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MODULE 2

Grade X

RELATIVE CLAUSE

By

Catharina Awang Wara Kinanthi, S.Pd

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I. Kompetensi Inti

1. Menghayati dan mengamalkan ajaran agama yang dianutnya dan Spiritualitas Santa Angela.

2. Menghayati dan mengamalkan perilaku jujur, disiplin, tanggung jawab, peduli (gotong royong, kerjasama, toleran, damai), santun, responsif dan pro-aktif dan menunjukkansikap sebagai bagian dari solusi atas berbagai permasalahan dalam berinteraksi secara efektif dengan lingkungan sosial dan alam serta dalam menempatkan diri sebagai cerminan bangsa dalam pergaulan dunia.

3. Memahami, menerapkan, menganalisis pengetahuan faktual, konseptual, prosedural berdasarkan rasa ingin tahunya tentang ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi, seni, budaya, dan humaniora dengan wawasan kemanusiaan, kebangsaan, kenegaraan, dan peradaban terkait penyebab fenomena dan kejadian, serta menerapkan pengetahuan prosedural pada bidang kajian yang spesifik sesuai dengan bakat dan minatnya untuk memecahkan masalah.

4. Mengolah, menalar, dan menyaji dalam ranah konkret dan ranah abstrak terkait dengan pengembangan dari yang dipelajarinya di sekolah secara mandiri, dan mampu menggunakan metoda sesuai kaidah keilmuan

II. Kompetensi Dasar

1.1 Mensyukuri kesempatan dapat mempelajari bahasa Inggris sebgai bahasa pengantar komunikasi internasional yang diwujudkan dalam semangat belajar.

2.2 Menunjukan perilaku jujur, disiplin, percaya diri, dan bertanggung jawab dalam melaksanakan komunikasi transaksional dengan guru dan teman Menangkap makna relative clauses lisan dan tulis.

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4.2 Menyusun teks lisan dan tulis untuk menyatakan, menanyakan, dan merespon relative clauses, dengan memperhatikan fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan yang benar dan sesuai konteks.

III. Tujuan Pembelajaran Siswa diharapkan dapat: 1. Memahami penggunaan relative clauses dengan cerdas. 2. Memahami kegunaan masing-masing komponen relative clauses

dengan cerdas. 3. Menghasilkan kalimat dengan menggunakan relative clauses dengan

gigih.

Conceptual Map

Relative Clause

(who, whom, which, whose, that)

Defining

Non Defining

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RELATIVE CLAUSE

Clause

A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb.

Main clause

A main clause (or independent clause) is a complete sentence. It contains the

main subject and verb of a sentence.

Relative clause

A relative clause (or adjective clause) is a dependent clause that has to be connected to a main clause. Relative clause modifies a noun. It describes, identifies, or gives further information about a noun.

Now, read the sentence below.

The family who lives next door moved here from Ireland.

The main clause is ‘The family ... moved here from Ireland.’ The relative clause is ‘... who lives next door.’

Relative pronouns

Relative pronouns are used to link two sentences that have the same noun or pronoun in them. Relative pronouns form the beginning of a relative clause.

who (It is used to refer to people.) I saw the man who closed the door whom (It is possible instead of who when it is the object of the verb in

the relative clause. It is normally used in formal style.)The man whom I saw was Mr. Smith.

which (It is used to refer to things.) The book which is on the table is mine.

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that (It is used to refer to people and things.) Where is the cheese that is in the fridge?

whose (It is used to show possession.)We saw some people whose car had broken down.

where (It is used to refer to places.)The hotel where we stayed wasn't very clean.

when (It is used to refer to a noun of time.) I'll never forget the day when I met you.

REVIEW ON RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Exercise 1 Make one sentence from two. Use the appropriate relative pronoun. 1. A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in the hospital.

___________________________________________

2. A man answered the phone. He told me you were away. ___________________________________________

3. A waitress served us. She was very impolite and impatient. ___________________________________________

4. I come from the country. Its history goes back thousands of years. ___________________________________________

5. The meeting was interesting. I went to it. _____________________________________________

Exercise 2

Complete each sentence using who/whom/whose/where.

1. A pacifist is a person ____________ believes that all wars are wrong. 2. An orphan is a child ____________ parents are dead. 3. The place _____________ we spent our holidays was really beautiful. 4. This school is only for children _____________ first language is not English. 5. I don't know the name of the woman to ______________I spoke on the

phone.

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DEFINING & NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE

A. Defining relative clauses

These describe the preceding noun in such a way to distinguish it from other nouns of the same class. These clauses give essential information and clear understanding about the noun.

Subject Object Possessive

People Who / that Whom / who/that whose

Things Which/that Which/that Whose/of which

For people:

1. Subject (who/that)

who is normally used: The girl who won the race is happy.

2. Object of a verb (who/whom/that) whom is considered very formal:

The man whom I saw told me to come back today.

3. Possessive (whose)

whose is only the possible form: I know the man whose bicycle was

stolen.

For things:

1. Subject (which/that) which is more formal:

The stairs which lead to the cellar are slippery.

2. Object of a verb (which/that)

The car which/that I hired broke down.

3. Possessive

I bought the house whose wall was blue.

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REVIEW ON DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Exercise

Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with who, whom, which or whose.

1. Harry is the boy _________ broke the window.

2. I liked the woman ________I met at the party last night.

3. I met the woman _________ husband is the president of the

corporation.

