jif{ * c+s *, @)&^ ;fn h]7 @$ ut] z'qmaf/

u|]6/ g]kfn

hnljB't pTkfbg Ifdtfsf b[li6n] Plzofdf k|yd / ljZjd} bf]>f] :yfgdf /x]sf] b]z xf]–g]kfn . oxFfsf gbLgfnfx¿n] jif]{gL *# xhf/ d]3fjf6 ljB't pTkfbg ug]{ Ifdtf /fVg] jtfOPtf klg pTkfbg l:ylt cem ;Dd klg pT;fxhgs jGg ;s]sf] 5}g . pmhf{sf] ;|f]t d'Vot hnfljB't / ;f}o{ pmhf{df ckf/ ;+efjgf /x] klg o;sf] ;b'kof]u x'g g;s]sf sf/0f g]]kfndf pmhf{ ;+s6sf] cj:yf cfPsf] xf]] . kl5Nnf] ;dodf of] l:yltdf;'wf/ cfPsf] ePtf klg cj:yf cem;Dd ;Gtf]ifhgs jGg ;s]sf] 5}g .

g]kfndf xfn ljB'tsf] dfu ! xhf/ # ;o *% d]ufjf6 /x]sf]

cg'dfg 5 . lj=;+= @)&%sf] kmfu'g d;fGt ;Dddf g]kfnsf] s'n ljB't pTkfbg !!$@ d]ufjf6 5 . o;df ;f}o{ phf{sf] of]ubfg @&d]ufjf6 /x]sf] 5 .xfnsl/j !*#$ luufjf6 k|lt 306f ljB't ef/tjf6 cfot ul/Psf] 5 .pmhf{ ;+s6 cfwf/e"t ?kdf ! jif{ leqdf cGTo ug]{, @ jif{leqdf k"0f{?kdf ;fdwfg ug{ / bL3{sfnLg ?kdf Ps bzs leq pmhf{ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg /fli6\|o pmhf{ ;+s6 lgjf/0f tyf ljB't ljsf; bzs ;DjlGw cjwf/0ff Pj+ sfo{of]hgf,@)&@ dlGqkl/ifb\jf6 :jLs[lt e} nfu' e} ;s]sf] olQsf] ;do ljlt;Sbfklg cj:yfdf ck]lIft ;'wf/ cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .

xfn ;/sf/n] @)&% b]lv @)*% ;Ddsf] calwnfO{ phf{ tyf hn>f]t bzssf] ¿kdf cl3 a9fpg] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . phf{

hn>f]t / l;rfO{ If]qsf] jt{jfg cj:yf / efjL dful{\rq -Zj]tkq_ ;j{hlgs ub}{ bz aifl{\eq cfGtl/s vktsf] nflu bz xhf/ d]ufjf6 ;lxt !% xhf/ d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf laB't cfof]hgfx¿ lgdf{0f ul/;Sg] 3f]if0ff ;/sf/sf] 5 .cfufdL # aif{df tLg xhf/ / % aif{ df % xhf/ d]ufjf6 lah'nL pTkfbg ul/g] 5 . Zj]t kqdf Ps k|b]z Ps d]uf k|h]S6 eGg] gf/fsf ;fy kl/of]hgf lgdf0f{ ;'¿ ul/g] pNn]v

5 .^ j6f k|b]zx¿df hnfzo o'Qm / /g ckm l/e/sf ljleGg hnljB't kl/of]hgfx¿sf] gfd pNn]v ul/P klg k|b]z gDa/ @ df eg] @ ;o d]ufjf6sf] ;f}o{ ljB't kl/of]hgf cl3 a9fO{g] pNn]v 5 .k|b]z ;/sf/ tyf :yfgLo txsf] klg ;]o/ /xg] u/L x/]s k|b]zdf slDtdf Pp6f demf}nf ljB't cfof]hgf ul/g] Zj]tkqdf pNn]v 5 .Zj]tkqdf x/]s 3/, phf{ 3/ cjwf/0ff cGt{ut ¿km 6k ;f}o{ phf{nfO{ g]6 ld6l/ª tyf u|L8df hf]l8g] cleofg ;Grfng ul/g] klg pNn]v 5 .of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf cfpg ;s] cfd g]kfnLnfO{ cWof/f] jf6 pHofnf] tkm{ pGd'v ub}{ ;Dj'l4sf] lbzftkm{ /fi6\\nfO{ cufl8 j9fpg of] pko'Qm sbd x'g;S5 . t/, ljutdf o:tf of]hgf / sfo{of]hgfx? s]jn sfuhsf] kfgfdf

sf7df8f}+ . ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL g/]Gb| df]bLn] ljb]z dGqfnosf] sfo{ef/ Ps u}//fhgLlts JolQm ;'a|d0od hoz+s/nfO{ ;'lDkPkl5 g]kfnsf] /fhgLltdf kg]{ k|efjaf/] ljleGg sf]0fx?af6 l6sfl6Kk0fL eO/x]sf] 5 . hoz+s/ Ps Odfgbf/ ef/tLo Ao'/f]qm\of6 t x'g g} cg'ejL s"6gLlt1 klg x'g\ . ljb]z dGqfno xfFSg] ef/tLo hgtf kf6L{sf y'k|} 338fg g]tfx? gePsf xf]Ogg\ . ef/tLo ldl8ofx?n] efhkf cWoIf cldt zfxsf] gfd ;Defljt ljb]z dGqLsf] ?kdf rrf{ u/]sf lyP . t/ pgL u[xdGqL agfOP . u[xdGqfnosf] sfo{ef/ kfFr jif{ rnfPsf /fhgfy l;+x clxn] /IffdGqL ag]sf 5g\ . klxn]sL /IffdGqL lgd{nf l;yf/d0f clxn] s]Gb|Lo ljQdGqL agfOPsL 5g\ . P; hoz+s/ / lgd{nfn] blIf0f ef/taf6 s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/df k|ltlglwTj u/]sf 5g\ .

cfw'lgs /0fgLlts ljrf/sf s] ;'a|d0odsf ;'k'q x'g\ P; hoz+s/ . logn] hjfx/nfn g]x? ljZjljBfnoaf6 /fhgLlts

zf:qdf df:6;{ u/]sf 5g\ eg] oxLFaf6 kLPr8Lsf] pkflw ;d]t k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . P; hoz+s/ df]bLsf dfq ljZjf;kfq xf]Ogg\ . tTsfnLg sf+u|]; k|wfgdGqL 8f=dgdf]xg l;+xsf klg pgL TolQs} lk|okfq lyP . l;+xn] pgnfO{ TolQa]n} ljb]z ;lrj agfpg vf]h]sf lyP . t/ hoz+s/eGbf c? ;x;lrjx? l;lgo/ ePsf sf/0f To;sf] rsf]{ lj/f]w eof] / l;+x kl5 x6\g afWo eP . Ho]i7tf ldr]/ sd{rf/LnfO{ k|df]zg ug]{ g]kfnsf] h:tf] dgf]kf]nL k4lt ef/tdf 5}g . k4ltsf lj?4 rNg] lxDdt oxfFsf] s'g} klg ;/sf/n] ub}{g . To;}n] t ef/tLo k|hftGq l6s]sf] 5 / ljZjs} 7"nf] k|hftGq eg]/ lrlgPsf] 5 . ha df]bLn] hoz+s/nfO{ ljb]zdGqLdf lgo'Qm u/] k"j{ k|wfgdGqL dgdf]xg l;+xn] ;j{k|yd pgnfO{ awfO{ lbP . hoz+s/sf] s"6gLlts v'aL;Fu l;+x kl/lrt lyP . hoz+s/s} kxndf l;+xsf] sfo{sfndf ef/t / cd]l/sfaLr cf0fljs ;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof] . oxL ;Demf}tfb]lv ef/t ?;L w'/Laf6 cd]l/sL w'/Ldf a;fOF ;/]sf]

xf] . blIf0fk"jL{ Pl;ofnfO{ cd]l/sfn] ef/tLo r:dfaf6 x]g{ yfn]sf] o;} a]nfb]lv xf] . hoz+s/ To;a]nf cd]l/sfsf nflu ef/tLo /fhb"t lyP .

hoz+s/ ef/tLo hgtf kf6L{sf ;b:o ;d]t xf]Ogg\ . g t pgn] lgjf{rgd} efhkfsf] kIfdf k|rf/k|;f/ u/]sf lyP . u}//fhgLlts dfG5]nfO{ ljb]zL dGqL agfOPsf]df efhkf jf k|ltkIf bnx?af6} g t df]bLsf] cfnf]rgf ul/of] . ljb]z dGqfnosf]

;kgf b]Vg] efhkfsf y'k|} g]tfx? gePsf xf]Ogg\ . ef/tsf] ljb]z dGqfno Ps dxTjk"0f{ dGqfno dflgG5 . k|wfgdGqLkl5 ljZjn] lrGg] ljb]zdGqLnfO{ g} xf] . ef/t ljZjs} 5}7f+} cy{tGq ePsf] d'n's xf] . pbLodfg zlQmsf ?kdf ef/t ljZj /fhgLltdf kl/lrt 5 . Ps ca{ #) s/f]8 hg;+Vof ePsf] ef/tsf] s"6gLlts g]t[Tj hoz+s/sf] xftdf kg'{ l;ltldlt ljifo xf]Og . ljZj ;d'bfo;Fu ef/tsf] ;DaGw agfO/fVg

Pj+ lj:tf/ ug{ hoz+s/n] cem k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ ;fdYo{ b]v]/} df]bLn] pgnfO{ ;a}nfO{ rs\df lbg] u/L ljb]zdGqL agfPsf x'g\ . df]bLn] tTsfnLg ljb]z ;lrj ;'hfyf l;+xeGbf hoz+s/df bd b]v]/} pgnfO{ cjsfz x'g] @ lbgcl3 ljb]z ;lrjdf lgo'Qm u/]sf] :d/0fLo 5 .

hoz+s/n] rLg / >Ln+sfdf klg ef/tLo s"6gLlt1sf] e"ldsfdf /x]/ sfo{ ul/;s]sf 5g\ . ha rLg / ef/taLr bf]Snfd ljjfb eof] / b'j} b]zsf ;]gf cfdg];fdg] eP To;nfO{ dTy/ kfg{ hoz+s/n] s"6gLlts rft'o{tf b]vfPsf lyP . e'6fg Ps :jtGq b]z x'g'sf gftfn] bf]Snfd ;d:of p;sf] lghL ;d:of lyof] . t/ aLrdf ef/tn] 6fª c8\ofP/ c3]{nf] u/]sf] lyof] . e'6fgsf] k//fi6« / ;'/Iff dfldnfdf ef/tn] bvn ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . e'6fg ef/tLo babafaf6 aflx/ lg:sg vf]Hb}5 . e'6fgdf /x]sf] ef/tLo ks8 lj:tf/} sdhf]/ aGb}5 . e'6fgdf clxn] k|f] OlG8og ;/sf/ 5}g dflNbE;df h:tf] . k|wfgdGqL df]bL klxnf]k6s k|wfgdGqL ag]kl5

cfkm\gf] ljb]z e|d0f e'6fgaf6 ;'? u/]sf lyP . ca ;DejtM dflNbE;af6 cfkm\gf] ljb]z e|d0fsf] cf/De ug]{ 5g\ . dflNbE;df s]xL cl3 ePsf] lgjf{rgdf ef/tk/:t /fi6«klt lgjf{lrt ePsf 5g\ . ToxfF lrlgofF k|efj olta]nf 36]sf] cj:yf 5 .

;j{ljlbt 5– ef/tsf] ljb]z gLlt la|l6;sfnLg cf}klgj]lzs ljb]z gLltåf/} lglb{:6 5 . ef/t eGg] b]z g} la|l6;x?n] lgdf{0f ul/lbPsf x'g\ . ;g\ !($& cl3 ljZj dfglrqdf ef/t eGg] s'g} b]z lyPg . c+u|]hx?n] emG8} ̂ )) j6f tTsfnLg cj:yfdf cl:tTjdf /x]sf :jtGq /fHox?dfly v'gL xdnf u/]/ ljho k|fKt ub}{ cfhsf] ef/t agfOlbPsf x'g\ . clxn]sf] kfls:tfg, a+unfb]z, DofGdf/, ckmuflg:tfg;Dd c+u|]hx?n] cfkm\gf] pklgj]z lj:tf/ u/]sf lyP . Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf nflu snsQf cfPsf la|l6;x?n] O:6 OlG8of sDkgL v8f u/L ef/tdf cf}klgj]lzs ;fd|fHo :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !($& cu:6 !% cl3;Dd ef/tdf la|l6; efO;/fosf] zf;g lyof] .

;fKtflxsGreater Nepal Weekly

hggL hGde"ldZr :juf{blk ul/o;L(Mother And Motherland Are Greater Than Heaven)

-b]zelQm, kof{j/0f / ;fdflhs ljsf;df ;dlk{t_

ptf hoz+s/sf] eofjtf/ otf yy{/ ;/sf/

a lgudsf] hfkfg

p8fg :ylut

af“sL * k]hdf

sf7df8f}+ . g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudn] jfO8a8L Po/a; ##) af6 hfkfg p8fg ug]{ eg] klg p8fg ;'? x'g'cl3 g} sf7df8f}+–cf];fsf p8fg :ylut ePsf] 5 . lgudn] Ps dlxgf;Dd l6s6 a'lsª v'nf ubf{ klg /fd|f] a'lsª gePsf] eGb} p8fg :yug u/]sf] xf] . ;ftfdf tLg /fpG8 p8fg ug]{ u/L hfkfgn] g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudnfO{ cf];fsfl:yt sfG;fO{ ljdfg:yndf p8fgsf] cg'dlt lbPsf] lyof] . lgudsf k|jQmf gj/fh sf]O/fnfn]

/af“sL * k]hdf af“sL * k]hdf

lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ;f}o{ pmhf{

b]zsf] x}g, kbsf] lrGtf

;Gbe{ M jftfj/0f lbj;

u0f]z k/fh'nL

sf7df8f}+ . ;Qf?9 g]skfsf cWoIf k'iksdn bfxfn k|r08n] a]df};ddf ahfPsf] dfnl;/L w'gn] hut xF;fPsf] 5 . dfnl;/L w'gn] a8fbz}+ glhlsFb} u/]sf] hgfplbG5 .

of] c;f]h sflQslt/ dfq ahfOG5 . dfnl;/Lsf] w'gdf ;a} jlze"t x'G5g\ / jif{lbgsf] dxfgkj{ bz}+sf] hf]xf]df dflg; nfU5g\ . r}q j}zfvdf ahfOg] dfnl;/L w'gsf] s'g} cy{ x'Fb}g, of] a]nf dfnl;/L w'g ahfOP hf];'s} xfF:5g\ dfq .

g]skf cWoIf k|r08n] ca !% dlxgfkl5 cfkm" k|wfgdGqL aGg] pb\\3f]if u/]/ …gfgL hGdg' slxn] sf]qmf] aGg' clxn]Ú pvfgnfO{ rl/tfy{ u/]sf 5g\ . Pdfn], dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|aLr Pstf x'Fbf @)&% h]7 @ ut] ePsf] lnlvt ;Demf}tfsf] xjfnf lbFb} k|r08n] k|wfgdGqL kbdf cfkm\gf] bfaL k|:t't

a 7]s]bf/x?sf] r]tfjgL

sf7df8f}+ . g]kfn lgdf{0f Joj;foL dxf;+3sf] /fli6«o e]nfn] ;/sf/n] c;f/ d;fGt;Dd ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnLsf] k|fjwfg ;+zf]wg gu/]sf] v08df ;fpg ! ut]b]lv lgdf{0f sfo{ 7Kk kfg]{ r]tfjgL lbPsf] 5 . dxf;+3sf] /fli6«o e]nfn] c;f/ d;fGt;Dd lgodfjnL ;+zf]wg jf vf/]h gu/]sf] v08df lgdf{0f sfo{ 7Kk kfg]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] .

dxf;+3sf s]G›Lo cWoIf /lj l;+xn] /fli6«o e]nfn] cfufdL c;f/ d;fGt;Dd lgodfjnLsf] …unt k|fjwfgÚ ;/sf/n] g;RofP ;Dk"0f{ lgdf{0f

sdhf]/ s"6gLltn] g]kfn ljjfbdfsf7df8f}+ . cd]l/sL /Iff dGqfno

k]G6fugn] ut !* h]7df ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] lxGb k|zfGt -OG8f] Kofl;lkms_ /0fgLlt;DaGwL k|ltj]bgcg';f/ cd]l/sfn] ;g\ @)!( df *^ b]z;Fu &( j6f ;}Go ;fem]bf/L ub}{5 . o;df g]kfnnfO{ /Iff ;fem]bf/sf ?kdf ;dfj]z u/]kl5 of] ljifo clxn] …x6s]sÚ ag]sf] 5 . g]kfn;lxt lxGb k|zfGt If]qsf !@ d'n's o;df 5g\ . g]kfn / cd]l/sfaLr a9\bf] /Iff ;fem]bf/Lsf ?kdf h'g @)!* df o'P; cfdL{ Kofl;lkmssf] g]t[Tjdf cfof]lht NofG8kmf];{ 6s / g]kfn;Fu ePsf] pRr:t/Lo ;}Go ;+jfb e|d0fnfO{ cd]l/sL /Iff ljefun] OG8f] Kofl;lkms /0fgLlts l/kf]6{df k||:t't u/]sf] 5 . rLgsf] dxTjsf+IfL kl/of]hgf aLcf/cfO{df g]kfnn] x:tfIf/ u/]kl5 cd]l/sfn] cfkm\gf] /0fgLlts ;fe]mbf/sf ?kdf

g]kfnnfO{ /fv]sf] xf] . k]G6fugsf cg';f/

cd]l/sfn] Unf]an lk; ck/];g Olgl;Pl6edfkm{t g]kfn, ef/t, a+unfb]z, sDaf]l8of, lkmhL, OG8f]g]l;of, dn]l;of, d+uf]lnof, lkmlnlkG;, yfONofG8, 6f]+uf / leotgfd;Fu ;}Go ;fe]mbf/L lj:tf/ ug]{5 . k|ltj]bgdf cd]l/sfn] g]kfn / >Ln+sfnfO{ p;sf] lxGb k|zfGt /0fgLltsf gofF ;fem]bf/ ;b:o eg]sf] 5 . cd]l/sfn] k//fi6«dGqL k||lbk 1jfnLsf] cd]l/sf e|d0fb]lv g} g]kfnnfO{ OG8f]Kofl;lkms /0fgLlts

;fem]bf/ /x]sf atfO/x]sf] 5 . ut # k';df 1jfnLnfO{ e]6]kl5 ljb]z dGqfnosf ;xfos k|jQmf /f]a6{ knfl8gf]n] eg]sf lyP– …:jtGq v'nf / ;DkGg OG8f] Kofl;lkms If]qdf g]kfnsf] s]Gb|Lo e"ldsf /xG5 .Ú ToxL lbg cd]l/sL lk|lG;kn 8]k'6L ;xfosdGqL Pln; hL j]N;sf] egfO lyof]– OG8f] Kofl;lkms If]qdf g]kfnsf] ljlzi6 :yfg 5 . k//fi6«dGqL 1jfnLn] !( h]7df cfof]lht kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf g]kfn cd]l/sfsf] /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/ gePsf] atfP . ;+;bleq klg o;af/] cfjfh p7fOof] . t/ 1jfnLn] k6s k6s ;fem]bf/L 5}g eg] . olb ;fem]bf/L geP cd]l/sfn] ;fem]bf/sf ?kdf g]kfnnfO{ lsg /fVof] < o;sf] cy{ xf] ;/sf/n] leqleq} ;fem]bf/L cjZo u/]sf] 5 . cGoyf g]kfnsf] ;xdlt ljk/Lt

af“sL * k]hdf

af“sL * k]hdf

af“sL * k]hdf

af“sL * k]hdf af“sL * k]hdf

af“sL * k]hdf

jif{ * c+s *, @)&^ ;fn h]7 @$ ut] z'qmaf/, g]kfn ;+jt\ !!#( (June 7, 2019) Website : www .greaternepal .com .np d"No ?= !) .–

kz'kltgfysf] ;DklQ c? g} clwkltsf7df8f}+ . jflif{s nfvf}F eQmhg pkl:yt x'g] kljq dlGb/ kz'kltgfydf

dfl;s ¿kd} nfvf}F ?k}ofF e]l6sf ¿kdf ;+sng x'g] u/]sf] 5 . t/, s'n ;DklQ slt xf] eg]/ clxn];Dd klg Plsg ljj/0f kQf nfUg ;s]sf] 5}g . ljleGg 5fgljg ;ldlt ag]klg ltgn] olQ g} ;DklQ kz'kltgfysf] xf] eg]/ kQf nufpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ .

kz'kltgfy dlGb/sf] ;DklQdf klxnfb]lv g} nfk/jfxL x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . t/, cem /f]rs s'/f t s] 5 eg] kz'kltgfysf] sl/a !( xhf/ /f]kgL hUufdf ! ;o (% j6f u'7L ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . d"n dlGb/ j/k/ /x]sf cGo dlGb/sf] ;DklQ slt 5 eg]/ olsg ljj/0f s;};Fu 5}g . …u'7L ;+:yfgn] c;'n pk/ u/L >Lkz'klt If]qleq rnfpg kg]{ dxf:gfg kf]tf ;d]t u/L hDdf ! ;o (% j6f u'7L /x]sf] / ;f];Fu ;DalGwt d7 dlGb/sf b]jL b]jtfsf c+udf nufPsf] / 9's'6Ldf /x] ePsf] u/uxgf tyf lhG;L ;fdfgx¿ ljj/0f xfn;Dd k|fKt gePsf]Ú ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

dlGb/ dftxtdf /x]sf ! ;o (% u'7Lsf tkm{af6 dlGb/nfO{ k|fKt x'g] u/u/xgf tyf lhG;L ;fdfg Plsg gePsf] ;ldltn] hgfPsf] 5 . u'7Lx¿n] cfkm'v';L ;DklQsf] k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf sf/0f ljj/0f a'emfpg g;s]sf] ;|f]tn] hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5 . lt u'7Ln] lhDdf lnPsf dlGb/df jflif{s nfvf}F ?k}ofF ;+sng x'g] u/]sf] 5 . clwsf+z u'7Lx¿ :yfgLoaf;Ln] ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . ;ldltn] ut sflQ{s / df3df b'O{ j6f kq k7fP/

cd]l/sfnfO{ rLgsf] jftf{ k|:tfjsf7df8f}+ . rLgn] cd]l/sfnfO{

Jofkf/ o'4 geO{ jftf{ ug{ k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . Jofkf/ o'4n] cd]l/sf / rLgnfO{ dfq geO{ ;+;f/nfO{ g} a]kmfObf x'g] eGb} rLgn] jftf{sf] k|:tfj u/]sf] xf] . t/ jftf{ a/fa/L lhtsf] x}l;otdf / ljZjJofkL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df x'g'kg]{ rLgsf] ;t{ 5 .

rLgsf] /fHo kl/ifb ;"rgf sfof{non] Zj]tkq hf/L ub}{ jftf{sf nflu k|:tfj u/]sf] xf] . Zj]tkqdf k|of]u ePsf zAbx? st} cd]l/sfk|lt cfqmfds / st} g/d b]lvG5g\ .

olb cd]l/sfn] Jofkf/ o'4nfO{ g/f]s] r'gf}tLnfO{ cj;/df abNb} rLgsf] Oltxf;df gofF cWofo :yflkt ug{ cfkm" k|lta4 /x]sf] rLgn] hgfPsf] 5 . To;sf nflu rLg h:tf];'s}

