ii

SKRIPSI

DESI IMASTUTI

STUDI PENGGUNAAN FUROSEMIDE PADA

PASIEN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)

(Penelitian di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Sidoarjo)

PROGRAM STUDI FARMASI

FAKULTAS ILMU KESEHATAN

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2017

ii

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iv

KATA PENGANTAR

Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahiwabarakatuh

Alhamdulillahirabbilalamin, segala puji bagi Allah Tuhan Semesta Alam,

yang menghidupkan dan mematikan, yang memberi hidayah kepada yang

dikehendaki dan mencabut hidayah dari yang dikehendaki. Tuhan yang telah

memberikan nikmat sehat, waktu, kemudahan maupun kesabaran sehingga penulis

dapat menyelesaikan skripsi yang berjudul ”STUDI PENGGUNAAN

FUROSEMIDE PADA PASIEN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)

(Penelitian di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Sidoarjo)” untuk mencapai gelar

Sarjana Farmasi pada Program Studi Farmasi Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang. Dalam penyusunan skripsi ini, penulis tidak

terlepas dari peranan pembimbing dan bantuan dari berbagai pihak. Oleh karena

itu, dengan segala kerendahan hati penulis ingin mengucapkan banyak

terimakasih kepada:

1. Allah SWT, yang mana dengan segala rahmat nikmat pertolongan, petunjuk

dan kekuatan dari-Nyalah, penulis dapat menyelesaikan amanah sebagai

mahasiswa di Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang .

2. Bapak Yoyok Bekti P, M.Kep., Sp. Kom., selaku Dekan Fakultas Ilmu

Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang yang telah memberikan

kesempatan penulis untuk belajar di Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas

Muhammadiyah Malang.

3. Ibu Nailis Syifa’ S. Farm., M.Sc., Apt., selaku Ketua Program Studi

Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang yang telah

memberi motivasi dan kesempatan penulis untuk belajar di Fakultas Ilmu

Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.

4. dr. Atok Irawan, Sp.p., selaku direktur Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Sidoarjo

beserta jajarannya khususnya bagian farmasi klinik dan seluruh staf pegawai

bagian rekam medik Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Sidoarjo yang telah

banyak membantu dalam proses pengambilan data skripsi.

5. Ibu Nailis Syifa’ S. Farm., M.Sc., Apt., selaku dosen pembimbing I, Bapak

Drs. Didik Hasmono, M.S., Apt., selaku dosen pembimbing II, Ibu Hidajah

v

Rachmawati, S.Si., Apt., Sp.FRS., selaku dosen penguji I, Ibu Prof. Dra.

Lilik Yusetyani, Apt., Sp. FRS., selaku dosen penguji II. Terimakasih atas

kesabaran dan waktunya untuk membimbing dan meberi saran, pengarahan,

serta dukungan kepada penulis selama penyusunan skripsi.

6. Ibu Siti Rofida, S.Si., Apt., M.Farm., selaku dosen wali beserta semua dosen

Program Studi Farmasi Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, terimakasih

banyak atas arahan, nasehat, dan bimbingannya selama ini.

7. Kedua orang tua, dan adik tercinta yang selalu memberikan dukungan serta

motivasi dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini.

8. Sahabat dan teman terbaik nur awaliyyah, baiq wafa aulia, lathifah

muyassaroh, tya pratiwi, reza diah prataningtyas, ulifah yulianti, ninik

setyowati terimakasih sudah menjadi teman seperjuangan penelitian skripsi

dalam suka dan duka.

9. Untuk semua pihak yang belum disebutkan namanya dikarenakan

keterbatasan, penulisan mohon maaf dan terimakasih yang sebesar-

besarnya. Semua keberhasilan ini tak luput dari bantuan dan doa yang telah

diberikan.

Penulis tidak mampu membalas jasa yang telah diberikan. Semoga Allah

SWT membalas amal kebaikan semua pihak. Penulis menyadari sepenuhnya

bahwa skripsi ini jauh dari kesmepurnaan, oleh karena itu penulis mengharapkan

kritik dan saran yang membangun untuk memperbaiki kekurangan yang ada.

Semoga skripsi ini dapat memberikan manfaat dan kosntribusi dalam dunia

farmasi dan dunia ilmu pengetahuan pada umumnya, serta berguna bagi penelitian

selanjutnya.

