Tradisidan Pemikiran Agama Hindu

7/22/2019 Tradisidan Pemikiran Agama Hindu

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Wr`gbsb g`i Xndblbr`i

@j`d` Ebigu


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W[@GBSB G@I XNDBLB[@I @J@D@ EBIG^

Xnij`rìj6 D.[`fìtenr i & L.Sbmmm`mnn

Xninrkbt6 S`ltb Oauig`tbai,

Ia. :;-J, Xus`t Xnrib`j`ì [`y` K`r`t, F`mì [`y` K`r`t,

70088 Lmìj, Snmìjar g`rum Nesì..

D.[`fìtenrì & L.Sbmmm`mnn, ;803.

Sndu` e`l cbpt` kulu bib tnrpnmbe`r`. Dì`-dì` kè`jbì g`m`d kulu bib tbg`l kamne

gbcnt`l g`m`d `p` fu` knitul dngb` tìp` lnkni`rì pnij`rìj.


3/102

L@IG^IJ@I

XN[@G@K@I G@I XNDBLB[@I

SNF@[@E @Z@M @J@D@ EBIG^

XNDBLB[@I LN[AE@IB@I D@SR@[@L@W W@DBM

LNXN[C@R@@I LNW^E@I@I V@D@I _NG@

D@SR@[@L@W W@DBM G@I NI@D D@VE@K

XNDBLB[@I S@B_BSDN

XNDBLB[@I_@BSEI@_BSDN

@F@[@I SBGGE@

DNGBW@SB

W@W@C@[@ SNDK@ER@IJ L^BM

[^X@ G@I SBDKAM S^CB

XN[@R@@I G@I S@DK^W@I

@F@[@I @J@D@ EBIG^

@J@D@ EBIG^ GB D@M@RSB@


4/102

X[NSBGNIWS IAWN

Spbrbtu`mbty bs ten jrn`tnst taam ta daumg dìlbig. [nmbjbai bs ten k`sbs ao spbrbtu`mbty.

Weasn pnapmn wea ga iat e`vn spbrbtu`m `w`rninss `rn usu`mmy iat bitnrnstng bi Jag

ìg spbrbtu`mbty. Bt wbmm ebignr ain orad `tt`bibij ten d`bi ja`m ao eudì kbrte. Bt wbmm

d`ln dì bddnrsn bi ten d`tnrb`m warmg oarnvnr.

Ebigubsd caistbtutns dumtbo`rbaus jrn`t pebmasapebns. Iat aimy gans bt nic`psum`tn

dìy pebmasapebns wbtebi, kut bt `msa e`s dìy scbnitbobc trutes. Bt nguc`tns ` dì aieaw ta mbvn `s ` dì. Iakagy cì nx`ctmy jbvn ` tbdnor`dn weni Ebigubsd knjì. Bi

tebs c`sn, bt bs uigauktng te`t Ebigubsd bs ten ìcbnit rnmbjbai ao eudì sacbnty.

Ebigubsd caistbtutns `mm teaujets ao ten K`r`te` Lìg` ar Bigb`. @mm typns ao

bioard`tbai bs oauig bi Ebigubsd ìg bt spn`ls `kaut kate d`tnrb`m ìg spbrbtu`m

nmndnits. Ebigubsd bs ` uibqun rnmbjbai te`t succbictmy s`ys ain cì `tt`bi ten p`te ao

pnronctbai nvni ain uttnrs ten i`dn ao Jag `main. Bi `ggbtbai, Ebigubsd `msa snrvns `dnìs ao prnsnrvbij Bigbì cumturn ìg tr`gbtbais. Ebigubsd prbarbtbsns p`rnits ìg

nmnv`tns p`rnits ta ten st`tus ao Jag.

Zn e`vn ta caivny ten jrn`t tn`cebij ao Ebigubsd ta ten pnapmn< bt bs aur oarndast

guty. We`t bs ten vnry rn`sai wey ten S`lteb oauig`tbai e`s t`lni ten bibtb`tbvn ta jnt

ten kaal pukmbseng. Wen S`lteb oauig`tbai bs `msa praug ta d`ln ten kaal rn`ce ten

pukmbc. @t ten s`dn tbdn, B `msa waumg mbln ta caijr`tum`tn Xrao. Gr. D. [`fnigrì ìg

L.Sbmm`mb, wea pragucng ten kaal bi suce ` w`y bt n`sbmy rn`cens aut ten pukmbc.

Wen S`lteb oauig`tbai bs `mw`ys bi stùice suppart ao tensn lbigs ao ce`rbt`kmn warl.

G`tul [.S. Weìnitebrì,

Xrnsbgnit

Wen S`lteb oauig`tbai


5/102

@CLIAZMNGJNDNIW

Webs kaal nitbtmng, Wen Ebigu tr`gbtbai ìg teaujets, ouig`dnit`mmy spn`ls `kaut

Ebigubsd, bts tr`gbtbai ìg bts teaujets. Webs kaal bs wrbttni bi ` vnry sbdpmn

mìju`jn webce bs bitnmmbjbkmn ta ten pnapmn ao `mm `jn jraups.

Ebigubsd bs cadp`r`kmn ta ` gnnp acnì. Bt bs bignng oardbg`kmn ta oummy nxpm`bi`kaut Ebigubsd bi ten dbiutnst gnt`bm. Rnt wn `rn `ksamutnmy caivbicng te`t wn aujet

ta bdp`rt ten crucb`m nmndnits ao Ebigubsd, oar bt bs knbij ` dust `t tebs `jn. Bo wn gbg

iat t`ln suce ì bibtb`tbvn iaw, aur outurn jninr`tbais cnrt`bimy waumg m`cl spbrbtu`m

`w`rninss. Bt bs nvbgnit te`t bo wn masn aur rnmbjbai ìg mìju`jn, bt dbjet put aur

prbgnoum ebstary ì nig.

Ourtenrdarn, tenrn dust iat kn ` mìju`jn k`rrbnr bi cadprnenigbij rnmbjbai, webce bswey tebs kaal bs wrbttni bi ternn d`bi mìju`jns< D`m`y, Nijmbse ìg W`dbm.

Zn awn aur gnnpnst jr`tbtugn ta Wen S`lteb Oauig`tbai ìg bts prnsbgnit G`ta [.S.

Wìnitebrìoartenbr jrn`t caitrbkutbai ao jnttbij tebs kaal pukmbseng ìg d`lns ten

kaal rn`ce ten caddai pukmbc. @maijsbgn sacb`m `w`rninss, rnmbjbaus `w`rninss bs

`msa bdpartìt ìg bt wbmm daumg ten outurn jninr`tbais bita ` knttnr jninr`tbai. Zn

gnnpmy pprncb`tn tebs teaujet ao G`ta[.S.Wìnitebrì.

Darnavnr, Zn `pprncb`tn ten kmnssbijs ao aur spbrbtu`m d`stnr ìg ten oauignr ao ten

W`dbmi`guSbte`ted` Raj` Oauig`tbai.

Zbte mavn,

Xrao. Gr. D. [`fìtenrì

L.Sbmmm`mnn

(Wen îbvnrsbty ao D`m`y`)


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WEN EBIG^ W[@GBWBAI @IG WEA^JEWS

0

XN[@G@K@I G@I XNDBLB[@I

Xnijni`mì

Xnrl`t`ì W`d`gui / pnr`g`kì g`m`d kè`s` D`m`ysb` dniìg`lì cbvbmbz`tbaig`m`d kè`s`

Bijjnrbs, I@L@[BL@D g`m`d kè`s` W`dbm. W`d`gui gì kug`y` (Cumturn 4 Xìp``gu) e`rus

gbknz`lì. Snk`rìj c`r` ebgup yìj gb`lub amne d`sy`r`l`t kamne gbtnrbd` snk`j`b kug`y`.

Kug`y` p`g` `diy` dniìg`lì s`tu sbstnd c`r` ebgup lnknig`ì gì lnraeìbì snsu`tu

d`sy`r`l`t yìj dndpuiy`b s`tu bgnitbtb tnrsnigbrb knrg`s`rlì lnp`g` `m`d snlbt`r, o`ltar

kìjs` gì kè`s`. Kug`y` dnrup`lìsnsu`tu yìj gbpnrk`blb gì t`dkè dutu.

W`d`gui dnrup`lì cbrb-cbrb pnic`p`bì lnsnmurueì g`rb snjb pnmk`j`b lndugèì

lnknig`ì gì lnraeìbì yìj dnmbk`tlì pndblbrì gì lnp`l`rì yìj tbijjb.

Xnrlndkìjì t`d`gui `lì dnij`dkbm d`s` yìj pìfìj. Jamaijì dìusb` yìj gbl`t`lì

knrt`d`gui e`rus dndknrb pninlìì6

D`sy`r`l`t Knrt`d`gui

Ibm`b-ibm`b durib Lnm`luì yìj

tnrpufb

Eukuijì sns`d`

dìusb` yìj d`tìj

Dndpuiy`b s`s`rì


7/102


;

Cbrb-cbrbD`sy`r`l`t Rìj Knrt`d`gui

0. Wnmè dnicbpt` snrt` dndbmblb sbstnd tumbsì yìj tnrsnigbrb. Wumbsì `g`mè pnitbij lnrì`dnm`mub tumbsì pnijntèuì gblnl`mlì gì gbs`murlì p`g` jninr`sb `lì g`tìj.

;. W`d`gui `g`mè ` st`tn ao dbig, oblbrì yìj sbe`t. Bib kamne gbmbe`t `p`kbm` lbt` kìgbijlìs`tu c`r` ebgup d`fu gì duigur. Kulì sè`f` o`ltar-o`ltar obzbl`m `g`mè knrknz` tnt`pb

fuj` pndblbrì, lnm`luì, susuiì d`sy`r`l`t, snib gì snk`j`biy`.

3. C`r` ebgup knrt`d`gui `lì dndpuiy`b lnebgupì yìj knrpnij`m`dì. Oblbrì yìjsugè gbpnre`musb/d`tìj. Sugb dninrbd` bgn`-bgn` k`ru.

7. Arìj yìj knrt`d`gui `lì dndpuiy`b prbisbp ntbl` yìj dniynmurue. Xrbisbp ntbl` bibenig`lmè knrsbo`t uibvnrs`m dbs`miy` knrm`lu `gbm p`g` sndu` tìp` pbmbe l`sbe.

>. Arìj yìj knrt`d`gui enig`lmè dèbr/èmb g`m`d pnmk`j`b kbgìj yìj mnkbe leusussnpnrtb pnruk`tì, pnrtulìjì gì snk`j`biy`. Snj`m` pnic`p bì bib gblaijsb knrs`d` gndb

lnd`fuì ud`t dìusb`.

?. Xnrlaijsbì d`lmud`t- g`m`d s`tu c`r` ebgup t`d`gui tbg`l sndnstbiy` sndu` arìjknrpnm`f`rì. Lnkìy`lì duijlbi kut` euruo tnt`pb yìj pnitbijiy` g`m`d t`d`gui

tnrsnkut `g` bitnr`lsb ìt`r` cnignlb`wì gì yìj kut` euruo. Dnm`mub pnmk`j`b dngb`

(Cnr`dè, gr`d`, m`ju, obmnd, tnmnvbsyni, bitnrint gsk). X`r` cnigblb`wì fuj` g`p`t

bme`diy` g`rb d`sy`r`l`tiy` snigbrb. Wnt`pb arìj-arìj yìj tbg`l knrpnigbgblì fuj`

dndpuiy`b pndblbrì yìj tnrsnigbrb yìj gbpnij`rueb amne p`r` cnignlb`wì.


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3

:. @spnl t`d`gui eìy` kamne gbkbicìjlì g`m`d laitnls snsu`tu d`sy`r`l`t gì kulìiy`bigbvbgu g`m`d d`sy`r`l`t btu. D`lsugiy`, èmb-èmb d`sy`r`l`t e`rus knrlaijsb snsu`tu

lnm`luì, dnignl`tb snsu`tu d`s`mè gnijì car`l pnignl`tì yìj s`d`, `g` lnsnm`r`sì

pndblbrì gì snk`j`biy`.

5. Wbj` pnrsa`mì sugè tnrf`w`k. Snknmud gbmèbrlì `p`lè lngugulì lbt`1 @p`lè tufuìebgup dìusb` gb `m`d bib1 @p` yìj f`gb p`g` dìusb` snmnp`s lnd`tbì1 F`w`pì lnp`g`

pnrsa`mì-pnrsa`mì bib `lì dnmèbrlì o`msòè. Bìy` fuj` `lì dnmèbrlì pnifnm`sì

knrsbo`t lnraeìbì-dnmbk`tlì tueì, rae gì `m`d.

Gnijì bib pndblbrì lnraeìbì fuj` dnrup`lì su`tu `spnl d`sy`r`l`t yìj knrt`d`gui.

Xndblbrì lnraeìbì bib dnif`gb `s`s lnmèbrì `j`d` g`m`d snsu`tu d`sy`r`l`t. @p`lè btu

`j`d`1

@J@D@ G@I D@SR@[@L@W

@j`d` snc`r` g`s`riy` g`p`t gbgnobi`sblì snk`j`b su`tu pnrbijl`t pnr`turì yìj dnij`tur

eukuijì dìusb` gnijì guib` je`bk gì s`ltbleususiy` gnijì tueì, dnij`tur eukuijì

dìusb` gnijì dìusb` yìj m`bi gì dnij`tur eukuijì dìusb` gnijì pnrsnlbt`rìy`

(@.E`vbmìg, 0255, 023 gì Cmbooarg Jnnrtz, 02:;, 325-788). @j`d` fuj` dnrup`lì sbstnd

lnpnrc`y`ì bigbvbgu yìj dnmbk`tlì ndasb gì pndblbrì yìj knrsbo`t pnrbk`gb ([amìg

[aknrtsai. 022:, BU & UB).

@j`d` fuj` gbl`t`lì snk`j`b su`tu sbstnd yìj dnm`yìb lnpnrmuì dìusb` uitul

dnic`rb lnkni`rì snrt` dnij`t`sb pnmk`j`b ln`g`ì kurul g`m`d lnebgupì (Cmbooarg Jnnrtz,

02??, 0-7?). Snm`bi btu `j`d` fuj` gbpìgìj snk`j`b su`tu sbstnd yìj dndpuiy`b

lnpnrc`y`ì, `d`mì gì arjìbs`sb yìj tnmè tnrknitul g`rbp`g` ntbl` yìj dnif`gb tnr`s

g`m`d lnebgupì dìusb` (@ Gbctbai`ry ao Sacb`m Scbnicn, 02>2, >55). Z`mùpui `d`mì `j`d`

knrknz` ìt`r` s`tu s`d` m`bi gb l`mìjì ud`t dìusb`, tnt`pb ntbl` gì ibm`b yìj dnif`gb

`f`rìy` `g`mè knrtufuì uitul dnmèbrlì dìusb` yìj knrdar`m (N. Gurlenbd, 02;?, 7: gì


9/102


7

K.D`mbiawslb, 0275, 3:-78).

Dnijeard`tb `j`d` m`bi dnrup`lì su`tu cbrb yìj pnitbij g`m`d lnebgupì

d`sy`r`l`t pnmk`j`b lùd gì `j`d` gb D`m`ysb`. Dniurut Iìgbi`te` Sutr`6 ;3;, snsnarìj

pnijìut `j`d` Ebigu s`d` snl`mb gbtnjè / gbm`rìj uitul dnijebi` `tù knrl`t` kurul

tnitìj `j`d` m`bi. Snk`mbliy` sndu` `j`d` e`rus gbeard`tb `t`s prbisbp dìusb` knre`l uitul

dndbmblb lnpnrc`y`ì lntueìì d`sbij-d`sbij (S`tjuru Sbv`y` Sukr`duiby`sw`db, ;887,

:>?).

Xnrl`t`ì `j`d` snkni`riy` knr`s`m g`rbp`g` pnrl`t`ì Sìslrbt ``j`d`. Bìy`

knrd`lsug tnls-tnls yìj dnijìguijb `f`rì yìj dndkamnelì dìusb` dnijntèub,

dniyng`rb, dnije`y`tb gì dnignl`tb tueì (Bkbg57?). Wueì p`g` m`zbdiy` gbruful gnijìpnrl`t`ì tueì, jag, l`g`vum, br`bvì, `ìg`vì, tenbv`d, krèd`d gì snk`j`biy`. G`m`d

kè`s` W`dbm `j`d` gbruful gnijì pnrl`t`ìs`d`y`d, d`te`d, te rd`d gìinrb.

Lnpnrc`y`ì lnp`g` tueì dndkìtu dniy`tulì ud`t dìusb` g`m`d snsu`tu

ludpumì d`sy`r`l`t. Bìy` dndknl`mlì su`tu sbstnd yìj tnr`tur uitul dìusb` knrs`tup`gu

g`m`d s`tu prajr`d yìj g`p`t dnif`dbilì guib` `lebr`t (pnic`p`bì dalse`/dultb/vbbgu).

Xniy`tuì bib gbc`p`b dnm`mub bistbtusb `j`d` (lubm, `m`y`d, sìibtì`d gì tebrutt`m`d),

pnmk`j`b up`c`r` sndkèyìj (gb rudè gì lubm) tnrd`sul dngbt`sb gì pnr`y`ì `j`d`

(K.D`mbiawslb, 0275, 3:-78).

