PEMBUATAN DRAFT MODUL TOEFL PREPARATION MATA KULIAH …

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PEMBUATAN DRAFT MODUL TOEFL PREPARATION MATA KULIAH BAHASA INGGRIS 3 UNTUK

MENINGKATKAN NILAI TOEFL MAHASISWA POLITEKNIK NEGERI MADURA

Laporan Aktualisasi Nilai-Nilai Dasar PNS di Jurusan Teknik Mesin Alat Berat

Politeknik Negeri Madura

Pelatihan Dasar Calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil GOLONGAN III

Disusun oleh:

Nama : Ratna Ayu Pawestri Kusuma Dewi, S.Pd., M.Pd.

NIP : 199007292019032025

Jabatan : Dosen

Unit Kerja : Politeknik Negeri Madura

Angkatan : 16

Nomor Presensi : 32

Mentor : Kukuh Widarsono, S.T., M.T.

Coach : Dra. Susetyaningsih M.Pd.

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LEMBAR PENGESAHAN LAPORAN AKTUALISASI

Judul : Pembuatan Draft Modul Toefl Preparation Mata Kuliah

Bahasa Inggris 3 untuk Meningkatkan Nilai Toefl

Mahasiswa Politeknik Negeri Madura

Nama : Ratna Ayu Pawestri Kusuma Dewi, S.Pd., M.Pd.

NIP : 199007292019032025

Angkatan : 16

No Presensi : 32

Jabatan : Dosen Asisten Ahli

Unit Kerja : Politeknik Negeri Madura

Sampang, 02 September 2020

Pembimbing/Coach, Mentor,

Dra. Susetyaningsih M.Pd. Kukuh Widarsono, S.T., M.T.

196306141990032004 198502232014041001

Penguji/Narasumber

Dr.Ir.Sahirman, M.P.

196404171990021002

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KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT yang senantiasa memberikan curahan

rahmat dan nikmat-Nya. Shalawat serta salam kita panjatkan pada junjungan

kita Nabi Besar Muhammad SAW, sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan

Laporan Aktualisasi dengan judul “Pembuatan Draft Modul Toefl Preparation

Mata Kuliah Bahasa Inggris 3 untuk Meningkatkan Nilai Toefl Mahasiswa

Politeknik Negeri Madura”. Laporan Aktualisasi ini disusun dalam

mengimplementasikan aktualisasi diri dan sebagai panduan dalam

melaksanakan program Pelatihan Dasar CPNS Golongan III Kementerian

Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan dan memberikan informasi tentang sejauh mana

penyelesaian isu. Seluruh kegiatan yang ada dalam laporan aktualisasi ini

diharapkan dapat mencerminkan nilai-nilai dasar, kedudukan dan peran PNS

dalam NKRI yang dapat diterapkan di unit kerja. Laporan Aktualisasi ini dapat

terwujud atas bantuan dari berbagai pihak baik secara langsung maupun tidak

langsung. Dalam kesempatan ini, penulis ingin mengucapkan penghargaan dan

terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada:

1. Amurwani Dwi Lestariningsih, S.Sos., M.Hum. Selaku Kepala Pusat

Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Pegawai yang telah memfasilitasi

terlaksananya Pelatihan Dasar CPNS Golongan III Kemendikbud 2019.

2. Direktur Politeknik Negeri Madura beserta jajarannya yang telah

memberikan kesempatan kepada penulis menjadi peserta dalam

penyelenggaran Pelatihan Dasar Calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil Golongan

III ini.

3. Ibu Dra. Susetyaningsih M.Pd selaku coach yang telah banyak

membantu dalam memberikan saran dan masukan mengenai program

dan kegiatan dalam laporan aktualisasi ini.

4. Bapak Kukuh Widarsono, S.T., M.T. selaku mentor yang senantiasa

dengan sabar, cermat, dan teliti serta sepenuh hati memberikan

bimbingan kepada penulis untuk menyusun laporan aktualisasi ini.

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5. Bapak Dr. Ir. Sahirman, M.P. selaku penguji sidang Laporan Aktualisasi

yang telah meluangkan waktunya untuk memberikan arahan, nasehat

dan saran agar Laporan Aktualisasi kami menjadi lebih baik dan

bermanfaat.

6. Bapak Misbakhul Fatah, S.T., M.T selaku Ketua Jurusan Teknik Mesin

Alat Berat atas kesabaran beliau dalam memberikan arahan dan

bimbingan dalam penyusunan laporan aktualisasi ini.

7. Bapak dan Ibu Widyaiswara, serta para panitia dan satgas Pelatihan

Dasar Calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang telah membagi ilmu sehingga

penulis memahami nilai – nilai ANEKA dan mampu mengamalkan nilai

tersebut.

8. Orang tua dan teman-teman yang senantiasi memberikan dukungan

kepada penulis sehingga penulis mampu menyelesaikan semua

kewajiban selama mengikuti latsar ini.

Laporan aktualisasi ini kami susun dengan sistematis dengan harapan

dapat memberikan dampak positif di unit kerja. Mudah-mudahan laporan

aktualisasi ini memberikan manfaat kepada berbagai pihak pada umumnya

dan dosen pada khususnya untuk terus menerapkan nilai-nilai dasar profesi

PNS dosen pada setiap kegiatan dalam melaksanakan tridharma perguruan

tinggi.


Penulis

Ratna Ayu Pawestri Kusuma Dewi

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DAFTAR ISI

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN RANCANGAN AKTUALISASI ……………………... I

KATA PENGANTAR ……………………………………………………………….. ii

DAFTAR ISI ………………………………………………………..……………….. iv

DAFTAR TABEL ……….…………………………………………….…………….. V

BAB I. PENDAHULUAN …………………………………….…………………….. 1

A. Latar Belakang ………………………………………………..…………….. 1

B. Tujuan Aktualisasi ……………………………………………….………….. 3

BAB II. PELAKSANAAN AKTUALISASI …………………………..…………….. 4

A. Analisis dampak isu jika tidak diselesaikan ……………….…………….. 4

B. Pelaksanaan aktualisasi ………….……………………………………….. 6

C. Pelaksanaan kegiatan …………………………………………………….. 8

D. Kendala dan strategi mengatasi ………………………………………….. 18

BAB III. Penutup ……………………………………………………..……………..

A. Kesimpulan …………………………………………………...…………….. 19

B. Saran ………………………………………………………….…………….. 19

Lampiran ………...………………………………………………………………….. 20

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DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2.1 Pelaksanaan aktualisasi …………………………..…………………... I

Tabel 2.2 Jadwal pelaksanaan aktualisasi ………………..…………………….. ii

Tabel 2.3 Kendala dan strategi mengatasinya……………..…..……………….. iii

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BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

A. Latar Belakang

Aparatur Sipil Negara (ASN) adalah profesi bagi pegawai negeri sipil dan

pegawai pemerintah dengan perjanjian kerja yang bekerja pada instansi

pemerintah. Aparatur Sipil Negara terdiri atas Pegawai Negeri Sipil (PNS) dan

PPPK. Sesuai yang tercantum dalam UU No. 5 Tahun 2014 ASN memiliki fungsi

yaitu sebagai pelaksana kebijakan publik, pelayan publik, serta perekat dan

pemersatu bangsa.

Untuk menjamin terlaksananya fungsi ASN maka pemerintah

menerapkan sistem manajemen ASN. Dalam rangka penyelenggaraan

Manajemen ASN yang berdasarkan Sistem Merit, maka diperlukan pengaturan

Manajemen PNS. Pengaturan Manajemen PNS bertujuan untuk menghasilkan

PNS yang profesional, memiliki nilai dasar, etika profesi, bebas dari intervensi

politik, bersih dari praktek korupsi, kolusi, dan nepotisme dalam rangka

pelaksanaan tugas pelayanan publik, tugas pemerintahan, dan tugas

pembangunan tertentu. Hal ini tertuang dalam PP 11 Tahun 2017 tentang

Manajemen Pegawai Negeri Sipil. Implementasi dalam PP tersebut adalah

setiap Calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil berdasarkan Perlan Nomor 12 Tahun 2018

wajib menjalani masa prajabatan dan mengikuti pelatihan dasar CPNS. Sebagai

produk pelatihan dasar CPNS ini yaitu berupa laporan aktualisasi nilai – nilai

ANEKA dalam kegiatan pelayanan publik, manajemen ASN, dan atau whole of

government.

Politeknik Negeri Madura (Poltera) adalah tempat dimana penulis bekerja

dan mengabdikan diri sebagai abdi negara. Poltera didirikan pada tanggal 11

November 2012. Institusi ini merupakan satu-satunya perguruan tinggi vokasi

baru di Pulau Madura. Sebagai perguruan tinggi baru, Poltera terus melakukan

pengembangan diri dan penyesuaian terhadap peraturan pemerintah dalam

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rangka menjalankan fungsi sebagai institusi pendidikan tinggi untuk

menyelenggarakan proses pendidikan yang memenuhi kepuasan masyarakat.

Layaknya suatu institusi yang baru tumbuh, banyak tantangan yang dihadapi

Poltera. Tantangan tersebut antara lain yaitu tugas Poltera untuk mewujudkan

suasana akademik yang kondusif. Perwujudan suasana akademik yang

kondusif tersusun atas beberapa elemen yaitu sarana dan prasarana yang

mendukung minat belajar, proses penjaminan mutu pendidikan, aktivitas

penelitian dan pengabdian kepada masyarakat, serta lain sebagainya.

Politeknik Negeri Madura memiliki 4 program studi (prodi) yaitu: (1) Prodi

D3 Teknik Listrik Industri, (2) Prodi D3 Teknik Mesin Alat Berat, (3) Prodi D3

Teknik Bangunan Kapal, dan (4) Prodi D3 Keperawatan. Mahasiswa dari

program studi tersebut harus mengikuti sederet mata kuliah yang telah

ditentukan dalam kurikulum yang terdapat di Poltrea.

Salah satu mata kuliah yang wajib ditempuh adalah Bahasa Inggris 3.

Mata kuliah ini mengedepankan pada kegiatan praktikum, karena mempunyai

bobot 4 sks, salah satu fokus dalam mata kuliah Bahasa Inggris 3 adalah

persiapan test Toefl (Test of English as Foreign Language). Dari hasil yang

diperoleh dari badan akademik dan kemahasiswaan, masih banyak mahasiswa

yang pada akhir program belum mampu untuk mendapatkan nilai Toefl yang

baik, salah satu penyebabnya adalah belum adanya modul bahasa inggris yang

bisa mensupport mahasiswa agar lebih fokus dalam belajar Toefl dan

meningkatkan nilai Toefl mereka. Sehingga, penulis disini melaporkan hasil dari

draft penyusunan modul Toefl preparation pada mata kuliah bahasa inggris 3

untuk meningkatkan nilai Toefl mahasiswa Politeknik Negeri Madura.

Dari pengantar yang dijelaskan pada paragraph sebelumnya, maka dapat

diambil kesimpulan bahwasanya ada tiga isu utama yang diangkat oleh penulis,

yaitu: (1) belum adanya draft modul yang berfokus pada Toefl Preparation pada

mata kuliah Bahasa Inggris 3 dengan tujuan meningkatkan nilai Toefl

Mahasiswa, (2) belum terarahnya topik pengabdian masyarakat pada program

studi TMAB, (3) belum adanya panduan pembelajaran dengan metode daring.

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B. Tujuan Aktualisasi

Tujuan dilaksanakannya kegiatan aktualisasi ini adalah:

1. Menyelesaikan isu yang dipilih yakni menyusun modul Toefl preparation

pada mata kuliah bahasa inggris 3 untuk meningkatkan nilai Toefl

mahasiswa Politeknik Negeri Madura.

2. Mampu menerapkan nilai-nilai ANEKA dengan baik sehingga membentuk

ASN yang jujur, bertanggungjawab dan memiliki integritas terhadap apa

yang dikerjakan di lingkup instansi kerja dalam skup kecil dan di

masyarakat dalam skup yang lebih luas.

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BAB II

PELAKSANAAN AKTUALISASI

Analisis dampak isu sesuai dengan nilai ANEKA yaitu (Akuntabilitas,

Nasionalisme, Etika publik, Komitmen mutu dan Anti korupsi), dan penjelasan

dalam penyelesaian isu tersebut serta pelaksanaan kegiatan aktualisasi yang

dialami oleh penulis akan dijabarkan secara rinci pada uraian di bawah ini.

