ks"k vknj_ vuknfjrµfrjLdkj_ vorh.kZµizdV gksuk_ ddZ'kµdVq_ dkd};µnks dkS,_ fu'ps"Vµfcuk fdlh gjdr ds_ vk'orµfuf'apr_ y?kqxkrµNksVk 'kjhj_ ifjpkfjdkµlsfodk_ ej.kklUUkµftldh e`R;q fudV gks_ m".krkµxjehA

qq


v/;k; & 2 Le`fr µ Jhjke 'kekZ

ys[kd&ifjp;vuks[kh izfrHkk ls lEiUUk ia Jhjke 'kekZ dk tUe lu~ 1896 bZŒ dks gqvkA bUgksaus izkjafEHkd thou esa v/;kiu dk dk;Z fd;kA ckn

esa jk"Vªlsok o lkfgR; lsok esa tqV x;sA bUgksus f'kdkj lkfgR; ds }kjk fgUnh ds lkfgfR;d {ks= esa uke dek;k rFkk x| dh ,d u;h fo/kk ^js[kkfp=* dk izkjEHk fd;kA fo'kky Hkkjr ds lEiknd ds :i esa lEiknu {ks= esa Hkh [;kfr vftZr dhA budh ân;Li'khZ jpuk,Wa ikBdksa dks ea=eqX/k dj nsrh gSA lu~ 1967 esa budk nsgkUr gks x;kA f'kdkj] cksyrh izfrHkk] taxy ds tho] lsokxzke dh Mk;jh] lu~ 1942 ds laLej.k vkfn budh izeq[k jpuk,Wa gSaA

ikB dk lkjlu~ 1908 dh ckr gSA tkM+s dk eghuk FkkA lk;adky ds le; dbZ lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk ys[kd >jcsjh ds csj rksM+&rksM+dj [kk jgk Fkk]

rHkh xk¡o ds ikl ls ,d vkneh us iqdkjk fd rqEgkjs HkkbZ cqyk jgs gSaA HkkbZ lkgc dh ekj dk Mj Fkk] le> esa ugha vk jgk Fkk fd dkSu&lk dlwj cu iM+kA Mjrs&Mjrs ?kj esa ?kqlk ij vk¡xu esa HkkbZ lkgc i= fy[k jgs FksA HkkbZ lkgc us i=ksa dks ys tkdj eD[kuiqj Mkd[kkus esa Mkyus dks dgkA

ys[kd vius NksVs HkkbZ ds lkFk viuk MaMk ysdj ?kj ls fudy iM+kA eD[kuiqj ds Ldwy vkSj xk¡o ds chp MaMs ls vke ds isM+ksa ls izfr o"kZ vke >wjs tkrs FksA fpfB~B;ksa dks mlus Vksih esa j[k fy;k] D;ksafd dqrsZ esa tscsa u Fkha vkSj eD[kuiqj dh vksj rsth ls pyrs gq, nksuksa xk¡o ls pkj Qyk±x nwj ml dq,¡ ds ikl vk x;s ftlesa ,d vfr Hk;adj dkyk lk¡i iM+k gqvk FkkA dqvk¡ dPpk Fkk] vkSj pkSchl gkFk xgjk FkkA mlesa ikuh u FkkA ,d fnu ge yksx Ldwy ls ykSV jgs Fks fd dq,¡ esa m>dus dh lw>hA >k¡ddj ,d <syk Qsadk fd lk¡i dh vkokt dSlh gksrh gS\ dq,¡ esa T;ksa gh <syk fxjk R;ksa gh ,d Qq¡dkj lqukbZ iM+h vkSj Øks/kiw.kZ Qq¡dkj ij dgdgs yxk;sA

xk¡o ls eD[kuiqj tkrs vkSj eD[kuiqj ls ykSVrs le; izk;% izfrfnu gh dq,¡ esa <sys Mkys tkrs FksA tSls gh os nksuksa ml dq,¡ dh vksj ls fudys] dq,¡ esa <syk Qsaddj Qq¡dkj lquus dh bPNk tkxzr gks xbZA dq,¡ ds fdukjs ls ,d <syk mBk;k vkSj mNydj ,d gkFk ls Vksih mrkjrs gq, lk¡i ij <syk fxjk fn;kA Vksih ds gkFk esa ysrs gh rhuksa fpfV~B;k¡ pDdj dkVrh gqbZ dq,¡ esa fxj jgh FkhaA fpfV~B;ksa ds Vksih ls fudyrs gh tku fudy xbZA

