SOAL (ST3, Dr. Susi)

Soal tipe 1: pilih salah satu jawaban yang paling benar.

1. Mekanisme kerja hormon-hormon berikut memodulasi ekspresi gen, KECUALI :A. insulin. B. tiroid C. estrogenD. androgenE. mineralokortikoid

Pembahasan :File : :HORMON.pptSlide : 8, 10 (point pertama) dan 13Hormon kelompok I reseptor intraseluler dan kelarutan: lipofilik. Hormon kelompok I (steroid dan tiroid) berinteraksi dengan reseptor intraselular, dan kompleks ini membangkitkan signal yang mengatur ekspresi gen. I. Hormon yang berikatan dengan reseptor intraselular

Androgen; KalsitriolEstrogen; MineralokortikoidGlukokortikoid; ProgestinAsam retionat; Hormon Tiroid (T3 dan T4)

2. Berikut ini yang merupakan second messenger berasal dari asam arakidonat adalah:A. cAMPB. diasilgliserol (DAG)C. inositolphosphat (IP3)D. cGMPE. kalmodulin

3. Insulin mempengaruhi glikogenesis dengan cara:A. menghambat glikogen sintaseB. meningkatkan ekspresi GLUT-4C. mengaktifkan fosfatase-1 yang menyebabkan defosforilasi glikogen sintase D. mengaktifkan glikogen fosforilaseE. bukan salah satu di atas

4. Kekurangan insulin menyebabkan, KECUALIA. ambilan glukosa oleh sel otot berkurangB. peningkatan degradasi asam lemak menghasilkan benda-benda ketonC. peningkatan glukosa darahD. peningkatan glikogenesisE. peningkatan sintesis glukosa sel dari bahan non karbohidrat (glukoneogenesis)

Pembahasan :File : :Hormon2.pptSlide : 22 Laju sekresi Insulin ditentukan oleh konsentrasi Glukosa dalam darah Kadar gula darah laju sekresi Insulin Peningkatan kadar mempercepat masuknya Glukosa dari darah hati & otot Glikogen Insulin menyebabkan Glukosa yang diabsorbsi setelah makan segera disimpan dalam hati dalam bentuk Glikogen

5. Berikut ini adalah sitokin yang berperan langsung pada respons imun, KECUALI:A. histaminB. asetilkolinC. prostaglandinD. interferon gama (IFN-γ)E. Tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNF-α)

Pembahasan :File : :HORMON LOKAL.pptSlide : 7, 8, 10, 14-15Histamine is an organic nitrogen compound involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the

gut and acting as a neurotransmitter.[1] Histamine triggers the inflammatory response. As part of an immune response to foreign pathogens, histamine is produced by basophils and by mast cells found in nearby connective tissues.

Prostaglandin is any member of a group of lipid compounds that are derived enzymatically from fatty acids and have important functions in the animal body. Every prostaglandin contains 20 carbon atoms, including a 5-carbon ring.

• They are mediators and have a variety of strong physiological effects, such as regulating the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle tissue.[1] Prostaglandins are autocrine or paracrine, which are locally acting messenger molecules.

Neurotransmitters: chemical released by neurons to stimulate neighbouring neurons, allowing impulses to be passed from one cell to the next throughout the nervous system. Many chemicals are believed to act as neurotransmitters. The few that have been identified include acetylcholine, dopamine, and

serotonin.Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, cachexin or cachectin and formerly known as tumor necrosis factor-alpha) is a cytokine involved in

systemic inflammation and is a member of a group of cytokines that stimulate the acute phase reaction. The primary role of TNF is in the regulation of immune cells.

Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a dimerized soluble cytokine that is the only member of the type II class of interferons. IFN-γ, or type II interferon, is a cytokine that is critical for innate and adaptive immunity against viral and intracellular bacterial infections and for tumor control.

6. Berikut ini merupakan hormone parakrin, KECUALI:A. histaminB. bradikininC. asetilkolinD. dopaminE. insulin

Pembahasan :-File : :HORMON.pptSlide : 6Hormone parakrin memiliki target sel di sekitar sel sekretori, beberapa sitokin dan neurotransmitter berefek parakrin.

-File : :HORMON LOKAL.pptSlide : 7,8,10Histamine is an organic nitrogen compound involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the

gut and acting as a neurotransmitter.[1] Histamine triggers the inflammatory response. As part of an immune response to foreign pathogens, histamine is produced by basophils and by mast cells found in nearby connective tissues. Histamine increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and other proteins, in order to allow them to engage foreign invaders in the infected tissues.[2] It is found in virtually all animal body cells

Prostaglandin is any member of a group of lipid compounds that are derived enzymatically from fatty acids and have important functions in the animal body. Every prostaglandin contains 20 carbon atoms, including a 5-carbon ring.• They are mediators and have a variety of strong physiological effects, such as regulating the contraction and relaxation of

smooth muscle tissue.[1] Prostaglandins are autocrine or paracrine, which are locally acting messenger molecules.Neurotransmitters: chemical released by neurons to stimulate neighbouring neurons, allowing impulses to be passed from one cell to the next throughout the nervous system. The few that have been identified include acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin.

7. Hormon kortikosteroid dapat disintesis dari:A. Asam glutamatB. OksaloasetatC. Asetil koAD. Asam asetatE. Asam β hidroksi butirat

8. Berikut ini adalah molekul signal yang terbentuk dari fosfolipid membran, KECUALI:A. prostaglandin D. cAMPB. diasilgliserol (DAG) E. leukotrienC. inositolphosphat (IP3)

9. Hormon yang disekresi suatu sel dan aksinya mempengaruhi sel itu sendiri disebut:A. juxtakrinB. parakrinC. endokrinD. autokrinE. sitokin

10. Berikut ini merupakan kodon inisiasi:A. AUGB. AGUC. UAGD. UGAE. UAA

11. Pada DNA double helix, utas DNA yang satu dihubungkan dengan utas yang lain oleh ikatan:A. Ikatan kovalen

B. Ikatan fosfodiesterC. Ikatan hidrogenD. Gaya LondonE. Ikatan ion

12. Translasi genetik menghasilkan protein terjadi diA. inti selB. ribosomC. sitoplasmaD. mitokondriaE. reticulum endoplasmik