A. Analisis dampak isu jika tidak diselesaikan

Era perdagangan bebas menuntut kompetensi tinggi para pelakunya,

termasuk dalam hal penguasaan bahasa asing. Melihat kondisi dimana negara-

negara di dunia cenderung meningkatkan proteksi terhadap pasar dalam negeri

akibat lesunya perekonomian dunia, maka peningkatan kemampuan berbahasa

Inggris melalui Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL ) untuk para

diplomat mutlak penting. TOEFL atau Test of English as a Foreign Language

adalah tes yang didesain untuk mengukur kemampuan berbahasa Inggris bagi

bukan penutur asli. Kemampuan berbahasa inggris menjadi hal yang sangat

penting dan perlu diperhatikan jika kita memiliki cita-cita untuk kuliah di luar

negeri. Saat ini sebagian besar universitas yang menerima mahasiswa dari

berbagai penjuru dunia, menggunakan bahasa inggris sebagai bahasa

pengantar dalam perkuliahan. Beberapa manfaat yang akan diperoleh

mahasiswa ketika mempunyai kemampuan Toefl yang baik, yaitu: (1) Membantu

kelancaran studi perkuliahan di kelas, beberapa universitas di luar negeri yang

menerima mahasiswa dari berbagai negara akan menggunakan bahasa inggris

sebagai pengantar perkuliahannya. Sehingga kemampuan bahasa inggris ini

akan sangat membantu kita dalam memahami materi yang disampaikan oleh

sang dosen. Terutama untuk mahasiswa yang berniat melanjutkan studi ke

jenjang yang lebih tinggi kemampuan bahasa inggris ini sudah tidak bisa

dihindari lagi. Menulis buku tesis atau disertasi, menulis paper yang akan

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dipublikasikan dan melakukan presentasi di international conference sangat

memerlukan kemampuan bahasa inggris yang layak; (2) Membantu untuk

bersosialisasi dan menjalin jaringan pertemanan, dengan melanjutkan kuliah di

luar negeri dan bertemu teman-teman dari berbagai negara merupakan

kesempatan yang baik untuk menambah jaringan pertemanan kita. Kemampuan

bahasa inggris akan membantu kita untuk berkomunikasi dengan teman-teman

dari berbagai negara. Jaringan pertemanan ini sangatlah penting karena akan

semakin membuka peluang mahasiswa untuk mendapatkan berbagai

kesempatan bagus seperti bekerja di sebuah perusahaan idaman; dan (3) Nilai

tambah ketika akan bekerja, banyaknya perusahaan saat ini, baik perusahaan

lokal maupun perusahaan internasional yang menjadikan kemampuan bahasa

inggris ini sebagai persyaratan bagi calon pegawainya. Hal ini dilakukan oleh

perusahaan karena pekerjaan tidak saja datang dari dalam negeri, melainkan

dari luar negeri. Sehingga perusahaan-pun membutuhkan calon pegawai yang

mampu berbahasa inggris untuk kepentingan komunikasi dengan client yang

datang dari luar negeri.

Adapun cara mengetahui kemampuan bahasa inggris mahasiswa akan

dibuktikan melalui hasil nilai yang dihimpun dari Badan Akademik dan

Kemahasiswaa (BAK). Namun, berdasarkan hasil yang didapat dari Badan

Akademik dan Kemahasiswaan Poltera, didapat jika masih banyak nilai pre-test

Toefl mahasiswa yang belum mencapai target minimum 400 point. Padahal, di

akhir perkuliahan, mahasiswa Poltera diharapkan mampu bersaing lulusan

perguruan tinggi lain. Bahasa Inggris adalah bahasa yang penting, sehingga

penulis menilai pembuatan draft modul toefl preparation mata kuliah bahasa

inggris 3 untuk meningkatkan nilai toefl mahasiswa politeknik negeri sangat

dibutuhkan oleh mahasiswa guna menghasilkan lulusan mahasiswa yang

sanggup bersaing dengan lulusan mahasiswa lainnya.

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a. Sumber Isu

Hasil nilai Pre-Test Toefl mahasiswa pada tahun Ajaran 2019/2020

Hasil diskusi dengan dosen mata kuliah umum bahasa inggris

b. Analisis dampak Isu jika tidak terselesaikan

Dampak dari belum tersedianya modul Toefl Preparation pada

Mata Kuliah Bahasa Inggris 3 sebagai sarana untuk meningkatkan nilai

Toefl Mahasiswa adalah:

- Rendahnya nilai Toefl Mahasiswa sebab modul pembelajaran pada

mata kuliah bahasa inggris 3 belum berfokus pada Toefl Preparation

- Rendahnya peluang mahasiswa untuk mendapatkan beasiswa ke

luar negeri karena persyaratan nilai Toefl

- Rendahnya kepercayaan diri mahasiswa ketika diminta untuk

berinteraksi dalam diskusi internasional karena kurangnya

kemampuan berbahasa inggris

B. Pelaksanaan Aktualisasi

1 Unit Kerja : Politeknik Negeri Madura

2 Isu yang diangkat : Belum tersedia modul toefl preparation pada

mata kuliah bahasa inggris 3 sebagai sarana

untuk meningkatkan nilai toefl mahasiswa

3 Gagasan pemecah isu : Pembuatan draft modul toefl preparation

mata kuliah bahasa inggris 3 untuk

meningkatkan nilai toefl mahasiswa politeknik

negeri Madura

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TABEL 2.1. PELAKSANAAN AKTUALISASI

No Kegiatan dan

Tanggal Pelaksanaan

Tahapan dan Proses kegiatan

Output dan Bukti Fisik

Keterkaitan Substansi Mata

Pelatihan Agenda II dan Agenda III

Kontribusi Terhadap Visi-Misi Organisasi

Penguatan

Nilai Organisasi

Analisis Dampak Nilai-Nilai Dasar PNS Tidak Diterapkan

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Melakukan pemilihan literature dan materi yang relevan sebagai bahan pembuatan draft modul Toefl preparation mata kuliah bahasa inggris 3 (Tanggal 27 Juli – 03 Agustus 2020)

a. Studi Literatur Proses:

Penulis melakukan pemilihan literatur, dan referensi lain dengan cermat, jujur, dan bertanggung jawab.

b. Pemetaan Literatur

Proses Setelah penulis mencari dan mengunduhnya kemudian memilah berbagai macam literatur, dan menerima saran dan pendapat dari beberapa sumber dengan baik untuk mendapatkan mutu literatur yang baik

c. Pemahaman

Literatur Proses Penulis menggunakan waktu secara efektif dan efisien saat mempelajari peraturan dan literatur yang telah didapatkan dari proses mencari dan mempetakan

Literatur hasil pencarian

Catatan hasil pemetan literatur.

rangkuman, perihal peraturan, literatur hasil konsultasi dengan mentor

catatan hasil konsultasi.

Foto pelaksanaan konsultasi, berupa screenshoot percakapan atau video conference

a. Akuntabilitas: cermat, jujur, dan bertanggung jawab.

b. Nasionalisme :

Pemahaman peraturan, menghargai pendapat dan saran

c. Etika pubik :

sopan dan santun d. Komitmen mutu :

efektif dan efisiensi

e. Anti Korupsi:

jujur

Agenda III a. Manajemen ASN

: mengikuti aturan dan tata tertib

b. Pelayanan

publik: Memetakan literature agar sesuai dengan kebutuhan pembelajaran mahasiswa

Kegiatan ini akan berkontribusi pada visi prodi yaitu menjadi program studi vokasi dalam bidang pemeliharaan dan perbaikan mesin alat berat yang unggul, professional dan berdaya saing internasional pada tahun 2025.

Kegiatan ini juga berkontribusi pada misi Institusi yaitu menyelenggarakan dan mengembangkan penelitian terapan yang bermanfaat bagi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi

Proses mencari referensi merupakan bentuk upaya dalam pembelajaran untuk ingin berusaha memperluas wawasan, pengetahuan dalam mendapatkan sumber-sumber guna penyusunan draft modul Memilah-milah referensi dengan cermat dan teliti, serta memanfaatkan waktu seefisien dan se efektif mungkin membantu dalam proses nilai kreatif dan inovatif dalam memecahkan permasalahan yang terkait dengan RPL di lingkungan Poltera.

a. Jika nilai dasar berupa “bertanggung jawab (Akuntabilitas)” tidak diterapkan maka penulis tidak mampu memilah sumber data yang valid dari beberapa sumber yang tersedia secara maksimal, karena akan cenderung malas untuk mencari banyak sumber guna penyusunan modul

b. Jika nilai dasar berupa “jujur

(Anti Korupsi)” tidak diterapkan yang merupakan bagian dari akuntabilitas, maka penulis akan kesulitan dalam menyesuaikam topic yang sangat dibutuhkan siswa dan disesuaikan dengan alokasi waktu yang tersedia

c. Penulis menggunakan waktu secara “efektif dan efisien (Komitmen Mutu)” saat mempelajari peraturan dan literatur yang telah didapatkan dari proses mencari dan mempetakan literatur.

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No Kegiatan dan

Tanggal Pelaksanaan






Penguatan

Nilai Organisasi


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

literatur.

d. Pemilihan media dan alat pengajaran Proses Saya akan memilih media dan alat penunjang mengajar yang sesuai dengan penuh yang akan sesuai dengan kebutuhan mahasiswa secara hati-hati, selektif, dan penuh tanggung jawab sesuai dengan kebutuhan pembelajaran mahasiswa,

e. Penulis menghubungi teman sejawat Proses Penulis membuat janji dan berkoordinasi dengan teman sejawat dari instansi lain dengan sopan dan mencatat dengan cermat dan detail setiap informasi perihal RPL pada instansi lain.

c. WoG: Membuat janji dan Berkoordinasi dan membuat janji dengan teman sejawat

d. Jika nilai dasar berupa “efektif dan efisien (Komitmen Mutu)” tidak diterapkan yang merupakan bagian dari akuntabilitas, maka penulis akan mengahabiskan banyak waktu saat mempelajari peraturan dan literatur yang telah didapatkan dari proses mencari dan mempetakan literatur.

e. Jika nilai dasar berupa “sopan, cermat dan teliti” dalam membuat janji dan berkoordinasi dengan teman sejawat dari instansi lain dalam mencatat setiap informasi perihal RPL pada instansi lain maka penulis akan tertinggal informasi yang penting.

.

9

No Kegiatan dan

Tanggal Pelaksanaan






Penguatan

Nilai Organisasi


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

2 Mencari referensi yang sesuai untuk pembuatan draft modul Toefl preparation mata kuliah bahasa inggris 3 untuk meningkatkan nilai Toefl mahasiswa politeknik negeri Madura (Tanggal 04 – 10 Agustus 2020)

a. Membuat janji dengan kolega

Proses Saya akan

mengunjungi rumah kolega yang mempunyai koleksi buku terkait draft modul dengan sebelumnya membuat janji terlebih dahulu

b. Mengunjungi kolega

Proses Saya berkunjung ke rumah beliau menggunakan baju yang sopan dan memberi salam hangat dan meminjam buku-buku yang dibutuhkan secukupnya dan berjanji mengembalikan tepat waktu dalam keadaan yang baik

c. Menelaah buku-buku referensi baik dalam maupun luar negeri Proses Saya akan menelaah dan membaca buku-buku referensi Toefl seperti dari Barron, maupun terbitan ETS dan mempelajari

Output: Beberapa referensi sebagai bahan Pembuatan moul Bukti Fisik: - Foto kegiatan - Catatan pendukung materi dan teori

Bukti Fisik: - Foto kegiatan - Catatan buku-

buku pendukung Bukti Fisik: - Foto kegiatan - Catatan materi

hasil browsing

Agenda II: a. Akuntabilitas

Tanggung Jawab

b. Nasionalisme: Religius

c. Etika public:

Santun dan cermat

d. Komitmen mutu: efektif dan efisien

e. Anti korupsi:

Saling menghormati dan tanggung jawab

Agenda III: a. Pelayanan

publik: Mengucapkan salam dan ramah

b. Manajemen ASN: Mencari materi yang relevan, menyediakan sumber belajar, untuk kegiatan belajar mengajar

c. WoG: Bertanya kepada teman sekolega buku yang mendukung untuk penyusunan draft

Kegiatan ini akan berkontribusi pada visi prodi yaitu menjadi program studi vokasi dalam bidang pemeliharaan dan perbaikan mesin alat berat yang unggul, professional dan berdaya saing internasional pada tahun 2025. Kegiatan ini juga berkontribusi pada misi Institusi yaitu menyelenggarakan dan mengembangkan penelitian terapan yang bermanfaat bagi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi

Proses mencari referensi merupakan bentuk upaya dalam pembelajaran untuk ingin berusaha memperluas wawasan, pengetahuan dalam mendapatkan sumber-sumber guna penyusuna draft modul Memilah-milah referensi dengan cermat dan teliti, serta memanfaatkan waktu seefisien dan se efektif mungkin membantu dalam proses nilai kreatif dan inovatif dalam memecahkan permasalahan yang terkait dengan RPL di lingkungan Poltera.

a. Jika nilai dasar berupa "membuat janji" dengan kolega tidak saya terapkan dengan baik ketika mengunjungi rumah kolega, maka akan berdampak pada sulitnya berkomunikasi dengan baik dan efisien.

b. Jika nilai dasar berupa "sopan dan memberi salam" ketika penulis ke rumah rekan tidak diterapkan maka nilai-nilai dasar pns berupa santun tidak akan teruwujud, dan meminjam buku-buku yang dibutuhkan secukupnya dan tidak mengembalikan tepat waktu maka sifat amanah tidak bisa terwujud.

c. Jika nilai dasar berupa "cermat dan penuh tanggung jawab" tidak diterapkan dalam menelaah buku-buku referensi , maka penulis akan kesulitan dalam menyesuaikam topic yang sangat dibutuhkan siswa dan disesuaikan dengan alokasi waktu yang tersedia.

d. Jika nilai dasar berupa "efektif dan efisien" dalam mencari data online (Browsing) terkait materi-

10

No Kegiatan dan

Tanggal Pelaksanaan






Penguatan

Nilai Organisasi


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

buku-buku tersebut dengan cermat dan penuh tanggung jawab.

d. Mencari data online (Browsing) terkait materi-materi yang relevan yang akan dibuat untuk penyusunan draft modul

Proses Saya akan browsing

materi-materi yang relevan dengan draft modul di internet dengan efektif dan efisien yang bisa secara langsung mendukung pembuatan draft modul praktikum.

modul praktikum.

materi yang relevan tidak diterapkan maka penulis akan mengahabiskan banyak waktu saat mempelajari peraturan dan literatur yang telah didapatkan dari proses mencari dan mempetakan literatur.