@d`mì `j`d` g`m`d l`mìjì d`sy`r`l`t Ebigu dni`dp`llì gu` `mbrì yìj fnm`s.

Rìj pnrt`d` b`mè `d`mì `j`d` papum`r gì yìj lngu` b`mè `d`mì `j`d` knrg`s`rlì

lbt`k sucb `j`d` Ebigu yìj gbruful snk`j`b `j`d` tnls. @d`mì `j`d` Ebigu papum`r

knrd`lsug `d`mì `j`d` yìj dnic`dpur`gullì lnpnrc`y`ì-lnpnrc`y`ì r`ly`t gì `j`d`

tnls, dì`l`m` `d`mì `j`d` tnls pum` kni`r-kni`r dniurutb `p` yìj gbw`fbklì g`m`d lbt`k-

lbt`k. @d`mì `j`d` papum`r mnkbe lnt`r` gb l`w`sì mu`r kìg`r gì pbijjbr kìg`r. @j`d`

tnls pum` mnkbe lnmbe`tì gb l`w`sì kìg`r.


10/102


>

SNF@[@E @Z@M @J@D@ EBIG^

Xnijni`mì

@j`d` Ebigu gbsbo`tlì snk`j`b `j`d` tnrtu` (D. I. Srbibv`s & Seè`d, 02:;, 3>5) yìj

d`sbe dnif`gb `d`mì snkè`jbì kns`r d`sy`r`l`t Bigb` gì snkè`jbì d`sy`r`l`t gb mu`r

Bigb` (Fauri`m ao Eudì Nvamutbai37 (?), ?;3-?>0). G`rbp`g` ?.5 kbmmbai papum`sb guib , mnkbe

g`rbp`g` 0 kbmmbai arìj dnijìutb `j`d` Ebigu (S`tjuru Sbv`y` Sukr`duiby`sw`db, ;887,

5?8). @j`d` bib duicum snf`l z`dì purk`l`m` m`jb. Amne btu tb`g` rnlag `w`m yìj tnrtnitu

yìj g`p`t gbjui`lì uitul dnijni`m p`stb snf`rè pnrdum`ìy` gnijì tnp`t (@. Gn.

[bnicaurt, 02?0, 7->). Snm`bi btu, snf`rè `w`m `j`d` bib sul`r gblni`mp`stb gbsnk`klì knknr`pò`ltar snpnrtb knrblut (Sbr Faei D`rse`m, 02:3, vbb)6-

b) @j`d` bib tbg`l gb`s slì amne arìj pnrsnarìjì. Snk`mbliy`, gb`s`slì amnelnturuiì p`r` dè`rbseb snc`r` knrpnrbijl`t-pnrbijl`t snm`d` knknr`p` z`dì.

bb) @j`d` bib tbg`l dndpuiy`b snsu`tu pbe`l tnrtnitu tù bistbtusb/k`gì pus`tyìj dndpuiy`b lu`s` dutm`l k`jb dninitulì e`m new`m `j`d` Ebigu snguib`.

Wb`g` K`gì `tù

Xus`t yìj

Dndkuiy`b Lu`s`

Zufug Snf`l

V`dì Xr`

Snf`rè

@j`d` Ebigu

Wb`g` Xnij`s`s


11/102


?

[bijl`siy` `j`d` bib tbg`l gburus amne s`tu k`gì atarbtb pus`t yìj

dnrìjl`blì eukuijì ìt`r` sndu` bistbtusb `j`d` Ebigu gb guib`.

bbb) I`dui gndblbì, lnsì tnr`w`m `d`mì knknr`p` `spnl `j`d` bib gbg`p`tbgb`d`mlì snf`l snlurìj-lurìjiy` 7>88 tèui yìj m`mu, gb Mndkè Suij`b

Bigus.

@j`d` bib kulì eìy` dndbmblb tr`gbsb `f`rì knr`s`slì lbt`k-lbt`k sucb (`j`d` tnls) d`mè

bìy` turut dndbmblb tr`gbsb w`rbsì `j`d` r`ly`t yìj l`y` (@. K`kk M`wrnicn, 02:>, xv, 0 gì F.Inuinr, 02?7, ;3). Lngu`-gu` bib dndknitul s`tu sbstndlnpnrc`y`ì yìj dni`rbl m`jb ladpmnls.

Bstbmè @j`d` Ebigu

Bstbmè `j`d` Ebigu dniìg`lì pnic`p`bì lnsnmurueì pndblbrì lnraeìbì gì lntbijjbì

kug`y` f`tb gbrb, yìj dnif`gb bgnitbtb bstbdnw` d`sy`r`l`t Bigb`. Wnt`pb Ebigu kulìmè i`d`

`s`m k`jb sbstnd lnpnrc`y`ì `j`d` bib. p`g` `w`miy` d`sy`r`l`t Bigb` tnmè dnijjui`lì

knknr`p` bstbmè snpnrtb knrblut uitul dniìg`lì lnpnrc`y`ì `j`d` `w`m dnrnl` (D.

[`fìtenrì & M. S`teb`Snnmì, 0228, 0;)6-

@j`d` Ebigu

Sì`teì` Ge`rd` - Xrbisbp-prbisbp lnraeìbì

yìj lnl`m `k`gb

_`btebj` Ge`rd`- @j`d` yìj dniurutb `f`rì

lbt`k-lbt`k sucb_ng`.

Krèdìbsdn - @j`d` tueì.


12/102


:

Wnrg`p`t rufulì g`m`d lbt`k sucb [bj _ng` kè`w` i`d` Suij`b Bigus dnif`gb `s`s k`jb

lnwufugì bstbmè Ebigu (ettp6//www.s`crng tnxts.cad/ebi/rbjvng`/rv088:>.etd). Arìj @r`k

snc`r` `diy` dnruful lnp`g` d`sy`r`l`t Bigb` snk`j`b d`sy`r`l`t @m-Ebig b`btu d`sy`r`l`t

yìj dnint`p gb snknrìj Suij`b Bigus ([. We`p`r, 0223, ::). Snm`bi btu, tnrg`p`t rufulì yìj

dniy`t`lì kè`w`, p`g` `k`g ln-03 d`sbeb, pnrl`t`ì Ebigustì tnmè gbjui`lì uitul

dniìg`lì tndp`t tbijj`m d`sy`r`l`t Bigb` (Faei Weadpsai Xm`tts, 0557). Amne btu,

lnsnmurueì pndblbrì lnraeìbì arìj Bigb` gbruful amne arìj mu`r gnijì bstbmè

Ebigubsd. Z`mùk`j`bdì`pui, lbib i`d` `j`d` Ebigu sugè gbtnrbd` gì gbpnr`lulì amne

pnijìut `j`d` bib gnijì pnijnrtbì l`t` Ebigu snk`j`b Ebd 4 dnij`lbk`tl`t pnignrbt`ì gì

teu 4 Nm`l (Ebd+Weu4 Ebigu). Bib knrnrtb bstbmè Ebigu lbib gboè`db snk`j`b dniìg`lì

jamaijì dìusb` yìj nm`l gbrb g`rbp`g` dnij`lbk`tlì pnignrbt`ì lnp`g` snk`rìj knitul

lnebgupì gb guib` bib.

Lnsì Wnr`w`m @j`d` Ebigu

Lnsì `tù kultb `w`m `d`mì `j`d` Ebigu tnmè gbtndub gb Mndkè Suij`b Bigus yìj

knrt`rble snlurìj-lurìjiy` ;>88 tèui snknmud d`sbeb m`jb (Kauqunt, @.C. 02?2, ;0-;; gì

Zampart Stìmny, 0233, 0?-;3). L`w`sì Mndkè Suij`b Bigus bib tnrmnt`l gb k`r`t mùt Bigb`

dagni, g`m`d wbm`yè X`lbstì. Snknmud pndknitulì inj`r` X`lbstì (027:) lnsnmurueì

l`w`sì tnrsnkut dndìj tnmè tnrmnt`l gb k`wè lnlu`s`ì Bigb`.

X`r` èmb `rlamajb (Sbr Faei D`rse`mm, Zennm`r gì m`bi-m`bi) tnmè knrf`y` dnindub gu`

kuè kìg`r yìj gblni`mb snk`j`b E`r`pp` gì Daenifa-g`ra gb Mndkè Suij`b Bigus p`g`

tèui 02;8 (K Kncl. [ajnr `t `mm, 0222).

Xninduì-Xninduì Xnitbij

0) Daear Xrata Sebv` (@. Sdbte _bnicnit, 02>5, ;2)Snkuè daear yìj gbtòsbrlì snk`j`b dniìg`lì pnduf`ì `w`m gnw` Sebv` tnmè gbtndub

gì daear tnrsnkut gbi`d`lì Daear Xrata Sebv` amne Sbr Faei D`rse`mm.


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Dniìg`lì laisnp tueì yìj knrsbo`t lnk`p`ì (Weìt`b).

[up` gb tnijè tnijè daear gbtòsbrlì snk`j`b (X`teb) dniìg`lì laisnp lntueìì

(Xrata Sebv`). Dì`l`m` pnmk`j`b lnebgupì gb snlnmbmbijiy` dniìg`lì fbw` (X`su). Gnijì

bib daear tnrsnkut gbtòsbrlì dniìg`lì laisnp X`sup`teb s`mè snkuè laisnp g`m`d

`j`d` S`bvbsdn (Sbr Faei D`rse`m, 02:3, vbb-x gì [. C. D`fudg`r, 02?0, ;8-;0). Snp`rue d`t`

yìj tnrtutup, gugul knrsbm` gì pasbsb tìjì - dniìg`lì laisnp `d`mì yaj` / dngbt`sb.

G`m`d tr`gbsb Ebigu gnw` Sebv` fuj` gblni`mb snk`j`bDè`yajblnrì` dniuruilì bmdu yaj`

gì dngbt`sb lnp`g` ud`t dìusb`. Wbj` tìgul gb lnp`m` dniìg`lì6 pnicbpt`ì,

pndnmbe`r`ì gì pndusièì gbsnrt`b gnijì pnifì`ì sndum` tni`j`. Lntbj`-tbj` ouijsb bib

gbl`t`lì gbm`lsì`lì amne gnw` Sebv` (K. @mmcebi & [. @mmcebi, 02?5).

;) X`tuij Gnwb Bku

E`dpbr gb sntb`p rudè gb E`r`pp` gì Daenifa-g`ra tnmè gbtndub p`tuij wìbt` yìj

gbtòsbrlì snk`j`b dniìg`lì laisnp gnwb bku. Laisnp bib `g`mè gbs`d`lì gnijì laisnp

@ddì yìj `g` snl`rìj (X.[`dì`teì, ;888, >?).


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X`r` èmb `rlbamajb dnijnsèlì kè`w` bìy` kulìmè lam`d pnrdìgbì snk`mbliy` `g`mè

lam`d yìj `briy` gbjui`lì uitul dndknrsbelì gbrb snknmud dnijnrf`lì sndkèyìj (X.

[`dì`teì, ;888, 3>).

Laisnp lam`d knrs`d` lubm dnrup`lì `d`mì ln`j`d`ì arìj Bigb` snm`tì yìj

lndugbìiy` tnmè knrlndkìj ln Bigb` ut`r`. Btumè snk`kiy` tnrg`p`t pnp`tè yìj knrkuiyb

kb`r s`y` dnizb`rè laybm gì lum`d (Laybm lum`diu paarnni) (@. We`tcbi`dartey, ;88>).

Lam`d dniìg`lì `lì laisnp lnknrsbeì obzbl`m gì dbig` yìj dnif`gb s`mè su`tu `f`rì

pnitbij g`m`d tr`gbsb lnpnrc`y`ì d`sy`r`l`t Ebigu snf`l gumu ebijj` snl`rìj (D.

[`fìtenrì, ;887).

Lnsbdpumì

Snk`j`b lnsbdpumì kamnemè gbl`t`lì kè`w` d`sy`r`l`t gb Mndkè Suij`b Bigus tnmèdnic`p`b su`tu tè`p lnt`d`guiì yìj tbijjb. Lnduijlbiì kns`r dnrnl` bib tnmè

dnij`d`mlì lnpnrc`y`ì `j`d` Ebigu S`bvbsdn tnr`w`m. Xnrl`r` bib gbkultblì gnijì

pninduì Daear Xrata Sebv`, p`tuij gnwb bku gì ladpmnls lam`d pnrdìgbì. G`rb snjb

bgnitbtb d`sy`r`l`t yìj dnd`fulì pnr`g`kì bib pum` gbl`t`lì kè`w` dnrnl` btu `g`mè

ininl dayìj arìj Gr`vbg` yìj lbib dnint`p gb Bigb` snm`tì ([. [`f`lrbseiì & D.

[`fìtenrì, 0227, :-5).

X`tuij Gnwb Bku Lam`d Xnrdìgbì

Daear Xrata Sebv`

Sbdkam-SbdkamLn`j`d`ì gb Mndkè

Suij`b Bigus


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00

XNDBLB[@I LN[AE@IB@I D@SR@[@L@W W@DBM

Xnijni`mì

@j`d` Ebigu snkni`riy` dnrup`lì j`kuijì lnpnrc`y`ì `j`d` z`dì _ng` yìj gblni`mb

snk`j`b Sì`tì` Ge`rd` gì pndblbrì lnraeìbì d`sy`r`l`t Bigb` snm`tì, leususiy` tr`gbsb

lnraeìbì d`sy`r`l`t W`dbm ([. [`f`lrbseiì, & D. [`fìtenrì, 0227, 0:). V`dì _ng`

gbìjj`rlì knrdum` snf`l snlurìj-lurìjiy` 0>88 SD gì lbt`k-lbt`k _ng` dnif`gb kultb

`s`s k`jb lnwufugì z`dì bib. Dì`l`m` pndblbrì lnraeìbì d`sy`r`l`t W`dbm tnrc`t`t

g`m`d lnsus`stnr`ì dnrnl` yìj knrt`rble >88 SD m`jb. C`t`tì yìj mnkbe fnm`s tnitìj tr`gbsblnraeìbì d`sy`r`l`t W`dbm g`p`t gbmbe`t g`m`d lnsus`stnr`ì W`dbm lm`sbl yìj fuj` gblni`mb

snk`j`b Lnsus`tnr`ì Sìjj`d knrt`rble tèui 388 snknmud d`sbeb ebijj` tèui 388 d`sbeb (C.

Fnsug`sì & E. Fnsug`sì, 02?0).

Xnrl`t`ì Sìjj`d dnruful lnp`g` pnrs`tuì H `l`gndb pnignt` W`dbm. @l`gndb bib

knrjnr`l gb k`wè iùijì r`f`-r`f` W`dbm. @l`gndb bib / d`fmbs p`r` pniy`br dèbr bib tnmè

knrf`y` dnije`sbmlì kèì-kèì lnsus`stnr`ì yìj knrdutu tbijjb yìj gblni`mb snk`j`b

sìjj` bm`lby`d. Kè`s` W`dbm turut gbjnm`r Sìjj` W`dbm, b`btu kè`s` yìj tnmè gbpnmbe`r`

amne `l`gndb pniy`br Gbr`f`. G`m`d p`g` lnsus`tnr`ì Sìjj`d gu` l`ry` pubsb `g`mè pnitbij

g`rb snjb ibm`b `f`rì lnraeìbì, bib tnrd`sulmè X`rbp``g`m, yìj dnij`juijlì lnkns`rì

Gnw` _bseiu (Webrud``m) snrt` Gnw` Durujì gì Webruduruj`trup`g`b, yìj dnij`juijlì

Gnw` Durujì (Durujì). Lngu`-gu` l`ry` pubsb t`gb fuj` kamne gbsbo`tlì snk`j`b

lnsus`stnr`ì ke`ltb (lnraeìbì) tnr`w`m d`sy`r`l`t W`dbm.

Gnw` Durujì gì ni`d t`p`l lnraeìbìIy` (ladpmnls lubm snrt` l`w`sì

pnrsnlbt`rìiy`) yìj gbjnm`r snk`j`b @rup`g`b _bbgu gbf`gblì tnd` `s`s g`m`d l`ry`

Webruduruj`trupp`g`bdì`l`m` mbd` rup` sucb Gnw` _bseiu (Webrud``m) dnif`gb tnd` g`m`d

l`ry` pubsbX`rbp`g`m. Snm`bi btu, d`lmud`t tnitìj Gnw` Webrud``m turut lnmbe`tì g`m`d l`ry`

Weaml``pby`d (@j`te. > & Xur`te. >). Weaml``pby`ddnrup`lì l`ry` t`t`kè`s` yìj tnrtu`

g`m`d Kè`s` W`dbm, knrt`rble tèui >88 SD. S.I.Lìte`s`dy, snarìj bmduì yìj p`l`r

g`m`d kbgìj lnsus`stnr`ì Sìjj`d g`m`d kuluiy`, Biteby` We`tuv` L`mìfby`d,


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dniy`t`lì kè`w` pnduf`ì Gnw` Webrud``m `g`mè tr`gbsb `w`m tnrsnigbrb d`sy`r`l`t W`dbm

yìj lndugbìiy` turut tnrsnk`r ln Bigb` ^t`r`.

Snm`bi g`rbp`g` Webruduruj`trupp`g`b gì X`rbp``g`m< pubsb-pubsb sìjj`d yìj m`biturut dndu`tlì d`lmud`t tnitìj laisnp lntueìì gì lnpnrc`y`ì d`sy`r`l`t W`dbm `w`m.