@! ca{sf] ljB't\ cfoftsf7df8f}+ . g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0fn] nf]8;]l8ª x6fpg ef/taf6 cfoft ug{

yfn]sf] ljB't\ kl/df0f x/]s jif{ a9\b} uPsf] 5 . ut cfly{s jif{ ef/taf6 !* ca{ $! s/f]8sf] ?k}ofFa/fa/sf] ljB't\ cfoft ePsf]df rfn" cfly{s jif{ @! ca{ k'Ug] cg'dfg k|flws/0fsf] 5 . rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] !& h]7;Dd !& ca{ &( s/f]8 ?k}ofFsf] ljB't\ cfoft eO;s]sf] k|flws/0fsf k|jQmf

jif{ * c+s *, @)&^ ;fn h]7 @$ ut] z'qmaf/

u|]6/ g]kfn @

;'/]Gb| 9sfn k|lti7fgsf] nflu ;Dkfbs÷k|sfzs ;'/]Gb|k|;fb 9sfn

g]kfnsf] ljsf; gx'g'df cl:y/ /fhgLlt lhDd]jf/ /x]sf] eGg] ;a}sf] 7DofO / cg'dfg /x]sf] lyof] . gofF ;+ljwfgkl5sf] lgjf{rgn] cl:y/tf lrb}{ d'n'snfO{ b'O{ltxfO{sf] ;/sf/ lbof] . t/ of] ;/sf/ klg ljsf;df ;dlk{t eP/ nfUg ;s]g . h;sf] sf/0f of]hgfx? cnkq} cj:yfdf /xg k'u] eg] k'FhLut vr{ lk|mh x'g k'Uof] . ljsf; vr{sf] cj:yf ;+3Lo ;/sf/b]lv lnP/ k|b]z x'Fb} :yfgLo ;/sf/;Ddsf] p:t} /x]sf] 5 . k|b]z ;/sf/sf] cj:yf emg} bogLo b]lvof] . s'g} k|b]zn] klg @% k|ltzt vr{ ug{ ;s]gg\ . ;'b"/klZrd k|b]z @@=*^ k|ltzt dfq ljsf; ah]6 vr{ u/]/ klg gDa/ Ps aGg'n] k|b]z ;/sf/sf] ljsf;k|ltsf] nufj s:tf] /x]5 eGg] :jtM :ki6 x'G5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/x?sf] cj:yf klg cToGt} gfh's /x]sf] 5 . s]Gb|b]lv tn;Dd ljsf; ah]6 lk|mh ePsf] uDeL/ cj:yfnfO{ lr/]/ ljsf;sf] ult tLj|| agfpg]tkm{ Wofg ghfg] xf] eg] b'O{ltxfO{sf] ;/sf/ klg c;kmn aGg] / l:y/tfn] ljsf; lbG5 eGg] egfO xfd|f] ;Gbe{df s]jn e|d dfq x'g hfg]5 .ljsf;n] ult ;dfTg g;Sg'sf] sf/0f cl:y/tfeGbf klg

e|i6frf/ / l9nf;':tLkgnfO{ a9L lhDd]jf/ dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . x'g t s]Gb| / k|b]zsf ;/sf/sf dGqLx? P]g, sfg'g agfpg] sfddf clNemP/ ljsf; ug{ g;s]sf] ca u/]/ b]vfpF5f}+ elg/x]sf 5g\ . t/ laxfgsf] ;+s]tn] lbpF;f]sf] eljiojf0fL u5{ eg]em}F ;/sf/n] k|:t't u/]sf] ljt/0fd'vL ah]6n] ljsf; s]jn emf/f 6fg]{ sfddf v'lDrg k'u]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] ;f+;b ;b:ox?nfO{ ljsf;sf] gfddf k|ltJolQm ^ s/f]8sf] wf]qmf] ydfOlbPsf] 5 . o;/L ;f+;bnfO{ lbPsf] k};fdf cfwfeGbf a9L e|i6frf/ x'g] ljutsf] cg'ejn] b]vfO;s]sf] 5 . ;f+;bnfO{ ;f]em} k};f lbFbf Psflt/ e|i6frf/ df}nfpF5 eg] csf{lt/ nf]stGqdf :jR5 k|lt:kwf{ ;d]t x/fP/ hfG5 . lgjf{lrt ;f+;bx?n] /fHosf] l9s'6Lsf] k};fsf] andf cfkm\gf] :yfoL lsNnf lgdf{0f u5{g\ eg] pgLx?;Fu l/Qf] xft k|lt:kwf{df plqg]x?sf] cj:yf bogLo ag]/ hfg]5 . ;f+;bx?n] ljutdf lnPsf] ah]6 r/d b'?kof]u ePsf] tYo ;fdfGo 5fglagaf6 klg :ki6 x'G5 .o;}u/L k};f / kx'Frsf] e/df Pp6} 7]s]bf/ sDkgLnfO{ bh{gf}+

cfof]hgf lhDdf lbFbf klg ljsf;sf] ult s5'jf z}nLdf x'g] u/]sf] 5 eg] cfof]hgf g} cnkq kf/]/ 7]s]bf/n] /fHosf] l9s'6Ldf n'6 dRrfO/x]sf 5g\\ . rlr{t kKk' sG:6«S;g / k|r08sf 3/a]6Lsf] z}n'ª sG:6«S;gsf sfd sf/afxLsf] ulx/f] cWoog / 5fglag ug]{ xf] eg] ljsf;sf] ultdf afwf kfg]{ tTjx?sf] kf]n ;xh} v'Ng]5 . clxn] s]Gb|sf] l;sf] ub}{} :yfgLo ;/sf/n] klg sld;gsf] cfwf/df 7]s]bf/ 5gf}6 ug]{ / ;s];Dd j8fWoIf cfkm}+ ;+nUg 7]s]bf/ sDkgLnfO{ sfd lbg] k|j[lQ df}nfP/ uPsf] 5 . dxfgu/, pkdxfgu/, gu/ / ufpFkflnsfx? ljnfl;tfdf dflx/ b]lvP klg %) k|ltzt klg ljsf; ah]6 vr{ ug]{ cj:yfdf b]lvPgg\ .ljsf;df afwf kfg]{ cj/f]ws tTjx?sf] dflyb]lv tn;Dd

uDeL/ 9+usf] ck/];g gu/];Dd /fi6«sf ;fd' b]lvPsf] bL3{/f]u ;Grf] x'g] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . l;+uf] d'n's g} dflyb]lv tn;Dd ;]l6ª ldnfP/ n'6\g] / cfkm\gf] k':tf}+;Ddsf] eljio cfly{s ?kdf ;'/lIft ug]{ v]ndf g]tf / sd{rf/L tGqsf] Wofg nfu];Dd d'n'ssf] cj:yfdf s'g} kl/jt{g cfpFb}g . b'O{ltxfO{ dt kfpFbf pT;fxL ePsf k|wfgdGqLn] tLj| ultsf] ljsf; u/]/ b]vfpg] eg]/ af/Daf/ eGb} cfPsf 5g\ . t/ ljut Ps jif{n] pgsf] sfo{Ifdtf :ki6 kfl/lbPsf] 5 . 8an g]skfleq km]l/ pxL ;Qfsf] kmf]xf]/L v]nsf] s'lx/f] d8fl/g yfn]sf] ;+s]t g]tfx?n] ;fj{hlgs ?kd} 5tf5'Nn kf/]/ b'O{ltxfO{ 3fF6Ldf c8\lsPsf] x8\8Lh:tf] agfPsf 5g\ . cfkm}+ cl:y/tf lgDTofpg] ;Qfwf/L zlQmaf6 klg ljsf; cl3 a9\g] nIf0f b]lvFb}g . g]tf, sd{rf/Lx?n] cfkm"nfO{ k"/} kl/jt{g u/]/ b]z ;fFRrLs} agfpF5f}+ eGg] ;+sNk / tbg'?k sfo{ gu/];Dd s5'jf z}nLn] xfdLnfO{ k5\ofpg 5f]8\g] 5}g .

b[li6sf]0f

d'b|s M cGgk"0f{ ckm;]6 lk|G6;{, c;g, sf7df8f}+sfof{no M gof“ afg]Zj/, kmf]g $!)%)$* kf]:6aS; $@^%, km\ofS; $!)$$*&,Od]n M greaternepal2012@gmail .com, www .greaternepal .com .np

Visit : www .youtube .com Surendra Dhakal Social Activist

;DkfbsLo

ljsf;nfO{ ult b]pm

;x;Dkfbs3gZofd cf]nL

;Dkfbg ;xof]uL M uf]ljGb ljs

k|aGw ;Dkfbss[i0f/fh b'nfn

cltly ;Dkfbs

lji0f' e§/fO{

sfo{sf/L ;Dkfbst]h]Gb| k|;fO{+

k|aGw lgb]{zsls/0f yfkf

o;sf/0f eof] /fhf jL/]Gb|sf] j+z xTof

ahf/ Joj:yfkg/fdz/0f l/dfn

;f]leot ;+3;Fu u/]sf] @) jif]{ ;}lgs ;Demf}tfsf] cf8df OlGb/f ufGwLn] ;g &) sf] bzsdf kfls:tfgnfO{ 6'qm\ofO{ a+unfb]z agfpg / l;lSsdnfO{ ef/tdf ljno u/fpg ;kmn ePsL lyOg\ . ;g\ !(%( sf] rLg ef/t o'4df xf/ Aoxf]g'{ k/]sf] ef/t oL sfo{ ;DkGg ubf{ub}{ blIf0f Pl;ofsf] bfbf alg;s]]sf] lyof] . blIf0f Pl;ofdf ef/tsf] of] bfbflu/LnfO{ rLgn] 6'n'6'n' x/]/] dfq} a:of] . of] b]v]/ OlGb/f ufGwLsf] dxTjsf+Iff emg} a9\of] pgL ca ;s] g]kfnnfO{ klg vfg] g;s] g]kfnaf6 t/fO{nfO{ 5'6\ofP/ ef/tdf nu]/ ufEg] of]hgfdf nflug h'g s'/f tTsflng ef/tLo u'Ktr/ ;+:yf /csf clws[t cf/ s] ofbjn] cfkm"n] n]v]sf] lstfa …ld;g /cÚ df pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

OlGb/f ufGwLsf] oxL dxTjfsf+Iff a'em]sf /fhf jL/]Gb||n] ca ef/tsf] of] l8hfOgnfO{ sfpG6/ glbg] xf] eg] g]kfnsf] lgolt l;lSsdsf] x'g] b]vL ;a}eGbf klxn] pgn] ;g\ !(&$ df ePsf] cd]l/sL cTofw'lgs xltof/n] ;';lHht ltAatL vDkf ljb|f]xnfO{ g]kfnL ;}lgs nufO{ k"0f{?kdf bafpg nufP . pgsf] of] sfo{n] rLg ;/sf/sf] g]kfn b/af/dflysf] ljZjf; / ;dy{g cl8u aGg uof] . To;kl5 pgn] ;g\ !(&% sf] km]a|'c/Ldf ePsf] cfkm\gf] /fHofleif]ssf] cj;/df g]kfn cfPsf ljZjsf g]tfx? ;fd' g]kfnnfO{ zflGtIf]q 3f]lift ul/of];\ eGg] k|:tfj

/fv]sf lyP . h'g k|:tfjnfO{ ef/t / ;f]leot ;+3afx]s rLg cd]l/sf, hfkfg, k|mfG;, hd{gL nufot ljZjsf !!^ /fi6«x?n] ;dy{g u¥of] . ;f]leot ;+3 of] k|:tfjsf] ;dy{g ug]{ klxnf] /fi6« eP tfklg ef/tsf] bafadf p;n] of] ;dy{g lkmtf{ lnPsf] lyof] . cfkm" klg k|:tfjsf] ;dy{g gug]{ clg ;dy{g u/]sf] ;f]leot ;+3nfO{ ;d]t ;dy{g lkmtf{ lng nufpg] ef/t /fhf jL/]Gb|sf] zflGtIf]q k|:tfjsf] sf/0f slt qmf]lwt lyof] eGg] s'/f ;f]em} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . oxL

k|:tfjsf] sf/0f g]kfn / lbNnL b/af/aLr slxn] gl;l4g] s6'tf a9]sf] lyof] . l;v ;'/Iff uf8{n] ;g\ !(*$ df OlGb/f ufGwLsf] xTof u/]sf] sf/0f g]kfn vfg] pgsf] ;kgf ck'/f] g} /x\of] .

/fhf jL/]Gb| /fi6«jfbL dfq} geO{ k|hftGq k|]dL lyP eGg] s'/f pgn] @)#^ ;fndf k+rfot Aoj:yf /fVg] ls g/fVg] eGg] ljifodf hgdt;+u|x u/fPsfn] g} k'li6 x'G5 . emg To;dfly ;fs{ If]qLo ;+u7g vf]Ngdf /x]sf] pgsf] cx+d e"ldsf ePsf] sf/0f ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL /fhLj /fhf jL/]Gb|sf] ;fd' sRrf b]lvGy] . g]kfn b/af/;Fu ePsf] lbNnL b/af/sf]

s6'tfsf] sf/0f /fhLj ufGwLsf] xTof xF'bf To:df g]kfnsL a8fdxf/fgL P]Zjo{sf] cfly{s nufgL /x]sf] ef/tLo kqklqsfx?n] n]v]sf] ;Gbe{df oL b'O{ b/af/aLrsf] zq'tf r'lnFb} uPsf] lyof] .

hgdt ;+u|x ePsf] !) jif{kl5 g]kfndf km]l/ k+rfot Aoj:yflj?4 cfGbf]ngn] ult lnof] . ;lqmo /fhtGq lj?4df ePsf] of] cfGbf]ngsf cfGbf]ngsf/Lx?nfO{ ef/tLo ;dy{g lyof] eGg] s'/f ef/tLo g]tf rGb|z]v/n] u0f]zdfg lgjf; rfS;Laf/Ldf cfO{

u/]sf] efif0fn] k'li6 u/]sf] b]vL /fhf jL/]Gb| / pgsf k|wfgdGqL dl/rdfgn] rLg;Fu cTofw'lgs xltof/ vl/b u/L ef/tnfO{ /fd|} 6Ss/ lbP . o;sf] hjfkmLdf ef/tn] Psflt/ g]kfnnfO{ cfly{s gfsfaGbL nufof] eg] csf]{tkm{ g]kfnsf] /Iff / k//fi6« dfldnf ef/tsf] lhDdf lbg] zt{df gfsfaGbL

vf]Ng] k|:tfj /fhf jL/]Gb|;dIf /fVof] h;nfO{ /fhf jL/]Gb|n] ;f]em} gsf/L cfkm" ;+j}wflgs /fhf agL g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ ax'bnLo Aoj:yf lbg] 3f]if0ff u/] . @)$^ sf] pgsf] of] sbdn] g]kfnnfO{ e'6fg agfpg] ef/tLo /0fgLlt k'gM km]n vfof] .

cfkm\gf x/]s /0fgLlt km]n vfPkl5 ef/tn] g]kfn vfg] gofF /0fgLlt agfof] . Tof] eg]sf] Psftkm{ /fhtGq vtd ug{ g]kfndf dfcf]jfbL hgo'4 p7fg ug]{ clg csf]{tkm{ ljzfn ef/tLo hg;+Vof g]kfn x'nL pgLx?nfO{ g]kfnL gful/stf lbnfO{{ /}yfg] g]kfnLnfO{ cNkdt kf/L l;lSsDd agfpg] sfo{ cf/De u¥of] . ef/tLo /0fgLlt /fd|/L a'em]sf /fhf jL/]Gb|n] hltk6s g]kfnL ;+;bsf] ax'dtn] gful/stf ljw]os kf; u/L nfndf]x/sf] nflu b/af/ k7fof] Tolt g} k6s /fhb/af/n] ;f] ljw]os /fosf] nflu eGb} ;jf]{Rr cbfnttkm{ ws]lnlbPsf] sf/0f ljw]os w/fzfoL aGg k'Uof] . g]kfnnfO{ j}wflgs ?kaf6} l;lsDd agfpg] k|:tfj km]l/ klg t'lxg k'u]kl5 /fhf jL/]Gb|sf] j+z g} xTof ug]{ vt/gfs if8oGq agfO{ ;f]sf] ;kmn ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ ef/tLo u'Ktr/ ;+:yf /c ;kmn eof] . ;kmn o;sf/0f ls z'?sf lbgdf o;sf] bf]if o'j/fh bLk]Gb| / kl5 clw/fhs'df/ 1fg]Gb|dfly nfUbf ef/t rf]vf] b]lvof] . t/ sfnfGt/ h;/L ef/tsf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfdf dnhn ePsf] dfcf]jfbL hgo'4sf] sf/0f /fhtGq pv]lnof] clg To;sf] nuQ} kf; ePsf] gful/stf ljw]ossf] sf/0f ^) nfv ef/tLox?n] g]kfnL gful/stf kfP, Ps dw]; Ps k|b]zsf] gf/f / hg;+Vofdf dfq} cfwfl/t eO{ r'gfj If]q ;+Vof tf]Sg] cfjfh wlGsof] tjdfq g]kfnL hgtfn] /fd|/L a'em] lsg /fhf jL/]Gb|sf] j+z ljgfz ePsf] /x]5 eg]/ .

;'/]Gb| 9sfn

hubLz nfld5fg]

/f}tx6, kf}/fO{

of] a]nf k"/} xfd|f] blIf0f Pl;of g} c;xh cj:yfdf 5 ls h:tf] b]lvPsf] 5 . xf]; ul/of] eg] / tL ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsof] eg] g]kfn / l5d]ss} klg enf] x'g]5 . g]kfn PSn}n] tL ;a} ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] klg xf]Og . o;}n] l5d]s ef/t / rLgdf rLglt/ plxn] /fhf dx]Gb|n] l;dfgfdf lkn/ uf8]/ aGb h:t} Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ . otf ef/tlt/ eg] lkn/x? eP klg !(%) sf] ;lGwsf] axfgfdf l5d]sL cfkm}+n] v'nf l;dfgf /fv]s} 5 . To;}n] pgLx?sf / xfd|f ;d:of ;dfwfgfy{ klg uPs} xKtf @)&^.@.!& df o;} zLif{ssf] efu -@_ 5flkPs} 5 . o;}n] cfb/0fLo /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o aGw'x?df of] t];|f] efu

k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;a} ldn]/ ;d:of ;dfwfg u/f}+ . xfd|f] glhs} DofGdf/df klg l;dfgfdf o:t} Joj:yf ef/t / DofGdf/n] ul//x]sf] :yfgLo DofGdf/sf gful/sn] cr]ns} ;dfrf/df pNn]v u/]s} 5g\ . xfd|f] klg g]kfn ef/t l;dfgfdf k|To]s gful/sn] kmf]6f] 6fF;L ;'ud cfjfudgo'Qm lgodg ug}{{k5{ . != g]kfnsf cfkm\g} /fli6«o

;d:ofx?sf s]xL l6kf]6blnt eg]/ s;}nfO{ ;Daf]wg

ul/lbFbf pgsf] cfkm\g} cx+tkm{ 7]; nfU5 ls eg]/ ljrf/ ul/lbg kfP pgn] cfkm}+ cfkm\gf] ;'wf/ ug{ kfpFy] . o:tf] ePsf] 5}g . cf/If0fd} s0ff{nLdf vfBfGg cfk"lt{ ul/lbFbf ToxfFsf] sfnLdf;L{ cflb nf]k xf]nf ls eGg] 8/ dfGg'kg]{ lyof] . blnt cflb cf/If0fn] Psflt/ k|zf;gdf u'0f 36\g] 8/ /xG5 eg] csf{lt/ lxg efjgf /lx/xnf eGg] 8/ dfgL peod'vL ljsf; x'g'kg]{ lyof] / cfkm" cAandf cfpg ;a} ;/x df}sf kf] lbg'kg]{ lyof] . nf]s ;]jf cfof]u cflbdf dlw;] d'l:nd v; cfo{ dlxnf sf]6fx?df klg o:t} peod'vL lzIff vfFrf]sf] k"lt{

ug'{k5{ . sf]6f w]/} ;do /xg x'Fb}g . Ifdtfsf] x|f; x'g ;S5 . o;df /fhf dx]Gb|sf] Pp6} sljtf kof{Kt 5 – ;'ljwf a/fa/L rflxG5 .

Ps} b]zsf ;Gtfg xfdL s'g 6f9f s'g glhs sf] <

/ut ;a}sf] /ftf] eP s'g wgL s'g ul/a sf] <@= g]kfnL JolQmut cfsf+Iffg]kfndf ;Qf;Lg sDo'lg:6

kf6L{sf k'iksdn bfxfn tyf s]kL cf]nL b'j} cWoIf 5g\ . oL b'j}df ;Qf /fk r9]/ kfn}kfnf] hgtf sHofpnfg\ ls eGg] 8/n] cl:y/tfsf] kL8f ;b}j eO/xg] eof] . pgLx?sf] ;Qfsf] emD6femD6Ln] s]xL dfqfdf lxdjtv08 g]kfn lxt}ifL s]kL cf]nLnfO{ cl:y/ k|r08n] cfkm}+h:tf] agfpnfg\ / ljkIfnfO{ emg\ qm'4 agfO{ b]zdf cl:y/tf /lx/xnf tyf lgodfg';f/ zf;g ;Qf rNb}g ls eGg] 8/ eof] . #= cGt/f{li6«o rLg g]kfn ef/t

cd]l/sf cflbotf s]xL ;dob]lv rLg cd]l/sf

Jofkf/ egfeg rln/x]5 / jftf{ klg x'Fb}5 . g]kfndf eg] ToxL cd]l/sf

cd]l/sL ;}lgs cEof;df ;l/s x'F x} eGg nfu]sf] 5 . ef/td} klg klxn] g]kfnk|lt clt s0f{ s6' af]Ng] p;a]nfsf sd{rf/L cjsfz k|fKt ePkl5 g]tf eO{ P;=ho z+s/ ljb]zdGqL lgo'Qm x'g'ePsf] 5 . ptf g]kfns} lnk'n]ssf] g]kfnl:yt rLg g]kfn l;dfgf lkn/ of] x/kmstf{n] lj=;+= @)%@ efb|df 3'd]/} x]bf{ pQ/kl§ rLg blIf0f g]kfn n]lvPsf] / k"j{ klZrd vfnL g} x'gfn] oxL x/kmstf{s} cfFvfn] ;Ldfljb\ a'l4gf/fo0fs} egfO adf]lhd xfd|f] g]kfnL ;Ldf jt{dfgs} cj:yfdf klg lnlDkofw'/f xf] eGg afwf lyPg .

o:tf] cj:yfdf blIf0fsf] sfnfkfgL g]kfn g} xf] eGg] k|:6 g} 5 . dxfsfnLjfl/ g} s;/L rLg tyf ef/tn] af6f] vf]Ng] u/L s]xL jif{ klxn] 3f]if0ff u/] < ToxfF t g]kfnsf] dGh'/L g} lyPg . t}klg ef/tLo ;]gf sfnfkfgLdf klg a;]s} 5 . ToxfF af6f] vf]lnPsf] 5}g . tfklg lg0f{o ab/ ePsf] klg 5}g . jt{dfg ef/tLo k|wfgdGqLs} kfnfdf clxn]sf] of] cj:yf ljlrq / ljrf/0fLo g} 5 .

g]kfn–ef/t ;Ldf lgodg ug}{k5{ -#_

;DkfbsHo",;+3Lo nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] xfn}

7"nf] ;+Vofdf hf/L u/]sf] sd{rf/L egf{;DaGwL lj1fkgaf/] nf]s bnsf] Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . ;+3Lo nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf /x]sf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] lgot ;dfj]zL lj/f]wL ePsfn] sfg'gdf ePsf] k|fjwfg ljk/Lt k6s k6s rnfvLk"0f{ tl/sfn] If]qLo / :yfgLo ?kdf sd{rf/L 5gf}6nfO{ 6'qmf kf/L ;dfj]zL l;6 ;+VofnfO{ 36fpg] u/]sf], k/LIffdf ljBfyL{ kf; ubf{ klxnf v'nfdf k|fyldstf glbP/ klxnf ;dfj]zL l;6df g} k|fyldstf lbOg] u/]sf]n] ;dfj]zL Sn:6/leqsf s'g} ljBfyL{ v'Nnf sf]6fdf 5gf}6 x'g

;ls/x]sf] 5}g\ . ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] w]/} Sn:6/x?sf]

kmfObf p7fpFb} nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] hf/L u/]sf] lj1fkgdf sd{rf/Lsf] l;6 ;+VofnfO{ If]qut ?kdf 6'qmf kf/L sdeGbf sd ;dfj]zLs/0f xf];\ egL rnfvL u/]sf] xf] . nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] sd{rf/L egf{sf] nflu lgsfn]sf] lj1fkgdf sd{rf/L ;+Vofdf dw]zL nufot cGosf] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ljifonfO{ ;+ljwfg adf]lhd gu/]sf] egL p7]sf] lh1f;faf/] nf]s bnsf] egfO o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M—

!= ;+ljwfgdf w]/} Sn:6/x? ePdf ;dfj]zLs/0fdf o:t} vfn] ;d:ofx? cfpg] ePsfn] ;dfj]zL Sn:6/nfO{

j}1flgs ?kdf k5fl8 k/]sf ;a} ju{, ;d'bfonfO{ ;d]6g] u/L sdeGbf sd Sn:6/ sfod u/L ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] gLlt cjnDag ug'{kb{5 egL xfd|f] 7x/ /x]sf] 5 .

@= ;dfj]zL l;6 ;+Vofsf] nflu clwseGbf clws l;6 ;+Vofsf] lj1fkg Psd':6 u/L clg dfq sd{rf/LnfO{ txut ?kdf 5'§ofOg'kg]{ .

#= ;dfj]zLsf nflu sfd ug]{ cfof]u tyf ;/sf/L lgsfox?df kbflwsf/L lgo'Qm x'Fbf ;dfj]zLsf nflu ;+3if{ ug]{ bnx?sf] ;d]t ;xsfo{ / 5gf}6df nf]s ;]jf cfof]u nufotsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] lgo'Qm x'g'kg]{ k|fjwfgsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

$= nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] clxn] hf/L u/]sf] lj1fkgnfO{ /2 u/L ;a} l;6 ;+VofnfO{ txut ?kdf Psd':6 lj1fkg lgsfNg'kg]{ .

%= k||b]z txdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] lj:tf/ u/L k|b]z :t/sf] sd{rf/Lsf] egf{ k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6} ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ .

