1

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

saerTaSoriso samarTlis instituti

M

TamTa gurgeniZis naSromi Temaze:

bavSvTa gamoyeneba mebrZolebad SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi damaTi dacvis meqanizmebi saerTaSoriso samarTalSi

naSromi wardgenilia akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

Temis xelmZRvaneli: Tamar aleqsiZe

Tbilisi

2

sarCevi

Sesavali..................................................................................................................................................... 4

1 mebrZol bavSvTa dacvis meqanizmebi adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso

samarTalSi............................................................................................................................................... 6

1.1 gaeros konvencia bavSvTa uflebebis Sesaxeb .............................................................. 7

1.1.1 bavSvTa uflebaTa konvenciis damatebiTi oqmi SeiaraRebul

konfliqtebSi bavSvTa monawileobis Sesaxeb .................................................................. 9

1.1.2 afrikuli qartia bavSvTa uflebebisa da keTildReobis Sesaxeb ......... 11

1.1.3 konvenica bavSvTa mZime Sromis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (182) ............................ 12

1.1.4 rbili samarTali ............................................................................................................ 12

1.1.5 mdedrobiTi sqesis bavSvi mebrZolebi .................................................................. 15

1.1.6 bavSvi mebrZolebi msoflio maStabiT .................................................................. 17

1.1.7 rogor xdeba bavSvi mebrZoli?................................................................................. 19

2 mebrZol bavSvTa dacvis meqanizmebi saerTaSoriso humanitarul samarTalSi

20

2.1 saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebuli konfliqti ................................................................. 21

2.1.1 arasaerTaSoriso SeiaraRebuli konfliqti ...................................................... 24

2.1.2 bavSvi kombatanti da samxedro tyvis statusi ................................................. 25

3 mebrZol bavSvTa dacvis meqanizmebi saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTali......... 27

3.1 bavSvi mebrZoli da saerTaSoris sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlos

statuti................................................................................................................................................ 28

3.1.1 saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis sasmarTlos roli ................................ 29

3.2 siria da mebrZoli bavSvebi ........................................................................................... 32

3.3 siera-leones specialuri sasamarTlo ..................................................................... 33

3.3.1 CveulebiTi samarTali .................................................................................................. 34

gamoyenebuli literatura .............................................................................................................. 42

3

Aabreviaturis CamonaTvali

CRC Convention on the Right of the Child

ACRWC African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child

ILO International Labor Organization

UNICEF The United Nation’s Children’s Func

GC Geneva Conventions

ICC International Criminal Court

TC Trial Chamber

SCSL Special Court for Sierra Leone

UN United Nations

SC Security Council

ATT Arms Trade Treaty

AU African Union

ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross

U

4

bavSvTa gamoyeneba mebrZolebad SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSida maTi dacvis meqanizmebi saerTaSoriso samarTalSi

Sesavali

Bbolo dros,MmsoflioSi arsebuli saerTaSoriso Tu arasaerTaSorisoSeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis Sedegad daaxloebiT ori milioni bavSviagardacvlili, xuT milionamde dasaxiCrebuli, xolo Tormeti milionimowyvetilia sakuTar ojaxebs. 1 aTi milioni bavSvi ki ganicdiskonfliqtis Sedegad miyenebul fsiqologiur travmas 2 sakmaodaqtualuri problemaa TviT bavSvTa gamoyeneba SeiaraRebulkonfliqtebSi. dResdReobiT msoflioSi daaxloebiT 250,000 bavSvimebrZolia. 3 oci milioni bavSvia daRupuli SeiaraRebul konfliqtSiuSualo monawileobis Sedegad.4 SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis dros TviTsaxelmwifoebisa Tu dajgufebebis mier, xdeba bavSvTa amgvari gamoyeneba.maTi SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi monawileoba gamowveulia sxvadasxvafaqtoriT: xdeba bavSvebis gawveva arasasurvelad miCneul asakSi,gataceba, zogierTi maTgani uerTdeba SeiaraRebul dajgufebebsnebayoflobiT, radgan miaCniaT rom arsebuli konfliqtis drossakuTari ojaxebi unda daicvan da sxv.5

,,isini movidnen da Cems Zmas dausves SekiTxva; iyo Tu ara Tanaxma, romgamxdariyo maTi SeiaraRebuli dajgufebis wevri. Cemi Zma mxolod 17wlis iyo da man ganacxada uari, ris Semdegac mas TavSi esroles damokles. Semdeg maT igive kiTxva me damisves - ra unda meTqva, me armindoda sikvdili’’- es sityvebi ekuTvnis yofil mebrZol bavSvs, romelic13 wlis asakSi CaerTo SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi. 6 kidev erTi yofilimebrZoli bavSvi iSmael bihi, siera leones samoqalaqo konfliqtis dros13 wlis iyo. is ixsenebs, rom mis Tvalwin klavdnen adamianebs. maT unda

1UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children 1996, “Children in War”, xelmisawvdomia

http://www.unicef.org/sowc96/childwar.htm (ნანახია, 2014/13/01).2 Ibid.3 War Child, Child Soldiers, xelmisawvdomia http://www.warchild.org.uk/issues/child-soldiers (ნანახია,2014/13/01).4 Dorcas B. Mulira, “International Legal Standards Governing the Use of Child Soldiers,” (1-1-2007) gv.1.xelmisawvdomia http://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1085&context=stu_llm(ნანახია,2014/13/01).5 Ilona Topa, “Prohibition of Child Soldiering-International Legislation and Prosecution of Perpetrators”,Hanse LawReview, Volume 3,N.1,(2007) gv.105.6 Amnesty International, “Child Soldiers: Why Recruiting and Using Child Soldiers is a War Crime,”xelmisawvdomia http://www.amnesty.org.nz/files/Child-soldiers-factsheet.pdf (ნანახია,2014/13/01).

5

moeklaT viRac da yovelive es iqca iseTive bunebriv movlenad, rogorcwylis smaa.7

Cndeba kiTxva, Tu rogoria “bavSvis” samarTlebrivi definicia da raasakidan CaiTvleba legitimurad maTi sabrZolo moqmedebebSi gamoyeneba.bavSvebis samxedro samsaxurSi gawveva an maTi gamoyeneba mebrZolebad 15wels qvemoT akrZalulia saerTaSoriso samarTliT, kerZod,saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTliT, CveulebiTi samarTliT da aseTiqmedeba iTvleba omis danaSaulad saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi.ufro metic, adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis mixedviT,pirovneba 18 wlamde iTvleba bavSvad. saerTaSoris sazogadoeba cdilobsuyuradRebod ar datovos iseTi faqtebi, rodesac xdeba bavSvTagamoyeneba sabrZolo moqmedebebSi da qmnis maTi dacvis sxvadasxvameqanizms. magram aris ki es dacvis meqanizmebi efeqturi? erTis mxriv,Tu bavSvad 18 wlamde asakis piria miCneuli, xolo meores mxriv,saerTaSoriso humanitaruli da CveulebiTi samarTali krZalavs bavSvebisgamoyenebas sabrZolo moqmedebebSi 15 wlamde, xom ar ivaraudeba rom 15-18wlamde bavSvebi rCebian samarTlebrivi dacvis gareSe da maT mimarTganxorcielebuli amgvari qmedeba ar CaiTvleba danaSaulad? da mainc,saiT midis saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba? Cans Tu ara perspeqtiva mkacradCamoayalibdes norma, romlis mixedviTac ar moxdeba 18 wlamde bavSvTanebismieri saxiT monawileoba sabrZolo moqmedebebSi maSin, rodesaczogierT saxelmwifoSi Tavisuflad SeiZleba mozrdilad iTvlebodes 15wlis piri.8 mniSvnelovani sakiTxia imis ganxilva, Tu ramdenad efeqturiasanqciebi im pirTa mimarT, romlebic Caidenen aseTi tipis danaSauls.naSromis miznebidan gamomdinare sainteresoa moxdes ganxilva, Tu radacvis meqanizmebs awesebs saerTaSoriso samarTali aseTi bavSvebismimarT, konkretulad ki, saerTaSoriso humanitaruli, adamianisuflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis da saerTaSoriso sisxlissamarTlis kuTxiT.

Sesabamisad, winamdebare naSromis mizania saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrividacvis arsebuli meqanizmebis ganxilva da maTi efeqturobis dadgena.yovelive amis misaRwevad kvleva ganviTardeba Semdegnairad: naSromispirveli Tavi daeTmoba adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTalSiarsebuli dacvis meqanizmebis ganxilvas, Tu ra samarTlebriv CarCosgvTavazobs TiToeuli maTgani. meore Tavi daeTmoba saerTaSorisohumanitaruli samarTlis nawils, ganxiluli iqneba saerTaSoriso TuarasaerTaSoriso SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis dros bavSvTa zogadi daspecialuri dacvis sakiTxebi, sadac ZiriTadi aqcenti gakeTdeba mebrZolbavSvebze. xolo bolo Tavi daeTmoba saerTaSoriso humanitarulisamarTlis mZime darRvevebs, ris Sedegadac, SesaZloa dadges pirTaindividualuri pasuxismgebloba sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso

7 Errol Barnett, “Ex-child-soldier:'Shooting became just like drinking a glass of water',xelmisawvdomiahttp://edition.cnn.com/2012/10/08/world/africa/ishmael-beah-child-soldier/ 10/09/2012,(ნანახია,2014/13/01).8 Rapporteur Report, “Children and Armed Conflict: Reviewing the International Response”,17/06/2011,gv.3.xelmisawvdomiahttp://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/International%20Security/0611rr_caac.pdf (ნანახია,2013/20/10).

6

sasamarTloSi Tuki dadginda, rom maT mier moxda bavSvTa gamoyenebasabrZolo moqmedebebSi.

1 mebrZol bavSvTa dacvis meqanizmebi adamianis uflebaTa

saerTaSoriso samarTalSi

meore msoflio omis Semdgom aucilebeli gaxda Seqmniliyo raimesamarTlebrivi instrumenti, romlis saSualebiTac, saxelmwifoebi, maTiiurisdiqciis farglebSi, ganaxorcielebdnen adamianis uflebaTa dacvas.9

1948 wels moxda adamianis uflebaTa universaluri deklaraciis miReba,romelsac savaldebulo Zala ar gaaCnda, 10 Tumca es iyo sakmaod wingadadgmuli nabiji, rasac 1950 wels mohyva savaldebulo Zalis mqoneregionaluri SeTanxmebis - adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropulikonvenciis Seqmna. 11 1966 wels iqmneba kidev ori mniSvnelovaniinstrumenti –paqtebi `samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis” da`ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb”. 12 pirvelrigSi, bavSvebi daculebi arian zogadad adaminis uflebaTasaerTaSoriso samarTalSi arsebuli normebiT da Semdgom, konkretuladim dacvis meqanizmebiT, rac uSualod bavSvebs exeba13.

1923 wels erTa ligis farglebSi moxda bavSvTa uflebebisdeklaraciis miReba, romelic Jenevis deklaraciis saxeliTaa cnobili. is1924 wels damtkicda erTa ligis mexuTe asambleaze. 14 1948 wels gaerosgeneralurma asambleam miiRo deklaraciis ufro sruli versia, xolo1959 wels - ukve deklaracia-bavSvTa dacvisa da keTildReobisprincipebis Sesaxeb. 15 Aamis Semdgom gaeros generaluri asambleis miermiRebul iqna bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia, rac erT-erT mTavardokumetad gvevlineba bavSvis uflebaTa dacvis sferoSi. am TavSiganxiluli iqneba bavSvis uflebaTa dacvis samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi,romelic konkretulad icavs bavSvebs SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSigamoyenebisgan.

9Rachel Harvey, Children and Armed Conflict, “ A Gude to International Humanitarian and Human Rights Law”,gv.7. xelmisawvdomia http://www.essex.ac.uk/armedcon/story_id/000044.pdf (ნანახია,2014/13/01).10 Ibid, gv.11.11 Ibid, gv.11.12 Ibid, gv.11.13Claudia Morin, “First Victims then Perpetrators: Child Soldiers and International Law,” Volume3, Pp.187-208,2010,gv .191.14 bavSvTa uflebaTa konvencia, mokle mimoxilva, 2007, gv.3, xelmisawvdomia

http://www.unicef.ge/uploads/CRC_text.pdf (ნანახია,2014/13/01).15 ix. iqve gv.3.

7

1.1 gaeros konvencia bavSvTa uflebebis Sesaxeb

1989 wlis 20 noembers gaeros generalurma asambleam miiRo bavSvisuflebaTa konvencia,16romelic ZalaSi Sevida 1990 wlis 2 seqtembers damoicavs bavSvTa fundamentur uflebebs. 17 konvenciam universaluriaRiareba moipova; igi ratificirebulia 192 saxelmwifos mier. 18 esdokumenti ratificirebuli ar aqvs aSS-s, samxreT sudans da somals,Tumca am ukanasknelma orma saxelmwifom ganacxada mzadyofna dasurvili axlo momavalSi konvenciis ratificirebisa19.

konvenciis pirvel muxlSi mocemulia “bavSvis” samarTlebrividefinicia: “winamdebare konvenciis miznebisaTvis bavSvad iTvleba 18wlamde asakis yoveli adamiani, Tuki romelime qveynis kanonmdeblobismixedviT bavSvi ufro adre ar aRwevs srulwlovanebas”. aseT pirebzesaxelmwifoebi iReben valdebulebas ganaxorcielon konvenciiTgansazRvrul uflebaTa dacva.

sayuradReboa konvenciis 38-e muxli, romelic uSualod exebaSeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros bavSvTa dacvas. 20 am muxlis mixedviT,saxelmwifoebma unda mimarTon yvela SesaZlo zomas, raTa uzrunvelyon,rom 15 wlamde asakis pirebi uSualod ar monawileobdnen saomarmoqmedebebSi da Tavi unda Seikavon, rom TavianT SeiaraRebul ZalebSiar gaiwvion 15 wlamde asakis pirebi. 38-e muxlis teqsti kritikissafuZveli gaxda, radgan igi arafer axals ar gvTavazobs da mxolodsaerTaSoriso humanitarul samarTalSi ukve arsebul standartsimeorebs. 21 aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom fraza “saxelmwifos mxridan yvelaSesaZlo zomebis gamoyeneba” ufro farTe gagebisaa da saxelmwifosyovelTvis SeeZleba idavos, rom man gamoiyena yvela misTvis SesaZlozoma, magram ara raime konkretuli nabiji, rom ar daeSva bavSvTa amgvari

16 Cynthia Price Cohen, “The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child: Involvement of NGOs,” gv. 69.xelmisawvdomiahttp://www.uu.nl/faculty/leg/NL/organisatie/departementen/departementrechtsgeleerdheid/organisatie/onderdelen/studieeninformatiecentrummensenrechten/publicaties/simspecials/19/Documents/19-14.pdf(ნანახია,2014/13/01).17 American Red Cross, Child Soldiers, 2011, gv. 3.xelmisawvdomiahttp://www.redcross.org/images/MEDIA_CustomProductCatalog/m4640077_IHL_ChildSoldiers.pdf (ნანახია,2014/13/01).18 Supra note 9, Harvey, gv. 11.19 Jo Becker,”Dispatches: Will US be Last to Endorse Child Rights Convention?” 26/11/2013, xelmisawvdomiahttp://www.hrw.org/news/2013/11/26/dispatches-will-us-be-last-endorse-child-rights-convention(ნანახია,2014/13/01).20 Supra note 9, Harvey, gv. 12.21 ICRC, Optional Ptotocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Child in Aremd Conflict,26/05/2000, xelmisawvdomia http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/INTRO/595?OpenDocument (ნანახია,2014/13/01).