3 Mengadakan rapat dan koordinasi untuk membahas draft modul (Tanggal 11 – 14 Agustus 2020)

a. Koordinasi dengan pimpinan Proses Setelah didapatkan literatur yang baik dan relevan, dengan penuh tanggung jawab, Saya akan menghubungi ketua program studi atau rekan dosen selingkung tersebut dengan sopan dan Bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar

Output: Hasil rapat dan rancangan pembuatan draft modul Bukti Fisik: - Foto kegiatan - Catatan pendukung materi dan teori


(Tanggung Jawab dan kejelasan)

b. Nasionalisme (Cinta tanah air, Menghargai pendapat)

c. Etika public (Santun, Menghargai komunikasi dan kerjasama)

Kegiatan ini akan berkontribusi pada visi prodi yaitu menjadi program studi vokasi dalam bidang pemeliharaan dan perbaikan mesin alat berat yang unggul, professional dan berdaya saing internasional pada tahun 2025. Kegiatan ini juga berkontribusi pada misi prodi yaitu menjalin kerjasasma dengan stakeholder untuk meningkatkan kualitas lulusan

a. Jika nilai dasar berupa "tanggung jawab dan sopan santun" tidak diterapkan dalam koordinasi dengan pimpinan maka nilai-nilai dasar pns berupa santun tidak akan teruwujud, dan akan terjadi kesalah pahaman.

b. Jika nilai dasar berupa "menghargai pendapat, efektif dan efisien" tidak diterapkan dalam Melakukan diskusi maka

11

No Kegiatan dan

Tanggal Pelaksanaan






Penguatan

Nilai Organisasi


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

untuk melakukan koordinasi dengan baik dan sopan untuk mengagendakan kejelasan waktu pelaksaan diskusi yang melibatkan Direksi.

b. Melakukan diskusi Proses Diskusi melibatkan dosen selingkung, guna memastikan kesesuaian materi dan tema yang digunakan dan memastikan kesesuaian kebutuhan mahasiswa Poltera. Dalam diskusi tersebut penulis mengutamakan netralitas serta menerima dan menghargai pendapat para peserta forum untuk mendapatkan musyawarah mufakat pada forum diskusi tersebut. Diskusi dilakukan dengan efektif dan efisien agar didapatkan hasil diskusi yang bermutu dan berkualitas baik.

d. Komitmen mutu (efektif)

e. Anti korupsi (tanggungjawab) Agenda III:

a. Pelayanan publik: Berdiskusi dan berkonsultasi dengan sopan dan bahasa Indonesia yang baik

b. WoG: Menghubungi dan membuat dengan ketua program studi dan rekan dosen

c. Manajemen ASN: Melaksanakan arahan pimpinan (ketua program studi)

yang bersertifikasi nasional dan internasional

hasil diskusi yang bermutu dan berkualitas baik tidak bisa terwujud.

c. Jika nilai dasar berupa "cermat dan tanggung jawab" dalam mencatat masukan dan saran dari ketua jurusan dan rekan dosen tidak diterapkan maka penulis tidak bisa merangkum masukan dan gagasan secara detail

12

No Kegiatan dan

Tanggal Pelaksanaan






Penguatan

Nilai Organisasi


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

c. Membuat catatan hasil dari hasil diskusi dan konsultasi dengan ketua program studi atau rekan dosen dengan penuh tanggung jawab Proses Saya akan mencatat masukan dan saran dari ketua jurusan dan rekan dosen dengan cermat dan tanggung jawab agar semua point dari ketua jurusan dapat terangkum dengan baik sehingga dapat saya buat secara efektif sesuai dengan kebutuhan kampus

4 Menyusun draft modul Toefl preparation mata kuliah bahasa inggris 3 untuk meningkatkan nilai Toefl mahasiswa politeknik negeri Madura (Tanggal 14 – 17 Agustus 2020)

a. Membuat layout modul yang menarik, rapi, dan kekinian sehingga membuat pembaca tidak cepat bosan Proses: Saya akan membuat layout modul dengan amanah dan penuh tanggung jawab sesuai hasil mufakat, desain dibuat berdasarkan aspek keterbacaan agar

Output: Hasil susunan Draft modul Praktikum kimia Bukti Fisik: - foto kegiatan - Desain cover


(Tanggung Jawab dan integritas)

b. Nasionalisme (Amanah)

c. Etika public (Cermat dan Pencapaian hasil)

d. Komitmen mutu (efisien)

Kegiatan ini akan berkontribusi pada visi prodi yaitu menjadi program studi vokasi dalam bidang pemeliharaan dan perbaikan mesin alat berat yang unggul, professional dan berdaya saing internasional pada tahun 2025. Kegiatan ini juga berkontribusi pada misi Institusi yaitu menyelenggarakan dan mengembangkan penelitian terapan yang bermanfaat bagi pengembangan ilmu

a. Jika nilai dasar berupa "amanah dan penuh tanggung jawab" dalam Membuat layout modul yang menarik dan rapi, maka aspek keterbacaan tidak bisa terwujud dan tidak sesuai dengan kebutuhan mahasiswa.

b. Jika nilai dasar berupa "amanah, cermat dan penuh tanggung jawab" dalam Memperbaiki draft maka penulis akan kesulitan

13

No Kegiatan dan

Tanggal Pelaksanaan






Penguatan

Nilai Organisasi


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

bisa sesuai dengan kebutuhan mahasiswa

b. Memperbaiki draft secara seksama disesuaikan dengan buku referensi yang tepat Proses Saya akan membuat draft modul dengan amanah, cermat dan penuh tanggung jawab agar modul yang saya buat dapat terencana secara efisien

c. Mengecek dan mengevaluasi kembali mengenai isi dari draft modul Proses Saya akan mengecek dan mengevaluasi kembali draft modul dengan cermat dan teliti

e. Anti korupsi (tanggungjawab)

Agenda III: a. Manajemen ASN:

membuat materi dan, menyediakan sumber belajar, media yang efektifitas dan efisiensi untuk kegiatan belajar mengajar

pengetahuan dan teknologi

dalam menentukan buku referensi yang seusai dengan draft modul secara terencana dan efisien

c. Jika nilai dasar berupa "cermat dan teliti" dalam Mengecek dan mengevaluasi kembali mengenai isi dari draft maka penulis tidak bisa merangkum hasil masukan untuk revisian draft modul secara detail

5 Melakukan rapat dengan ketua jurusan dan mentor untuk mengevaluasi draft modul yang sudah dibuat (Tanggal 17 – 22 Agustus 2020)

a. Membuat room melalui aplikasi zoom untuk diskusi terkait pembuatan draft modul sesuai jadwal yang telah disepakati Proses Saya akan membuat

Output: Rancangan evaluasi draft modul Bukti Fisik: - Catatan evaluasi dan revisi

- Foto kegiatan


(Tanggung Jawab dan integritas)

b. Nasionalisme (Cinta tanah air, saling menghormat,

Kegiatan ini akan berkontribusi pada visi prodi yaitu menjadi program studi vokasi dalam bidang pemeliharaan dan perbaikan mesin alat berat yang unggul, professional dan berdaya saing internasional pada tahun 2025.

a. Jika nilai berupa "sopan dan Bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar" dalam diskusi terkait pembuatan draft modul dengan dosen terkait tidak diterapkan, maka akan terjadi missed communication.

14

No Kegiatan dan

Tanggal Pelaksanaan






Penguatan

Nilai Organisasi


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

room di zoom dengan dosen selingkung tersebut dengan sopan dan Bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar

b. Melakukan forum Tanya-jawab dengan ketua program studi dan mentor Proses Saya akan membuka ruang Tanya-jawab dan berdiskusi dan berkonsultasi dengan Bahasa Indonesia yang baik, dengan hormat dan sopan serta menghargai segala masukan dan saran yang diberikan oleh ketua jurusan dan mentor.

c. Merangkum dan merevisi masukan yang diberikan oleh ketua program studi dan mentor Proses Saya akan merangkum, mencatat, dan merevisi masukan dan saran dari ketua jurusan dan mentor dengan cermat dan tanggung jawab. Jika

menghargai pendapati)

c. Etika publik (menghargai komunikasi)

d. Komitmen mutu (orientasi mutu)

e. Anti korupsi (tanggungjawab)

Agenda III: a. Pelayanan

publik: konsultasi dengan ketua program studi dan mentor dengan penuh tanggungjawab agar draft modul dibuat lebih berkualitas

b. WoG: Menghubungi ketua jurusan dan dosen tersebut dengan sopan dan Bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar

Kegiatan ini juga berkontribusi pada misi prodi yaitu menjalin kerjasasma dengan stakeholder untuk meningkatkan kualitas lulusan yang bersertifikasi nasional dan internasional

b. Jika nilai berupa "hormat dan sopan" dalam Melakukan forum Tanya-jawab dengan ketua program studi dan mentor tidak diterapkan maka akan terjadi kesalahan komunikasi dan informasi penting guna revisi draft modul tidak bisa tersusun dengan baik.

c. Jika nilai berupa "cermat dan tanggung jawab" Merangkum dan merevisi masukan yang diberikan oleh ketua program studi dan mentor tidak diterapkan, maka maka penulis tidak bisa merangkum masukan dan gagasan secara detail

15

No Kegiatan dan

Tanggal Pelaksanaan






Penguatan

Nilai Organisasi


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

ada revisi maka akan segera saya perbaiki dengan cepat, tepat dan akurat

6 Melakukan simulasi dan sosialisasi draft modul Toefl Preparation praktikum kepada mahasiswa (Tanggal 22 – 25 Agustus 2020)

a. Menghubungi pihak terkait untuk simulasi dan sosialisasi draft modul Proses Saya akan berkomunikasi dengan mahasiswa dan membuat undangan lewat wa group atau aplikasi sejenis dengan bahasa indonesia yang baik dan benar

b. Mempersiapkan materi untuk demo presentasi modul Proses Saya akan membuat power point dengan kreatif, inovatif dan penuh tanggung jawab

c. Mempresentasikan hasil draft modul secara online dan forum tanya-jawab dengan mahasiswa Proses Saya akan menghubungi

Output: - Draft modul dalam bentuk word yang sudah mendapat masukan dari tanya-jawab - Rancangan draft berbentuk PPT untuk dipresentasikan Bukti Fisik: - Screenshot - Slide power point


(Keadilan dan Tanggung Jawab)

b. Nasionalisme (Cinta tanah air, menghargai pendapat, bersikap adil dan tidak diskriminatif)

c. Etika publik (menghargai komunikasi, nondiskriminatif)

d. Komitmen mutu (inovatif)

e. Anti korupsi (tanggungjawab, adil dan disiplin)

Agenda III: a. Manajemen ASN:

membuat materi dan, menyediakan sumber belajar, media yang efektifitas dan efisiensi untuk kegiatan belajar mengajar

Kegiatan ini akan berkontribusi pada visi prodi yaitu menjadi program studi vokasi dalam bidang pemeliharaan dan perbaikan mesin alat berat yang unggul, professional dan berdaya saing internasional pada tahun 2025. Kegiatan ini juga berkontribusi pada misi institusi yaitu menyelenggarakan sistem pengelolaan tridharma perguruan tinggi dengan prinsip tata kelola yang baik

a. Jika nilai dasar berupa "berkomunikasi dengan baik dan benar" tidak diterapkan dalam Menghubungi pihak terkait untuk simulasi dan sosialisasi draft modul maka akan terjadi kesalahan dalam berkomunikasi

b. Jika nilai dasar berupa "kreatif, inovatif dan penuh tanggung jawab " tidak diterapkan dalam Mempersiapkan materi untuk demo presentasi modul maka presentasi akan menjadi membosankan

c. Jika nilai dasar berupa "menggunakan Bahasa Indonesia yang sopan, baik dan benar" tidak diterapkan dalam Mempresentasikan hasil draft modul secara online dan forum tanya-jawab dengan mahasiswa, maka penulis tidak dapat menampung aspirasi dari mahasiswa dengan baik seperti dalam menampung pendapat terkait