Xubsb-pubsb sìjj`d dndkultblì kè`w` pnduf`ì snrt` sndkèyìj tnre`g`p Gnw` Sebv`

`g`mè `d`mì `j`d` tnrtu` snrt` dniìg`lì f`tbgbrb d`sy`r`l`t W`dbm. îjl`pì-uijl`pì

yìj tnrg`p`t g`m`d pubsb-pubsb sìjj`d snpnrtb Dull`t snmv`r (Xur`d ?), L`r`bdbg`t

Wrìi`m, L``d`r Sniib, Xbr`biut`m _bmìjjud Arulì (Xur`d>>60-?), fnm`s dniìg`lì

lnwufugì d`ze`k Sebv` p`g` z`dì `w`m. Snm`bi btu l`ry` pubsb Sbm`pp`gebl`r`d, knrt`rble

`k`g ln gu` d`sbeb turut dndbmblb knknr`p` rufulì tnitìj Gnw` Sebv`. Bib tnrd`sulmè,

Xbr`v`` R``ll`b Xnrbyaai Laaybmud (Sbm`dku>6 0?2), Weut`mvbmb I``tt` Wbr`yaai Laaybmud

(Sbm`dku076 :) gì snk`j`biy`.

L`w`sì Lngb`dì gì Lnpnrc`y`ì

Lnsustnr`ì Sìjj`d dnijjui`lì mbd` l`w`sì lngb`dì knrg`s`rlì knitul dul` kudb

snk`j`b m`t`rknm`lìj uitul g`m`d pnijjuk`mì pubsb. Bib tnrd`sulmè l`w`sì kulbt/juiuijsnrt` l`w`sì gb snlbt`riy`(gbtìg`lì gnijì bstbmè Lurbifb) < (l`w`sì eutì gì

pnrsnlbt`rìiy` (gbtìg`lì gnijì bstbmè Dumm`b)< l`w`sì s`wè p`gb gì pnrsnlbt`rìiy`)) gì Webrudìjj`b @`mv``r (Gbvy` Xbr`kìt`d),

dniy`t`lì tnitìj pndkbi`ì :5 kuè lubm Gnw` Sebv` gì Gnw` Webrud``m amne Saamì

Snijjìiì, snarìj r`f` z`dì sìjj`d.

Lnpnrc`y`ì [`ly`t

Snm`bi btu, d`sy`r`l`t W`dbm `w`m fuj` gbg`p`tb dndpuiy`b lnpnrc`y`ì `j`d` r`ly`t . Bib

tnrd`sulmè lnpnrc`y`ì lnp`g`L``v`m Wenbv`d(gnw`-gnwb pnmbiguij / gnw`-gnwb l`dpuij).

Wnrg`p`t knknr`p` l`tnjarb L``v`m Wenbv`d,snpnrtb X``r``ttu Wenbv`d/I`gul`m Wnbvìjj`m

(Gnw` D`gur`b _nnrì, L`ruppìiì, D``gì ), X`ttbib Wenbvìj`m (Gnwb Lìi`jb,

D`rute`d

Gnw` _nniteì

(Bitebrì)

Inbt`m

Gnw` _`ruiì

X``m`b

Gnwb Latr`v`b

(L``mb/Gurj`b)

Dumm`bGnw` D``yaai

(Webrud``m)

Lurbfb

Gnw` Snnyaai(Durujì)

L`w`sì Lngb`dì

& Gnw`


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lnpnrc`y`ì lnp`g` tueì. Amne btu tbg`lmè dnije`brìlì dnij`p` Webruv`mmuv`r,

dnij`k`gblì k`k pnrt`d` g`m`d l`ryìy` uitul dndkbc`r`lì `spnl bib. ^dp`d` `kf`g `

dnigèumub kè`s`, guib` gbgèumub amne ``tb ke`j`vì(tueì) yìj tb`g` `w`mì (Webrulur`m

0). Bibmè pndkul` kbc`r` l`ry` Webrullur`m yìj dnijìguijb 0338 lupm`t (pubsb knrk`rbs gu`

yìj gblni`mb snk`j`b lur`mg`m`d Kè`s` W`dbm).

Webruv`mmuv`r gbg`p`b dnijjui`lì knknr`p` bstbmè sbiaibd k`jb pnrl`t`ì tueì g`m`d

Kè`s` W`dbm. Bib tnrd`sulmè bstbmè-bstbmè snpnrtb @`teb K`j`vì, Br`bvì gì _``m`rbv`

([`d`mbijj`d @rìjj`, ;88:, 5). I`d` knknr`p` gnw`/wb snpnrtb Webrud``m, Webrud`j`m fuj`

tnrg`p`t g`m`d l`ry` bib. Snm`bi btu, bstbmè-bstbmè m`bi yìj dniìg`lì lnpnrc`y`ì `j`d`

d`sy`r`l`t W`dbm snrt` k`k-k`k yìj dninj`slì o`msòè ebgup d`sy`r`l`t W`dbm pnrmu gbknrbpnre`tbì. Bib tnrd`sulmè bstbmè snpnrtb Gnw`, _`ìum`j`d (guib` `lebr`t), Xutenm ^m`ju (:

fnibs guib` `lebr`t ),Nmuv`j`b Xbr`ppu(: fnibs lnmèbrì),I`r`j`d(inr`l`),Luutruvì (Gnw`

lnd`tbì), lnmèbrì sndum`, lamm``d`bsnrt`pum``m d`rutt`m(nm`llì pndkuiueì w`mù uitul

gbf`gblì d`lìì / laisnp vnjnt`rbìbsdn), l`mmuii``d`b(pnije`r`dì dbiudì lnr`s/`r`l),

pbrì bm vbm`by``d`b/ pbrì dì`b iaall``d`b(tbg`l dndbi`tb bstnrb arìj), dalse`(lnknk`sì

lnraeìbì) fuj` lnmbe`tì g`m`d tnls bib. Xnrmu gb`dkbm pnre`tbì kè`w` l`ry` bib `g`mè

gbl`tnjarblì snk`j`b l`ry` ntbl` W`dbm. Bib lnrì` l`ry` bib dndu`tlì snj`m` d`c`d `f`rìntbl` yìj g`p`t dndkbi` bigbvbgu snrt` d`sy`r`l`t snguib` yìj snrk` kum`t. Bibmè ìt`r` m`bi

akfnltbo pnmk`j`b `j`d` gb guib` bib. Snk`j`b lnsbdpumìiy` kamne gbl`t`lì kè`w` l`ry`

Webrullur`m bib kulì eìy` snkuè l`ry` ntbl` W`dbm d`mè dnrup`lì c`t`tì tr`gbsb f`tbgbrb

d`sy`r`l`t t`dbm yìj knrsbo`t uibvnrs`m.

Xnij`rue @j`d` Kugge`, F`bi` gì [nvamusb S`bv` gì _`bi`v`

@j`d` Kugge` gì F`bi` knrf`y` dndpnij`rueb lnebgupì d`sy`r`l`t W`dbm snf`l z`dì

sìjj`d ebijj` tèui >88 d`sbeb. Wnt`pb lngu`-gu` `j`d` bib tbg`l g`p`t dninj`llì

pnij`rue dnrnl` snm`d`-m`dìy` gb l`mìjì d`sy`r`l`t W`dbm. @k`g ln > d`sbeb dum`

dniuifullì lnkìjlbtì `j`d` Ebigu. Bib knrdum` gnijì lne`gbrì l`ry` `j`d` Ebigu

knrfugum, Webrudìtbr`d. Bib gbblutb gnijì ìjl`tì Ke`ltb (tèui ?88 d`sbeb) yìj gbtnr`fub

amne p`r` w`mb `j`d` Ebigu yìj gblni`mb snk`j`b I`yìd``r gì @`mv`r. Jnr`lì bib kulì


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eìy` knrf`y` dndknrblì iò`s k`ru lnp`g` `j`d` Ebigu d`ze`k S`bv` gì _`bi`v`, d`mè

knrf`y` dnijninpblì pnij`rue `j`d` Kugge` gì F`bi` s`d` snl`mb. G`m`d p`g` bib, pnrìì

ndp`t w`mb ut`d` d`ze`k S`bv` yìj gblni`mb snk`j`b I``mv`r`g`mè `d`t kns`r m`jb tnrpufb(G.S. S`rd`, 02?0, >?).

@ijl`tì Ke`ltb knrtam`l g`rb laisnp ìkn sbv`d (laisnp l`sbe s`yìj knr`s`slì

sbo`t tueì Rìj Dè` Xniy`yìj). Dnrnl` tnmè dnicbpt` m`ju-m`ju sucb gnijì dnijjui`lì

kè`s` arìj tndp`tì gì sbo`t kè`s` tnrsnkut pum` `g`mè dugè gboè`db. @f`rì `j`d`

Kugge` gì F`bi` tbg`l g`p`t knrtèì m`jb. Jnr`lì bib knrtnrusì snebijj` tèui 0;88 d`sbeb

gì snpniueiy` knrf`y` dnijndk`mblì lnjndbmìjì `j`d` Ebigu yìj gbpnrtèìlì

snebijj` snl`rìj. Xnrjnr`lì bib turut dndpnij`rueb dbig` d`sy`r`l`t Bigb` ut`r` gìdndknrblì sndìj`t lnp`g` dnrnl` uitul dninj`llì `j`d` Ebigu gb sì` (Dìbd`rì

Sukr`dìb`d, ;88?, ;8;). Jnr`lì ke`ltb gb Bigb` ut`r` g`rb tèui 0788 ebijj` 0:88 d`sbeb

turut knrf`y` dnijndk`mblì lnjndbmìjì `j`d` Ebigu (Lrbsei` Se`rd`, 025:, ;>2-;?>).

LNXN[C@R@@I LNWÊ@I@I V@D@I _NG@

Xnijni`mì

@j`d` _ngbl (0>88->88 SD). I`d` gbl`t`lì `j`d` _ngbl lnrì` `f`rìy` gb`s`slì

knrg`s`rlì lbt`k-lbt`k _ng` ([. [`f`lrbseiì & D. [`fìtenrì, 0227, 00). B` fuj` gblni`mb

snk`j`b `j`d` Krèdìbsdn (Krèdì-Wueì) (K. Z`mlnr, 02?5, 323-32:). Lbt`k-Lbt`k Sucb-

gbkè`jblì lnp`g` gu` kè`jbì

_NG@

SEW[^WB SD[BWB


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bb. Krèdì` 6 Lntnrìjì / pnifnm`sì (knrknitul pras`) dnijni`b dìtr` yìj turutdndu`tlì j`rbs pìguì yìj dnifnm`slì c`r` snsu`tu dìtr` btu gbjui`lì g`m`d

up`c`r`-up`c`r` ln`j`d`ì.bbb. @rìy`l` 6 @f`rì-`f`rì k`tbi, nrtb snrt` o`msòè gb snk`mbl snsu`tu up`c`r` btu

gbpnrfnm`slì.

bv. ^pìbse`g 6 @f`rì-`f`rì o`msòè snrt` ì`mbs` gì pnrgnk`tì yìj dndk`w` lnp`g`bitnrprnt`sb-bitnrprnt`sb yìj tbijjb ibm`b `l`gndbliy`. Kè`jbì bib turut dndu`tlìr

lnsbdpumì-lnsbdpumì lnraeìbì yìj tnrpnitbij.

Lnndp`t-ndp`t kè`jbì yìj gbpnrfnm`slì gb `t`s gbsnkut snk`j`b S`debt` b`btu lamnlsb _ng`.

[bj _ng`dnrup`lì lbt`k sucb tnrtu` gb guib` yìj `f`rìiy` d`sbe gb`d`mlì. Sntb`p

uisur `m`d sndum`f`gb (snpnrtb ìjbi, d`tè`rb, `pb, eufì gmm) gbìjj`p dndbmblb lu`s`. Lu`s`-

lu`s` btu gbtìg`lì gnijì i`d` Gnv` `tù Gnwb ([. @itabin, 02?7, ;7). Bib kulìiy`

knrnrtb d`sy`r`l`t btu pnrc`y` lnp`g` laisnp kìy`l tueì. Snkni`riy` lnpnmk`j`bì ouijsb

tueì snrt` k`yìjì lu`s` tueìmè yìj gbiy`t`lì snk`j`b Gnv` / Gnwb. Snk`j`b caitaeiy`

i`d`-i`d` knrblut kamne gbf`gblì caitae k`jb lntnrìjì gb `t`s, Gnw` Bigr`, Gnw` @jib,

Gnw` _`rui`, Gnwb ^se`s gmm (L. D. Sni, 02?3, 7: gì X. Wead`s, 02>?, ;7).

Xnrl`r` bib g`p`t gbmbe`t g`rbp`g` laisnp yìj dniy`t`lì kè`w` pnmk`j`b gnw` / gnwb

btu dniìg`lì `spnl tueì yìj s`d` (p`rt ìg p`rcnm ao ten s`dn Jag). Bib lnrì` `gìy`

lns`tuì g`m`d lnpnmk`j`bì (uibty bi gbvnrsbty). Lns`tuì tnrsnkut gbl`t`lì gbpnmbe`r` amne

uigìj-uigìj sndum`f`gb yìj gblni`mb snk`j`b [t` (@. M. K`se`d, ;88;, ;3?). D`l` tbdkum

laisnp tueì eìy`mè s`tu, gì tb`g` mnkbe.

[bj _ng`dninj`slì kè`w` snj`m` snsu`tu gb guib` bib knr`s`m g`rb s`tu sudknr yìj

s`d` b`btu g`rb sudknr Wueì Rìj Dè` Ns`. Lne`gbrìIy` knrsbo`t dniynmukuijb snmurue

`m`d sndnst`. Amne btu tueì tbg`l kamne gblbr` gnijì iadkar, dìusb` tbg`l sne`rusiy`

dnije`glì lu`s` tueì g`m`d laisnp iadkar cbpt`ì dnrnl` yìj `g` k`t`sì-k`t`sì yìj

tnrtnitu. Lnsng`rì yìj tnrtbijjb bib tnrc`t`t g`m`d lbt`k sucb [bj _ng`(dìg`m` 0, pubsb 0?7,

`y`t 7?). @y`t tnrsnkut knrkuiyb 6Nl`d S`t _bpr` Kèug` _`gìtb.Nrtbiy`, Lnkni`rì(Wueì)


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D@SR@[@L@W W@DBM G@I NI@D D@VE@K

Xnijni`mì

D`sy`r`l`t W`dbm `w`m tnmè dnw`rbsb d`ze`k Sebv`, _bseiu, Se`lt` (Se`ltb), Sùr`d (Gnw`

D`tè`rb), Lùd r`d (Durujì), o`msòè Sbgge , laisnp lntueìì snrt` gnw`-gnwb z`dì

_ng` snrt` lnpnrc`y`ì r`ly`t yìj dnmbk`tlì pnmk`j`b gnw`-gnwb snf`l snknmud z`dì

Sìjj`d m`jb. Bib tnmè dndkul` ruìj k`jb lnmèbrì pnmk`j`b `mbrì `j`d` yìj mnkbe leusus.

Xnrlndkìjì bib tnmè dnij`lbk`tlì lnmèbrì r`tusì suk-`mbrì / suk-d`ze`k `j`d` Ebigu.

Bib gbt`dkè gnijì lnlnmbruì gb ìt`r` `j`d` tnls gì `j`d` r`ly`t. X`g` z`dì bibmè

duicumiy` snarìj w`mb @teb Seìl`r` (tèui :55-5;0 d`sbeb). Knmbù gbmèbrlì gb L``m`gb

(Injnrb Lnr`m` snd`s`) (Sw`db W`p`syììg`, ;88;, 07). Snf`l z`dì lì`l-lì`l m`jb @teb

Seìl`r` `d`t dndbi`tb kbgìj lnraeìbì, leususiy` `f`rì _ngìte` gì dnif`gb dèbr

g`m`d kbgìj bib. G`m`d usb` knm`sì tèui knmbù tnmè dndum`lì lnebgupì snk`j`b snarìj

s`db Ebigu (Bkbg ;5-;2).

Snm`lu s`db, @teb Seìl`r` tnmè dum` knrf`mì l`lb (X``te` y``tr`)dnizb`rèbt`p`l-t`p`l

sucb `j`d` Ebigu gb snmurue Bigb`. Xndnre`tbì knmbù dniuifullì kè`w` d`sy`r`l`t Bigb`

knrpncè knmè lnrì` `gìy` pnmk`j`b `mbrì `j`d` yìj snkni`riy` kamne gbfuruslì lnp`g`

knknr`p` d`ze`k. Bìy` `lì dndk`w` dìo``t lnp`g` p`r` pnijìut `j`d` Ebigu. ^sè`

knmbù tnmè knre`sbm gb dì` d`sy`r`l`t Ebigu snc`r` `diy` knrsntufu gnijì c`gìjì knmbù

yìj bijbi dnrìjludlì lnsndu` `mbrì `j`d` t`gb g`m`d ni`d d`ze`k ut`d` gbsnrt`b

gnijì bstbmè k`jb dniìg`lì tueì Rìj Dè` Ns` snpnrtb knrblut 6-


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tnrk`t`s (S. Webm`j`v`teb, ;808, 0:;). Dniurut lnpnrc`y`ì arìj Ebigu, snsnkuè inj`r` yìj

dndpuiy b lnmnkbeì g`m`d lntbj`-tbj` kbgìj t`gb `lì dnif`gb inj`r` yìj d`fu m`jb

d`ldur. Xnr`y`ì I`v`r`trb gì _bf`y`t`s`db yìj gb`g`lì snm`d` 08 e`rb `g`mè pnr`y`ìpnitbij k`jb d`ze`k bib (www.gurj`-puf`.arj).