^= ;+3Lo nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] u/]sf] ulDe/ lsl;dsf] untL ;DaGwdf 5fgjLg ug{ ;dfj]zLtfsf] nflu ;+3if{/t bnx? ;lDdlnt pRr :t/Lo 5fgjLg ;ldlt u7g u/L sf/jfxL ug{kg]{ .

sf}zn s'df/ l;+xcWoIf, nf]s bn

nf]s;]jfsf] lj1fkgk|lt cfklQ

;DkfbsnfO{ lr7\7L

;Gbe{ h]7 !(

cfhLjg ;Nnfxsf/of]ufrfo{ jf;'b]j 9sfn, 8f=åfl/sfgfy 9'+u]n

jif{ * c+s *, @)&^ ;fn h]7 @$ ut] z'qmaf/

u|]6/ g]kfn #;+:d/0f÷ljljw

d}n] b]v]sf] pgfG;ocf}+ ljZj ;DkbfMa|]d]g zx/ / o;sf] 6fpgxn

;'/]Gb| 9sfn

6fpgxn b]a|] s'gfaf6 x]bf{

6fpgxnsf] leqL efu

6fpgxnsf] e¥ofª h:tf] b]lvg] 6fj/

a|]d]gdf d}n] lsg]sf] kf]:6sf8{

cufl8af6 x]bf{ a|]d]gsf] 6fpgxn

6fpgxnsf] snfTds 3'dfp/f] blng -cfr{_

sfOh;{nfp6]{gaf6 a'08];lnu x]/L xfdL pxL lbg a]n'sf :kfo/ kmSof}{+ . ca xfd|f] b'O{ jif]{ :gftsf]Q/sf] k9fO klg lj:tf/} cGTo x'Fb} hfFb} lyof] . ;]d]:6/sf] cGTodf OG6g{ ug{ eg]/ ljZjljBfnon]] dnfO{ a]|d]gsf] l;g]6df k7fpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] /x]5 . h;cg'?k d dfr{ dlxgf k'/} a|]dg zx/sf] l;g]6df a;]/ sfd l;Sg] eg]/ Totf nfuF] . a|]d]g 7"nf] hg;+Vof eO{ ;+3Lo /fHosf] x}l;ot ePsf] gu/ ePsf] sf/0f o;nfO{ gu/ /fHo (Stadtsttatt) elgFbf] /x]5 / To;sf] k|zf;g gu/kflnsfn] x]g]{ geO{ lgjf{lrt l;g]6n] x]bf]{ /x]5 . clg ToxL l;g]6df a;]/ OG6g{ ug{ d uPsf] lyPF .

uPsf] klxnf] lbgd} l86/ k'kxf];g gfd u/]sf Ps sd{rf/L;Fu} pgsf] sf]7fdf a;]/ d}n] sfd l;Sg'kg]{ /x]5 . d}n] pgnfO{ a||]d]gdf cjnf]sg ug{ nfos :ynaf/] ;f]Wbf pgn] ToxfFsf] 6fpgxn, rr{, Do'lhod dfs{]6 :Sjfo/, :g'/ gfd u/]sf] k||frLg 6f]n, /f]nf08sf] d"lt{ cflb atfP clg d}n] Ps dlxgfsf] a;fOdf lj:tf/} tL ;a} s'/f x]/L ;Sg] lgwf] u/] .

x/]s lbg laxfg gf} ah]b]lv b'O{ ah];Dd l;g]6df sfd uy]{ clg afFsL ;do a|]d]g 3'Dg lg:sGy] . o; qmddf d}n] ;a}eGbf klxn] 6fpgxn cjnf]sg ug]{ lg0f{o u/]F . ;f] adf]lhd d ToxfF k'u]kl5 Pp6f kf]:6sf8{ lsg] h;df l86/n] eg]sf] ;a} :ynx?sf] tl:a/ c+lst /x]5 tTkZrft d 6fpgxn cjnf]sg ug{]tkm{ nfu]F .

a|]d]g zx/sf] 6fpg xnuf]lys z}nLdf OF6}OF6fn] ag]sf]

of] ejg g} a||]d]g l;g]6sf cWoIfsf] :yfoL lgjf; /x]5 . o;sf] jf:t'z}nLsf sf/0f of] k'/} o'/f]k / ljZjel/ k|Voft /x]5 . :df/s sfg'gcGtu{t ;+/lIft of] ejgkl5 uP/ o'g]:sf]sf] ;Dkbf;"rLdf klg k/]sf] /x]5 . a||]d]gsf] d'Vo P]ltxfl;s ahf/ If]qsf] pQ/k"j{df 7l8Psf] of] ejgs} cufl8 /f]nf08sf] d"lt{ /x]5 . clg ejgsf] 7Ls cufl8 ToxfFsf] r]Da/ ckm sd{;sf] ejg / blIf0fk"j{tkm{ a|]d]g gu/ /fHosf] ;+;b / oL b'j} ejgsf] k"j{df a||]d]gsf] Sofy]8«n /x]5 . Sofy]8«nsf] pQ/L s'gfdf a|]d]gsf ljVoft ;+uLtsf/ u]/xf8{ dfS{;sf] d"lt{ 7l8Psf] /x]5 / of] d"lt{sf] pQ/df a||]d]gsf] n]8L rr{ /x]5 .

a||]d]gsf] 6fpgxn ;g !@@( lt/ lgdf{0f ePkZrft gfr3/sf] ?kdf / kl5 !@%! lt/ gu/ kfif{bx?sf] lgjf;:yfg, gu/ cbfntdf kl/0ft x'Fb} uPsf] /x]5 . kl5 of] ejg a|]d]gsf] Aofkf/ ;+3n] lnP5 / To;n] klg of] ejg ;g\ !%(* df s'g} JolQmnfO{ a]r]kl5 of] lghL ;DkQLdf kl/0ft ePsf] /x]5 . kl5 uP/ of] ejgnfO{ s;sf] clwgdf /fVg] eGg]

ljifodf a||]d]gsf] cfs{ljzk / d]o/sf] 7"nf] xfgyfk ePsf] /x]5 / cGtdf uP/ of] d]o/sf] lgjf; xF'b} l;g]6sf] cWoIfsf] lgjf; aGg k'u]sf] /x]5 .

o; 6fpgxn ejgdf em08} plQ g} If]qkmn ePsf] dflyNnf] / tNnf] tnfdf u/L b'O{ ljzfn xn /x]5g\ / b'a} xnsf] z'?df / cGtdf ljzfn k||j]zåf/ / ahf/tkm{ kmls{Psf afb{nLx? /x]5g\\ . oxL xnsf] d'lGt/sf] l58L eg] xnh:t} ljzfn geO{ ljleGg sIfx?df ljeflht ul/Psf] /x]5 . d'Vo xndf /f]dg ;fd||fHosflng !^ j6f d"lt{x? ;hfOPsf] /x]5 h;n] a|]d]g zx/n] s'g} a]nf /f]dg ;d|f6sf] /fhwfgLsf] x}l;ot kfPsf] emNsfpFbf] /x]5 . !^ d"lt{x?dWo] $ d"lt{x? hd{g bfz{lgsx?sf /x]5g\ .

ejgnfO{ b'O{ hgf dfG5] lxF8\g ;Sg] df]6f] kvf{nn] 3]l/Psf] /x]5 hxfFaf6 e¥ofª r9]/ ejgsf] rf/j6f ;fgf 6fj/df hfg ldNbf] /x]5 . 6fpgxnsf] k5fl8kl§ hf]8]/ lgdf{0f u/L sf]7fx? lj:tf/ ul/Psf] /x]5 h;sf] dflyNnf] tnfdf gu/ kl/ifbsf sIfx? /x]5g\\ . !^cf}+ ztflAbdf ePsf] k'ghf{u/0f sfndf of] ejg / cfs{ljzksf] b/af/sf] aLrdf kg]{ u/L tLg tnf ylkPsf]

/x]5 . Toltv]/ a]|d]gsf] cfly{s ;d[l4 a]:;/L r'lnPsf] sf/0f o; ejgdf ePsf bzj6f em\ofnx?nfO{ x6fO{ ljzfn snfTds 3'dfp/f] blng -cfs{_ df kl/0ft u/L ejgnfO{ cfw'lgs?k lbOPsf] /x]5 h:df cfls{6]S6 No'8/ kmf]g a]G6xfOdsf] 7"nf] of]ubfg ePsf] atfOFbf] /x]5 . kl5 !^)* / !^!@ aLrsf] cjlwdf of] ejgsf] ?k k'/} kl/jlt{t b]lvg] u/L em\ofnsf] :yfgdf lkn/;lxtsf] ;fj{hlgs 3f]if0ff ug{ ldNg] u/L ljzfn 9f]sf h8fg ul/Psf] /x]5 . kl5 ;g !^*@ df uP/ ejgsf] k5fl8 af/f]s z}nLsf] Ps} nx/df Ps} ls;dsf em\ofnx? ePsf] sIfx? ylkPsf] /x]5 . ;g !*!*.!( df of] ejgsf] s]xL leqL efu eTsfO{ gjzf:qLo z}nLdf k'glg{df{0f ul/Psf] /x]5 . kl5 !*@^ ejgsf leQfx?df lr/fx? b]lvPkl5 cufl8sf df]x8f glau|g] u/L dd{t ul/Psf] /x]5 . ;g\ !*@) / !()) sf] cjlwdf a|]d]gsf] hg;+Vofdf bf]Aa/ t]Aa/ j[l4 ePsf] sf/0f gu/ ;ef;bx?sf] ;+Vof j[l4 x'g hfFbf !()( df of] ejgsf] l5F8Lsf] sIfx?sf] leQf eTsfO{ bf]Aa/

7"nf] ljzfn xn af/f]s z}nLdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] /x]5 h'g sfo{ Do'lgvsf cfls{6]S6 ufla|on kmg l;8\nsf] g]t[Tjdf ;DkGg ePsf] /x]5 . bf];|f] ljZjo'4tfsf

ePsf] ad cfqmd0fsf] sf/0f zx/ ^) k|ltzt Wj:t eP tfklg of] ejgdf eg] cf+lzs dfq} Iflt x'g k'u]sf] /x]5 h'g kl5 lh0ff] {4f/ ul/Psf] /x]5 .

jif{ * c+s *, @)&^ ;fn h]7 @$ ut] z'qmaf/

u|]6/ g]kfn$;flxTo;flxTo÷ljljw

sfo{ g} cr{gf xf] eGg] cª\u|]hL sxfjtnfO{ d"t{ ¿k lbg hfGg] klZrdL hfltdWo] hd{gx¿ klg clu|d kª\lQmdf cfpF5g\ . t/ sfd gug]{ ;f]lvg dflg;x¿ eg] hd{gx¿sf] s8f d]xgtnfO{ xf]RofpFb} ltgLx¿nfO{ …ax'nfh:t} sfd ug]{ hfltÚ eGbf /x]5g\ . s's'/ hlt;'s} e's] klg xfQL cfˆgf] dtfkdf lxF8\g] u/]h:t} hd{gx¿ cfˆgf] sfddf nuftf/ nflu/xg] hflt x'Fbf ltgLx¿sf] b]zsf] cfly{s l:ylt pFef] nfUg ;s]sf] 5, h;sf] HjnGt k|df0f xf] cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf d"No a9\b} uO/x]sf] hd{g dfs{ -hd{g ?lkofF_ ./flq/fgLsf] ;x/ ˆo|fª\skm6{kl5

x]Dau{hd{gLsf] :d[ltnfO{ vf]tNbf

ˆo|fÍkm6{l:yt …a]/ a|f]6 kmfla|sÚ / …;L=Pr\=af]l/Ë/Ú df latfOPsf b'O{ dlxgf klg cfFvfcufl8 cfpF5g\ . oftfoftsf] b[li6sf]0fn] ˆo|fÍkm6{ ;x/ s]jn hd{gLsf] dfq xf]Og, ;Dk"0f{ o'/f]ksf] g} d'Vo s]Gb| dfGg'k5{ . x/]s b;–afx| ldg]6df Pp6f h]6 cfpg] jf hfg] ug]{ oxfFsf] eJo ljdfg:ynn] ;+;f/df bf];|f] :yfg cf]u6]sf] 5 . o'/f]ksf] clwsf+z /fi6«;Fu /]ndfu{åf/f ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ oxfFsf] …afg xf]kmÚ -s]Gb|Lo /]Nj] :6];g_ df 6]«gx¿sf] 7Ls ;dodf cfjthfjt x'g] Joj:yfn] ;do g} wg xf] eGg] sxfjtnfO{ d"t{ ¿k lbPsf] 5 . of] ˆo|fÍkm6{ / csf]{

x]Dau{h:tf cfw'lgs ;x/df gUg g[To b]vfOg] :yfg / cf+lzs jf k"0f{ of}gt[lKtsf lgldQ ljleGg lsl;dsf s]Gb|x¿ x'g' klg ckl/xfo{h:t} ePsf] /x]5, gq ToxfF /ËLg /flqhLjg 5}g egL gjfuGt'sx¿ u'gf;f] ub{5g\ /] . ˆo|fÍkm6{sf] sfOh/ :6«f;]gfds d'Vo ;x/leq} y/Ly/Lsf c;ª\Vo of}gt[lKt:ynx¿ 5g\– s'g}df gUg o'jtLx¿n] kl/rfl/sfsf] ¿k lnPsf x'G5g\, s'g}df ljljw ;Def]usf cf;gsf lkmNdx¿ k|ToIf bz{gfy{ k|blz{t x'g] ub{5g\ t s'g}df of}gaf6 ef]sfPsf JolQmx¿sf lgldQ tTk/ /x]sf o'jtLx¿n] :jfut ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . x]Dau{df t emg\ o:tf] nfUof] ls of] ;x/ ̂ o|fÍkm6{;Fusf] k|lt:kwf{df lgZro g} cl3 a9]sf] 5 . hd{gLsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] aGb/ufx x]Dau{sf /flq/fgLx¿n] w]/} lbg;Dd hxfh rnfP/ ylst eO{ cfOk'u]sf

hxfhLx¿nfO{ zf/Ll/s t[lKt lbg pT;'stf;fy af6f] x]l//xg] ubf{ /x]5g\ .

…a|]/ a|f]6 kmfla|sÚgfd kfp/f]6L sf/vfgfsf Joj:yfks u|'G8dfg Hofb} l/;fxf tyf s6'efifL x'g'sf ;fy} …d}n] eg]e}mF dfq ug"{ t/ d}n] u/]e}mF gug"{Ú eGg] vfnsf JolQm lyP . csf]{tkm{ ;L=Pr\= af]l/Ë/gfds s]ldsn pBf]usf 8f= Xo"a/ eg] lgs} kl/kSj, ldng;f/ tyf xFl;nf] k|s[ltsf JolQm lyP . g]kfn cfO{ lxdfno kxf8sf] cf/f]x0f ug]{ pgsf] pTs6 clenfiff /x]5 . cfw'lgs ;x/sf] lj:tf/ tyf cfly{s pGgltsf] lqmofsnfk dg'io;dfhsf nflu clezfk eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] ts{ k|:t't ub}{ pgL xfd|f] h:tf] ul/a d'n'ssf gfËf ls;fgx¿sf] ;fwf/0f hLjgsf] lgs} k|z+;f ub{y] . oL ls;fgx¿sf] bogLo hLjg Åboljbf/s ufyfx¿

a'‰g lgZro g} pgn] g]kfndf kbfk{0f ug'{k5{ eGg] cg'/f]w d}n] To; avt JoQm u/]sf] lyPF .Ps j[4 bDktL;Fu e]6Ps lbg ˆo|fÍkm6{glhs …dfOGh

gbLÚ sf] lsgf/fdf cjl:yt Pp6f clt /d0fLo ;fj{hlgs jfl6sfdf 3'Db} lyPF . glhs}sf] ;fgf] ufpFaf6 6xNg cfPsf clwsf+z a"9fa"9Lx¿sf] ToxfF hd36 eO/x]sf] lyof] . cfOtaf/ x'Fbf …;KtfxfGtÚ dgfO/x]sf h:tf b]lvGy] .

Ps hgf a"9f]nfO{ s] ;Gsf] r9]5 Sof/ cfˆgL a"9L;Fu} lnP/, xfF:b} cl3lNt/ cfO{ lz/sf] 6f]kL k'msfn]/ xft}n] dfly prfNb} eg], æu'8 dlg{ª h]G6ndfg Û -j:t'tM ck/fXg tLg–rf/ ah]sf] ;do lyof]_ cf o" sD6 kmf]d OG8f]g]l;of c/ lkmlnlkG; <Æ o;/L To; JolQmaf6 cfk"mnfO{ OG8f]g]l;f jf lkmlnlkg;af6 cfPsf xf} < egL ;f]w]sf] b]Vbf cfˆgf] r]x/fsf] 5fF6sfF6df g]kfnLkg geP/ xf] jf g]kfnL eGg] hflt g} p;n] yfxf gkfP/ xf] ls eGg] k|Zg dgdf p7\g yfNof] . p;n] k|:t't u/]sf] dfgjLo lzi6frf/k|lt ;xL clejfbgåf/f k|To'Q/ lbPF . clg s]xL If0fsf nflu tL jof]j[4 bDktL;Fu Ifl0fs ldqtf x'g uof] . krxQ/jifL{o tL j[4 JolQmsf] gfd …x]/ PS6fdfo/Ú -cyf{t\ >L PS6fdfo/_ /x]5 . tL bDktL ce}m tGb'?:t b]lvGy] .

jftf{nfkåf/f yfxf] eof]– pgLx¿sf b'O{cf]6f 5f]/fx¿ / Pp6L 5f]/L /x]5g\ ;a} x'ls{;s]sf . h]7f] 5f]/fn] cfˆg} 3/kl/jf/ a;fln;s]sf] / afFsL 5f]/f5f]/L qmdzM 8Ø';n8s{ / Do'lgvdf hflu/åf/f hLljsf]kfh{g ul//x]sf 5g\ .

…x]/ PS6fdfo/Ú sf] cª\u|]hL efiff lgs} 6'6]k'm6]sf] lyof] / cfˆgL a"9LnfO{ …dfO xh\AofG8Ú ;Dd eGg] eP tfklg pgsf] efjfy{ 5n{lËGYof] . d}n] cfˆgf] b]zdf k|rlnt ;+o'Qm kl/jf/df j[4 JolQmx¿sf] x]/rfx kl/jf/leq} x'g] s'/f ;lj:tf/ ;'gfpFbf tL j[4 bDktLdf lgs} sf}t"xn emlNsPsf] lyof] . -qmdzM_

hd{gL M rlDsnf] b]zdf /lGsnf] :jefj–#lgofqf ;+:d/0f

3gZofd /fhsl0f{sf/

@= …===d o; ;/sf/df k'u]b]lv g} d}n] g]kfnaf/] lgs} rf;f] lng] u/]sf] 5' . xfdLn] To; d'n's;Fusf] k'/fgf] ldqtfnfO{ dfq sfod /fVg rfx]sf xf]Ogf}+, aNsL To;nfO{ cem a9\tf bx|f] cfwf/df /fVg klg rfx]sf xf}+ . c+u|]h ;fd|fHojfbaf6 xfdLn] ck'tfnLdf y'k|} /fd|f s'/fx? kfPsf 5f}+ / y'k|} g/fd|f s'/fx? klg / xfd|f l5d]ssf d'n'sx?l;tsf xfd|f ;DaGwx? c+u|]h ;fd|fHojfbL r/0fdf x'ls{of}+ / To;}n] ltgLx? Ps lsl;dn] ldl>t ;DaGwsf] ljsl;t x'g uP . ef/tdf la|l6; /fh rln/x]sf] ;dodf g]kfnnfO{ :jfwLg d'n's t elgGYof] t/ ;fFrf] cy{df Tof] cfGtl/s ?kn] afx]s :jfwLg lyPg . g]kfn k"0f{tM :jzfl;t d'n's dfq} lyof] .

…ha xfdL b[Zodf cfof}+, xfdLn] g]kfnnfO{ s] cfZjf;g lbof}+ eg] xfdL g]kfnsf] :jfwLgtfsf] cfb/ dfq ub}{gf+}, jNsL g]kfn alnof] / k|ultzLn klg ePsf] x]g{ rfxG5f}+ . o; ;DaGwdf xfdLn] c+u|]h ;/sf/n] hlt u/]sf lyof}+ Tof]eGbf a9L g} u¥of}+ . xfdLn] afwf lbPgf}+, oBlk Tof] la|l6; sfndf x'g lbPsf] eGbf w]/} g} a9L lyof] . :jfefljs ?kn] g} k|:6 eGg] xf] eg] xfdL g]kfndfly s'g} klg ljb]zL cltqmd0f ePsf] dg k/fpFb}gf}+ .Ú

…To;}n] tLg jif{ cyjf Tof]eGbf s]xL jif{cl3 g} xfdLn] g]kfn Pp6f alnof] / :jfwLg d'n's x'g'k5{ eGg] cfkm\gf] cfsf+Iff hfx]/ u/]sf lyof}+ / ;fy} g]kfn Pp6f k|ultzLn d'n's x'g'k5{ eGg] yKb} cfPsf lyof}+ .Ú

…xfdLn] s] s'/f klg yKb} cfPsf lyof}+ eg] :jfefljs ?kn] g} xfdL xfd|f] cfkm\gf] d'n's k|ultzLn k|hftGqsf] kIfdf dfq} xf]Og, c? d'n'sx?df klg To:t} x'g'k5{ eGg] kIfdf klg 5f}+ . xfdLn] of] s'/f g]kfndf dfq eg]sf] xf]Og, ;+;f/sf 6f9f 6f9f d'n'sx?sf] af/]df klg eg]sf xf}+ / xfd|f l5d]sL d'n'sx? To;df klg xfd|f] 9f]sf aflx/s} d'n'ssf] ;DaGwdf t xfdLn] la;{g ;Sg] s'/} ePg . g]kfnnfO{ xfd|f]

of] ;Nnfx d}qLk"0f{ ?kn] g} lbOPsf] lyof] . xfdLn] s] eGof}+ eg] ;Dk"0f{ ljZj g} abln/x]sf], cem l56f]l56f] abln/x]sf] of] a]nfdf g]kfnn] To; lbzfdf sbddf sbd ldnfP/ cl3 a9\g clnslt klg k|of; ub}{g eg] k5fl8af6 To;nfO{ 3r]6\g'kg]{ x'g hfG5 . t/ xfd|f] lglDt To;f] ug'{ cln sl7g s'/f xf], lsgeg] xfdL s'g} lsl;dn] klg g]kfndf x:tIf]k ug{ rfxFb}gf}+ .

…xfdL g]kfn :jfwLg d'n's /xf];\ eGg] rfxG5f}+ / ;fy} xfdLnfO{ s] klg nflu/x]sf] 5 eg] g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s If]qdf clxn] s]xL ul/Pg eg] sl7gfOx? k}bf x'g ;S5g\ . of] k|lqmof rNb} lyof] / xfdLn] ljNs'n} d}qLk"0f{ ?kn] lbPsf] ;Nnfxaf6 s'g} vf; glthf lg:s]g .

ut b'O{ xKtf cyjf tLg xKtf hlt cl3 ToxfF tL cfsl:ds 36gfx? 36] . -@))& ;fnsf ;z:q ;+3if{sf 36gfx? cf}+NofPsf]_ ca t s'/f grkfOsg eGg] xf] eg] xfd|f] l;dfgfkfl/ 36]sf 36gfx?n] ubf{ rLg / ltAatdf 36]sf 36gfx?n] ubf{ g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s cj:yfd} xfd|f] rf;f] ca a9\tf tLj| / lghL lsl;dsf] aGg uof] / g]kfnaf/] xfd|f] h] h:tf] efjgf eP tfklg xfdL xfd|f] cfkm}+ d'n'ssf] l;dfgfaf/] lrlGtt

ePsf 5f}+ . lxdfno kj{t dfnf k/fk"j{sfnb]lv ef/tsf] eJo l;dfGt If]q /lxcfPsf] 5 . hxfF;Dd lxdfno kj{tdfnfsf] ;jfn 5, ltgLx? g]kfnsf] csf]{kl§ cjl:yt 5g\\, k|fo xfd|f]kl§ k/]sf 5}gg\ . To;sf/0f ef/tsf] d'Vo ;'/Iff kvf{n g]kfnsf] csf]{kl§ k/]sf] 5 / xfdL sf]xL klg To; ;'/Iff kvf{nnfO{ gf3]/ cfPsf] ;xg]jfnf 5}gf}+ . To;sf/0f xfdLn] hlt;'s} g]kfnsf] :jfwLgtfsf] sb/ u/] tfklg xfdL g]kfnsf s'g} unt sfd To;n] ubf{ s;}nfO{ Tof] ;'/Iff kvf{n gf3]/ cfpg lbP/ jf xfd|f] l;dfGt If]qnfO{ sdhf]/ kg{ lbP/ xfd|f] cfkm\gf] ;'/IffnfO{ vt/fdf kfg{ ;Sb}gf}+ .

o;sf/0f xxfn}sf] 36gfqmdn] g]kfnsf] of] jt{dfg l:yltaf/] xfdLn] klxn] klxn] ;f]Rg] u/]sf] h:tf] geO{ c;+oldt eP/ ;f]Rg afWo u/fPsf] 5 . klxn] klxn] xfdLn] cfkm\g} tl/sfn] w}o{ eP/ d}qLk"0f{ ?kn] s] ug'{k5{ / s] ug'{ x'Fb}g egL sl7gfOx?nfO{ b]vfpFb} ;Nnfx lbg] u/]sf lyof+} t/ To;af6 vf;} s'g} kl/0ffd lg:s]g .Ú

…ca t jt{dfg l:ylt k}bf ePsf] 5 / ;bgnfO{ yfxf g} 5 ls clxn] g]kfnsf /fhf lbNnLd} x'g'x'G5 / b'O{ hgf dGqLx? cyjf egf}+ g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;b:ox? klg clxn] lbNnLd} x'g'x'G5 / pxfFx?;Fu xfd|f] s'/fsfgL eO/x]sf] 5 .Ú

…km]l/ klg xfdLn] g]kfn ;/sf/ / oxfF cfpg'ePsf dGqLx?nfO{ s] eGof}+ eg] xfdL c? ;a} s'/f eGbf klg alnof] k|ultzLn, :jfwLg g]kfnsf] rfxgf ub{5f}+ . jf:tjdf k|fyldstfsf] lx;fan] d}n] eGg'kbf{ xfd|f] d'Vo cfjZostf xfd|f] dfq xf], ljZjs} cfjZostf klg clxn]nfO{ g]kfndf zflGt / :yfloTj x'g' xf] . olt s'/f eGbfeGb} d s] s'/f yKg rfxG5' eg] k"0f{ ?kn] klxn]s} Joj:yfdf kmls{P/ g]kfndf zflGt / :yfloTj x'g ;Sb}g eGg] xfdL ljZj:t 5f}+ . of] lgisif{sf] s'/f xf], rfxgfsf] s'/f xf]Og . ;DejtM l:yltsf] 1fg x'g] s'g} klg

dfgjLo ;b:o cfkm}+n] dx;'; ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 ls ca k"/} k'/fgf] cj:yfdf kms{g ;Dej 5}g .Ú

…d}n] elgxfn]+, xfdL ToxfF zflGt / :yfloTj cfcf];\ eg]/ pT;'s 5f}+ . To;sf/0f xfd|f] ;Nnfxsf] s'g} d"No x'G5 eg] xfdLn] ToxfF s'g} 7"nf] pynk'yn cfpg glbg[] lsl;dn] ;Nnfx lbg] k|oTg u/]sf 5f}+ . xfdLn] To:tf] Pp6f af6f] kQf nufpg vf]h]sf 5f}+ h;nfO{ tkfO{+x? dWod dfu{ eGg ;Sg'x'G5 h'g af6f]n] g]kfnsf] k|ultnfO{ ;'lglZrt kf5{ / h'g af6f]n] g]kfndf k|hftflGqs k|0ffnL :yfkgf u5{ jf To; lbzflt/ cln cufl8 a9fpF5 / ;fy} k'/fgf] Joj:yfnfO{ k"0f{ ?kn] vtd klg ub}{g . xfdL To; k|sf/sf] s'g} af6f] rfxG5f+} / xfdLn] oL s'/fx?sf] ;'emfj lbof}+ / g]kfn;DaGwL xfd|f] egfO klg oxL g} xf] .Ú

…Pp6f csf]{ klg s'/f 5 / Tof] xf] g]kfnsf] /fhfsf] ;DaGwdf clxn] lgs} s'/f rln/x]sf] 5 / of] /fhfnfO{ dfGg] ls Tof] /fhfnfO{ dfGg] eGg] af/]df cvaf/x?df klg lgl:s/x]sf] 5 . o;af/]sf] tYo s] xf] eg] xfdL ;/sf/df k'u]sf] nuQ} xfd|f] /fhb"t ToxfF hfg] lalQs} pgL :jfefljsd ?kn] g} /fhfsxfF uP .Ú

…xfdLn] /fhfnfO{ dfGotf lbOg} /x]sf 5f}+ / ca xfdLn] To;f] gug'{ kg]{ xfdL;Fu s'g} sf/0f 5}g / xfdL dfGotf lbOg} /xg] kIfdf 5f+} .Ú

…xfdL w}o{zLn ;/sf/ 5f+} / ;fob slxn]sfxLF t a9L g} w}o{zLn eP5f}+ Sof/] . xfdLn] d}qLk"0f{ ?kn] s'/fsfgLåf/f af6f] lgsfNg] s8f k|of; ul//x]sf 5f}+ .Ú

…t/ xfdL s] 7fG5f}+ eg] lgs6 eljiodf s'g} af6f] kQf gnfuL s'/f nlDaFb} uof] eg] g]kfnsf] lglDt /fd|f] x'g] 5}g / To;af6 ;fob aLrsf] af6f] lgsfNg klg a9L g} sl7gfO x'g hfg]5 .Ú

-ef/tsf] kfln{ofd]G6df l8;]Da/ ^, !(%) sf] lbg lbOPsf] k+= hjfx/nfn g]x?sf] efif0fsf c+zx?_

!%= g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] k|yd /fli6«o ;Dd]ng–#

n zDe'/fd >]i7

:jf:Yo

d]jf Ps :jflbi6 tyf kf]if0fn] el/k"0f{ kmn xf] eGg] s'/fdf s;}sf] klg b'O{ dt x'g;Qm}g . t/ d]jfleq x'g] o;sf lapx? cem} nfebfos tyf :jf:Yoa4{s x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L xfdLx?dWo] yf]/}nfO{ dfq x'g;S5 . cfh l8;Lg]kfn tkfO{+x?nfO{ d]jfsf] lap ;]jg ugf{n] x'g;Sg] kmfO{bfx?sf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpFb} 5 .

d]jfsf] lap ;]jg ugf{n] x'g] kmfObfx?