dq,¡ dh ikV ij cSBs os jks jgs FksA fiVus ds Hk; ls jksrs gh tk jgs FksA ek¡ dh xksn dh ;kn vkrh FkhA ek¡ vkdj Nkrh ls yxk ys vkSj ykM+&I;kj djds dg ns fd dksbZ ckr ugha fpfV~B;k¡ fQj fy[k yh tk,¡xhA ?kj ykSVdj lp cksyus ij :bZ dh rjg /kqukbZ gksrhA fiVus ds Hk; vkSj >wB cksydj fpfV~V;ksa ds u igq¡pus dh ftEesnkjh ds cks> ls nck eSa cSBk flld jgk FkkA ys[kd us dq,¡ esa ?kqldj fpfV~B;ksa dks fudkyus dk fu'p; fd;kA ;g Hk;adj fu.kZ; FkkA ml le; fpfV~B;k¡ fudkyus ds fy;s og fo"k/kj ls fHkM+us dks rS;kj gks x;kA

NksVk HkkbZ jks jgk FkkA mlds jksus dk eryc Fkk fd ys[kd dh ekSr mls uhps cqyk jgh gSA NksVk HkkbZ Hkh uaxk gqvkA ik¡p èkksfr;k¡ vkSj dqN jLlh feykdj dq,¡ dh xgjkbZ ds fy;s dkQh gqb±A /kksfr;k¡ ,d&nwljs ls ck¡/kha vkSj [kwc [khap&[khapdj ns[kk fd xk¡Bsa dM+h gSa ;k ughaA /kksrh ds ,d fljs ij MaMk ck¡/kk vkSj mls dq,¡ esa Mky fn;kA nwljs fljs dks Msax ds pkjksa vksj ,d pDdj nsdj vkSj ,d xk¡B yxkdj NksVs HkkbZ dks ns fn;kA NksVk HkkbZ dsoy vkB o"kZ dk FkkA ys[kd dq,¡ esa /kksrh ds lgkjs ?kqlus yxkA dq,¡ esa ?kqlrs le; lk¡i dk rfud Hkh Hk; u FkkA dq,¡ ds /kjkry ls tc pkj&ik¡p xt jgk gksxk] lk¡i Qu QSyk, /kjkry ls ,d gkFk Åij mBk gqvk ygjk jgk FkkA iw¡N dk Hkkx i`Foh ij FkkA uhps mrjrs ns[k lk¡i ?kkrd pksV ds vklu ij cSBk FkkA /kksrh dq,¡ ds chpksa&chp yVd jgh FkhA dq,¡ esa lk¡i ls vf/kd ls vf/kd pkj QqV dh nwjh ij jg ldrk FkkA Åij ls yVddj rks lk¡i ugha ekjk tk ldrk FkkA og èkhjs&èkhjs uhps mrjus yxkA nksuksa gkFkksa ls /kksrh idM+s gq, mlus vius iSj dq,¡ dh cxy esa yxk fn;sA nhokj ls iSj yxkrs gh dqN feV~Vh uhps fxjh vkSj lk¡i us ml ij eq¡g ekjkA og Ms<+ xt ij dq,¡ ds /kjkry ij [kM+k gks x;kA vk¡[ksa pkj gqb±A lk¡i ds Qu dh vksj esjh vk¡[kas yxh gqbZ Fkha fd og dc fdl vksj dks vkØe.k djrk gSA lk¡i us eksguh&lh Mky nhA og esjs vkØe.k dh izrh{kk esa FkkA MaMk pykus ds fy;s LFkku gh u FkkA lk¡i dks MaMs ls nck;k tk ldrk FkkA ;fn Qu ;k mlds lehi dk Hkkx u nck rks fQj og iyVdj t:j dkVrk vkSj Qu ds ikl nckus dh dksbZ lEHkkouk Hkh gksrh rks fQj mlds ikl iM+h gqbZ nks fpfV~V;ksa dks dSls mBkrk\ nks fpfV~V;k¡ mlds ikl mlls lVh gqbZ iM+h Fkha vkSj ,d ys[kd dh vksj FkhA mlus lkspk MaMs ls lk¡i dh vksj ls fpfV~V;ksa dks ljdk;k tk;sA