8

gamoyeneba. 22 aSkaraa, rom konvenciaSi urTierTsawinaaRmdego debulebebigvxvdeba asakTan dakavSirebiT – bavSvis samarTlebrivi asaki - 18 wlamdepiri, xolo maTi gamoyeneba sabrZolo moqmedebebSi ar unda moxdes 15wlamde. 23 amave muxlis mixedviT, Tuki moxdeba 15 wels gadacilebulpirTa gawveva, romelTac jer ar SesrulebiaT 18 weli, saxelmwifoebiecdebian upiratesoba mianiWon ufro asakovan pirebs. ,,ecdebianupiratesoba mianiWon”- es fraza ufro moralur valdebulebas akisrebssaxelmwifos, vidre samarTlebrivs. sayuradReboa aseve is garemoeba, romxsenebuli muxlis mixedviT SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi bavSvTaUuSualomonawileobaze, Zalismier gawvevasa Tu gamoyenebaze keTdeba aqcenti,magram isini vinc garemoebebidan gamomdinare sakuTari nebiT iRebenmonawileobas sabrZolo moqmedebeSi, rCebian konvenciis dacvis miRma. 24

amave muxlis mixedviT, saxelmwifoebs ekisrebaT humanitaruli samarTlispativiscemis valdebuleba da bavSvTa Sesabamisi dacva. 39-e muxli kiexeba konfliqtis Semdgom saxelmwifos valdebulebas daicvas bavSvebida moaxdinos maTi fizikuri, fsiqologiuri reabilitacia da socialuriintegracia.25

Cemi azriT, mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom amgvari universalurixelSekruleba bavSvis samarTlebriv cnebas ayalibebs, sadac 18 welsmiuRweveli piri iTvleba bavSvad, Tumca aRsaniSnavia rom keTdebadaSveba, romlis Tanaxmad qveynis kanonmdebloba SesaZloa ufro dabalasakobriv zRvars gvTavazobdes, rac vfiqrob, faqtobrivad arismcdeloba, konvenciis mier ar moxdes mkacri samarTlebrivi enisgamoyeneba. eWvgareSea, rom SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis dros undamoxdes saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis normebis uzrunvelyofada maTi dacva, Tumca amave samarTlis mixedviT 15 wlamde bavSvTagamoyeneba akrZalulia saomar moqmedebebSi (naSromis Semdgom TavSidetalurad ganvixilavT). gamodis, rom bavSvTa konvencia am mxrivarafers axals ar ambobs da faqtobrivad 15-18 wlamde bavSvebi rCebiandaucvelebi.Gamgvarad, arsobrivad konvencia ugulvelyofs mis mierganmartebul bavSvis samarTlebriv definicias. igive problema gvxvdeba,rodesac konvenciaSi dakonkretebulia, rom 15 wels miuRweveli pirebipirdapir ar unda monawileobdnen saomar moqmedebebSi: gamodis, rom 15wlamde pirebis arapirdapiri monawileoba am konvenciT ar ikrZaleba.SeiaraRebul ZalebSi gawvevasTan dakavSirebiTac ki ar icavs konvenciamis mier warmodgenili bavSvis asakis samarTlebriv definicias, da kvlavmkacri akrZalava arsebul normaze 15 wlamde vrceldeba, imis nacvlad,rom yvela, 18 wels ar miRweul pirs Seexos.Akonvenciis ena am konkretulproblemasTan dakavSirebiT sakmaod rbilia, rac, Cemi azriT, SesaZloagamowveulia imiT, rom msgavsi saxis dokumenti aris rigiT pirveli da

22 Supra note 5, Topa, gv. 109.23 Ruth Kahurananga, “Children affected by armed conflict: Child rights law VS compliance”, 2005, gv. 9,xelmisawvdomia http://www.essex.ac.uk/armedcon/story_id/000297.pdf (ნანახია, 2014/13/01).24 Susan Tiefenbrun, “Child Soldiers, Slavery and the Trafficking of Children”, Fordham International Law Journal,Volume 31, Issue 2, 2007, gv. 440.25 Supra note 9, Harvey, gv. 12.

9

saxelmwifoebi ufro mkacr enas moeridnen, radgan gaTvaliswinebul iqnasxva socialuri Tu kulturuli faqtorebic.

1.1.1 bavSvTa uflebaTa konvenciis damatebiTi oqmi SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSibavSvTa monawileobis Sesaxeb

bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis damatebiTi oqmi, SeiaraRebulkonfliqtebSi bavSvTa monawileobis Sesaxeb, aris erT-erTi mTavarisaerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi instrumenti. mocemuli dokumentimiRebulia gaeros generaluri asambleis mier 2000 wlis 25 maiss, xoloZalaSi Sevida 2002 wlis 12 Tebervals.26 preambulaSi aRniSnulia, rom amdamatebiTi oqmiT unda moxdes ganmtkiceba bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciaSiaRniSnul bavSvTa im kategoriis uflebebisa, romlebic SeiaraRebulmoqmedebebSi aralegitimurad gamoyenebis riskis qveS arian. Cemi azriT,sanam uSualod oqms wavikiTxavT savaraudoa, rom am damatebiTiprotokolis ena ufro samarTlebriv valdebulebas unda akisrebdessaxelmwifoebs, vidre moralurs, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom saerTaSorisosazogadoeba bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis miRebis Semdgom dadgasaWiroebis winaSe, ganevrco es sakiTxi da Seeqmna ufro srulyofilidokumenti.

am dokumentis pirveli muxlis mixedviT, saxelmwifoebma unda miiRonyvela SesaZlo zoma, raTa uzrunvelyon, rom ar moxdes sabrZolomoqmedebebSi im pirTa uSualo monawileoba, romlebsac ar miuRweviaT 18wlisaTvis. 27 aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom muxlSi arsebuli frazis “pirTauSualo monawileoba sabrZolo moqmedebebSi”- mniSvneloba ar arisganmartebuli xelSekrulebaSi da verc mosamzadebeli samuSaoebisdokumentebSi ver vxvdebiT amgvar axsnas; Tumca, fraza interpretaciaimgvarad SeiZleba, rom is moicavdes ara marto monawileobas uSualomebrZolebad, aramed sxva funqciebsac, rac pirdapir ar arisdakavSirebuli samxedro saqmianobasTan.28 es funqciebi SesaZlebelia iyosdazverva, jaSuSoba, kurieroba da sxv.29

aseve oqmis me-2 muxlis mixedviT, monawile saxelmwifoebma ar undagaiwvion 18 wels miuRweveli pirebi savaldebulo samxedro samsaxurSi.xolo rac Seexeba, erovnul SeiaraRebul ZalebSi nebayoflobiTgawvevas, 18 wlis asaks miuRweveli pirebis mimarT me-3 muxlis mixedviT,saxelmwifoebi adgenen garantiebs, rogorc minimum imis uzrunvelsayofadrom: amgvari gawveva iyos WeSmaritad nebayoflobiTi, xorcieldebodesmSoblis an kanonieri informirebiTa da TanxmobiT, moxdes samxedrosamsaxurSi Sesasrulebeli movaleobebis sruliad informireba daSesabamisad, erovnul samxedro samsaxurSi aseTma pirebma unda

26 Supra note 5, Topa, gv. 110.27 Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict ,1 muxli, (2000).28 UNICEF, Guide to the optional protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict, 2003, gv. 14.29 Ibid, gv. 14.

10

warmoadginon TavianTi asakis damadasturebeli mowmoba. aRsaniSnavia isfaqti, rom am SemTxvevaSi ar xdeba mkacrad gansazRvra da dacva imisgan,rom ar moxdes 18 wlamde pirTa gamoyeneba sabrZolo moqmedebebSi, aramedvxvdebiT ormag standarts, rodesac saxelmwifos SeuZlia am pirTanebayoflobiT gamoyeneba 18 wlamde, rac faqtobrivad ewinaaRmdegebaxsenebuli protokolis miznebs. 30 praqtikaSi SesaZloa gvqondes iseTimagaliTebi, rodesac bavSvi nebayoflobiT midis samxedro samsaxurSiarsebuli socialuri pirobebis gamo; aseve SeiaraRebuli konfliqtisdros qveyanaSi SesaZlebelia dabadebis registraciis adgilebi iyosparalizebuli da ver moxdes zustad asakis gansazRvra. 31 AamasTandakavSirebiT, msoflios maStabiT yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 40milioni bavSvis registracia ver xerxdeba da aseT SemTxvevaSi, TviTbavSvebma da maTma mSoblebmac SesaZloa ar icodnen maTi zusti asaki.32

Cemi azriT, sakmaod kargi win gadadgmuli nabijia is, rom dadginda 18wlamde pirTa Zalismieri gawvevis aRmofxvris aucilebloba SeiaraRebulZalebSi, magram vTvli, rom TviT nebayoflobiTi gawvevis daSvebac arunda xdebodes, radgan im zemoT CamoTvlili garantiebis uzrunvelyofa,rac am konkretul SemTxvevaSi saxeze unda gvqondes, maTi dazusteba dasinamdvilis dadgena praqtikaSi rTuli iqneba.

oqmi aseve yuradRebas amaxvilebs SeiaraRebul dajgufebebze, romlebicar warmoadgenen saxelmwifos SeiaraRebul Zalebs da me-4 muxlismixedviT maT “arcerT SemTxvevaSi ara aqvT ufleba gaiwvion, angamoiyenon saomar moqmedebebSi 18 wlamde pirebi”. Tumca, muxlSiarsebul amgvar frazas aqvs ufro moraluri datvirTva, vidresamarTlebrivi valdebulebis saxe. 33 igive muxli valdebulebas akisrebssaxelmwifoebs, rom miiRon yvela samarTlebrivi zoma, raTa moaxdinonprevencia da dajgufebebma ver gamoiyenon 18 wlamde pirebi SeiaraRebulikonfliqtis dros. anu saxelmwifoebs ekisrebaT valdebuleba,akontrolon da daareguliron dajgufebebis qmedebebi da amgvariregulireba SesaZloa moxdes qveynis Sida kanonmdeblobis miRebiT.34

am oqmSi arsebobs xarvezebi, Tumca protokolis arseboba wingadadgmuli nabijia, raTa ganmtkicdes 18 wlamde pirTa ar gamoyenebisprincipi sabrZolo moqmedebebisas, rac marTebulad mimaCnia da amprincipis ganmtkicebis aucileblobas vxedav.

30 Graça Machel, “The Impact of War on Children”, UK:C. Hurst & Co., US: Palgrave, 2001, Chapter 2 , ChildeSoldiers, gv. 20.31 Supra note 28, gv. 14.32 Supra note 30, Machel, gv. 9.33 Supra note 5, Topa, gv. 110.34 UNICEF, Guide to the optional protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict, 2003, gv. 17,xelmisawvdomia http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/option_protocol_conflict.pdf (ნანახი,2014/13/01).

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1.1.2 afrikuli qartia bavSvTa uflebebisa da keTildReobis Sesaxebafrikis kontinentze uamravi bavSvi mebrZolia. 35 afrikuli qartia

bavSvTa uflebebisa da keTildReobis Sesaxeb, miRebulia afrikisorganizaciis wevri qveynebis mier 1990 wlis 11 ivliss da ZalaSi Sevida1999 wlis 29 noembers.36

dokumentis me-2 muxli adgens bavSvis samarTlebriv ganmartebas, romlismixedviTac, bavSvad CaiTvleba yvela piri 18 wlamde. aqve unda aRiniSnos,rom am muxlSi raime gamonaklisis daSvebas asakTan mimarTebaSi arvxvdebiT.

sayuradReboa 22-e (2) muxli, romlis mixedviT, qartiis monawile yvelasaxelmwifom unda miiRos yvela saWiro zoma, raTa ar moxdes sabrZolomoqmedebebSi bavSvTa pirdapiri gamoyeneba da saxelmwifoebma uari TqvanmaT gawvevaze samxedo samsaxurSi.37Aaq igulisxmeba, rogorc savaldebulogawveva, ise nebayoflobiTi monawileoba SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi. 38

rogorc vxedavT, afrikul qartiaSic akrZalulia bavSvTa pirdapirigamoyeneba SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi, Tumca araferia naTqvami sabrZolomoqmedebebSi bavSvTa arapirdapir gamoyenebaze. Aamgvari elementisugulvelyofa Cemi azriT, sakmaod asustebs samarTlebrivi dacvismocemul meqanizms.

erTi SexedviT, zemoxsenebuli qartia sxva dokumentebTan SedarebiT,mkacrad icavs 18 wlamde pirebs da ar uSvebs asakobriv gamonakliss. 1-li muxlis me-3-e punqtis mixedviT, nebismieri Cveuleba, tradicia,kulturuli an religiuri praqtika, romelic SeuTavsebelia qartiaSimocemul raime uflebasTan, uaryofili iqneba.39

aqve unda aRiniSnos rom es qartia icavs 18 wlamde asakis pirebssamxedro samsaxurSi gawvevisgan, rogorc SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebisdros, aseve mSvidobian periodSi.40

35 Supra note 5, Topa, gv. 111.36 Julia Sloth-Nielsen, “Children's Rights in Africa: A Legal Perspective”, 2008, chapter3, gv. 35.37 Supra note 5, Topa, gv. 110.38 Ibid, gv. 111.39 Ibid, gv. 111.40 The Redress Trust, “Victims, Perpetrators or Heroes? Child Soldiers before the International Criminal Court”, 2006gv. 25, xelmisawvdomia http://www.redress.org/downloads/publications/childsoldiers.pdf(ნანახია,2014/13/01).