!= sn]hf] ;DaGwL /f]udfd]jfsf] lapdf pknAw kf]if0f tTjn] sn]hf]df

nfu]sf] l;/f]l;; eGg] /f]uaf6 ;xh} 5'6sf/f lbnfpF5 . l;/f]l;; eGg] /f]u cTolws /lS; ;]jg af6 x'G5 . d]jfsf] %-^ j6f ;'s]sf] lap lng'xf];\ / o;nfO{ l;nf}6f]df lkGg'xf];\ .

cj of] w'nf]nfO{ sfutLsf] /; ;lxtsf] Ps Unf; kfgL jf h';df ld;fP/ b}lgs Ps dlxgf ;Dd ;]jg ug{'xf];\ . l;/f]l;; /f]u cfk;]cfk lgsf] eP/ hfG5 . d]jfsf] lap ;]jg ugf{n] sn]hf] alnof] x'g'sf ;fy} sn]hf]df s'g} klg k|sf/sf] ;+qmd0f x'gkfpFb}g .

@= ls6f0f' gf;sd]jfsf] lap ;]jg ugf{n] z/L/df ;+qmd0f x'g

kfpFb}g / o;n] km'8 KjfOhlgª h:tf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;xh} gfsfd agfpF5 . o;sf] ;]jg ugf{n] Hj/f] ;d]t nfUg kfpFb}g .

#= SofG;/d]jfsf] lap ;]jg ugf{n] z/L/df sofG;/sf]

sf]lzsf / 6\o"d/ lasl;t x'gkfpFb}g . d]jfsf] lapdf k|fKt u'0fn] sf]ng, :tg, kmf]S;f], No's]ldof / k|f]:6]6 SofG;/ /f]ux?sf] la?4df sfd u5{ .

$= kml6l{\n6L -k|hgg_cg';Gwfgn] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] d]jfsf] lap

;]jg ugf{n] z/L/df s'g} klg c;/ gk'of{O{ ;'qmls6 pTkfbg lgoldt x'G5 . cfo'j]{b tyf 3/]n' pkrf/ ;DaGwL hgsf/L ePsf dlxnfx? lk|ug]G;L /Iffsf nflu d]jfsf] lap ;]jg u5{g\ . cg';Gwfgn] ;d]t b]vfO{ ;s]sf] 5 d]jfsf] lap ;]jg ugf{n] k'?ifsf] ;'qmls6 pTkfbg Ifdtf lgoldt x'g] / dlxnfsf] lk|ug]G;L /Iffdf nfebfos x'g] tYo .

%= z/L/ ;'lgPsf] lgsf] x'G5cfy{/fO6L;, hf]gL{ ;DaGwL /f]ux?, z/L/

;'lgPsf], z/L/ bb{ tyf 5fnfdf x'g] /ftf]kgf h:tf ;d:ofx? d]jfsf] lap ;]jg ugf{n] ;~rf] x'G5 .

^= ls8\gL ;DaGwL ;d:ofx?kfls:tfgsf] s/fFrL ljZjljWofndf ul/Psf]

Ps cg';Gwfg cg';f/ d]jfsf] lap k|of]u ugf{n] ls8\gL hGo /f]ux? ;xh} lgsf] ePsf] b]lvof] . kfls:tfg nufotsf Pl;ofsf sltko 7fpFdf kfs]sf] d]jfnfO{ pQd kmnsf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/G5 . clg d]jfsf] lapnfO{ klg plQs} kf}li6s cfxf/sf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/G5 . tkfO{+ klg d]jf tyf d]jfsf] lap k|of]u u/]/ :j:y hLjg Joltt ug{'xf];\ eGg] xfd|f] sfdgf .

d]jf vfg'sf kmfObfd]jfdf le6dlg P kfOG5 . udL{ df};ddf

d]jfsf] ;]jg cd[t ;dfg x'G5 . o;n] ljleGg /f]u ;+u n8\g] Ifdftf k|wfg u5{ . o:tf 5g\ d]jf ;]jgaf6 x'g] kmfObfx?

!= d]jfsf] lgoldt ;]jgn] sn]hf]nfO{ :j:y /fVg'sf ;fy} 5fnfnfO{ klg ;'Gb/ tyf :j:y /fVg d2t u5{ .

@= d]jfsf] laofFdf lhjf0f' k|lt/f]wL u'0f x'G5 . d]jfsf] laofF lkFw]/ 3fpdf nufpFbf 3fpdf yk ;+qmd0f x'g lbb}g / 3fp l56} lgsf] x'G5 .

#= d]jfdf k|z:t dfqfdf le6fldg P kfOg] ePsf]n] o;sf] lgoldt ;]jgn] cfFvf t]lhnf] agfpF5 . ;fy} o;n] /utnfO{ ;kmf klg agfpF5 .

$= hlG8;sf la/fdLn] d]jfsf] lgoldt ;]jg ugf{n] kmfObfhgs x'sf ;fy} o;n] sn]hf]nfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg d2t klg u5{ .

%= d]jf ahf/df ;xh ?kdf kfOg] / ufpF3/df klg ;xh} kmnfpg ;lsg] ;:tf] kmn klg xf] . d]jfdf le6fldg aL klg kof{Kt kfOG5 .

^= o;n] z/L/df kmf]lns Pl;8, tyf le6fldg aL sf ljleGg ?kx?sf] ;/L/df sdL x'g lbFb}g .

&= o;df kof{Kt kmfOa/ kfOg] ePsfn] slAhot tyf cGo kfrg k|lqmof ;DalGw ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ d2t u5{ .

*= d]jfsf] lgoldt ;]jgn] z/L/df /f]uk|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf a9fpF5 .

d]jfn] lgsf] kfg]{ /f]ud]jf Sofl/s];L kl/jf/df kg]{ Ps k|sf/sf]

kmn xf] . cGo kmnkm"nsf] t'ngfdf d]jf lgs} :j:y kmn dflgG5 . of] kmn k]6 tyf d'6' b'a}sf] nflu lgs} nfebfoL x'G5. of] ahf/df ;xh ?kdf kfOg] / ufpF3/df klg ;xh} kmnfpg ;lsg] ;:tf] kmn klg xf]] . d]jf b]Vg / vfgdf hlt dL7f] x'G5 of] TolQs} u'0fsf/L klg x'G5.

!= bfb cfPdfsfFrf] d]jfsf] 6'qmf sf6]/ bfbdf lgoldt

nufpg] u/] bfb cfPsf] l7s x'G5 . t/ af;L d]jf eg] k|of]u ug{' x'Fb}g .

@= lha|f] km'6]dfsfFrf] d]jfsf] b"wdf lunl;l/g ld;fP/

lha|f]df ljxfg/j]n'sf bNg] u/] s]xL lbgdf l7s x'G5 .

#= cNsfO{ ePdfsfFrf] d]jf tf5]/ lgoldt lbgdf $/% 6'qmf

;]jg ug]{ u/]df cNsfO{ a9\g kfpFb}g / lgsf] x'Fb} hfG5 .

$= 8+8Lkmf]/ / rfFof ePdfsfFrf] d]jfsf] 6'qmf lgoldt a]n'sf cg'xf/df

s]xL ;do bn]/ d'v w'g] u/]df 8+8Lkmf]/ / rfFof lgsf] x'Fb} hfG5 .

%= 3fF6Lleqaf6 ;'lgPdfsfFrf] d]jfsf] 6'qmf ksfP/ kfgLn] uf/un

u/]df @/# lbgdf l7s x'G5 .

^= sf]n:6]/f]ndfclws dfqfdf kmfOa/ kfOg] ePsfn] o;n]

/utsf] sf]n:6]/f]n dfqf 36fp5 . o;df ePsf] OGhfOdn] sf]n:6]/f]nsf] clS;8fOh];gaf6 /f]S5, h;af6 Åbof3ft x'g] ;Defjgf sd x'G5 .

&= rfp/Ldfd]jfdf ePsf] PlG6clS;8]G6n] pd]/ cufj}

5fnf rfp/L kg]{ ;d:ofaf6 d'lQm ldN5. o;n] dflg;nfO{ o'jf agfO/fV5 .

*= k]6sf] ;d:ofdfd]jfsf] laofF k]6sf] /f]usf nflu cf}iflwsf]

?kdf k|of]u x'G5 . o;n] k]6sf h'sf tyf k/hLjLnfO{ df5{ .

(= slG:6k];gdfd]jf slG:6k];gsf nflu cr"s cf}iflw

xf] . o;n] vfgfnfO{ k|fs[lts ?kdf krfpg d2t u5{ .

!)= dnåf/;+aGwL ;d:ofdfd]jfsf] h'; dnåf/sf] ;+qmd0f x6fpg sfd

nfU5 . t/, pkrf/sf nflu o;sf] lgoldt k|of]u ug{'k5{ .

!!= tf}n 36fpgpRr kf]if0f / Go'g Sofnf]/L x'g] ePsfn]

tf}n 36fpg rfxg]sf nflu d]jf lgs} nfebfoL dflgG5 .

!@= laxfgLsf] jfsjfsLdfvf;u/L ue{jtL dlxnfdf laxfgkv b]lvg]

jfsjfsLsf] ;d:ofdf of] sfd nfU5. laxfg Pp6f ;fgf] 6'qmf d]jf vfgfn] jfsjfsL / c¿rL x6\5.

!#= xf8hf]gL{hnglznlj?4sf OGhfOd x'g] ePsfn]

o;n] b'vfO{ sd ug{ d2t k'of{p5, vf;u/L cfy{/fOl6;, cf]l:6of]kf]/f]l;; ePsf la/fdLdf of] nfebfoLdflgG5 . o;df SofG;/;+u n8\g] Ifdtf klg x'G5 .

!$= k|lt/f]wL Ifdtfj[l4dfof] le6fldg P / le6fldg ;L sf] e08f/ g}

xf], o;n] z/L/sf] /f]uk|lt/f]wL Ifdtfdf j[l4 u5{, vf;u/L Hj/f], ?3fvf]sL eO/xg] la/fdLnfO{ of] sfd nfU5 .

!%= :ofDk'sf] ?kdfd]jfsf tTj ld;fOPsf] :ofDk' rfof x6fpg

lgs} nfesf/L x'G5 .!^= /h:jnf clgoldt ePsf]dfd]jfsf] lgoldt ;]jgn] dlxnfsf] dfl;s

wd{nfO{ klg lgoldt agfp5.!&= sn]hf]sf] SofG;/dfo;n] SofG;/sf] sf]ifsf] j[l4df l9nf u/fp5

/ sn]hf]nfO{ arfp5.!*= ue{lg/f]wsefn] n+u'/df ul/Psf] Ps cWoogn] d]jfdf

uel{\g/f]ws Ifdtf klg ePsf] kfOPsf] 5. To;}n] k'?ifn] d]jf k|of]u u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;xjf; ePsfdf tTsfn ue{ /xg] ;Defjgf sd x'G5.

!(= lduf}{nfsf] ;d:ofdfljif;]jgsf sf/0f lduf}{nf km]n ePsf]

cj:yfdf d]jfn] k'gM k"/fg} cj:yfdf kmsf{pg d2t u5{ . o;df ePsf PlG6clS;8]G6 / clS;8]l6en] lduf}{nfnfO{ km]n x'gaf6 arfp5 .

@)= 8]+u'd]jfsf] kftsf] h';n] 8]+u'sf] Hj/f]nfO{ ;d]t

/f]syfd ug]{ 5 . d]jfsf] kftsf] h';n] z/L/df /utsf] Kn]6n]6df j[l4 u5{ . 8]+u" / dn]l/of ;Fu n8Þgdf d]jfsf] kftsf] h"; w]/} g} nfesf/L x'G5 . o;n] Hj/f]sf] sf/0f sd x'Fb} uPsf] Kn]6n]6\;nfO{ a9fpg'sf ;fy} z/L/df sdhf]/L x'g lbb}Fg .

d]jf hlts} nfebfos d]jfsf] kftsf] h";d]jf vfg'n] xfd|f] :jf:YonfO{ w]/} kmfObf x'G5

h'g s'/f xfdLn] of] eGbf dfly rrf{ ul/;s]sf 5f} t/, d]jfsf] kftsf] h"; lj/n} s;}n] lkPsf] ;'lgG5 .

d]jfsf] kftsf] h"; obL tkfO{n] lkpg' ePsf] 5 eg] /fd|f] xf] / obL lkpg' ePsf] 5}g\ eg] ca lkpg yfNg';\ . lsgsL d]jf vfg'sf] ;fy} d]jfsf] kftsf] h";n] w]/} k|sf/sf /f]ux?af6 5'6\sf/f kfpg ;lsG5 . obL tkfO{ hLjge/ :j:y /xg rfxg'x'G5 eg] cfˆgf] lgoldt 8fO6df d]jfsf] h";nfO{ ;xeflu u/fpg ;Sg' x'G5 .

!= /utsf] sdLdf nfebfosd]jfsf] kftsf] h"; cf}iflw eGbf sd x'Fb}g .

obL tkfO{sf] /utdf Kn]6n]6\; sd x'Fb}5 eg] d]jfsf] kftsf] h"; lkpg ;Sg' x'G5 . d]jfsf] kftsf] h"; tkfO{ b}lgs b'O{ rDdrf ltg dlxgf;Dd lkpg'eof] eg] tkfO{sf] /utdf Kn]6n]6\;sf] dfqf rfF8} g} a9]/ hfG5 .

@= OGkm]Szgaf6 arfpF5z/L/sf] ODo"lg6LnfO{ a9fpg'sf ;fy} d]jfsf]

kftsf] h";n] z/L/df JofS6]l/ofsf] pTkfbgnfO{ /f]Sgdf klg d2t u5{ . o;n] /utdf ;]tf] /Qm sf]lifsf -JxfO{6 Jn8 ;]N;_ / Kn]6n]6\;nfO{ klg a9fpgdf d2t u5{ .

#= dlxgfjf/Lsf] ;do b'vfO{af6 arfpF5dlxgfjf/Lsf] ;do x'g] b'vfO{ w]/} g} vt/gfs

x'G5 / o; cj:yfdf x'g] b'vfO{df d]jfsf] kftsf] h";df OdnL, g"g / @ lunf; kfgL ld;fP/ sf9Þf agfpg] . To;kl5 Tof] sf9fnfO{ ;]nfP/ lkpgfn] b'vfO{df /fxt k|fKt x'G5 .

$= SofG;/ sf]ifnfO{ a9\g lbb}Fgd]jfsf] kftdf SofG;/;Fu n8\g] u'0f

x'G5 . h;n] ODo"lg6LnfO{ a9fpgdf d2t u5{ , / ;ef{Osn SofG;/, :tg SofG;/ h:tf SofG;/sf sf]ifx?nfO{ pTkGg x'gaf6 hf]ufpF5 .

d]jfsf] lap slt pkof]uL <

jif{ * c+s *, @)&^ ;fn h]7 @$ ut] z'qmaf/

u|]6/ g]kfn %%ljZj÷ljljw

o;/L ul/Psf] lyof] dxfTdf ufGwLsf] xTof

lji0f' e§/fO{

lbNnLsf] sf]g6 Kn];l:yt dl/gf xf]6nsf] 7\ofSs} cufl8 Pp6f dl:hbdf dul/asf] gdfh cyf{t\ ;GWofsfnLg k|fy{gf ;'¿ x'g nfu]sf] 5 . oltj]nf /dhfg rln/x]sf] 5 . s]xL ;dokl5 /f]hf vf]lng]5 cyf{t\ j|t ;dfkg ul/g]5 . dl/gf xf]6nsf] Pp6f sf]7faf6 Ps JolQmn] dl:hbsf] rxnkxn x]l//x]sf 5g\ . tL JolQmnfO{ of] s'/f yfxf 5}g ls ;g\ !($* sf] hgj/L !& df lbNnLdf l7lx¥ofpg] lr;f] ePsf] j]nf o;} xf]6ndf -h;nfO{ clxn] ofl{\8;g An" dl/gf xf]6n elgG5_ gfy'/fd uf]8] / gf/fo0f cfK6]gfdsf JolQm a:g cfPsf lyP .

;do laxfgsf] !! ah]eGbf cl3sf] lyof] . b'j} hgfn] P; b]zkf08] / P;Pg b]zkf08]sf] gfddf xf]6nsf sf]7f a's u/fPsf lyP . To;j]nf clxn]sf] h:tf] xf]6ndf sf]7f a's u/fpFbf cfˆgf] kl/ro v'nfpg] s'g} k|df0f b]vfpg'kb}{gYof] . h] gfddf klg xf]6nsf] sf]7f a's u/fpg ;lsGYof] . tL b'j} hgf ljdfg:ynaf6 !% b]lv @) ldg]6df sfnf] / kx]Fnf] /+usf] 6\ofS;Laf6 sgf]6 Kn]; k'u] xf]nfg\ . pgLx¿ cna'ss{ /f]8 -h;nfO{ clxn] #) hgj/L dfu{ elgG5_ eP/ xf]6n uPsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] lyof] . Tolt g} j]nf ufGwLnfO{ cgzg tf]8\g nufpg la8nf xfp;tkm{ xhf/f}F dflg; hfFb} u/]sf] tL b'O{ hgfn] b]v]sf] x'g'k5{ .

vf;df cfK6] / uf]8;] ufGwLsf] xTof ug]{ eofgs of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ lbNnL k'u]sf lyP . pgLx¿nfO{ xf]6nsf] klxnf] tNnfdf /x]sf] $) g+= sf]7f pknAw ePsf] lyof] . d'DaO{af6 ljdfgdf cfPsf pgLx¿ ;kmb/h+u ljdfg:yndf cf]ln{Psf lyP eg] pgLx¿sf afFsL ;fyL /]naf6 lbNnL cfO/x]sf lyP . ;g\ !($* sf] hgj/L !@ df ufGwLn] cgzg yfNg

nfu]sf] ha cfK6] / uf]8;]n] yfxf kfP, To;}j]nf g} pgLx¿n] ufGwLsf] xTof ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf lyP . pgLx¿nfO{ ufGwLsf] cgzg lrQ a'em]sf] lyPg .

ufGwLsf sfG5f] 5f]/f b]jbf; ufGwLsL 5f]/L tyf n]lvsf ;'sGof e/t /fd elG5G, …ufGwLn] lbNnLdf !($* sf] hgj/L !# df lsg cgzg ;'? u/] eg]/ cfK6], uf]8;] / pgLx¿sf ;fyL ¿i6 x'g'sf] Pp6f sf/0f lyof] . …lbNnLdf d'l:ndx¿ dfl/Fb} lyP, pgLx¿sf ;DklQ n'l6Fb} lyof] / lx+;f tyf cfuhgL /f]lsg] s'g} 5fF6sfF6 g} b]lvO/x]sf] lyPg . cGTodf b+uf lgoGq0fsf nflu g}lts bafj l;h{gf ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy ufGwLn] cgzg ;'¿ ug]{ lg0f{o hgj/L !@ df u/]sf lyP .Ú Toltj]nf lxGb':tfg 6fOD;sf ;Dkfbs /x]sf ufGwLsf 5f]/f b]jbf; ufGwLn] cfˆgf a'jfnfO{ cgzg ga:g ;'emfPsf lyP . cfK6], uf]8;] / pgLx¿sf ;fyLx¿ ¿i6 x'g'sf] csf]{

sf/0f lyof], ;/sf/L ;DklQ ef/t / kfls:tfgaLr afF8kmfF6 ul/g' .

;/sf/L vhfgfdf /x]sf] /sd klg afF8kmfF6 ul/of] . kfls:tfgsf] lx:;fdf &% s/f]8 ¿k}ofF cfof] . ;'¿df kfls:tfgnfO{ @) s/f]8 lbOof] . afFsL /Xof] %% s/f]8 ¿k}ofF . ufGwL afFsL /sd klg kfls:tfgnfO{ cljnDa lbOof];\ eGg] rfxGy] . ufGwLsf] of] s'/f uf]8;];lxt pgsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ dg k/]sf] lyPg .

cfK6] / uf]8;]nfO{ afFsL ;fyLx¿sf] k|tLIff lyof] . ;fFem kgf{;fy pgLx¿sf ;fyL dbgnfn kfxjf, lji0f' s/s/] / uf]kfn uf]8;] dl/gf

xf]6n k'u] . pgLx¿ XofG8lu|g]8, 6fOd ad / k]:tf]n lnP/ lbNnL cfPsf lyP .

…lk|m8d P6 ld8 gfO6Ú df n]vsåo 8f]ldlgs NoflkP/ / Nof/L sf]lnG;n] n]v]cg';f/ ufGwLsf] xTofaf/] of]hgf agfO/xFbf s/s/] / cfK6]n] dlb/f dufP . uf]8;]n] dlb/fkfg ub}{gy] . pgL skmLk|]dL lyP . pgn] dl/gf xf]6ndf k6sk6s skmL dufO/xGy] .

hgj/L @) df k|fy{gf;efsf qmddf ufGwLdfly ad cfqmd0f ug]{ of]hgf dl/gf xf]6ndf aGof] . o;aLrdf of]hgfdf ;xefuL ;a}n] la8nf xfp;af/] a'lem/x] . pgLx¿n] la8nf xfp;nfO{ lgu/fgLdf /fv]sf lyP . lgwf{l/t lbg cfof] . gfy'/fd uf]8;], uf]kfn uf]8;], gf/fo0f cfK6], lji0f' s/s/] / dbgnfn kfxjf 6\ofS;L lnP/ la8nf xfp; k'u] . la8nf xfp;df dbgnfn kfxjfn] lj:kmf]6 u/fP . kl5 yfxf eof] ls Pp6f ef/td} lgld{t ad lyof] h;df

7"nf] Iflt k'¥ofpg] Ifdtf lyPg . Tof] lj:kmf]6 u/fPsf]df dbgnfn kfxjfnfO{ kqmfp ul/of] . pgLx¿ ;a} ufGwLsf] Hofg lng pBt lyP . klxnf ufGwLsf] k|fy{gf;efdf ad xfGg] pgLx¿sf] nIo lyof] . To;kl5 ToxfF efubf}8 dlRrPkl5 ufGwLdfly uf]nL k|xf/ ug]{ of]hgf lyof] .

kfxjf / lji0f' s/s/] klxn] la8nf xfp; k'lu;s]sf lyP . afFsLnfO{ lnP/ 6\ofS;L rfns ;'/lht l;+x ToxfF k'u] . kl5 tLg} ;'/lht l;+x ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 aofg lbg ;xdt eP . dbgnfn kfxjf ToxfF Pp6f kmf]6f]u|fkm/sf ¿kdf

k'u]sf lyP . lj:kmf]6kl5 pgsf ;fyL ToxfFaf6 efu] .

Tolt eofjx 36gfkl5 la8nf xfp;sf] ;'/Iff Joj:yf s8f agfOg'kYof]{ . t/, s] To:tf] s'g} k|of; ePsf] b]lvPg . olb To:tf] k|of; ul/Psf] eP ufGwL dfl/g] lyPgg\ . csf]{tkm{ klxnf] k|of;df ;kmntf gkfPkl5 klg uf]8;] / cfK6] !) lbgleq bf];|f]k6s aDaO{af6 lbNnL cfP .

hgj/L @) kl5 b'j} hgf aDaO{ kms]{sf lyP . k|x/L sf/afxLdf kg{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] pgLx¿ dl/gf xf]6n uPgg\ . pgLx¿n] k'/fgf] lbNnLsf] /]Nj] :6]zgsf] k|tLIffnonfO{ ;'/lIft

b]v] . uf]8;]n] gf/fo0f cfK6];Fu ToxL /ft latfP .

hgj/L @& df ufGwL ;"kmL alVtof/ sfsLsf] ;dflw:yn hfg] ;"rgf pgLx¿nfO{ k|fKt eof] . ;f] wfld{s :yndf b+uf ug]{x¿n] Iflt k'ofPsf lyP h;af6 ufGwL ddf{xt lyP . Tof] ufGwLsf] hLjgsf] clGtd sfo{qmd lyof] . Tof] sfo{qmdaf/] yfxf kfPkl5 pgLx¿sf] /ut plDnof] .

