Perbendaharaan kata bahasa inggris dalam bidang akademik

8/11/2019 Perbendaharaan kata bahasa inggris dalam bidang akademik

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An Introduction to the

Academic Word ListAveril Coxhead, Massey University, New Zealand

What is the Academic Word List?

The Academic Word List (AWL) is a list of 570

word families that are commonly found in

academic texts. This list was selected by

examining a large corpus (or collection) of

written academic texts and selecting thewords that occurred:

1 In texts from all four academic facultysections: Arts, Commerce, Law and Science.

2 Over 100 times in the corpus overall.

3 At least 10 times in each academicfaculty section.

4 Outside the 2000 most frequent wordson Michael Wests General Service List

(GSL). The GSL includes everyday wordssuch as I, houseanddo.

These principles ensured that only words that

occurred reasonably frequently in a variety of

study areas were selected.

The AWL targets vocabulary that occurs most

often in written academic texts. These words

also occur in newspapers but not as often as they

do in textbooks. The AWL words appear even

less in fiction. If your focus is learning academicvocabulary, you need to make sure you read

academic textbooks so that you encounter these

words in context.

How is the AWL organized?

The AWL is organized into Word Families.

Word families are made up of the parent word

and family members. Take for example the word

maximise. Its family members include inflections

of the verb such as maximised,maximisesandmaximisingas well as the noun

maximum. The word family also includes the

British spelling of the noun maximisation, as well

as maximization, the US spelling.

If you learn the verb maximise, you will be able

to recognise other family members such as

maximisedwhen you encounter them in your

reading. These words are closely related and themeaning is likely to be the same or similar. When

you are looking for words in this dictionary, think

about other word family members too.

Finally, there are some academic words that

do not have a word family. These words occur

on their own and do not have any inflections.

Examples include nonetheless,so-calledandbehalf.

Why is the AWL important?

The AWL is intended as a reference for students

who are studying or preparing to study at a

tertiary level in English. As a university lecturer,

I was aware of the difficulties that students had

in mastering the vocabulary necessary for written

assignments. The AWL does not include content

vocabulary for particular subjects which students

obviously need to learn as well. The AWL focuses

instead on the non-subject-specific vocabularythat students of any discipline will need to master

in order to produce coherently-structured written

assignments.

The AWL covers up to 10% of the vocabulary

covered in written academic texts. This means

that, on average, one word in 10 in an academic

textbook is in the AWL. Look at the following

extract from an academic text:

EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

Environmental issuesare truly global.Many of the problems, like the releasingof CFCs into the atmosphere, have globaleffects and requireglobal action. Someproblems link to the exploitationof globalcommons theresourcesshared by theinternational communitysuchas ocean beds and the atmosphere.Sometimes small local problems, such

as poisonous gases leaking from landfillsand water pollution, are multiplied somany times in any local contextsthatthey become majorworld hazards. Theenvironmentis a global concern requiringglobal policies.

Academic Word List


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Academic Word List

The highlighted words are all on the AWL.

This sample illustrates clearly that the AWL

can help with decisions about which words are

important for you to learn if you are studying in

an English-speaking country.

How can the AWL help me with

my academic studies?

Knowledge of academic vocabulary is vital for

students studying at an English-speaking

university, particularly for reading and writing.

If you compare estimates of how many words a

native English speaker might know by the age of

18 (approximately 18,000 to 20,000 words) andhow many a learner who has had two or three

hours of schooling in English over

several years (roughly 2000 to 3000 words

depending on the language background of the

student), this gap is enormous. In order to read

and write successfully you need to be able to

recognize as many words as possible in your

textbooks and use as many as possible in your

essays. The bigger your vocabulary, the more you

will be able to cope with the high reading and

writing demands of your studies.

Academic writing tends to be quite formal in

style. The vocabulary items that you use in your

writing can affect the level of formality. Writers

need to know whether a word can be used in a

particular situation. Take for example consequent.

This is marked as formal. You would probably

not choose to use this word when speaking with

friends but you should use it in written English to

take your language to a higher level of formality.

The AWL will help you to focus on issues of

formality. Look out for the formal label in this

dictionary.

Remember that the AWL covers approximately

10% of all vocabulary in a piece of academic

writing. You should aim to have roughly the

same percentage in your own academic writing

too. If you go to the AWL highlighter website

by Sandra Haywood (http://www.nottingham.

ac.uk/~alzsh3/acvocab/awlhighlighter.html) you

can copy and paste your text into it and it will

highlight the AWL words for you. This will enable

you to see how many AWL words you are using

overall and whether you repeat the same words

many times in your writing.

