X PENGE M BANGA N K ARAKTER DALAM B ELAJAR GE … fileMa mpu menganalisis pen ge mb angan pe ndidi...
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i f a r g o e G n a r a j a l e b m e P n a d r a j a l e B e g a P 8 2 1 B A B X R A J A L E B M A L A D R E T K A R A K N A G N A B M E G N E P I F A R G O E G . A N A U L U H A D N E P . 1 t a k g n i S i s p i r k s e D a t r e s r e b , r e t k a r a k n a k i d i d n e p i a n e g n e m n a k i j a s i d n a k a i n i B A B a d a P a t a m a d a p r e t k a r a k n a k i d i d n e p n a g n a b m e g n e p a g g n i h r e t k a r a k n a k i d i d n e p i s n e g r u . i f a r g o e g n a r a j a l e p . 2 K M P C p a d A i r e t a m a d a p n a k n a b e b i d g n a y h a i l u K a t a M n a r a j a l e b m e P n a i a p a C n u : h a l a d a i n i . a . r e t k a r a k n a i t r e g n e p n a k i s p i r k s e d n e m u p m a M . b . r e t k a r a k n a k i d i d n e p n a k i s p i r k s e d n e m u p m a M . c . r e t k a r a k n a k i d i d n e p i s n e g r u n a k i s p i r k s e d n e m u p m a M . d n a k i d i d n e p n a g n a b m e g n e p s i s i l a n a g n e m u p m a M n a r a j a l e p a t a m a d a p r e t k a r a k . i f a r g o e g . B N A I J A Y N E P . 1 r e t k a r a k n a i t r e g n e P g n a y g n a r o e s e s u k a l i r e p r e b n a d r i k i p r e b a r a c n a k a p u r e m r e t k a r a K a s g n a b , t a k a r a y s a m , a g r a u l e k p u k g n i l m a l a d a m a s a j r e k e b n a d p u d i h k u t n u s a h k e m a s i b r e t k a r a k r e b g n a y u d i v i d n I . a r a g e n n a d p a i s n a d n a s u t u p e k t a u b m g n u g g n a t r e p m e m - i a l i N . ) 0 1 0 2 , o t n a y u S ( a y n t a u b i d g n a y n a s u t u p e k n a k b a w a j - i a l i n n a g n e d n a g n u b u h r e b g n a y a i s u n a m u k a l i r e p , i r i d n e s i r i d , a s E a h a m g n a Y n a h u T , p a k i s , n a r i k i p m a l a d d u j u w r e t g n a y n a a s g n a b e k n a g n u k g n i l , a i s u n a m a m a s e s e p a m r o n n a k r a s a d r e b n a t a u b r e p n a d n a a t a k r e p , n a a s a r - n a d m u k u h , a m a g a a m r o n . ) 0 1 0 2 , t a j a r d u S ( t a d a i t s i t a d a n a d a y a d u b , a m r a k a t a t u k a l h a k g n i t r e b g n a r o e s e s a n a m i a g a b n a k k u j n u n e m r e t k a r a K . ) 0 1 0 2 , s a n k i d n e m e K ( d a y n a h k a d i t g n a t a d n e m a s a m i d a w s i s n a k p a i s r e p m e M i r a n a k i d a j n e m u p m a m n a k p a r a h i d a s g n a b r e t k a r a k i r i d i t a j , n u m a n n a u h a t e g n e p l a k e b . a l i s a c n a P r e t k a r a k r e b n a g n e d l a b o l g n a s a w a w r e b , l u g g n u g n a y a w s i s u c a g n e M i a l i n r e t k a r a k r a l i p n a l i b m e s t a p a d r e t , t u b e s r e t p e s n o k a d a p - , l a s r e v i n u r u h u l i a l i n u T a t n i c u t i a y n a a t p i c p a n e g e s n a d n a h - , b a w a j g n u g g n a t n a d n a i r i d n a m e k , a y N
Transcript of X PENGE M BANGA N K ARAKTER DALAM B ELAJAR GE … fileMa mpu menganalisis pen ge mb angan pe ndidi...
ifargoeGnarajalebmePnadrajaleB egaP 821
BAB X
RAJALEB MALAD RETKARAK NAGNABMEGNEP IFARGOEG
.A NAULUHADNEP
.1 takgniS ispirkseD
atresreb ,retkarak nakididnep ianegnem nakijasid naka ini BAB adaP
atam adap retkarak nakididnep nagnabmegnep aggnih retkarak nakididnep isnegru
.ifargoeg narajalep
.2 KMPC
padA iretam adap naknabebid gnay hailuK ataM narajalebmeP naiapaC nu
:halada ini
.a .retkarak naitregnep nakispirksednem upmaM
.b .retkarak nakididnep nakispirksednem upmaM
.c .retkarak nakididnep isnegru nakispirksednem upmaM
.d nakididnep nagnabmegnep sisilanagnem upmaM narajalep atam adap retkarak
.ifargoeg
.B NAIJAYNEP
.1 retkarak naitregneP
gnay gnaroeses ukalirepreb nad rikipreb arac nakapurem retkaraK
asgnab ,takaraysam ,agraulek pukgnil malad amasajrekeb nad pudih kutnu sahk
em asib retkarakreb gnay udividnI .aragen nad pais nad nasutupek taubm
gnuggnatrepmem - ialiN .)0102 ,otnayuS( ayntaubid gnay nasutupek nakbawaj - ialin
nagned nagnubuhreb gnay aisunam ukalirep ,iridnes irid ,asE aham gnaY nahuT
,pakis ,narikip malad dujuwret gnay naasgnabek nagnukgnil ,aisunam amases
ep amron nakrasadreb nataubrep nad naatakrep ,naasar - nad mukuh ,amaga amron
.)0102 ,tajarduS( tadaitsi tada nad ayadub ,amrak atat
ukal hakgnitreb gnaroeses anamiagab nakkujnunem retkaraK
.)0102 ,sankidnemeK( d aynah kadit gnatadnem asam id awsis nakpaisrepmeM ira
nakidajnem upmam nakparahid asgnab retkarak irid itaj ,numan nauhategnep lakeb
.alisacnaP retkarakreb nagned labolg nasawawreb ,luggnu gnay awsis ucagneM
ialin retkarak ralip nalibmes tapadret ,tubesret pesnok adap - ,lasrevinu ruhul ialin