Toltj]nf lji0f' s/s/] klg uf]8;] / cfK6];Fu} lyP . Oltxf;sf/ lbnLk l;ldog eG5G, …ufGwL pQm wfld{s:yn k'u]kl5 pgnfO{ t'¿Gt} dfg{'kg]{ pgLx¿sf] dgzfo b]lvof] . hgj/L #) sf] Tof] sfnf] lbg lyof] . Tof] lbg pgLx¿n] ufGwLsf] xTof ug{' lyof] . ufGwLdfly gfy'/fd uf]8;]n] uf]nL xfGg] of]hgf lyof] .

ufGwLsf] clGtd lbgsf Ps–Ps If0faf/] v'nf;f ug]{ kqsf/ l:6eg dkmL{ n]V5G, …hgj/L @) sf] xdnfkl5 la8nf xfp;df #) hgf k|x/L t}gfy ul/Psf] lyof] . g]x¿ / k6]nsf] cfu|xnfO{ ufGwLn] klg :jLsf/] . t/ uf]8;]n] ufGwLdfly uf]nL xfGg] j]nf pgL;Fu ;fbf kf];fsdf x'g] k|x/L PkL efl6of cg'kl:yt x'G5g\ .Ú

…Tof] lbg efl6ofnfO{ ;'/Iffdf cGoq v6fOG5 . pgsf] ;§f ufGwLsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu csf{ ;'/IffsdL{ x'Fb}gg\ . ufGwL;Fu eO/xg] ;xof]uL u'¿jrg l;+x klg To; lbg x'Fb}gg\ .Ú

Pp6f k|Zg of] klg lyof] ls Toltj]nf la8nf xfp;leq s;}n] ;lhn} k|j]z kfpg ;Sy] < s] ToxfF

l5g]{af/] ;f]wvf]h ul/Fb}gYof] < la8nf xfp;sf] ;'/Iffdf t}gfy ;'/IffsdL{n] s] uy]{ <

efl6ofnfO{ hgj/L #) df s;n] / lsg cGoq v6fP < s] oL k|Zgsf pQ/ ca s;}n] lbFb}g < xf], hgj/L #) df rfFbgL rf]s If]qdf ;kmfOsdL{x¿n] 7"nf] k|bz{g ul//x]sf lyP . h;sf sf/0f w]/} ;'/IffsdL{nfO{ ToxfF k7fOPsf] lyof] .

slxF efl6of rfFbgL rf]sd} t lyPgg < cyf{t\ ufGwLnfO{ dg{ lbg PSn} 5fl8Psf] lyof] . h:tf k|Zgx¿ klg p7]sf x'g\ . cem b'Mvsf] s'/f t s] 5 eg] ;fFem laxfg ufGwL;Fu /xg] pgsL lghL lrlsT;s ;'zLnf g}o/ klg Tof] lbg pgL;Fu lyOgg\ . pgL kfls:tfg uPsL lyOg\ .

ufGwLnfO{ uf]nL xflgPsf] s]xL a]/kl5 8f= l8kL efu{j / 8f= hLjfhL d]xtf 36gf:yn k'u]sf lyP . 8f= d]xtfn] g} ufGwLnfO{ d[t 3f]lift u/]sf lyP . …b nfOkm ckm dxfTdf ufGwLÚ k':tsdf n'O{ lkmz/ n]V5g, …g]x¿ klg tTsfn la8nf xfp; k'u] . pgL /utn] ntkltPsf] ufGwLsf] zj;Fu 6fFl;P/ /f]O/x]sf lyP .Ú …To;kl5 ufGwLsf sfG5f] 5f]/f b]jbf; ufGwL, lzIffdGqL df}nfgf ca'n snfd chfb klg la8nf xfp; k'u] .Ú

ufGwL xTofsf08sf k|d'v b'O{ cleo'QmnfO{ kmfF;Lsf] ;hfo lbOof] eg] afFsLnfO{ hGds}b lbOof] . pQm lbgnfO{ ef/tLox¿ sfnf] lbgsf ¿kdf lng] u5{g\ .

ko{6g

g]kfndf ljZjn] cb\e"t dfGg] w/f]x?, k|fs[lts s]Gb| / wfld{s w/f]x/ /x]sf 5g\ . s~rgk'/sf] a]bsf]6 gu/kflnsf $ r'/]sf] km]bLd} /x]sf] lzjlnË]Zj/ -lnËf_ If]q oxL cb\e"tdWo]sf] Ps xf] .

oxfF canf]sgsf nflu k'Ug] ko{6sf] ;+Vof a9\bf] 5 . ljZjel/sf lxGb'x? ToxfF k'u]/ bz{g ug]{ ub{5g\ . x'g t g /fd|/L uf8L u'8g] ;8s 5, g k|rf/k|;f/df hf]8\g} lbOPsf] 5 t}klg xhf/f}+ dflg;x? k'lu/x]sf 5g\ . ;fgf] vf]nfsf] lsgf/fd} ljleGg df6f]sf cgf}7f cfs[lt lgofNgsf nflu oxfF cfGtl/s / afXo ko{6ssf] 3'OFrf] nfUg] u/]sf] 5 .

df6f]sf cgf}7f cfs[lt;Fu} ;]NkmL lngsf nflu ko{6s o; If]qdf k'Ug] u/]sf 5g\ . ko{6ssf] ;'ljwfsf nflu gu/kflnsfn] ;]NkmL KjfOG6sf] lgdf{0f u/]kl5 of] If]q ko{6ssf] cfsif{s uGtJo aGg k'u]sf] 5 .

6f9faf6 n:s/} dlGb/x?sf] zx/ h:tf] b]lvg] df6f]sf cfs[ltnfO{ glhs uP/ lgofNbf s'g} snfsf/n] df6f]sf] kxf8nfO{ lr/]/ ljleGg cfs[ltdf vf]nfsf] lsgf/fdf k|bz{gsf nflu /fv]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . Ps k6s o; If]qsf] canf]sgsf nflu k'u]sf] JolQm o; If]qsf] k|fs[lts snfs[ltsf] j0f{g u/]/ yfSb}gg\ . :j:km't{ ?kdf o; If]qn] ko{6s tfGg yfn]sf] 5 .

9'Ëfn] el/Psf] kyl/nf] ;8sdf ;jf/L ;fwfg u'8fpFb} o; If]qsf]

cjnf]sgsf nflu b}lgs b'O{ ;o a9L cfGtl/s / afXo ko{6sx? k'Ug] ub{5g . k|s[ltsf] cg'kd b[ZonfO{ Sofd]/f / df]afOndf s}b u/L ;fdflhs ;~hfnx?df /fVg] sfo{n] ;d]t ljut b'O{ jif{ otfb]lv rrf{ kfPkl5 o; If]qn] ;kmntf xfl;n u/]sf] lzIfs /f3j cj:yLn] atfP .

6f9faf6 b[Zo lgofNbf 9'ªufnfO{ 7fpF 7fpFdf l7Ë pEofOlbP h:tf] cg'ej x'g] o; If]qsf] glhs uP/

x]bf{ df6f]af6 ag]sf] kxf8sf cfs[lt b]Vbf hf]sf]xL klg cfZro{df kg]{ u/]sf] 5 . o; If]qn] ko{6sLo If]qsf ?kdf rrf{ a6'Ng yfn]kl5 rnlrq / Do'lhs lel8of]sf] 5fof+sgsf] sfo{ ug{sf nflu of] If]q /f]hfO{df kg{ yfn]sf] 5 . :yflgo afl;Gbfsf cg';f/ oxfF b}lgs b'O{ j6f Do'lhs lel8of] / rnlrqsf] 5fof+sgsf] sfo{ x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

o; If]qnfO{ :yflgo afl;Gbfn] wfld{s If]qsf ?kdf ;d]t lng] u/]sf

5g . lzjlnË]Zj/ If]qsf ?kdf o; If]qn] wfld{s dfGotf kfPsf] 5 . :yflgo && jifL{o lj/fbQ e§ lzjlnË If]qdf eujfg lzjsf] af; /x]sfn] bQlrQ ?kn] o; If]qdf k""hf u/] dgn] lrtfPsf] k"0f{ x'g] atfpF5g\ .

df6f]sf ljleGg cfs[lt ePsf 7fpF glhs}sf] vf]nfdf lj=;+ @)@& ;fndf :yflgo afl;Gbfn] s'nf] vGbf kfgL s'g} klg xfntdf s'nf]df gr9\g] ePkl5 eujfg lzjnfO{ :yflgon] £o';Fu eft vfg] / r9fpg] efsn u/]kl5 kfgL gx/df cfpg yfn]kl5 o; If]qn] wfld{s dfGotf kfPsf] pgn] atfP .

hfgsf/x?sf cg';f/ w]/} klxn] r'/] kj{t aiff{sf sf/0f lvOFbf r'g, sf]Onf / uGwsn] el/Psf] kxf8n] ljleGg cfs[ltsf] ?kdf lnPsf] xf] . xfn hlt aiff{ eP klg df6f]sf dl;gf df6f]sf cfsf;tkm{ kms]{sf ljleGg cfs[ltsf y'Dsfdf s'g} c;/ gkg]{ u/]sf] :yflgosf] egfO /x]sf] 5 . o; If]qdf lj=;+ @)@% ;fnb]lv a:tL a:g z'? ePkl5 kxf8sf cfs[lt xfn h'g cj:yfdf 5g\, ToxL cj:yfdf klxn] klg b]v]sf] a'9fkfsfx? atfpF5g\ .

a]bsf]6 gu/kflnsfn] ln+uf / a]bsf]6 tfnnfO{ hf]8]/ wfld{s ko{6sLo

If]q agfpg ;'? u/]sf] 5 . lnËfsf] ko{6g k|j4{gsf nflu bf];|f] gu/;ef ln+ufd} ul/Psf] lyof] . a]bsf]6sf gu/ k|d'v czf]ss'df/ rGbn] lnËfsf] wfld{s ko{6sLo ljsf;sf nflu ljz]if k|fyldstf lbOPsf] atfP . …lnËf / a]bsf]6nfO{ Pscfk;df hf]8]/ wfld{s ko{6sLo If]q agfpg] of]hgf 5,Ú gu/ k|d'v rGbn] eg], …o;sf nflu u'?of]hgf agfP/ hfG5f}+ .Ú

r'NnLuf8 vf]nfdf emf]n'Ë] k'n / lnËf;Dd kSsL ;8s k'¥ofpg] gu/kflnsfsf] of]hgf 5 . lnËf k|j]zsf nflu k|j]zåf/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . a]bsf]6 gu/kflnsfsf] b}hL rf}/fxfaf6 ;8s dfu{af6 wd{k'/ xF'b} ;ft lsnf]ld6/sf] ;8s to u/]kl5 o; If]qdf k'Ug ;lsG5 . xfn gu/kflnsfn] ko{6sLo If]q;Dd k'Ug] ;8ssf] :t/f]Ggltsf] sfo{ u/L ko{6sLo If]qdf dlGb/, d"lt{x? /fv]sf] 5 .

;]NkmL lvRg rfxg] ko{6ssf nflu ;]lNkm KjfOG6 ;d]t lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . gu/kflnsfsf cg';f/ Ps jif{sf] cjlwd} ln+ufdf k'Ug] ko{6ssf] ;+Vof $) xhf/ a9L /x]sf] 5 . cfGtl/s, l5d]sL b]z ef/t / t];|f] d'n'ssf ko{6s ;d]t oxfF k'u]sf 5g .

k'/} lzj ln+ux?sf] kxf8 -aLaL;Lsf] ;xof]udf_

hgj/L @) df k|fy{gf;efsf qmddf ufGwLdfly ad cfqmd0f ug]{ of]hgf dl/gf xf]6ndf aGof] . o;aLrdf of]hgfdf ;xefuL ;a}n] la8nf xfp;af/] a'lem/x] . pgLx¿n] la8nf xfp;nfO{ lgu/fgLdf /fv]sf lyP . lgwf{l/t lbg cfof] . gfy'/fd uf]8;], uf]kfn uf]8;], gf/fo0f cfK6], lji0f' s/s/] / dbgnfn kfxjf 6\ofS;L lnP/ la8nf xfp; k'u] . la8nf xfp;df dbgnfn kfxjfn] lj:kmf]6 u/fP .

jif{ * c+s *, @)&^ ;fn h]7 @$ ut] z'qmaf/

u|]6/ g]kfn ^

d]ifsfd ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt eP

klg k|ltkmn k|tLIff ug{'knf{ . c¿sf] e/kbf{ cfˆgf] sfd k|efjsf/L sfd gx'g ;S5 . kl/aGwn] ;d:of lgDTofpg] x'Fbf of]hgf uf]Ko /fv]/ cl3 a9\g'xf]nf . cfnf]rsx¿nfO{ klg Jojxf/n] ;d]6\g] k|of; ug{'xf]nf . ldlxg]t ubf{ lgoldt sfd ;Dkfbg x'g]5g\ . :jf:Yosf nflu cfxf/ljxf/df Wofg k'¥ofpg' xf]nf .

a[ifsfdsf] cj;/

k|fKt eP klg ljz]if e]63f6 / lzi6frf/n] cndNofpg ;S5 . tfklg k|an OR5fzlQmn] nIodf k'of{pg]5 . nugzLntfn] gofFgofF sfd ug]{ cj;/;d]t lbnfpg]5 . anhˆtL ug]{ afgLn] ;d:of lgDTofpnf . ljjfbf:kb sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{'kbf{ wg nfe eP klg cfTd;Ddfgdf afwf kg{ ;S5 . dgf]/~hgdf vr{ a9\g]5 .

ldy'gkl/l:yltn] cfF6]sf

sfddf afwf k'¥ofpg ;S5 . j}wflgs k|fjwfgn] s]xL cK7\of/f] kfg]{5 eg] clwsf/ ;'/Iff ug{ h'6\g'kg]{5 . ;fgfltgf sfdd} cNemg'kg]{5 eg] klxn]sf ;d:of bf]xf]l/g ;S5g\ . tfklg ldlxg]t ubf{ lgoldt sfd aGg]5g\ . yf]/} eP klg lbuf] sfd k|f/De x'g]5 . s]xL r'gf}tL b]lvP klg k|oTg ubf{ ;sf/fTds ;+s]t k|fKt x'g]5 .

ss{6k|oTg ubf{ lrtfPsf sfd

;Dkfbg x'g]5g\ . ;'vb ;dfrf/n] lbg pT;fxk"0f{ /xg]5 . cWoogsf] nufjn] af}l4s If]q km/flsnf] aGg]5 . ;xkf7Lx¿ kl5 kg]{5g\ . ldlxg]tn] k|ltli7t sfd ;Dkfbg ug]{ df}sf lbnfpg]5 . Jofkf/df w]/} kmfObf geP klg kz'kfng tyf s[lif If]qaf6 /fd|f] nfe ldNg]5 .

l;+xkl/j]z ;fdfGo /x] klg

dgsf] 8/n] eg] ;tfpg]5 . 7"nf JolQmx¿;Fu dte]b /xg]5 . tfklg aflx/ cfnf]rgf ug]{x¿n] Jojxf/df cj;/ k|bfg ug]{5g\ . kl/l:yltjz ;fdfGo sfddf a9L cndn x'g]5 . cfˆgf sdhf]/L aflxl/g] ;do ePsfn] uf]kgLotfdf Wofg k'of{pg'xf]nf . c¿sf] d'v gtfsL sd{of]udf nfUbf kmfObf p7fpg ;lsg]5 .

sGoflg0ff{os df]8df b'ljwf

pTkGg x'g] ;do /x]sfn] xtf/df lg0f{o glng'xf]nf . ;fyLefO;Fu c;dembf/L a9\gfn] klxn]sf] ;Demf}tf e+u x'g ;S5 . lgoldt sfd ;Dkfbg eP klg ;xof]uLx¿ kl5 x6\g ;S5g\ . cfF6]sf] sfddf klg s]xL Jojwfg x'g]5 . k|oTg ubf{ ef}lts ;fwg h'6fpg ;lsg]5 . ;]jfd"ns sfdn] k|lti7f eg] lbnfpg]5 .

t'nfldlxg]tn] ;Ddflgt :yfg

lbnfpg]5 . dfg-;Ddfg k|fKt x'g]5 . ;Dkflbt sfdaf6 wg nfe x'g]5 . cfDbfgLsf ;|f]t a9\g'sf ;fy} lbuf] kmfObf x'g] sfddf ;Demf}tf ug]{ ;do 5 . cWoogdf k|ult x'g]5 . af]nLsf] k|efj a9\g]5 eg] cleJolQm snfnfO{ lgvfg]{ cj;/ k|fKt x'g]5 . lrtfPsf] sfd ;Dkfbg x'g]5 . klxn]sf sdhf]/LnfO{ ;'wfg]{ df}sf 5 .

j[lZrsgofF sfdsf] k|:tfj cfpg]5

eg] ;fy lbg]x¿ a9\g]5g\ . /rgfTds sfd aGg'sf ;fy} dgUu] wg cfh{g x'g]5 . klxn]sf] ;kmntfn] yk xf};nf hufpg]5 . lj5f]l8Psf kl/jf/hg;Fu e]63f6 x'g]5 . /dfOnf] hd36sf aLr :jflbi6 ef]hgsf] cfgGb k|fKt x'g]5 . ljutsf sdLsdhf]/LnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ df}sf 5 . k|]d / ldqtfsf] aGwg sl;nf] x'g]5 .

wg';dodf xf]; gk'Ugfn]

cfˆgfaf6} 6fl9g'kg]{ l:ylt cfpg ;S5 . 3/vr{ a9\g'sf ;fy} cy{ cefj b]vf kg]{5 . tfklg ljb]z e|d0fsf nflu k|oTg ug]{ ;do 5 . cj;/sf] vf]hLdf s]xL bf}8w'k ug{'k/] klg ldlxg]tsf] k|ltkmn k|fKt x'g]5 . bf]xf]of{P/ k|oTg ubf{ /f]lsPsf] sfd ;Dkfbg x'g ;S5 . kl/l:yltjz ;fdfGo sfddf a9L cndn x'g]5 .

ds/cfocfh{gsf ;|f]t a9\g]5g\

eg] p7\g'kg]{ /sd xftnfuL x'g]5 . ldlxg]tn] cfDbfgL a9fpg]5 . >dsf] plrt d"Nof+sg xf]nf . s[lif, kz'kfng tyf Jofkf/df dgUu] nfe x'g]5 . lbuf] kmfObf x'g] sfd k|f/De x'g ;S5 . cWoogdf /fd|} k|ult x'g]5 . gofF 1fg l;Sg] ;do 5 . ;l~rt wgsf] pkof]uaf6 ljz]if kmfObf x'g]5 . lbg pT;fxjb{\ws /xg]5 .

s'Decj;/ k|fKt eP klg

ljjfbf:kb lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{'knf{ . k'/fgf] lx;falstfa ;'Nemfpg ;do nfUg]5 . nugzLntfn] nfe p7fpg ;lsg]5 . :jfy{sf nflu ;fOgf] ufF:g]x¿af6 ;hu /xg'xf]nf . ldlxg]tn] hLjgz}nLdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsg]5 . sfd u/]/ bfd sdfpg] cj;/ k|fKt x'g]5 . Joj;fodf kmfObf x'g]5 t/ gofF sfd ug{ ;do kv{g'xf]nf .

dLgd]xgtn] kbLo lhDd]jf/L

lbnfpg]5 . g;f]r]sf] cj;/ k|fKt x'gfn] dg k|km'lNnt x'g]5 . 6fl9Psf ;fyLefO glhlsgfn] xif{ a9\g]5 . efUon] ljleGg cj;/ ydfpg]5 . sfd b]vfP/ c¿sf] dg nf]Eofpg ;lsg]5 . z'elrGtsx¿n] ;fy lbgfn] klxn]sf] r'gf}tL ;dfKt xf]nf . bfd, Ogfd / k|lti7f sdfpg] a]nf 5 . w]/}n] cfˆgf sfdsf] tfl/km ug]{5g\ .

;fKtflxs /flzkmn Hof]= nIdLk|;fb a/fn

1fglj1fg÷dgf]/~hg

;'8f]s'–c+s !%$

c+u|]hL zAbfjnLsf] 1fg a9fcf}+

^ ! * @ ( * $ % & ^ @ * ! $ * ( # % & ^ ! ( @ $ (

& % @ ^ $ # * ! (# $ * ( & ! % ^ @^ ( ! % * @ $ & #! # % & @ * ^ ( $* ^ ( ! % $ @ # &$ @ & # ( ^ ! % *@ & ^ $ # % ( * !( ! $ * ^ & # @ %% * # @ ! ( & $ ^

Get af6 s] s] s'/f eGg ;lsG5 yfxf kfO /fVg'xf];

Get something down = lgNg' As the capsule was big he could not get it down easily,SofK;'n 7"nf] ePsf] x'+bf p:n] ;lhn} lgNg ;s]g .

Get something down = ptfg'{ Dis you get all the important telephome number down s] ltdLn] ;a} dxTjk"0f{ 6]lnkmf]g g+j/ ptf/\of}+.

Get down to something s'g} sfddf u+le/ eP/nfUg'' If you get down well to business, earning money is not big thing olb ltdL Aokf/df u+le/ eP/ nfUof}+ eg] k}zf sdfpg] eg]sf] 7"nf] s'/f xf]Og .

Get in = k'Ug' At what time does the train get in ? /]n s'g j]nf cfO{k'U5 <

Get into something = lgjf{lrt x'g'{ This time progressive party gets into with small majority of] k6s k|ultlzn bn lemgf] jx'dtn] lgjf{lrt x'g]5 .

Get somebody into something = egf{ ug''{ This year I get my child into of] jif{ d d]/f] jRrfnfO{ :s"n egf{ u5'{ .

Get somebody in = lgDtf ug'{ This week I will get my friends in my house of] xKtf d d]/f ;fyLx?nfO{ 3/df lgDtf u5'{ .

Get something in = hDdf ug'{ Do not forget to get some bottles of beer in s]xL af]tn ljo/ hDdf ug{ glj;{g' gL .

Get something in = a'em\g' She talks so fast that It is hard for to get the words in ltgL Tolt l56f] jf]lN5g ls dnfO{ zAbx? a'em\g} ufxf/f] x'G5 .

Get in = lbg'' Everyday I get in an hour's gardening x/]s lbg Ps 306f d ju}+rfsf] nflu lbG5' .

Pyromaniac = h] s'/f klg cfuf]df xfnL v/fgL jgfpg rxfg] k|j[lQ As child he was pyromaniac but now he is not so -jRrf x'+bf p:sf] h] klg cfuf]df xfNg] jfgL lyof] t/ clxn] p To:tf] 5}g_.

Putative = ;a}n] 7fg]sf The putative author of this novel is Mr. Laden -of] lstfjsf] ;a}n] 7fg]sf] n]vs nf8]g x'g_

Rococo = uxg ?kn] s'+lbPsf] His living room is furnished with rococo furniture -p:sf] a}7s uxg?kn] s'+lbPsf kmlg{r/åf/f l;+ufl/Psf] 5_

Sylvan = sfi7 ;+jGwL He always paints in sylvan background -p ;+w} sfi7 k[i7e"dLdf snf ;[hgf ub{5_

Travail = bb{k"0f{ >d Nepalese people tend to hesitate the good job at home but do travail job abroad -g]kfnLx¿ b]zdf /fd|f] sfd ug{ ;+sf]r dfG5g ljb]zdf eg] bb{k"0f{ >d ug{ lxrlsrfpb}gg_

Unguent = dnxd If you

have a sore muscles apply this unguent gently -ltd|f] d;n b'v]sf] 5 eg] of] dnxd /fd|/L bn_

Vivisection = hgfj/x¿nfO{ sf6L 6'qmfpg] sfo{ Some animal right activists oppose the vivisection of the animal for experiment -hgfj/ clwsf/jfbLx¿ cg';Gwfgsf] nflu hgfj/nfO{ sf6g] sfo{sf] lj/f]w ub{5g\ _

Winnow = lgkmGg' Without winnowing you can not cook rice -rfdn glgkmgLsg eft ksfpg x'+b}g_

Awl = Kjfn kfg]{ r'Rrf] cf}hf/ He used an awl to pierce additional hole in his leather belt -k]6Ldf cltl/Qm Kjfn jgfpgsf] nflu p:n] r'Rrf] k/]sf] cf}hf/ k|of]u u/\of] _

Blurt = ;f]Rb} g;f]rL km\of66 ;'gfpg' He blurted out the bad news before she could stop him -pGn] /f]Sg' eGbf cufl8g} p:n] g/fd|f] ;dfrf/ km\of6\6 ;'gfOlbof]_

Psk6s cjGtLsf /fhf afx'anLnfO{ /fHosf nflu /fh–Hof]ltifsf] cfjZostf lyof] . pgn] /fHoe/ o;af/] ;"rgf km}nfP . /fh–Hof]ltif aGg rfxg] w]/} Hof]ltif b/af/df k'u] . /fhfn] klxnf] Hof]ltifl;t k|Zg u/]– tkf/{\O+ s;/L eljio atfpg'x'G5 < Hof]ltifn] hjfkm lbP– tf/fx¿sf] u0fgf u/]/ . csf{ Hof]ltifl;t klg /fhfn] oxL k|Zg ;f]w] . pgn] hjfkm lbP– d hGds'08nL x]/]/ eljio atfpF5' . t];|f Hof]ltifn] eg]– d x:t/]vf x]/]/ eljiosf] cfFsng u5{' .

/fhfn] ;a}sf hjfkm ;'g], t/ pgL ;Gt'i6 x'g ;s]gg\ . crfgs pgnfO{ cfˆg} /fHosf rlr{t Hof]ltif lji0f' zdf{sf] ;Demgf eof] . t/, pgL eg] o; 5gf]6df ;xefuL x'g cfPsf lyPgg\ . To;}n], /fhfn] tTsfn pgnfO{ af]nfpg sd{rf/L k7fP .

zdf{ b/af/df xflh/ x'gf;fy /fhfn] ;f]w]– …Hof]ltifhL, d}n] /fHosf nflu Ps of]Uo /fh–Hof]ltifsf] vf]hL u/]sf] ;DaGwdf tkfO{+n] klg ;'Gg'ePs} x'g'kg]{ xf] . t/, tkfO{+ t 5gf]6df ;xefuL x'g} cfpg'ePg lg ÛÚ

lji0f' zdf{n] cfTdljZjf;;fy eg]– dxf/fh d cfˆgf] eljio hfGb5' . dnfO{ d ca /fh–Hof]ltif aGg]5' eGg] lglZrt 5 . cfkm}Fn] kfpg] lglZrt ePsf] kb kfpg lgj]bg lsg xfln/fVg' eg]/ d 5gf]6df ;xefuL eOgF . 5gf]6df ;xefuL Hof]ltif dxfg'efjnfO{ cfˆg} eljioaf/] hfgsf/L /x]g5 . pxfFx¿n] /fHosf] eljio s;/L kf] atfpg'xf]nf v} < zdf{sf] hjfkm ;'g]/ /fhf afx'anL ;Gt'i6 eP / pg}nfO{ /fh–Hof]ltif lgo'Qm u/] .

/fh–Hof]ltifsf] eljiok|]/s

c+s !%# sf] glthf

&JolQmTj÷ljljw

sf7df8f}+ . l/lnh x'g nfu]sf] rnlrqsf] gflosf x/fPsf] u'gf;f] lgdf{tf lgb]{zsn] u/]sf 5g\ . !& h]7af6 gofF rnlrq …sK;Ú -;To ;]jf ;'/If0fd\_ l/lnh x'Fb} 5 . rnlrqsf] :j/f+sg ;s]kl5 ^ dlxgf cl3af6 d'Vo gflosf ;GbLkf lnDa" ;Dks{df gcfPsf] lgb]{zs ;d|f6 ;fksf]6fn] atfPsf 5g\ .

ld; g]kfn @)!^ df efu lnPsL w/fgsL ;GbLkf rlr{t df]8n x'g\ . pgn] ld; g]kfnsf] pkflw glht] klg df]8lnªdfkm{t cfkm"nfO{ :yflkt u/fO;s]sL lyOg\ . lkmNddf cl8;gdfkm{t pgnfO{ gflosf agfPsf] klg lgb]{zs ;fksf]6fn] atfP . rnlrq sK;df cleg]tf cg'kljqmd zfxLsf] k|]ldsfsf] e"ldsfdf ;GbLkf l5g\ . lkmNddf cg'k ljqmd / ;GbLkf;Fu} cldt lu/L, /fhf/fd IfqL, cg'kdf e08f/L, lg?tf :ofª\tfg, ;'Gb/ >]i7, /f]zg ;'j]bL;lxtsf snfsf/sf] d'Vo e"ldsf 5 . cleg]qL ;GbLkf lkmNdsf] k|rf/df gx'Fbfsf] cg'ej ;'gfpFb} o;sf gfos cg'kn] eg], …;GbLkf;Fu d]/f] klg s]xL ;dob]lv ;Dks{ 5}g .