16

No Kegiatan dan

Tanggal Pelaksanaan






Penguatan

Nilai Organisasi


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

mahasiswa dengan sopan dan Bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar serta memulai presentasi sesuai jadwal. Selain itu ketika sesi tanya jawab saya tidak membeda-bedakan mahasiswa yang ingin bertanya serta menghargai semua pertanyaan yang ingin ditanyakan oleh mahasiswa, dari hasil akan diminta pendapat terkait keterbacaan materi di modul dan aspek terkait

b. Pelayanan publik: ketika sesi tanya jawab saya tidak membeda-bedakan mahasiswa yang ingin bertanya serta menghargai semua pertanyaan yang ingin ditanyakan oleh mahasiswa

c. WoG: Saya akan menghubungi mahasiswa dengan sopan dan Bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar serta memulai presentasi sesuai jadwal

keterbacaan materi di modul

17

C. Pelaksanaan kegiatan

Tabel 2.2. Pelaksanaan Aktualisasi

No Kegiatan

Bulan Juli

Mingggu ke

Bulan Agustus

Minggu ke

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

1

Melakukan pemilihan literature dan materi yang

relevan sebagai bahan pembuatan draft modul

Toefl preparation mata kuliah bahasa inggris 3

2

Mencari referensi yang sesuai untuk pembuatan

draft modul Toefl preparation mata kuliah

bahasa inggris 3 untuk meningkatkan nilai Toefl

mahasiswa politeknik negeri Madura

3 Mengadakan rapat dan koordinasi untuk

membahas draft modul

4

Menyusun draft modul

Toefl preparation mata kuliah bahasa inggris 3

untuk meningkatkan nilai Toefl mahasiswa

politeknik negeri Madura

5

Melakukan rapat dengan ketua jurusan dan

mentor untuk mengevaluasi draft modul yang

sudah dibuat

6 Melakukan simulasi dan sosialisasi draft modul

Toefl Preparation praktikum kepada mahasiswa

18

D. Kendala dan Strategi Mengatasi

Tabel 2.3. Kendala dan Strategi Mengatasinya

No Kendala Strategi Mengatasinya

1 Dalam mencari referensi yang sesuai untuk

pembuatan draft modul Toefl preparation,

terkendala dalam pencarian materi untuk

listening, terutama untuk audio recording

Menghubungi rekan dosen dari

perguruan tinggi lain yang memiliki

material untuk audio listening

2. Dalam mencari referensi buku Toefl dari dosen

luar instansi, ternyata dosen yang dihubungi

sedang melanjutkan studi ke luar negeri

Maka beliau mengirimkan referensi yang

beliau punya berupa soft file (ebook)

melalui email.

19

BAB III

PENUTUP

A. Kesimpulan

Laporan aktualisasi merupakan sebuah laporan yang berisikan

serangkaian kegiatan yang penulis lakukan dalam mengimplementasi nilai-nilai

nilai-Akuntabilitas, Nasionalisme, Etika, Komitmen mutu, dan Anti korupsi

(ANEKA) pada diri penulis. Terdapat enam pokok kegiatan yang dijabarkan

dalam laporan aktualisasi ini, yaitu:

a. Melakukan pemilihan materi yang relevan sebagai bahan pembuatan

modul Toefl preparation mata kuliah bahasa inggris 3

b. Mencari referensi yang sesuai untuk pembuatan draft modul Toefl

Preparation pada Mata Kuliah Bahasa Inggris 3

c. Mengadakan rapat untuk membahas draft modul

d. Menyusun draft modul Toefl preparation mata kuliah bahasa inggris 3

untuk meningkatkan nilai Toefl mahasiswa politeknik negeri Madura

e. Melakukan rapat dengan ketua jurusan dan mentor untuk mengevaluasi

draft modul yang sudah dibuat

f. Melakukan simulasi dan sosialisasi draft modul Toefl Preparation

praktikum kepada mahasiswa sekaligus untuk menguji keterbacaan

modul, dari hasil tersebut didapatkan hasil luaran berupa notulensi

B. Saran

1. Referensi buku untuk pembelajaran Toefl perlu ditambah

2. Penyediaan alat pemutar (speaker) untuk memutar audio listening

3. Penerapan nilai-nilai dasar ANEKA oleh penulis harus dilaksanakan

secara berkelanjutan dalam mendukung pelaksanaan Tridharma

Perguruan Tinggi di Politeknik Negeri Madura.

20

HALAMAN LAMPIRAN

21

LAMPIRAN

KEGIATAN

22

KEGIATAN 1

BUKTI FISK:

1. Catatan Studi Literatur yang lazim ada pada Toefl

2. Catatan Hasil Revisi dan Pemetaan Topik yang akan digunakan

3. Catatan Plotiing Pemetaan Waktu

4. Pemilihan media dan alat pengajaran

5. Penulis menghubungi teman sejawat

23

Rincian kegiatan:

Melakukan pemilihan literature dan materi yang relevan sebagai bahan pembuatan draft modul Toefl

preparation mata kuliah bahasa inggris 3

a. Studi Literatur

Proses

Penulis melakukan pemilihan literatur, dan referensi lain dengan cermat, jujur, dan bertanggung

jawab.

Bab yang lazim muncul dalam Toefl

b. Pemetaan Literatur

Proses

Setelah penulis mencari dan mengunduhnya kemudian memilah berbagai macam literatur dengan

cermat untuk mendapatkan mutu literatur yang baik

Dari list yang muncul diatas, lalu dikerucutukan menjadi topik yang akan secara komprehensif diberikan

kepada mahasiswa, setelah mendapat masukan dari rekan sejawat dan disesuaikan dengan alokasi waktu

yang tersedia.

24

c. Pemahaman Literatur

Proses

Penulis menggunakan waktu secara efektif dan efisien saat mempelajari peraturan dan literatur yang

telah didapatkan dari proses mencari dan mempetakan literatur.

25

d. Pemilihan media dan alat pengajaran

Proses

Saya akan memilih media dan alat penunjang mengajar yang sesuai dengan penuh yang akan sesuai

dengan kebutuhan mahasiswa secara hati-hati, selektif, dan penuh tanggung jawab sesuai dengan

kebutuhan pembelajaran mahasiswa (Sumber data: https://vk.com/wall-139493160_509 )

26

e. Penulis menghubungi teman sejawat

Proses

Penulis membuat janji dan berkoordinasi dengan teman sejawat dari instansi lain dengan sopan dan

mencatat dengan cermat dan detail setiap informasi perihal RPL pada instansi lain.

27

KEGIATAN 2

Mencari referensi yang sesuai untuk pembuatan draft modul Toefl preparation mata kuliah bahasa

inggris 3 untuk meningkatkan nilai Toefl mahasiswa politeknik negeri Madura

BUKTI KEGIATAN:

Screenshot Chat dengan Rekan dari intsansu lain

Hasil Browsing

28

a. Membuat janji dengan kolega

Proses

Saya akan mengunjungi rumah kolega yang mempunyai koleksi buku terkait draft modul dengan

sebelumnya membuat janji terlebih dahulu

29

b. Menelaah buku-buku referensi baik dalam maupun luar negeri

Proses

Saya akan menelaah dan membaca buku-buku referensi Toefl seperti dari Barron, maupun terbitan ETS

dan mempelajari buku-buku tersebut dengan cermat dan penuh tanggung jawab.

30

c. Mencari data online (Browsing) terkait materi-materi yang relevan yang akan dibuat untuk

penyusunan draft modul

Proses

Saya akan browsing materi-materi yang relevan dengan draft modul di internet dengan efektif dan

efisien yang bisa secara langsung mendukung pembuatan draft modul praktikum.

Source: https://vk.com/ieltstoeflmaterials

31

KEGIATAN 3

Mengadakan rapat dan koordinasi untuk membahas draft modul

BUKTI FISIK:

Hasil Foto diskusi dengan Ketua Jurusan

Screenshot rapat dengan dosen selingkung

Hasil Catatan/ feedback

32

a. Koordinasi dengan pimpinan

Koordinasi dengan Ketua Jurusan

TMAB

33

b. Melakukan diskusi dengan Dosen Selingkung,

Meeting dengan Dosen

Selingkung di Politeknik Negeri

Madura

34

C. Catatan Mauskan dari Ketua Jurusan dan Tim Dosen Bahasa Inggris

Catatan dari Pimpinan dan

Dosen Selingkung

35

KEGIATAN 4:

Menyusun draft modul

BUKTI FISIK

Draft Modul sesuai referensi yang telah ditentukan

POLITEKNIK

NEGERI

MADURA

Handbook of Toefl Preparation for

English 3

TEKNIK MESIN ALAT BERAT

P a g e | ii

MODUL TOEFL PREPARATION

MATA KULIAH BAHASA INGGRIS 3

JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN ALAT BERAT

POLITEKNIK NEGERI MADURA

2020

POLITEKNIK

NEGERI

MADURA


English 3


i

KATA PENGANTAR

Assalamu’alaikum, Wr. Wb.

Puji syukur Alhamdulillah penulis panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah

memberikan rahmat, petunjuk,dan hidayah-Nya kepada penulis sehingga dapat menyelesaikan

pembuatan draft modul Toefl Preparation mata kuliah bahasa inggris 3 di jurusan Teknik

Mesin Alat Berat Politeknik Negeri Madura dengan tepat waktu. Era perdagangan bebas

menuntut kompetensi tinggi para pelakunya, termasuk dalam hal penguasaan bahasa asing.

Melihat kondisi dimana negara-negara di dunia cenderung meningkatkan proteksi terhadap

pasar dalam negeri akibat lesunya perekonomian dunia, maka peningkatan kemampuan

berbahasa Inggris melalui Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL ) untuk para

diplomat mutlak penting.

TOEFL atau Test of English as a Foreign Language adalah tes yang didesain untuk

mengukur kemampuan berbahasa Inggris bagi bukan penutur asli. Kemampuan berbahasa

inggris menjadi hal yang sangat penting dan perlu diperhatikan jika kita memiliki cita-cita

untuk kuliah di luar negeri. Saat ini sebagian besar universitas yang menerima mahasiswa dari

berbagai penjuru dunia, menggunakan bahasa inggris sebagai bahasa pengantar dalam

perkuliahan. Beberapa manfaat yang akan diperoleh mahasiswa ketika mempunyai

kemampuan Toefl yang baik, yaitu: (1) Membantu kelancaran studi perkuliahan di kelas,

beberapa universitas di luar negeri yang menerima mahasiswa dari berbagai negara akan

menggunakan bahasa inggris sebagai pengantar perkuliahannya; (2) Membantu untuk

bersosialisasi dan menjalin jaringan pertemanan, dengan melanjutkan kuliah di luar negeri

dan bertemu teman-teman dari berbagai negara merupakan kesempatan yang baik untuk

menambah jaringan pertemanan kita; dan (3) Nilai tambah ketika akan bekerja, banyaknya

perusahaan saat ini, baik perusahaan lokal maupun perusahaan internasional yang menjadikan

kemampuan bahasa inggris ini sebagai persyaratan bagi calon pegawainya. Hal ini dilakukan

oleh perusahaan karena pekerjaan tidak saja datang dari dalam negeri, melainkan dari luar

negeri. Sehingga perusahaan-pun membutuhkan calon pegawai yang mampu berbahasa

inggris untuk kepentingan komunikasi dengan client yang datang dari luar negeri.

Penulis menyadari masih banyak terdapat kekurangan yang ditemukan dalam

pembuatan draft modul ini. Sehingga kritik dan saran yang membangun sangat penulis

butuhkan guna perbaikan pada edisi berikutnya.


Penulis

Ratna Ayu Pawestri Kusuma Dewi, S.Pd., M.Pd.

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DAFTAR ISI

Kata pengantar ............................................................................................................................. i

Daftar isi ..................................................................................................................................... ii

LISTENING ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

PRONOUN ............................................................................................................................... 20

MODAL AUXILIARIES ......................................................................................................... 25

CAUSATIVE VERBS ............................................................................................................. 30

SUBJUNCTIVE ....................................................................................................................... 35

TENSES ................................................................................................................................... 40

PASSIVE .................................................................................................................................. 45

SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT ............................................................................................ 50

PARALLEL STRUCTURE ..................................................................................................... 55

COMPARATIVES ................................................................................................................... 60

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ............................................................................................... 65

ANTICIPATORY IT ................................................................................................................ 70

CONJUNCTIONS .................................................................................................................... 75

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE AND ADJECTIVE PHRASE ........................................................... 80

SINGULAR-PLURAL FORMS COUNT NONCOUNT ........................................................ 20

READING ................................................................................................................................ 75

Daftar Pustaka .......................................................................................................................... 87

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Listening

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SECTION 1

LISTENING COMPREHENSION

In this section of the test, you will have an opportunity to demonstrate your ability to understand

conversations and talks in English. There are three parts of this section, with special directions for each part.

Answer all the questions based on what is stated or implied by the speakers you hear. Do not take notes or write

in your test book at any time. Do not turn the pages until you are told to do so.

Part A

Directions: In part A you will hear short conversations between two people. After each conversation,

you will hear a question about the conversation. The conversations and questions will not be repeated. After

you hear a questions, read the four possible answers in your test book and choose the best answer. Then, on

your answer sheet, find the number of the questions and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the

answer you have chosen.

Listen to an example.

On the recording you will hear:

In your test book you will read:

(A) The exam was really awful.

(B) It was the worst exam she had ever seen.

(C) It couldn’t have been more difficult.

(D) It wasn’t that hard.

You learn from the conversation that the man thought the exam was very difficult and that the woman

disagreed with the man. The best answer to the question, “What does the woman mean?” is (D), “It wasn’t that

hard.” Therefore, the correct choice is (D).