Wassalamu’ alaikumwarahmatullahiwabarakatuh

Malang, 03 Juni 2017

Penyusun,

Desi Imastuti

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RINGKASAN

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) didefinisikan sebagai kelainan struktur dan

fungsi ginjal selama tiga bulan atau lebih. Kelainan struktural ginjal meliputi

albuminuria lebih dari 30 mg/hari, terjadinya hematuria atau adanya sel darah

merah dalam sedimen urin, gangguan elektrolit dan kelainan lain akibat gangguan

tubular. Di Indonesia sebanyak 0.2% dari total penduduk di Indonesia menderita

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). WHO memperkirakan di Indonesia akan terjadi

peningkatan penderita gagal ginjal pada tahun 1995-2025 sebesar 41,4%. Menurut

data Persatuan Nefrologi Indonesia (PERNEFRI) diperkirakan terdapat 70.000

penduduk Indonesia yang menderita gagal ginjal, dan angka ini akan terus

meningkat sebesar 10% setiap tahunnya.Dilaporkan pada tahun 2007 hingga 2014

jumlah pasien baru yang melakukan hemodialisis setiap tahunnya terus

meningkat, pada tahun 2007 terdapat 4.997 pasien sedangkan tahun 2014 terdapat

17.193 pasien.Penyebab terjadinya CKD dipengaruhi oleh 3 faktor yaitu faktor

susceptibility, faktor inisiasi, dan faktor progression.

Manifestasi dari CKD terkait dengan uremia umumnya tidak memiliki gejala,

dapat diidentifikasi saat Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) kurang dari 60 ml/min

per 1.73m2. Ketika GFR menunjukkan 15-30 ml/min per 1.73m

2 maka frekuensi

hipertensi sebesar 75%, anemia 50%, hiperparatiroid, hiperfosfatemia, dan

asidosis sebesar 20%, hipokalsemia dan serum albumin rendah sebesar 5-10%.

Penurunan fungsi ginjal yang progresif menyebabkan penurunan GFR dan massa

tubular. Penurunan GFR mengakibatkan menurunnya filtrasi Na+

dan ekspansi

volume. Ekspansi volume akan memicu penurunan absorbsi Na pada tubular

ginjal, namun kegagalan dalam menekan reabsosbsi Na akan meningkatkan

volume cairan ekstrasellular. Massa tubular yang berkurang juga akan menekan

reabsorbsi Na pada setiap nefron. Namun penekanan yang tidak tepat pada

reabsorbsi tubular akan lebih meningkatkan volume dan memicu hipertensi

sehingga pasien CKD diberikan furosemide untuk mengatasi edema dan

hipertensi. Furosemide ialah turunan dari asam 5-sulfamoil-2 aminobenzoat yang

memiliki struktur dan aktifitas diuretik optimum. Furosemide tetap menjadi

diuretik pilihan untuk mengontrol tekanan darah dan mengurangi gejala edema

karena furosemide dapat meningkatkan ekskresi fraksinasi Na sebesar 20% dan

efisien tanpa dipengaruhi GFR. Mekanisme aksi dari furosemide terletak di ansa

henle asenden dengan menghambat transport aktif klorida pada channel Na-K-2Cl

yang terletak pada luminal membran sehingga menghalangi reabsorbsi natrium

dan klorida yang menyebabkan terjadinya natriuresis. Penghambatan aktif

transport klorida oleh furosemide menyebabkan terjadinya natriuresis secara cepat

dengan mengurangi gradien filtrasi dan mencegah reabsorbsi pasif air pada nefron

sehingga natrium akan diekskresikan bersama urin dan volume cairan

exstrasellular kembali normal.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mempelajari dan menganalisa pola

penggunaan furosemide terkait dosis, rute, frekuensi, dan lama pemberian yang

dikaitkan dengan data klinik dan data laboratorium pada pasien Chronic Kidney

Disease (CKD) di Instalasi rawat Inap Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Sidoarjo.

Penelitian ini dilakukan secara observasional dengan rancangan penelitian

secara deskriptif dan pengumpulan data secara retrospektif dimana data yang

digunakan adalah data primer berupa Rekam Medik Kesehatan (RMK). Kriteria

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inklusi dari penelitian ini meliputi pasien dengan diagnosis CKD dengan data

Rekam Medis Kesehatan (RMK) yang mencakup data terapi obat furosemide dan

obat lain yang menyertai di Instalasi rawat inap Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah

Sidoarjo mulai periode 1 Januari 2016 sampai 31 Agustus 2016, diperoleh

sebanyak 32 data Rekam Medik Kesehatan (RMK) sebagai sampel. Dimana data

tersebut semuanya termasuk kriteria inklusi. Data demografi pasien berdasarkan

jenis kelamin, terdapat 19 pasien laki-laki (59%) dan13 pasien perempuan (41%).