'kCnkFkZvkf[kjµvafre_ fpYykµdM+kds dh lnhZ_ vk'kadkµ'kadk ls Hkjk_ eTtkµgM~Mh ds Hkhrj Hkjk eqyk;e inkFkZ_ >qjsµrksM+uk_

izlUuonuµizlUu psgjk_ m>dusµmpduk_ fdyksyµØhM+k_ e`x'kkodµfgj.k dk cPpk+_ <k<s ekjdj jksukµtksj&tksj ls jksuk_ m}sxµcspSuh_ nq/kkjhµnksuksa rjQ ls /kkj okyh_ izfr}a}hµfoi{kh_ p{kq%Jokµvk¡[k ls lquus okyk_ iSrjsµeqæk_ voyacuµlgkjk_ dk;yµekuus okyk_ xqatYdµdqaMfyr_ rkdhnµckj psrkus dh fØ;k_ MSusµia[kA

qq


v/;k; & 3 gkfen [kk¡ µ ,l- ds- iksV~VsdkV

ys[kd&ifjp;ey;kye lkfgR; ds izfl¼ dgkuhdkj ,l- ds- iksV~VsdkV dk tUe lu~ 1913 dks dksf"kdksM (dkyhdV) esa gqvkA mudk iwjk uke

'kadju dqV~Vh iksêsdkV FkkA baVjehfM,V rd dh f'k{kk izkIr djus ds ckn lkfgR; jpuk izkjEHk dhA bUgksaus viuh dgkfu;ksa esa fdlku

o etnwj o.kZ dh nq%[k o osnuk dks izeq[krk ls mtkxj fd;kA bUgksaus /keZ vkSj lEiznk; ds LFkku ij fo'oca/kqRo o HkkbZpkjs ds lans'k dks

viuh jpukvksa esa izlkfjr fd;kA

budh izeq[k jpuk,¡ izse f'k'kq] fo"kdU;k vkSj ewMqiMe~ vkfn gS ftudk fo'o dh dbZ Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn gks pqdk gsA iksV~VsdkV th

dks buds lkfgR; dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, lkfgR; vdkneh rFkk KkuihB iqjLdkjksa ls Hkh lEekfur fd;k x;kA

,l- ds- iksV~VsdkV dk lu~ 1982 esa fu/ku gks x;kA

ikB dk lkjçLrqr ikB ^gkfen [kk¡* ys[kd ,l- ds- iksV~VsdkV n~okjk jfpr gSA bl ikB esa ys[kd us cM+h gh lthork&lgtrk rFkk ckjhdh ls ¥gnw

vkSj eqlyeku nksuksa ds fnyksa esa /kM+drh rFkk fgyksjs ysrh lân;rk ,oa ,drk dh Hkkouk dks mtkxj fd;k gSA r{kf'kyk fuoklh gkfen [kk¡ ds ân; dks ys[kd dh vkilh eqykdkr rFkk fujis{k ekuoh; Hkkouk tc Li'kZ djrh gS] rks nksuksa esa ,d lkSgknZiw.kZ vkReh; laca/k LFkkfir gks tkrk gSA blds vfrfjä Hkkjrh; rFkk r{kf'kyk esa cls eqlyekuksa dh vkarfjd Hkkoukvksa dk ys[kd us cM+k gh Hkkoiw.kZ rFkk ek£ed fp=.k fd;k gSA