When looking up words from the AWL in this

dictionary you should also focus on the bold

phrases that are highlighted. These show you the

key grammatical patterns and collocations for

that word. Collocations are words that commonly

occur together or near each other in a text, for

example effect on. Collocations and phrasesare important because they help with fluency

in writing and indicate that you are working at a

higher level with academic vocabulary than just

using a word from your own language and its

translation. The collocations in the following text

have been highlighted in blue.

DECLINING BIODIVERSITY

Whatever the effects onthis planets

climate, rain-forest clearance hasanotherundeniable impact. The disappearance ofrain forests is a major factoreroding theearths biodiversity, or, more simplycausing many thousands of species of plantand animal life to disappear forever. Whilerain forests account forjust seven percent ofthe earths surface, they are home to almosthalf of this planets living species. Estimatesof the total numberof species of animalsand plants range from1.5 million toas high

as 30 million. Researchers, in fact, haveidentified more than 1,000 species of antsalone (Wilson, 1991).

What strategies can I use to help

learn the AWL words?

Remember that building your vocabulary takes

time. You are not likely to learn everything you

need to know about a word the very first time you

see it. And dont expect to remember everythingabout a word after looking it up in a dictionary

once. Try some of these ideas to help you with

vocabulary building:

Make the most of the information given in

this dictionary to build up your knowledge of a

word. Look at the bold phrases highlighted in

the entry. These show important grammatical

patterns and collocations. Learn these rather

than the word in isolation.

Even if you think you already know a word,look it up in the dictionary to see if there is any

additional information that you dont know.

Research has shown that repetition helps

people to remember things. Make sure you

build repetition into your learning. You could

do this through using word cards to test

yourself or by keeping a vocabulary notebook.