1 A) He’ll correct the exam this 6 A) He thinks he got a good grade.

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afternoon. B) The history grade were all C

B) The exam will be at noon. or above.

C) He will collect the exams at

12:00.

C)

D)

No one got history grades.

There were no high scores.

D) The tests will be graded by noon.

2 A) Martha applied for a visa last

month.

7 A) The parking lots were full

before 10:00.

B) Martha’s visa will last for only a

month.

B) It was impossible to start class

by 10:00.

C) Martha arrived last month without

her visa.

C) He parked the car before class

at 10:00.

D) One month ago Martha got her

visa.

D) The possibility of finding a

place to park increased.

3 A) The professor described what the

students should do.

8 A)

B)

She’s found a new ring.

She needs to help him find

B) There was a long line to register

for the required class.

C)

something.

She’s shopping for a carpet.

C) It is a requirement for each

professor to teach at least one

course.

D) She’s thankful she has a rag.

D) The professor required the class to

prepare an outline.

4 A) Chuck had improved. 9 A) In a department store.

B) This visit was better than last. B) In a bank.

C) Chuck looked at him in the

hospital.

C)

D)

In an accounting firm.

In a checkout line.

D) Chuck didn’t seem to be doing

very well.

5 A) She thinks the tuition should be

raised.

10 A) Jane usually visits San

Francisco for her vacations.

B) The semester’s tuition is quite

affordable.

B) Jane’s cousin often visits san

Francisco.

C)

D)

She doesn’t have enough money

for her school fee.

She has more than enough for

C) Whenever there’s holiday,

Jane’s cousin goes to San

Francisco.

tuition. D) Whenever there’s a holiday,

Jane leaves San Francisco.

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11 A) He’d really like to have

something to eat.

17 A)

B)

The cake is extremely good.

He never tasted the cake.

B) Because he’s weak, he can’t eat. C) He wished he hadn’t tasted the

C) It’s been weeks since he’s had

anything to eat.

D)

cake.

The cake has never been very

D) He hasn’t felt like eating for

weeks.

good.

12 A)

B)

Traffic should not be allowed.

She thinks that the traffic should

18 A) At the corner she ran into

another Carl.

C)

stay outside.

She agrees that the traffic is noisy.

B) She ran to Carl because she

cared.

D) She’ll stay outside with the man. C) She unexpectedly met one for

her relatives.

D) Carl was running from place

to place.

13 A)

B)

The headings for today’s.

The chance to make the headlines.

19 A) She shouldn’t leave her purse

here.

C)

D)

Her reading ability.

B) She’s probably in the

apartment.

C) Her purse must not be in the

apartment.

D) She left without talking her

purse.

14 A) The bus trip is only five minutes

long.

20 A) The landlord failed to collect

rent on the first of last month.

B) The man missed the bus by five

minutes.

B) The tenants absolutely must

pay rent at the beginning of

the month.

C) The man should hurry to catch the

bus.

C) The landlord will not fail to

collect your rent on the first of

next month.

D) The bus was five minutes late. D) It is important to call the

landlord about rent on the first

of the month.

15 A) It’s not possible to pass the class. 21 A) Talking the car out for a test

drive.

B) She’ll definitely fail. B) Listening to the noises.

C) It’s always possible. C) Fixing the car herself.

D) She shouldn’t say anything. D) Getting the car repaired.

16 A) She gave Tom money to pay the

rent.

22 A) Martha’s job’s are easy.

B) She was given money for the rent. B) It’s easy to hold two jobs.

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C) Tom borrowed money for the

rent.

C) It’s better for Martha to have

two jobs.

D) She had some money to lend. D) Martha should slow down.

23 A)

B)

The place took off just after he

arrived.

He arrived just after the place

27 A) Mr. Drew pointedly asked the

presidents about the

committee.

C)

took off.

He wasn’t in time to catch the

B) The president pointed to Mr.

Drew’s head.

D)

place.

He arrived too late to catch the

C) Mr. Drew became head of the

new commission.

plane. D) Mr. Drew was committed to

the president’s.

24 A) He agrees with the woman’s

suggestion.

28 A)

B)

She left inferior.

She wasn’t furious.

B) Parking is not free on the

weekend.

C)

She felt there should have

been more fairness.

C) It is not necessary for them to

park.

D) She was extremely angry.

D) He thinks they don’t have to.

25 A) He is eager to leave his job. 29 A) The man would do the dishes.

B) He is unhappy at the thought of

retiring.

B) The plates did not need to be

washed.

C) He couldn’t be unhappier about

retired

C) The man would not be ready

to go.

D) He is retiring too soon. D) The dishes would not be done.

26 A)

B)

He got the car he really wanted.

He didn’t get a new car.

30 A) He knew that grapes were

cheaper than cherries.

C) The car that he got was not his

first choice.

B) He didn’t know that grapes

were cheaper that cherries.

D) He didn’t really want a new car. C) He bought grapes because they

were cheaper than cherries.

D) He didn’t buy either grapes or

cherries because of the price.

Part B

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Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear longer conversations. After each

conversation, you will hear several questions. The conversations and questions will not be

repeated.

After you hear a question, read the four possible answers in your test book and choose the

best answer. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that

corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Remember, you are not allowed to take

notes or write in your test book.

31 A) Attend to football game alone. 35 A) Trash orbiting Earth.

B)

C)

Go to a sporting event.

Eat in the cafeteria.

B) A trip by an astronaut to the

Moon.

D) See a play. C) The overabundance of garbage

on Earth.

D) Becoming space scientists.

32 A) It’s the final game of the season. 36 A) From a lecture.

B) It’s better than the drama

department’s play.

B)

C)

In a magazine article.

In a book.

C) It’s very important game. D) On a television program.

D) It’s close to the cafeteria.

33 A) A play. 37 A) 17,000 pounds.

B) A game. B) 3,000 pounds.

C) A study group meeting. C) 3,000 tons.

D) Dinner in the cafeteria. D) 300 tons.

34 A)

B)

Saturday night.

After dinner in the cafeteria.

38 A) She will be able to travel in

space.

C)

D)

Sunday afternoon.

Maybe next weekend.

B) The problem will take care of

itself.

C) Scientists will find solutions to

the problem.

D) The junk will fall to Earth.

Part C

Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear several talks. After each talk you will hear

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some questions. The talks and questions will not be repeated.

After you hear a question, read the four possible answers in your test book and choose the

best answer. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that

corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

Here is an example.

On the recording, you will hear:

Now listen to a sample question.

In your test book, you will read:

(A) Art from America’s inner cities

(B) Art from the central region of the United States

(C) Art from various urban areas in the United States

(D) Art from rural sections of America

*The best answer to the question, “What style of painting is known as American regionalist?” is

(D) “Art from rural sections of America” Therefore, the correct choice is (D).

Now listen to another sample question.

In your test book, you will read:

(A) “American Regionalist”

(B) “The family farm in Iowa”

(C) “American Gothic”

(D) “A serious Couple”

*The best answer to the question, “What is the name of wood’s most successful painting?” is (C),

“American Gothic ” Therefore, the correct choice is (C).

Remember, you are not allowed to take notes or write in your test book.

39 A) On the first day of class. 43 A) (A) In winter.

B) In The middle of the semester. B) (B) In spring.

C) At the end of class. C) (C) In summer.

D) In the final week of the semester. D) (D) In fall.

40 A)

B)

Later today.

By Friday of this week.

44 A) Seasonable, with warm

summers and cold winters.

C) In two weeks. B) Fairly constant and moderate.

D) In three weeks. C) Very humid.

D) Extremely hot year-round.

41 A)

B)

Journal and magazine articles.

Books from outside the library.

45 A) They come from the

Southwest.

C)

D)

Books listed in student journals.

Both book and journals.

B) They come most days of the

year.

C) They are the hardest during

the night.

D) They increase the humidity.

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42 A) Two.

B) Three.

C) Five.

D) Seven.

47 A) Modern American Authors. 49 A) It’s poem about the author.

B)

C)

United States history.

American Democracy.

B) It’s poem about Abraham

Lincoln.

D) Nineteenth-Century American

Literature.

C) The collection of twelve

poems that remained

unchanged.

D) It’s a volume a poetry that

grew with its author.

48 A) The death of Abraham Lincoln. 50 A) “Leave of Grass”.

B) The beauty of American

democracy.

B)

C)

“Song of Myself”.

“When Lilacs Last in the

C)

D)

The raising of plants.

The maturity of poetry.

D)

Dooryard Bloomed”.

“American Democracy”.

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STRUCTURE

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Unit I

Pronoun

Kinds of

Pronoun

Subject Object Possessive

Pronoun

Possessive

Adjective

Singular

I

You

She

He

It

Me

You

Her

Him

It

Mine

Yours

Hers

His

Its

My hand

Your hand

Her hand

His hand

Its hand

Plural

We

You

They

Us

You

Them

Ours

Yours

Theirs

Our hands

Your hands

Their hands

Example:

Indonesia is a beautiful country. It has many tigers in the jungle. That will be very difficult to see them

in their true environment.

Pronoun “it” is in the subject position. The pronoun “them” is the object pronoun and refers to the tigers.

The pronoun “their” is in the possessive adjective form because the environment discussed in sentence is

that “environment of the tigers”.

Possessive pronouns or adjectives are usually used with reference to parts of the body.

Examples:

1. She put the scarf on her neck every night.

2. She has a beautiful ring in her finger.

3. The boy we talked about is the one with a hat on his head.

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Observe the following example. Does the pronoun or possessive adjective agree with the word it refers

to?

Example:

The little girl has a beautiful necklace on her neck, and the little boy has a great hat on his head.

If “a beautiful necklace” is put on belongs to “the little girl”, the possessive adjective must agree with the

word “the little girl”. If the “hat” is put on belongs to “the little boy”, the possessive pronoun must agree with

the word “the little boy”. If something in the sentence indicates that the “hat” they put on belong to someone

else, agreement must be made between the possessive pronoun or adjective and that other person.

Exercise

A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect!

1. When he comes back from vacation, Bob and me plan to look for another apartment.

When he comes back from vacation, Bob and I plan to look for another apartment.

2. The bus leaves Ted and she at the corner.

The bus leaves Ted and her at the corner.

B. Choose the Correct Answer!

1. The jaw structure of a snake permits it to eat and digest animals much larger than ___.

A. it

B. its

C. itself

D. it has

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2. Sports medicine experts agree that ice should be applied immediately when an athlete suffers an injury to

___ leg.

A. its

B. an

C. the

D. his

3. One property of radioisotopes is that ___ decaying occurs in half-lives over a long period of time.

A. they

B. them

C. they’re

D. their

4. Since the earth’s crust is much thicker under the continents, equipment would have to be capable of

drilling through 100,000 feet of rock to investigate the mantle ___.

A. beneath them

B. beneath their

C. beneath its

D. beneath they

5. There are ten children playing in the yard near my house, but your child is not ___.

A. among them

B. among us

C. among their

D. among theirs

6. The policemen ordered the suspect not to remove ___ from the hood of the car.

A. their hands

B. his hands

C. them hands

D. him hands

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7. The human body relies on certain nutrients for ___ survival.

A. it

B. its

C. his

D. hers

8. The company has so little money that ___ cannot hardly operate anymore.

A. it

B. their

C. its

D. they

9. The students were interested in taking a field trip to The National History Museum, but ___ were not able

to raise enough money.

A. them

B. their

C. they

D. theirs

10. Seals can keep ___ because they have a thick layer of blubber under their fur.

A. their warm

B. they warm

C. them warm

D. warm themselves

C. Choose A, B, C or D as the word/phrases should not be in these following sentences!

1. According to the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, no person should be

A B

compelled to be a witness against him own.

C D

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2. According to the theory of natural selection, the man who was able to use

the hand and feet most freely to walk and grasp was the one who survived and

A B C D

evolved.

3. Although Barney Clark lived only a few months with that artificial heart, doctors were

A

able to learn a great deal from him having used it.

B C D

4. According to Amazon legends, men were forced to do all of the household tasks for

A B

the women warriors who governed and protected the cities for they.

C D

5. After she had bought himself a new automobile, she sold her bicycle.

A B C D

6. Before my parents went home, she had bought me some food.

A B C D

7. Peter and Tom play tennis every morning with Mary and I

A B C D

8. A mosquito’s wings move about one hundred times per second. Them wing movement

A B C

is the sound we hear when a mosquito is humming in our ears.

D

9. If it is kept dry, a seed can still sprout up to forty years after their formation.

A B C D

10. Because Sam and Michelle had done all of the work theirselves, they were unwilling

A B C

to give the results to Joan.

D

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Unit 2

Modal Auxiliaries

The modal auxiliaries in English are: can, could, had better, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should,

will, and would rather. Modal auxiliaries generally express a speaker’s attitude, or “moods”. For example,

modals can express that a speaker feels something is necessary, advisable, permissible, possible, or

probable and addition, they can convey the strength of these attitudes.

The modal auxiliaries have a number of different meanings. They are used to indicate something

which is potential or uncertain. Remember that a modal is an auxiliary, and thus is never used with “do”,

“does”, or “did”.