uT atnic utiay naatpic paneges nad nah - ,bawaj gnuggnat nad nairidnamek ,ayN
ifargoeGnarajalebmePnadrajaleB egaP 921
,nutnas nad tamroh ,sitamolpid ,hanama/narujujek gnolot akus ,nawamred -
,sarek ajrekep nad irid ayacrep ,amasajrek/gnoyor gnotog nad gnolonem
elot ,itah hadner nad kiab ,nalidaek nad nanipmimepek nad ,naiamadek ,isnar
isarobalegnem )0102( aisenodnI nakididneP nairtnemeK ,uti aratnemeS .nautasek
utiay ,halokes id nakgnabmekhubmutid ulrep gnay asgnab retkarak ialin 81
ar ,sitarkomed ,iridnam ,fitaerk ,sarek ajrek ,nilpisid ,isnarelot ,rujuj ,suigeler as
,isatserp iagrahgnem ,ria hanat atnic ,naasgnabek tagnames ,uhat nigni
,iamad atnic ,fitakinumok/tabahasreb iludep ,nagnukgnil iludep ,acabmem rameg
.bawaj gnuggnat nad ,laisos
upmam gnay narajalebmep metsis ikilimem fitkefe halokeS
hubmunem - nakgnabmek ialin - natiak malaD .kidid atresep irid adap retkarak ialin
nakpatetid halet lanoisan araces uti gnay lanoisaN narajalebmeP sesorP radnatS
id narajalebmep nakanaskalem ,nakanacnerem malad urug aumes igab ukalreb
,naktubesid tubesret radnats malaD .halokes narajalebmep malad awhab
,fitaripsni gnay narajalebmep utiy ,kokop lah napaled adap ucagnem naktaraysid
,asrakarp nugnabmem ,isavitomem ,nakgnaneynem ,gnatnanem ,fitkaretni
.)7002 ,sankidnemreP naripmaL( nairidnamek nad sativitaerk
ikilimem gnay ifargoeG anemonef aumes anamid ,nagnaurek naijak
naka laicos rotkaf nupuam kisif rotkaf kiab kimetsis araces ijakid ulales arefsoeg
kadit aynnasutupek aggnihes aynnataubrep irad kapmad nakrikimem asaitnanes
kapurem uti aynnakadnit urtsuj ipatet naigurek naklubminem gnay nataubrep na
kiabes - ankam ayngnitnep gnadnamem asaitnanes ifargoeg nauhategneP .aynkiab
ulrep ,ayadrebmus akena naka ayak gnay aisenodnI hayaliw amaturet hayaliw
ifargoeg awhab sigetarts ialin iaynupmem ini laH .lamitpo araces alolekid upmam
reb kutnu lek agajnem akgnar malad taub irad aggnihes ,imub akum id nairatse
ntutnut id ifargoeG nakididneP gnabac tubesret ifargoeg gnatnet nauhategnep
gnay kidid atresep retkarak nakgnabmegnem tapad kutnu nasawaw
oegek ukgnil naka iludep nad ,ria hanat atnic,naifarg .nagn
.2 retkaraK nakididneP
,)3002( ilmaR .T turuneM retkarak nakididnep ankam nad isnese ikilimem
nagned amas gnay halada aynnaujuT .kalhka nakididnep nad larom nakididnep
kutnebmem yapus ,kana idabirp ,takaraysam agraw ,kiab gnay aisunam idajnem a
ifargoeGnarajalebmePnadrajaleB egaP 031
nad agraw ,kiab gnay aisunam airetirk nupadA .kiab gnay aragen agraw
takaraysam utaus igab kiab gnay aragen agraw nad ,kiab gnay takaraysam uata
ialin halada mumu araces ,asgnab - y ,utnetret laisos ialin gna ihuragnepid kaynab
anerak helO .aynasgnab nad takaraysam ayadub helo nakididnep irad takikah ,uti
inkay ,ialin nakididep halada aisenodnI id nakididnep sketnok malad retkarak
ialin nakididnep - ruhul ialin aisenodnI asgnab ayadub irad rebmusreb gnay
akgnar malad ,iridnes .adum isareneg naidabirpek anibmem
retkarak nakididneP rebmusreb gnay ,aisunam rasad retkarak irad kajipreb
amaga irad rebmusreb gnay )tulosba tafisreb( lasrevinu larom ialin irad aguj gnay
iagabes tubesid elur nedlog eht gnay naujut ikilimem tapad retkarak nakididneP .
ialin irad kajipreb alibapa ,itsap - ilha arap turuneM .tubesret rasad retkarak ialin
nad hallA adapek atnic :halada tubesret rasad retkarak ialin aparebeb ,golokisp
c nnaatpi - ,nutnas nad tamroh ,rujuj ,bawaj gnuggnat ,)aynisi nagned mala( ayN
gnatnap nad ,sarek ajrek ,fitaerk ,irid ayacrep ,amasajrek nad ,iludep ,gnayas hisak
atnic ,isnarelot ,itah hadner nad kiab ;nanipmimepek nad nalidaek ,hareynem
ep atnic nad ,iamad rasad retkarak awhab nakatagnem nial tapadneP .nautasr
,rujuj ,iludep ,naitahrep nad tamroh asar ,ayacrepid tapad :irad iridret aisunam
,renoisiv ,nilpisid ,nuket ,inareb ,nasulutek ,naaragenagrawek ;bawaj gnuggnat
araggneleyneP .satirgetni aynup nad ,lida surah halokes id retkarak nakididnep na
ialin adapek kajipreb - nakgnabmekid ayntujnales gnay ,rasad retkarak ialin
ialin idajnem - tulosba kadit tafisreb gnay( iggnit hibel uata kaynab hibel gnay ialin
,isidnok ,nahutubek nagned iauses )fitaler tafisreb uata uti halokes nagnukgnil nad
.iridnes
satilauk nad satisnetni natakgninep tutnunem kahip kaynab ini asaweD
natutnuT .lamrof nakididnep agabmel adap retkarak nakididnep naanaskalep
ayntakgninem inkay ,gnabmekreb gnay laisos anemonef adap nakrasadid tubesret
k iagabreb nad lassam naihalekrep itrepes ,takaraysam malad ajamer nalakane
nakhaB .aynnial larom isnedaked susak atok id - tubesret alajeg ,utnetret raseb atok
halet agabmel ,uti anerak helO .nakhaserem tagnas gnay farat adap iapmas
agabes lamrof nakididnep nakparahid adum isareneg naanibmep imser hadaw i
naidabirpek nakutnebmep malad aynnanarep naktakgninem tapad kidid atresep
satilauk nad satisnetni natakgninep iulalem retkarak nakididnep .