ys[kd dgrk gS fd tc og nks lky igys r{kf'kyk ds [kaMgj ns[kus x;k Fkk rks ogk¡ dh dM+dM+krh èkwi esa Hkw[k&I;kl ls og csgky gks x;k FkkA rHkh og pikfr;ksa dh lksa/kh egd lw¡?kdj ,d nqdku dh vksj eqM+ x;k vkSj nqdku ds vanj pyk x;kA ogk¡ ,d v/ksM+ mez dk iBku v¡xhBh ds ikl cSBk pikfr;k¡ lsad jgk FkkA ys[kd dks ns[kdj og mls ?kwjus yxkA ys[kd us /kheh vkokt+ esa iwNk fd dqN [kkus dks feysxk] rks ml v/ksM+ mez ds iBku us iwNk fd HkkbZ tku vki dgk¡ ds jgus okys gksA ys[kd us crk;k fd og ekykckj dk jgus okyk gS] rks ml O;fä us 'kadk&lh O;ä dh fd D;k og ¥gnw gksdj ,d eqlyekuh <kcs esa [kkuk [kk,xk \ ys[kd us ^gk¡* djrs gq, crk;k fd gekjs ;gk¡ cf<+;k pk; ;k cf<+;k iqyko ds fy, yksx eqlyekuh gksVy esa gh tkrs gSaA ysfdu mls ys[kd dh bl ckr ij fo'okl ug° gqvkA ys[kd us mls crk;k fd gekjs ;gk¡ ¥gnw&eqlyeku esa dksbZ varj ugha gS rFkk lHkh fey&tqydj jgrs gSaA ogk¡ ¥gnw&eqlyekuksa ds chp naxs&Qlkn Hkh u ds cjkcj gksrs gSaA ml vkneh us ys[kd dh ckr dks è;kuiwoZd lquk vkSj cksyk fd dk'k! eSa vkids eqYd esa vkdj lc ckrsa viuh vk¡[kksa ls ns[k ikrkA ml O;fä dk uke gkfen [kk¡ FkkA mlus ys[kd dks cM+h eqgCcr ls [kkuk f[kyk;k rFkk ys[kd us cM+s gh pko ls HkjisV [kkuk [kk;kA tc ys[kd us gkfen [kk¡ dks iSls fn, rks mlus ysus ls badkj dj fn;kA ysfdu ys[kd ds tcjnLrh djus ij ,d #i;k ys fy;k vkSj fQj okil djrs gq, dgk fd tc vki vius eqYd esa igq¡psa rks fdlh eqlyekuh gksVy esa tkdj bl iSls ls iqyko [kk,¡ vkSj r{kf'kyk ds HkkbZ gkfen [kk¡ dks ;kn djsaA okLro esa ¥gnw&eqlyeku ,d gSa] bl rF; dks n'kkZuk gh bl ikB dk ewy mís'; gSA

'kCnkFkZvkxtuhµminzfo;ksa }kjk vkx yxkuk_ lân;µvPNs eu okyk_ nf<+;yµnk<+h okyk_ r`Irµlarq"V_ r'rjhµIysV] Fkkyh_

vèksM+µ<yrh mez dk_ NksdjkµyM+dk_ vyeLrµeLr_ Q[kzµxoZ_ {kq/kkµHkw[k_ fu;frµHkkX;_ eqYdµns'k_ lkaiznkf;drkµèkkfeZd

dVqrk_ fiNokM+sµihNs dk Hkkx_ ikSjkf.kdµftldk o.kZu iqjk.kksa esa gks_qq

v/;k; & 4 fn, ty mBs µ e/kqdj mik/;k;

ys[kd&ifjp;i=dkfjrk ls tqM+s vkSj bfrgkl ds laosnu'khy eqíksa ij fy[kus okys e/kqdj mik/;k; us viuh izkjafHkd f'k{kk v;ks/;k ls izkIr djus ds

i'pkr~ vo/k fo'ofo|ky; ls foKku esa Lukrd dh mikf/k rFkk ckn esa Hkkjrh; tulapkj laLFkku u;h fnYyh ls i=dkfjrk esa LukrdksÙkj

fMIyksek gkfly fd;kA

24 ] vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] fgUnh ^c*&IXvktknh dh ipkloha o"kZxk¡B ij e/kqdj mik/;k; dh iqLrd ^ipkl fnu] ipkl lky igys* [kklh p£pr jghA mudh ,d vU;

iqLrd ^fdLlk ikaMs lhrkjke lwcsnkj* dks Hkh dkQh ljkgk x;kA e/kqdj mik/;k; dh rhu iqLrdsa vaxzsth vkSj ckjg fganh esa izdkf'kr gks

pqdh gSaA i=dkfjrk vkSj lkfgR; ds lkFk&lkFk mudh xgjh fnypLih dkVwZu fo/kk vkSj js[kkadu esa Hkh gSA e/kqdj mik/;k; nSfud ̂ yksdk;r

lekpkj* ds iz/kku laiknd jgs gSaA

ikB dk lkjçLrqr ikB ^fn, ty mBs* ys[kd e/kqdj mik/;k; n~okjk fyf[kr gSA bl ikB dk ;g va'k egkRek xk¡/kh dh nkaMh ;k=k ij vk/kkfjr