Pada penelitian, diperoleh kelompok usia terbanyak yang menderita CKD adalah

rentang usia 51-60 tahun (40%). Klasifikasi CKD terbanyak adalah GFR <15

ml/mnt/1,73 m2 (72%). Faktor resiko paling banyak ditemukan adalah hipertensi

(68%).

Pola penggunaan furosemide tunggal sebanyak 28 pasien (58%),

penggunaan kombinasi dua sebanyak 10 pasien (21%), dan penggunaan

kombinasi tiga sebanyak 10 pasien (21%). Pola penggunaan furosemide tunggal

paling banyak adalah furosemide (3x20 mg) IV sebanyak 9 pasien (32%).

Penggunaan furosemide kombinasi 2 paling banyak adalah furosemide (2x20 mg)

IV + amlodipin (1x10 mg) PO sebanyak 3 pasien (15%). Penggunaan kombinasi 3

paling banyak adalah furosemide (3x40 mg) IV + amlodipin (1x10 mg) PO +

valsartan (1x160 mg) PO sebanyak 1 pasien (10%). Penggunaan dosis, rute, dan

frekuensi furosemide yang diberikan sudah sesuai dengan guideline yang ada.

x

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL .......................................................................................... i

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ............................................................................... ii

LEMBAR PENGUJIAN ................................................................................... iii

KATA PENGANTAR ....................................................................................... iv

RINGKASAN .................................................................................................... vi

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................viii

ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................... ix

DAFTAR ISI ....................................................................................................... x

DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................ xiv

DAFTAR GAMBAR ......................................................................................... xv

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .................................................................................... xvi

DAFTAR SINGKATAN .................................................................................. xvii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................... 1

1.1 Latar Belakang .............................................................................................. 1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah ......................................................................................... 4

1.3 Tujuan Penelitian .......................................................................................... 4

1.3.1 Tujuan Umum .......................................................................................... 4

1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus .......................................................................................... 4

1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................................ 4

1.4.1 Bagi Peneliti ............................................................................................. 4

1.4.2 Bagi Rumah Sakit ..................................................................................... 5

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ........................................................................ 6

2.1 Tinjauan tentang Ginjal ................................................................................. 6

2.1.1 Anatomi dan Struktur Ginjal .................................................................... 6

2.1.2 Pembuluh Darah Ginjal ............................................................................ 7

2.1.3 Fungsi Ginjal ............................................................................................ 8

2.2 Tinjauan tentang Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) ...................................... 9

2.2.1 Definisi Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) ................................................ 9

2.2.2 Epidemiologi Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) ...................................... 10

2.2.3 Etiologi Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) ............................................... 10

2.2.4 Klasifikasi Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) .......................................... 14

xi

2.2.5 Faktor Resiko Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) ..................................... 14

2.2.6 Patofisiologi Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) ....................................... 15

2.2.7 Manifestasi Klinis Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) .............................. 17

2.2.7.1 Edema ............................................................................................... 17

2.2.7.2 Anemia ............................................................................................. 20

2.2.7.3 Mineral Bone Disease ...................................................................... 20

2.2.7.4 Hiperkalemia .................................................................................... 20

2.2.7.5 Asidosis Metabolik ........................................................................... 21

2.2.8 Diagnosa Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) ............................................. 21

2.2.8.1 Pemeriksaan laboratorium ................................................................ 21

2.2.8.2 Pemeriksaan penunjang .................................................................... 22

2.2.9 Penatalaksanaan Terapi CKD .................................................................. 22

2.2.9.1 Antihipertensi ................................................................................... 22

2.2.9.1.1 Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor (ACEI) dan

Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARB) .................................. 23