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1.1.3 konvenica bavSvTa mZime Sromis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (182)Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciam 1999 wels, miiRo konvenica bavSvTa

mZime Sromis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 2000 wels. amkonvenciis mixedviT, monawile saxelmwifoebma unda miiRon efeqturizomebi, raTa uzrunvelyon, rom ar moxdes bavSvTa Sromis mZime formebisgamoyeneba, miuxedavad aseTi Sromis aucileblobisa.41

konvenciis me-2 muxlis mixedviT, bavSvis asaki dadgenilia 18 wlamde,Sesabamisad, am muxlSi ar gvxvdeba raime gamonaklisi asakTandakavSirebiT.

me-3 muxlSi CamoTvlilia konvenciis miznebidan gamomdinare, raCaiTvleba bavSvTa Sromad, da aRniSnulia rom aseT Sromad iTvleba, maTSoris, bavSvTa Zalismieri an savaldebulo gawveva samxedro samsaxurSi,maTi SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi Semdgomi gamoyenebis mizniT. 42 eskonvencnia mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso instrumentia im mxriv, rombavSvTa Zalismieri da savaldebulo gamoyeneba SeiaraRebulkonfliqtebSi aRiarebulia, rogorc bavSvTa mZime Sroma, da aqvedadgenilia mkafiod gansazRvruli asakobrivi zRvari.43

1.1.4 rbili samarTali1997 wels gaimarTa simpoziumi gaeros bavSvTa fondisa da

arasamTavrobo organizaciebis samuSo jgufis mier, romlebic muSaobdnenbavSvis uflebebis konvenciis teqstze. 44 am simpoziumze moxda e.w.`qeipTaunis principebis” miReba, romlis mTavari arsi praqtikisCamoyalibebaa bavSvTa SeiaraRebul ZalebSi gamoyenebis prevenciismizniT. agreTve yuradReba daeTmo iseT sakiTxebs, romelic exeba bavSvTademobilizacias da socialur integracias afrikaSi. 45 es dokumentirekomendaciaa mTavrobebis mimarT, raTa aRmoifxvras bavSvis uflebebisdarRvevebi.46

`qeipTaunis principebis” mixedviT, bavSvis asakad 18 wlamde asakiiTvleba.18 wels gadacilebul pirebs SeuZliaT monawileobis miReba SeiaraRebulmoqmedebebSi, aseve SesaZlebelia aseTi pirebis gawveva yvela formis

41 Supra note 5, Topa, gv. 111.42 Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 3-e muxli (1999).43 Supra note 5, Topa, gv. 111.44 David M. Rosen, “Child Soldiers: A Reference Handbook: who is a child solder? Expanding the definition,” 2012,gv. 52.45 The Paris Principles, 2007, gv. 4, xelmisawvdomia

http://www.unicef.org/emerg/files/ParisPrinciples310107English.pdf (ნანახია,2014/13/01).46 The Cape Town Principlexelmisawvdomia http://www.unicef.org/emerg/files/Cape_Town_Principles(1).pdf (ნანახია,2014/13/01).

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SeiaraRebul Zalebsa Tu dajgufebebSi. 47 dokumentSi mocemuli bavSvisdefinicia farTea da moicavs pirdapir Tu arapirdapir monawileobassabrZolo moqmedebebSi, principebi iseT sakiTxebsac exeba, rogoricaamdedrobiTi sqesis bavSvebis daqiraveba sqesobrivi eqsploataciismiznebisa Tu iZulebiTi qorwinebisaTvis.48 vTvli, rom amgvari definiciamniSvnelovania, radgan masSi gaTvaliswinebulia pirdapiri Tuarapirdapiri monawileoba SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi da rac yvelazesayuradReboa, es dokumenti asxvavebs mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi sqesisbavSv mebrZolebs. aseve,A principebis mixedviT, saxelmwifoebs eZlevaTrekomendacia, rom bavSvTa amgvari gamoyenebisa minimaluri asaki 15wlidan 18 wlamde gazardon; moaxdinon arsebuli saerTaSoriso Turegionalur xelSkrulebaTa ratificireba, maTi inkorporireba SidasamarTalSi.49

Amocemul sakiTxze muSaoba gaeros bavSvTa fondis mier partniorqveynebTan erTad 2005-2006 wlebSic gagrZelda. 50 SeTanxmeba moxda ordokumentze, esenia ,,parizis valdebulebebi bavSvTa arakanonierigamoyenebisagan dasacavad SeiaraRebul Zalebsa da SeiaraRebuldajgufebebSi” da damatebiTi dokumenti “saxelmZRvanelo principebi imbavSvTa Sesaxeb, romlebic dakavSirebulebi arian SeiaraRebul Zalebsada SeiaraRebul dajgufebebTan”- e.w. “parizis principebi”, romelicgvTavazobs ufro detalurad gaweril programas. 51 2007 wels parizSi,“parizis principebTan” dakavSirebiT Catarda saerTaSorisokonferencia. 52 xsenebul dokumentSi bavSvi ganmartebulia, rogorcnebismieri piri 18 wlamde, romelic aris an iyo gawveuli, asevegamoyenebuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebisa an SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebis miernebismeri saxiT, 53 agreTve keTdeba aqcenti mdedrobiTi sqesis mebrZolbavSvebze. faqtobrivad ,,parizis principebi’’ imeorebs bavSvissamarTlebrivi definiciis ganmartebas, rac mocemulia zemoxsenebul,,qeipTaunis principebSi.”AaSkaraa rom, amgvari principebisa da programebis ZiriTadi

daniSnulebaa Camoayalibon rekomendacia 18 wlamde pirebis nebismierisaxis SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis dros gamoyenebis prevenciaze; Seiqmnasprogramebi aseTi bavSvebis reabilitaciisa da reintegraciisaTvissocialur cxovrebaSi; 54 Camoyalibdes 18 wlamde pirebis SeiaraRebulkonfliqtebSi ar-gamoyenebis praqtika. 55 agreTve “parizis principebis”farglebSi, tardeba saxelmwifoTa da donori organizaciebis Sexvedrebi,molaparakebebi saxelmwifoTa Soris arsebul valdebulebebsa da

47 Ibid.48 Supra note 44, Rosen, gv. 52.49 Supra note 46.50 Supra note 45, gv. 4.51 Ibid, gv. 5.52 Myriam Denov, “Child Soldiers: Sierra Leone's Revolutionary United Front”, Cambridge University Press, 2010, gv.4.53 Ibid, gv. 5.54 Supra note 45, gv. 5.55 Ibid, gv. 6.

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finansur sakiTxebze. 56 adamianis uflebaTa dacvis specialistebiaqtiurad uWeren mxars im praqtikis Camoyalibebas, rom saxelmwifoebma 18wlamde asakis pirebi ar gamoiyenon SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi.57

rbili samarTlis farglebSi aseve aRsaniSnavia 1999 wlis“montevideos deklaracia bavSvTa mebrZolebad gamoyenebis Sesaxeb”. 58

kerZod, urugvaiSi 1999 wels 5-8 ivliss Catarda laTinuri amerikisa dakaribis zRvis auzis qveynebis konferencia, romlis mizani iyo,aRmofxvriliyo 18 wlamde bavSvTa gamoyeneba sabrZolo moqmedebebSi,iqneba es saxelmwifos Tu arasaxelmwifoebrivi dajgufebebis mier,SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebisa Tu mSvidobianobis dros; aseve aRekveTaTnebayoflobiTi gawveva, pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri monawileobasamoqalaqo Tu saerTaSoriso konfliqtebis dros da, Sesabamisad, amregionis qveynebs moaxdinaT ratificireba yvela arsebuliSesasruleblad savaldebulo saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis.59

afrikis konferencia, romelic Catarda 1999 wlis 19-22 aprils, exebodabavSvTa gamoyenebas mebrZolebad. konferenciaze miiRes e.w. `maputosdeklaracia.” 60 am dokumentis mixedviT, 18 wlamde bavSvTa gamoyenebasabrZolo moqmedebebSi saxelmwifosa da arasaxelmwifoebriviwarmonaqmnebis mier, Tundac bavSvis surviliT, yovelmxriv miuRebelia.

amave sakiTxze 2001 wlis 8-10 aprilamde amanSi, iordaniaSi Catardakonferencia, sadac moxda `amanis deklaraciis” miReba bavSvmebrZolebze.61 aqac yuradReba gamaxvilda, rom ar unda moxdes 18 wlamdebavSvTa samxedro moqmedebebSi gamoyenebis an nebayoflobiTi gawvevisdaSveba da aseTi praqtika 18 wlis asakis qvemoT unda aRmoifxvras.Fgamodis, rom TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifo cdilobs ar gaiwvios 18

wlamde pirebi, iqneba SeiaraRebuli konfliqtsa, Tu samxedrosamsaxurSi. mimaCnia rom, amgvari rekomendaciebi sabolood migviyvansiseT praqtikamde romelic SesaZlebels gaxdis mxolod 18 welsmiRweuli pirebis gamoyenebas sabrZolo moqmedebebSi.

56 Supra note 45, gv. 6.57 Ibid, gv. 6.58 Montevideo Declaration on the Use of Children as Soldiers (1999).59 Ibid.60 Maputo Declaration on the Use of Children as Soldiers (1999).61 Amman Declaration on the Use of Children Soldiers (2001).

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1.1.5 mdedrobiTi sqesis bavSvi mebrZolebiyuradRebis gamaxvileba unda moxdes mdedrobiTi sqesisi bavSvebis

gamoyenebis SemTxvevebze SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi, romelTaprocentuli maCvenebeli sakmaod didia - daaxloebiT 40%. 62 amgvarifaqtebi dafiqsirebuli da dadasturebulia kongos demokratiulrespublikaSi, kolumbiaSi, aRmosavleT timorSi, Sri-lankaSi, pakistanSi,ugandasa da dasavleT afrikaSi, xolo maTi yvelaze didi raodenoba -12,500 mdedrobiTi sqesis bavSvTa gamoyeneba fiqsirdeba kongosdemokratiul respublikaSi. 63 mdedrobiTi sqesis bavSvTa funqciebiSeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi specifikuria: garda imisa rom isini pirdapirTu arapirdapir monawileoben saomar moqmedebebSi, gogonebi xSiradsqesobrivi Zaladobis msxverplni xdebian; gansakuTrebiT bevria meTaurTamier maTi gaupatiurebis faqtebi. 64 rTulia aseT bavSvTa Semdgomireabilitacia. 65 mokled ganvixiloT, uSualod ra dacvis samarTlebrivimeqanizmebi moqmedebs mdedrobiTi sqesis bavSvebTan mimarTebiT, zemoTCamoTvili konvenciebis safuZvelze.G gaeros bavSvTa uflebaTa konvenciis me-2 muxlis (2) paragrafismixedviT, monawile saxelmwifoebma sakuTari iurisdiqciis farglebSiunda miiRon yvela SesaZlo zoma, raTa uzrunvelyon, rom bavSvebidaculi iyvnen nebismieri saxis, maT Soris sqesobrivi diskriminaciisgan.66

amave konvenciis 34-e muxlis mixedviT, monawile saxelmwifoebivaldebulebas iReben daicvan bavSvebi yvela formis sqesobrivieqsploataciisagan da sqesobrivi iZulebisagan. 67 ZiriTadad, rodesacgvesmis sityvebi “bavSvi mebrZoli” warmogvideba mamrobiTi sqesis bavSvi,iaraRiT xelSi da ara mdedrobiTi sqesis bavSvi igive mdgomareobaSi. 68

gaeros bavSvis uflebaTa konvenicas aqvs meore damatebiTi oqmi, romelicexeba uSualod bavSvTa dacvas: maTi gayidvis, prostituciis da bavSvTapornografiis akrZalvas, romelic konkretulad yuradRebas amaxvilebsmdedrobiTi sqesis bavSvTa sqesobrivi Zaladobisagan dacvaze; Tumca amoqmSi araferia naTqvami amgvar bavSvTa mdgomareobaze SeiaraRebulikonfliqtebis msvlelobisas. 69 SesaZlebelia vifiqroT, rom

62 Girl soldiers face tougher battle on return to civilian life, 18/02/2013, xelmisawvdomiahttp://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/feb/18/girl-soldiers-battle-civilian-life?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487 (ნანახია,2014/13/01).63 Ibid.64 Ibid.65 Child Soldiers International, Analysis: Girl child soldiers face new battles in civilian life, 12/02/2013,xelmisawvdomia http://www.child-soldiers.org/news_reader.php?id=630 (ნანახია,2014/13/01).66 Ruxandra I. Costache, “Girl Children Soldiers: Potential Need for an Increased Protection under the InternationalLaw of Human Rights and the International Humanitarian Law”, gv. 4, xelmisawvdomia

http://www.drept.unibuc.ro/dyn_doc/cercetare/cdo-Costache.pdf (ნანახია,2014/13/01).67 Ibid, gv. 5.68Abigail Leibig, “Girl Child Soldiers in Northern Uganda: Do Current Legal Frameworks Offer Sufficient Protection”,Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights, Volume3, Issue1, 2005, para.35.69 Supra note 66, Costache, gv. 6.

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saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas jer-jerobiT ar Seuqmnia uSualodmdedrobiTi sqesis mebrZol bavSvTa dacvis raime konkretulisamarTlebrivi meqanizmi.70

rac Seexeba `afrikul qartias bavSvTa uflebebsa da keTildReobisSesaxeb,” misi 27-e muxli krZalavs sqesobriv eqsploatacias da

konvenciis teqstSi vxvdebiT ,,misi/misi” (inglisurad his/her) mdedrobiTida mamrobiTi sqesi amgvar dakonkretebas.71

sayuradReboa “afrikuli protokoli afrikel qalTa uflebebisSesaxeb” da misi me-11 muxli, romelic exeba uSualod qalTa dacvasSeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis dros. 72 am muxlis me-4 punqtis mixedviT,saxelmwifoebma unda miiRon yvela saWiro zoma, raTa uzrunvelyon, romarcerTma bavSvma, gansakuTrebiT mdedrobiTi sqesis bavSvebma 18 wlamdear miiRon pirdapiri monawileoba sabrZolo moqmedebebSi da ar iyvnengawveulni samxedro samsaxurSi.73 rogorc sxva dokumentebTan mimarTebiTaRvniSne, aqac yuradReba gamaxvilda imaze, rom miTiTebulia mxolodpirdapiri monawileoba, rodesac upriani iqneboda, yofiliyo SemdegsityvaTa wyoba “pirdapiri/arapirdapiri monawileoba,” raTa teqstSiqmedebis akrZalvis orive saxe iyos gaTvaliswinebuli .