$) 306f gfr]/ jN8{ /]s8{sf7df8f}+ . g]kfnsf] kf]N6fdf km]l/

Pp6f lulgh ckm jN8{ /]s8{ ylkPsf] 5 . b'O{ hgfn] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf ;a}eGbf nfdf] ;do g[To ug]{ …b n+u]:6 8fG; Dof/fy'g afO{ P sknÚ zLif{ssf] o;cl3sf] /]s8{nfO{ sf7df8f}+sf lbbLlalxgLn] tf]8]sf 5g\ . sf7df8f}+sf] rG›flul/ gu/kflnsf–^ afnfufpFsf ?la;f >]i7 / Pln;f >]i7n] nuftf/ $) 3G6f;Dd g[To u/]/ ;f] /]s8{ agfPsf x'g\ .

cd]l/sfsf] xjfO{df a:b} cfPsf a|]6 lu|;jN8{ / h]lgkm/ lu|;jN8{n] lbbLlalxgLn] ;g\ @)!$ sf] & l8;]Da/df ;f] /]s8{ agfPsf lyP . a|]6 / h]lgkm/n] nuftf/ #* 306f #) ldg6 gfr]/ ljZjdf ;a}eGbf nfdf] ;do;Fu} gfRg] lulgh ckm jN8{ /]s8{ agfPsf lyP . a|]6 / h]lgkm/n] agfPsf] #* 306f #) ldg6sf] /]s8{ a|]s ub}{ $) 306fsf] /]s8{ g]kfnL lbbL alxgL ?la;f / Pln;fn] cfOtaf/ /flt k"/f u/]sf] pgsf kl/jf/n] atfPsf 5g\ . nuftf/ $ 306f gfr]/ @) ldg6 cf/fd lnFb} oL lbbLalxgLn] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf $) 306fsf] 8fG; Dof/fy'g k"/f ug}{ nfu]sf] ?la;f / Pln;fsf lktf ;Gtk|;fb >]i7n] hfgsf/L u/fP .

cfo'idfg / lzNkf yfONof08df lkmNd ;fgf] dgsf] 6f]nL olta]nf yfO{NofG8sf] /fhwfgL a}+ssdf 5 . lkmNdsf]

lzif{ uLt ;lxt s]xL b[iosf] 5fof+sgsf] nfuL o'lg6 o;} ;ftf ToxfF uPsf] xf] .ktfofsf] ;d'G›L lsgf/df uLtsf] s]lx b[Zox? 5fof+sg ul/Psf] 5 eg] s]lx

b[Zox? a}+ssdf 5fof+sg x'g] lgdf{tf /fh]G› dfgGw/n] atfP . uLtdf rnlrq cleg]tf cfo'idfg b]z/fh hf]zL / cleg]qL lzNkf df:s] /f]dflG6s d'›fdf b]lvPsf 5g\ . of] uLtnfO{ lgb]{zs ;'of]u u'?ªn] g} sf]l/of]u|fkmL ul//x]sf 5g\ . xfn} dfq 5fof+sg :ynaf6 lgdf{0f kIf s]xL tl:a/x? k7fPsf 5g\ . /f]lxthf]g IfqLsf] :j/ /x]sf] of] uLtdf :jlKgn zdf{sf] zAb tyf ;'of]u ;f]tfªsf] ;+uLt 5 .

ktfofsf] 5fof+sg ;s]/ ;fgf] dg o'lg6 otLa]nf a}+ss k'u]sf] 5 . ;f]daf/b]lv a}+sssf ljleGg /d0fLo :yfgx?df afFsL 5fof+sg ;'? ul/Psf] klg lgdf{tf dfgGw/n] hfgsf/L u/fP . uLtsf] afFsL 5fof+sg kl5 lkmNdsf yk b[iox? 5fof+sg u/]/ cfkm'x? !% h]7df sf7df8f}+ kms{g] klg lgdf{tf dfgGw/n] hfgsf/L u/fP . of] lkmNdsf] 5fof+sg cfnf]s z'Snn] ul//x]sf 5g\ . ad]{nL g]kfnLx?sf] ;xof]udf cfkm'x?n] ToxfF lkmNdsf] 5fof+sg ug{ ;kmn ePsf] klg lgdf{tf dfgGw/n] atfP . lgb]{zs ;'of]unfO{ ToxfF d'Vo ;xfos lgb]{zs l/tl;+x af]x/fn] ;3fO{/x]sf] 5g\ . of] lkmNddf ;ld/ ;'g'jf/ / lgb]{zs u'?ªsf] syf /x]sf] 5 . cf]lkhL lkmNd;\, P Kn; OG6/6]Gd]06 / xfO{6]s OG6/6]Gd]06sf] Aofg/df ag]sf] of] lkmNdsf lgdf{tfx?df /fh]G› dfgGw/, of]u]z u'?ª, /flha >]i7 / /d]z s'df/ ldQn /x]sf 5g\ .

…vngfos @Ú agfpFb} /f]hkl5Nnf] s]xL jif{otf ;'k/lx6 lkmNdsf]

l;Sj]n lgdf{0f x'g] qmd XjfQ} a9]sf] 5 . rn]sf lkmNdsf] l;Sj]n agfpFbf sd hf]lvd x'g] ePsfn] klg lgdf{tfx? o;tkm{ a9L cfslif{t ePsf] kfOG5 . l;Sj]nx?n] aS;clkm;df /fd|f] Jofkf/ klg ul//x]sf 5g\ . t/, clwsf+z l;Sj]nx? Aofh vfg] p2]Zoaf6 a9L k|]l/t ePsf] b]lvPsf 5g\ .

s]xL jif{b]lv g]kfnL lkmNd If]qdf l;Sj]n lkmNdsf] Ps lsl;dn] af9L g} b]lvPsf] 5 . uPsf] jif{ ;osf] cf;kf;df lkmNd l/lnh ePsf lyP . t/, ;'k/lx6 lkmNdsf] l;Sj]nx?n] dfq aS;clkm;df /fd|f] k};f 5fKg ;kmn eP . o;aLr, km]l/ Ps ;'k/lx6 lkmNdsf] l;Sj]n lgdf{0f x'g] ePsf] 5 . dN6L:6f// lkmNd …vngfosÚ sf] l;Sj]n 3f]if0ff ePsf] 5 .

lgdf{tf /f]h /f0ffn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] of] lkmNd sl/a 8]9 bzs cufl8 k|bz{gdf cfPsf] lyof] . lgb]{zs Clif Gof}kfg] lgb]{lzt lkmNddf Ps hdgfsf tLg ;'k/:6f/ cleg]tf /fh]z xdfn, lj/fh e§ / lglvn pk|]tLsf] k|d'v e"ldsf lyof] . lkmNddf cleg]qL em/gf yfkf ln8 lx/f]Og lyOg\ . l;Sj]ndf eg] k'/fgf snfsf/ gbf]xf]l/g] lgdf{tf /f0fn] hfgsf/L lbPsf 5g\ .

sl/Zdfn] 5f]l8g\ /fhgLlts]xL aif{ klxn] sf7df8f}+df Ps sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ub}{ gflosf sl/Zdf

dfgGw/nfO{ gofF zlQm kf6L{df k|j]z u/fpFb} ubf{ o;sf ;+of]hs 8fS6/ afa'/fd e§/fO{df h'g vfnsf] d':sfg 5lNsPsf] lyof], To:t} v'zL gflosf dfgGw/df klg lyof] . gofF zlQm kf6L{sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf nflu gflosf dfgGw/ ufpFufpF ;Dd k'lug\ . t/, pgsf] v'zL /fhgLlts lx;fan] nfdf] ;do;Dd /xg ;s]g . gflosf dfgGw/n] g]kfnsf] /fhgLlt Psbd} a'‰g g;lsg] /x]sf] eGb} cfkm"nfO{ Psbd} ufx|f] ePsf] atfPsL l5g\ . pgn] /fhgLltdf kf]lh;g ljgf cfOl8of z]o/ ug{ klg g;lsg] eGb} kbsf nflu x'g] åGå cfˆgf nflu g;'xfpg] /x]5 ;d]t eg]sL l5g\ .

gofF klqsf;Fu s'/f ub}{ gflosf dfgGw/n] cfkm"n] gofF zlQm kf6L{df uP/ w]/} s'/f l;s]sf] eGb} 3'dfp/f] tl/sfn] ca of] kf6L{ 5f8]sf] atfPsL l5g\ . pgn], gofF zlQm kf6L{ / kmf]/dsf] PsLs/0f x'g'nfO{ /fd|f] eGb} of] gofF kf6L{df cfkm" ;fd]n x'g}k5{ eGg] g/x]sf] klg atfPsL l5g\ . pgsf] of] s'/fn] klg pgn] ca /fhgLltnfO{ gofF lr/faf6 cufl8 a9fpg rfx]sf] a'‰g ;lsG5 .

lkmNd 5f]8]/ gflosf a]kQf

jif{ * c+s *, @)&^ ;fn h]7 @$ ut] z'qmaf/

u|]6/ g]kfn &&

Name: Tribikram BhattaraiBirthplace: Kathmandu, Nepal Date of Birth: 12 Oct. 1956Citizenship: NepaleseAcademic qualifications:1971 School Leaving Certificate

(SLC) from SLC examination Board, K a t h m a n d u , Nepal.

1971-1973 Study at the Tribhuwan University, Kathmandu, Nepal. Examination: I. Sc. (Intermediate of Science).

1973-1975 Study at the Tribhuwan University, Kathmandu. Examination: Diploma in Science (equivalent to B.Sc.).

1976-1979 Study at the Tribhuwan University, Kathmandu. Examination: Degree in Science (equivalent to M.Sc.)

1987-1989 Study with examinations at the University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany under the fellowship of German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD).

1989-1992 Dissertation at the Institute of Plant Physiology of University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Dieter Hess ended with examination Dr. rer nat. (Doctor of Natural Science). Title of the Dissertation "Yield responses of Nepalese spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars to inoculation with Azospirillum of Nepalese origin". The research work was done under the fellowship of German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD).

2002/2003 Under the Post-doctoral Research fellowship of Alexander von Humbold Foundation, Germany worked Feb. 2002 to April 2003 in the laboratory of Prof. Erwin Beck, Institute of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Germany. The title of research work “Improvement of drought resistance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) through increasing the expression of dehydrin genes.’ During the period a cDNA bank of a drought resistance wild variety of chickpea was established and a dehydrin gene responsible for drought resistance was isolated. The nucleotide sequence of cDNA and amino acid sequence of protein formed by the gene was sequenced. The cDNA was cloned in vector plasmids. The functional analysis of the gene was carried out.

Experiences: Teaching1975/76 Science Teacher at the Shree R. R. L. High School. Baneswar, Nepal.1979-2002 Worked as a Lecturer of Botany at the Tribhuwan Unniversity, Nepal. 2003-2011 Associate Prof. (Reader) of Botany at the Tribhuwan University, Nepal2008-2012 Head, Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University. As

First HOD of the department established the department and M.Sc. and Ph.D programs in biotechnology was started from 2009.

Since 2009 Academician Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)Since 2012 Prof of Plant Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, NepalSince2017 Academic Ambassador of Humboldt Foundation to Nepal2018 Retired from Tribhuvan University Research Reports1982-1983Completed a research project entitled "Seasonal influences in the

nutritive content of grassland and some fodder plants of Kathmandu Valley." Financed by National Council for Science and Technology (NCST), HMG, Nepal. Report submitted to NCST.

1983 Completed a research project entitled “Influences of soil nutrients inthe nutritive content of three major fodder trees of Kathmandu Valley." Financed by Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuwan University, Nepal. Report submitted to IOST,TU.

1994/95 Completed a research project entitled "Anther Culture of Nepalese Wheat Germplasm". Financed by Research Division, Tribhuwan University, Kathmandu. Report submitted to Research Division, TU.

2003 Completed a research project entitled ‘Assesment of virus infection in potato cultivars MS 42.3 and local Red round varieties cultivated in Sankhu of Kathmandu and production of virus free prebasic seed tubers from meristem culture’ Financed by Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuwan University. Report submitted to IOST, TU.

2005 Completed a research project entitled “Ethno-botany and Taxonomy of Aconitum Spp used in Ayurvedic and Tibetan traditional medicine”. Financed by University Grant Commission, HMG, Nepal.

2006 Completed a research project entitled “Regeneration of some Nepalese Spring Wheat Cultivars via Somatic Embryogenesis of immature embryo derived calli.” Financed by Nepal Academy of Science and Technology.

2013-2015 A research Project on Title “Role of Carbon Catabolite Repression (CCR) Negative Saccharomyces Cerevisiae , Expressing Xylose Transporter andXyloseIsomeraseforEfficientMultipleSugarMetabolism”GrantNo. 11-218 RG/Bl0/AS-G- UNESCO Financed by the Academy of Sciences for Developing Worlds (TWAS).

2013/2014 A research Project on Title “Development of recombinant Sachharomyces cerevisiae by expressing xylose transporter and xylose isomerase for efficient multiple sugar metabolism” Grant No. RENP-13-07-PID-1050. Financed by RenewableNepal Programme

2014-2016 A research project on “Dendroecological analyses of moisture conditions and climatically controlled ecosystem responses along an elevation gradient in the central Himalaya (Nepal)” in collaboration with Prof. Dr. Achim Brauening of Department of Geography, UniversityofErlangen,Germany.TheprojectwasfinancedbyGermanministry of education and research.

Research experiences1992 Worked as co-worker during Jan. 1992 to July 1992 in a project to obtain

transgenic wheat plant with Cinamoil Alcohol Dehydrogenase gene from tobacco through pollen transformation under Prof. Dr. D. Hess, Institute of Plant Physiology, Uniersity of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.

1996 Worked, during 19, June to 10 September, in a project to get transgenic wheat in the laboratory of Prof. D. Hess Germany. The work was to construct a transfer plasmid with a fungus resistance gene, gene for stilben synthase, and selectable marker Bar gene. The embryogenic callus developed from immature embryoes of wheat was transformed by means of particle bombardment. ThestayinGermanywasfinancedbyGermanAcademicExchangeService(DAAD)

1998 Worked as guest Professor in University of Ulm, Germany, during 3.10.1998 to 31.10.1998.

2000 On the fellowship of DAAD visited Institute for Plant Physiology and Plant Biotechnology, the laboratory of Prof. Hess, University of Hohenheim During May 5 to July 30, 2000. During this Research and Study visit I worked on the development of transgenic Petunia by in vitro pipette pollination of genetically transferred pollen. During this work the techniques learnt were PCR, Particle bombardment and in vitro pipette pollination

2004 In the invitation of Prof. Dr. Erwin Beck, Institute of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth worked in his laboratory from 1st May to 30th July 2004. The research works performed were on the characterization of the Dehydrin gene from chickpea.

2005 In the invitation of Prof. Dr. Erwin Beck, Institute of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth worked in his laboratory from 1st June to 30th July 2005. In this period experiments were conducted to isolate the promoter of Dehydrin gene of Cicer pinatifidum.The staywasfinancially supportedbyGerman Academic exchange Service (DAAD).

2006 Under the fellowship of Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Germany visited the laboratory of Prof. Dr. Erwin Beck, Institute of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth and worked in his laboratory from 1st May to 30th July 2006. In this period experiments were conducted to characterize the promoter of Dehydrin gene of Cicer pinatifidum.

2008 Under the fellowship of NAST-INSA program Academic visit to Indian Universities and research Institutions (university of Hyderabad, Center for Cell and Molecular Biology CMB and Institute of Life Science Hyderabad; University of Delhi and Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi).

2009 Under the fellowship of Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Germany visited the laboratory of Prof. Dr. Stephan Clemens, Institute of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth and worked in his laboratory from 1st September to 30th November 2009. In this period experiments were conducted to analysis two promoters Zip 4 and NAS 2 of Arabidopsis thaliana and A. halleri related to zinc metabolism (Showing Hyperaccumulation in A. halleri).

2012 Visited centre for studies on photosynthesis and Biochemistry (CEFOBI) Rosario, Agentina from 28th April 2012 to 4th June 2012 under TWAS-UNESCO associateship program

2013 Visited Department of Geography, University of Erlangen, Germany from May 15 to August 15, 2013 and worked in a project for climate change study by dendrocronological data of Nepal/Tibet Himalaya. Supported by German Academic Exchange Service. Worked with Prof. Dr. Achim Braeuning.

2016 Visited Department of Plant Biochemictry. Ruhr Uversity of Bochum, Germany from June 15 to September 14, 2016 and worked in a project on Stress response of cyanobacteria. Financed by Huboldt Foundation. Worked with Prof. Dr Matthias Roegner

JolQm ÷JolQmTj

zAblrqdf 8fS6/ lqljqmd e§/fO{2017 Visited laboratories of Prof. Dr. Achim Braeuning Department of Geography,

University of Erlangen, Germany from June 18 to July 10, 2017 and worked in the conclusion of a research project on “Dendroecological analyses of moisture conditions and climatically controlled ecosystem responses along an elevation gradient in the central Himalaya (Nepal)financedbyFederalMinistryofEducationandResearch,Germany.

Training

1982 Participated in a Seminar cum Workshop on surveying held from 27 June to 1st August 1982, organized by Institute of Science and Technology Tribhuwan University, Nepal.

1992 Worked in Reinhold Hummel GbR Erdbeerzuchtbet r ieb Gewebekulturelabor from July 20 to October 20, 1992 to learn about the working of a commercial tissue culture laboratory and was mainly involved in routine tissue culture production of Strawberry plants: excision of meristem, multiplication and rooting.

1993 Participated in the International Advance Course on Photosynthesis and Algal Biotechnology organized jointly by the Algal Biotechnology Laboratory, the Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Sede-Boker Campus and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Israel, May 9 to June 20, 1993.

2001 Participated in the tissue culture workshop (October 15 to 26) held in Republic of China, Taiwan organized jointly by Asian Productivity Organization, Agriculture Research Centre, Taichung, Taiwan and Ministry of Agriculture , Taiwan

Others1977/78 Served as National Development Service Volunteer, for one year in a

remote village of Dolpa District, Nepal.2000 Executive member of Nepal Botanical SocietySince 2010 General Secretary of Nepal Biotechnology AssociationSince 2017 Ambassador Scientist of Humboldt Foundation, Germany for Nepal Thesis guide/Ph.D ThesisDeepak Raj Pant: Transformation of Nepalese cultivars of spring wheat with knotted1gene and increase inproductivitybydelaying senescenceofflag leaves(Central Department of Botany, IOST, TU, 2010)M.Sc. Thesis1. Chandra Kanta Subedi: Effect of Gibberllic acid on researve food mobilization

of maize (Zea mays L. Var Arun 2) endosperm during germination (Central Department of Botany, IOST, TU, 1999)

2. Bhuban Prasad Upreti: Effect of Kinetin on mobilization stored Food in maize (Zea mays L. Var Arun 2) endosperm during germination (Central Department of Botany, IOST, TU, 1999)

3. Sumana Pradhan: Documentation and biochemical analysis of some fodder plant used by yaks (Bos grunniens) and Blue sheep (Pseudois nayau) in Kanchenjaúnga conservation area, Nepal (Central Department of Botany, IOST, TU, 2003)

4. Birendra Malla: Nutritional value of fodder trees cultivated by farmers in farmland of Pakhapani VDC, Parbat District (Central Department of Botany, IOST, TU, 2006)

5. Sita Koiral: Genetic diversity of potato (Solanum tuberosum L) assessed by microsatellite (SSR) Markers (Central Department of Botany, IOST, TU, 2010) April

6. Jagat Krishna Chhipi Shrestha: Genetic diversity of Swertia Chirayata (roxb.Ex Flem) Karst populations of Nepal using polymerase chain reaction basedRandomAmplifiedPolymorphicDNA(RAPD-PCR) technique ((CentralDepartment of Biotechnology, IOST, TU, 2012) 11th March

7. Bhim Prakash Khatri: ProductionPurification and characterization of PectinaseProduced by Aspergillus niger isolated from Manaslu conservation Area-MCA (Central Department of Biotechnology, IOST, TU, 2012) 10th April

8. Noureen Khaliq: Micropropagation of Anoectochilus formosanus by tissue culture technique. (Central Department of Botany, IOST, TU, 2012) May

9. Sagar Baral: Effect of Drought Stress in different Cultivars of Tomato (Central Department of Botany, IOST, TU, 2012) May

10. Nisha Gauli: Evaluation of antibacterial and antioxidant properties of some medicinal plant. (Central Department of Botany, IOST, TU, 2012) May

11. Sujina Mali: Development of efficient E.coli host strain for expression of functionally active human cytochrome P450 2A6 by endogenous increased biosynthesis of 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) (Central Department of Biotechnology, IOST, TU, 2012) 10th June

12. Bishnu Joshi: Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass: Fermentable sugar content in weeds native to Nepal for the bio-ethanol production. (Central Department of Biotechnology, IOST, TU, 2012) 19th July

13. Padam Sekhar Bhatt: Effect of heavy metal and salt on growth and ALDH expression in tomato. (Central Department of Biotechnology, IOST, TU, 2012)

14. Raju Pandey: Aldehyde dehydrogenase expression In earthworm as a biomarker to monitor soil contamination by heavy metal. (Central Department of Biotechnology, IOST, TU, 2013)

15. Nabin Munakarmi: Genetic diversity assessment of Citrus spp of Nepal using PCR based Molecular marker techniques.(2013)

16. Surendra Neupane: Geneticdiversity assessment, DNA bar coding and phylogenetic analysis of Swertia chirayita (roxb. Ex Fleming) Karsten of Nepal. (2013)

17. Usha Adhikari: Phytochemical analysis and investigation of antioxidant, antimicrobial properties of six medicinal plants of Nepal (December 2013)

18. Rajesh Lamichane: (2014)19. Gaurab Chandra Gyanwali: Assessment of genetic diversity, DNA bar coding

and chemical analysis of Neopicrirhiza scrophulariflora (Pennell) Hong of Nepal. (April 2014)

20. Priti Regmi: Enhancement of xylose transport in Saccharomyes cerevisiae by transformation of GXF1, a xylose transporter gene from Candida intermedia (August 2014)

21. Nirman Nepal: Transformation of Glucose xylose transporter GXS1 in Saccharomyes cerevisiae for xylose transportation (September 2014).

22. Sujan Biswakarma: Heterologous Expression of Laccase Gene of Ganoderma lucidum in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Degradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass (June 2017)

23. Sandes Maharjan: (Heterologous expression of xylose isomarase from Clostridium phytofermentans in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for single step conversion of xylose into xylulose and enhance ethanol production May 2018)

Publications: Research articles:1. Bhandari, H.R., Shrestha, P and Bhattarai, T (1982) Nutritive content in leaves

of ten plants used as green manure. J. Inst. Sc. Tech. (Nepal) 5: 57-62.1. Bhattarai, T and Sitaula, S (1983) Effects of pH and NPK content of soil

on NPK content of three fodder trees of Kathmandu Valley. J. Inst. Sc. Tech (Nepal). 6: 27-34.

2. Bajracharya, D., Bhattarai, T., Dhakal, M.R., Mandal, T.N., Sharma, M.R., Sitaula, S. and Vimal, B.K. (1985) Some feed values for fodder plants from Nepal. Angw. Botanic (Germany) 59: 357-365

3. Bhattarai, T., Bhandari, H. and Shrestha, P. (1989) Host ranges of Cusutta reflexa Roxb. in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. J. Plant Protection (Australia) 4 (2) : 78-80.

4. Bhattarai, T. and Hess, D. (1993) Yield responses of Nepalese spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars to the inoculation with Azospirillum spp of Nepalese origin. Plant Soil. 151: 67-76.

5. Bhattarai, T. and Hess, D (1997) Yield responses of traditional wheat cultivar inoculated with local isolate of Azospirillum spp. Proceedings of IInd National Conference on Science and Technology June 8 to 11, 1994, Organized by Royal Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (RONAST) Kathmandu, Nepal. pp. 290-299

6. Bhattarai, T. and Hess, D (1998) Growth and yield responses of a Nepalese spring wheat cultivar to inoculation with Nepalese Azospirillum Spp at various levels of Nitrogen fertilization. Biol.Fertl.Soil . 26:72-77.

7. Manandhar, R. and Bhattarai, T. (1998) Distribution of Bamboo in Kathmandu valley. Banko Jankari (Nepal) 8:19-23,

8. Bhattarai, T. (1998) Azospirillum wheat association. In Biotechnology and Biodiversity in Agriculture/Forestry. Prasad, B.N. (Editor) 121-137. Science Publication, USA

9. Bhattarai, T. Subba, D. and Subba, R. (1999) Nutritional value of some edible lichens of east Nepal. J.Appl.Bot. (Angewandte Botanik) 73: 11-14.

10. Bhattarai, T. Subba, D. and Subba, R. (2000) Yangben the edible lichens of east Nepal and their food value. J. Nat. His. Mus. (Nepal): 19: 1661-168.

11. Subedi, C.K. and Bhattarai, T. (2003) Effect of Gibberllic acid on reserve food mobilization of maize (Zea mays L var Arun 2) endosperm during germination. Himalayan Journal of Sciences 1(2): 99-102. .

12. Subedi, C.K. and Bhattarai, T. (2003) Value of Aconitum spp in traditional and Ayurvedic Medicine and anatomy of its Tuber. Botanica Orientalis 3: 98-102.

13. Bhattarai, T. and Hess, D. (2003) Yield responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars to the inoculation of homologous and non-homologous strains of Azospirillum. J. Nep. Biotech. Assoc. 1: 12-16.

14. Bhattaria, T and Fettig, S (2005) Isolation and characterization of a dehydrin gene from Cicer pinatifidum, a drought resistance wild relative of chickpea. Physiologia Plantarum 123:452-458.

15. Bhattarai, T and Hess, D (2005) Direct gene delivery into isolated microspores of Petunia hybrida by microprojectile bombardment. J. Nep. Biotech. Assoc.2: 1-5.

16. Bhattarai, T(2005)Phytoalexin:Plantchemicalstofightwithdiseases.J.Nep.Biotech. Assoc.2: 27-33.

17. Bhattarai, T (2005) Allelopathy: the interaction between plants. Nep J of

Science and Tech. 6: 81-89.18. Pant, D.R., Bhattarai, T and Fettig S. (2005) Regeneration of Nepalese Spring

wheat(TriticumaestivumL)fromimmatureembryoderivedcalli:influenceofmedia and genotype.. Nep. J. Plant Sci 1: 74 -77.