2.2.9.1.2 Beta bloker .............................................................................. 24

2.2.9.1.3 Agonis Alfa 2 Sentral ............................................................. 25

2.2.9.1.4 Calcium-Channel Blockers (CCB) ........................................ 26

2.2.9.1.5 Diuretik ................................................................................... 27

2.2.9.1.5.1 Diuretik Tiazid ................................................................. 27

2.2.9.1.5.2 Loop Diuretik................................................................... 28

2.2.9.1.5.2.1 Karakteristik Kimia Furosemide .............................. 29

2.2.9.1.5.2.2 Dosis Furosemide ..................................................... 29

2.2.9.1.5.2.3 Farmakodinamik Furosemide ................................... 30

2.2.9.1.5.2.4 Farmakokinetik Furosemide ..................................... 30

2.2.9.1.5.2.5 Efek Samping dan Kontraindikasi Furosemide ........ 31

2.2.9.1.5.2.6 Interaksi Furosemide ................................................ 32

2.2.9.1.5.3 Diuretik Hemat Kalium ................................................... 32

2.2.9.2 Terapi Edema ................................................................................... 33

2.2.9.3 Terapi Anemia .................................................................................. 34

2.2.9.4 Terapi Mineral Bone Disease ........................................................... 34

2.2.9.5 Terapi Hiperkalemia ......................................................................... 35

xii

2.2.9.6 Terapi Asidosis Metabolik ............................................................... 35

2.2.10Furosemide pada Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) ................................ 36

BAB III KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL .......................................................... 40

3.1 Kerangka Konseptual ................................................................................... 40

3.2 Kerangka Operasional .................................................................................. 42

BAB IV METODE PENELITIAN .................................................................. 43

4.1 Rancangan Penelitian ................................................................................... 43

4.2 Populasi dan Sampel .................................................................................... 43

4.2.1 Populasi ................................................................................................... 43

4.2.2 Sampel ..................................................................................................... 43

4.2.3 Kriteria Data Inklusi ................................................................................ 43

4.2.4 Kriteria Data Eksklusi ............................................................................. 43

4.3 Bahan Penelitian .......................................................................................... 43

4.4 Instrumen Penelitian .................................................................................... 43

4.5 Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ...................................................................... 44

4.6 Metode Pengumpulan Data .......................................................................... 44

4.7 Analisa Data ................................................................................................. 44

4.8 Definisi Operasional .................................................................................... 44

BAB V HASIL PENELITIAN ......................................................................... 47

5.1 Data Demografi Pasien ................................................................................ 48

5.1.1 Jenis Kelamin Pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) ......................... 48

5.1.2 Usia Pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) ......................................... 48

5.1.3 Status Pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) ...................................... 48

5.2 Klasifikasi Pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) .................................... 49

5.3 Penyakit Penyerta Pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) ........................ 49

5.4 Tindakan Hemodialisis Pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) ................ 50

5.5 Faktor Resiko Pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) .............................. 50

5.6 Manajemen Terapi pada Pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) .............. 50

5.6.1 Pola Penggunaan Furosemide pada Pasien Chronic Kidney Disease

(CKD) ........................................................................................................ 50

5.6.2 Pola Penggunaan furosemide tunggal pada Pasien Chronic Kidney Disease

(CKD) ....................................................................................................... 51

xiii

5.6.3 Pola Penggunaan Terapi Kombinasi Furosemide Pada Pasien Chronic

Kidney Disease (CKD) ............................................................................. 51

5.6.4 Pola Penggunaan Terapi Furosemide dengan Pergantian (Switch) ........ 53

5.6.5 Lama Penggunaan Furosemide pada Pasien Chronic Kidney Disease

(CKD) ........................................................................................................ 54

5.6.6 Terapi lain yang diterima pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) ......... 54

5.7 Lama Perawatan Pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) .......................... 55

5.8 Kondisi Keluar Rumah Sakit Pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) ....... 56

BAB VI PEMBAHASAN .................................................................................. 57

BAB VII KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ......................................................... 78

7.1 Kesimpulan .................................................................................................. 78

7.2 Saran ............................................................................................................ 78

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................ 79

LAMPIRAN ....................................................................................................... 80

xiv

DAFTAR TABEL Tabel Halaman

II.1 (Klasifikasi CKD) ........................................................................................ 14

II.2 (Dosis antihipertensi golongan ACEI dan ARB pda CKD) ........................ 24

II.3 (Dosis antihipertensi golongan beta bloker) ................................................ 25

II.4 (Dosis antihipertensi golongan alfa agonis sentral) ..................................... 26

II.5 (Dosis antihipertensi golonganCCB) ........................................................... 26

II.6 (Dosis dan farmakokinetik diuretik thiazid pada CKD) .............................. 28