ifargoeGnarajalebmePnadrajaleB egaP 131
nep rakap araP ayngnitnep gnatnet tapadnepes aynmumu adap nakidid
numaN .lamrof nakididnep rulaj adap retkarak nakididnep natakgninep ayapu
naadebrep ada ,naikimed - akerem aratna id tapadnep naadebrep gnatnet
nagned nagnubuhreB .aynnakididnep sudom nad natakednep kednep ,nata
natakednep naanuggnep naknaraynem rakap naigabes - nakididnep natakednep
aragen id nakgnabmekid gnay larom - natakednep :itrepes ,tarab aragen
natakednep nad ,ialin sisilana natakednep ,fitingok larom nagnabmekrep
naigabeS .ialin isakifiralk m nial gnay natakednep naanuggnep naknarayne
ialin namananep iulalem inkay ,lanoisidart - atresep irid malad utnetret laisos ialin
.kidid
nakrasadreB ngised dnarg ,)0102( sankidnemeK nakgnabmekid gnay
irid malad retkarak nakutnebmep larutluk laisos nad sigolokisp araces udividni
,fitanok ,fitkefa ,fitingok( aisunam udividni isnetop hurules irad isgnuf nakapurem
,agraulek malad( larutluk laisos iskaretni sketnok malad )kirotomokisp nad
retkarak isarugifnoK .tayah gnajnapes gnusgnalreb nad )takaraysam nad ,halokes
ok malad laisos nad sigolokisp sesorp satilatot sketn - tapad tubesret larutluk
itaH halO :malad nakkopmolekid )tnempoleved lanoitome dna lautiripS( halO ,
rikiP ,)tnempoleved lautcelletni( kitetseniK nad agaR halO dna lacisyhP(
,)tnempoleved citetsenik saR halO nad ( asraK nad a ytivitaerC dna evitceffA
)tnempoleved .tukireb iagabes nakrabmagid tapad kitamargaid araces gnay
.larom nakididnep gnatnet iroet iagabreb nakakumegnem halet rakap araP
,gnabmekreb gnay iroet iagabreb aratna id ,)0891( .la .te ,hsreH turuneM ada
,lanoisar nagnabmegnep natakednep :utiay ;nakanugid kaynab gnay iroet mane
nagnabmegnep natakednep ,ialin isakifiralk natakednep ,nagnabmitrep natakednep
isakifisalk nagned adebreB .laisos ukalirep natakednep nad ,fitingok larom
ifargoeGnarajalebmePnadrajaleB egaP 231
)9891( sailE ,tubesret gnabmekreb gnay iroet iagabreb nakisakifisalkgnem
natakednep nad ,fitkefa natakednep ,fitingok natakednep :inkay ,agit idajnem
rusnu agit adap nakrasadid isakifisalK .ukalirep idajnem asaib gnay ,satilarom
:inkay ,igolokisp naijak naupmut gok ,ukalirep .iskefa nad ,isin
nakididnep awhab naksagetid tapad sata id nasahabmep nakrasadreB
ayapu nakapurem retkarak - araces nakanaskalid nad gnacnarid gnay ayapu
ialin imahamem kidid atresep utnabmem kutnu sitametsis - aisunam ukalirep ialin
T nagned nagnubuhreb gnay ,aisunam amases ,iridnes irid ,asE ahaM gnaY nahu
,naasarep ,pakis ,narikip malad dujuwret gnay naasgnabek nad ,nagnukgnil
amron nakrasadreb nataubrep nad ,naatakrep - ,amark atat ,mukuh ,amaga amron
.tadaitsi tada nad ,ayadub
.3 retkaraK nakididneP isnegrU
.a eP nahalasam
gnadnU - oN gnadnu . nakididneP metsiS gnatneT 3002 nuhaT 02
,3 lasaP adap lanoisaN isgnufreb lanoisan nakididnep awhab naktubeynem
gnabmegnem asgnab nabadarep atres retkarak kutnebmem nad naupmamek nak
hek naksadrecnem akgnar malad tabatramreb gnay nakididneP .asgnab napudi
idajnem raga kidid atresep isnetop ayngnabmekreb kutnu naujutreb lanoisan
kalhkareb ,asE ahaM gnaY nahuT adapek awkatreb nad namireb gnay aisunam
gnay aragen agraw idajnem nad ,iridnam ,fitaerk ,pakac ,umlireb ,tahes ,ailum
rkomed .bawaj gnuggnatreb atres sita
awhab salej ,lanoisan nakididnep naujut nad isgnuf nakrasadreB
anug sitametsis araces nakaraggnelesid surah ,gnajnej paites id nakididnep
retkarak nakutnebmep nagned natiakreb tubesret laH .tubesret naujut iapacnem
did atresep nad nutnas napos ,laromreb ,akitereb ,gniasreb upmam aggnihes ki
.takaraysam nagned iskaretnireb
gnabmies gnay naudaprep nakapurem retkarak nakididneP aratnaid
itah halO .agar halo nad ,asar halo ,rikip halo ,itah halo ,utiay lah tapme
,atakreb ankamreb gnay sadrec ,rikip halO .rujuj ukalirepreb nad ,pakisreb
atic ikilimem aynitra asar halO .nauhategnep nakhutubmem asarem ulales - atic
ayares natahesek agajnem aynankam agar halo nad ,ruhul atic iapaggnem - atic
meek gnabmies araces nakudamem nagneD .tubesret uti naidabirpek risana tap ,
ifargoeGnarajalebmePnadrajaleB egaP 331
kidid atresep ialin naknitabmem nad itayahgnem upmam naka - ruhul ialin
.retkarak nakididnep
helo nakutnetid kaynab gnaroeses naseskusek napaggnareb gnay kaynaB
( sinket naupmamek nad nauhategnep lliks drah .ajas ) adit aynhuggnuseS halk
ipatet ,atames sinket naupmamek nad nauhategnep helo nakutnetid alib raneb
( nial gnaro nad irid alolegnem naupmamek helo nakutnetid nanimod hibel tfos
lliks helo nesrep 02 ratikes nakutnetid aynah naseskuseK .) lliks drah nad
helo nesrep 08 aynasis fos lliks t . gnaro nakhaB - asib ainud id seskusret gnaro
naupmamek gnukudid kaynab hibel nakanerakid lisahreb lliks tfos adapirad
lliks drah gnitnep tagnas retkarak nakididnep awhab naktaraysignem ini laH .