1999 wlis `konvencia bavSvTa mZime Sromis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb” arafersambobs uSualod mdedrobiTi sqesis bavSv mebrZolTa Sesaxeb; is mxolodbavSvTa SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi monawileobas miiCnevs bavSvTa mZimeSromis formad. 74 am konvenciis me-3 muxliT, bavSvTa mZime SromiskategoriaSi Sedis yvela saxis monoba, bavSvebiT vaWroba (trefikingi),Zalismieri an savaldebulo muSaobis dakisreba, romelic aseve moicavsbavSvTa gamoyenebas SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi. 75 gamodis, rom eskonvencia bavSvis SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi monawileobas aseveukavSirebs monobas, kargi iqneboda, mdedrobiTi sqesis bavSvebissakiTxebis uSualo gamoyofa, radgan isini SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebisdros imyofebian sqesobriv damonebaSi, Tumca konvencia am TemasTanmimarTebiT ase Sors ar wasula.76 aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom am SemTxvevaSisaqme gvaqvs sqesobriv danaSaulTan, romelic romis statutis mixedviTwarmodgens erT-erT mZime danaSauls saerTaSoriso sisxlissamarTalSi.77

70 Supra note 68, Leibig, para. 37.71 Supra note 66, Costache, gv. 6.72 Global Politics, “Female Child Soldiers”, xelmisawvdomiahttp://www.globalpolitics.cz/clanky/female-child-soldiers (ნანახია,2014/13/01).73 AU,Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa(2005).74 Supra note 68, Leibig, para. 43.75 Convention concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of ChildLabour muxli 3, (2000).76 Supra note 68, Leibig, para. 44.77qeTevan xuciSvili, “gaeros uSiSroebis sabWosa da sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSorisosasamarTlos konkurentuli da komplementaruli kompetenciebi”, Tavi 3, sisxlissamarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos Seqmnis saWiroeba da kompetencia, 2010, gv. 33.

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1.1.6 bavSvi mebrZolebi msoflio maStabiTmsoflio maStabiT arsebul SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi, kerZod ki rig

SemTxvevebSi, opoziciur dajgufebebis mier, bavSvebi CarTulni iyvnensabrZolo moqmedebebSi; (mag. CeCneTi, daRestani,Kkosovo, makedonia, mTianiyarabaRi). 78 kosovos gamaTavisuflebel dajgufebaSi serbebis winaaRmdegSeiaraRebul konfliqtSi kerZod, 1997-1998 wlebSi dafiqsirda bavSvTagamoyeneba mebrZolebad. 79 agreTve ruseT-CeCneTis konfliqtis dros erT-erTi rusi polkovniki am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT akeTebda komentars daambobda, rom CeCneTis mxridan uamravi bavSvis mebrZolad gamoyenebafiqsirdeboda, romelTa ZiriTadi asaki iyo 14-16 wlamde da maTsaqmianobas warmoadgenda naRmebis ganTavseba, saguSagoebis misamarTiTcecxlis gaxsna.80

Turqebsa da qurTebs Soris konfliqtSi, qurTebi sistematiuradiyenebdnen bavSvebs mebrZolebad.81

rac Seexeba afrikis regions, aq bavSvTa mebrZolebad gamoyenebisuamrav faqts vxvdebiT. magaliTad angolaSi mcxovreb bavSvTa 36%msaxurobda jarSi an Tan axldnen samxedroebs SeiaraRebulkonfliqtSi. 82KdaaxloebiT igive suraTi gvaqvs liberiaSi, sadac gaerosmonacemebiT 20,000 bavSvTa monawileobaa dafiqsirebuli. 83 am mxrivsakmaod problemuria uganda, sadac dajgufebaTa mier moxda 14,000bavSvis gataceba, romelTa Soris iricxebodnen 5 wlis asakis bavSvebic.84

somalSi 14-dan 18 wlamde bavSvTa monawileobaa dafiqsirebuliSeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros. 85 ruandis konfliqtiSi daaxloebiT14,000 12 wlamde asakis bavSvi iRebda monawileobas sabrZolomoqmedebebSi. 86 aRniSnuli konfliqtis dasawyisSi hutus ajanyebulijgufebis mier mimdinareobda bavSvebis gagzavna samxedro wvrTnebisaTviscentraluri afrikis respublikaSi, tanzaniasa Tu ruandaSi, romelTaricxvi daaxloebiT 3,000-dan 5,000 meryeobda. 87 keniaSic dafiqsirdabavSvebis gamoyeneba burundisTan konfliqtSi; aseve kot d’ivuariskonfliqtSi dafiqsirebulia 3,000 bavSvi mebrZoli. 88 eTiopia-eriTreaskonfliqtSi eTiopieli bavSvebi ibrZodnen eriTreaswinaaRmdeg. 89 Aafrikis kontinentis yvelaze maStabur konfliqtSi kongosdemokratiul respublikaSi dafiqsirda 30,000-50,000 mebrZoli bavSvi.90

78 P.W. Singer , “Child Soldirs -The New Faces of War”,Pantheon,2005, gv. 3. xelmisawvdomia

http://www.brookings.edu/views/articles/fellows/singer20051215.pdf (ნანახია,2014/13/01).79 Ibid, gv. 3.80 Ibid, gv. 4.81 Ibid, gv. 4.82 Ibid, gv. 4.83 Ibid, gv. 4.84 Ibid, gv. 4.85 Ibid, gv. 4.86 Ibid, gv. 4.87 Ibid, gv. 4.88 Ibid, gv. 4.89 Ibid, gv. 4.90 Supra note 78, Singer, gv. 4.

18

rac Seexeba aziis regions, aqac uamravi konfliqtis dros moxdabavSvTa gamoyeneba: aRmosavleT timori, kamboja, indonezia, laosi,mianmari, pakistani, nepali, papua axali gvinea, Sri-lanka, filipinebi,solomonis kunZulebi, xolo pakistanTan, qaSmiris sazRvrebTandafiqsirebulia 17 dajgufeba, romlebic bavSvebs mebrZolebad iyenebda.91

magaliTisTvis mianmarSi (yofili birma) 75,000 bavSvi mebrZolia, rogorcsamTavrobo samxedro ZalebSi, aseve eTnikur samxedro dajgufebebSimianmaris mTavrobis winaaRmdeg.92

axlo aRmosavleT da centraluri aziis regionSic mravali faqtiabavSvTa mebrZolebad gamoyenebisa. 93 es qveynebia: azerbaijani, egvipte,alJiri, irani, erayi, sudani, libani, iemeni, tajikeTi. 94 islamisradikalur dajgufebebSi 15 wlis asakis qvemoT bavSvTa monawileobafiqsirdeba. daaxloebiT igive mdgomareobaa palestinaSic. 95 iran-erayisomis dros miuxedavad imisa, rom iranis Sida kanonmdebloba krZalavda 16wels qvemoT bavSvTa gawvevas samxedro samsaxurSi, aTasobiT bavSviiRebda monawileobas am SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi, radgan gamocxadda,rom yvela pirs, 12-dan 72 wlamde SeeZlo nebayoflobiT CarTuliyosaomar moqmedebebSi.96 eraySi ki daaxloebiT 8,000 bavSvi iwvrTneboda 10-dan 15 wlamde.97 100,000 bavSvis gamoyeneba fiqsirdeba sudanis samoqalaqokonfliqtSi opoziciuri Tu samTavrobo Zalebis mxridan, romelTa Sorisyvelaze mcire asaki 9 weli dafiqsirda.98

1990 wlidan xdeba bavSvTa gamoyeneba ekvadorSi, kolumbiaSi,gvatemalaSi, el salvadorSi, Ciapas konfliqtis dros meqsikaSi,paragvaiSi, peruSi da nikaraguaSi.99 magaliTad, kolumbiaSi 11,000 bavSvisgamoyeneba dafiqsirda; maTgan 2/3 15 wels qvemoT iyo, xolo yvelazepatara asakis bavSvi ki mxolod 7 wlis gaxldaT.100 panamaSi, venesuelasada ekvadorSi fiqsirdeba 10 welze qvemoT asakis bavSvTa gamoyeneba.101

msoflio maStabiT, TiTqmis yvela regioni moicva am problemam. aserom, garda samarTlebrivi CarCo meqanizmebis sisustis Sefasebisa,aucilebelia ganisazRvros is faqtobrivi garemoebebic Tu, rogor daratom xdeba amgvari SemTxvevebi.

91 Ibid, gv. 7.92 Ibid, gv. 7.93 Ibid, gv. 5.94 Ibid, gv. 5.95 Ibid, gv. 5.96 Ibid, gv. 5.97 Ibid, gv. 6.98 Ibid, gv. 6.99 Ibid, gv. 3.100 Ibid, gv. 3.101 Ibid, gv. 3.

19

1.1.7 rogor xdeba bavSvi mebrZoli?ganvixiloT Tu rogor da ra mizeziT xdeba bavSvTa gamoyeneba

SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi. bavSvTa Zalismieri gamoyeneba SeiaraRebulkonfliqtebSi sakmaod xSiria da amgvari gamoyenebis erT-erTi saxeabavSvTa gataceba. 102 SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebis mier, opozicuradganwyobili jgufebis mier, xSirad xdeba bavSvTa gataceba skolebidan,quCidan, maTi gancalkeveba sakuTari ojaxebidan. 103 im qveynebSi, sadacarsebobs aseTi magaliTebi xSiria SemTxvevebi, rom mSoblebi iZulebulnixdebian ar gauSvan bavSvebi skolebSi, saxlis gareT TamaSis uflebasacukrZalaven, amgvari akrZalava ki zegavlenas axdebs bavSvis normaluradganviTarebasa da maT cxovrebaze ris Sedegadac, bavSvebs uviTardebaTSiSi, rom moxdeba maTi iZulebiTi gamoyeneba SeiaraRebuldapirispirebebSi.104

xSirad xdeba saxelmwifoebis mier bavSvTa iZulebiT gawvevaSeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros. magaliTad, samTavrobo Zalebis mieraseTi gawveva moxda ruandaSi.105 xSir SemTxvevaSi bavSvebma da mSoblebmaar ician, rom bavSvTa gawveva ar unda moxdes maTTvis Seuferebel asakSi,Tan zustad arc ki ician is, Tu ra asakobrivi SezRudva vrceldebamaTze. 106 aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac arsebuli saerTaSoriso Tu Sidakanonmdeblobis ugulvelyofa xdeba arsebuli SeiaraRebuli konfliqtisdros, gansakuTrebiT sagangebo viTarebisas.107

aris iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodeasac bavSvebi sakuTari nebiT iRebenmonawileobas SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi. aRniSnuli mravali faqtoriTSeiZleba iyos ganpirobebuli: xSirad bavSvebi uSualod xdebian mowmenimaTi axlobeli adamianebis mkvlelobisa da uCndebaT samagierosgadaxdis survili. 108 zogierTi maTgani cxovrobs iseT konfliqturzonaSi, sadac mudmivad arsebobs SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba da sxvacxovrebis wesi maTze ubralod ver gavrceldeba. 109 amgvar situaciaSi,bavSvebi Tavs ufro daculad grZnoben, Tuki maT xelT aqvT iaraRi. 110

aqve mokled minda aRvniSno, rom 2013 wels gaeros generaluri asambleis

mier miRebulia iaraRis vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli xelSekruleba, (ArmsTrade Treaty) romelic aregulirebs konvenciuri iaraRis vaWrobasTandakavSirebul problemebs. kerZod, aq Sedis iaraRis is saxeebi, romlebicaqtiurad gamoiyeneba sabrZolo moqmedebebis dros. am konvenciis miRebiTivaraudeba, rom xeli Seewyoba mSvidobasa da usafrTxoebas iaraRis

102 Mark Lorey , “Child Soldiers ,Care & Protection of Children in Emergencies”, A Field Guide, Save the ChildrenFederation, 2001, gv. 16, xelmisawvdomiahttp://www.ecdgroup.com/docs/lib_005191315.pdf(ნანახია,2014/13/01).103 Ibid, gv. 16.104 Ibid, gv. 16.105 Supra note 30, Machel, gv. 9.106 Supra note 102, Lorey, gv.16.107 Ibid, gv. 16.108 Ibid, gv. 17.109 Supra note 24, Tiefenbrun,gv. 431.110 Supra note 30, Machel, gv. 11.

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arasamTavrobo dajgufebebisTvis arakanonieri miwodebis gziT. 111

aRniSnuli agreTve xels Suwyobs imas, rom amgvari iaraRi veRar gaxdebabavSvebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi. Sesabamisad, SesaZloa bavSvTa amgvarigamoyenebis problemac etapobrivad aRmoifxvras.

garda amisa, socliauri, ekonomikuri faqtorebi da siRaribec xSiradganapirobebs bavSvebis mier iaraRis nebiT xelSi aRebas konfliqtebSiCasabmelad.112

2 mebrZol bavSvTa dacvis meqanizmebi saerTaSoriso

humanitarul samarTalSi

ganvixileT ra mebrZol bavSvTa dacvis meqanizmebi adamianis uflebaTasaerTaSoriso samarTlis kuTxiT, mniSvnelovania amave mizniT, igiveproblemas davuTmoT yuradReba saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlisWrilSi.

humanitaruli samarTali gansazRvravs omis warmoebis meTodebs dasaSualebebs da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis dros, icavs im pirebsromlebic ar an veRar monawileoben sabrZolo moqmedebebSi;samarTlebrivi CarCoa Jenevis 1949 wlis konvenciebi da maTi 1977 wlisdamatebiTi oqmebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Jenevis konvenciebi uSualod arexeba bavSvTa monawileobas SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi, 113 isinigvTavazobs bavSvTa dacvas saerTaSoriso Tu arasaerTaSorisokonfliqtis dros. 114 bavSvebi sargebloben zogadi dacviT, rogorcsamoqalaqo pirebi, romlebic ar monawileoben sabrZolo moqmedebebSi,xolo Jenevis me-3 da me-4 konvecniebi da maTi 1-eli, me-2 damatebiTioqmebi specialuri dacvis samarTlebriv CarCos ayalibebs. 115

saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali gvTavazobs bavSvTa dacvisspecialur da zogad reJims, rac naSromis konteqstis WrilSi SemdgomqveTavebSi ufro konkretulad iqneba ganxiluli. mniSvnelovania imisaRniSvna, rom humanitaruli samarTali ar axdens bavSvis samarTlebrivdefinicias.116

Jenevis 1949 wlis 1-li konvencia icavs SeiaraRebul konfliqtSidaWrilebs da avadmyof pirebs; me-2 konvencia icavs sazRvao SeiaraRebulZalebSi daWril aseT pirebs, me-3 konvencia exeba samxedro tyveTamopyrobis wesebs, xolo me-4 konvencia SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros

111 The Arms Trade Treaty (2013).112 Supra note 30, Machel, gv. 11.113 Supra note 5, Topa, gv. 111.114 ICRC, “Legal Protection of Children in Armed Conflict”, xelmisawvdomia

http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/ang03_03_juridique_newlogo.pdf (ნანახია,2014/13/01).115 Ibid.116 Maria Teresa Dutli, “Captured child combatants”, International Review of the Red Cross, 31/10/1990, No. 278,xelmisawvdomia http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/article/other/57jmea.htm(ნანახია,2014/13/01).