^èkqq¡èkys in fpg~u* uked jpuk ls mn~/kfjr gSA blesa ys[kd us 19 ekpZ] 1930 ds fnu ?kVh ?kVuk dk o.kZu djrs gq, ^jkl* esa iVsy th dh fxj¶rkjh rFkk xk¡/kh th dh nkaMh ;k=k laca/kh o.kZu fd;k gSA blesa yksxksa dk ri vkSj R;kx rFkk ?kuh v¡èksjh jkr esa xk¡/kh th dks uko ls efg lkxj ikj djkus ds fy, yksxksa us D;k&D;k leiZ.k fd;kµvkfn ckrksa dk vn~Hkqr o.kZu ikBdksa dks dkSrwgy dh nqfu;k esa igq¡pk nsrk gSA okLro esa ikB dk ;g va'k jkspdrk rFkk lthork ls vksr&izksr gSA

ys[kd e/kqdj mik/;k; dgrs gSa fd nkaMh dwp dh rS;kjh ds flyflys esa cYyHkHkkbZ iVsy lkr ekpZ dks jkl igq¡psA ogk¡ mUgksaus yksxksa ds vkxzg ij nks 'kCn dguk Lohdkj dj fy;kA mUgksaus dsoy bruk gh dgk Fkk fd Hkkb;ks vkSj cguks] D;k vki lR;kxzg ds fy, rS;kj gSa] blh chp ljnkj iVsy dh fxj¶+rkjh LFkkuh; dysDVj f'kfyMh ds vkns'k ij gqbZ FkhA iVsy us bl dysDVj dks fiNys vkanksyu ds le; vgenkckn ls Hkxk fn;k FkkA ljnkj iVsy dks 500 #i;s tqekZuk rFkk rhu eghus dh tsy gqbZA iVsy dh fxj¶+rkjh ij ns'k Hkj esa izfrfØ;k,¡ gqb±A blfy, xk¡èkh th us nkaMh dwp 'kq: gksus ls igys gh ;g fu'p; dj fy;k fd og viuh ;k=k fczfV'k vkf/kiR; okys Hkw&Hkkx ls gh djsaxsA lR;kxzgh cM+h /kwe&/kke ls jkl esa nkf[ky gq,A ogk¡ xk¡/kh th dks ,d /keZ'kkyk esa Bgjk;k x;k vkSj 'ks"k lR;kxzfg;ksa dks racqvksa esa #dok;k x;kA ;gk¡ vius Hkk"k.k esa xk¡/kh th us dgk fd ;g fxj¶+rkjh dh lt+k ljnkj iVsy dks vkidh lsok ds iqjLdkj ds :i esa feyh gSA mUgksaus yksxksa ls ljdkjh ukSdjh ls R;kxi= nsus ds fy, dgk] D;ksafd fczfV'k ljdkj us vkrad epk j[kk FkkA fczfV'k 'kkldksa esa ,d ,slk oxZ Fkk] ftls yx jgk Fkk fd xk¡/kh vkSj muds lR;kxzgh egh unh ds fdukjs vpkud ued cuk dj dkuwu rksM+ nsaxs] blfy, ued ds lkjs HkaMkj rV ls gVk fn, x, vkSj mUgsa uÔ dj fn;k x;k] rkfd bldk dksbZ [krjk gh u jgsA ;k=k ds dk;ZØe esa ifjorZu djds ;g fu'p; fd;k x;k fd unh dks vkèkh jkr ds le; leqæ dk ikuh p<+us ij ikj fd;k tk,] rkfd dhpM+ vkSj nyny esa de&ls&de pyuk iM+sA xk¡/kh th dks ikj djkus dh ftEesnkjh j?kqukFk dkdk dks lkSaih xbZ vkSj mUgsa fu"kknjkt dgk x;kA tc leqæ dk ikuh p<+uk 'kq: gqvk rks pkjksa vksj ?kuk v¡/ksjk Nk x;kA NksVs fn, bls Hksn ugha ik jgs FksA ysfdu FkksM+h gh nsj esa dbZ gt+kj yksx unh rV ij igq¡p x, FksA iwjk xk¡o vkSj vkl&ikl ds yksx fn, dh jks'kuh fy, xk¡èkh th dk vkSj lR;kxzfg;ksa dk bartkj dj jgs FksA jkr ckjg cts efg lkxj unh dk fdukjk Hkj x;kA xk¡/kh th >ksaiM+h ls ckgj fudys vkSj ?kqVuksa rd ikuh esa pydj uko rd igq¡psA ;g ;k=k dk lcls dfBu fgLlk FkkA unh ds nwljh vksj rV ij yksx fn;s fy, [kM+s FksA lR;kxzfg;ksa dks ikj vkuk FkkA yksxksa dh leiZ.k rFkk fu%LokFkZ Hkkouk dks n'kkZuk gh bl ikB dk mís'; gSA