.nakgnabmekid kutnu
tkarak nakididnep halasam aracibreB irad sapelret kadit utnet ,re
ialin nakapurem retkaraK .iridnes uti retkarak naitregnep - ukalirep ialin
amases ,iridnes irid ,aatpicneP gnaS nagned nagnubuhreb gnay aisunam
,pakis ,narikip malad dujuwret gnay naasgnabek nad ,nagnukgnil ,aisunam
ep ,naasarep amron nakrasadreb nataubrep nad ,naatakr - ,mukuh ,amaga amron
.tadaitsi tada nad ,ayadub ,amark atat D naikimed nagne , retkarak nakididnep
iagabes iankamid alup tapad ialin namananep metsis utaus - retkarak ialin
nep nenopmok itupilem gnay halokes agraw adapek nad naradasek ,nauhateg
ialin nakanaskalem kutnu nakadnit - ab ,tubesret ialin gnaY nahuT padahret ki
asE ahaM aggnihes naasgnabek nupuam ,nagnukgnil ,amases ,iridnes irid ,
.limak nasni aisunam idajnem
,naaisenodniek sketnok malaD naparenep etkarak nakididnep r
bek nakapurem u rawatid tapad kadit gnay nahut - igal rawat . araP irtup artup
kaynab halet asgnab edaipmilo isitepmok paites malad iladem gnorobmep
lanoisanretni snias naigab iagabes naagrahgnep nakhutubmem akerem akereM .
N .retkarak nakididnep isatnemelpmi awsis susak ,nial isis id numa - tacac iwsis
iwsis itrepes larom tnedicca yb deirram ,abokran susak ,ifargonrop iska ,
isaihgnem karam asaitnanes ,aynsinejes nad ,naiju malad emsitaigalp
agabmel ,kidid atresep adap satabret aynah nakuB .aidem halmujes - gabmel a
gnaro helo ikududid enebaton gnay nahatniremep isnatsni nupuam nakididnep -
isnedaked suriv itikgnajret tupul kat nup ,simedaka raleg gnadnaynep gnaro
.larom
ifargoeGnarajalebmePnadrajaleB egaP 431
satilaeR haubes iagabes nakigolanaid tapad tubesret nakgnagnecnem
raP .asgnab igab sarek narapmat a sredlohekats aynidat gnay kididnep nad
idajnem nakparahid ,asrak nugnam aydam gni ,adalut gnus asragn gni nad tut
inayadnah iruw :kitsakras nagols nakrubuynem hibel halam , gnicnek urug
iralreb gnicnek dirum ,iridreb .
akididnep nagnukgnil "nataheskaditeK" aynrihka gnay halini n
nert aynlucnum gnorodnem gniloohcsemoh ledoM .lautriv nakididnep nad
kaT .hisisret lamrof nakididnep metsis taubmem naik ini urab nakididnep
kutnu aynkana nakhilagnem satnal gnay kidid atresep agraulek tikides
margorp itukignem semoh gniloohc nagnukgnil huragnep naka ritawahk anerak
kidid atresep gnaraj kat ,nial babeyneP .’lirets‘ igal kat gnay halokes
non halokes id sigolokisp nanaket imalagnem - iskaretni nakbabesid lautriv
grep nanaket sulp ,retiroto nad ukak ulalret gnay urug nagned atna nalua r .awsis
taubmem halam ,isulos nakirebmem aynnakub lautriv nakididnep ,aynsaaN
.aynlaisos satilaer nagnuggnisrep irad tubacret nikames kidid atresep
ijakid nakididnep metsis raga tutnunem sata id anemonef iagabreB
s mulukiruk ,ini lah malaD .gnalu muleb narajalebmep namodep radnats iagabe
utiay ,iridnes uti nakididnep amatu naujut nakhatnawajegnem aynhunepes
nakulrepid ,uti anerak helO .fisneherpmok sadrec isareneg kutnebmem
satilauk aratna nagnajnesek nakhilumem imed ,nakididnep isamrofer
utkeletni ialin nagned la - .retkarak nad ayadub ,akite larom ialin
gnipmas id nakididnep sesorP nauhategnep refsnart iagabes — aynsurahes
ialin isamrofsnart tala idajnem - nad larom ialin .gnidliub retcarahc nikameS .
t nikames aynsurahes ,sigol araces ,gnaroeses kididret gnay nalaj anam uha
simedaka satilauk nad umli aggnihes ,gnapmiynem gnay nalaj anam nad raneb
.nakanughalasid kadit naktapadid gnay
nakididnep amelborp iagabreb bawajnem ayapureb retkarak nakididneP
nep pesnok haubes halada tubesret nakididneP .ini asawed fitargetni nakidid
atresep fitingok isitepmok nagnabmegnep adap upmutreb aynah kadit gnay
.lautirps nad ,larom ,akite ialin namananep adap aguj ipatet ,atames kidid
atam taubid ulrep halkadit ,retkarak nakididnep nakdujuwem kutnU
ipatet ,urab narajalep uc paites adap narajalebmep malad nakisargetniid puk
nusuynem uata habugnem nagned fitkefe gnay arac utas halaS .narajalep atam
ifargoeGnarajalebmePnadrajaleB egaP 531
ialin uata amron nakpileynem nagned PPR nad subalis - sketnok malad ialin
irahes napudihek - .irah ialin narajalebmep ,naikimed nagneD - retkarak ialin
nad ,isasilanretni adap hutneynem ipatet ,fitingok naratat adap aynah kadit
irahes kidid atresep napudihek malad atayn nalamagnep - .takaraysam id irah
.lautsketnok narajalebmep nakgnabmagnem nagned aynutas halaS
.b nakididneP sigogadeP nasadnaL retkaraK
atresep isnetop nakgnabmegnem kutnu radas ayapu utaus halada nakididneP
nagnukgnil irad naksapelid helob kadit uti radas ahasU .lamitpo araces kidid
kidid atresep anerak ,aynayadub nagnukgnil irad amaturet ,adareb kidid atresep
sipret kat pudih a hadiak nagned iauses kadnitreb nad aynnagnukgnil malad nakh -
naka uti pisnirp helo isadnalid kadit gnay nakididneP .aynayadub hadiak
,idajret ini lah akiteK .aynayadub raka irad tubarecret kidid atresep nakbabeynem
aynayadub lanegnem naka kadit akerem akam idajnem ai aggnihes kiab nagned
gnay ,gnisa gnaro idajnem nialeS .aynayadub nagnukgnil malad ”gnisa“ gnaro
iakuynem kadit gnay gnaro idajnem aid halada nakritawahkgnem hibel
.aynayadub
ialumid ,gnabmekreb nad hubmut kidid atresep nakbabeynem gnay ayaduB
ad ek gnabmekreb )ased ,WR ,TR ,gnupmak( takedret nagnukgnil id ayadub ir
lasrevinu ayadub nad asgnab lanoisan ayadub utiay saul hibel gnay nagnukgnil
u helo tunaid gnay ayadub irad gnisa idajnem kidid atresep alibapA .aisunam tam
takedret , gnem kadit aid akam kadit aid nad asgnab ayadub kiab nagned lane