Xnduf`ì Gnwb Se`ltb bib gbm`lulì g`m`d 3 knitul b`btu dìtr`, tìtr` gì yìter`.

Srbce`lr` yìj gbjnm`r gnijì i`d` Dè`dnru gbknrb lnut`d`ì g`m`d pnduf`ì Gnwb

Se`lteb (Kraals, Gaujm`s [niornw, 0228, xbbb). G`m`d Srbce`lr`Gnwb @tebp`r`s`lteb gbl`t`lì

knr`g` gb tnijè-tnijè ce`lr` tnrsnkut gblnmbmbijb amne gnwb-gnwb se`ltb yìj m`bi (I`fì,

02::, ;;-;7). D`ze`k S``lte`d `d`t papum`r g`m`d l`mìjì d`sy`r`l`t Knijj`m gb Bigb`. Gb

l`w`sì-l`w`sì m`bi d`ze`k bib sugè gb`sbdbm`sblì g`m`d d`ze`k S`bv` gnijì laisnpSebv` Se`lteb.

Lubm L`ìfb L``d``tceb, D`gur b Dnni``tceb gì L``sb _bs``m``tceb dnrup`lì tbj`

kuè lubm yìj papum`r k`jb d`ze`k S``lte`d. Lntbj`-tbj` lubm bib tnrmnt`l gb Bigb`, gu` gb Bigb`

Snm`tì gì s`tu m`jb gb Bigb` ut`r`. I`v`r`trb, Jùrb _br`te`d, _`r`mntceudy _br`te`d, @`gb

Xuur`d `g`mè pnr`y`ì-pnr`y`ì pnitbij k`jb Gnwb Se`lteb (S. Webm`j`v`teb, ;808, 0:7).

Dì`l`m` m`ju-m`ju sucb (staatr`-staatr`) snpnrtb snpnrtb Lì`j`t``r`` Staatr`, M`mbte`

I`v`r`ti`d``m``, @kbr`db @ite`tb, Sùit`rby` Mè`rb, D`jbse`sur` D`rtebib Statr`d,

D`rby`ddì W``m``tu`g`mè pnitbij g`m`d pnduf`ì Gnwb Se`ltb. Gb D`m`ysb`, lnkìy`lì

sndkèyìj Gnwb Se`ltb gbm`lulì g`m`d knitul pnduf`ì Gnwb D``rb`ddì.

Lùd``r`d

@mbrì Lùd``r`d dnduf` Gnw` Durujì snk`j`b Wueì Rìj Dè` Ns`(www.lùd`r`d.cad). Gnw` Durujì snm`muiy` gbruful snk`j`b W`dbm L`g`vum (Wueì yìj

dnicbpt` kè`s` W`dbm dnrìjl`p Wueì k`jb d`sy`r`l`t W`dbm) (@. We`tcbi`dartey, ;88>,

05>). @g`mè dnif`gb lnpnrc`y`ì arìj Ebigu kè`w` Gnw` Durujì tnmè dniuruilì

pnijntèuì snrt` bmdu Kè`s` W`dbm ku`t ud`t dìusb` dnmnmub dè`rnsb @j`teby`r. Xubsb-pubsb

sìjj`d dnijj`dk`rlì pnduf`ì gì sndkèyìj Gnw` Durujì snk`j`b `d`mì

d`sy`r`l`t yìj dnigb`db l`w`sì knrkulbt, juiuij gì l`w`sì pnrsnlbt`rìiy` (L`w`sì


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fuj` gbpnrc`y``b gbe`sbmlì amne Gnw` Durujì snigbrb (D. [`fìtenrì, ;882, 52-20 &

Sukr`dìy`r Iyì`d >88).

Sùr`d

@mbrì Sùr`d dndknrb lnut`d`ì lnp`g` pnduf`ì Gnw` Sury` (D`tè`rb). [ufulì tnr`w`m

dnijni`b pnduf`ì Gnw` Sury` tnrg`p`t g`m`d lbt`k sucb[bj _ng`. Snm`bi btu, w`t`l Srb [`d`

g`m`d l`ry`[`d`yì` gbl`t`lì snk`j`b knrlnturuiì Gnw` Sury`. G`m`d l`ry`Dè`k`r`te`

pum`, w`t`l L`ri` gbj`dk`rlì snk`j`b ì`l lnp`g` Gnw` Sury` . Gnw` Sury` fuj` gbl`t`lì

snk`j`b Wal Juru lnp`g` gnw` Eìudì. L`ry` Dè`ke`r`t` turut dniy`t`lì kè`w` Gnw`Sury` tnmè dndkìtu Wrap`teb gì X`ìg`v` gnijì dnijurib`lì pnrbul `f`bk, `dute` sur`kb

snw`ltu dnrnl` ebgup gb eutì snm`d` 0; tèui. X`g` z`dì lbib pnduf`ì Gnw` Sury` sugè

snd`c`d gb`sbdbm`sblì g`m`d d`ze`k _`bi`v` gì Gnw` Sury` gbpuf` gnijì i`d`

Suryì`r`yì`.

Xnduf`ì Gnw` Sury` fuj` dnrup`lì s`mè su`tu knitul lnpnrc`y`ì tnr`w`m arìj

W`dbm leususiy` k`jb d`sy`r`l`t tìb. Xnrtìbì dnrup`lì `ltbvbtb tnrkns`r d`sy`r`l`t W`dbm

snf`l `w`m m`jb. G`m`d laitnls bibmè pnr`y`ì Xaijj`m gbr`y`lì amne arìj W`dbm gì p`g`

e`rb pnrt`d` pnr`y`ì bib Gnw` Sury` gbeard`tb dninrusb d`s`llì paijj`m (i`sb dìbs). Lbib

Xaijj`m dnrup`lì s`mè su`tu pnr`y`ì yìj pnitbij k`jb arìj W`dbm snm`b e`rb Gnnp`v`mb.

Xnr`y`ì Xaijj`m bib `g`mè mnkbe knrsbo`t pnst` dniu`b yìj f`tue p`g` kumì We`b (pnrtnijèì

Fìu`rb Onkru`rb). Kumì We`b dnrup`lì kumì pnrt`d` g`m`d l`mnig`r arìj W`dbm (@.

We`tcbi`dartey, ;88>, 05>).

Gnw` Sury` gbjnm`r gnijì pnmp`j`b i`d` snpnrtb Webtby`d (Lntu` lnp`g` sndu` Gnw`),

Webv``l`rì (pndku`t w`ltu sbìj), K`sl`rì (Xndku`t cè`y`), Sury` I`r`yìì (Wueì yìj

dndkamnelì knrm`luiy` snsu`tu tbig`lì). Xmìnt d`tè`rb gbg`p`tb knr`g` gbtnijè-tnijè,

gblnmbmbijb amne pmìnt-pmìnt yìj m`bi. Fùe snknmud o`lt` s`bis bib gbtndub, arìj Ebigu tnmè

dnij`s`slì pnijeard`tì lnp`g` pmìnt-pmìnt yìj dnmbk`tlì sndkbmì pmìnt tnrd`sul

d`tè`rb. Bìy` gblni`mb snk`j`b I`v`llbr`j`d. Sntb`p s`tu pmìnt gbtìg`lì gnijì snkuè

p`tuij sucb yìj gbknrblì i`d` pmìnt btu snigbrb. G`m`d `turì bib lbt` g`p`t pnre`tblì, pmìnt

d`tè`rb gb tndp`tlì gb tnijè-tnijè gblnmbmbijb amne pmìnt-pmìnt yìj m`bi.


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Bigb` snf`l z`dì pnr`g`kì Mndkè Suij`b Bigus m`jb (Sbr F.E D`rse`mm, 02:3). Sntnrusiy`

pubsb-pubsb Sìjj`d (knrt`rble tèui 388 sd - 388 d)dndu`tlì knknr`p` rufulì dnijni`b

Gnw` Sebv` tìp` dniy`t`lì i`d` Sebv`. Bib tnrd`sulmè rufulì snpnrtb Dull`t

snmv`r(Xur`d?) knrd`lsug Rìj knrd`t` tbj`, Duppur`d Nrbteaai(Xur`d>>) knrd`lsug

Rìj knrf`y` dnij`t`sb tbj` luku lu`t jamaijì `sur`, gì Xbr`b Iut`m`ì knrd`lsug Rìj

dniìjjuij kumì s`kbt gb gèbIy`. Sndu` rufulì bib dniìg`lì pndubsb Sìjj`d

dniyng`rb gì dnije`y`tb laisnp snrt` lnpnrc`y`ì dnijni`b Gnw` Sebv` yìj tnmè sngb` `g`

p`g` z`dì tnrsnkut.

Z`mùpui `mbrì S`bv` dndpnr`lulì bstbmè Sebv` k`jb dniìg`lì Wueì Rìj

Dè` Ns`, i`dui lnpnrc`y`ì tnre`g`p laisnp @dd`by`pp`r dnig`p`t lngugulì yìj

bstbdnw`. G`m`d laitnls bib tueì gbj`dk`rlì snk`j`b knrsbo`t lnbkuk`p`ì. @dd`by`pp`r

knrnrtb tueì `g`mè knrsbo`t `dd`b 4 bku & `pp`r 4 k`p`. @pp`r g`m`d laisnp bib

dniìg`lì Gnw` Sebv` dì`l`m` `dd`b dniìg`lì Gnwb Se`ltb. Laisnp @dd`by`pp`r

bib gbluluelì dnm`mub rup` sucb Gnw` Sebv` yìj gbjnm`r snk`j`b @rteì`rbsw`r`. Snm`bi btu,

Gnw` _bi`y`j`r gì Durujì fuj` gbmbe`t snkè`jbì g`rbp`g` d`ze`k S`bv` (S.I.

Lìg`sw`db, ;883, 32 & I`j`ppì @ruduj`d, ;885, 3>-3:).

Lbt`k-Lbt`k Sucb S`bv`

Wnrg`p`t gu` l`tnjarb lbt`k-lbt`k sucb yìj gbpnr`lulì amne d`ze`k S`bv`. Rìj pnrt`dìy`

lbt`k sucb udud 6 7 lbt`k sucb_ng` ([bj _ng`, R`fur _ng`, S``d` _ng` gì@te`rv` _ng`)

(@ruduj` I`v`m`r, ;88:, >-:). Lbt`k-lbt`p sucb le`s 6 07 S`bv` Sbteìt` S``tebr`d (tnls-tnls

sucb yìj dniy`dp`blì `f`rì snrt` o`msòè S`bv`) , 0; Webrudur`b yìj gbruful snk`j`b

Waatebr`d (0; ìtamajb m`ju-m`ju sucb) gì ;5 S`bv` @`j`d`d (tnls-tnls yìj dninrìjlìprbisbp-prbisbp pndkbi`ì lubm, c`r`-c`r` dnijnrf`lì sndkèyìj gì pnijnig mbì pnmk`j`b

up`c`r` ln`j`d`ì (Bkbg 5-08).

@spnl o`msòè d`ze`k bib snm`muiy` gbruful snk`j`b o`msòè S`bv` Sbtteìt`. O`msòè bib

gb`s`slì knrg`s`rlì tbj` prbisbp lnkni`rì `s`s yìj gbsnkut snk`j`b Dupparum îd`b.


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dndknitul prbisbp p``s`dyìj snkni`riy` dnif`gb e`mìjì k`jb rae / p`su

uitul dniyng`rb tueì /X`teb. @p`kbm` lnlu`tì t`dk`tìp``s`dgbmnr`blì gì

gbtuigullì snpniueiy` d`l` rae `lì dndpnramneb lnsng`rì gbrb gì

lnsng`rì tnitìj tueì/X`teb (Bkbg7?-72).

M`bi-m`bi prbisbp yìj pnitbij g`m`d o`msòè bib `g`mè prbisbp pnic`p`bì

lnsndpuri`ì lnraeìbì yìj gbruful gnijì bstbmè _bbgu`tù fuj` gblni`mb snk`j`b dalse`.

Ln`g`ì bib gbc`p`b sntnmè snsu`tu rae btu dniynmns`blì `tùpui dnmìjs`blì snj`m` gas` gì

pè`m`. Bib duijlbi dnd`lì d`s` yìj pìfìj gì rae tnrsnkut tnrp`ls` dnm`mub knrbku-rbku

l`mb lnmèbrì gì lnd`tbì. Lbt`rì lnmèbrì gì lnd`tbì bib gbl`t`lì `lì knr`lebr `p`kbm`

snj`m` gas` gì pè`m` lbt` snmns`b gburuslì .

Xnic`p`bì _bbgu/ Dalse` bib gbl`t`lì dnmbk`tlì 7 tè`p pnic`p`bì snpnrtb knrblut6-

b) Sbv`s``maaj`dEbgup gb guib` Wueì (Webrudìtebr`d, 0>8:).bb) Sbv`s``dbbp`dEbgup knre`dpbrì gnijì Wueì (Webrudìtebr`d, 0>82).bbb) Sbv`s``ruup`dDndbmblb rup` sucb tueì (Webrudìtebr`d, 0>00).bv) Sbv`s``yufby`dDnic`p`b dalse` tè`p tnr`lebr (Webrudìtebr`d, 0>0;).

E`rus gb`dkbm pnre`tbì kè`w` S`bv` Sbteìt`gnijì tnj`s snl`mb dniy`t`lì kè`w` g`m`d

snk`rìj tè`p lnsng`rì lnraeìbì, p`su tbg`l `lì dnif`gb p`teb. [ae tbg`l `lì dnif`gb

tueì w`mù `p` tè`p pnic`p`bì lnraeìbì gbc`p`b. [ae b`btu p`su `lì dnibld`tb

Sbv`s``yufby`d

Sbv`s``ruup`d

Sbv`s``dbbp`dSbv`s``maaj`d


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lnkè`jb`ì yìj tnrk`t`s snc`r` knrtnrusì, gb k`wè t`p`l sucb tueì yìj gbruful snk`j`b

Webruv`gb (Webrudìtebr`d``m`b 3886 5?, Sbvìyì` Sbteby``r ;-3 & I`j`ppì @ruduj`d,

;885, 3:8-3:0).

S`bv` Sbteìt` dnijnsyarlì 7 d`rj` b`btu 7 f`mì / c`r` / pnignl tì uitul dnic`p b

_bbgu / dalse`. Wnrpumìj lnp`g` lnd`tìjì rae bigbvbgu uitul dndbmbe pnignl`tì yìj

knrsnsu`bì k`jb gbrbiy` (Wenv`paap teb I`g`r`f`, 0220, 70). G`m`d laitnls bib lnpnrmuì

snarìj juru lnraeìbì yìj kni`r `g`mè gbpnrmulì. K`jb S`bv` Sbggeìt`, `p`kbm` snsu`tu

rae btu sugè knrsngb` gnijì sbo`t-sbo`t yìj tnrpufb d`l` tueì snigbrb `lì e`gbr snk`j`b

Juru uitul dndk`wìy` ln su`tu lngugulì yìj mnkbe tnrpufb (Webrudìtebr`d 0>:3 &

L`._nmm`bv``rìì, ;88;, ?82). D`rj`-d`rj` t`gb snrt` p`r` zèbg / w`mb yìj dniurutb d`rj`-

d`rj` tnrsnkut gbsni`r`blì gb k`wè bib 6-

b) G``s` D`rj` (S`rby`b)- Fbw` dninrbd` Wueì snk`j`b tuì gì dnijjìj`p gbrbiy`snk`j`b e`dkÌy` (Webrui`vul`r`s`r) (Webrudìtebr`d, 0>8;).

bb) S`tputr` D`rj` (Lbrby`b) - Fbw` dndpnr`lulì Wueì snk`j`b @yègì gbrbiy` ì`l(Webruiyì`s`dkìte`r) (Webrudìtebr`d, 072>).

bbb)S`j` D`rj` (Raaj`d) Fbw` dnijj`p Wueì snk`j`b [`lì snfbw`(Suite`r`duurteb I`yì``r) (Webrudìtebr`d, 0755).

bv)Sì D`rj` (Iy`ì`d) Fbw` dninrbd` Wueì snk`j`b Juru gì gbrbiy` gbìjj`psnk`j`b ì`l durbg yìj sntb` (Dìbll` _``s`j`r) (Webrudìtebr`d, 07:5 & 07:2).