21

samoqalaqo mosaxleobis dacvas. rac Seexeba 1-el damatebiT oqms igiexeba msxverplTa dacvas saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi,xolo me-2 damatebiTi oqmi icavs aseT pirebs arasaerTaSorisoSeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros. konfliqtis arsebobisas mniSvnelovaniadadgindes Tu ra saxis konfliqtTan gvaqvs saqme; aris es saerTaSoriso,Tu arasaerTaSoriso xasiaTis. saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebul konfliqtsaregulirebs Jenevis konvenciebi da maTi 1-li damatebiTi oqmi, xoloarasaerTaSoriso konfliqtebs Jenevis konvecniis me-3 saerTo muxli dame-2- damatebiTi oqmi.

aseve aucilebelia ganimartos Tu ra aris SeiaraRebuli konfliqti.SeiaraRebuli konfliqti arsebobs maSin, rodesac xdeba saxelmwifoebsSoris SeiaraRebuli Zalis gamoyeneba an xdeba xangrZlivi SeiaraRebuliZaladoba organizebul dajgufebasa da saxelmwifo Zalebs Soris, ansaxelmwifos SigniT arsebul msgavsi xasiaTis jgufebs Soris.117

2.1 saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebuli konfliqti

saerTaSorisoa SeiaraRebuli konfliqti, romelic SeiZleba warmoiSvasor an ramdenime maRal xelSemkvrel mxares Soris, maSinac ki, rodesacerT-erTi mxare ar cnobs saomar moqmedebas; aseve Jenevis konvecniagamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac arsebobs teritoriis nawilobrivi an mTlianiokupacia, maSinac ki, Tu okupacias SeiaraRebul winaaRmdegobas aruweven. 118 saerTaSoriso konfliqtTan mimarTebiT aseve aRsaniSnavia,Jenevis konvenciebis pirveli damatebiTi oqmi da misi 1-li muxlis me-4punqti, romlis mixedviTac, saerTaSorisoa konfliqti, romlis drosacxalxi ibrZvis koloniuri Cagvris, ucxoelTa okupaciisa da rasistulireJimebis winaaRmdeg...

saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis dros, rodesac bavSvebi ariReben monawileobas SeiaraRebul dapirispirebaSi, isini daculni arianJenevis me-4- konvenciiTa da 1-li damatebiTi oqmiT, romelic warmoadgenssamoqalaqo pirebis zogadi dacvis reJims. 119 axla ki uSualodganvixiloT Tu ra zogadi dacvis samarTlebriv reJims gvTavazobsJenevis me-4 konvencia bavSvebis mimarT:

me-14- muxlis mixedviT saomari moqmedebebis dawyebis Semdgomsaxelmwifoebs evalebaT sakuTar an/da maT mier okupirebulteritoriaze, Seqmnan sanitaruli da usafrTxoebis zonebi, sadac, sxvasamoqalaqo pirebTan erTad, moTavsebulni da daculni iqnebian 15 wlamdeasakis bavSvebi.120

117 The Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic, Case N, IT-94-1-A, ICTY Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appealon Jurisdiction,1995, par.70.118 Jenevis konvenciebi me-2- muxli (1949).119 Supra note114, ICRC, gv.1.120Supra note 9, Harvey,gv,19.

22

23-e muxlis Tanaxmad, konfliqtisas Tavisuflad da Seuferxebladunda gatardes sakvebi produqti Tu sxva aucilebeli sagnebi, romlebicgankuTvnilia 15 wlamde asakis bavSvebisaTvis... …24-e muxlis mixedviT, saxelmwifoebma unda mimarTon yvela saWiro

zomas, raTa 15 wlamde bavSvebi, romlebic konfliqtis Sedegaddaobldnen an ojaxebs CamoSordnen marto ar darCnen da xeli SeewyosmaTze zrunvas... amas garda, unda dadgindes 12 wlamde asakis yvelabavSvis vinaoba.38-e muxlis Tanaxmad, 15 wlamde asakis bavSvebi, romlebic imyofebian

ucxo qveynis teritoriaze, sadac moxda konfliqti, unda sargeblobdnenimave dacvis reJimiT, romelic am saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs mimarTvrceldeba.zemoxsenebul muxlebis mimoxilva cxadyofs, rom bavSvTa asakiZiriTadad gansazRvrulia 15 wlamde.

SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros SesaZloa rig SemTxvevebSi moxdesteritoriis okupacia. aseTi faqtis SemTxvevaSi, sxva mniSvnelovanisakiTxebis garda, yuradReba maxvildeba bavSvTa dacvazec. aseT drossaxelmwifom, erovnul da adgilobriv xelisuflebasTanTanamSromlobiT, xeli unda Seuwyos bavSvebze zrunvas da maTiaRzrdisTvis gankuTvnili yvela dawesebuleba unda funqcionirebdessaTanadod.121 agreTve, okupant saxelmwifos iZulebiT samuSaoze SeuZliagagzavnos mxolod 18 wels gadacilebuli pirebi. 122 xolo 68-e muxlismixedviT, nebismier SemTxvevaSi sasikvdilo ganaCenis gamotana yovladdauSvebelia, Tu samarTaldarRvevis Cadenis momentSi damnaSaves 18 weliar Sesrulebia; 76-e muxlis mixedviT ki damnaSave piris arsebobisSemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi unda miiRon arasrulwlovanTaTvisgankuTvnili specialuri reJimi.

axla ki vnaxoT, Tu ra dacvis reJims gvTavazobs Jenevis konvenciebis 1-li damatebiTi oqmi. amave oqmis 77-e muxlis mixedviT: “bavSvebigansakuTrebuli pativiscemiTa da uRirsi xelyofis nebismieriformisagan dacviT sargebloben. konfliqtis monawile mxareebiuzrunvelyofen maT dacviTa da daxmarebiT, romelic maTi asakis an raimesxva mizezis gamo aucilebeli SeiZleba iyos. konfliqtis monawilemxareebi yvela SesaZlebel Rones mimarTaven, raTa 15 wlamde asakisbavSvebma ar miiRon uSualo monawileoba saomar moqmedebebSi, kerZod,mxareebi Tavs Seikaveben SeiaraRebul ZalebSi maTi gawvevisagan. 15 welsmiRweuli pirebis gawvevisas, romelTac jer ar SesrulebiaT 18 weli,konfliqtis monawile mxareebi Seecdebian upiratesoba yvelaze asakovanpirebs mianiWon. rodesac, gamonakliss SemTxvevaSi, 15 wlamde asakisbavSvebi uSualod monawileobas iReben saomar moqmedebebSi damowinaaRmdegis xelSi xvdebian, isini ganagrZnoben winamdebare muxliTminiWebuli gansakuTrebuli dacviT sargeblobas, miuxedavad imisa, arianTu ara samxedro tyveebi.’’ 1977 wlis damatebiTi oqmebi aris pirvelisaerTaSoriso instrumentebi, romlebic aregulireben bavSvTa rols

121 Jenevis 4konvencia 50-e muxli (1949).122 Jenevis 4konvencia 51-e muxli (1949).

23

SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi. 123 konkretulad, zemoxsenebul muxls TudavakvirdebiT, mxareebs ekisrebaT valdebuleba: `mimarTon yvelaSesaZlebel Rones,.’ Tuki saxelmwifo amgvarad ar imoqmedebs, masSeuZlia amtkicos, rom mocemul momentSi SeuZlebeli iyo bavSvebiganeridebina SeiaraRebuli konfliqtisagan; gamodis, rom amgvarformulirebas naklebad savaldebulo xasiaTis aqvs. 124 amave muxlSiaqcenti keTdeba mxolod uSualo monawileobaze, ramac SeiZlebagvafiqrebinos, rom arapirdapiri monawileobis SemTxvevaSi 77-e muxlisdarRveva ar moxdeba. 125 Tumca 77-e muxlis mixedviT bavSvTa gawvevisasupiratesoba eniWeba im pirebs, romlebsac SeusruldaT 18 weli. imavemuxlTan mimarTebiT sayuradReboa, rom wiTeli jvris komitetis mierSeTavazebuli iyo SedarebiT ufro mkacri eniT muxlis SinaarsisSemdegi formulireba: ”rom saxelmwifoebma unda gamoiyenon yvelaaucilebeli zoma, raTa ar moxdes 15 wlamde asakis bavSvebis gamoyenebaSeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi”... (vvaraudob, rom amgvari formulirebagulisxmobda pirdapiri/arapirdapiri gamoyenebis akrZalvas), Tumca is ariqna gaTvaliswinebuli da bavSvTa gamoyenebis akrZalvac SeicvalabavSvTa uSualo monawileobis akrZalviT.126 wiTeli jvris komitetis mieragreTve SeTavazebuli iyo, saxelmwifoebs aekrZalaT bavSvTanebayoflobiTi monawileoba SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi, Tumca muxlissaboloo teqstSi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saerTod araferianaxsenebi. 127 SesaZlebelia, rom arsebobda wiTeli jvris komitetis mierwarmodgenili muxlis SedarebiT ufro mkacri samarTlebrivi enisCamoyalibebis sawinaaRmdego mravali faqtori. aSkaraa rom,saxelmwifoebi moeridnen CamoeyalibebinaT muxlis ufro mkacri saxiTformulireba da ufro meti lavirebis saSualeba daitoves. 128 vfiqrob,SesaZlebelia gaTvaliswinebuli iyo SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis Tanmdevimdgomareoba. saomari moqmedebebis ganmavlobaSi da uSualod saomarimoqmedebebis Semdgom, bunebrivia saxelmwifoebs uamravi problemaeqmnebaT da am konkretul sakiTxs viTarebidan gamomdinaredaaregulireben. magaliTad, rogorc naSromis pirvel TavSi aRvniSne,SesaZloa mocemuli qveynis infrastruqtura imdenad iyos mwyobridangamosuli, rom garTuldes bavSvTva dokumentaciis mopoveba, maTi asakisdadgena da a.S.

123 Supra note 4, Mulira, gv.26.124 Ibid, gv. 26.125 Ibid, gv. 26.126 David M.Rosen,”Child Soldiers”, Protecting Childe Combatants: 1977AP, 2012,gv 11.127 Ibid,gv.11.128 Ibid,gv.11.

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2.1.1 arasaerTaSoriso SeiaraRebuli konfliqti

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, arasaerTaSoriso konfliqtebs aregulirebsJenevis konvenciebisTvis saerTo me-3 muxli da me-2 damatebiTi oqmi. me-2damatebiT oqmis pirvel muxlSi gansazRvrulia arasaerTaSorisokonfliqtis mniSvneloba: `winamdebare oqmi, romelic aviTarebs da avsebsJenevis 1949 wlis 12 agvistos konvenciebisaTvis saerTo me-3 muxls, misigamoyenebis arsebuli pirobebis Seucvlelad, gamoiyeneba yvelaSeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros, romelic ar eqvemdebareba saerTaSorisoSeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis msxverplTa dacvis Sesaxeb Jenevis 1949 wlis12 agvistos konvenciebis 1-eli damatebiTi oqmis pirveli muxlismoqmedebas da romelic xdeba romelime maRali xelSemkvreli mxaristeritoriaze mis SeiaraRebul Zalebsa da mTavrobis sawinaaRmdegoZalebs an sxva organizebul SeiaraRebul jgufebs Soris, romlebicimyofebian ra pasuxismgebeli meTauris gankargulebaSi, axorcielebenkontrols qveynis teritoriis nawilze ise, rom saSualeba aqvTganaxorcielon uwyveti da SeTanxmebuli saomari moqmedebani dagamoiyenon es oqmi. winamdebare oqmi ar gamoiyeneba Sida areulobebisa dadaZabulobis SemTxvevebSi, rogoricaa amboxeba, Zaladobis calkeuli dasporaduli aqtebi da sxa analogiuri qmedebebi, ramdenadac aseTiSemTxvevebi SeiaraRebul konfliqts ar warmoadgens.’’Aam muxlis mixedviTganmartebulia arasaerTaSoriso SeiaraRebuli konfliqti, radgan me-3saerTo muxli uSualo ganmartebas ar iZleva am saxis konfliqtisa. 129

aseve me-2 damatebiTi oqmis pirvel muxlTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos,rom Sida konfliqtma garkveuli intensivobis dones unda miaRwios, raTadakvalificirdes samoqalaqo SeiaraRebul dapirispirebad.130

rac Seexeba saerTo me-3 muxls, romelic saerToa Jenevis oTxivekonvenciisaTvis: muxls CveulebiTi samarTlis statusi gaaCnia, romelSicCamoTvlilia humanuri mopyrobis is principebi, romelic undaganxorcieldes nebismieri konfliqtis dros. me-3 muxlis dacvis sferoSiSedian is `pirebi romelebic uSualod ar monawileoben saomarmoqmedebebSi”... am muxlSi araferia naTqvami bavSv mebrZolebze anubavSvebze, romlebic uSualod ar monawileoben SeiaraRebulkonfliqtebSi, gamodis rom isini rCebian Jenevis konvenciebis dacvisgareT. 131 Tumca am konkretul sakiTxTan mimarTebiT, Tuki raimewinaaRmdegobas an xarvezs vawydebiT, unda gavixsenoT e.w MMartens Clausestandarti, romlis mixedviTac im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki xelSekruleba ariTvaliswinebs dacvis standartebs, nebismier viTarebaSi pirebis mimarT

129 Howard S. Levie, “The Law of Non International Armed Conflict: Protocol II to the 1949 Geneva conventions,”Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987, gv 29.130 Supra note 4, Mulira, gv.27.131 Ibid, gv 24.

25

unda ganxorcieldes humanuri mopyroba, rac gaTvaliswinebuliaCveulebiTi samarTliT.132

me-2 damatebiT oqmis me-4 muxli ayalibebs adamianuri mopyrobis ZiriTadgarantiebs im pirebis mimarT, romlebic uSualod ar monawileobensabrZolo moqmedebebSi; amasTan me-4 muxlis me-3 punqti exeba uSualodbavSvTa dacvas. 133 maT Soris aRniSnulia, rom `15 wlis asaks miuRwevelbavSvebs ar gamoiZaxeben SeiaraRebul ZalebSi an dajgufebebSi da maTaekrZalebaT saomar moqmedebebSi monawileoba”. Cemi azriT, am punqtis enaufro mkacria radgan, exeba pirdapir akrZalvas saxelmwifos mxridan,rom ar gamoiyenon bavSvebi konfliqtis dros da fraza “maTaekrZalebaT saomar moqmedebebSi monawileoba” exeba yvela saxismonawileobas iqneba es pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri. amave muxlis Semdegipunqtis Tanaxmad `15 wlis asaks miuRweveli bavSvebis mimarT am muxliTgaTvaliswinebuli gansakuTrebuli dacva gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSic, Tuisini zemoT aRniSnuli qvepunqtis debulebaTa miuxedavad saomarmoqmedebebSi uSualod monawileoben da tyved vardebian.” anu faqtiuradaq saxezea bavSvTva amgvari monawileobis absoluturi akrZalva,134 Tumcayovelive es vrceldeba 15 wels miuRwevel pirebze.