qq

[k.M&?k (ys[ku)

v/;k; & 1 vuqPNsn&ys[ku

Lej.kh; fcUnq

vuqPNsn ys[kuµ,d fopkj&fcUnq ftrus okD;ksa esa fy[kk tkrk gS] ml okD; lewg dks vuqPNsn dgrs gSaA vuqPNsn ys[ku esa ,d gh ifjPNsn esa izLrqr fo"k; dks lhfer dj fn;k tkrk gSA blesa fucU/k dh rjg izLrkouk] e/; Hkkx o milagkj tSls foHkktu ugha gksrkA

vuqPNsn fy[krs le; gesa fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk vo'; /;ku j[kuk pkfg,&

Ø vuqPNsn yxHkx 80&100 'kCnksa esa fy[kuk pkfg,A

Ø vuqPNsn dk vkjEHk lh/ks fo"k; ls gksuk pkfg,A

Ø okD; NksVs vkSj vkil esa tqM+s gksus pkfg,A

Ø Hkk"kk ljy rFkk lkFkZd gksuh pkfg,A

Ø fn, x, ladsr fcUnqvksa dks le>dj fo"k; dks Li"V djuk pkfg,Aqq


v/;k; & 2 i=&ys[ku (vukSipkfjd)

Lej.kh; fcUnq

i=&ys[ku dh dyk vR;Ur izkphu gSA euq"; ds iBu&ikBu ds lkFk gh bl fo|k dk izkjEHk gqvk FkkA i= og lans'k okgd nwr gS] tks gekjs lans'k nwj cSBs ifjfprksa&vifjfprksa rd igq¡pkrk gSA blds }kjk eu dh ckr fy[kdj foLrkj ls izdV dh tk ldrh gSA i= dks vxj ^eu dk vkbZuk* dgk tk, tks vfr'k;ksfDr u gksxhA blfy, vkt ds dEI;wVj ;qx esa i= dk gekjs thou esa ,d fo'ks"k egÙo gSA ;|fi eksckby ds pyu esa vkus ls vc i= ys[k dk pyu de gks x;k gS fQj Hkh i=ksa dh vko';drk gesa iM+rh gh gSA

vPNs i= dh fo'ks"krk,¡

okLro esa i= fy[kuk Hkh ,d dyk gSA blfy, vPNs i= esa fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krkvksa dk gksuk vko';d gS&

(1) i= dh Hkk"kk&'kSyh ljy gksA

(2) i= esa laf{kIrrk] Øec¼rk rFkk izHkkokfUofr gksA

(3) i= esa fouezrk ,oa cká vkd"kZ.k gksA

i=ksa ds izdkj

i=ksa dks nks oxks± esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS&

(1) vukSipkfjd vFkok ikfjokfjd i=µblds vUrxZr ifjokj ds yksxksa] fe=ksa o fudV lEcfU/k;ksa dks fy[ks tkus okys i= vkrs gSaA