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Academic Word List

behalfn

beneficialadj

beneficiaryn

benefit1n

benefit2v

bias1n

bias2vbiasedadj

bond1n

bond2v

brevityn

brief1adj

brief2n

brief3v

briefingn

brieflyadv

bulk1n

bulkyadj

capabilityn

capableadj

capacityn

categoryn

cease1v

challenge1n

challenge2v

challengingadj

channel1n

channel2

vchaptern

chart1n

chart2v

chemical1n

chemical2adj

circumstancen

citationn

citev

civiladj

clarificationn

clarifyv

clarityn

classic1adj

classic2n

classicaladj

clausen

code1n

code2v

codedadj

codingn

coherencen

coherentadj

coincidevcoincidencen

coincidentadj

coincidentaladj

collapse1v

collapse2n

colleaguen

commencev

commencementn

comment1n

comment2v

commentaryn

commentatorn

commission1n

commission2v

commitvcommitmentn

committedadj

commodityn

communicableadj

communicatev

communicationn

communicativeadj

communityn

compatibilityn

compatible1adj

compensatevcompensationn

compensatoryadj

compilationn

compilev

complement1n

complement2v

complementaryadj

complex1adj

complex2n

complexityn

component1

ncomponent2adj

compound1n

compound2v

compound3adj

comprehensiveadj

comprisev

computationn

computev

computern

computingn

conceivableadj

conceivev

concentrate1v

concentrationn

conceptn

conceptionn

conceptualadj

concludev

concludingadj

conclusionn

conclusiveadj

concurrentadj

conduct1vconduct2n

conferv

conferencen

confinev

confinedadj

confirmv

confirmationn

conflict1n

conflict2v

conformv

conformationn

conformistadj

conformityn

consensusn

consent1nconsent2v

consequencen

consequentadj

consequentlyadv

considerableadj

considerablyadv

consistv

consistencyn

consistentadj

constancyn

constant1adjconstant2n

constantlyadv

constituencyn

constituent1n

constituent2adj

constitutev

constitutionn

constitutional1adj

constrainv

constrainedadj

constraintnconstruct1v

construct2n

constructionn

constructiveadj

consultv

consultancyn

consultantn

consultationn

consultativeadj

consumev

consumern

consumptionn

contact1n

contact2v

contact3adj

contemporary1adj

contemporary2n

contextn

contextualadj

contextualizev

contract1n

contract2v

contractorncontradictv

contradictionn

contradictoryadj

contrary1n

contrary2adj

contrast1n

contrast2v

contrastingadj

contributev

contributionn

contributorn

controversialadj

controversyn

convenev

conventionnconventionaladj

converse3adj

converselyadv

conversionn

convert1v

convertible 1adj

convincev

convincedadj

convincingadj

cooperatev

cooperationncooperative1adj

coordinate1v

coordinate2n

coordinate3adj

coordinationn

coordinatorn

core1n

core2adj

core3v

corporateadj

corporationncorrespondv

correspondencen

correspondingadj

couple1n

couple2v

createv

creationn

creative1adj

creativityn

creatorn

credit1n

credit2v

creditorn

criterionn

crucialadj

culturaladj

culturallyadv

culture1n

currencyn

cycle1n

cycle2v

cyclicadj

datan

debatableadj

debate1n

debate2v

decaden

decline1n

decline2v

deducev


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Academic Word List

deductionn

definev

definiteadj

definitelyadv

definitionn

definitiveadj

demonstrableadjdemonstratev

demonstrationn

demonstrativeadj

demonstratorn

denialn

denotev

denyv

depressv

depressionn

derivationn

derivative1nderivative2adj

derivev

design1n

design2v

designer1n

despiteprep

detectv

detectionn

detectiven

detectorn

deviate1

vdeviationn

devicen

devotev

devotedadj

devotionn

differentiatev

dimensionn

diminishv

diminutionn

discreteadj

discretionn

discretionaryadj

discriminatev

discriminationn

disestablishv

displacev

displacementn

display1n

display2v

disposableadj

disposaln

disposev

disproportionndisproportionateadj

dissimilaradj

distinctadj

distinctionn

distinctiveadj

distinctlyadv

distortv

distributev

distributionn

distributiveadj

diverseadj

diversifyv

diversityn

document1n

document2vdocumentationn

domainn

domestic1adj

domesticatev

domesticatedadj

dominancen

dominant1adj

dominatev

draft1n

draft2v

draft3adjdraman

dramaticadj

dramatistn

dramatizev

durationn

dynamic1adj

dynamic2n

economicadj

economicaladj

economicallyadveconomicsn

economistn

economy1n

editv

editionn

editorn

editorial1adj

editorial2n

elementn

eliminatev

eliminationn

emergev

emergencen

emergentadj

emergingadj

emphasisn

emphasizev

emphaticadj

empiricaladj

empiricismn

enablev

enablingadj

encounter1vencounter2n

energeticadj

energyn

enforcev

enforcedadj

enforcementn

enhancev

enhancedadj

enormityn

enormousadj

enormouslyadv

ensurev

entityn

environmentn

environmentaladjenvironmentalistn

equatev

equationn