Ndp`t D`rj`G``s` D`rj` - S`rby`b

S`tputr` D`rj` -Lbrby`bS`j` D`rj` - Raaj`dSì D`rj` -Iy`ì`d


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Lubm-Lubm S`bv`

Lubm Webmm`b gb Sbte`dk`r`d `g`mè Lubm yìj tnrpnitbij gb l`mìjì pnijìut S`bv`. K`jb

dnrnl` bib pnrl`t`ì Laybm btu snigbrb dniìg`lì lubm Sebv` I`g`r`f`r gb Sbte`dk`r`d(Webrudìtebr`d``m`b 3886 07: & Webrudìtebr`d;:7:, ;:75, ;:>7, Webruv`s`j`d;6 0-; &

7:7, Wenv``r`d 735> & 7323). Snm`bi btu, Lubm L``sb _bswì`te`r, Kukìnsw`r, @d`ri`te

`g`mè knknr`p` lubm papum`r Sebv` gb ^t`r` Bigb`. Sntnrusiy` tnrg`p`t 0; lubm Fatebrmbijj`d

yìj papum`r g`m`d d`ze`k S`bv` (F`k`mpur I`j`r`f` S`rd`, ;88?)6-

W`dbm I`gu dndpuiy`b kìy`l lubm-lubm Sebv`. G`m`d p`g` btu, tnrg`p`t mbd` kuè lubm

yìj gbsbo`tlì snk`j`b lubm-lubm pìf`kaate`. B`btu 6-

b. Webruvìi`d m`b - `pb.bb. Webruv`ì`bl``v`m - `br.bbb. L`ìfb - tìè.bv. Sbte`dk`r`d - ìjl`s`.v. Webrul``m`teb - ug`r`.

Wbrui`jnsur`d

_`bgeyì`te`d

Lrbseinsew`r`d

Kebd`sìl`r`d

Wbry`dk`l`dAdl`r`d

^ff`bib

We`brulnte`r`d`

_bswì`te`d

Sad`-i`te`pur`d

Srbs`bm`d[`dnsew`r`d

Lubm

Fatebrmbijj`d


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Xìf`kaate` knrnrtb > nmndni `s s `m`d sndum`f`gb 6- `pb, `br, tìè, ìjl`s` gì ug r`. Lubm-

lubm t`gb dnrup`lì rnprnsnit`sb sbdkambl yìj dniìg`lì snj`m` uisur `m`d sndum`f`gb

tnrmnt`l gb k`wè lnlu`s`ì Gnw` Sebv`. Snl`mbjus dniìg`lì sbo`t tueì Rìj Dè` Lu`s`,

gb dì` snj`m` snsu`tu gb `m`d sndnst` bib tbg`l `lì knrouijsb tìp` lnbzbiìIy`. Lnsndu`

lubm bib tnrmnt`l gb Bigb` Snm`tì. Snm`bi btu, Lubm kns`r Weìf`b (Weìf`b Xnrby` Laavbm) yìj

gblni`mb gnijì i`d` W`tceì` L`bm``y`d `g`mè lubm Sebv` yìj papum`r gb snmurue guib`.

Lubm bib fuj` gblni`mb gnijì i`d` lubm Xr`j`tbbsw`r`r.

M`bi-M`bi @spnl D`ze`k S`bv`

D`ze`k S`bv` tbg`l dndpnr`lulì laisnp pnifnmd`ì (@v`t`r`d). Wnt`pb S`bv` dninrbd`

laisnp pnrd`biì sucb tueì (Webruvbm`y``g`m). Laisnp snrt` caitae lnf`gbì bib tnrdu`t g`m`d

Wnls Webruvbm`y`g`m Xurì`d.Gnku sucb (Webruibru) gì kbfb [utr`lse` `g`mè sbdkam-sbdkam

sucb g`m`d d`ze`k S`bv` (@ruduj` I`v`m`r, ;88:, 002-0;0).

Kb`sìy` rup` sucb Mbijj` dnif`gb rup` sucb ut`d` g`m`d pnduf`ì gb lubm-lubm Sebv`

(Dbce`nms, @xnm, ;887, ;0?). Wnt`pb Lubm Sbt`dk`r`d tbg`l tnrbl`t gnijì sbstnd bib, gb dì`

sebv` gb Sbte`dk`r`d lnmbe`tì g`m`d rup` Sebv` I`g`r`f`r yìj gbpnrku`t g`rbp`g` nd`s.

[up` sucb bib dniìg`lì t`rbì lasdbl, snc`r` sbdkambl dniìg`lì mbd` fnibs tbig`lì yìj

dnijnr`llì snmurue guib` b`btu (@.We`tcì`daarey, ;88>, 38>)6-

0. X`g`btt`m - pnicbpt`ì;. L``tt`m - pndnmbe`r`ì3. @mbttì - pndusièì gbsnrt`b gnijì pnifì`ì sndum` tni`j`.7. D`r`btt`m - pnijl`kurì>. @rum`m - pnijurib`ì

We`tcì`durty `g`mè s`mè su`tu rup` sucb Sebv` yìj pnrmu gb`dkbm pnre`tbì. [up`

sucb Wìtcì`durty kb`sìy` lnmbe`tì gb snknmè lìì lubm Sebv`. X`tuij sucb bib snm`muiy`

gbgbrblì dnije`g`p ln `rè snm`tì. Snk`k btumè rup` sucb bib gblni`mb gnijì i`d` Wni

Duj`l L`g`vum (Weni4snm`tì + Duj`4dul` + L`g`vum4Wueì). [up` sucb bib dnm`dkìjlì


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`spnl Juru yìj g`p`t dndk`w` snsnarìj ln su`tu lngugulì yìj tnrpufb gb `m`d `lebr`t

(M. @ii`. G`mm`pbccam`, ;88;, Eugsai, Gbctbai`ry ao Ebigu Marn ìg Mnjnig).

Sbv`r``tbrb, @rutr` W`rbsì`d, Webrull``rtbj`b Webp`d `g`mè knknr`p` pnr`y`ì pnitbij

k`jb Gnw` Sebv` (K.[.Lbsearn, ;880, 72).. Webruvndp``v`b cbpt`ì D`ìbll`v``s`j`r

gbiyìyblì gb lubm-lubm Sebv` p`g` kumì D``rj`mb ( pnrtnijèì kumì Gbsndknr ebijj`

pnrtnijjèì kumì Fìu`rb)

?3 arìj I``yìd``rj`m `g`mè w`mb-w`mb (zèbg) pnitbij g`m`d d`ze`k S`bv`

(I`j`ppì @ruduj`d, ;885, 37). Kuij` laigr`b gì palal vbmv`d `g`mè kuij` gì palal

lnjnd`rì Sebv`. Snc`r` sbdkambl, Iìteb `g`mè lnignr`ì Wueì Sebv`, Webrull`bm`y`d

(Juiuij L`bm`y`) g`mè tndp`t lngb`dìIy`.

Xniutup

S`bv` gì _`bi`v` `g`mè pnry`t`ì o`msòè gu` d`ze`k. Z`mùpui lngu`-gu` d`ze`k bib

dndpuiy`b pnrknz`ìiy` g`rb snjb i`d` gì rup` sucb Wueì, up`c`r` sndkèyìj, pnr`y`ì,

sbdkam gì lbt`k-lbt`k sucb tnt`pb lngu`-gu` d`ze`k bib dnruful lnp`g` Wueì Rìj s`tu gì

s`d`,Wueì Rìj Dè` Ns`. Bibmè ìt`r` m`bi gbtnrìjlì dnm`mub pnp`tè W`dbm yìj

knrkuiyb, E`rbyud Sbvìud Aiiu< @yby``te``r _``ybm Dìiu. Knrd`lsug Gnw` Sebv` gì

_bseiu `g`mè dnruful lnp`g` Wueì yìj s`d`, arìj yìj tbg`l dniyng`rb o`lt` bib `g`mè

fèbm.


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XNDBLB[@I _@BSEI@_BSDN

D`ze`k _`bi`v`

D`ze`k _`bi`v` dnijjui`lì bstbmè, _bseiu uitul dniìg`lì Wueì Rìj Dè` Ns`,

yìj snkni`riy` tbg`l g`p`t gbrìjludlì g`m`d l`t`-l`t` / bstbmè cbpt`ì dìusb` (F.

_bf`y`mntceudy, 0222, 0-;). _bseiu knrd`lsug, yìj knr`g` gb dì`-dì` fu` / yìj

dninynmukuijb snmurue `m`d sndnst` (@ruduj` I`v`m`r, ;88:, ;3). Gnw` _bseiu fuj` gblni`mb

gnijì pnmk`j`b i`d` yìj m`bi snpnrtb Webrud`m, Xnrud`m, I`r`yì`, D``te`vì, Srbt`rì,

X`tdì`kì, _``dìì, [bseblnsì, We``daat`rì, X`ìgurìjì, Xìg`rbi`teì,

D`teusuteì`, Lns`v`, @ccute`, Javbig`, _nij`gnsw`r`, _`sugnv`, Jap`m`, Wrbvblr`d`,

Dujuig`, Lrbsei`, Srb [`d`, X`rìte`d`, E`rb, Ce`llr`te`rb, D`y`v` gì snk`j`biy`

(Lrbseiì, 0225, 03).

Snpnrtb d`ze`k S`bv`, d`ze`k _`bi`v` fuj` dnrup`lì `d`mì w`rbsì `w`m d`sy`r`l`t

W`dbm (S.I. Lìg`sw`db, ;883, 050). Gnw` _bseiu gbruful snk`j`b D``m gì D`yai g`m`d

lnsus`stnr`ì W`dbm Lm`sbl (Iy`. Wenvìny` X``v`ì`r, ;888, 70). Gnw` bib gbl`t`lì dnif`gb

gnw` yìj gbpuf` amne d`sy`r`l`t pnitnri`l gb l`w`sì Dumm`b (Weam. @e`tebi`b >). G`m`d p`g`

lnsus`tnr`ì Sìjj`d, X`rbp``g`mdnij`juijlì lnkns`rì Gnw` _bseiu (Webrud``m). Mbd`

rup` sucb Gnw` _bseiu (Webrud``m) dnif`gb tnd` g`m`d l`ry` pubsbX`rbp`g`m.

Wnrg`p`t gu` `mbrì ut`d` g`m`d d`ze`k bib (@ruduj` I`v`m`r, ;88:, ;3 & @.M.

K`se`d, ;88;, 333)6-

a _`g`l`m`b yìj dnijut`d`lì tr`gbsb tnls sucb g`m`d kè`s` Sìslrbt. @mbrì bibknrpnig`p t lnsndpuri`ì lnraeìbì eìy` g`p`t gbc`p`b `p`kbm` rae btu tnrus

knrsìg`r p`g` tueì gì tueì turut dndkìtu. Bib gbudp`d`lì gnijì sbl`p

daiynt gì ì`l daiynt gb dì` ì`l daiynt enig`lmè knrpnjìj lu`t p`g`

bkuiy` yìj `lì dndk`w` ì`l btu ln tndp`t yìj sne`rusiy`.


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a Wenil`m`b dnijut`lì tr`gbsb tnls g`m`d kè`s` W`dbm. @mbrì bib pum`knrpnig`p t kè`w` tueì snpniueiy` `lì knrtìjjuijf`w`k g`m`d snsu tu rae

btu dnic`p`b snsndpuri`ì lnraeìbì. Bib gbudp`d`lì gnijì c`r` lucbij

dndk`w` ì`liy` lndì` fu`, g`m`d e`m bib ì`l lucbij tbg`l dndnjìj bku

snk`mbliy` eìy` bku yìj dndnjìj gì dnijìjl`t ì`liy` btu.

Lbt`k-Lbt`k Sucb _`bi`v`

Lbt`k-lbt`k sucb ut`d` k`jb d`ze`k _`g`l`m`b, Lbt`k sucb _ng`knrs`d ^pìbse`g, Ke`j`v`te

Jbt`, Kr`dd` Sugr` gì snk`j`b. Lbt`k-lbt`k bib fuj` gblni`mb gnijì i`d`

Xbr`st`ì`ttebr`y`d. Dì`l`m` _`bi`v` Wnil`m`b, dninrbd` lbt`k-lbt`k gb `t`s tnt`pb

lnut`d`ì gbknrblì lnp`g` pubsb-pubsb sucb W`dbm yìj gblni`mb snk`j`b I``m``ybr` Gbvy`

Xbr`pìte`dcbpt`ì 0; arìj zèbg / w`mb yìj gbjnm`rlì snk`j`b Xìibru @`mv``rj`m (S.I.

Lìg`sw`db, ;883, 05:-055). Snm`bi btu, [`d`yì`, Dè`k`r`te`, Srbd`te K``j`v`te`,

_`bvì` @`j`d`, _bsiu Xur`ì`d, X`rbp``g`mgì snk`j`biy` turut gbeard`tb.

X`g` `s`siy` `f`rì gì o`msòè d`ze`k _`bi`v` gb`s`slì knrg`s`rlì o`msòè

_ngìte`. O`msòè _ngìte`dninj`slì kè`w` tb`g` snk`rìj pnrl`r` yìj kni`r dnm`bilìtueì (Kr`dd` Sugr`, ;). Laisnp bib gbluluelì amne Z`mb knri`d` @teb Seìl`r` (tèui :55

d -5;8 d) dnm`mub tnarbiy`, @gv`bte` (kulì gu`mbsdn) yìj dniy`t`lì kè`w` snj`m` snsu`tu

gb `m`d sndnst` `g`mè knr`s`m g`rb Wueì gì tb`g` snk`rìj pnrl`r` m`bi yìj wufug (I. Suppu

[nggby``r, 025;, 08). Snm`bi btu, snj`m` `p` yìj `g` gb `m`d `g`mè k`yìjì tueì snd`t`-

d`t` gì kulìiy` kni`r. Amne btu o`msòè bib knrpnjìj lnp`g` prbisbp Nl`d S`t, knrd`lsug

yìj kni`r gì tnt`p wufug b`mè Wueì (@. X`rte`s`r`tey, ;887, 33;). Gnijì bib eìy` s`tu

prbisbp (tueì) sè f` gbpnr`lulì (@.M. K`se`d, ;88;, 3;5).

Snm`bi btu, laisnp Z`mb [`dìuf` (080: d - 003: d) yìj gbjnm`r snk`j`b

_bsbseg`teuv`bt`fuj` papum`r g`m`d _`bi`v` (M`xdb I`r`sbddì, ;882, 2?). _bsbseg`teuv`bt`

dndkbc`r`lì 3 nitbtb (@ruduj` I`v`m`r, ;88:, ;3)6-


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D`gv` dniy`t`lì kè`w` lnmbd`-mbd` bib dndpuiy`b pnrknz`ì d`sbij-d`sbij (Bkbg, ;?2).

Lntbj`-tbj` prbisbp `s`s b`btu, Wueì, fbw` gì fbrbd `g`mè knrsbo`t lnl`m `k`gb. Fbw` `lì eìy`

dnic`p`b dalse` / lnsndpuri`ì lnraeìbì `p`kbm` bìy` dniynmns`blì `tùpuidnmìjs`blì snj`m` l`rdìy` (Sw`db, 7).

Lubm-Lubm _`bi`v`

Lubm Webruv`rìjj`d gì Webrup`teb `g`mè gu` kuè lubm ut`d` gì tnrpnitbij k`jb pnijìut

d`ze`k _`bi`v`. Gb Webruv`rìjj`d, rup` sucb Webrud``m knr`g` g`m`d pasbsb knrk`rbij yìjgblni`mb snk`j`b @iìt` S`yì`d H Raaj` Ibtebr`b (@. @rbvamb, 0228, ;:-37 & 3>-7>). Gb

Webrup`teb rup` sucb Webrud`m lnmbe`tì knr`g` g`m`d pasbsb knrgbrb, bib gbruful snk`j`b Ibigr`

Webrulaam`d.

Snm`bi btu, tnrg`p`t 085 kuè lubm pnitbij yìj gbsnkut snk`j`b 085 Webvy` Wennsìjj`m

gì 2 lubm tnrpbmbe g`rb d`ze`k bib yìj gbi`d`lì I`v`p`tebj`m fuj` papum`r g`m`d l`mìjì

pnijìut _ bsi`v` (Bkbg, ;7, ;8;-;8?).

Br`gg`btebrup`teb(_`g`llu Laavbm)

LnnteuBr`gg`btebrup`teb(Wnrlu Laavbm)

[``juXnruijjum`d

SìbWnitebruppnr`b

Sullbrì@`mv``r

Webrui`j`rbJuru

WebruppumbyìjjugbXuteì

Webrullaamuur@ijj``r`lì

Webruv`r`jui`Dìj`b

Ceìgrì

Srbv`bjuig`dSuuryì

I`v`p`tebj`m


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Lubm Lrbsei` gb Juruv`yur Lnr`m` fuj` pnitbij g`m`d l`mìjì pnijìut _`bi`v`. Gb Bigb`

ut`r` pum` lubm-lubm snpnrtb K`trbi`te, Lubm Sìjju I``r`yìì, Xurb Fnjìi`te gì Lubm Lrbsei`

gb Gw`r`l` gbìjj`p snk`j`b t`p`l-t`p`l sucb k`jb pnijìut _`bi`v`.

M`bi-M`bi @spnl D`ze`k _`bi`v`

D`ze`k _`bi`v` dndpnr`lulì laisnp pnifnmd`ì (@v`te`r`d) Wueì. Srbd`te K`j`v`te`

Xurì`d dniy`t`lì kè`w` Gnw` _bsiu pndpuiy`b 08 fnibs pnifnmd`ì pnitbij snpnrtb

D`cc` (blì), Lurd` (lur`-lur`), _`r`j` (k`kb), I`r`sbde` (dìusb` knrlnp`m` sbij`),

_``dì`, X`r`sur`d`, Srb [`d`, K`m`r`d`, Lrbsei` gì L`mlb (@.M. K`se`d, ;88;, 38;-38: &

@ruduj` I`v`m`r, ;88:, ;7). Gnwb M`xdb, b`mè `spnl Se`ltb k`jb Gnw` _bseiu (I. Suppu

[nggby``r, 025;, ;:2 & Sw`db 07-0>). [uìj Wndp`t sndkèyìj Gnwb M`xdb g`m`d lubm

_bseiu gblni`mb snk`j`b W`y`r sìibteb ([uìj sucb sb bku). Snm`bi btu, Gnvb Xuud`tenvb gì

Ibm`tenvb turut gbjnm`r snk`j`b `spnl se`ltb lnp`g` Gnw` _bseiu (Lrbseiì, 0225, 00).