aid ,naikimed isautis malaD .asgnab ayadub atoggna iagabes aynirid lanegnem
kutnu gnurednec nakhab nad raul ayadub huragnep padahret natner tagnas
agnabmitrep sesorp apnat raul ayadub amirenem n ti nagnuredneceK . idajret u
tapad gnay aynlanoisan ayadub ialin nad amron ikilimem kadit aid anerak
.nagnabmitrep nakukalem kutnu rasad iagabes nakanugid
alup tauk nikames ,nagnabmitrep rasad ikilimem gnaroeses tauk nikameS
idajnem gnabmekreb nad hubmut kutnu nagnurednecek .kiab gnay aragen agraw
takgnit adap fitkelok araces ayadub ialin nad amron ,aynisanimluk kitit adaP
atresep ,naikimed nagneD .asgnab ayadub ialin nad amron idajnem naka orkam
arac ,nasawaw ikilimem gnay aisenodnI aragen agraw idajnem naka kidid
,rikipreb amron nagned iauses halasam nakiaseleynem arac nad ,kadnitreb arac
ifargoeGnarajalebmePnadrajaleB egaP 631
ek iric ialin nad - nakididnep amatu isgnuf nagned iauses ini laH .aynnaaisenodnI
“ ,sankidsiS UU malad naktanamaid gnay M nad naupmamek nakgnabmegne
nay asgnab nabadarep atres kataw kutnebmem akgnar malad tabatramreb g
rutagnem gnay rasad naruta ,uti anerak helO .”asgnab napudihek naksadrecnem
nasadnal nakirebmem hadus )sankidsiS UU nad 5491 DUU( lanoisan nakididnep
iagabes gnaroeses irid isnetop nahurulesek nakgnabmegnem kutnu hokok gnay
ggna .asgnab nad takaraysam ato
,isarutlukne sesorp utaus halada nakididneP gnay ialin naksirawem isgnufreb -
ialiN .gnatadnem isareneg ek ulal asam isatserp nad ialin - uti isatserp nad ialin
sgnab helo lanekid uti asgnab nakidajnem nad asgnab naaggnabek nakapurem a-
kutnu isgnuf ikilimem aguj nakididnep ,naksirawem nialeS .nial asgnab
ialin nakgnabmegnem - ialin idajnem ulal asam isatserp nad ayadub ialin - ialin
naka gnay asam nad inik asam napudihek nagned iauses gnay asgnab ayadub
isatserp nakgnabmegnem atres ,gnatad helO .asgnab retkarak idajnem gnay urab
utaus irad itni nakapurem asgnab retkarak nad ayadub nakididnep ,uti anerak
.nakididnep sesorp
ialin nagnabmegnep sesorP - uti retkarak irad nasadnal idajnem gnay ialin
d ,natujnalekreb gnay sesorp utaus ikadnehgnem atam iagabreb iulalem nakukali
,ifargoeg ,harajes ,naaragenagrawek( mulukiruk malad ada gnay narajalep
,amaga ,akitametam ,API ,SPI ,aisenodnI asahab ,igoloportna ,igoloisos ,imonoke
malaD .)nalipmaretek atres ,ines ,agarhalo nad inamsaj nakididnep
bmegnem nad aynirid apais naka naradasek ,asgnab retkarak nakididnep nakgna
tapad aynah tubesret naradaseK .gnitnep tamaret gnay naigab halada aynasgnab
nad naharecnep nakirebmem gnay harajes iulalem kiab nagned nugnabret
d aynasgnab irid apais ianegnem nasalejnep naklisahgnem gnay ulal asam i
nugnabmem surah nakididnep ,uti nialeS .inik asam id aynasgnab nad aynirid
nagnukgnil nagned naanekreb ialin nad nasawaw ,nauhategnep ,naradasek alup
takaraysam id pudih gnay ialin ,)ifargoeg( pudih aynasgnab nad irid tapmet
( ,)igoloisos( gnabmekreb gnades nad ukalreb gnay laisos metsis ,)igoloportna
/kitilop/naaragenatatek( kitilop nad nahatniremep ,naaragenatatek metsis
agrawek napudihek ,aynrikipreb arac nagned aisenodnI asahab ,)naaragen
es nad igolonket ,umli ,naimonokerep nasoboret ayapu ada ulrep ,aynitrA .in
ialin nagnabmegnep apureb mulukiruk - nakididnep igab rasad idajnem gnay ialin
ifargoeGnarajalebmePnadrajaleB egaP 731
retkarak nad ialin ,naikimed gnay mulukiruk nasoboret nagneD .asgnab retkarak
hokok tagnas naka kidid atresep irid adap nakgnabmekid gnay ikilimem nad
tamu nakhab nad ,asgnab ,takaraysam ,irid napudihek malad atayn kapmad
.aisunam
ialin nakididnep iulalem nakukalid asgnab retkarak nakididneP - uata ialin
gnay nakijabeK .asgnab retkarak nad ayadub rasad ialin idajnem gnay nakijabek
rta idajnem uti anerak helO .ialin halada aynrasad adap retkarak utaus tubi ,
nagnabmegnep halada aynrasad adap asgnab retkarak nad ayadub nakididnep
ialin - ,aisenodnI asgnab igoloedi uata pudih nagnadnap irad lasareb gnay ialin
ialin nad ,ayadub ,amaga - muret gnay ialin nakididnep naujut malad naksu
.lanoisan
.c isgnuF ,naujuT , retkarak nakididneP aideM nad
gnay asgnab kutnebmem naujutreb aynitni adap retkarak nakididneP
,gnoyor gnotogreb ,narelotreb ,laromreb ,ailum kalhkareb ,fititepmok ,huggnat
b ,kitoirtap awijreb nad nauhategnep umli isatneiroreb ,simanid gnabmekre
nahuT adapek awkat nad nami helo iawijid aynaumes gnay igolonket Y ahaM gna
.alisacnaP nakrasadreb asE
itahreb raga rasad isnetop nakgnabmegnem )1( isgnufreb retkarak nakididneP
ad ,kiab narikipreb ,kiab nugnabmem nad taukrepmem )2( ;kiab ukalirepreb n
gnay asgnab nabadarep naktakgninem )3( ;rutlukitlum gnay asgnab ukalirep
iulalem nakukalid retkarak nakididneP .ainud naluagrep malad fititepmok
am ,nakididnep nautas ,agraulek pukacnem gnay aidem iagabreb ,lipis takarays
ahasu ainud ,hatniremep ,kitilop takaraysam , .assam aidem nad
.d ialiN - retkaraK kutnebmeP ialin
halet retkarak nakididnep naanaskalep taukrepmem hibel akgnar malaD
t nad ayadub ,alisacnaP ,amaga irad rebmusreb gnay ialin 81 isakifitnediret nauju
)5( ,nilpisiD )4( ,isnareloT )3( ,rujuJ )2( ,suigileR )1( :utiay ,lanoisan nakididnep
)01( ,uhaT nignI asaR )9( ,sitarkomeD )8( ,iridnaM )7( ,fitaerK )6( ,sarek ajreK
)31( ,isatserP iagrahgneM )21( ,riA hanaT atniC )11( ,naasgnabeK tagnameS
abahasreB iludeP )61( ,acabmeM rameG )51( ,iamaD atniC )41( ,fitakinumoK/t
ruksuP( bawaJ gnuggnaT )81( & ,laisoS iludeP )71( ,nagnukgniL nagnabmegneP .