Modal Uses Present/ Future Past

Must

1. Strong necessity You must study hard

2. Prohibition You must not leave the class

3. 95% certainty Bob is not in the office now. He

must have something to do outside

Bob must have arranged

the meeting.

Have to

1. Necessity You have to study hard

2. Lack of necessity You don’t have to go to office

tomorrow.

May

1. Polite request May I have a glass of water?

2. Formal permission You may go to Australia

3. Less than 50%

Certainty

What is George doing now? He

may be learning in his room.

He may have been in his

room

Might Less than 50%

certainty

Robert might be sleeping now. Robert might have slept

now.

Be

able to

Ability I am able to speak English.

Can

1. Ability I can speak English I could play badminton

well when I was young.

2. Informal polite

Request

Can you lend me your computer?

3. Informal

Permission

You can use my computer

Could

1. Past ability I could play badminton

well when I was young.

2. Polite request Could I borrow your English

book?

3. Suggestion You could see the doctor to get

better soon.

You could have seen the

doctor to get better soon.

4. Certainty less than

50%

William could be at his room William could have been at

his room.

5. Impossible thing It couldn’t be false! It couldn’t have been

false!

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Will

1. 100% certainty I will be in the office before 8

2. Willingness Someone knocks the door. I’ll

open it.

3. Polite request Will you lend me your car?

Would

1. Polite request Would you lend me your

car?

2. Preference I would rather study in my

room than play in the yard.

I would rather have studied

in my room.

3. Repeated action

in the past

I would play every

afternoon in the yard

with my friends when I was

young.

Be going

to

1. 100% necessity I am going to be here before

8

2. Definite plan I am going to go to Australia next

week.

I was going to go to

Australia, but I didn’t have

enough money.

Shall

1. Polite request

to make suggestion

Shall I turn off the lamp?

2. Future with “I” or

“we” as subject

We shall visit her soon.

Should

1. Advisability You should study hard

before exam.

You should have studied

hard before exam.

2. 90 % certainty She should consume her

medicine.

She should have consumed

her medicine.

Had

better

Advisability with threat

or bad result

You had better study hard or you

will fail.

Would

rather

Preference I would rather stay at home than

play in the yard

I would rather have stayed at

home than play in the yard

Exercises.


1. After you show me the way, I can to go by myself.

After you show me the way, I can go by myself

2. You had better to hurry if you don’t want to miss the bus.

You had better hurry if you don’t want to miss the bus.

3. If you don’t mind, I’d rather not to serve on the committee.

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If you don’t mind, I’d rather not serve on the committee.

B. Choose the correct answer!

1. Suzy had better ___her study habits if she hopes to be admitted to a good university.

A. to change

B. change

C. changing

D. changes

2. A future system of solid waste management should ___ with reduction in the amount of waste.

A. begun

B. begin

C. began

D. to begin

3. The theory of Continental Drift assumes that there ___ long term climatic changes in many areas during

the past.

A. must have been

B. must have

C. must be

D. must

4. The general public ___ a large number of computers now, because prices are beginning to decrease

A. must buy

B. must have bought

C. must be buying

D. must buying

5. A fish must constantly ___ water in order to keep a current flowing through its delicate gills.

A. gulp

B. gulping

C. gulps

D. to gulp

6. The prices of homes are so high in urban areas that most young people cannot ___ to buy them.

A. to afford

B. affords

C. affording

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D. afford

7. To check for acidity, one had better ___ litmus paper.

A. use

B. to use

C. to use

D. useful

8. The great apes, a generally peaceful species, ___ in groups.

A. would rather living

B. would rather they live

C. would rather live

D. would rather lived

9. He told me a lot about the Philippines. He ___ there for a long time.

A. must have lived

B. ought to be lived

C. might be living

D. should be living

10. When we got home, we found the front door open. Somebody ___ entered the house while we were

away.

A. must have

B. would have

C. ought to have

D. should have

B. Choose A, B, C or D as the word/phrases should not be in these following sentences!

1. Because doctors are treating more people of skin cancer, it is widely believed that changes in the

A B C

protective layers of the earth’s atmosphere must produced harmful effects.

D

2. Sagebrush flourishes in the dry soil of the western plains, where many other plants cannot grows.

A B C D

3. People would rather to hear the positive things being talked about than the negatives.

A B C D

4. Some astronomers contend that in ancient times, the Big Horn Medicine Wheel, an arrangement of

stones

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A

in Wyoming, must have serve as sighting points for observations of the sun.

B C D

5. The Amish people, descended from the Germans and Swiss, would rather using horses than machines for

A B

transportation and farm work because they believe that a simple life keeps them closer to God.

C D

6. In today’s competitive markets, even small businesses had better to advertise on TV and radio in order

A B C

to gain a share of the market.

D

7. Some plants produce irritating poisons that can affecting a person even if he or she merely brushes

A B C

against them.

D

8. India must not treated the Eurozone crisis lightly, even though the crisis may appear to be playing out at

A B C

a distance.

D

9. There are certain things you should not shared on social networks for your own safety.

A B C D

10. Sheep must have mate in fall since the young were born in early spring last year.

A B C D

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Unit 3

Causative Verbs

“Make, have, and get” can be used to express the idea that “someone” causes “another” to do something.

“Make” and “have” are followed by the simple form of a verb, not an infinitive.

Subject Have/make Complement (person) Simple verb

My mother had the maid clean the floor

The teacher makes the students do the assignment

* The causative verb “have” gives the idea that “A” requests “B” to do something.

* The causative verb “make” has stronger meaning than have and get. Its meaning is “force”.

* “Get” is followed by infinitive.

S Get Complement (person) Infinitive

Jim gets his sister to help him

John gets his friends to play soccer with him

* The causative “get” gives the idea that “A” persuades “B” to do something.

Passive form of causative verb:

S Get/have/make Complement (things) V3 (past participle)

Jim has the car Repaired

John gets the letter Typed

George made the clothes washed

Exercise


1. The teacher made John to leave the class.

2. Ellen got Marley paint the wall.

3. The policeman made the robber lie on the ground.

4. Maria had Gene prepare the meal.

5. We have to have our children to study hard.

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1. Nadia will have her friend ___ her essay assignment next week.

a. submit

b. submitted

c. submitting

d. to submit

2. The students are getting the lecturer ___ the schedule.

a. change

b. changing

c. to change

d. changed

3. The attorney had his client ___ the possibility of winning the case.

a. consider

b. considering

c. to consider

d. considered

4. All people make the new leader ___ the need for justice and equality.

a. emphasize

b. emphasizing

c. to emphasize

d. emphasized

5. The instructor had the trainees ___ a project report.

a. making

b. make

c. made

d. to make

6. The test administrator made us not ___ our books until he told us to do so.

a. open

b. to open

c. opening

d. opened

7. Jack always gets me ___ beside him.

a. not to smoke

b. no smoking

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c. not smoking

d. not smoke

8. The speaker is getting the audience ___ to his speech.

a. listen

b. listened

c. listening

d. to listen

9. The principal always has the students ___ the school rules.

a. obey

b. obeying

c. to obey

d. obeyed

10. The new government will have the budget of education ___.

a. increased

b. to increase

c. increase

d. increasing


1. Luis got his sister read his class assignment, and then asked her to write the report for

A B

him because he did not have enough time.

C D

2. The director had them to work in committees to plan a more effective advertising

A B C

campaign for a new product.

D

3. James’ lecturer had him to rewrite his thesis many times before allowing him to

A B C

present it to the committee.

D

4. I always go to the hairdresser’s to have my hair to cut every month.

A B C D

5. Why don’t you make her doing it herself.

A B C D

6. Hendry always gets the room cleanly every day.

A B C D

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7. Father will have the mechanic repaired my car before I use it tomorrow.

A B C D

8. The police officer had the suspect to fill the form.

A B C D

9. Nadine usually gets the woman sweep the floor in the morning.

A B C D

10. Father will have the room clean before the guests arrive.

A B C D

Unit 4

Subjunctive

The subjunctive verb form is used in noun clauses that express suggestion, possibility, or

requirement. The subjunctive verb is indicating that one person wants another person to do something.

Subjunctive verbs do not have present, past, or future form, they are neither singular nor plural. The clause is

always introduced by that and the verb is in the simple form. It also can be in the form of “be”.

For examples:

a) Mr. Frank demands that his manager submit the weekly report as soon as possible.

b) Monica is asking that we attend her graduation ceremony next week.

c) The monk insisted that the tourist not enter the temple until they had removed their shoes.

d) Professor William suggested that Wilma should study harder for the final exam.

e) It is important that you be standing there when he gets off the plane

f) Christine demanded that I be allowed to take part in the negotiations.

[S + V] or [it + is/was + adjective] + that + S + V1 or be

[S + V] or [it + is/was + adjective]+ that + S + not V1 or be

*Note: “Should” is also possible used after the verbs suggest, recommend, and insist.

VERBS ADJECTIV

ES

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demand

insist

suggest

recommend

command

propose

require

decree

ask

request

urge

advise

it is crucial it is necessary

it is essential it is imperative

it is important it is urgent

it is vital

*Note:

A. Do NOT use a present or past tense verb instead of a verb word.

B. Do NOT use a modal before the verb word.

Exercise


1. Mr. Adams insisted that we be careful in our writing.

2. It is essential that no one will be admitted to the room without proper identification.

3. It is vital that no one else know about the secret government operation.

4. I requested that I permit to change my class.

5. Her advisor recommended that she takes five courses.


1. It is imperative that he___home immediately.

a. returns

b. return

c. will return

d. shall return

2. The government proposed that a new high way ___.

a. is built

b. will be built

c. builds

d. be built

3. She specifically asked that I ___anyone else about it.

a. not tell

b. does not tell

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c. will not tell

d. do not tell

4. It is imperative that the government___poverty.

a. eradicate

b. eradicates

c. not eradicate

d. does not eradicate

5. It is necessary that calcium ___for the development of strong bones and teeth.

a. be used

b. will be used

c. is used

d. used

6. The judge insisted that the jury___a verdict immediately.

a. return

b. returning

c. returned

d. returns

7. The university requires that all its students___this course.

a. taking

b. took

c. take

d. are taking

8. Congress has recommended that the gasoline tax ___abolished.

a. be

b. is

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c. was

d. to be

9. It is imperative that the committee___discussion on this issue

a. suspended

b. suspending

c. suspend

d. suspends

10. It is advised that you ___the prerequisites before registering for this course.

a. takes

b. took

c. take

d. to take


11. It is essential that the temperature is not elevated to a point where the substance

A B

formed may become unstable and decompose into its constituent elements.

C D

12. When a patient’s blood pressure is much higher than it should be, a doctor usually

A B C

insists that he will not smoke.

D

13. He insisted that the food is canned for later consumption.

A B C D

14. The instructor recommended that everyone takes the placement test.

A B C D

15. The government urged that all citizens will vote in the next election.

A B C D

16. It is most important that he speaks to the dean before leaving for his vacation.

A B C D

17. It was suggested that Pedro studies the materials more thoroughly before

A B

attempting to pass the exam.

C D

18. The doctor advised Mr. Andrew that he lies in bed for a few days as a precaution

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A B C

against further damage to the tendons.

D

19. It is urgent that the committee will study the proposals before making a decision.

A B C D

20. The director suggested that his staff to plan a more effective advertising campaign

A B C

for the new product.

D

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Unit 5

Tenses

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE This tense is used:

1. To show that something was true in the past, is true in the present, and will be true in the future. It

expresses general statement of fact and timeless truth.

Example :

The sun rises in the east. (general truth)

2. To express habitual or everyday activities.

Example:

I go to school every day. (habitual activities)

Time signal used in simple present tense:

• Every morning

• Every day

• Every night

• Every Sunday

*Note : Simple present tense is used with “stative” verbs to show the present time, that is something

happening now. Some stative verbs are as follow :

• Be

• Believe

• Have

• Love

• See

• Like

• See

• Taste

• Own

• Sound

• Weigh

• Smell

• Want

• Understand

• Hate

• Hear

• Know

Example :

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1. I like eating apples. (Correct)

2. I am liking eating apples. (Incorrect)

Pattern

Subject Verb (s/es) Object

I

eat

study

apples

Mathematics

They

We

You

The students

He

She

It

eats

studies

THE SIMPLE PRESENT PROGRESISVE TENSE This tense is used:

1. To express an activity that is in progress at the moment of speaking. It is a temporary activity, began in

the past, is happening at present, and will probably end at some point in the future.

2. To express something generally in progress this week, this month, this year.

Pattern:

Subject Be V-ing

I am

sleeping

They

We

You

The students

are

He

She

It

George

is

Example :

1. Bob is watching television right now.

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2. The students are taking some courses this year.

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE This tense is used:

1. To indicate that an activity or situation began in the past and ended at a particular time in the past.

Example:

I lived in USA last year.

2. To indicate an action that occurred over a period of time but was completed in the past.

Example:

My mother worked in the office in 2004.

3. To show an activity that took place regularly in the past.

Example:

When he was young, he went to school by bike every day.

Pattern

Subject Past verb

I

slept

They

We

You

The students He

She

It

George

* Note : Remember, there are two kinds of verbs. There are regular verbs and irregular

verbs.

THE PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE This tense is used:

1. To indicate an activity that interrupted actions

Example:

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The teacher was explaining in front of the class when someone knocked the door.