II.7 (Dosis loop diuretik pada CKD) ................................................................. 30

II.8 (Farmakokinetik loop diuretik) ................................................................... 31

II.9 (Dosis dan farmakokinetik diuretik hemat kalium pada CKD) ................... 33

II.10 (Terapi hiperkalemia) .................................................................................. 35

II.11 (Nama dagang, kandungan, dan bentuk sediaan furosemide) ..................... 38

V.1 (Jenis kelamin pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) ............................... 48

V.2 (Usia pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) ............................................. 48

V.3 (Status pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) ........................................... 48

V.4 (Klasifikasi pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) ................................... 49

V.5 (Penyakit penyerta pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) ........................ 49

V.6 (Tindakan hemodialisis pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) ................ 50

V.7 (Faktor resiko pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) ............................... 50

V.8 (Pola penggunaan furosemide pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) ...... 50

V.9 (Pola penggunaan furosemide tunggal pasien Chronic Kidney Disease

(CKD) .......................................................................................................... 51

V.10 (Pola penggunaan furosemide kombinasi pasien Chronic Kidney Disease

(CKD) .......................................................................................................... 51

V.11 (Pola penggunaan furosemide dengan pergantian (switch) Chronic Kidney

Disease (CKD)............................................................................................. 53

V.12 (Lama penggunaan furosemide pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) .... 54

V.13 (Terapi lain yang diterima pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) ............ 55

V.14 (Lama perawatan pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) .......................... 55

V.15 (Kondisi keluar rumah sakit pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) ......... 56

xv

DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar Halaman

2.1 (Anatomi ginjal)........................................................................................... 6

2.2 (Struktur nefron ginjal) ................................................................................ 7

2.3 (Aliran darah pada pembuluh darah ginjal) ................................................. 8

2.4 (Patofisiologi CKD degan aktivasi Sistem Renin Angiotensin) .................. 17

2.5 (Tekanan onkotik dan tekanana hidrostatik)................................................ 18

2.6 (Site of action diuretik pada nefron ginjal) ................................................. 27

2.7 (Struktur Furosemide) .................................................................................. 29

3.1 (Skema Kerangka Konseptual) .................................................................... 41

3.2 (Skema Kerangka Operasional) ................................................................... 42

5.1 (Skema inklusi dan eksklusi penggunaan furosemide pada pasien Chronic

Kidney Disease (CKD) di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah sidoarjo ............... 47

xvi

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN Lampiran Halaman

1 Daftar Riwayat Hidup .................................................................................. 89

2 Surat Pernyataan .......................................................................................... 90

3 Daftar Nilai Normal Data Klinik dan Data Laboratorium ........................... 91

4 Nota Dinas ................................................................................................... 92

5 Surat Ijin Penelitian ..................................................................................... 93

6 Kode Etik ..................................................................................................... 94

7 Perhitungan Pemberian Furosemide Melalui Pump .................................... 95

8 Lembar Pengumpulan Data Pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) di

Instalasi Rawat Inap RSUD Sidoarjo .......................................................... 96

9 Tabel Induk Pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) di Instalasi Rawat

Inap RSUD Sidoarjo ................................................................................ 180

xvii

DAFTAR SINGKATAN

ACE : Angiotensin Converting Enzyme

ADH : Antidiuretik Hormon

ARB : Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker

BP : Blood Pressure

CCB : Calcium Channel Blocker

CKD : Chronic Kidney Disease

CCT : Clearance Creatinin Test

ESA : eritropoeitic-stimulating Agent

ESRD : End Stage Renal Disease

GFR : Glomelular Filtration Rate

KDIGO : Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome

KDOQI : Kidney Disease Quality Outcome Initiative

NIDDK : National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease

LPD : Lembar Pengumpul Data

NKF : National Kidney Foundation

NO : Nitric Oxide

NSAID : Nonsteroidal Anti Inflamantory Disease

PERNEFRI : Persatuan Nefrologi Indonesia

PTH : Parathiroid Hormon

RAA : Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron

RISKESDAS : Riset Kesehatan Dasar

RMK : Rekam Medis Kesehatan

RRT : Renal Replacement Therapy

SHPT : Secondary-hyperparathyroidism

SIGN : Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network

SLE : Systemic Lupus Erythematous

TGF : transforming growth factor

VDAE : Volume Darah Arteri Efektif

79

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