halokeS namodeP :asgnaB retkaraK & ayaduB nakididneP nad 9:9002 . - .)01
ifargoeGnarajalebmePnadrajaleB egaP 831
malad tapadret aynispirksed nad ialiN ripmaL 1 na .
ialin ,lanoisarepo araceS - : tukireb iagabes isakifitnediid asib tubesret ialin
.a nahuT nagned aynnagnubuh malad retkarak ialiN
.suigileR p nakayapuid gnay gnaroeses nakadnit nad ,naatakrep ,nariki
ialin adap nakrasadreb ulales - a uata/nad nanahuteK ialin naraj
.aynamaga
.b iridnes irid nagned aynnagnubuh malad retkarak ialiN
)1 rujuJ
iagabes aynirid nakidajnem ayapu adap nakrasadid gnay ukalireP
nad ,nakadnit ,naatakrep malad ayacrepid tapad ulales gnay gnaro
nial kahip nad irid padahret kiab ,naajrekep
)2 ggnatreB bawaj gnu
nad sagut nakanaskalem kutnu gnaroeses ukalirep nad pakiS
padahret ,nakukal aid aynsurahes gnay anamiagabes aynnabijawek
,)ayadub nad laisos ,mala( nagnukgnil ,takaraysam ,iridnes irid
.asE ahaM gnaY nahuT nad aragen
)3 tahes pudih ayagreB
pu alageS malad kiab gnay naasaibek nakparenem kutnu aya
naasaibek nakradnihgnem nad tahes gnay pudih nakatpicnem
.natahesek uggnaggnem tapad gnay kurub
)4 nilpisiD
adap hutap nad bitret ukalirep nakkujnunem gnay nakadniT
.narutarep nad nautnetek iagabreb
)5 sarek ajreK
P huggnus ayapu nakkujnunem gnay ukalire - malad huggnus
sagut nakiaseleynem anug natabmah iagabreb isatagnem
kiabes nagned )naajrekep/rajaleb( - .aynkiab
)6 irid ayacreP
nahunemep padahret iridnes irid naupmamek naka nikay pakiS
ah nad nanigniek paites ayniapacret .aynnapar
)7 ahasuariw awijreB
uata iadnap nad iridnam gnay ukalirep nad pakiS nup takabreb
,urab iskudorp arac nakutnenem ,urab kudorp ilanegnem
ifargoeGnarajalebmePnadrajaleB egaP 931
,aynnakrasamem ,urab kudorp naadagnep kutnu isarepo nusuynem
.aynisarepo naladomrep rutagnem atres
)8 ,sigol rikipreB fitavoni nad fitaerk ,sitirk
araces utauses nakukalem nad rikipreB sitirk nad sitsilaer kutnu
.ikilimid halet gnay apa irad urab lisah naklisahgnem
)9 iridnaM
nial gnaro adap gnutnagret hadum kadit gnay ukalirep nad pakiS
sagut nakiaseleynem malad - .sagut
)01 I uhat nign
hibel iuhategnem kutnu ayapureb ulales gnay nakadnit nad pakiS
nad tahilid ,aynirajalepid gnay apa irad saulem nad maladnem
.ragnedid
)11 umli atniC
,naaitesek nakkujnunem gnay taubreb nad pakisreb ,rikipreb araC
gnit gnay naagrahgnep nad ,nailudepek .nauhategnep padahret ig
.c amases nagned aynnagnubuh malad retkarak ialiN
)1 nial gnaro nad irid nabijawek nad kah naka radaS
idajnem gnay apa nakanaskalem atres itregnem nad uhat pakiS
irid nabijawek/sagut atres nial gnaro nad iridnes irid kah/kilim
es iridnes .nial gnaro atr
)2 naruta adap hutaP - laisos naruta
naruta padahret taat nad turunem pakiS - nagned naanekreb naruta
.mumu nagnitnepek nad takaraysam
)3 nial gnaro isatserp nad ayrak iagrahgneM
naklisahgnem kutnu aynirid gnorodnem gnay nakadnit nad pakiS
ay utauses nad ,takaraysam igab anugreb gn pakis iaynupmem
.nial gnaro nalisahrebek itamrohgnem nad iukagnem
)4 nutnaS
nupuam asahab atat gnadnap tudus irad kiab nad sulah gnay tafiS
.gnaro aumes ek aynukalirep atat
)5 sitarkomeD
preb araC gnay kadnitreb nad pakisreb ,riki nad kah amas ialinem
.nial gnaro nad aynirid nabijawek
ifargoeGnarajalebmePnadrajaleB egaP 041
.d nagnukgnil nagned aynnagnubuh malad retkarak ialiN
)1 nagnukgnil nad laisos iludeP
nakasurek hagecnem ayapureb ulales gnay nakadnit nad pakiS
ayapu nakgnabmegnem nad ,aynratikes id mala nagnukgnil adap -
pu nad idajret hadus gnay mala nakasurek ikiabrepmem kutnu aya
gnay takaraysam nad nial gnaro igab nautnab irebmem nigni ulales
.nakhutubmem
)2 naasgnabek ialiN
naktapmenem gnay nasawaw nad ,kadnitreb ,rikipreb araC
nitnepek sata id aragen nad asgnab nagnitnepek nad irid nag
.aynkopmolek
)3 silanoisaN
preb araC pakisreb ,riki , ,naaitesek nakkujnunem gnay taubreb nad
,asahab padahret iggnit gnay naagrahgnep nad ,nailudepek
.aynasgnab kitilop nad ,imonoke ,ayadub ,laisos ,kisif nagnukgnil
)4 namagarebek iagrahgneM
em pakiS /kepser nakirebm lah macam iagabreb padahret tamroh
.amaga nad ,ukus ,ayadub ,tada ,tafis ,kisif kutnebreb gnay kiab
numan ,asgnab retkarak kutnebmep ialin 81 tapadret halet nupikseM
arac nagned aynnagnabmegnep satiroirp nakutnenem tapad nakididnep nautas
m isidnokarp ialin naktujnale ,napos nad ,namayn ,ipar ,hisreb ,awqat itrepes , gnay
malaD .sata id ialin 81 irad naksatiroirpid gnay ialin aparebeb nagned taukrepid
adebreb tapad naka utnet hilipid gnay retkarak sinej nad halmuj aynisatnemelpmi
d utas aratna gnutnagret uti laH .nial gnay nagned utas gnay halokes uata harea
gnisam nakididnep nautas isidnok nad nagnitnepek adap - aratna iD .gnisam
ialin irad ialumid tapad aynnaanaskalep malad ,nakgnabmekid gnay ialin iagabreb