Webrudì, Cnijlnrìj sbput mùt (Sìjju), ce`lr`, l`muij tum`sb dnrup`lì knknr`p` sbdkam

sucb ut`d` k`jb d`ze`k _`bi`v` (Iy`. Wenvìny` X``v`ì`r, ;888, 70). Gnw` _bsiu gbl`t`lì

dndbmblb > snif`t` sucb b`btu sìju, ce`ll`r`d, v``m, vbmm, teìg`d. S``mbjr`d` l`m dnrup`lì

sbdkam sucb k`jb Gnw` _bseiu. Kb`sìy` p`tuij-p tuij sucb Gnw` _bseiu g`p`t gbtndub g`m`d

tbj` pasbsb b`btu knrgbrb, knrsbm` gì knrk`rbij (@. @rbvamb, 0228, ;3).

[up` sucb Eìudì tnt`p gb`s`slì gb lubm-lubm _bseiu. _`bluig` Rnj`te`sb, Lrbsei`

Fnyìteb, [`d` I`v`db, Gnnp`v`mb `g`mè ìt`r` pnr`y`ì-pnr`y`ì pnitbij g`m`d d`ze`k

_`bi`v`. L`ry` pubsb Webrupp``v`b cbpt`ì @ìg``m w`fbk gbk`c`lì / iyìyblì gb lubm-lubm

_bseiu p`g` kumì D``rj`mb (pnrtnijèì kumì Gbsndknr ebijj` pnrtnijèì kumì Fìu`rb)(Suf`te`, ;880, 02?:).

X`r` w`mb / zèbg d`ze`k _`bi`v` gbjnm`r snk`j`b @`mv``r. Wnrg`p`t lnsnduìy`

gu`knm`s arìj zèbg yìj gbknrb jnm`rì gì pnijeard`tì snk`j`b @`mv``r(Lrbseiì, 0225,

0?-0:).


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@`mv``r

0. Xabj`y``mv``r ;. @ìg``m3. Xnny``mv``r 7. Webrudìj`by``mv``r>. Kaate`tte``mv``r ?. Webrup`ì``mv``r:. I`dd``mv``r 5. Lum`snnj`r``mv``r2. Webrud``mbs`by``mv``r 08. D`teur`l`vby``mv``r

00.

Xnrby``mv``r 0;.

Weaig`r`gbppagby``mv``r

Gùi Weum`sb `g`mè gùi lnjnd`rì Gnw` _bseiu (Iy`. Wenvìny` X``v`ì`r, ;888, 70)88

snknmud d`sbeb) dnruful p`r` Sbgge` gnijì bstbmè-bstbmè snpnrtb, @rbv`r gì Ibr`bdamb

D`ìte`r(Weaml`ppby`d, Snyyumbm Sutr`d 0?> & Xur`tebi`byby`m :>, Luruiteae`b 038, Lur`m

;&;5, Wbrudìbr`d;>).

Sbgge`

Xnrl`t`ì sbgge` knr`s`m g`rbp`g` l`t` `l`r, sbtt`d, d`lsugiy` dbig` (dbig). Gnijì btu

bstbmè Sbgge` dndk`w` nrtb, dnrnl` yìj tnmè knrf`y` dniju`s`b dbig` snpniueiy` (L`mmumbSbgge`r X`g`m;;). X`r` Sbgge` gbl`t`lì tnmè dndpnramneb pnmk`j`b lu`s` k`tbibè dninrusb

gbsbpmbi dbig` gì obzbl`m yìj tnj`s (yaaj`d) (W.I. Jì`p`teb, ;88>, ;>) gbsnrt`b gnijì

pnrt`p`ì yìj dnig`m`d (t`v`d) (D. [`fìtenì, ;882, ;3). Dnrnl` bib tnmè dndbmblb

lnup`y`ì uitul dnijntèub snj`m` lnf`gbì yìj dnmbk`tlì tbj` l`m`, b`btu d`s` m`dpù, d`s`

lbib gì d`s` gnpì (S.I. Lìg`sw`db, ;883, ;5>). Snm`bi btu dnrnl` turut dnic`p`b

pnijntèuì k`tbibè yìj bstbdnw` yìj dndkamnelì dnrnl` ebgup lnl`m dnij`t`sb

lnd`tbì (Wbrudìgbr`d, 02:2, &S.I. Lìg`sw`db, ;883, ;5>).

X`r` Sbgge` `g`mè wbr` snkni`r yìj knrf`y` dnij`t`sb lnd`tbì (C. Srbibv`sì, ;88?,

3;-3?). Dnrnl` bib tnmè dniy`dp`blì `f`rì gì bmdu mu`r kb`s` yìj `d`t tbijjb ibm`biy`

gndb ud`t dìusb` dndpnramneb dìo``t gì lnsng`rì lnraeìbì yìj snkni`r (@rìj`

[`d`mbij`d, ;887, 5). Sbgge` snkni`riy` `g`mè jamaijì dìusb` bstbdnw` yìj knrf`y`

dnijnc`pb tè`p lngnw`ì< lnsucbì tnrtbijjb yìj tbg`l tnrk`t`s. @g` pnp`tè W`dbm yìj

knrkuiyb, dìusb` fuj` kamne f`gb gnw` (dìbteì nik`vì tenbv`d``j`m``d), p`r` Sbgge`


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dnijndul`lì pìgìjì-pìgìjì yìj knrsbo`t rnvamusb (D`rse`mm Javbigì, ;88:, :8).

Bistbtusb-bistbtusb sasb`m snpnrtb sbstnd l`st` yìj knrsbo`t ìtb-sasb`m gì dndncèknmèlì ud`t

dìusb` gbsnm`r amne dnrnl` bib. Lnprbe`tbiì gì cbit` p`g` ud`t dìusb` dnrup`lì taijj`l

pndblbrì gì tbig`lì jamaijì Sbgge`.

Wr`gbsb Sbgge`

Bigb` Snm`tì, leususiy` wbm`yè W`dbm I`gu snm`muiy` gbruful snk`j`b tìè Sbgge` (Sbtte`

Kuudb). G`m`d tr`gbsb W`dbm Sbgge`, tnrg`p`t `d`mì dniy`t`lì 05 arìj Sbgge` snk`j`b p`r`

Sbgge` yìj ut`d` (L`ruvuur``r@gg`d`` Sbteu, Ibfììg` Kaate`d, @kbteì` Sbite`dìb).L`fbì dniuifullì kè`w` lbib tnrg`p`t tbj` sni`r`b yìj sntb`p s`tu dndknrblì d`lmud`t

tnitìj 05 arìj Sbgge` yìj ut`d`. G`m`d p`g` bib tnrg`p`t sni`r`b i`d` yìj duicum g`m`d

lnsndu` sni`r`b gì `g` knknr`p` i`d` knrknz`. Sni`r`b i`d` yìj tnt`p duicum g`m`d

lnsndu` sni`r`b tnrd`sulmè @j`stby`, Webruduum`r, L``m`ìjb I``te`r, L``j` Xusuig`r,

Kaj`r, Xumbpp`ìb, Laar`ll`r, D`cc`duib gì Sbv`v``llby`r.

L`fbì m`ju-m`ju sucb snrt` knknr`p` l`ry` snf`rè tnitìj p`r` Sbgge` dniuifullì

kè`w` dnrnl` bib jnd`r dnigb`db gb g`m`d ju`-ju` sndum`f`gb yìj tnrg`p`t gb l`w`sìeutì knrjuiuij-jììj `tù knrkulbt. Wr`gbsb bib tnt`p knrtnrusì. Snebijj` lbib, l`w`sì

pnrjuiuijì gb Bigb` snpnrtb Xatebj`bd`m`b, Lammbd`m`b, S`tur`jbrb, kìf`rì snrt` pnrjuiuijì

Ebd`m`y` gì snk`j`biy` gbeard`tb snk`j`b t`p`l-t`p`l sucb yìj papum`r k`jb p`r` Sbgge` (X.

L`d`m`lìiì, ;88?, ;?). Xnij`m`dì snrt` tni`j` k`tbi yìj tnmè gbpnramneb amne dnrnl`

dninrusb pnrt`p`ì snrt` pnmk`j`b tnlibl dngbt`sb gì yaj` tnt`p gbr`l`dlì amne dnrnl`

dninrusb m`ju-m`ju sucb yìj gbcbpt` g`m`d kè`s` yìj dugè `tùpui mnkbe tnp`t, g`m`d

kè`s` arìj kb`s` (S.I. Lìg sw`db, ;887, ;5?). X`g` d`s` yìj s`d` rèsb` lnraeìbì yìjtnrlìguij g`m`d m`ju-m`ju sucb t`gb gbpnrtèìlì gnijì pnijjui`ì kè`s` snrt` bstbmè

(p`rbk``se`b) yìj eìy` g`p`t gboè`db amne dnrnl` yìj kni`r-kni`r dnifbw`b `f`rì p`r`

Sbgge` (@rìj` [`d`mbij`d, ;887, 5).


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Xnic`p`bì M`pì Lnkamneì Mu`r Kb`s`

G`m`d p`g` pnmk`j`b lnkamneì yìj gbdbmblb amne p`r` Sbgge`, M`pì Lnkamneì Bstbdnw`

yìj gbruful snk`j`b `gt`d``sbttb / nipnnr``rttr`mj`m, `g`mè m`pì fnibs lnkamneì yìj `d`tmu`r kb`s` (C. S. Durujnsì, ;88>, 3). Bìy` gbsni`r`blì snpnrtb knrblut (Wbrdìtebr`d ?78-

:00)6-

0) @ibd` 6 Lnkamneì uitul dndku`tlì snk`rìj knig` `tù lnebgupìdnif`gb snlncbm tad.

;) D`jbd` 6 Lnkamneì uitul dndku`tlì snk`rìj knig` `tù lnebgupìdnif`gb snkns`r dì` yìj gbbijbib.

3) M`jbd` 6 Lnkamneì uitul dndku`tlì snk`rìj knig` `tù lnebgupìdnif`gb snrbijì-rbijì yìj gbbijbib.

7) L`rbd` 6 Lnkamneì uitul dndku`tlì snk`rìj knig` `tù lnebgupìdnif`gb snknr`t dì` yìj gbbijbib.

>) Xr``ptb 6 Lnkamneì dnijntèub trbl`m`(l`m` m`mu, lbib gì gnpì)< gìlnkamneì uitul dndbmblb snk`rìj pnrl`r` yìj gbe`sr`tb.

?) X`r`j`dby`d 6 Lnkamneì uitul dndbigèlì rae gbrb ln g`m`d k`gì m`bi gìsnk`mbliy`.

:) _`sbttuv`d 6 Lnkamneì uitul dniju`s`b snj`m` j`mìy`.

_`sbttuv`dX`r`j`dby`d

Xr``ptbL`rbd` M`jbd`

D`jbd`@ibd`Bs``ttuv`d

@WW@D@@SBWW

B


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5) Bs``ttuv`d 6 Lnkamneì uitul dnicbpt` snrt` dndnmbe`r` snk`rìj pnrl`r`yìj gbe`sr`tb.

Ebgup Knrlnl`mì Dnij`t`sb Lnd`tbì

Ebgup knrlnl`mì dnij`t`sb lnd`tbì (D`rì`dbm``p Xnruv``mvu) dnrup`lì puic`l

pnic`p`bì pnmk`j`b lnkamneì yìj tnmè gbc`p`b amne p r` Sbgge` (C. Srbibv`sì, ;88?, 3;-3?).

S`mè snarìj Sbgge` knri`d` @rutpbr`j``s` [`d`mbij` _`mm`m``r (tèui d`sbeb 05;3 - 05:3)tnmè dndkultblì kè`w` tè`p bib dndìj kamne gbc`p`b. Snm`bi btu, knmbù turut dnralaglì

g`m`d l`ryìy`, Webruv`rutp`` `lì l`ngè snrt` `d`mì yìj e`rus gbblutb uitul dnic`p`b

tè`p tnrsnkut (_`mm`m`r, 037 D`rì`dbmm` Xnruv`zevu 06;008). Ebgup knrlnl`mì dnij`t`sb

lnd`tbì bib gbc`p`b `p`kbm` k`gì obzbl`m gbtrìsoard`sblì dnif`gb k`gì cè`y` dnm`mub

pnmk`j`b tnlibl yaj` gì pnrt`p`ì dnig`m`d. Wnlibl-tnlibl yaj` tnrtnitu snrt` pnij`ltboì ?

pus`t tni`j` (ce`lr`) dnm`mub tnlibliy` yìj tnrsnigbrb snitb`s` dnif`gb palal pnrsa`mì g`m`d

lnkìy`lì m`ju-m`ju sucb cbpt`ì p`r` Sbgge` (D. [`fìtenì, ;882, >?-?;). Wnlibl-tnlibl t`gb

gbìjj`p snk`j`b rèsb` yìj `d`t kns`r yìj eìy` g`p`t gbtndkusb amne bigbvbgu yìj tnrus

dninrus knrusè` snc`r` knrsuijjue-suijjue gnijì kìtuì lnp`l`rì gì pìguì g`rbp`g`

snsnarìj juru.

@d`mì Sbgge` gb D`m`ysb`

L`fbì dniuifullì kè`w` d`sy`r`l`t Bigb` D`m`ysb` tnrgngè lnp`g` tr`gbsb lnpnrc`y`ì

Sbgge` dnm`mub sbstnd pnruk`tì tr`gbsbai`m (Sbgge` D`ruttuv`d) yìj gbpnrlni`mlì gb

D`m`ysb` p`g` pnijeufuij `k`g ln 05 d`sbeb (Bkbg 0?7). Sntnrusiy` snib tbmblì i`sbk (I``gbFeatbg`d) tnmè dndpapum`rlì tr`gbsb lnpnrc`y`ì Sbgge` p`g` tèui-tèui 02:8ì gì

0258ì. I``gb Featbg`d b`mè s`mè su`tu tnlibl tbmblì i`sbk g`m`d tr`gbsb Bigb`. Sbstnd bib

dnijjui`lì gùi-gùi p`md` yìj tnrc`t`t i`sbk snsnarìj. C`t`tì tnrsnkut gbpnrc`y`b

gbtbijj`mlì amne p`r` Sbgge` gndb dndkìtu gì dndknrb pìguì k`jb ud`t dìusb`

dninruslì ebgup gnijì lnpnrc`y`ì gì oè`dì yìj kntum.


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Wumbsì g`m`d gùi-gùi p`md` t`gb snm`muiy` `lì gbk`c` amne tulìj k`c` yìj

dndbmblb lnp`l`rì uitul dndk`c` tumbsì fnibs btu. Gùi mait`r `lì dnijìguijb kutbr

d`lmud`t pnrbk`gb pnmìjjì snpnrtb i`d`, t`rble mèbr, fnibs pnlnrf`ì gì snk`j`biy`. Fbl`

sndu` d`lmud`t bib snr`sb gnijì d`lmud`t pnmìjjì d`l` gùi p`md` t`gb `lì gbsèlì

dnijìguijb c`t`tì le`s uitul pnmìjjì t`gb. C`t`tì g`m`d gùi p`md` snm`muiy` knrknitul

c`l`p `ful. D`l` pnmìjjì `lì r`s` snamè-amè snsnarìj Sbgge` sngìj knreukuij tnrus

gnijìiy`, m`mu dndkìtu gbrbiy` dnij`t`sb pnmk`j`b d`s`mè. Gnijì bib lnpnrc`y`ì

pnmìjjì tnre`g`p p`r` Sbgge` gbpnrluluelì. Wbmblì i`sbk gùi p`md` bib dnif`gb papum`r

gì knrs`dìy` lnpnrc`y`ì tnre`g`p p`r` Sbgge` turut dnif`gb papum`r gb l`mìjì

d`sy`r`l`t Bigb` D`m`ysb`.