2.1.2 bavSvi kombatanti da samxedro tyvis statusi

bavSvebi romlebic pirdapir monawileobas iReben saerTaSorisoSeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi, aRiarebulebi arian kombatantebad dasargebloben samxedro tyvis statusiT Jenevis me-3 konvenciisSesabamisad. 135 imave 1-li damatebiTi oqmis 77-e muxlis mixedviT: Tumoxdeba bavSvTa gamoyeneba SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi, isini isargeblebenkombatantis statusiT da agreTve samxedro tyvis statusiT, TukiCavardebian mowinaaRmdege pirebis xelSi; e.i. miuxedavad imisa, rombavSvTa monawileoba akrZalulia, es srulebiT ar niSnavs, rom aseTiSemTxvevis dros isini ar isargebleben dacviT.136 erTis mxriv, aravin arunda darCes daucveli, magram am muxlTan mimarTebiT garkveulbundovanebas vxvdebiT. SesaZloa am muxlSi igulisxmebodes pirebi 15-dan18 wlamde, radgan 15 wlamde pirebis monawileobas krZalavs TviTkonvenciebi da Tu amgvari ram mainc moxdeba, dRis wesrigSi dadgebameTauris an xelmZRvaneli piris pasuxismgebloba, romlis kontrolisqveS imyofebodnen bavSvebi. zogadad, es muxlis exeba konfliqtismonawile mxareebs da muxlis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgeblobasSesabamisad saxelmwifoebs da ara konfliqtSi monawile bavSvebs

132 Supra note 4, Mulira, gv 25.133 Supra note 72, Global Politics.134 Supra note 117, Dutli,ICRC.135 Supra note 114 gv, 1.136 Supra note 117, Dutli,ICRC.

26

akisrebs. 137 unda aRiniSnos, rom kombatantis cnebas vxvdebiT mxolodsaerTaSoriso SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis konteqstSi.138

1-li damatebiTi oqmis 43-e muxlis me-2 punqtis mixedviT, konfliqtismonawile mxaris SeiaraRebul ZalebSi Semavali pirebi ariankombatantebi, anu maT ufleba aqvT uSualod miiRon monawileoba saomarmoqmedebebSi. kombatanti aris piri, romelsac saerTaSoriso samarTliTufleba eZleva saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi uSualomonawileoba miiRos da Tavis mxriv maT evalebaT saerTaSorisosamarTlis normebis dacvis uzrunvelyofa. 139 44-e muxlis mixedviTkombatants evaleba ganasxvavos Tavi samoqalaqo mosaxleobisgan, Tumcasaomari moqmedebebis xasiaTis gamo, Tuki Wirs kombatantis garCevasamoqalaqo pirebisgan, igi kombatantis statuss maSin inarCunebs, Tuyoveli samxedro Setakebis dro Riad atarebs iaraRs; Tumca Tu meomariar daicavs am wesebs, mas ufleba erTmeva iTvlebodes samxedro tyvedmowinaaRmdegis xelSi Cavardnis SemTxvevaSi. aRniSnulmapirobam/mocemulobam ar unda gvafiqrebinos, TiTqos amgvari pirebidaucvelni rCebian; maT mimarT moqmedebs Jenevis me-3 konvenciiTgaTvaliswinebuli dacva. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, humanitaruli samarTliT15 wlamde bavSvTa gamoyeneba ikrZaleba SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi,Sesabamisad, kombatantad da samxedro tyvis statuss iZenen is pirebic,romlebic 15 wlidan 18 wlamde asakis arian. 140 15 wlis qvemoT asakisbavSvebis mimarT, romlebic monawileoben SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi imisgamo rom isini atarebdnen iaraRs da iRebdnen monawileobas konfliqtSiar ganxorcildeba maTi dasja.141 konkretulad ki 1-li oqmis 77-e muxlisTanaxmad, SeiaraRebul konfliqtTan dakavSirebulisamarTaldarRvevisaTvis gamotanili sasikvdilo ganaCeni ar undaaRsruldes im pirTa mimarT, romlebsac samarTaldarRvevisas arSesrulebia 18 weli. aRsaniSnavia, rom is bavSvebi, romlebicmonawileobas iReben SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi da Jenevis konvenciebiskonteqstSi ver CaiTvlebian kombatantebad, eqvemdebarebian maTimoqalaqeobis qveynis erovnuli kanonmdeblobis disciplinur wesebs.142

axla ki vnaxoT Tu rogor moqmedebs praqtikaSi dacvis meqanizmebi,Tuki moxdeba Jenevis konvenciebis darRveva da 15 wlamde asakis pirebisgamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, ras gvTavazobs saerTaSoriso sisxlissamarTali.

137 Ibid.138 Kenny Lannoy , “Unlawful/unprivileged combatant, armed conflict and international law in the 21st century:Slipping through the loopholes of the Geneva Conventions?” 2010, gv 14,xelmisawvdomia http://lib.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/001/458/336/RUG01-001458336_2011_0001_AC.pdf

(ნანახია,2014/13/01).139 Terry Gill, Dieter Fleck, “The Handbook of International law of military operations”, Oxford, 2008,gv 81.140 Supra note 117, Dutli,ICRC.141 Ibid.142 Ibid.

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3 mebrZol bavSvTa dacvis meqanizmebi saerTaSoriso sisxlis

samarTali

saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis, Jenevis 1949 wlis konvenciebisda maTi damatebiTi oqmebis mZime darRvevebi iwvevs individualursisxlis samarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas, ris Semdgomac amoqmeddebasaerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTali. 143 1998 wels daarsda sisxlissamarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo, 144 xolo 2002 wlis 1 ivlissZalaSi Sevida sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos statuti(romis statuti), ris safuZvelzec sasamarTlo funqcionirebs 2002wlis pirveli ivlisidan. es sasamarTlo moiazreba saerTaSorisodanaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis axal perspeqtivad. 145 sasamarTlosiurisdiqcias eqvemdebareba genocidis, adamianurobis winaaRmdegmimarTuli, samxedro anu omis da agresiis danaSaulebi. agresiisdanaSaulTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom es danaSauli detaluradar ganixileba, radgan igi unda ganimartos da dadgindes pirobebi,romelTa mimarTebaSi sasamarTlo SeZlebs iurisdiqciisganxorcielebas. 146 sasamarTlos mizania fizikuri pirebisTvisindividualuri sisxlisamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba,romlebic Caidenen zemoT CamoTvlili danaSaulebisgan romelimes.147 aqveunda aRiniSnos komplementarobis principi, romlis mixedviTac pirvelrigSi saxelmwifom erovnul doneze unda uzrunvelyos damnaSavissisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba, Tumca SesaZloa saxelmwifomamgvari neba ar gamoavlinos, an mas ar Seswevdes saTanado unari (mag.dezorganizebuli da moSlili saxelmwifo sistemis SemTxvevaSi), aseTSemTxvevebSi sasamarTlos eZleva ufleba CaerTos saqmeSi.148 sasamarTlosiurisdiqcia aqvs im danaSaulebis mimarT, romelTa Cadena moxdastatutis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdgom da ara manamde.149

SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi bavSvTa gamoyenebisas, naSromis miznebidangamomdinare, mniSvnelovania ganisazRvros, saerTaSoriso sisxlissasamarTlos statutis mixedviT ra danaSaulTan gvaqvs saqme, da raroli aqvs sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos am sakiTxTanmimarTebiT.

143 Antonio Cassese…, “International Criminal Law: Cases and Commentary”, Oxford, 2011, gv 1,.144 Roberto Bellelli, ”International Criminal Justice: Law and Practice from the Rome Statute to its Review”, Chapter8, The history and the evolution of the notion of international crimes, 2010, gv 170.145 ix.sqolio 77, xuciSvili, gv 23.146 ix.iqve, gv 36.147 ix.iqve, gv 29.148William Schabas, “ An Introduction to the International Criminal Court”, Chapter 2, 2011, gv 34.149 Supra note 9, Harvey,gv.71.

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3.1 bavSvi mebrZoli da saerTaSoris sisxlis samarTlis

sasamarTlos statutiromis statutis 26-e muxlis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlos iurisdiqcia ar

gavrceldeba im pirebze, romlebsac danaSaulis Cadenis savaraudomomentSi ar SesrulebiaT 18 weli, rac SesaZloa gulisxmobs imas, romstatuti aRiarebs 18 wlamde pirebs, rogorc msxverpls da aradamnaSaveebs. 150 Cemi azriT, zustad aqedan gamomdinare SesaZloavivaraudoT, rom statuti 18 wlamde pirebs bavSvebad miiCnevs.

statutis me-8 muxli exeba omis danaSauls, romelic moicavs samxedrodanaSaulTa oTx kategorias, romelTagan ori exeba saerTaSorisoSeiaraRebul konfliqts ori ki arasaerTaSoriso SeiaraRebulkonfliqts.151 statutis me-8 muxlis mixedviT:1) ”sasamarTlo Tavis iurisdiqcias axorcielebs omis danaSaulebze,gansakuTrebiT Tu igi Cadenilia gegmis an politikis farglebSi, anamgvari danaSaulis farTomaStabiani Cadenis SemTxvevaSi.2)am wesdebis miznebisTvis omis danaSauli niSnavs:a)1949 wlis 12 agvistos Jenevis konvenciebis mZime darRvevebs, kerZod,romelic qvemoT CamoTvlil qmedebas im pirebis an sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg,romlebic daculni arian Jenevis konvenciebis Sesabamisi debulebebiT...b)am kanonebisa da Cveulebebis mZime darRvevebs, romlebic saerTaSorisosamarTlis Sesabamisad gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebulikonfliqtebis dros, kerZod nebismieri qvemoT CamoTvlili qmedeba:…...15wlis asakamde bavSvebis gawveva an Segroveba erovnul SeiaraRebulZalebSi samsaxurisTvis an maTi gamoyeneba samxedro moqmedebebSi aqtiurimonawileobis misaRebad; g)arasaerTaSoriso SeiaraRebul konflqtisdros gamoyenebuli saerTaSoriso samarTliT damkvidrebuli kanonebisada Cveulebis sxva mZime darRvevebi, kerZod romelime qvemoT CamoTvliliqmedeba:…...15 wlis asakamde bavSvebis gawveva an Sekreba erovnulSeiaraRebul ZalebSi samsaxurisTvis an maTi gamoyeneba samxedromoqmedebebSi aqtiuri monawileobis misaRebad...”imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlom ganaxorcielos am danaSaulze iurisdiqcia

danaSaulma unda miaRwios garkveul simZimis zRvars, da es yoveliveunda moxdes gegmis an politikis farglebSi. 152 am muxlTan mimarTebiTpirvel rigSi unda dadgindes SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis arseboba, Tumcaaqve isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom zogierTi danaSauli SesaZloa Cadeniliiyos mas Semdeg, rac dasruldeba saomari moqmedebebi. 153 rac Seexebamuxlis teqstSi naxsneb Jenevis konvenciebis `mZime darRvevebs” amdarRvevebis msxverplni unda iyvnen am konvenciebiT daculi pirebi. 154

Aamave Amuxlis mixedviT, axal debulebas waroadgens 15 wlamde bavSvTaCaricxvis da gamoyenebis akrZalva SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi. 155 Tumca

150 Supra note 40, The Redress Trust, gv. 29.151 ix.: sqolio 77, xuciSvili, gv. 43.152 Supra note 40, The Redress Trust, gv. 30.153 ix.: sqolio 77, xuciSvili, gv. 43.154 ix.:iqve, gv. 44.155 ix.:iqve, gv. 46.

29

aman ar unda gvafiqrebinos is, rom amgvari akrZalva axladformirebulia, aramed igi axdens kodificirebas CveulebiT samarTalSiarsebuli normisa.156 aRsaniSnavia, rom saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlissasamarTlos statuti aris pirveli saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba,romlis mixedviTac bavSvTa gamoyeneba SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSiaRiarebulia, rogorc omis danaSauli.157

aseve yuradReba eqceva me-8 muxlSi arsebul terminebs bavSvTa“gamoyeneba” da “aqtiuri monawileoba,” rac gulisxmobs ara mxolodpirdapir, uSualo monawileobsa sabrZolo moqmedebebSi, aramedarapirdapir monawileobas, rogoric SeiZleba iyos sabrZolomoqmedebebTan dakavSirebuli saqmianoba dazvevra, maTi kurireadgamoyeneba da sxv.158

3.1.1 saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis sasmarTlos roli

8-e muxlSi mocemulia danaSaulis qmedebis sami elementi: `gawveva”,`Caricxva” da `gamoyeneba aqtiuri monawileobis misaRebad,” swored aqve

unda aRvniSnoT sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos saqme Theprosecutor V.Thomas Lubanga Dyilo. 159 es saqme imiT aris mniSvnelovani, romsisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos istoriaSi pirveladmoxda piris mimarT bralis wayeneba, agreTve sasamarTlom pirveladimsjela 15 wlamde bavSvTa gamoyenebaze SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi omisdanaSaulis konteqstSi. 160 Tomas lubanga kongos demokratiulrespublikaSi arsebuli SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros erT-erTigasamxedroebuli jgufis yofili lideri iyo. 161 gasamxedroebuli jgufimoqmedebda garkveuli gaazrebuli “gegmis farglebSi”. sakuTari miznebismisaRwevad isini TavianT dajgufebisTvis agrovebdnen axalgazrdebsasakis miuxedavad, rac xorcieldeboda iZulebiT, maTi soflebidan daskolebidan gatacebiT.162 aRmoCnda, rom Segrovebul bavSvTa umetesoba 15wlade piri iyo. maT wvrTnidnen, xSirad cemdnen, ar aZlevdnen sakvebs;adgili hqonda mdedrobiTi sqesis bavSvebis gaupatiurebis faqtebsac. 163

samxedro wvrTnis Semdgom bavSvebi iZulebiT iRebdnen monawileobas

156 Robert Cryer…, “An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure”, Chapter 12, Warm crimes,Cambridge, 2010, gv. 260.157 Supra note 5, Topa, gv. 113.158 Supra note 40, The Redress Trust, gv. 30.159 Ibid, gv. 30.160 Supra note 5, Topa, gv. 114.161 Ibid, gv. 114.162 Stephanie Kammer, “Deconstructing Lubanga, The ICC’S First Case:The Trial and Conviction of Thomas LubangaDyilo”,Columbia University,7/09/2012, gv 2, xelmisawvdomia

http://www.amicc.org/docs/Deconstructing_Lubanga.pdf (ნანახია,2014/13/01).163 Ibid, gv. 2.