d hadum nad ,anahredes ,laisnese gnay gnisam isidnok nagned iauses nakanaskali -
.nutnas nad napos ,nilpisid ,namayn ,hipar ,hisreb inkay ,hayaliw/halokes gnisam
.e retkaraK nakididneP sesorP
gnay sigolokisp satilatot adap nakrasadid retkarak nakididnep sesorP
unam udividni isnetop hurules pukacnem nad )kirotomokisp ,fitkefa ,fitingok( ais
nautas ,agraulek malad iskaretni sketnok malad larutlukoisos satilatot isgnuf
ifargoeGnarajalebmePnadrajaleB egaP 141
.takaraysam nad ,nakididnep tapad larutlukoisos nad sigolokisp satilatoT
:tukireb nagab malad nakrabmagid gnay anamiagabes nakkopmolekid
HALOITAH
HALORIKIP
HALO/ASARASRAK
HALOAGAR
b awkatrebnadnamire ,j ruju a, hanam , lida ,b bawajgnuggnatre ,
ereb itapm b, inareokiserlibmagnem ,
atnap hareynemgn r, alenabrokreb bnad, awijre
kitoirtap
s,hamar gnilaiagrahgnem ,narelot,
iludep , gnolonemakus ,g gnoyorgnoto ,
n silanoisa k, tilopomso ,m nakamatugne
mumunagnitnepek ,b nakanuggnemaggna
kudorpnadasahabaisenodnI d, simani ,
k sarekajre bnad, sotereajrek
b hisre tahesnad ,nilpisid s, fitrop ,
t huggna a, ladn ,b nahatayadre ,b tabahasre ,k fitarepoo ,d fitanimrete ,
k fititepmo c, aire ,gnad higi
c sadre k, sitir ,k fitaer i, fitavon ,
uhatnigni rikipreb,p,akubret fitkudor ,
b Iisatneirore ,sketprnad fitkelfe
PUKGNIL GNAUR RETKARAK NAKIDIDNEP
retkaraK nakididneP pukgniL gnauR :2 nagaB
adap nakrasadid ialin nairogetakgnep ,sata id tubesret rabmag nakrasadreB
kah adap awhab nagnabmitrep i retkarakreb gnay gnaroeses ukalirep ayntak
ukacnem gnay sigolokisp satilatot isgnuf nadujuwrep nakapurem isnetop hurules p
laisos satilatot isgnuf nad )kirotomokisp nad ,fitkefa ,fitingok( aisunam udividni -
nad ,nakididnep nautas ,agraulek malad( iskaretni sketnok malad larutluk
ketnok malad retkarak isarugifnoK .tayah gnajnapes gnusgnalreb nad )takarysam s
tot laisos nad sigolokisp sesorp satila - :malad nakkopmolekid tapad larutluk
( itah halo )1( tnempoleved lanoitome & lautirips ;)
( rikip halo )2( tnempoleved lautcelletni ;)
( kitetsenik nad agar halo )3( tnempoleved citehtsenik & lacisyhp nad ;)
d asar halo )4( ( asrak na tnempoleved ytivitaerc dna evitceffa .)
sesorP tubesret nad natiakretek gnilas ikilimem nerehok nad kitsiloh araces
gnisam atres ,ipakgnelem gnilas - sugug nakapurem lautpesnok araces ayngnisam
ifargoeGnarajalebmePnadrajaleB egaP 241
lin halmujes gnudnakret aynmalad id gnay ruhul ialin id tapad anamiagabes ia
8 :0102 ,retkaraK nakididneP kudnI niaseD( sata id rabmag adap tahil - .)9
.4 ifargoeG rajaleB malaD retkaraK nagnabmegneP
ifargoeg nasawawreb gnay kidid atreseP
atam malad irajalepid gnay kejbo awhab iuhatek atik gnay itrepeS
narajalep id surah gnay retkarak aggniheS .refsoeg anemonef halada ifargoeg
malaD .refsoeg anemonef naka itregnem gnay awsis halada awsis adap kutneb
ajas ayniroet naigab nakrajaid aynah awsis raseb naigabes aynnarajalebmep sesorp
jret gnay ajas apa sesorp ianegnem akerem aggnihes ,refsoeg anemonef malad ida
nakparenem aynah anerak uti refsoeg gnatnet iretam imahamem kutnu tilus naka
nakukalid surah gnay lah uti anerak helO .atames salek gnaur id narajalebmep
nakparenem nagned halada kutnebret tapad ini retkarak raga salekid narajalebmep
anerak nakulrepid tagnas nagnapal id narajalebmep amaturet ,nagnapalid nad
mala id aynketkarp raseb naigabes ripmah refsoeg anemonef gnatnet iretam
tapad akerem aynketkarp nad iretam iasaugnem haus awsis akiteK .akubret
ek naksalejnem hotnoC .refsoeg anemonef gnatnet mawa takaraysam adap
natnamilaK id apagnem ,? natuh narakabek padahret nawar ini rablaK id apagnem
.ayniagabes nial nad ,? ipa gnunug iaynupmem kadit
riA hanaT atniC
negnem iretam nakmutnac id itsap ifargoeg iretam malad iD hayaliw ia
ianegnem isidnok nupuata ayn refsoeg anemonef iges irad uti kiab ,aisenodnI
.iridnes uti aisenodnI hayaliw gnadnamem asaitnanes ifargoeg nauhategneP
akena naka ayak gnay aisenodnI hayaliw amaturet hayaliw ankam ayngnitnep
ayadrebmus lekid ulrep , malad uti anerak helo ,lamitpo araces alo
kokop ianegnem nakraja id surah awsis ria hanat atnic retkarak nakgnabmegnem -
laicos nad kisif isidnok anamiagab lasim ,aisenodnI hayaliw ianegnem kokop
isnetop ajas apa ,aisenodnI arageN - id laicos nad mala isnetop aisenodnI
naaaynatrep irad nabawaj iuhategnem awsis akitek aggnihes,? - ,sata id naaynatrep
nasawaw naklamiskamem kutnu nakukalid surah gnay apa radas naka akerem
naiapmaynep irad aggniheS .aisenodnI hayaliw id ada gnay isnetop nad ifargoeg
ifargoeGnarajalebmePnadrajaleB egaP 341
ifargoeg nasawaw malad ria hanat atnic retkarak kutnebmem tapad kididnep idat
.awsis irid