19. Beck, E.H, Fettig, S, Knake, C., Hartig, K and Bhattarai, T(2007)SpecificandunspecificresponsesofplantstocoldanddroughtstressJ.Biosci32(2):501-510.

20. Pant, D.R. and Bhattarai T. (2008) Increase in Yield of Crop Plants by genetically controlling the synthesis of cytokinins in leaves during the on set of senescence process. Nep. J. Plant Sci: 2: 97-101

21. Bhattarai, T., Weber M. and Fettig S. (2008) Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of chickpea using gfp as visible marker. Nep. J. Plant Sci: 2:1-6

22. Pant, D.R., Bhattarai T., Beck, E and Fettig, S (2009) Genetic transformation of Nepalese wheat (Triticum aestivum,L) cultivars with ipt gene under the regulation of a senescence induced promoter from maize. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 12(2):101-109

23. Ranjit, M and Bhattarai, T (2009) Prospect of Biotechnology research and innovationforDevelopmentofNepal.ProceedingofthefifthNationalconferenceon Science and Technology, Nov. 10-12, 2008 organized by Nepal Academy of Science and Technology: 154-169.

24. Bhattarai, T. Ranjit, S and Ranjit, M (2012) Production of virus free pre-basic seed tubers from meristem culture of two potato cultivars: MS 42.3 and Local Red Round, cultivated in Kathmandu valley JIOST: 131-142.

25. Chhipi Shrestha, J. K.,. Bhattarai, T., Sijapati, J., Rana, N., Maharjan1, J., Rawal D. S., Raskoti B. B., Shrestha S. (2013) Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Nepalese Populations of Swertia chirayita (Roxb. Ex Fleming) H. Karst Using RAPD-PCR Technique. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 4: 1617-1628

26. Pant, Deepak R. and Bhattarai, Tribikram (2013) Optimization of callus induction from immature embryos in two Nepalese Spring wheat cultivars: Effects of MS macro nutrients, sugar and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid concentration. J Nep Biotec Assoc 3: 20-25

Jarina Joshi , Rejeena Shrestha, Rojlina Manandhar, Krishna Manandhar, L. Shreerama, Tribikram Bhattarai (2014). “Improvement of ethanol production by electrochemical redox combination of yeast cells” International Journal of Biological Sciences and Applications , American Association of Science and Technology, 1(3), PP 44-51. (http://www.aascit.org/journal/ijbsa)

27. Jarina Joshi, Rejeena Shrestha, Rojlina Manandhar, Dinita Sharma, Krishna Manandhar, Lakshmaiah Sreerama, Doo Hyun Park, Tribikram Bhattarai (2014) Optimization of External Potential for Ethanol Production by yeasts in electrochemical Cell. Rentech Symposium Compendium, Volume 4, September 2014 pp 44-46

28. Ganga P Kharel, Dhan B Karki and Tribikram Bhattarai (2014) Brewing potentialofNepalesefingermilletmaltProceedingFoodconference2014,Kathmandu Nepal.

29. Bhim Prakash Khatri; Tribikram Bhattarai; Sangita Shrestha and Jyoti Maharjan (2015) Alkaline thermostable pectinase enzyme from Aspergillus niger strain MCAS2 isolated from Manaslu Conservation Area, Gorkha, Nepal. SpringerPlus (2015) 4:488.

30. Dinita Sharma, Bishnu Joshi, Megh Raj Bhatt, Jarina Joshi, Rajani Malla, Tribikram Bhattarai, Lakshmaiah Sreerama (2015) Isolation of cellulolutic organisms from gut contents of termites native to Nepal and their utility in saccharificationandfermentationoflignocellulosicbiomass.Journal of Biomass to Biofuel Volume 2, 11-20.

31. Panday R, Bhatt P Sr, Bhattarai T, Shakya K and Sreerama L (2016) Aldehyde dehydrogenase expression in Metaphire posthuma as a bioindicator to monitor heavy metal pollution in soil. BMC Res Notes (2016) 9:491

32. J.Joshi, R Shrestha, K Manandhar, L Sreerama, T Bhattarai (2017) Production of Ethanol in Electrochemical Cell Using Saccharomyces Cereviseae and Wickerhamomyces Anomalous As Counter Microbes Meeting Abstracts, 1071-71

33. Neupane, Surendra , Sijapati, Jaishree , Bhattarai, Tribikram Shrestha, Sangita (2017) Genetic diversity in Nepalese population of Swertia chirayita (Roxb. Ex Fleming) H. Karst based on intersimple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 16(16), 895-907

34. Baidya Nath Jha, Mitesh Shrestha, Durga Prasad Pandey, Tribikram Bhattarai, Hari Datta Bhattarai and Babita Paudel (2017) Investigation of antioxidant, antimicrobial and toxicity activities of lichens from high altitude regions of Nepal. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17:282-289

Punam Yadav, Bhagwat Rimal, Jyoti Maharjan, Sujan Shrestha, Lakshmaiah Sreerama, Tribikram Bhattarai (2017) “Physico-Chemical Analysis of Hot Springs of Myagdi District, Nepal for the Balneotherapy and Drinking Purposes”. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED BIOTECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH 8: 699-709’

35. Punam Yadav, Suresh Korpole, Gandham S Prasad, Girish Sahni, Jyoti Maharjan, Lakshmaiah Sreerama, Tribikram Bhattarai (2018) Morphological, enzymatic screening, and phylogenetic analysis of thermophilic bacilliisolatedfromfivehotspringsofMyagdi,Nepal.JournalofAppliedBiology & Biotechnology Vol. 6(3), pp. 1-8, May-Jun, 2018

36. P Yadav, J Maharjan, S Korpole, GS Prasad, G Sahni, T Bhattarai (2018) Production, Purification, and Characterization of Thermostable Alkaline Xylanase from Anoxybacillus kamchatkensis NASTPD13. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 6, 65

Munankarmi, NN, N Rana, T Bhattarai, RL Shrestha, BK Joshi, B Baral, S Shrestha (2018) Characterization of the Genetic Diversity of Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) Cultivars of Eastern Nepal Using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat Markers. Plants (Basel, Switzerland) 7(2):

37. Jarina Joshi, Tribikram Bhattarai and Lakshmaiah Sreerama (2018) EfficientMethodsofPretreatmentfortheReleaseofReducingSugarsfromLignocellulosic Biomass Native to Nepal and Characterization of Pretreated Lignocellulosic Biomass. International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research (IJBR) Vol-9 (3): 9-23.

38. Punam Yadav, Suresh Korpole, Gandham S Prasad, Girish Sahni, Jyoti Maharjan, Lakshmaiah Sreerama, Tribikram Bhattarai (2018) Morphological, enzymatic screening, and phylogenetic analysis of thermophilic bacilliisolatedfromfivehotspringsofMyagdi,Nepal.JournalofAppliedBiology & Biotechnology Vol. 6(3), pp. 1-8, May-Jun, 2018

39. P Yadav, J Maharjan, S Korpole, GS Prasad, G Sahni, T Bhattarai (2018) Production, Purification, and Characterization of Thermostable Alkaline Xylanase from Anoxybacillus kamchatkensis NASTPD13. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 6, 65

40. Munankarmi, NN, N Rana, T Bhattarai, RL Shrestha, BK Joshi, B Baral, S Shrestha (2018) Plants (Basel, Switzerland) 7(2):

41. Jarina Joshi, Tribikram Bhattarai and Lakshmaiah Sreerama (2018) EfficientMethodsofPretreatmentfortheReleaseofReducingSugarsfromLignocellulosic Biomass Native to Nepal and Characterization of Pretreated Lignocellulosic Biomass. International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research (IJBR) Vol-9 (3): 9-23.

42. CurrentlyUsedMicrobesandAdvantagesofUsingGeneticallyModifiedMicrobes for Ethanol Production. In Bioethanol Production from Food Crops. Eds. Ramesh C. Ray and S. Ramachandran Pages 293-316.Elsevier

Books 1. Bhattarai, T “Yield responses of Nepalese spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars to

inoculation with Azospirillum of Nepalese origin” Publisher: Deutschen Akademischen Austausdienstes (DAAD), 1992.

2. Bhattarai, T ‘Experimental Plant Biochemistry and Plant Biotechnology (Tissue Culture)’ Publisher: Bhudipuran Prakashan Kathmandu Nepal, 2000

3. Gupta, VNG and Bhattarai, T. Teaching Manual for Plant Biochemistry and plant Biotechnology (Bot. 331 and Bot 332 for B.Sc. Third year). Curiculum Development Centre, Trivuwan University. 2000

4. Bhattarai, T and Pant D. ‘Practical Botany’ Publisher: Bhudipuran Prakashan Kathmandu Nepal, 20045. Bhattarai, T and Chandra Kiran Shrestha (2006) Annonated Bibliography on Traditional System of

Medicine. Resource Centre for Primary Health Care, Kathmandu.6. Bhattarai, T (2007). Plant Physiology. Publisher: Bhudipuran Prakashan Kathmandu Nepal, 7. Bhuju, Dinesh R; Bhattarai , Tribikram; Subedi, Indra Prashad and Tiwari, Achyut (2009) A class Book of

Higher Secondary Biology.Class XI Hajur Ko Prakshan8. Bhuju, Dinesh R; Bhattarai , Tribikram; Pokhrel, Rohit K; Subedi, Indra Prashad and Tiwari, Achyut

(2009) A class Book of Higher Secondary Biology Class XII. Hajur Ko PrakshanPopular articles1. “Herbicides and weed control- Impact on Agriculture” The Rising Nepal March 2, 1984.1. “Lichens: An Amazing Plant” The Rising Nepal may 10, 1985.1. “Amaranth: A Crop With A Bright Future” The Rising Nepal September 13, 1985.1. “Casuarina: A Remarkable Tree” The Rising Nepal May 16, 1986.1. “Bambushaeuser in Nepal” (Bamboo Hauses in Nepal). Bambusbrief 3, September 1998 (a publication of

European bamboo Society)2. “Tissue Culture and Plant Breeding” NBA Newsletter April 20043. Bhattarai, T (2008) Biotechnology: the technology of 21st Century. TU Special Bulletin 87-93 4. .lqljs|d e§/fO -@)!)_ h}ljs k|ljlw / g]kfndf o;sf] cWofkgTU Special Bulletin 56-615. Bhattarai T. (2015) Fields of Interest:1. Botany2. Biotechnology3. Plant-Biotechnology4. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces for bioethanol production5. Biological Nitrogen Fixation6. High altitude plantsLanguage commandNepali, English, German, Hindi.

jif{ * c+s *, @)&^ ;fn h]7 @$ ut] z'qmaf/

u|]6/ g]kfnsf=lh=sf= b=g+=#$^÷)^(÷&)

7]s]bf/x?sf]===sfo{ 7Kk kfg]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] atfP . …lgodfjnL ;+zf]wg gu/] rf/lbgleq} lgdf{0f Joj;foLsf] Ohfht a'emfpg] lg0f{o u/]sf 5f}+,Ú pgn] eg], …/fli6«o e]nfn] c;f/ d;fGt;Dd ljleGg r/0fsf cfGbf]ng ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 .Ú e]nfn] dxf;+3sf] s]G›n] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoftdGqL /3'jL/ dxf;]7;Fu lgdf{0f Joj;foLsf] Ohfhtkq a'emfpg], k|b]z sld6Ln] d'VodGqL / lhNnf ;ldltn] k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ Ohfhtkq a'emfpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 .

dxf;+3n] o;cl3 g} ;/sf/L 7]Ssf alxisf/ ug]{ lg0f{o ul/;s]sf] 5 . dxf;+3sf] /fli6«o e]nfn] cf7a'Fb] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . h;df sfnf]k§L afFw]/ lj/f]w ug]{, 1fkgkq tyf Ohfhtkq a'emfpg] nufot sfo{qmd 5g\.

dxf;+3n] ;fj{hlgs vl/b -5}7f}+ ;+zf]wg_ lgodfjnL–@)&% sf s]xL k|fjwfg ;+zf]wg tyf vf/]hLsf] dfu ub}{ /fhwfgLdf lj/f]w ¥ofnL k|bz{g u/]sf] lyof] .

lgudsf]===g]kfndf dg;'g ;'? ePsfn] hfkfgL ko{6s gcfpg] / g]kfnL ljBfyL{ hfkfg hfg] l;hg klg ckm ePsfn] ck]Iff ul/Ph:tf] l6s6 a'lsª gePsf] atfP . pgn] ;]K6]Da/df csf{] l;hg ;'? x'g] ePsfn] cu:6sf] clGtdaf6 p8fg ;'? x'g ;Sg] atfP .

lgudsf Ps clwsf/Ln] aNn–aNn hfkfgaf6 kfPsf] p8fg cg'dlt p8fg ;'? gx'Fb} :yug x'g' lgud Joj:yfkgsf] c;kmntf /x]sf] atfP . …o:t} tfn xf] eg] lgudn] gofF–gofF uGtJodf p8fg ug{ ;Sb}g,Ú pgn] eg], …o;n] lgudnfO{ cfly{s ¿kdf yk w/fzfoL agfpg]5 .Ú

lgudsf k|jQmf sf]O/fnfn] jfO8a8L p8fpFbf w]/} vr{ nfUg] eGb} ofq' gx'Fbf o;} klg 3f6fdf /x]sf] ;+:yfnfO{ yk 3f6f x'g] ePsfn] p8fg :yug ul/Psf] atfP . lgudn] hfkfgs} gfl/tf ljdfg:yndf klg p8fgsf nflu ?6 kld{6sf] k|lqmof ;'? u/]sf] 5 .

ptf hoz+s/sf]===la|l6;x?n] ufGwL g]x? kl/jf/df ;Qf x:tfGt/0f ul/lbPsf x'g\ . ef/tLox?n] la|l6;x?nfO{ x/fP/ :jtGqtf k|fKt u/]sf xf]Ogg\ . O:6 OlG8of sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 la|l6;x?n] !*( jif{ ef/tdf zf;g rnfPsf lyP .

ef/tLox? c+u|]hsf bf; ePsf sf/0f pgLx?n] clxn];Dd bf; dfgl;stf TofUg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . Oltxf;df slxNo} k/fwLg gePsf] :jtGq b]z g]kfnnfO{ pklgj]z agfpg la|l6;x?n] ;Sbf] k|of; u/] klg xfd|f k'vf{x?n] ;kmn x'g lbPgg\ . oBlk ;g\ !*!^ sf] ;'uf}nL ;lGwkl5 g]kfnn] cfkm\gf] PsltxfO{ e"efu u'dfpg' k¥of] . ef/tn] h:tf] g]kfnn] :jtGqtf lbj; dgfpg' k/]sf] 5}g . c+u|]hkl5 ef/tLo zf;g ;Qfdf pbfPsf hjfx/nfn g]x?n] lxdfno;Dd ef/t cfkm\gf] ;Ldf 7fG5 eGb} g]kfnsf] cl:tTjdfly wfjf af]n]sf lyP . ;/bf/ aNneefO k6]n hf] To;a]nf pkk|wfg / u[xdGqL lyP pgn] g]kfnnfO{ ef/tdf ufEg] cf}krfl/s k|:tfj g} cl3 ;f/]sf lyP . t/ ljZjdf abgfdLsf] 8/ sf/0f b]vfP/ ufGwL, g]x?n] c:jLsf/ u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !(&% df l;lSsdnfO{ ef/tdf ldnfPkl5 g]x? k'qL OlGb/f ufGwLn] g]kfnsf] t/fO{ e"efunfO{ ef/tdf ufEg] lgb]{zg v'lkmof Ph]G;L /cnfO{ lbPsL lyOg\ . ;+s6sfn / To;kl5sf] lgjf{rgdf k/flht ePkl5 OlGb/fsf] of]hgf ;kmn ePg .

;g\ !(%) df ePsf] g]kfn ef/t zflGt tyf d}qL ;lGwn] ;g\ !*!^ sf] ;'uf}nL ;lGwnfO{ vf/]h u/]sf] 5 . o;cg';f/ g]kfnsf] ;Ldf k"j{ l6:6f / klZrd sfFu8f :jtM sfod x'g'kg]{ xf] . t/ ef/tLo zf;sx?n] c+u||]hn] x8k]sf] g]kfnsf] e"efu lkmtf{ lbg t k/] hfcf];\ g]kfnsf] k//fi6« / /Iff cfkm"n] x]g{ kfpg'kg]{ x}sdjfbL /j}of b]vfpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . ef/t clxn] klg g]kfnnfO{ lkmhLs/0f ub}{ l;lSsdLs/0f ug]{ cleofgdf 5 . o;s} nflu ;+;bdf gful/stf ljw]os NofOPsf] xf] hf] ljrf/fwLg 5 . c+uLs[t gful/ssf ;GtfgnfO{ j+zhsf] gful/stf lbg] k|fjwfgn] t/fO{df e"ldk'qx? cNkdtdf kg]{ / cfk|af;L ef/tLox?sf] ;f+lVos afx'Notf sfod x'g] lglZrt 5 . hgdt;+u|xnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ t/fO{ lgNg] bfp ef/tn] ul//x]sf] 5 .

ef/t;Fu g]kfnsf] ! xhf/ **) lsnf]ld6/ ;Ldf hf]l8Psf @# lhNnfsf] &! :yfgsf] ^)^ ju{lsnf]ld6/ e"efu ef/tn] ldr]sf] 5 . lnlDkofw'/f, sfnfkfgL / lnk'n]ssf] #& xhf/ x]S6/ hldg gS;faf6} a]kQf kfl/Psf] 5 . ;fs{, lad:6]sdf g]kfn ef/t;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . t/ klg tLg k6s;Dd ef/tn] g} g]kfndfly gfsfaGbL nufPsf] 5 . hoz+s/ To;a]nf g]kfn cfPsf lyP hlta]nf ;+ljwfg;efn] gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L ug]{ t/v/ ub}{ lyof] . pgn] ltdLx?nfO{ ljsf; rflxFb}g < ca xfdL b]vfOlbG5f}+ eGb} sf7df8f}+af6 lbNnL kmls{Psf lyP . pgn] gfsfaGbL nufP/ b]vfOlbP . ltg} hoz+s/ ljb]zdGqL lgo'Qm ePkl5 g]kfndf pgsf] rrf{ rNg' c:jfefljs xf]Og . t/ xfdLn] a'em\g'k5{ g]kfn :jtGq / ;fj{ef}d b]z xf] . ef/tsf] ljb]zdGqL hf];'s} xf];\ xfd|f] s"6gLlt c;n / rnfodfg ePdf p;n] s]xL laufg{ ;Sb}g . hoz+s/ cd]l/sf / rLgh:tf zlQm ;DkGg 7"nf /fi6«nfO{ x]/]/ ljb]zdGqL agfOPsf x'g\\ g ls g]kfnnfO{ km]l/ b]vfOlbg . df]bL ;/sf/n] l5d]snfO{ k|fyldstf eGg] gLlt to u/]sf] eg] klg p;sf] rl/q x}sdjfbL g} /x]sf] 5 . kfls:tfg;Fu zq'tf a9fO/x]sf] 5 . a+unfb]z klg rLgsf] a]N6 PG8 /f]8df hf]l8Psf] 5 / g]kfn klg . hoz+s/n] a]N6 PG8 /f]8df hf]l8Psf l5d]sL b]zx?;Fu s:tf] ;DaGw /fVg] x'g\\, To;F;Fu rLg;Fusf] ef/tsf] s"6gLlts ;DaGw ;d]t hf]l8Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] g]t[Tj ;dk{0fjfbL gx'g] xf] eg] ef/tn] cfGtl/s /fhgLltdf rnv]n ug{ kfpFb}g . ef/t;fd' zLiff{;g ug]{ g]t[Tj eP;Dd hoz+s/;Fu t;{g'nfO{ cGoyf lng klg x'Fb}g . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf v'nf x:tIf]k u/]sf tTsfnLg ljb]z ;lrj P; hoz+s/sf] zky u|x0fdf slyt /fi6«jfbL g]tfsf] pkdf kfPsf k|d s]kL cf]nL cltlyo pkl:ylt eO;s]sf] 5 . gfsfaGbLsf] ljifodf ef/tn] …;/LÚ g} gegL lbNnL uP/ df]bL;Fu xft ldnfpg] cf]nL / ef/tdf a;]/ g]kfndf /Qmkft dRrfpg] k|r08sf] b'O{ltxfO{ ax'dtsf] ;/sf/ hoz+s/;Fu lsg 8/fO/x]sf] 5 cfZro{ o;}df 5 .

b]zsf]===u/]sf x'g\ . k||r08 / cf]nLaLr ePsf] ;f] ;Demf}tfsf] rf}yf] a'Fbfdf cfnf]kfnf] ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj ug]{ pNn]v 5 . ;Demf}tfsf] ;fIfL a;]sf 5g ;'jf; g]Dafª / hgfb{g zdf{ .

k|d s]kL cf]nL !! lbg] cd]l/sf e|d0fdf uPsf a]nf k|r08 n';'Ss lbNnL xflgP . pgn] OlG8of 6'8]sf] c+u|]hL cgnfOg ;+:s/0fnfO{ cGtjf{tf{ lbFb} ;xdltnfO{ ;fj{hlgs u/] . o;k6s ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL g/]Gb| df]bLsf] bf];|f] sfo{sfnsf] zky u|x0f ;df/f]xdf k|d cf]nL efu lng hfg' cl3Nnf] lbg k|fOd 6]lnlehgnfO{ cGtjf{tf{ lbFb} k|r08n] !% dlxgfkl5 cfkm" k|wfgdGqL aGg] atfP . lnlvt ;xdltsf] kfngf cf]nLn] ug]{df pgn] z+sf gu/]sf] klg ;'gfP .

k||r08sf] cleJolQm ;fj{hlgs ePkl5 k|d cf]nLn] !% dlxgfkl5 xf]Og %.& lbgd} ;/sf/ 9Nb}5 eg]/ Jo+Uo s:g afFsL /fv]gg\ . tTsfnLg Pdfn] / dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|aLr )&% h]7 # ut] Pstf x'Fbf ul/Psf] ;xdltaf/] clxn];Dd vf;} rrf{ rn]sf] lyPg . l6eL hgf{ln:6 z'ez+s/ sF8]nn] …g]skf Pstfsf] cfwf/Ú lstfa n]v] . To;df ;xdlt kq klg 5flkPsf] 5 . k|d cf]nL / k|r08 b'j}n] ;f] k':tssf] ;+o'Qm ljdf]rg u/]sf lyP . g]skf j[Qdf b'O{ cWoIfaLr ePsf] ;xdltnfO{ lnP/ s'g} ljjfb klg p7]sf] cj:yf lyPg . kf6L{ PsLs/0f k|lqmof cem} 6'+luPsf] 5}g, s]Gb|Lo ;b:osf] lhDd]jf/Lsf ljifodf cf]nL / dfwj g]kfnaLr /:;fs:;L rln/x]sf] 5 . k|b]z kbflwsf/L rogdf klg cf]nL / g]kfnaLr c;dembf/L b]lvPsf] lyof] . clxn] e"uf]nsf && j6f lhNnfsf] OGrfh{ ;xOGrfh{ rog ug]{ ljifodf oL b'O{ g]tfaLr nkm8f rln/x]sf] 5 . o:tf] a]nfdf k|r08n] !% dlxgfkl5 x'g] s'/fnfO{ clxNo} p7fg /]/ g]skfleq t/+u pTkGg u/fOlbPsf 5g\ .

k||r08n] Ps JolQm Ps kbsf] cjwf/0ff nfu" x'g'kg]{df hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . pgnfO{ cWoIf kb lbOP pgn] cf]nLnfO{ g} k|wfgdGqLdf lg/Gt/tf lbg] k||lta4tf klg JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . t/ k"j{ Pdfn]x? k|r08nfO{ cWoIf agfpg /fhL b]lvFb}gg\ . pkk|wfg Pj+ /IffdGqL O{Zj/ kf]v/]n klg efjL cWoIfsf] bfaLbf/Ldf b]lvG5g\ . hf] cWoIf x'G5 pxL k|wfgdGqL eGb} pgn] k|r08nfO{ ;6fP/ dfl//x]sf 5g\ . oltdfq xf]Og ax'bnLo hgjfbaf6 g]skf aflx/ hfg g;Sg] eGb} k|r08nfO{ cWoIf :jLsfg{ g;lsg] cfzo pgn] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf 5g\ . hahk|lt k|r08sf] ;}4flGts ;xdlt 5}g .

ef/tdf df]bL cfP ca ;/sf/ 9N5 eGg] xNnf rln/x]sf a]nf k|r08n] cf]nLnfO{ !% dlxgfkl5 kb x:tfGt/0f ug{ bafa lbPsf 5g\ . cf]nLn] ;xdlt kfngf unf{g\ t/ clxNo} k|r08n] xNnf ug'{sf] cy{ eg] g]skfleq vf]hL eO/x]sf] 5 .