2. To show a continuous state or repeated action in the past.

Example:

I was watching movie at that time.

3. To show an event planned in the past.

Example:

She planned to continue her study but she did not have not a chance to do it.

Pattern

Subject Be V-ing

I was

sleeping

They

We

You

The students

were

He

She

It

George

was

THE PERFECT TENSE This tense is used:

1. To show an action that happened at an unspecified time.

Example:

I have ever gone to Melbourne.

2. To show an action that has recently occurred.

Example:

I have just finished my work.

3. To show an action that happened in the past and continuous up to the present.

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Example:

I have lived in Indonesia for eight years.

4. An action that happened repeatedly before now.

Example:

I have visited her twice.

Pattern

Subject Have

/has

Past participle

Regular verb

Past participle

Irregular verb

Object

I

have

studied

learnt

Mathematics

English

They

We

You

The students

He

She

It

George

has

THE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE This tense is used:

1. To show an action that began in the past and continuous in the present.

Example:

She has been studying law in the great university.

2. To show an action repeated over a period of time in the past and continuing in the present.

Example:

I have been living in Melbourne since three years ago.

Pattern:

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Subject Have/has Past participle V-ing

I

Have

been

sleeping

They

We

You

The students

He

She

It

George

Has

Exercise


1. Please, be quiet. I am trying to concentrate.

2. Kathy is always washing her hair every other day.

3. I called Mary last night.

4. In her whole life time, she has never see snow.

5. She will probably attends the meeting.


1. A: ” How long has she been the principal of our school?” B: “ Since I ___ this

school.”

a. was entering

b. would entered

c. have entered

d. entered

2. A: “ Can I borrow your magazine?” B: “ I’ am sorry, my sister ___ it.

a. is still reading

b. will still read

c. has been reading

d. still reads

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3. “ Oh dear! I forgot to bring my dictionary”. “ That’s all right. I ___ you mine.”

a. am lending.

b. will lend

c. am going to lend

d. will be lending

4. “Where is my dictionary? It was on my desk.” “Perhaps, somebody ___ it.”

a. takes

b. is taking

c. has taken

d. had taken

5. Political demonstrations on American campuses have abated ___ 1970.

a. after

b. for

c. in

d. since

6. People who have very little technical background have ___ to understand computer language.

a. learn

b. learned

c. learning

d. learns

7. Before the Angles and Saxons ___ to England, the Ibarians had lived there.

a. came

b. had come

c. comes

d. has come

8. My nephew ___ working for me about ten years ago.

a. begun

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b. have begun

c. begin

d. began

9. Doctoral students who are preparing to take their qualifying examinations have been studying in the

library every night ___ the last three months.

a. since

b. before

c. until

d. after

10. The internal Revenue service ___ their tax forms by April 15 every year.

a. makes

b. is making

c. make

d. has made


11. Before she died, Andrew Jackson’s daughter, who lives in the family mansion, used to

A B C take tourists through her home.

D 12. Aging in most animals can be readily modified when they will limit caloric intake.

A B C D 13. Two of the players from the Yankees has been chosen to participate in All Star game.

A B C D 14. The first electric lamp had two carbon rods from which vapor serves to conduct the

A B C D current across the gap.

15. Before dinosaurs became extinct, plant life is very different on earth. A B C D

16. When Columbus seen the new world, he thought that he had reached the East A B C

Indies by way of a Western route.

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D 17. Nerve impulses will send sensation to the brain at a speed of about one hundred yards

A B C per second. D

18. In 1970, according to the National Center for Health Statistics, the average life A B

expectancy for people born during year is 72.4 years. C D

19. The professor had already given the homework assignment when he had remembered A B

that Monday was a holiday. C D

20. John lived in New York for 1990 to 2000, but he is now living in Detroit. A B C D

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Unit 6

Passive

A. Form

Study the following sentences and pay attention to the parts which are printed in bold:

1. The visitor is asked to stand in line by the zoo’s staff.

2. The visitor is being asked to stand in line by the zoo’s staff.

3. The visitor has been asked to stan

Pattern

B. Uses

Like many other languages, English sentences also recognize passive structures.

Furthermore, the passive structures are used for several reasons, those reasons are as follow:

1. When the speaker wishes to draw attention to a particular situation instead of the person who

does the action or cause that situation.

2. When the speaker wishes to discuss about a system or process.

3. When the speaker wishes to increase the degree of formality.

4. When the speaker wishes to describe changes that happen to someone or something.

TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE (V3)

*to be : am, is, are, was, were, be, and been.

a. am, is, are : present tenses b. was, were : past tenses

c. be : modal, future d. been : perfect

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*Note: Study the following sentences and notice the parts which are printed in bold!

TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE

SIMPLE PRESENT Lucy buys the car The car is bought by Lucy

SIMPLE PAST Lucy bought the car The car was bought by Lucy

SIMPLE FUTURE Lucy will buy the car The car will be bought by Lucy

PRESENT CONTINOUS Lucy is buying the car The car is being bought by Lucy

PAST CONTINOUS Lucy was buying the car The car was being bought by Lucy

BE GOING TO Lucy is going to buy the car The car is going to be bought by Lucy

PRESENT PERFECT Lucy has bought the car The car has been bought by Lucy

PAST PERFECT Lucy had bought the car The car had been bought by Lucy

FUTURE PERFECT Lucy will have bought the car The car will have been bought by Lucy

MODAL Lucy shall buy the car The car shall be bought by Lucy

Exercise


1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

My wedding ring made of yellow and white gold

My wedding ring is made of yellow and white gold

Laura was born in Iowa

Laura born in Iowa

Most of us are sponsored from our parents

Most of us are sponsored by our parents

The car was inspected for customs

The car was inspected by customs

Her watch needed repaired

Her watch needed repairing

B. Choose the Correct Answer!

1. If more than five thousand dollars in monetary instruments is transported into the United States,

a report needs ___ with the customs office.

a. file

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b. to file

c. file

d. to be filed

2. The famous architect, Frank Wright, was greatly ___ , who wanted him to study architecture.

a. influenced by his mother

b. his mother influenced him

c. from his mother’s influence

d. influencing for his mother

3. In the stringed instruments, the toners ___ by planting a bow across a set of strings that may be made of

wire or gut.

a. they produce

b. are produced

c. producing

d. that are producing

4. ___ Java Man, who lived before the first Ice Age, is the first manlike animal.

a. It is generally believed that

b. Believed generally is

c. Generally believed it is

d. That is generally believed

5. Hundreds of houses and other buildings ___ by the raging tropical storms which later developed

into a hurricane.

a. were developing

b. are developing

c. were developed

d. are developed

6. The biology class will ___ into two sections to prevent overcrowding in his classroom.

a. be divided

b. divide

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c. be divide

d. be dividing

7. We arrived at the store to purchase the dishwasher which ___ in the local newspaper.

a. has been advertised

b. had been advertised

c. have been advertised

d. is advertised

8. A great deal of property ___ by hurricanes each year.

a. is destroyed

b. destroyed

c. was destroyed

d. destroy

9. Next week, some new equipment ___ by the company to increase the production.

a. will be ordered

b. is ordered

c. was ordered

d. ordered

10. These contracts ___ by the manager in the next meeting.

a. should be signed

b. is signed

c. was signed

d. signed


1. Work is often measure in units called foot pounds.

A B C D

2. In the ionosphere, gases have been partly ionize for high frequency radiation from the

A B C

sun and other sources.

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D

3. Because the interstate highway system linking roads across the country was built

A B

about thirty-five years ago, most of the roads in the system now need repaired.

C D

4. It is believe that most of the earthquakes in the world occur near the youngest

A B C D

mountain ranges--the Himalayas, the Andes, and the Sierra Nevada.

5. With special enzymes that are call restriction enzymes, it is possible to spilt off

A B

segments of DNA from the donor organism.

C D

6. All the participants of the seminar have been informing by the committee.

A B C D

7. He is sent an e –mail last week to inform him about the new schedule.

A B C D

8. We are suppose to read all of the chapter seven and answer the questions for

A B C

tomorrow’s class

D

9. The house were renovated by some workers several weeks ago.

A B C D

10. We should have been informed Janis about the change in plans regarding our

A B C D

weekend trip to the mountains.

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Unit 7

Subject-Verb Agreement

Regardless of the structure, all sentences involve an agreement between subject and verb. This

agreement is made based on the nature of the noun (plural or singular) which serves as a subject.

A. Form

Study the following table and pay attention to the pattern used by each sentences.

Masuk table

SINGULAR S – V EXPLANATION PLURAL S - V EXPLANATION

The student reads the book. Singular N + V1(s) The students read the

books

Plural N + V1

The song is good Singular N + be

(singular)

Some of the songs

are good

Plural N + be (plural)

One of the calves is

sick

One of, each of, every

one of + be (singular)

People normally refuse

to go outside their homes

during winter.

EXCEPTION (There are

several plural nouns which have

no –s ending, and they have

to be followed by plural

verbs.) None of the girls is

interested in cooking

None of + be

(singular)

The Chinese are known

for the many words of

wisdom that they have

EXCEPTION (Nationality

is considered as plural noun,

and it is followed by

plural verb.)

The news is too

sensational

EXCEPTION: (News

is a singular noun)

Some fish die after

laying their eggs

EXCEPTION (There are nouns

whose plural and singular forms

are the same. And while in their

plural form, they are followed

by plural verbs)

Physics seems to fail in

drawing his interest.

EXCEPTION: (Subjects

in school is always a

singular noun)

The United Nations tries its

hard to keep the peace in the

world.

EXCEPTION: (Title

and the name of

institution/ organization

is always a singular

noun)

Two hours of car ride is all

that you need to take to get

to the center of the city

EXCEPTION: (Time,

money, and distance take

a singular form)

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B. Special Case:

When using the word “there/ here” make sure that the verbs which follow afterwards agree with the

noun used as subject of the sentence.

There is + Singular Noun

There are + Plural Noun

Here is + Singular Noun

Here are + Plural Noun

C. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: USING THERE + BE

There and here introduce verb-subject order. The verb agrees with the subject following it.

There Verb Subject

There are a lot of people in the park.

Here Verb Subject

Here is the result of the discussion

Avoid using a verb that does not agree with the subject.

D. EXERCISES

I. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect!

1) I think there was ten people in line.

I think there were ten people in line.

2) There has been very little rain this summer.

There have been very little rain this summer.

II. Choose the correct answer!

1. A group of tissues, each with its own function, ___ in the human body

a. it makes up the organs

b. make up the organs

c. they make up the organs

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d. makes up the organs

2. Cupid, one of the ancient Roman gods, ___.

a. were a little winged child

b. representing as a little winged child

c. was represented as a little winged child

d. a little winged child

3. In a suspension bridge ____ that carry one or more flexible cables firmly attached at each end.

a. there is two towers on it

b. there are two towers

c. two towers there are

d. towers there are two

4. The Palo Verde tree ___ in spring.

a. has beautiful yellow blossoms

b. beautiful yellow blossoms

c. having beautiful yellow blossoms

d. with beautiful yellow blossoms

5. Nine of every ten people in the world ___ in the country in which they were born.

a. living

b. they are living

c. lives

d. live

6. The average temperature of rocks on the surface of the earth ___ 55 degrees F.

a. be

b. are

c. is

d. been

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7. All of the people at the AAME conference are ___.

a. mathematic teachers

b. mathematics teachers

c. mathematics teacher

d. mathematic’s teachers

8. Oscillatona, one of the few plants that can move about, ___ a wavy, gliding motion.

a. having

b. has

c. being

d. with

9. In the ocean, ___ more salt in the deeper water.

a. is there

b. it may be

c. there is

d. it is

10. The yearly path of the sun around the heavens ___.

a. is known as the ecliptic

b. known as the ecliptic

c. it is known to be ecliptic

d. knowing as the ecliptic

III. Choose A, B, C or D as the word/phrases should not be in these following sentences!

11. Columbus, Ohio, the capital of the state, are not only the largest city in Ohio but also

A B C

a typical metropolitan area, often used in market research.

D

12. There is about 600 schools in the United States that use the Montessori Method to

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A B C

encourage individual initiative.

D

13. A thunderhead, dense clouds that rise high in the sky in huge columns, produce hail,

A B C D

rain, or snow.

14. Not one in one hundred children exposed to the disease are likely to develop

A B C D

symptoms of it.

15. Both a term paper and a final exam is required for Chemistry 320.

A B C D

16. Studies of job satisfaction are unreliable because there is so many variables and

A B

because the admission of dissatisfaction may be viewed as a personal failure.

C D

17. The popularity of soccer in the United States were increased significantly by

A B

the playing of the World Cup in cities throughout the country in 1994.

C D

18. Two of the players from the Yankees has been chosen to participate in the All Star

A B C D

game.

19. The information officer at the bank told his customers that there was several

A B C D

different kinds of checking accounts available.