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samxedro operaciebSi, maT aseve iyenedbnen pirad mcvelebad; yoveliveamas aqtiur koordinebas TviT lubanga uwevda.164

me-8 muxlTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovania moxdes elementebis ganxilvadanaSaulis, kerZod razec moxda bralis wardgena zemoT aRniSnulsaqmesTan mimarTebiT - bavSvTa ,,gawveva”, ,,Caricxva”, ,,gamoyeneba aqtiurimonawileobis misaRebad.” konkretulad aris Tu ara es erTi danaSauli,Tu SeiZleba moazrebodes calkeuli danaSaulebis Semdagenelelementebad?165 sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos warmoebis

palatam gadawyvita, rom orive - ,,gawveva” (conscripting) da ,,Caricxva”

(enlisting) - aris axalwveulTa Sekrebis forma (recruitment) 15 wlamde asakisbavSvebisaTvis; Tumca gansxvaveba isaa rom ,,Caricxva” SeicavsnebayoflobiT elements, xolo ,,gawveva” iZulebiT elements. 166 frazas:

,,axalwveulTa Sekreba – rekrutireba’’ (recruitment), vxvdebiT bavSvisuflebaTa konvenciaSi da mis damatebiT oqmSi, aseve romis statutSicgvaqvs terminebi ,,gawveva” da ,,Caricxva”. 167 ra Tqma unda, 15 wlamdeasakis bavSvs ar SeuZlia ganacxados nebayoflobiTi Tanxmobarekrutirebaze 168 da Tundac nebayoflobiTi Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSimsgavsi qmedeba (rekrutireba) mainc CaiTvleba omis danaSaulad romisstatutis me-8 muxlis konteqstSi.169 aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom ,,gawveva” da,,Caricxva” aris gangrZobadi danaSauli, sanam bavSvebi iricxebiandajgufebebSi da wydeba maSin, rodesac isini toveben dajgufebebs daaRweven 15 wlis asaks.170

unda aRiniSnos, Tu ras gulisxmobs bavSvTa “gamoyeneba aqtiurimonawileobis misaRebad”; am sakiTxTan mimarTebiT sasamarTloswarmoebis palatis mixedviT, termini “aqtiuri monawileoba” ufrofarTea, vidre “pirdapiri monawileoba” da yvela pirdaipiri monawileobaar SeiZleba iyos aqtiuri monawileoba. 171 sayuradReboa, rom“monawileoba” saerTaSoriso humanitarul samarTalSi ganimarteba ufroviwrod, raTa samoqalaqo pirebi ar gaxdnen uSualo dartymis obieqtebi,maSin, rodesac saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi ganimarteba ufrofarTed, imisaTvis, rom moxdes bavSvTa dacva da isini ar gamoiyenonSeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi. 172 am konkretul danaSaulTan mimarTebiTCamoyalibda Semdegi debulebebi: `gawveva”, `Caricxva”, `gamoyenebaaqtiuri monawileobis misaRebad,” rac calke da mkafiod gamijnuli

164 Supra note 5, Topa, gv. 114.165 Rommel Alim Abitria , “The Contribution of the Case of Thomas Lubanga to the Development of InternationalLaw on the Protection of Child Soldiers,” gv. 11, xelmisawvdomiahttps://www.academia.edu/3808285/The_Contribution_of_the_Case_of_Thomas_Lubanga_to_the_Development_of_International_Law_on_the_Protection_of_Child_Soldiers (ნანახია,2014/13/01).166 Ibid, gv. 13.167 Prosecutor V.Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, No.: ICC-01/04-01/06 , TRIAL CHAMBER I , pr. 607. (2012).168 Kai Ambos, “The First Judgment of the International Criminal Court (Prosecutor v. Lubanga): A ComprehensiveAnalysis of the Legal Issues”, International Criminal Law Review, Volume 12, N 2, 2012 gv. 135.169 Ibid, gv. 134.170 Supra note 166, Abitria , gv. 14.171 Ibid, gv. 14.172 Supra note 166, Abitria , gv. 16.

31

danaSaulia; `gawveva”, `Caricxva”, aris gangrZobadi xasiaTis danaSauli;aqtiuri monawileoba ganimarta, rogorc arapirdapiri monawileoba,sadac bavSvis asakis dadgena damokidebulia Sesabamis dawvrilebiTmtkicebulebebze. 173 lubangas miuZRvis brali 15 wlamde bavSvTaCaricxvasa da gawvevaSi Tavisufali kongos patriutul ZalebSi da maTaqtiur gamoyenebaSi arasaerTaSoriso SeaiaraRebul konfliqtSi 2002wlis pirveli seqtembridan 2003 wlis 13 agvistomde, ris Sedegadacstatutis me-8 muxlis Sesabamisad, mas miesaja 14 wlamde TavisuflebisaRkveTa. sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos pirveliprokurori luis moreno o’kampo aRniSnavda, rom es saqme warmoadgendadid win gadadgmul nabijs bavSvTa winaRmdeg Cadenili seriozulidanaSaulebis aRkveTis mxriv, radgan bavSvTa amgvari gawveva dagamoyeneba aTasobiT bavSvis sicocxlesa da momavals anadgurebs.174

sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos farglebSi, garda

xsenebuli saqmisa, dakavebis orderi gaica Bosco Ntaganda-ze, romelic iyokongos patriotuli ganmaTavisuflebeli Zalebis mTavari moadgile

(Prosecutor V Bosco Ntaganda 2006), agreTve Germain Katanga ze da Ngudjolo Chui-ze, romlebic iyvnen ituris patriotuli Zalebisa yofili xelmZRvaneli

da yofili lideri (Prosecutor V Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui 2007);rac Seexeba situacias ugandaSi, dakavebis orderi gaica Joseph Kony –ze,romelic xelmZRvanelobda LRA dajgufebas da amave dajgufebis vice

Tavmjdomare Vincent Otti- ze, dajgufebaSi arsebuli samxedro SenaerTebis

xelmZRvanelze Okot Odhiambo-ze da brigadis xelmZRvanelze DominicOngwen LRA-ze; yvela CamoTvlili pirovneba Ongwen-is garda

braldebulia bavSvTa rekrutirebaSi (Prosecutor V Joseph Kony, Vincent Otti,Okot Odhiambo and Dominic Ongwen 2005). 175 (sasamarTlos statutis me-19muxlis pirveli punqtis mixedviT, am saqmis dasaSvebobasTan dakavSirebiTsasamarTlo palatam imsjela 2009 wlis 10 marts.)

aSkaraa rom, sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mxridanyuradRebis miRma ar darCenila bavSvTa winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSaulebi,kerZod, maTi 15 wlamde gamoyenebis faqtebi, magram sisxlis samarTlissaerTaSoriso sasamarTlos statuti 15 wlamde pirebis sabrZolomoqmedebebSi gamoyenebis faqtebis damtkicebis SemTxvevaSi danaSaulisCamdenT mxolod individualur pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs. gamosavalsvxedav im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki moxdeba romis statutis Casworeba da 15wlamde bavSvTa gamoyenebis akrZalva Seicvleba 18 wlamde gamoyenebisakrZalviT. marTalia, saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba uaxloes warsulSiufro dainteresebuli iyo agresiis danaSaulis definiciiT, magramsamomavlod am konkretul sakiTxsac unda daeTmos yuradReba.

173 Ibid, gv. 21.174 Supra note 5, Topa, gv. 114.175 Supra note 44, Rosen, gv. 53.

32

3.2 siria da mebrZoli bavSvebi

am konteqstSi mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos is faqti, rom siriiskonfliqtSi fiqsirdeboda 15 wlamde bavSvTa gamoyeneba SeiaraRebulimoqmedebebis dros, rasac adasturebs adamianis uflebaTa damcveli

sxvadasxva arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, maT Soris HHuman Right Watch.176

rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, amgvari qmedeba warmoadgens omis danaSauls,Tumca sakiTxavia ramdenad SesaZlebelia sisxlis samarTlissaerTaSoriso sasamarTlom ganaxorcielos iurisdiqcia siriasTanmimarTebiT maSin, rodesac es ukanaskneli ar aris romis statutis wevrisaxelmwifo? sasamarTlos statutis me-13 muxlis mixedviT, sasamarTlosSeuZlia ganaxorcielos iurisdiqcia sasamarTlosadmi daqvemdebarebuldanaSaulebze, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia statutis me-5 muxliT imSemTxvevaSi, Tuki monawile saxelmwifo prokurors moaxsenebs viTarebisSesaxeb arsebul eWvs, rom Cadenilia statutiT gaTvaliswinebulidanaSauli, an SesaZlebelia gaeros me-7 Tavis Sesabamisad uSiSroebissabWom prokuros moaxsenos viTarebaze, sadac savaraudod CadeniliadanaSauli, aseve mesame SemTxvevaSi, rodesac TviT prokurori sakuTari

iniciativiT (proprio motu) daiwyebs gamoZiebas. siriasTan mimarTebiTSesaZloa, rom gaeros uSiSroebis sabWom me-7 Tavis Sesabamisad (qmedebamSvidobisadmi muqaris, mSvidobis darRvevisa da agresiis aqtebis mimarT)mimarTos sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos da moxdesstatutiT gaTvaliswinebuli Semdgomi nabijebis ganxorcieleba, . gaerosuSiSroebis sabWos mier sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSorisosasamarTlosadmi amgvari mimarTva ganxorcielda sudanSi arsebulviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT 2005 wels da libiaSi arsebul viTarebasTanmimarTebiT - 2011 wels. 177 Sesabamisad, Tuki siriis sakiTxi moxdvebasisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi, omis danaSaulisnawilSi iqneba ganxiluli 15 wlamde bavSvTa sabrZolo moqmedebebSigamoyenebis faqtebic, ris Semdgom unda dadges im pirTa individualuripasuxismgebloba, vinc amgvari danaSauli Caidina.

sainteresoa imis gaTvaliswinebac rom, gaeros uSiSroebis sabWommoaxdina eqvsi mZime danaSaulis identificireba, romelic SesaZloaganxorcieldebs uSualod bavSvebis mimarT da maT Soris mZimedanaSaulad dasaxelda bavSvTa rekrutireba da maT mebrZolebadgamoyeneba SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis dros.178

AA

176 Human right Watch, “Syria: Opposition Using Children in Conflict,” 29/11/2012, xelmisawvdomia

http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/11/29/syria-opposition-using-children-conflict (ნანახია,2014/13/01).177 Human right Watch, “Q&A: Syria and the International Criminal Court,” 17/09/2013,xelmisawvdomia

http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/09/17/qa-syria-and-international-criminal-court#1 (ნანახია,2014/13/01).

178 Protecting Children During the Armed Conflict, 2009, xelmisawvdomia

http://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/publications/SixgraveviolationsBooklet.pdf (ნანახია,2014/13/01).

33

3.3 siera-leones specialuri sasamarTlo

2000 wlis 14 agvistos gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos 1315 rezoluciissafuZvelze gaerosa da siera leones mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebiT, Seiqmnasiera leones specialuri sasamarTlo, romlis mizani iyosaerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis mZime darRvevebzepasuxismgebeli pirebis gasamarTleba 1996 wlis samoqalaqokonfliqtis dros Cadenil danaSaulebze siera leones teritoriaze.179

sasamarTlos statutis me-4 muxlis mixedviT: ”sasamarTlos uflebaaqvs dasajos pirebi, romlebic Caidenen saerTaSoriso humanitarulisamarTlis seriozul darRvevebs maT Sorisaa:g) 15 wlamde bavSvTa gawveva da Caricxva SeiaraRebul Zalebsa dadajgufebebSi im mizniT, rom isini gamoiyenon aqtiurimonawileobisaTvis sabrZolo moqmedebeSi.” 180 amasTan dakavSirebiT,mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba miiRo siera leones sasamarTlom saqmeSi

The prosecutor V. Sam Hinga Norman .181 1996- 2000 wlamde siera-leones SidakonfliqtSi dafiqsirebulia 15 wlamde 7000 bavSvTa iZulebiT aqtiurigamoyeneba. 182 rac Seexeba konkretulad zemoaRniSnul saqmes, normaniiyo samoqalaqo dacvis Zalebis yofili oficeri, romelsac braliwaredgina saerTaSoriso humanitaruili samarTlis mZimedarRvevebisTvis. konkretulad aRniSnuli me-4 muxlis (g) punqtTandakavSirebiT, 1996 wlis 30 noembridan da 2002 wlis 18 nomebramde,braldebulTan SeTanxmebiT, misi daxmarebiT, direqtivebiTa dakontroliT xdeboda dajgufebebSi 15 wlamde bavSvTa sqesisganurCevlad, regularulad gawveva, Caricxva da maTi gamoyeneba aqtiur

sabrZolo moqmedebebSi. 183 danaSaulis actus reus saxezea maSin, rodesacmoxda 15 wlamde bavSvebis `gawveva”, `Caricxva” da aqtiuri`gamoyeneba”. 184 `gawveva” moicavs iZulebis elements bavSvTa gatacebiT,Zalismieri rekrutirebiT im mizniT, rom momxdariyo maTi aqtiurigamoyeneba sabrZolo moqmedebeSi. 185 `gawveva” da `Caricxva” - orivewarmoadgens rekrutirebis forma, Tumca `gawveva” Seicavs iZulebiselements, xolo `Caricxvis” dros es iZulebiTi elementi arfigurirebs; Sesabamisad, SesaZloa is nebayoflobiT ganxorcieldes.186

rac Seexeba `gamoyenebas,” es iseTi qmedebaa, rodesac piri bavSvebissicocxles pirdapir riskis qveS ayenebs; amgvari gamoyeneba SesaZloaiyos pirdapiri an arapirdapiri. 187 rodesac msgavsi gamoyeneba xdeba,mniSvneloba ara aqvs is iqneba pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri, radgandanaSaulis Secnobis da ganWvretadobis elementi da braldebulispirdapiri ganzraxva saxezea. braldebuli uSualod ki ar

179 Supra note 5, Topa, gv. 115.180 Statute of the special court for Sierra Leone, muxli4. (2000)181 xelmisawvdomia http://www.refworld.org/docid/49abc0a22.html (ნანახია,2014/13/01).182 Supra note 5, Topa, gv. 115.183 The prosecutor V. Charles Ghankay Taylor Judgement, No.:SCSL-03-01-T TRIAL CHAMBER II , pr. 438, (2012).184 Ibid, pr. 440.185 Ibid, pr. 441.186 Ibid, pr. 442.187 Ibid, pr. 444.