4. My father often talks about the things ________ he did when he was a

boy.

5. The girl _________ was top of our class is very pretty.

6. I showed my father the watch _________ I won as a prize.

7. The story ______ we liked the best was the one about the lion and the

rabbit.

8. Many of us _______ have studied English are embarrassed to speak it.

9. I live in dormitory _________ residents come from many countries.

10. After the party I put the gifts _______ I received into my cupboard.

B. Non-defining relative clauses

These clauses are not define the noun. They give extra information about it.

They are not necessary for the comprehension of the whole sentence. This is

why they are written between commas. In this sentence, we cannot use that

and we cannot omit the relative pronouns.

subject object Possessive

People Who Whom/who Whose

things which which Whose/of which

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For people:

1. Subject (who)

No other pronoun is possible.

My neighbor, who is very kind, always helps me to do the homework.

2. Object (whom/who)

The pronoun cannot be omitted. Whom is the correct form, though

who is sometimes used in conversation.

Santi, whom everyone suspected, turned out to be innocent.

3. Possessive (whose)

Dylan and Aaron, who did not come to class yesterday, explained their

absence to the teacher.

For things:

1. Subject (which)

that is not used here:

Taksaka Pagi train, which is usually very punctual, was late today.

2. Object (which)

that is not used here and the which can never be omitted.

She gave me this jacket, which she had knitted herself.

3. Possessive (whose)

His house, whose window are all broken, was a depressing sight.

REVIEW ON NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Exercise

Add commas to these sentences, marking the non-defining relative clauses

1. Ayu Utami whose books are famous lives in Jakarta.

2. The wet season which usually begins in November brings heavy rain.

3. This bag which I found on the bus contains over 100,000 rupiah.

4. Susanti who works for Garuda is an air hostess.

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5. Our house which over 100 years old is made of brick.

Exercise 1 Rewrite the sentences below using relative clauses.

1. The man poured a glass of water on his face. His beard caught on fire when he lit a cigarette. ____________________________________________

2. The dogcatcher caught the dog. It bit my neighbor's daughter. ____________________________________________

3. The man gave me a good advice. I spoke to him on the way home. _____________________________________________

4. I have really missed my hometown. I lived a cheerful childhood there. ____________________________________________

5. The young women are all from Japan. We met them at the theater last night. _____________________________________________

Exercise 2 Underline the adjective clause in each of the following sentences. Circle the word it modifies.

1. Mike, whose ancestors came from Ireland, marched in the St. Patrick's Day

parade.

2. The woman who lives next door is a registered nurse.

3. Virginia, is a place that I'd like to visit.

4. Math, which is Dave's favorite subject, has always been easy for him.

5. There is the house that I'd like to buy.

6. Larry's letter, which he mailed Tuesday, reached me on Thursday.

7. Summer, which is my favorite season, will be here in another week.

8. Phil is reading The Call of the Wild, which is Jack London's most famous

book.

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9. We live just twenty miles from O'Hare Airport, which is the world's busiest

airport.

10. Newton is the town where Barbara was born.

Exercise 3 Make one sentence using relative pronouns. Decide if the information is necessary or not, defining or non-defining relative clauses?

1. There’s a woman living next door. She is a doctor. _______________________________________________

2. I’ve got a brother called Jim. He lives in London. He’s a fireman. ________________________________________________

3. There was a strike at the car factory. It lasted ten days. It is now over. _______________________________________________

4. I was looking for a book this morning. I’ve found it now. _______________________________________________

5. London was once the largest city in the world. The population is now falling. ‘ _______________________________________________

Exercise 4 Combine the following sentences by changing the second sentence to a relative clause.

1. I found the money. The money belonged to Jack. _____________________________________________

2. She has a good memory. Her memory always serves her well. ____________________________________________

3. This is the woman. I told you about the woman. ______________________________________________

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4. I have a document. The document proves my innocence. _______________________________________________

5. They want to visit the country. Marsha comes from the country. ___________________________________________

Exercise 5 Combine the sentences, using the second sentence as an adjective clause.

1. I saw the man. He closed the door.

2. The girl is happy. She won the race.

3. The student is from China. He sits next to me.

4. The students are from China. They sit in the front row.

5. We are studying sentences. They contain adjective clauses.

6. The book was good. I read it.

7. I liked the woman. I met her at the party last night.

8. I liked the competition. You wrote it.

9. I must thank the people. I got a present from them.

10. The man is standing over there. I was telling you about him.

Exercise 6 Rewrite each pair of sentences as one sentence using a relative clause (where, when or why).

1. His mid-teens were the time. He first became interested in politics

2. Edinburg ia the city. I’d most like to live there.

3. This is a picture of the place. We are going to visit it next June.

4. The early morning is the time. I think of you.

5. His dishonesty is the main reason. That’s why I left him.

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Glossary

Clause (n) Group of words that contains a subject and a verb.

Define (v) Say or explain what the meaning of a word or phrase is.

Preceding (adj) existing or happening before someone or something

References

Azar, B.S. 1989. Understanding and using English Grammar.

New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Murphy, Raymond. 2001. Grammar in Use Supplementary Exercise. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Puchta, et al. 2013. English in mind. 4th ed. Cambridge: University press.

Walker, E & Elsworth, S. 2000. Grammar Practice for Upper Intermediate Students. England: Pearson Education Limited.