(2) vkSipkfjd vFkok dk;kZy;h i=µblds vUrxZr vkosnu i=] dk;kZy;h i=] laikndh; i=] izkFkZuk i= rFkk O;kolkf;d i= vkrs gSaA

qq

v/;k; & 3 fp= o.kZu

Lej.kh; fcUnq

fp= ij vkèkkfjr izLrko fy[kuk Hkh ,d dyk gSA fp= dks ns[kdj ge vius Hkkoksa] fopkjksa vkSj ?kVukvksa dks O;Dr dj ldrs gSaA blfy, fp=ksa dk jpukRed {ks=ksa esa fo'ks"k egÙo gSA cPpksa dh vfHkO;fDr dyk ds fodkl ds fy, fp= o.kZu ds vH;kl vR;Ur vko';d gSaA

fp= ys[ku ds le; fuEu ckrksa ij è;ku nsuk pkfg,&

1.fp= dks lw{erk ls ns[kdj mlesa fNih ckjhfd;ksa dk voyksdu djuk pkfg,A

2.fp= esa fn[kkbZ nsus okys yksxksa ds psgjksa ds Hkkoksa] igukos] gko&Hkko rFkk fozG;kvksa ij fopkj djds mlds dkj.kksa ij /;ku dsfUnzr djuk pkfg,A

3.okD; NksVs&NksVs gksa vkSj izR;sd uohu fopkj u, vuqPNsn ls çkjaHk gksuk pkfg,A

4.okD;ksa dh Hkk"kk ljy gksuh pkfg, rFkk okD; vkil esa ,d&nwljs ls lEcfUèkr gksus pkfg,A

5.okD; vfèkd cMs+ Hkh u gkas] u gh vfèkd NksVs gksaA os vFkZ dh n`f"V ls iw.kZ gksus pkfg,A

6.okD; jpuk ds mijkar okD;ksa dks iqu% vo'; i<+uk pkfg,A

qq


v/;k; & 4 laokn&ys[ku

Lej.kh; fcUnq

laokn dk vfHkizk; ckrphr vFkok okrkZyki ls gSA nks O;fDr;ksa dh ckrphr dks gh laokn dgk tkrk gSA

laokn ys[ku esa fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,&

Ølaokn NksVs] ljy vkSj laf{kIr gksus pkfg,A

Ølaokn dh Hkk"kk Li"V] ik=kuqdwy o Hkkokuqdwy gksuh pkfg,A

Ølaokn jkspd rFkk ljy gksus pkfg,A

Ølaokn ?kVuk] ifjfLFkfr o le;kuqdwy gksus pkfg,A

Ølaokn fy[krs le; mi;qDr fojke&fpg~uksa dk mfpr LFkku ij iz;ksx vo'; djuk pkfg,A

Øik=ksa ds euksHkkoksa dks dks"Bdksa esa fy[kuk pkfg,Aqq

v/;k; & 5 foKkiu&ys[ku

Lej.kh; fcUnq

fo (fo'ks"k) + Kkiu (tkudkjh nsuk) vFkkZr~ fdlh ds ckjs essa fo'ks"k :i ls tkudkjh nsukA

vkt dk ;qx foKkiuksa dk ;qx gSA jsfM;ks] nwjn'kZu] lekpkj&i= rFkk if=dk,¡ vkfn blds eq[; lkèku gSaA foKkiu ,d dyk gS

vkSj bldk vFkZ gS fd mRiknd vius lkeku dh xq.koÙkk] lwpuk] tkudkjh vkSj çflf¼ dks tu&tu rd igq¡pkrk gSA vkt rks foKkiuksa

}kjk vfèkdrj O;kikj pyrk gSA foKkiuksa ds fy, vktdy rks daI;wVj dh lgk;rk ls cMs+ gh vkd"kZd fMtk;u cuk, tkrs gSaA rHkh foK-

kiuksa dk gekjs fy, mi;ksx vkSj egRo gSA

foKkiu ys[ku fy[krs le; fuEufyf[kr ckrksa ij è;ku nsuk pkfg,&

ØfoKkiu yxHkx 25-50 'kCnksa esa gh fy[kuk pkfg,A

Øfo"k; dk vkjaHk lhèkk fo"k; ls gksuk pkfg,A

ØokD; NksVs&NksVs rFkk vkil esa tqMs+ gksus pkfg,A

ØHkk"kk ljy rFkk lkFkZd gksuh pkfg,A rqdnkj 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx foKkiuksa dh Hkk"kk esa gksrk gSA

ØvH;kl rFkk ç;kl ls foKkiu ys[ku esa dq'kyrk izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA

qq

खण्ड - 'क' अपठित बोध - अध्याय 1 अपठित...

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Transcript of खण्ड - 'क' अपठित बोध - अध्याय 1 अपठित...