equipv

equipmentn

equivalent1adj

equivalent2n

erodev

erosionn

erroneousadj

errornestablishv

establishedadj

establishmentn

estaten

estimate1n

estimate2v

estimationn

ethicn

ethicaladj

ethnic1adj

ethnic2

nevaluatev

evaluationn

eventualadj

eventualityn

eventuallyadv

evidence1n

evidentadj

evidentialadj

evidentlyadv

evolutionn

evolutionaryadj

evolvev

exceedv

excludev

excludingprep

exclusionn

exclusive1adj

exclusivelyadv

exhibit1v

exhibit2n

exhibitionn

expandv

expansionnexpansionismn

expansiveadj

expert1n

expert2adj

expertisen

explicitadj

exploit1v

exploitationn

export1n

export2v

exportern

exposev

exposedadj

exposuren

externaladjexternalizev

extract1v

extract2n

extractionn

facilitatev

facilitatorn

facilityn

factor1n

factor2v

feature1nfeature2v

federaladj

federationn

feen

file1n

file2v

filingn

final1adj

final2n

finalityn

finalizevfinallyadv

finance1n

finance2v

financialadj

financiern

finiteadj

flexibilityn

flexibleadj

fluctuatev

fluctuationn

focus1v

focus2n

focussedadj

format1n

format2v

formulan

formulatev

forthcomingadj

found2v

foundationn

founder1n

foundingn

frameworknfunction1n

function2v

functionaladj

fund1n

fund2v

fundamentaladj

fundamentallyadv

fundingn


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Academic Word List

furthermoreadv

gendern

generatev

generationn

globalizationn

globengoaln

grade1n

grade2v

gradedadj

grant1v

grant2n

guarantee1v

guarantee2n

guidelinen

henceadvhierarchicaladj

hierarchyn

highlight1v

hypothesisn

hypothesizev

hypotheticaladj

identicaladj

identifiableadj

identificationn

identifyvidentityn

ideologicaladj

ideologyn

ignorancen

ignorantadj

ignorev

illegal1adj

illogicaladj

illustratev

illustrationn

illustrativeadj

imagen

imageryn

immatureadj

immigrantn

immigratev

immigrationn

impact1n

impact2v

implement1v

implement2n

implicatev

implicationnimplicitadj

implyv

imposev

impositionn

impreciseadj

inaccessibleadj

inaccuracyn

inaccurateadj

inadequacyn

inadequateadj

inappropriateadj

incapableadj

incapacitatev

incentiven

incidencenincidentn

incidentallyadv

inclinationn

incline1v

incline2n

incoherentadj

incomen

incompatibleadj

inconceivableadj

inconclusiveadj

inconsistencyninconsistentadj

incorporatev

incorporatedadj

indefiniteadj

indefinitelyadv

index1n

index2v

indicatev

indicationn

indicative1n

indicative2

adjindicatorn

indiscretionn

indistinctadj

individual1adj

individual2n

individualismn

individualistn

individualityn

individuallyadv

inducev

inductionn

inevitabilityn

inevitableadj

inevitablyadv

inferv

inferencen

infiniteadj

infinitelyadv

inflexibleadj

infrastructuren

inherentadj

inhibitv

inhibitionninitial1adj

initiallyadv

initiate1v

initiationn

initiativen

initiatorn

injurev

injuredadj

injuryn

innovatev

innovationn

innovativeadj

innovatorn

input1n

input2vinsecureadj

insert1v

insertionn

insightn

insightfuladj

insignificantadj

inspectv

inspectionn

inspectorn

instabilityn

instance1ninstance2v

institute1n

institute2v

institutionn

institutionaladj

institutionalizedadj

instructv

instructionn

instructiveadj

instructorn

insufficientadjintegraladj

integratev

integratedadj

integrationn

integrityn

intelligencen

intelligentadj

intenseadj

intensifyv

intensityn

intensiveadj

interactv

interactionn

interactiveadj

intermediate1adj

internaladj

internalizev

interpretv

interpretationn

interpretativeadj

interpretiveadj

intervaln

intervenevinterveningadj

interventionn

intrinsicadj

invalidatev

invalidityn

invariableadj

invariablyadv

investv

investigatev

investigationn

investigativeadj

investigatorn

investmentn

investorn

invisibleadjinvokev

involvev

involvementn

irrationaladj

irrelevancen

irrelevantadj

irreversibleadj

isolatev

isolatedadj

isolationn

isolationismnissue1n

issue2v

itemn

jobn

journaln

justifiableadj

justificationn

justifiedadj

justifyv

label1n

label2v

laborn

laboredadj

labour1n

labour2v

labouredadj

layer1n

layer2v

lecture1n

lecture2v

lecturern

legaladj

legalityn

legallyadv

legislatev

legislationn

legislativeadj

legislatorn

legislaturen

levy1v

levy2n

liberal1adjliberal2n

liberalismn

liberalizev

liberallyadv

liberatev

liberatedadj

licencen

licensev


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Academic Word List

licensedadj

likewiseadv

link1v

link2n

linkagen

locatev

locationnlogicn

logicaladj

logiciann

maintainv

maintenancen

major1adj

majorityn

manipulatev

manipulativeadj

manual1adjmanual2n

marginn

marginaladj

marginallyadv

maturationn

mature1adj

mature2v

maturityn

maximizev

maximum1adj

maximum2