@! ca{sf]===k|jn clwsf/Ln] atfP . oBlk, o;df bfr{'nf / a}t8Ldf ef/taf6 cfpg] ! d]ufjf6, pQ/ k|b]zaf6 g]kfnuGhdf cfpg] !) d]ufjf6 / laxf/af6 cfpg] u/]sf] # ;o d]ufjf6 ljB'Tsf] s]xL ef/tn] gkf7fPsf] pgn] atfP . …clxn];Dd sl/a !* ca{sf] cfoft eO;s]sf] 5 / cem} # ca{ ?k}ofFsf] cfoft ylkg] cg'dfg xfdLn] u/]sf] 5f}F,Ú pgn] eg], …ljB't\ kx'Fr a9\b} hfFbf cfoft ul/Psf] ljB'Tsf] kl/df0f / cfoft ul/Psf] ljB'Tsf] k|lto'lg6 cf};t b/;d]t a9]sfn] e'QmfgL /sd a9L b]lvPsf] 5 .Ú g]kfndf ljB't\ kx'Fr k'Ug] hg;+Vof a9]/ emG8} &* k|ltzt k'Ubf ljB't\ vkt klg a9]sf] 5,Ú k|jQmf clwsf/Ln] eg], …cfoft ug]{ ljB'Tsf] k|lto'lg6 cf};t b/;d]t a9]sf] 5 .Ú

ut cfly{s jif{df !#@ s]eL Ifdtfdf 9Ns]a/–d'hˆkm/k'/ k|;f/0f nfOg ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . To;tfsf pQm nfOgaf6 !^) d]ufjf6;Dd ljB't\ cfoft x'Fb} cfPsf] lyof] . t/, rfn" cfly{s jif{df pQm nfOg @@) s]eL Ifdtfdf ;~rfngdf cfPkl5 @ ;o $) d]ufjf6eGbf a9L ljB't\ cfoft eO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ljB't\ a9L vkt x'g] ;do lxpFbsf dlxgfdf ef/taf6 % ;o %) d]ufjf6eGbf a9L ljB't\ cfoft ePsf] lyof] . o;n] ubf{ klg s'n cfoft a9L b]lvPsf] 5 . sdhf]/===;fem]bf/Ldf /fv]sf] eP Tof] s'6gLlts dof{bf ljk/Lt x'G5 / g]kfnn] s8f k|ltjfb ug'{kg]{ xf] . g]kfnn] rLgn] cl3 ;f/]sf] a]N6 PG8 /f]8 Olgl;Pl6e -aLcf/cfO{_ df x:tfIf/ ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf cd]l/sfn] aLcf/cfO{nfO{ 6Ss/ lbg cl3 ;f/]sf] OG8f] Kofl;lkms /0fgLltdf cfslif{t ug]{ k|of; ul//x]sf] 5 . cd]l/sfn] ut jif{ $ cu:6df hf/L u/]sf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff /0fgLlt cg';f/ OG8f] Kofl;lkms If]qsf b]z;Fu /Iff ;xsfo{sf nflu #) s/f]8 8n/ 5'6\ofPsf] 5 . p;n] @( s/f]8 % nfv 8n/ o; If]qsf ;]gfnfO{ cg'bfg lbg] tyf *% nfv 8n/ nfu"kbfy{lj?4 sfg'g sfof{Gjogsf nflu 5'6\ofPsf] 5 . ;'/Iff ;xfotf cGtu{t g]kfn, a+unfb]z, OG8f]g]l;of, d+uf]lnof, Kofl;lkms cfO;NofG8, lkmlnlkG;, >Ln+sf, leotgfddf ;~rflnt kl/of]hgfdf nufgL ug]{ cd]l/sL gLlt 5 .

aLcf/cfO{ rLgn] cl3 ;f/]sf] ljZj:t/Lo ljsf; /0fgLlt xf], h;df k"jf{wf/, ljsf; / nufgLsf] ljifonfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnn] aLcf/cfO{df x:tfIf/ u/];Fu} k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / nufgLdf lrlgofF ;xof]u lelqg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . cd]l/sfn] eg] aLcf/cfO{dfkm{t rLgn] C0fsf] kf;f]df kfg]{ bfaL ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . OG8f], Kofl;lkms /0fgLlt cd]l/sL /fi6««klt 8f]gfN8 6«Dkn] cl3 ;f/]sf] /0fgLlt xf] . cd]l/sf, hfkfg, ef/t, ci6«]lnf nufotsf d'n'ssf] ;fem]bf/L /x]sf] of] /0fgLltnfO{ rLgnfO{ 3]/faGbL ug{ cl3 ;fl/Psf] /0fgLltsf ?kdf lj1x?n] cYof{pg] u/]sf 5g\ . t/ blIf0f tyf blIf0f k"jL{ Pl;ofsf nflu pk;xfos /IffdGqL hf];]km km]N6/n] g]kfn e|d0fsf a]nf OG8f] Kofl;lkms /0fgLlt s'g} ;}Go u7aGwg gePsf] / o;sf] nIo g]kfnsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{, g]kfnnfO{ cfkm\g\} ;fj{ef}ldstfdf pleg] atfpg'/x]sf] atfPsf lyP . hf];]kmsf] g]kfn e|d0fnfO{ k|ltj]bgdf g]kfndf ePsf] dxTjk"0f{ e|d0fsf ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

lxGb k|zfGt If]qdf ljZjsf 7"nf] ;}Go zlQm ePsf b;dWo] ;ft b]z 5g\ . tLdWo] ^ j6f b]z cf0fljs zlQm x'g\ . cd]l/sL l/kf]6{cg';f/ ;a}eGbf 7"nf] hg;+Vof /x]sf] o; If]qdf b'O{ xhf/eGbf a9L cd]l/sL n8fs' ljdfg / hn;}Go k|of]hgsf nflu b'O{ ;o kfgLhxfh 5g\\ . p;n] s'n tLg nfv &) xhf/ ;]gf o; If]qdf t}gfy u/]sf] 5 . hfkfg / blIf0f sf]l/ofdf cd]l/sL ;]gfsf] 7"nf] ;+Vof 5 . Pl;of k|zfGt If]qdf cd]l/sfsf] Jofkf/ @# va{ 8n/ 5 eg] o; If]qdf p;sf] k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL !# va{ 8n/ 5 .

cd]l/sL /fi6«klt 6«Dk cfpg'cl3 g} ;'? ePsf] ;}Go ;fem]bf/LnfO{ ;d]t cd]l/sfn] OG8f] Kofl;lkms /0fgLltdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . o;n] g]kfn cd]l/sL ;}Go u7aGwgsf] c+u ePsf] hgfpF5 . g]kfnn] clVtof/ u/]sf] c;+nUg k//fi6« gLlt xf] . k~rzLnsf l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t k//fi6« gLlt ljk/Lt zlQm /fi6«sf] g]t[Tj /xd]sf] /0fgLlts ;}Go u7aGwgdf g]kfn hf]l8g'n] pQ/L 8««fug rLg;Fu s"6gLlts ;DaGwd} b/f/ cfpg ;Sg] lj1x?sf] egfO 5 . Psflt/ aLcf/cfO{df g]kfn ;fd]n x'g] csf]{lt/ rLg 3]g]{ cd]l/sL /0fgLltdf ;fem]bf/L ug]{ gLltn] eljiodf g]kfnn] uDeL/ ;+s6sf] ;fdgf ug{'kg]{ cj:yf cfpg ;S5 . g]kfnsf] ;xdltlagf g} cd]l/sfn] g]kfnnfO{ OG8f] Kofl;lkms /0fgLltdf ;fem]bf/ agfPsf] xf] eg] of] g]kfnsf] sdhf]/ s"6gLltsf] kl/0flt xf] .

;/sf/n] o; jif{ ;]gfnfO{ ^ ca{ () s/f]8 a/fa/sf] xltof/ vl/b ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . oLdWo] @ ca{ !( s/f]8 $! Nfv a/fa/sf !) xhf/ Pd !^ tyf cGo xltof/ uf]7Lu7\7f vl/b x'Fb}5 . cd]l/sfaf6 rf/j6f :sfO 6«s klg vl/b ul/Fb}5 . g]kfnsf] !# s/f]8 / cd]l/sfsf] %) s/f]8 8n/ ;xfotfsf] lbuf] ljsf; nIocGtu{t tLg ;o lsnf]ld6/ nfdf] xfO ef]N6]h ljB'tLo k|;f/0f nfOg, tLg ;a :6];g, /0fgLlts /fhdfu{sf tLg ;o kfFr lsnf]ld6/ ;8s dd{t nufotdf cd]l/sL ;xof]u /x]sf] 5 .

cd]l/sfnfO{===sbd rfNg klg kl5 gkg]{ Zj]tkqdf pNn]v 5 . rLg–cd]l/sf cfly{s tyf Jofkf/ ;DaGwdf hf/L ul/Psf] Zj]tkqdf ;g\ @)!& b]lv g} 6«Dk k|zf;gn] d'Vo Jofkfl/s ;fem]bf/nfO{ pgLx?sf ;fdfgdf yk dxz'n / cltl/Qm z'Ns nufpg] wDsL pQ]hgf km}nfPsf] pNn]v 5 . jt{dfg cd]l/sL k|zf;gn] …cd]l/sf km:6Ú eGg] gf/f cl3 ;fb}{ PskIfLo ?kdf ;+/If0fjfbnfO{ k|jb{\wg u/]sf] rLgsf] cf/f]k 5 . cd]l/sfn] ckf/bzL{, PstkmL{ / clxn] eO/x]sf ljZjJofkL dfgsx?ljkl/t ;+/If0fjfbnfO{ k|jb{\wg ub}{ Jofkf/ o'4 3f]if0ff u/]sf] rLgsf] egfO 5 . Jofkf/ o'4n] :jo+ cd]l/sfnfO{ klg 3f6f nfUg] r]tfjgL lbFb} rLgn] clxn] eO/x]sf] Jofkfl/s cj/f]w jftf{ / 5nkmnsf] dfWodaf6 6'+uf] nufpg'kg]{df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . rLgn] s'g} klg l;4fGtdf ;Demf}tf gx'g], cfkm"n] Jofkf/ o'4 grfx]sf] / ;xdlt tyf ;xsfo{af6 b'j} b]zsf] a/fa/L lhtsf] x}l;otdf ;Demf}tf ug{ tof/ /x]sf] atfPsf] 5 . t/ cfkm" s'g} klg :yflkt l;4fGtsf] ljkl/t ghfg] rLgn] :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . cd]l/sfn] PstkmL{ ?kdf Jofkfl/s l;4fGtnfO{ nfu" gu/]sf] / ;f/f ljZjnfO{ c;/ kg]{ u/L gofF vfnsf] z'Ns / dx;'n nufPsf] rLgsf] egfO 5 .

kz'kltgfysf]===;DklQsf] ljj/0f dfu u/]sf] lyof] . kz'kltgfyn] clwu|x0f u/]sf] hUufdf cgflws[t¿kdf al;/x]sf] v'n]sf] 5 . kz'kltgfysf] ;DklQ ;+/If0f tyf u'7L hUuf cWoog tyf 5fgljg ;ldltn] kz'klt If]q ljsf; sf]ifnfO{ kfz'kt If]qdf /x]sf] …aL!#Ú If]q vfnL ug{ l;kmfl/; u/]kl5 of] k|s/0f v'n]sf] xf] .

@)&) ;fn h]7 #) ut]sf] clwu|x0f ;"rgfaf6 …aL!#Ú If]qsf hUuf ;/sf/n] clwu|x0f u/]sf] lyof] . clwu|x0f u/]s} ;dodf k|efljtnfO{ d'cfAhf ;d]t ljt/0f eO;s]sf] ;ldltn] hgfPsf] 5 . t/, clxn] klg d'cfAhf kfO;s]sfn] ;f] If]q vfnL u/fPsf 5}gg\ . …aL!#Ú If]qdf clwu|x0f k|efljtnfO{ d'cfAhf ljt/0f eO;s]sfn] d'cfAhf kfpg] JolQmn] xfn;Dd 3/ vfnL gu/]sf] cj:yf b]lvPsfn] tTsfn ;f] If]q vfnL u/fpg ;ldlt l;kmfl/; ub{5 .Ú k|ltj]bgdf elgPsf] 5 . o;}u/L sf7df8f}+l:yt uf]7f6f/df /x]sf] sf]ifsf] % ;o #$ /f]kgL hUufnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ cfjZos k"jf{wf/ tof/ kf/L …aL!#Ú If]qsf clwu|x0f k|efljt 3/hUufjfnfnfO{ :yfgfGt/0f ug{ klg ;'emfPsf] 5 .

lbuf] ljsf;===dfq l;ldt /xg]u/]sf lttf] oyf{ytfn] of] sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gogdf klg cfz+sfx? 5b}5g\ . ljutsf cg'ejf6 lzIff lnO{ sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ub}{ cufl8 j9\g ;s]df o;n] ljB't pTkfbgdf sfofkn6 Nofpg ;S5 .

xfn xfd|f] b]zdf pTkflbt ljB'tsf] 7"nf] lx:;f ;x/f]Gd'v ufpF tyf ;x/x¿df pkof]u x'g] u/]sf] 5 . clxn] klg 7"nf] ;+Vofdf u|fdL0f hgtfx¿ cem klg ljB'tsf] cefjdf +6'sLsf] e/df hLjg lhpg jfWo ePsf 5g\ . o;/L cGwsf/dfg} /xg'kg]{ u|fdL0f hgtfsf] 7"nf] lx:;fnfO{ ljB't cfk'lt{ ug]{ pko'tm / ;j{;'ne dfWodsf] ¿kdf ;f}o{ pmhf{ b]vfk/]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f If]qdf dfqgeP/ ;x/L If]qsf] pmhf{ ;+s6 Go"lgs/0fsf nflu ;d]t ;f}o{ pmhf{sf] e"ldsf dxTjk'0f{ 5 .l9n} ePklg

xfn} b]lv dfq ;/sf/n] o; tkm{ Wofg s]Gb|Lt u/s]f 5 .;x/LIf]qdf ljBdfg pmhf{ ;+s6sf] Go'gLs/0fsf nflu l;len j}+s, PgPdjL j}+s / g]kfn OGe]i6d]G6 j}+s / ;/sf/ jLr 3/fo;L ;}o{ pmhf{ k|0ffnL h8fgdf ;/n shf{ pknJw u/fpg] ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 . To:t} !) j6f pBf]u / ;f}o{ pmhf{ sDkgLx?jLr !) d]ufjf6 ljB't pTkfbg ug]{ ;+emf}tf ePsf] 5 . ;x/L If]qdf ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL lj:tf/df of] dxTjk"0f{ pknlJw xf] .

;f}o{ pmhf{, k[YjLsf] cl:tTj /x];Dd cljl5Gg ¿kdf k|fKt eO/xg] j}slNks pmhf{sf] dxTjk"0f{ >f]t xf] . o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ pmhf{sf] lj:tf/sf] ;+efjgf xfd|f] d'n'sdf o;fy{ k|;:t /x]sf] 5 ls jif{df sl/j #)) lbg oxfF /fd|f] ;Fu 3fd nfUb5 . ljZj hnjfo' ;+u7gsf] Ps cWoog cg';f/ g]kfndsf k|lt ju{ ld6/ If]qdf k|ltlbg $=% lsnf]jf6 306f ;f}o{ zltm k|+fKt x'G5 . o; sf]0fjf6 g]kfnsf] s'n If]qkmndf sl/j ^ nfv ^@ xhf/ # ;o luufjf6 306f x'g cfpFb5 .

Xfd|f] b]zdf ;f}o{ pmhf{ lj:tf/sf] o:tf] k|r'/ ;{efjgf /x]sf] ePtf klg o:fsf] pkof]u l:ylt cem;Dd klg pT;fxhgs jGg ;s]sf] 5}g . o; l:yltdf d"nt ;f}o{ pmhf{ u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0fsf nflu Ps e/kbf]{ sd vlr{nf] ljsNksf ¿kdf b]vfk/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf @)&%kmfu'g ;Dddf s'n hg;+Vofsf] s]jn !* k|ltztn] dfq gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ ;|f]tjf6 ljB't ;]jf kfpg ;s]sf 5g\ . ;f] cjlwdf hg;+Vofsf] #^ k|ltztn] ljleG{ k|of]hgsf nflu :jR5 gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|of]u ul//x]sf] cg'dfg cfly{s ;e]{If0f )&%.&^ n] u/]sf] 5 .

o;} tYout oyf{ynfO{ dWogh/ u/L ;/sf/ / ljb]zL bft[ lgsfox¿n] j}slNks pmhf{ k|jw{gdf ljut s]xL bzs b]lv Wofg s]Gb|Lt ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . vf; u/L ;f}o{ pmhf{, jfo' pmhf{, uf]j/Uof+; / nB' hnljB't h:tf pmhf{sf ;|f]tx¿sf] ;+efJotf cWoogsf ;fy} o:tf k|ljlwsf] pkof]udf ;/sf/n] cg'bfgsf] ;d]t Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f}o{ pmhf{sf] pkof]unfO{ ;j{;'ne t'NofO{ lj:tf/ ug]{ pB]Zon] ;/sf/n] @)$% ;fnb]lv o;df pkof]u x'g] ;fdfu|Lx¿df eG;f/ tyf s/ 5'6 lbb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf klxnf] k6s cf= j= )^#.^$ jh]6df ljB't\ ;]jf gk'u]sf ufFpmx¿df pHofnf] k'¥ofpg s0f{fnL pHofnf] sfo{qmd ;+rfng u/L ;f] c+rnsf kfr} lhNnfx¿df #! Xhf/ / hfh/sf]6, aemf8=, c5fd / afh'/fdf @( xhf/ ;f}o{ 6'sL cleofgsf ¿kdf ljt/0f ug]{ nIo ;/sf/n] lnPsf] lyof] t/ Tof] sfo{qmd Tolt ;ztm oj+ pT;fxhgs ¿kdf cufl8 j9\g ;s]g . To; kl5sf cGo o:t} sfo{qmdx?sf] cj:yf klg of] eGbf leGg x'g ;s]g .

;"o{sf] ls/0f zltmdf kl/0ft eO{ pTkfbg x'g] pmhf{g} ;f}o{ pmhf{ xf] . k[YjLsf] cl:tTj /x];Dd clel5Gg ¿kdf of] k|fKt eO{/xg] ePsfn] o;nfO{ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ klg eGg] ul/G5 . lah'nL jTtL jfNg], u|fdL0f b'/;+rf/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsfz ug]{, hldgd'lgjf6 kfgL tfgL l;+rfO{ tyf vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf ;+rfng ug]{, kfgL ttfpg], vfgf jgfpg], /]l8of] ahfpg] tyf 6lnlehg rnfpg] / s[lif pkhnfO{ :j:Yo 9u+n] ;'sfpg] h:tf k|+of]hgsf nflu ;f}o{ pmhf{ e/kbf]{ / pkof]uL dfWodsf] ¿kdf b]vfk/]sf]5 . o;sf/0f o;sf] clwsflws pkof]u cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ef}uf]lns, clg jftfj/0fLo :jR5tfsf b[li6n] ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ b]lvG5 .

;f}o{ pmhf{nfO{ d"nt b'O{j6f k|ljlwjf6 k|of]udf NofOg] ul/Psf]5 . h;df ;f]n/ kmf]6f]ef]N6fO{ / ;f]nf/ yd{n kb{5g\ . ;f]n/ kmf]6f]ef]N6fO{ k|ljlwjf6 ;f}o{ ljB't\ pTkfbg ug]{ ul/G5 . o;/L pTkflbt ljB'tn] xfd|f] d'n'ssf] u|fld0f ljB'lts/0fdf 7'nf] of]ubfg k'/ofPsf]5 . ef}uf]lns Pj+ cfly{s sf/0fn] hnljB't pkof]ujf6 j+lrt kxf8L Pj+ b'u{d u|fld0f e]udf o;sf] pkof]u lbg k|ltlbg j9|bf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . ;f}o{ ljB'tsf] pkof]u vfgf jgfpg], jQL jfNg ;lsg] nufPtsf k|of]hgsf nflu ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn] o;n] k/+k/fut ¿kdf k|of]u x'b} cfPsf] pmhf{sf] d'Vo >f]t bfp/fsf] vkt 36\g uO{ 6'sL tyf lbofnf]sf] w'jfjf6 d'tmL lbG5 . o:t} /]l8of], 6]kl/s8{/sf nflu k|of]u ul/g] Aof6\Lsf] emGem6jf6 o;n] d'tmL lbnfO 6]lnlehgsf nflu cfjZos ljB't\ cfk'lt{ ;d]t o;jf6 x'g hfG5 . ;"rgfsf] kx'Fr ufFp ufpFdf k'¥ofpg tyf :yflgo :jf:Yo rf}sL, pkrf}sLx¿df vf]k ;'/lIft /fVg /]lk|mh]/]6/ rnfpg ;lsG5 . o:t} ;f}o{ pmhf{sf] k|of]uu/L @)) ld6/ ;Ddsf] hldgd'lgsf] kfgL tfgL ufpF;x/x¿df ;xh¿kdf vfg]kfgL tyf l;+rfO{ pknAw u/fpg ;lsG5 . xfn hldgd'lgjf6 kfgL tfgL vfg]kfgLsf] nfuL ;f}o{ pmhf{sf] pkof]u ug]{ pB]Zon] etmk'/l:yt jf]8] kl/of]hgf ;+rflnt 5 . of] of]hgf cGt{ut $) xhf/ jf6 ;f}o{ ljB't\ pTkfbg u/L ;kmntfk"js vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf ;+rflnt 5 . o;}u/L ufpF 3/d} ; ;fgf cfod'nds sfo{x¿ ;+rf+ng ug{ ;f}o{ pmhf{sf ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ePsf 5g h;n] :yfglo :t/df ljB't ;]jf pknJw u/fO{ cfGtl/s a;fO{ ;/fO{ lgoGq0fdf ;d]t o;n] of]ubfg k'/ofPsf] 5 .

To:t} ;f]nf/ yd{n k|ljlwjf6 cfw'lgs tl/sfn] s[lif pTkfbg Pj+ hl8j'6LnfO{ ;'/lIft tl/sfn] ;'sfpg ;lsPsf] 5 . o;/L ;'sfO{Psf] s[lif pkh oj{ vfBkbfy{ :j:Yos/ /xg] ePsfn] of] k|ljlw xfn g]kfndf dfq geP/ ljZjd} lbgk|ltlbg nf]slk|o jGb} cfPsf] 5 . o:t} ;f]nf/ s's/ jf ;f]nf/ x6 jf6/ l;:6djf6 klg vfgf jgfpg] sfo{ ug{ ;lsPsf] 5 . o;} u/L u|fdL0f Pj+ b'u{d If]qdf b'/ ;+rf/ k|0fnLsf] ljsfzsf nflu ;f}o{ pmhf{g} Psdfq ljsNk ePsfn] o;sf] ;j}eGbf 7"nf] k|of]ustf{ g]kfn 6]lnsd /x]sf] 5 . 6]lnsdn] sl/j bzf} nfv jf6 eGbf j9L ;f}o{ ljB't xfn pkof]u ul//x]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf xfn ;Dddf sl/j * nfv 3/x?df 3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf e} ;s]sf] j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] hgfPsf] 5 . hl8t 3/]n' ;f}o{ 3/]n' ljB't k|0ffnLn] 3/x?sf ;fy} :jf:Yo, lzIff, ;"rgf, k|ljlw, xjfO{ oftfoft / b'/;+rf/ h:tf ljleGg dxTjk"0f{ If]qx¿df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpb} cfPsf] 5 . agh+un ljgfzsf] qmdnfO{ /f]Sb} u|fdL0f :t/;Dd jftfj/l0fo ;/;kmfO{sf] cj:yfnfO{ ;d]t ;'b[9 ug}{ ;ztm k|ljlw ;f}o{ pmhf{ ePsfn] 3/fo;L ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLdf ;/sf/n] cg'bfg ;xof]u pknJw u/fpb} cfPsf] 5 .

lj= ;= @)%$ ;fndf ef/tn] Jofkf/ tyf kf/jfxg ;lGw gjLs/0f gu/]kl5 pTkGg phf{ ;+s6n] xfd|f] ;Gbe{df ;f}o{ pmhf{ pkof]usf] 9f]sf vf]n]sf] xf] eGg ;lsG5 . g]kfndf @ s/f]8 ̂ ^ nfv d]3fjf6 ;f}o{ ljB't\ pTkfbg x'g ;sg] cg'dfg cf= j = )%$.%% sf] cfly{s ;e]{If0fn] b]vfPsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] k|yd ;f}o{ljB't cfof]hgf k'lndf/fË xf] . g]kfnsf] k|yd ;f}o{ ljB't pTkfbs ;f]nf/ On]S6\Ll;6L sDkgL4f/f o; of]hgf cGt{ut ^$ j6f 3/x¿df ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL h8fg ul/Psf] lyof] . tgx' lhNnfsf] l/:tL uflj;df kg]{ of] of]hgfsf] ;d'b\3f6g @)%! ;fn j}zfv !# ut] ttsfnLg k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . lgs6 eljZodf u|L8 k|0ffnLdf n}hfg c;Dej tyf n3'hn ljB'tsf] sd ;+efjgf /x]sf b'u{d :yfgx¿sf nflu ;f}o{ kmf]6f]ef]N6]s pmhf{jf6 ljB't cfk'lt{ xg ;Sg] cg'ejsf cfwf/df ;/sf/n] o:tf :yfgx¿nfO{ nIo u/L ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] ePsf] ePtf klg o;sf] jxk'lIfo pkof]u / lj:tf/sf nflu pko'Qm /fli6o gLlt eg] cem;Dd klg jGg ;s]sf] 5}g .

;f}o{ pmhf{+sf If]qdf lqmofzLn lghL ;+3 ;:yfx¿jLrsf] c:j:Yo k|lt:kwf{sf sf/0f pkef]tmfx¿ cem;Ddklg df/df kg]{ u/]sf 5g . To:t} s[lif ljsf; a}saf6 pknAw u/fpb} cfPsf] shf{ klg ;j{;'ne ¿kdf k|fKt gx'g] u/]sf] clwsf+z pkef]tmfx¿sf] u'gf;f] /xb} cfPsf] 5 . Vff;u/L u|fld0f If]qdf ;f}o{ pmhf{sf] lj:tf/sf nflu lbO{b} cfO/x]sf] cg'bfgsf ;DjGwsf klg ;/sf/ / bft[ /fi6x¿n] ljjfb gp7fPsf x}gg\ . cg'bfg 36fpb} cGtt x6fpg] ljifonfO{ lnP/ p7\g] o:tf ljjfbx¿df ;f}o{ pmhf{ pTkfbs lghL ;+3 ;:yfx¿ ljkIfdf /xg] u/]sf ePtf klg cg'bfg sfod x'g] gx'g] cGof}n oyfjt 5 .

;f}o{ pmhf{sf] lbuf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf nflu ;/sf/, bft[ lgsfo / lghL If]qsf] ;xof]ufTds l:ylt hlt h?/L 5 Toltg} cg'bfg gLlt oyfjt /xg' cfjZos 5 . xfd|f] b]zdf ;f}o{ pmhf{ qmfo{qmdsf] xfn;Ddsf nlIft ju{ Pj+ pkef]ustf{ eg]s} dWojuL{o hgtfx¿ g} x'g . u/Lj oj+ ljkGg ju{sf] o;df kx'r+ cem;Dd klg k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g . cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf x'Fbf t of] l:ylt 5 eg] cg'bfg x6\g jf 36\g uPdf To;n] ;f}o{ pmhf{sf] pkof]u / lj:tf/df k|lts'n k|efj kb{5 . o:tf] l:yltdf ;f}o{ pmhf{sf] pkof]unfO{ u|fdL0f :t/;Dd cem Jofks u/L o;df ljkGg ju{sf] kxF'r k'¥ofpg cg'bfg gLlt oyfjt /fvL cem ;j{;'ne jgfpg ;lsof] eg] To;n] sf7,bfp/f / u'OF7fsf] k|of]unfO{ Go'g u/L jgh+un ljgfzsf] qmdnfO{ /f]Sg] dfq xf]Og o;n] /f;fO{lgs dn / O{Gwgsf] pkof]udf ;d]t s6f}tL u/L ljb]zL d'b|fsf] ;+lrlt j9fpb} jftfj/0f ;+/If0f u/L bLuf] ljsf;df ;d]t cg's'n k|efj kg]{ lglZrt b]lvG5 .