Xnrlndkìjì gb `t`s turut dndkul` ruìj k`jb lnmèbrì knknr`p` pnrtukueì yìj

gb`s`slì knrg`s`rlì `f`rì p`r` Sbgge`. Xnrtukueì-pnrtukueì snpnrtb bib gbg`p`tb tnmè

knrjb`t `ltbo gì dnig`p`t salaijì r`d`b. Dnrnl` bib fuj` tnmè dnijìfurlì lnm`s-lnm`s

`f`rì Sbgge` snrt` lnm`s-lnm`s dngbt`sb knrg`s`rlì tnlibl dngbt`sb yìj gbsyarlì amne p`r`

Sbgge` dninrusb m`ju-m`ju sucb dnrnl` (W`dbmdìb Sukr`dìb`d, ;88>/;88? & _bseiu

Lrbseiì, ;88?/;88:). @ltbvbtb-`ltbvbtb tnrsnkut kamne gbl`t`lì tnmè dnif`gb rìjsìjì enk`t

k`jb r`d`b arìj Bigb` D`m`ysb`, knrusè` uitul dnig`m`db m`jb pnijntèuì dnrnl` g`m`d

kbgìj bib. Mìt`s, Xnrsbgìjì @it`r`kìjs` Xnrt`d` O`msòè Sbgge` tnmè gbìfurlì gb

îbvnrsbtb D`m`y`, Lu`m` Mudpur, p`g` tèui ;88:. Xnrsbgìjì bib tnmè dnig`p`t s`dkutì gb

mu`r guj`ì, dnic`p`b lnf`y`ì yìj kns`r. Sntnrusiy` pnrsbgìjì lngu` (;885) tnmè gb`g`lì

gb W`dbm I`gu Bigb`, lntbj` (;882) gb K`tu C`vns, Lu`m` Mudpur gì yìj lnndp`t (;800)

gb`g`lì gb W`dbm I`gu Bigb` snl`mb m`jb (D. [`fìtenì, ;882, 0:3).

Lnsbdpumì

Lnwufugì jamaijì Sbgge` yìj `d`t bstbdnw` bib gbl`t`lì sugè wufug snf`l z`dì `w`m

m`jb. Snf`l btu r`d`b m`jb sugè dnic`p`b tè`p tnrsnkut gì dnif`gb snkè`jbì g`rbp`g` p`r`

Sbgge`. X`r` Sbgge` gnijì fnm`s snl`mb dniy`t`lì kè`w` sntb`p bisì gb guib` bib dndbmblb

patnisb uitul dnif`gb snarìj Sbgge`. Wnrg`p`t pnmk`j`b kultb uitul dniy`t`lì kè`w` `g`

knknr`p` arìj z`dì lbt` yìj turut knrf`y` dniynrt`b k`rbsì p`r` Sbgge`. Dniurut tr`gbsb


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Sbgge`, sntb`p snarìj g`rbp`g` lbt` turut g`p`t dnic`p`b tè`p Sbgge` fbl` `g` usè` durib

gbsnrt`b gnijì tuiful `f`r gì pìguì g`rbp`g` juru yìj kni`r.

Wr`gbsb Sbgge` bib sngìj dnig`p`t pnre`tbì d`sy`r`l`t guib` snm`bi d`sy`r`l`t Bigb`gb Bigb`. Bib g`p`t gbmbe`t g`rbp`g` kbmìjì pnrtukueì Sbgge` yìj snd`lbi dnibijl`t, `ltbvbtb

lnk`fblì yìj snrbij gbìfurlì `t`s i`d` p`r` Sbgge`, s`dkutì yìj `d`t dnijj`m`llì

yìj sngìj gbtnrbd` amne snib dngbt`sb gì yaj` - leususiy` gb guib` K`r`t, kbmìjì

pniynmbgblì gì pninrkbtì yìj knjbtu kìy`l, fudmè kns`r d`lmud`t yìj gbdu`tlì gb

m`dì-m`dì wnk snrt` d`lmudk`m`siy` gì pnibijl`tì pnijìfurì pnrkbicìjì, knijlnm,

sndbi`r gì pnrsbgìjì yìj dnmbk`tlì o`msòè Sbgge`.

DNGBW@SB

Xnigèumuì

Wò`lur g`m`d nrtb l`t` kb`s` kamne gbsbo`tlì snk`j`b usè` snsnarìj uitul uitul dndus`tlì

oblbrì gì tnrus lnl`m g`m`d ln`g`ì uitul su`tu lntbl` yìj yìj tnrtnitu (I. W`ddìi`

Snggby``r, ;883, :). Wnrg`p`t pnmk`j`b pìgìjì tnitìj `d`mì knrtò`lur bib yìj snm`muiy`

dnmbk`tlì prasns rniuijì dnig`m`d sndnit`r` d`t` d`sbe tnrtutup. @g` yìj tnrtìy`-tìy`,

dnij`p` eìy` snjnmbitbr d`sy`r`l`t snpnrtb ìg` sugb gì sul` dnm`lulìiy`1 @p`lè

knrtò`lur btu su tu `d`mì yìj pnrmu gbm`lulì1

Dnij`p` knrtò`lur (Weby`ì`d)1

@p`lè lnsnraiallì `j`liy` gbpnramneb amne dnrnl` bib gnijì eìy` gugul knrtò`lur,

knrsnigbrbì gnijì d`t` yìj tnrtutup1 @p`lè yìj sngìj gbm`lulì amne dnrnl` bib dnm`mub

`ltbvbtb bib1 @p`lè bib snsu`tu yìj dndkuìj d`s` snd`t`-d`t`1 @tùpui bìy` `g`mè

pnrku`tì arìj d`m`s yìj dnrniuij snsu`tu lnrì` tb`g` urusì uitul gbm`lsì`lì(I`vnm-


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>8

j`zbij)1 `tù `p`lè bib dnrup`lì su`tu c`r` uitul dnrnl` dnmnp`slì/dnijuigurlì gbrb

g`rbp`g` e`m-e`m guib`wb(nsc`pbsd)1 @tùpui `p`lè gbjui`lì snk`j`b su`tu tnlibl uitul

dnibld`tb snfnibs le`y`mì yìj dnd`kullì gbrb (snmo-bitaxbc`tbai)1 Duijlbi f`w`pì ìg`

k`jb pnmk`j`b sa`mì snpnrtb gb `t`s `g`mè knrsbo`t pasbtbo snpnrtb knrblut (Zbmmb`d E`rt, ;88>,

>)6-

Bib g`mè pnic`rbì g`m`dì knrsbo`t lnraeìbì knrtufuì uitul dnijntèublnkni`rì(spbtu`m-rntrn`t).

Dninmbtb gbrb snigbrb uitul dnijni`m gbrb gnijì mnkbe k`bl(snmo-sn`rcebij / snmonx`dbi`tbai).

S`mè s`tu l`ngè uitul dndpnramneb lnsng`rì lnraeìbì.

S`mè s`tu c`r` uitul dnic`p`b lnsndpuri`ì lnraeìbì yìj gbtuitut amne j`dÈbigu.

îtul dnic`p`b lne`rdaibì, ln`dìì gì lntniìjì g`m`dì. W`lur `g`mè su`tu `d`mì yìj gbm`lulì gnijì pìguì snsnarìjjurusup`y` gbrb

g`p`t dnibld`tb pnij`m`dì raeìbì snkni`r snc`r` knrlnl`mì.

Dnruplì su`tu usè` durib dnijni`mb gbrb snkni`r snsnarìj, pnibm`bì / l`fbgbrb(bitraspnctbai / bitravnrsbai).

Kb`r `p` f`w`pì lbt`, r`d`b d`sbe knrpnig`p`t kè`w` knrtò`lur btu `g`mè su`tu

`d`mì yìj gbm`lulì uitul dnijuigurlì gbrb `tùpui dnmnp`slì gbrb g`rbp`g` e`m-e`m

guib`wb(wbtegr`w`m orad ten warmg). Snkni`riy` pìgìjì gb `t`s tbg`l kamne gbtam`l snkum`t-

kum`tiy`.

Wnt`pb pnrmu gb`dkbm pnre`tbì kè`w`, knrtò`lur btu kulìmè snd`t`-d`t` uitul

dnic`p`b pnijuigurì gbrb g`rbp`g` e`m-e`m guib`wb. Bib eìy`mè s`mè snkuè g`rbp`g` kìy`lm`jb tufuì snsnarìj dnicnkurlì gbrb g`m`d `d`mì tò`lur. Wìjj`pì stnrnat`bp (stnrnatypn)

kè`w` `d`mì tò`lur gbku`t eìy` uitul tufuì dnmnp`slì / dnijuigurlì gbrb g`rbp`g` e m-

e`m guib`wb(nsc`pbsd) btumè yìj pnrmu gbtam`l (Bkbg).


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@g`t Guib`-Lnpnrc`y`ì ^dud

Snc`r` `diy`, pnij`m`dì ebgup ud`t dìusb` snm`d` bib sugè dny`lbilì / laigbsblì lbt`

uitul pnrc`y` kè`w` guib` obzbl`m btu `g`mè snsu`tu yìj kni`r. Dìusb` sugè snd`c`ddndpnr`lulì kè`w` bmdu pnijntèuì btu `g`mè tnrknitul g`rbp`g` lnsnmurueì oè`dì

lbt` tnitìj guib` mu`r bib. Btumè ìt`r` m`bi dnij`p` lbt` pnrc`y` kè`w` arìj yìj kìy`l

dnrìtù `lì dndpuiy`b bmdu pnijntèuì yìj mnkbe mu`s m`jb kìy`l knrkìgbij gnijì

arìj m`bi. D`mìjiy`, tìjj`pì yìj knrkè`y` bib sugè f`gb `g`t guib` (D. X. Jurus`dy,

0225, 55-2;).

^d`t dìusb` sugè knrf`y` dnmìjlè gb pnrdul`ì Kumì(Daai) gì lbib sugè

e`dpbr knrf`y` dndpnmaparb pmìnt D`rble (D`rs). Amne btu dìusb` sugè dum` pnrc`y`

kè`w` tè`p bmdu pnijntèuì snsnarìj btu knrjìtuij p`g` snkìy`l dì` snsnarìj btu

dnijntèub, dnig`m`db snrt` dnije`y`tb gì dndè`db guib` gb mu`riy` (Bkbg 55). Wìjj`pì

bib snl`mbjus dndpnr`lulì oè`dì kè`w` guib` mu`r yìj mu`s tnrknitìj btumè sudknr

bmdu yìj snkni`r (Se`ltb @by` D. Snmv`r`sì, 022>, 08).

[bijl`siy`, ud`t dìusb` r`t`-r`t` y`lbi gì kni`r-kni`r pnrc`y` kè`w` lnkni`rì

(trute) btu `g` gb mu`r gì amne btu lbt` e`rus knrusè` sng`y` up`y` uitul dndpnramnebiy`

g`rbp`g` mu`r (`m`d sndnst`). Snebijj`lì `g` pnp`tè yìj knrkuiyb, tuitutmè bmdu w`mù ln

injnrb Cebi`, knrnrtb snsnarìj e`rus knrsngb` dnrìtù fùe gndb bmdu.

O`lt` Snkni`r

O`lt` snkni`riy` b`mè, snsnarìj btu tbg`l g`p`t dndpnramneb bmdu yìj snkni`r tìp`

dndè`db gbrbiy` (Se`ltb @by` D. Snmv`r`sì, 022>, ?). Arìj yìj tbg`l dnijni`m gbrbiy`yìj snkni`r, p`stb tbg`l `lì knknrup`y` dnifbw`b snk`rìj bmdu. Dìusb` sugè pìg`b

dnijl`fb gì dnibm`b guib` mu`r. Wnt`pb l`fb gbrb f`rìj-f`rìj gbm`lulì. Xnij`m`dì ebgup bib

snkni`riy` sugè laigbsblì lbt` uitul tbg`l dndnitbijlì `spnl g`m`dì gbrb snsnarìj. Lbt`

e`rus sng`r `lì jnf`m` bib gì lnsng`rì bib sugè culup uitul lbt` dnij`dkbm mìjlè

pnrt`d` dnij t`sb lnlurìjì tnrsnkut (Webrudìtebr`d, ;30>).


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>;

Snp`tutiy` dìusb` e`rus dndpnramneb oè`dì yìj snk`bl duijlbi tnitìj `p` yìj

sngìj knrm`lu g`m`d gbrbiy` snigbrb. Xndè`dì tnitìj patnisb snrt` lnup`y`ì gbrb fuj`

pnrmu gbknrb pnre`tbì. Xnijntèuì bib `lì dndkul` ruìj uitul lbt` dugè dndknz`lì

yìj k`bl gì kurul. Knrknl`mlì pnijntèuì bib snsnarìj g`p`t dndku`t pndbmbeì yìj

mnkbe w`f`r, g`p`t dnm`lulì `p` yìj snsu`b gnijì patnisb snkni`r gbrb. Bib `lì

dndkamnelì patnisb gbrb snsnarìj dìusb` gbdìo``tlì snc`r` aptbdud.

L`t`lì, snsnarìj btu tbg`l tèu knr`p` kìy`l wìj yìj `g` p`gìy` tnt`pb sugè

d`sul ln g`m`d rnstarì gì dum` d`lì snj`m` `p` yìj bijbi gbd`lìiy`. Xnrku`tì arìj gb

`t`s kamne gbs`d`lì gnijì pnrku`tì ud`t dìusb` yìj sugè dum` dndpnmaparb snj`m`-

snsu`tu gb mu`r snknmud dnijntèub patnisb gbrbiy` snigbrb. Snc`r` majbl, kulìlè lbt` eìy`g`p`t dnrìcìjlì snsu`tu gnijì dnij`dkbmlbr` `lì sudknr yìj `g` p`g` lbt`.

[bijl`siy`, lnf`y`ì snsu`tu usè` btu knrjìtuij lnp`g` `p` yìj `g` p`g` lbt`, bib

tnrd`sulmè pnij`m`dì gì sudknr lnknig`ì. Snrbijl`mb `spnl bib tnrmnp`s pìgìj lnrì`

`g`t guib` mnkbe dndnitbijlì `spnl guib` mu`r knrkìgbij gnijì `spnl g`m`dì snsnarìj

(D. X. Jurus`dy, 0225, 55-22).

@p` Rìj Kamne Gbm`lulì1

Xatnisb g`m`dì gbrb yìj knmud gbpnmaparb pnrmu gbtnral`b. Bibmè kìtuì snkni`r yìj g`p`t

gbeumurlì amne snsnarìj p`g` gbrbiy` snigbrb. îtul btu snsnarìj btu e`rus l`fb gbrb gì

dndè`db ln`g`ì g`m`dì snkni`r gbrbiy` snigbrb. Xndè`dì bib kamne gbc`p`b `p`kbm`

pnre`tbì (dbig`) lbt` yìj knrcnm`ru gì knrlnmbe`rì knk`s gb mu`r, gbl`w`m gì gbs`murlì ln

g`m`d gbrb (X. [. Wead s, ;88:, 5). @p`kbm` oalus lbt` gbpbigèlì g rb mu`r ln g`m`d, d`l`

lbt` `lì knrup`y` dnmbe`t `lì dbig` lbt` yìj lusut, pniue gnijì laitr`gblsb gìlnlnmbruì. @d`mì tò`lur m`d`-lnm`d`ì `lì dndkìtu snsnarìj btu uitul dnij`w`m

dbigìy` snc`r` sndpuri`. Lnup`y`ì bib `lì dndkìtu snsnarìj btu uitul dnmnr`blì

lnlusutì dbig` gì dnic`p`b tè`p pndblbrì gì dbig` yìj fùe mnkbe sbe`t m`jb knroalus

(@. X`rte`s`r`tey, ;887, ;;:). Xnic`p`bì pniju`s`ì dbig` kulìmè snsu`tu yìj dugè.

Wnt`pb d`mì tò`lur yìj knrtnrusì tìp` putus `s` lì tnt`p dndkuèlì lnf`y`ì.


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W@W@C@[@ SNDK@ER@IJ GB L^BM

Xnigèumuì

Xnp`tè W`dbm dninj`slì sup`y` fìjì dnint`p gb wbm`yè/injnrb yìj tbg`l `g` lubm.

Dnijnrf`lì sndkèyìj gb lubm dnrup`lì s`mè su`tu `spnl ut`d` g`m`d tr`gbsb sndkèyìj

arìj Ebigu. Wueì e`gbr gb dì`-dì` fu`. Lu`s` tueì knrsbo`t dniynmnkuijb snmurue `m`d

sndnst`. Wnt`pb lubm dnrup`lì s`mè snkuè tndp`t gb dì` tnrtudpu tni`j`/ se`ltb

lnraeìbìIy` (I`fì, 02:3, 0>).

Lubm turut gbruful snk`j`b lavbm, laybm, tebrutt`m`d, senttr`d, ``m`y`d gì snk`j`biy`.

@`m`y`d snkni`riy` dniìg`lì ``4rae, m`y`d4pnije`y`tì, d`lsugiy` tndp`t gb dì` rae

dnije`y`tb lnjndkbr`ì yìj tnrtbijjb. Laybm pum` dndk`w` d`lsug, la4pndnrbitè,

ybm4lngb`dì, tndp`t tbijj`miy` tueì snm`lu pndnrbitè m`d sndnst` (L``vy`, ;885, 0).

Dniurut tr`gbsb lnraeìbì `j`d` Ebigu, up`c`r` sndkèyìj gb lubm gbìfurlì kulì

eìy` uitul dnif`j` lnpnitbijì lnraeìbì p`r` pnijjìut d`mè bìy` gbf`mìlì uitul

dnif`j` ln`dìì gì lne`rdaibì lnsnmurueì ud`t dìusb` gì lnebgupì yìj m`bi. Amnebtu, l`sbe s`yìj yìj tbg`l tnrk`t`s, pnrsùg`r`ì snf`j`t gì lnprbe`tbiì yìj knrsbo`t

uibvnrs`m tnre`g`p sndu` lnebgupì gb `m`d sndnst` dnif`gb `s`s lnraeìbì d`sy`r`l`t Ebigu

(S.[d [ìfbt`d, 0225, 00?).