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axorcieldeba am danaSauls, aramed danaSaulis Camden pirebs uWerdaaqtiur moralur daxmarebas da aqezebda maT.

amave danaSaulTan mimarTebiT aRsaniSnavia saqme Prosecutor V Alex TambaBrima, Brima Bazzy Kamara and Santigie Borbor Kanu 2007, sadac dadasturda,rom saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTlis mixedviT amgvari danaSaulisCadena iwvevs, piris individualur pasuxismgeblobas miuxedavad imisa,is Cadenilia iqneba saerTaSoriso Tu arasaerTaSoriso konfliqtis

dros. 188 rac Seexeba saqmes Prosecutor V Moinino Fofana and Allieu Kondewabolo braldebuli danaSaulis me-8 epizodis mixedviT damnaSaved cnes15 wlamde bavSvTa dajgufebaSi CaricxvaSi da maT aqtiur gamoyenebaSisabrZolo moqmedebebSi, ramac gamoiwvia misTvis Tavisuflebis 7 wliTaRkveTis Sefardeba.189

3.3.1 CveulebiTi samarTali

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, 15 wlamde bavSvTa gamoyenebis akrZalvaSeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi aris saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTlisnorma, rac imas niSnavs, rom yvela saxelmwifos ekisreba movaleoba, ardaarRvios CveulebiTi samarTliT aRiarebuli norma miuxedvad imisa,Sesabamisi xelSekrulebis monawilea Tu ara mocemuli saxelmwifo, 190

aseve miuxedavad konfliqtis xasiaTisa. magram mTavar faqtorad rCeba is,rom bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciiT bavSvis samarTlebriv definiciabavSvis asaks gansazRvravs 18 wels qvemoT; gamodis, rom 15-18 wlamdebavSvebi rCebian daucvelni. saerTaSoriso wiTeli jvris komentarebSi

kerZod e.w. wesi N136 191 naxsenebia, rom konvenciis ratifikaciasTandakavSirebiT, asakTan mimarTebiT, iyo garkveuli winaaRmdegobebi,kerZod, holandiis, espaneTisa da urugvais warmomadgenlebma moiTxoves

rekrutirebis 18 wlamde dauSveblobis principis Camoyalibeba; agreTve1999 wels wiTeli jvrisa da wiTeli naxevar mTvaris 27-e konferenciazeurugvai, SvedeTi, dania, kanada, mozambiki gvinea da sxva qveynebicaqtiurad uWerdnen mxars asakobrivi zRvris awevas, ris Sedegadac,aRniSnuli mxardaWerili da Camoyalibebuli principi gaxdeboba. 192 CemiazriT, Tuki moxdeba arsebuli konvenciaTa dacva da am sakiTxs Tavadsaxlmwifoebi ufro ganamtkiceben praqtikaSi, aRniSnuli praqtika didialbaTobiT Camoyalibdeba Cveulebad romlis ZaliTac moxdeba 18 wlamdepirTa sabrZlolo moqmedebebSi gamoyenebis akrZalvis gamtkiceba.

188 Prosecutor V Alex Tamba Brima, Brima Bazzy Kamara and Santigie Borbor Kanu, No.: SCSL-04-16-T, TRIALCHAMBER II , pr. 728, (2007).189 Prosecutor v. Moinina Fofana & Allieu Kondewa, No.: SCSL-04-14-T, TRIAL CHAMBER I , (2007).190 Supra note 40, The Redress Trust, gv. 25.191 Jean-Marie Henckaerts…, “Customary International Humanitarian Law”, Volume1:Rules, ICRC, 2005, gv. 482.192 Ibid.

35

daskvna

Cems mier SesavalSi dasmuli miznebidan gamomdinare, naSromSiSejamebuli iyo samarTlebrivi dacvis is meqanizmebi, romlebic arsebobsadamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis konteqstSi. kerZod,ganxilul iqna gaeros bavSvTa uflebaTa konvencia, romelmacwarmogvidgina bavSvis samarTlebrivi asaki - 18 weli - da misi damatebiTioqmi SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi bavSvTa monawileobis Sesaxeb, romelSicwarmodgenilia SedarebiT mkacri samarTlebrivi ena. agreTve yuradRebagamaxvilda bavSvTa mZime Sromis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb konvenciismiRebaze, romelic amgvar danaSauls bavSvTa mZime Sromad miiCnevs da amsferos daregulirebis mxriv win gadadgmuli nabijia; winsvlafiqsirdeba regional donezec, Tundac simpoziumebisa da rekomendaciebiskuTxiT. kerZod, regionSi aqtualuri problemebidan gamomdinare, sakmaodmniSvnelovania afrikis regionis farglebSi miRebuli afrikis qartia`bavSvTa uflebebisa da keTildReobis Sesaxeb”,. miuxedavad yovelivexsenebulisa, vfiqrob arsebuli dacvis meqanizmebi sakmaod sustia, Tumcaaseve mniSvnelovania davinaxoT is dadebiTi nabijebi, romelsacsaerTaSoriso sazogadoeba dgams am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT rbilisamarTlis farglebSi, mcdeloba, rom Camoyalibdes norma, romelic 18wlamde pirebis sabrZolo moqmedebebSi gamoyenebas upirobod akrZalavs.

naSromSi CamoTvlili yvela faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, albaTaucilebeli iqneba ramdenime mniSvnelovani faqtoris xazgasma, kerZod:bavSvad CaiTvleba yoveli adamiani, sanam 18 wlis asaks miaRwevsnebismieri gamonaklisis gareSe. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifoebi aiRebenvaldebulebas, rom 18 wlamde asakis pirebi ar gaiwvion samxedrosamsaxurSi iZulebiT da arc nebayoflobiT moxdes maTi Caricxva. amgvaripirebis monawileoba iqneba es pirdapiri/arapirdapiri/aqtiuri TunebayoflobiTi unda aikrZalos, rogorc SeiaraRebuli konfliqtisarsebobisas aseve mSvidobianobis periodSi. saxelmwifoebi valdebulebiarian gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gaamaxvilon mdedrobiTi sqesis bavSvmebrZolebze. agreTve maT ekisrebaT valdebuleba, gaakontrolon maTteritoriaze arsebuli arasaxelmwifoebrivi samxedro dajgufebebi daaRmofxvran maT mier 18 wlamde pirTa gamoyenebis SesaZlo faqtebi.

naSromSi ukve xazi gaesva, rom 15 wlamde bavSvTa gamoyenebis akrZalvaSeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi CveulebiTi samarTlis normaa da aseveaRiniSna sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mniSvnelovaniroli, im mxriv, rom bavSvTa gamoyenebis amgvari faqtebi ar darCesdausjeli, Tumca aseve mimaCnia, rom saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam undaimuSaos romis statutSi asakis CasworebasTan dakavSirebiT. daskvnissaxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samarTlebrivi dacvis dRes arsebulimeqanizmebi met-naklebad efeqturia 15 wlamde asakis bavSvebTan

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mimarTebiT, Tumca araefeqturia 15-18 wlamde pirebTan mimarTebiT da ammxriv saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis Zalisxmeva unda gaZlierdes.

G

37

Ggamoyenebuli literatura

saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Childe 1990

Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Childe on the Involvement of Children in AremdConflict 2002

African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child 1999

Worst Froms of Childe Labour Convention (N182) 1999

Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa 2005

The Cape Town Principles 1997

The Paris Principles 2007

Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Aremd Forces in theField 1949

Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded,Sick and Shipwrecked Membersof Armed Forces at Sea 1949

Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War 1949

Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in the Time of War 1949

Protocol 1 Additional to the Geneva Convention 1977

Protocol 2 Additional to the Geneva Convention 1977

Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 2002

38

Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone 2000

wignebi

1. Rachel Harvey, A Guide to International Humanitarian and Human Rights Law (InternationalBureau for Children’s Rights, 2003).

2. Graca Machel, The Impact of War on Children (London: C.Hurst and Co.Ltd, 2001).3. Julia Sloth-Nielsen, Children’s Rights in Africa (Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2008).4. David M. Rosen, Child Soldiers (ABC-CLTO, 2012).5. Myriam Denov, Child Soldiers Sierra Leone’s Revolutionary United Front (Cambridge

University press, 2010).6. Mark Lorey, Child Soldiers-Care ans Protection of Children in Emergencies A Field Gude (Save

the Children Federation, 2001).7. Howard S. Levie, The Law of the Non-International Armed Conflict: Protocol 2 to the 1949

Geneva Convention (The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1987).8. Terry D. Gill and Dieter Fleck, The Handbook of the International Law of Military Operations

(Oxford University Press, 2010).9. Antonio Cassese, Guido Acquaviva , Mary Fan and Alex Whitig, International Criminal Law:

Cases and Commentary (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).10. Roberto Bellelli, International Criminal Justice Law and Practice from the Rome Statute to its

Review (Ashgate Publishing, 2010).11. William A. Schabas, An Introduction to the International Criminal Court (New York: Cambrige

University Press, 2011).12. Robert Cryer, Hakan Friman, Darry Robinson, Elizabeth Wilmshurst, An Introduction to the

International Criminal Law and Procedure (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010).13. Jean-Marie Henckaerts, Louise Doswald-Beck, Customary International Humanitarian Law,

Volume 1: Rules (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009).14. qeTevan xuciSvili, gaeros uSiSroebis sabWosa da sisxlis samarTlis

saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos konkurentuli da konplementarulikompetenciebi (Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2010).

39

statiebi

1. Dorcas B. Mulira, “International Legal Standarts Governing the Use of Child Soldiers”,University of Georgia School of Law, Paper 88 (2007).

2. Ilona Topa, “Prohibition of Child Soldiering-International Legislation and Prosecution ofPerpetrators”, Hanse Law Review, Volume 3, N1, University of Silesia (2007).

3. Claudia Morini, “First Victims then Perpetrators: Child Soldiers and International Law”,University of Italy, Volume3, Pp.187-208 (2010).

4. Cynthia Price Cohen, “The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Childe:Invoivement of NGOs”, The City University of New York, (1998).

5. Ruth Kahurananga, “Children Affected by Armed Conflict: Child Rights Law Vs Compliance”,4th World Congress on Family Law and Child Rights (2005).

6. Susan Tiefenbrun, “Child Soldiers, Slavery and the Trafficking of Children”, FordhamInternational Law Journal, Volume 31, Issue 2 (2007).

7. Ruxandra I. Costache, “Girl Children Soldiers: Potential Need for an Increase Protection Underthe International Law of Human Rights and the International Humanitarian Law”, University ofBucharest.

8. Abigail Leibig, “Girl Child Soldiers in Northern Uganda: Do Current Legal Frameworks OfferSufficient Protection”, Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights, Volume 3, Issue 1(2005).

9. P.W. Singer, “Child Soldiers- The New Faces of War”, Pantheon (2005).10. Maria Teresa Dutli, “Captured Child Combatants”, International Review of the Red Cross, N 278

(1990).11. Kenny Lannoy, “Unlaful/Unprivileged Combatant, Armed Conflict and International Law in the

21th Century: Slipping Throught the Loopholes of the Geneva Conventions?” Ghent University(2010).

12. Stephanie Kammer, “Deconstructing Lubanga , The ICC’s First Cas: The Trial and Conviction ofThomas Lubanga Dyilo”,Columbia University Institute for the Study of Human Rights (2012).

13. Kai Ambos, “The First Judgment of the International Criminal Court (Prosecutor V. Lubanga): AComprihensive Analysis of the Legal Issues”, University of Goettinger, Volume 12, N 2 (2012).

14. Noahb Novogrodsky, “Litigating Child Recruitment Before the Special Court for Sierra Leone”,San Diego Internatinal Law J.7 202 (2006).

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi

ICTY IT-94-1-A, The Prosecutor V. Dusko Tadic, Decision on the defenceMotion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction.

ICC ICC-01/04-01/06, The Prosecutor V. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber.

o ICC-01/04-01/07, The Prosecutor V. Germain Katanga and Matheiu Ngudjolo Chui

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o ICC-02/04-01/05, The Prosecutor V. Joseph Kony, Vincent Otti, Okot Odhiambo andDominic Ongwen.

SCSL SCSL-04-14-PT, The Prosecutor V. Sam Hinge Norman, Moinino Fonfana andAllieu Kondewa.

o SCSL-03-01-T, The Prosecutor V. Charles Chankay Taylor.

o SCSL-2004-16-A, The Prosecutor V. Alex Tamba Brima, Brima Bazzy, Kamaraand Santigie Borbor Kanu.

sxva wyaroebi

1. UNICEF, Children in War, xelmisawvdomiahttp://www.unicef.org/sowc96/childwar.htm2. War Child, Childe Soldiers ,xelmisawvdomia http://www.warchild.org.uk/issues/child-soldiers3. Amnesty International, Child Soldiers: Why Recruiting and Using Chid Soldiers is a War Crime

xelmisawvdomia http://www.amnesty.org.nz/files/Child-soldiers-factsheet.pdf4. Children and the Armed Conflict, xelmisawvdomia

http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/International%20Security/0611rr_caac.pdf

5. American Red Cross, Chid Soldiers, xelmisawvdomia

http://www.redcross.org/images/MEDIA_CustomProductCatalog/m4640077_IHL_ChildSoldiers.pdf6. ICRC, Protection of Children by International Humanitarian Law, xelmisawvdomia

http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/INTRO/595?OpenDocument7. UNICEF, Guide to the Optional Protocol on the Involvment of Children in Armed Conflict,

xelmisawvdomia http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/option_protocol_conflict.pdf8. The Redress Trust, Victims, Perpetrators or Heroes? Child Soldiers before the International Criminal

Court, xelmisawvdomia http://www.redress.org/downloads/publications/childsoldiers.pdf9. The Paris Principles, xelmisawvdomia

http://www.unicef.org/emerg/files/ParisPrinciples310107English.pdf10. Cape Town Principle and Best Practices, xelmisawvdomia

http://www.unicef.org/emerg/files/Cape_Town_Principles(1).pdf11. Montevideo Declaration on the Use of Children as Soldiers, xelmisawvdomia

http://www.essex.ac.uk/armedcon/story_id/LATIN%20AMERICAN%20AND%20CARIBBEAN%20CONFERENCE.pdf

12. Global Politics, Female Child Soldiers, xelmisawvdomia http://www.globalpolitics.cz/clanky/female-child-soldiers

13. Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa,xelmisawvdomia http://www.refworld.org/docid/3f4b139d4.html

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14. Child Soldiers International, xelmisawvdomia http://www.child-soldiers.org/news_reader.php?id=630

15. UNODA,The Arms Trade Treaty, xelmisawvdomia http://www.un.org/disarmament/ATT/16. ICRC, Legal Protection of Children in Armed Conflict,

xelmisawvdomia http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/ang03_03_juridique_newlogo.pdf17. Human Rights Watch, Syria: Opposition Using Children in Conflict, xelmisawvdomia

http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/11/29/syria-opposition-using-children-conflict18. Human Rights Watch, Syria and the International Criminal Court, xelmisawvdomia

http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/09/17/qa-syria-and-international-criminal-court#119. UNSC, Protecting Children During Aremd Conflict, xelmisawvdomia

http://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/publications/SixgraveviolationsBooklet.pdf

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naSromi Sesrulebulia Cems mier, ar gamomiyenebia literatura saTanadomiTiTebebis gareSe da vacnobiereb siyalbis gamovlenis SemTxvevaSi Cemi SedegisbaTilad cnobisa da Sesabamisi programidan garicxvis realobas.

TariRi:

xelmowera:

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