nmechanismn

median

mediatev

medical1adj

medium1adj

medium2n

mentaladj

mentalityn

methodn

methodicaladj

methodologyn

migrantn

migratev

migrationn

migratoryadj

military1adj

military2n

minimaladj

minimizev

minimum1adj

minimum2n

ministerialadj

ministrynminor1adj

minorityn

misinterpretv

moden

modificationn

modifyv

monitor1v

motivatedadj

motivationn

motive1n

motive2adj

mutualadj

mutuallyadv

negatevnegative1adj

negative2n

network1n

network2v

networkingn

neutral1adj

neutralityn

neutralizev

neverthelessadv

nonconformistn

nonethelessadvnormn

normal1adj

normal2n

normalityn

normalizev

normallyadv

notionn

notwithstandingprep

nuclearadj

objective1

nobjective2adj

objectivelyadv

obtainv

obtainableadj

obviousadj

obviouslyadv

occupancyn

occupantn

occupationn

occupationaladj

occupiern

occupyv

occurv

occurrencen

oddadj

oddsn

offset1v

ongoingadj

optionn

optionaladj

orient1v

orientatev

orientatedadjorientationn

orientedadj

outcomen

output1n

output2v

overall1adj

overall2adv

overestimate1v

overestimate2n

overlap1v

overlap2n

overseas1adv

overseas2adj

panelnparadigmn

paragraphn

parallel1n

parallel2adj

parallel3v

parametern

participantn

participatev

participationn

participatoryadj

partner1npartnershipn

passive1adj

passive2n

perceivev

percent1adj

percent2n

percentagen

perceptionn

period1n

periodicadj

periodicalnpersistv

persistencen

persistentadj

perspectiven

phase1n

phase2v

phenomenaladj

phenomenonn

philosophern

philosophicaladj

philosophizev

philosophyn

physical1adj

physicallyadv

plus1prep

plus2n

plus3adj

policyn

portion1n

pose1v

pose2n

positive1adj

positivelyadvpotential1adj

potential2n

potentiallyadv

practitionern

precedev

precedencen

precedentn

precedingadj

preciseadj

preciselyadv

precision1n

precision2adj

predictv

predictableadj

predictionnpredominancen

predominantadj

predominantlyadv

predominatev

preliminary1adj

preliminary2n

presumablyadv

presumev

presumptionn

previousadj

previouslyadvprimacyn

primarilyadv

primary1adj

prime1adj

principal1adj

principallyadv

principlen

principledadj

prior1adj

prioritizev

priority1

nproceduraladj

proceduren

proceedv

proceedingn

proceedsn

process1n

process2v

processedadj

professional1adj

professional2n

professionalismn

professionallyadv

prohibitv

prohibitionn

prohibitiveadj

project1n

project2v

projectionn

promotev

promotern

promotionn

proportion1n

proportionaladjproportionateadj

prospect1n

prospectiveadj

protocoln

psychologicaladj

psychologistn

psychologyn

publicationn


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Academic Word List

symbolicadj

symbolismn

symbolizev

tape1n

tape2v

target1ntarget2v

task1n

task2v

team1n

team2v

technicaladj

technicallyadv

techniquen

technologicaladj

technologyn

temporaryadjtense1adj

tensionn

terminal1adj

terminal2n

terminatev

terminationn

text1n

textualadj

thematicadj

themen

theoreticaladjtheoreticallyadv

theoristn

theoryn

therebyadv

thesisn

topicn

topicaladj

trace1v

trace2n

tracingn

traditionn

traditionaladj

traditionalistn

transfer1v

transfer2n

transferencen

transformv

transformationn

transitn

transitionn

transitionaladj

transitoryadj

transmissionntransmitv

transport1n

transport2v

transportationn

transportern

trendn

trigger1n

trigger2v

ultimate1adj

ultimatelyadv

unaccompaniedadj

unaffectedadj

unaidedadj

unalterableadj

unambiguousadjunanticipatedadj

unapproachableadj

unattachedadj

unattainableadj

unavailableadj

unawareadj

unbiasedadj

unchartedadj

unconstitutionaladj

unconventionaladj

undeniableadjunderestimate1v

underestimate2n

undergov

underliev

underlyingadj

undertakev

undertakingn

underwentv

undiminishedadj

uneconomicaladj

unethicaladjunfoundedadj

unificationn

unifiedadj

uniform2adj

uniformityn

unifyv

uniqueadj

unjustifiedadj

unlicensedadj

unobtainableadj

unparalleledadj

unprecedentedadj

unpredictableadj

unprincipledadj

unpublishedadj

unregulatedadj

unreliableadj

unresolvedadj

unresponsiveadj

unrestrainedadj

unrestrictedadj

unscheduledadj

unspecifiedadjunstableadj

unstressedadj

unstructuredadj

unsustainableadj

utilityn

utilizev

validadj

validatev

variable1adj

variable2n

variancen

variantn

variationnvariedadj

varyv

vehiclen

versionn

viaprep

violatev

violationn

virtualadj

virtuallyadv

visibilityn

visibleadjvisiblyadv

visionn

visual1adj

visualizev

visuallyadv

volumen

voluntarilyadv

voluntary1adj

volunteer1n

volunteer2v

welfaren

whereasconj

wherebyadv

widespreadadj

Perbendaharaan kata bahasa inggris dalam bidang akademik

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