Xnrsngb`ì Snknmud Dnijuifuijb Lubm

Dìgb dndknrsbelì gbrb gì knrp`l`bì knrsbe, lnd`s gì knrsapì. Sndkèyìj gb rudè

pnrmu gbm`lsì`lì snknmud dnijnrf`lì sndkèyìj gb lubm (Lad`teb Webruv`s`j`d, 0228,

07:). Sndkèyìj gb lubm tbg`l kamne gbf`gblì `m`sì uitul dnij`k`blì sndkèyìj gb rudè

(S.[d [ìfbt`d, 0225, 005).

X`stblì dbig` ìg` knrsbe gì tniìj. @d`mì t`skbr b`btu dnijumìjb snsu`tu dìtr`

sucb snc`r` sniy`p g`p`t dndkìtu g`m`d e`m bib. K`w`mè kèì-kèì pnrsndkèì snpnrtb


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kuij`, l`muijì kuij`, kuè-kuèì, dbiy`l m`dpu, l`pur k`rus, gup`, sntìjjb, sbrbe pbiìj,

lnm`p`, lndniyì gì snk`j`biy`. Fìjì knrtìjì lasaij `p`kbm` pnrjb ln lubm. Lbib kèì-

kèì pnrsndkèì t`gb kamne fuj` gbknmb gb pnrl`rìjì lubm. L`mù tbg`l d`dpu tb`g`

d`s`mè, e`tb yìj knrsbe m`jb sucb kamne gbf`gblì kèì pnrsndkèì, bìy` `g`mè kèì

pnrsndkèì yìj p`mbij gbsul`b gì gbrnstub tueì (I`fì, 02:3, 050).

W`t`c`r` Sndkèyìj

Wbijj`mlì l`sut gb tndp`t yìj gble`slì uitul btu. Sntnrusiy` `dkbm `br sndkèyìj,

knrsbelì l`lb, tìjì, dul` gì ludur knrsbelì dumut. [nifbslì sngblbt `br gb `t`s lnp`m`.

Ludpumlì snpumue f`rb gb `t`s lnp`m` uitul s`dp`blì pnijeard`tì lnp`g` dni`r` ut`d`

lubm ([``f` Japur`d / duum`v`r japur`d) snk`j`b tndp`t snd`y`d Wueì (Lad`teb

Webruv`s`j`d, 0228, 07:).

Snk`bl sè`f` d`sul ln g`m`d pnrl`rìjì lubm, enig`l dnib`r`p gb snknmè lìì tbìj

knignr` snk`j`b tìg` dum` lnrf`lì sndkèyìj. Sntnrusiy` enig`lmè d`sul ln g`m`d lubm

knsnrt` gnijì uc`pì lugus `tù iyìybì sucb snc`r` sniy`p (g`m`d e`tb), m`mu dnijnmbmbijjblubm snl`mb dnijblut `rè f`d (I`fì, 02:3, 050).

Lnkìy`llì lubm gb D`m`ysb` tbg`l `lì dndpuiy`b tbìj knignr` p`g` pbitu d`sul

ut`d` lubm. Snk`mbliy` tbìj knignr` `lì `g` gb e`g`pì ruìj sucb ut`d` (j`rk`jrè`d /

duum`st`ì`d / l`ruv`r`b), gb knm`lìj `rc` lnignr`ì sucb (vèì`d) gì ruìj pnijarkìì

(p`mbpnng`d). G`m`d ln`g`ì bib pnijjìut enig`lmè d`sul ln g`m`d lubm m`mu dnib`r`p gb

snknmè lìì tbìj knignr` yìj tnrsnkut (L``vy`, ;885, 0?). Sntnrusiy` enig`lmè

dnijnmbmbijb ruìj sucb ut`d` dnijblut `rè f`d snl`mb, bib gbsnkut snk`j`b v`m`d v`rute`m.

L`mù tbg`l snsnarìj btu kamne dndbmbe uitul dnijjnmbmbijb lnsnmurueì kìjjuiì lubm snl`mb

gì mìjsuij d`sul ln g`m`d gì dnib`r`p dniy`dp`blì s`m`d eard`t (Wndur`dè gnijì

[`vbi`te` Lurull`m, X`teud`m`b Wbrute`m`d, ;0/;/;800, 0.88pd). Sntnmè btu, enig`lmè paeai

lnkni`rì / rnstu g`rbp`g` lnignr`ì sucb (vèì`d) gì dndum`lì up`c`r` sndkèyìj,

dbs`miy` lnkni`rì / rnstu e`rus gbpaeai g`rbp`g` `rcÌìteb(mndku fìtì) gb lubm-lubm Gnw`

Sebv` (I`fì, 02:3, 050).


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gbg`dpbijlì gnijì d`t` snk`j`b tìg` pnije`rj`ì snrt` pnijeard`tì tnrtbijjb m`mu s`pu gb

gèb. Knjbtu fuj` gnijì snk`rìj kèì d`lìì gì dbiudì yìj gbpnrsndkèlì lnp`g`

tueì fuj` gbìjj`p snk`j`bpbr`s``te`dlnrì` bìy` gbrnstub amne tueì. Bìy` e`rus gbeard`tb

gì gbd`lì/dbiud snc`r` sapì, pndk`zbrìiy` tbg`l s`d` snl`mb gbkni`rlì lnrì` btu

`g`mè pnrku`tì knrgas` (L``vy`, ;885, ;;).

Sntnmè sndkèyìj gblnrf`lì gb l`ruv`r`b /duum`st`ì`d, lubm e`rus gblnmbmbijb snl`mb

m`jb (l`mb ln tbj`)gì snw`ltu lubm gblnmbmbijb, gnw`-gnwb m`bi gb lubm tnrsnkut enig`lmè

gbeard`tb gì gbsndkèyìj dnijblut lngugulì gnw`-gnwb t`gb (I`fì, 02:3, 05;).

@p`kbm` dnijnmbmbijb lubm dnijblut `rè f`d, ruìj sucb Sìgbbsw`r`r `lì dnif`gb

ruìj sucb tnr`lebr gb snsu`tu lubm. Dniurut tr`gbsb lnpnrc`y`ì Ebigu, Gnw` Sìgbbsw`r`r

gbl`t`lì snitb`s` knrdngbt`sb, amne btu gbruìj sucb tnrsnkut snsnarìj pnijjìut enig`lmè

dninpul tìjì snk`j`b dni`rbl pnre`tbì Gnw` Sìgbbsw`r`r. Gb sbib pnijjìut enig`lmè

daeai d`ò snlbrìy` `g` s`mè sbm`p yìj tnrm`lu snw`ltu sndkèyìj gblnrf`lì gì

sntnrusiy` daeai rnstu gì d`lmudlì snk`rìj ib`t / bsb e`tb p`g` Gnw` Sìgbbsw`r`r. [uìj

sucb Gnw` Sìgbbsw`r`r gbm`rìj gblnmbmbijb (L``vy`, ;885, ;8).

Lubm-lubm yìj knrm`biì duijlbi `lì dndbmblb ruìj sucb k`jb gnw`-gnwb yìj

knrm`biì, g`m`d ln`g`ì btu dnijnmbmbijb lubm m`mu sndkèyìj sntb`p ruìj sucb dnijblut

`turì yìj sngb` `g` gb lubm tnrsnkut sugè dnd`g`b. @lebriy` snsnarìj pnijìut enig`lmè

dnib`r`p dndknrb pnijeard`tì gb snknmè lìì tbìj knignr`. Bib `g`mè su`tu m`jb `d`mì

yìj gbtuitut amne `j`d` Ebigu. Dnib`r`p dndknrblì pnijeard`tì gì lnrf`lì

sndkèyìj eìy` pnrmu gbm`lulì gb snknmè lìì tbìj knignr` gì kulìiy` gb tndp`t-

tndp`t m`bi. Sntnrusiy` snsnarìj pnijjìut enig`lmè gugul snc`r` sniy`p gb g`m`d lubm m`mudnijumìjb dìtebr`d knrup` i`d`-i`d` sucb tueì (Ad I`dè Sbv``y`, Ad I`da

I`r``yì``y` I`d`, Srb [``d` Fny`d, Javbite`d, Ad Se`ltb, Ad S`r`vì`k`v``y` I`d`,

Ad J`d Jì`p`teb I`dè` gì snk`j`biy`) snc`r` sniy`p. Dnrniuij / knrdngbt`sb snlntbl`

`lì turut dndk`w` lnk`bllì (L``vy`, ;885, ;;).


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Snknmud dnibijj`mlì lubm, snsnarìj pnijjìut gblnenig`lb gugul snlntbl` gb ruìj

pbitu d`sul lubm. @d`mì bib gbw`fbklì lnrì` `g` lnpnrc`y`ì kè`w` gb lubm Gnw` Sebv`

sntb`p pnijjìut yìj lndk`mb ln rudè g`rb lubm `lì gbbrbijb amne : d`m`bl`t (Sbrìfbbvbj`m).

Sntnmè gugul snlntbl`, snsnarìj pnijjìut e`rus daeai gbrb g`rbp`g` : d`m`bl`t t`gb m`mu

tbijj`mlì lubm (I`fì, 02:3, 053).

M`bi-M`bi E`m

@p`kbm` sndkèyìj pnijjìut mnm`lb e`rus dnib`r`p dniy`dp`blì pnijeard`tì bìy`

gblni`mb snk`j`b sndkèyìj snc`r`se``st`ìjj`d (5 kè`jbì tukue k`gì enig`lmè snitue

kudb). Lùd wìbt`, gbw`fbklì sndkèyìj snc`r` pìf`ìj`d (> kè`jbì tukue k`gìdniynitue kudb) (L``vy`, ;885, 0? & 03). X`l`bì tr`gbsbai`m `g`mè p`l`bì yìj p`mbij

snsu`b gbp`l`blì snw`ltu dnijnrf`lì sndkèyìj , tnt`pb p`l`bì m`bi yìj sapì fuj` kamne

gbtnrbd`.

Gb g`m`d lubm, dnijudpum snpumue f`rb dniy`dp`blì pnijeard`tì (vììjjute`m)

eìy` kamne gbtufulì lnp`g` tueì gì kulì p`g` snk`rìj arìj. @d`mì dndknrb

sudkìjì lnwìjì, tni`j` kurue gbrb g`m`d dnm`lsì`lì lnrf`-lnrf` pndkbi`ì lubm,dèupui m`bi-m`bi `ltbvbtb lubm `g`mè gbìjj`p snk`j`b `d`mì tnrpufb yìj `d`t knrpè`m`.

G`m`d p`g` btu, `d`mì dniyngb`lì d`lì dbiud gbìjj`p `d`mì yìj `d`t knrpè`m`

(S.[d [ìfbt`d, 0225, 005-02).

S`mèjui`, dnicurb `tù dnije`ldbmbllì e`rt` knig` lubm `g`mè pnrku`tì gas` yìj

`d`t snrbus. Xnp`tè W`dbm dniy`t`lì, snmurue lnturuiì `lì kbi`s` fbl` curb e`rt` knig`

Sebv`, (Sbvì sattu lum` i``s`d). Dndkìtu dnijuruslì `ltbvbtb e`rbì lubm snpnrtb dnd`sìjm`dpu-m`dpu dbiy`l, dniyngb`lì l`muijì kuij`, dndknrsbelì l`w`sì e`m`dì lubm,

dniyudkìjlì kèì-kèì yìj gbpnrmulì uitul up`c`r` sndkèyìj `g`mè ìt`r`

pnrku`tì tnrpufb yìj gbj`m`llì.

@p`kbm` dnijnrf`lì sndkèyìj pnrbk`gb yìj gbruful snk`j`b `rccì`b, i`d` snrt`

sbdkam zagb`l(r``sb) gì kbitìj lnmèbrì(i`cc`ttbr`d) e`rus gbd`lmudlì. Snlbrìy`


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yìj gbtnrbd` g`rbp`g` Wueì Rìj Dè` Ns`, sudknr yìj s`d` sè`f` ([. [`f`lrbseiì & D.

[`fìtenrì, 0227, ;7-;>).

[up` sucb Sebv` I`g`r`f`r dbs`miy` knjbtu ladprnenisbo snebijj`lì g`p`tdnrìjludlì e`dpbr snkè`jbì kns`r prbisbp-prbisbp `s`s lnpnrc`y`ì lntueìì g`m`d

`j`d` Ebigu. sneukuijì gnijì btu kb`rmè lbt` dninmbtb knknr`p` rup` sucb / sbdkam sup`y`

`spnl bib g`p`t gbfbw`b.

Dullì (Wbj` D`t` Sucb)

Wbj` d`t` snc`r` sbdkambl dniìg`lì laisnp tbj` cè`y`, d`t` lìì dniìg`lì d`tè`rb,

d`t` lbrb dniìg`lì kumì dì`l`m` d`t` lntbj` dnif`gb sbdkam `pb(`jib). D`t` lntbj` turut

dniìg`lì ln`rboì(Iyì`d).

@ke`y`l L`r`d (Wìjì Xnmbiguij)

Sbdkam tìjì pnmbiguij dniìg`lì `spnl tueì yìj `lì dnije`puslì lnt`lutì snrt`

dnif`dbilì lnsnm`d tì pnijjìut yìj dniynrèlì gbrb dnrnl` p`g` Wueì,


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_`r`te`l L`r`d (Wìjì @iujnrè)

_`r`te`l l`r`d dnrup`lì sbdkam ìujnrè. Sbdkam bib dndu`tlì laisnp snrt` sbo`t WueìRìj Dè` L`ruib`/Lurib`.

J`f` Dul`d (Dul` J`fè Gnw` _bi`y`j`r)

Dul` j`fè k`jb gnw` _bi`y`j`r snkni`riy` `g`mè dnif`gb k`yìjì dìtr` sucb(prì`v`dìtbr`d), '@^D' yìj gbsnkut snk`j`b 'AD'. Xnrl`r` bib g`p`t gblni`mp`stb gnijì dugè

snlbrìy` dul` Gnw` _bi`y`j`r gbtnmbtb. Xrì`v` Dìtebr`d dnrup`lì dìtr` tnr`s yìj

ut`d`, btumè snk`kiy` Gnw` _bi`y`j`r gbsbo`tlì snk`j`b Gnw` ^t`d` gì sndkèyìj

gbdum`lì gnijì pufb-pufbì lnp`g` Gnw` _bi`y`j`r.

Dul` tnrsnkut turut dniìg`lì kè`w` Wueì fuj` wufug g`m`d knitul

kuiyb(dìtebr`d), dnrnstub ud`t dìusb`. Lnp`m` yìj kns`r snc`r` sbdkambl dniìg`lì


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ln`rboì yìj tnrpufb (J. D. Sukr`dìb`d, 022>, >?-?0). Amne btu Gnw` _bi`y`j`r `g`mè

sudknr ln`rboì yìj tnrpufb. Btumè ìt`r` snk`k dnij`p` gnw` _bi`y`j`r gbsbo`tlì snk`j`b,

'Iy`ì`l Lamuiteu' (sudknr ln`rboì) g`m`d l`ry` Webrudìtebr`d.

Weaitb _`ybru (Xnrut Kuicbt)

J`dk`rì pnrut kuicbt k`jb Gnw` _bi`y`j`r dniìg`lì kè`w` lnsnmurueì `m`d sndnst`

tnrdu`t g`m`d Gbrb Wueì (L. Lrutebl`, ;808, 0;7). Snc`r` sbdkambl laisnp bib gbkìgbijlì

gnijì bku yìj dnijìguij. Snpnrtbdì` bku t`gb dndnmbe`r` ì`l g`m`d lìguijìiy`

gnijì pniue pnre`tbì gì l`sbe s`yìj knjbtumè rupìy` Wueì dnif`j` `m`d bib knrs`d`

d`lmuliy`. Bib dnrup`lì pnifnm`sì o`msòè k`jb sbdkam pnrut kuicbt yìj gbj`dk`rlì

k`jb Gnw` _bi`y`j`r (J. D. Sukr`dìb`d, 022>, ?:).

^g`bite` Wìte`d (J`gbij X`tè)

J`gbij p`tè / ug`bite` tìte`d dniìg`lì `spnl pnicbpt`ì tueì. Gnw` _bi`y`j`r

gbl`t`lì dnijjui`lì j`gbij t`gb uitul dnij`rìj l`ry` Dè`ke`r`te` (L. Lrutebl`,


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Iìteb (Mndku Fìtì)

Iìteb snc`r` sbdkambl dnif`gb lnignr`ì k`jb Gnw` Sebv`. Amne btu p`tuij sucb Iìteb

`lì lnmbe`tì gb sndu` lubm Gnw` Sebv`. Sntb`p gnw` gì Gnwb g`m`d tr`gbsb Ebigu

dndbmblb lnignr`ì sbdkambl d`sbij-d`sbij. Lnignr`ì sbdkamb bib dniìg`lì rae bigbvbgu

yìj sne`rusiy` snitb`s` dndpnrbij`tb Wueì gì dnif`gblì Wueì snk`j`b tuifìj

lnebgupìiy`.

X`tuij sucb Iìteb gb lubm kns`r Weìf`vur, W`dbm I`gu kamne gb`dkbm snk`j`b caitae.

Gb lubm bib tnrg`p`t gu` kuè p`tuij Iìteb. Xnrt`dìy` `g`mè kns`r g`rb snjb s`bziy` gì

lnguìy` `g`mè lncbm. X`tuij sucb Iìteb yìj kns`r gbtndp`tlì gb

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