jdlaD turuneM o ad id ifargoeg nakididnep iulalem )7991( ine nupuam mal
,salek raul id padahret aynnaatnicek habmanem kutnu kajaid tapad aynranebes
nay lah aparebeB .aisenodnI ria hanat tubesret dirum naatnicek gnorodnem tapad g
sugilakes aisenodnI imub naayakek itamagnem kajaid awsis awhab nial aratna
.aynmala anacneb namacna naklamiskamem tapad awsis aggniheS
isnetop nakgnabmegnem turut nad lanegnem malad aynnaupmamek - isnetop
nI hayaliw irad nakrajagnem tapad kididnep ini lah nakdujuwem kutnU .aisenod
isnetop lasim licek gnilap gnay lah - akerem tapmet haread id ada gnay apa isnetop
malad gnitnep tagnas ifargoeG nakididneP anarep inisid anerak helO .laggnit
kidid atresep retkarak kutnebmem nakanugid naifargoegek nasawawreb gnay
.natujnalekreb gnay nanugnabmep nad napudihek atanem kutnu
nagnukgnil atniC
satilauk nanurunep helo nakbabesid iridnes nagnukgnil nakasureK
.iridnes aisenodnI asgnab napudihek nad isnetop gnatnet namahamep ayngnaruk
p nagnukgnil nairataselek padahret nailudepek ayngnaruk ,ayadrebmus nataafname
lubmit gnay laisos nad mala awitsirep padahret namahamep aynhadner nad ,pudih
.aisenodnI hayaliw sifargoeg rotkaf naadarebarek irad tabika adap kapmat ini laH
aruK nailudepek ayngn selek padahret kapman tagnas aguj pudih nagnukgnil nairat
naraggnalep ,nagnukgnil hamar kadit gnay takaraysam ukalirep nad pakis adap
naruta nakparenem malad netsisnok kadit nad ,gnaur atat nataafnamep - naruta
dnilrep ,naaalolegnep nagned aynnatiak tare gnay nakasurep nad ,nagnu
.pudih nagnukgnil naklubminem nad tujnalreb nagnukgnil nakasurek akiteK
napaisek ikilimem muleb ataynret aisenodnI takaraysam ,laisos nad mala anacneb
ikilimem kadit takaraysaM .anacneb awitsirep padahret naadapsawek uata
k ,namahamep ,anacneb isagitim malad pukuc gnay nalipmaretekek nad naradase
.laisos nupuam mala awitsirep tabika lubmit gnay kiab nanarep uti anerak helO
gnay awsis retkarak kutnebmem malad gnitnep haltagnas ifargoeG nakididnep
h malaD .nagnukgnil naka atnic nad iludep gnay retkarak nugnabmem kutnu ini la
isidnok imahamem kutnu tutnutid uluhad hibelret awsis ,nagnukgnil naka iludep
ifargoeGnarajalebmePnadrajaleB egaP 441
imahamem hadus awsis akiteK .tubesret nakasurek babeynep nad nagnukgnil
kerem surah gnay ayapu nak radas naka akerem akam ,nagnukgnil isidnok a
kutnu anugreb nad tahes patet raga nagnukgnil satilauk agajnem kutnu nakukal
.nahibelreb gnay isatiolpske aynada apnat ayn napedek takaraysam
.C PUTUNEP
.1 isaulavE
.a nagned ankam nad isnese ikilimem retkarak nakididnep irad duskam naksaleJ
nad larom nakididnep !kalhka nakididnep
.b !retkarak nakididnep aidem atres isgnuf ,naujut irad naktubeS
.2 icnuK
.a retkaraK nakididneP nagned amas gnay ankam nad isnese ikilimem nakididnep
aynnaujuT .kalhka nakididnep nad larom kutnebmem halada ,kana idabirp
nad ,takaraysam agraw ,kiab gnay aisunam idajnem ayapus gnay aragen agraw
agraw ,kiab gnay aisunam airetirk nupadA .kiab nad ,kiab gnay takaraysam
takaraysam utaus igab kiab gnay aragen agraw mumu araces ,asgnab uata
ialin halada - gnay ,utnetret laisos ialin ayadub helo ihuragnepid kaynab
anerak helO .aynasgnab nad takaraysam retkarak nakididnep irad takikah ,uti
inkay ,ialin nakididep halada aisenodnI id nakididnep sketnok malad
ialin nakididnep - ruhul ialin b gnay ayadub irad rebmusre .
.b ,huggnat gnay asgnab kutnebmem naujutreb aynitni adap retkarak nakididneP
awijreb ,gnoyor gnotogreb ,narelotreb ,laromreb ,ailum kalhkareb ,fititepmok
igolonket nad nauhategnep umli isatneiroreb ,simanid gnabmekreb ,kitoirtap
mes gnay nahuT adapek awkat nad nami helo iawijid aynau Y asE ahaM gna
.alisacnaP nakrasadreb nakgnabmegnem )1( isgnufreb retkarak nakididneP
)2( ;kiab ukalirepreb nad ,kiab narikipreb ,kiab itahreb raga rasad isnetop
m gnay asgnab ukalirep nugnabmem nad taukrepmem )3( ;rutlukitlu
.ainud naluagrep malad fititepmok gnay asgnab nabadarep naktakgninem
pukacnem gnay aidem iagabreb iulalem nakukalid retkarak nakididneP
,hatniremep ,kitilop takaraysam ,lipis takaraysam ,nakididnep nautas ,agraulek
m aidem nad ,ahasu ainud .assa
ifargoeGnarajalebmePnadrajaleB egaP 541
.3 tujnaL kadniT
.a narajalep atam irajalepmem nagned awsis retkarak nagnabmegnep halsisilanA
!ifargoeg
ifargoeGnarajalebmePnadrajaleB egaP 641
ISNEREFER
.A .7002 .inoD ,amusuK namaJ id kanA kididneM igetartS :retkaraK nakididneP
.labolG .odnisarG :atrakaJ
.2102 .ireH ,nawanuG tkaraK nakididneP .isatnemelpmI nad pesnoK ,re :gnudnaB
.atebaflA
.1102 .amrahD ,amuseK id ketkarP nad iroeT naijaK :retkaraK nakididneP
.halokeS .ayraK adsoR ajameR .TP :gnudnaB
.2102 .naiD ,inayadnA nad ludbA ,dijaM fitkepsreP malad retkaraK nakididneP
.malsI P :gnudnaB .ayrakadsoR ajameR .T