20. Never before has so many people in the United States been interested in soccer.

A B C D

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Unit 8

Parallel Structure

Conjunctions have various functions, and one of those functions is to connect words, phrases, or clauses

with identical grammatical function in a particular sentence. Such function is the point of discussion in parallel

structure. Furthermore there are two types of conjunction, those which do not need to be paired with other

conjunctions and those which always come in pairs (paired conjunction). Here are some of the

conjunctions:

REGULAR CONJUNCTION PAIRED CONJUNCTION

…,… and … Both … and …

…, … or … Neither … nor …

… but … Either … or …

Not only … but also …

Whether … or …

And here are some cases which serve as examples for you:

SENTENCE EXPLANATION

I like cakes, candies, and chocolate. In parallel structure, a conjunction can be used to

connect more than two items (word, phrase, or

clause), as long as they have the same function in the

sentence. (e.g. N+N+and+N)

Both my brother and my sister like spicy food. In the case of paired conjunction, the items being

connected are limited to only two items of the

same function.

Exercises


1. We learned to read the passage carefully and underlying the main idea.

We learned to read the passage carefully and to underline the main idea.

2. She is not only famous in the United States, but also abroad.

She is famous not only in the United States, but also abroad.

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1. In a hot, sunny climate, acclimatizes by eating less, drinking more liquids, wearing lighter clothing,

and ___.

a. skin changes that darken

b. experiencing a darkening of the skin

c. his skin may darken

d. darkens his skin

2. Both historically and ___ , Ontario is the heartland of Canada

a. in its geography

b. geographically

c. also its geography

d. geography

3. He knows where she lives and ___.

a. what she does

b. her address

c. she does

d. her job

4. Peter is not reading a novel but ___.

a. to wait her

b. writing a letter

c. type a report

d. wash his car

5. A vacuum will neither conduct heat nor ___.

a. transmit sound waves

b. transmitting sound waves

c. sound waves are transmitted

d. the transmission of sound waves

6. North Carolina is well known not only for the Great Smoky Mountains National Park ___ for the

Cherokee Indian settlements.

a. also

b. and

c. but also

d. because of

7. To generate income, magazine publishers must decide whether to increase the subscription price or ___.

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a. to sell advertising

b. if they should sell advertising

c. selling advertising

d. sold advertising

8. When teenagers finish high school, they have several choices: going to college, getting a job, or ___.

a. joining the army

b. to join the army

c. joins the army

d. join the army

9. Collecting stamps, playing chess, and ___ beautiful butterflies are Derrick’s hobbies.

a. to mount

b. mounts

c. mounting

d. mount

10. The chief of police demanded from his assistants an orderly investigation, a well-written report, and ___.

a. that they work hard

b. hard work

c. working hard

d. work hard


11. The essay which Paul wrote is rather short but impressively.

A B C D

12. They want to know where she went and did two days ago.

A B C D

13. My friend is interested not in books but in watching films.

A B C D

14. I think they can explain clearly neither when they go nor they do.

A B C D

15. The books and the magazine might be the bag or under the chair.

A B C D

16. Both Linda or Mary usually go to the cinema on Saturdays.

A B C D

17. Either Elisa nor Eriana really wanted to see them last week.

A B C D

18. They can go there either at the end of July or they can go there at the end of August.

A B C D

19. The aims of the Common Market are to eliminate tariffs member countries;

A

developing common policies for agriculture, labor, welfare, trade, and transportation;

B C

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and to abolish trust and cartels.

D

20. The puppy stood up slowly, wagged its tail, blinking its eyes, and barked.

A B C D

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Unit 9

Comparatives

1. POSITIVE DEGREE (EXACT COMPARISON)

Your bag is the same as mine.

Noun + Be + the same as + Noun

Your bag and my bag are the same.

Noun + and + Noun + Be + the same

These bags are the same.

Noun (Plural) + Be + the same

Your bag is as big as mine.

Noun + Be + as + Adj + as + Noun

2. GENERAL SIMILARITY AND DIFFERENCE

Your bag is like the one in the display.

Noun + Be + like + Noun

Your bag and the one in the display are alike.

Noun + and + Noun + Be + alike

These bags are alike.

Determiner + Noun plural + Be + alike

Your bag is different from the one in the display.

Noun + Be + different from + Noun

3. COMPARATIVE DEGREE

Oranges contain more vitamin C than apples.

Noun1 + V + more + N + than + Noun2

Lakes are generally deeper than rivers.

Noun1 + Be + Adj –er + than + Noun2

Weather in Indonesia is more humid than the weather in Australia.

Noun1 + Be + more + Adj + than + Noun2

**Note:

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i. More/ Less : syllables > 1

ii. -er : syllable =1/ ending -i

4. COMPARATIVE DEGREE FOR ESTIMATION

Sugar costs twice as much as cooking oil.

Noun1 + V + Adv of frequency + as + many/ much + as + Noun2

Indonesia has more than one hundred islands.

Noun1 + V + More (less) than + Number + Noun2

The festival has as many as forty five performers.

Noun1 + V + as many as + number + Noun2

5. SUPERLATIVE DEGREE

Mt. Bromo is the highest mountain that I have ever climbed.

Noun + Be + the + Adj-est + Noun

The test was the most difficult one so far.

Noun + Be + the + most Adj + Noun

6. DOUBLE COMPARISON

The brighter a star shines, the hotter its surface will be.

The + Comparative…….., the + Comparative ………

Exercise:


1. The car is almost the same like mine

2. The watch in the window is a little different than this one.

3. This one is better, but it costs three times as much as the other one.

4. This field is larger than the other one.

5. She is most prettiest of all the girls in our class.


1. Although we often use “speed” and “velocity” interchangeably, in technical sense, “speed” is not always

___”velocity”

a. alike

b. similar

c. the same as

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d. as

2. Although they are smaller, chipmunks are ___ most other ground squirrels.

a. like to

b. like as

c. like with

d. like

3. A nursery school is ___ a day care center.

a. different from

b. different

c. different than

d. different as

4. The rent at College Apartment is only half ___ you pay here.

a. than

b. as much as

c. as many as

d. from

5. The main library has ___ one millions volumes.

a. more as

b. most than

c. more than

d. least than

6. There are ___ fifteen thousand students attending summer school.

a. as many as

b. as much as

c. as many

d. as much

7. The bill which we received was ___ than the estimate.

a. more higher

b. the higher

c. higher

d. more higher

8. The Disney amusement park in Japan is ___ Florida or California.

a. the largest than the ones in

b. larger the ones in

c. larger than the ones in

d. the largest of the ones

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9. The greater the demand, ___ the price.

a. higher

b. the higher

c. high

d. the high

10. The teacher gave Mike a failing grade on her term paper because it was ___ Ardian’s.

a. the same as

b. same like

c. the same with

d. the same with


11. When two products are basically the same as, advertising can influence the public’s

A B C D

choice.

12. The first living structure to appear on earth thousands of years ago were alike viruses.

A B C D

13. Although business practices have been applied successfully to agriculture, farming is

A B C

different other industries.

D

14. With American prices for sugar at three times as much the world price, manufacturers

A

are beginning to use fructose blended with pure sugar, or sucrose.

B C D

15. It is generally accepted that the common cold is caused by as much as forty strains

A B C

of viruses that may be present in the air at all times.

D

16. The diesel engine that runs on oil is efficient than most other engines because it

A B C

converts the useful energy stored up in the fuel.

D

17. The books for my engineering course are expensive than the books for my other

A B C

courses.

D

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18. The more important theorem of all in plane geometry is the Pythagorean Theorem.

A B C D

19. Although there are a number of interesting findings, a most significant results are in

A B C D

the abstract.

20. The climate here is more milder than that of New England.

A B C D

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Unit 10

Conditional Sentences

Conditional sentences are put into two categories : the real and the unreal.

1. REAL CONDITIONS

This condition is used for possible situation. The future tense is used in the result clause and the

present tense is used in the if-clause (conditional clause).

Pattern :

If + S + simple present + S + will + simple verb form

can

may

might

must

will

Example :

1. If I have enough money, I will continue my study.

2. If she studies hard, she will get good score in her exam.

2. UNREAL CONDITIONS (NOT TRUE)

This condition is used for impossible or unreal situations. It is divided into two parts.

a. Present time : the past tense is used in the if-clause and would, could, or might + simple verb is used

in the result clause.

Pattern:

Example:

• If I had enough money, I would continue my study abroad.

(Fact : I don’t have enough money. I will not continue my study abroad).

• If I went to the party, I could meet him.

(Fact : I do not go to the party, I cannot meet him).

b. Past time : the past perfect is used in the if-clause and would, could, or might + past participle are

used in the result clause

Pattern :

If + S + simple past + would + simple verb form

could

might

If + S + past perfect + would + have + past participle

(could/ might)

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Example:

• If I had had enough money, I would have continued my study abroad.

(Fact : I did not have enough money, I would not continue my study abroad)

• If I had gone to the party, I could have met him.

Fact : I didn’t go to the party, I could not meet him.

Exercises


1. If water freezes, it has become a solid

If water freezes, it becomes a solid

2. If children are healthy, they learn to walk at about eighteen months old.

If children be healthy, they learn to walk at about eighteen months old.

3. We will wait if you wanted to go

We will wait if you want to go

4. If you made your bed in the morning, your room looks better when you got back in the afternoon

If you made your bed in the morning, your room would look better when you got

back in the afternoon

5. If we had had the money, we would have bought a new stereo system

If we had the money, we would have bought a new stereo system

II. Choose the Correct Answer!

1. If water is heated to 212 degrees F ___ as team

a. it will boil and escape

b. it boils and escape

c. it is boiling and escaping

d. it would boil and escape

2. If services are increased, taxes ___.

a. will probably go up

b. probably go up

c. probably go up

d. going up probably

3. If American are fewer foods with sugar and salt, their general health ___ better

a. be

b. will be

c. is

d. would be

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4. According to some historians, if Napoleon had not invaded Russia, he ___ the rest of Europe.

a. had conquered

b. would have conquered

c. would conquer

d. conquered

5. If humans were deprived of sleep, they ___ hallucinations, anxiety, coma, and eventually

death.

a. would experience

b. experience

c. would have experienced

d. had experienced

6. If footballs teams play in the Superbowl Championship, ___ either the National or the American

Conference

a. they win

b. they will win

c. they win

d. they have won

7. If I had known her address, I ___ her.

a. could see

b. would visit

c. would have visited

d. will visit

8. If I were Jane, I ___ leave the man

a. am

b. would

c. have

d. will

9. If I have time, I ___ visit you.

a. would

b. will

c. would have

d. would be

10. If you ___ the plant in a cooler location, the leaves would not have burned.

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a. had set

b. have set

c. has set

d. set


11. Boys can become Cub Scouts if they completed the second grade

A B C D

12. If dinosaurs would have continued roaming the earth, man would have evolved

A B C

quite differently.

D

13. If we were to consider all of the different kinds of motion in discussing the

A

movement of an object, it is very confusing, because even an object at rest is

B C

moving as the earth turns.

D

14. If drivers obeyed the speed limit, fewer accidents occur.

A B C D

15. If you sat in that position for too long, you may get a cramp in your leg.

A B C D

16. If you don’t register before the last day of regular registration, you paying

A B C

a late fee.

D

17. If you start doing it now, you might finished it in time.

A B C D

18. We would have bought a new car if we have had a lot of money.

A B C D

19. If biennials were planted this year, they will be likely to bloom next year.

A B C D

20. If Monique had not attended the conference, she never would meet her old friend,

A B

Dan, whom she had not seen in years.

C D

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Unit 11 Anticipatory It

We can use “it is believed, It is hypothesized, it is known, it is said, it is thought, it is true, and it is

written” for anticipatory it.

Do not use a noun, an infinitive, or an ing form instead of a subject and verb after an anticipatory

clause.

Example:

• It is known that Soekarno is the first president of Indonesia.

• It is said that young people have more energy than old people.

Exercises


1. It is thought that our ancestors building this city

It is thought that our ancestors built this city

2. It is believed that a horseshoe brings good luck

It is believed that a horseshoe bringing good luck

3. It is hypothesized that the subjects in the control group will not score as well.

It is hypothesized that the subjects in the control group not to score as well.

4. It is said that a buried treasure near here

It is said that a buried treasure was hidden near here


1. ___ Giant Ape Man, or biggest and probably one of our first human ancestors, was just about the size

of a male gorilla.

a. It is believed that

b. That it is

c. That is believed

d. That believing

2. ___ the formation of the Sun, the planets, and other stars began with the condensation of an interstellar

cloud.

a. It is accepted that

b. Accepted

c. It is accepted

d. That is accepted

3. It is now known that Saturn ___ not the only planet in our solar system with rings

a. which

b. be

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c. so

d. is

4. ___ Java Man, who lived before the first Ice Age, is the first manlike animal.

a. It is generally believed that

b. Generally believed it is

c. Believed generally is

d. That is generally believed

5. ___ that life began billions of years ago in the water.

A. It is believed

B. In the belief

C. The belief

D. Believing

III. Choose (A), (B), (C) or (D) as the word/phrases should not be in these following sentences!

6. That it is believed that most of the earthquakes in the world occur near

A B C

the youngest mountain ranges-the Himalayas, the Andes, and the Sierra Nevadas.

D

7. It is believe that the supine position prevent blood from pooling in the lower

A B C

extremities enhancing venous return

D

8. It is known that ultraviolet radiation absorption generating free radicals in

A B C

damaged cells.

D

9. That is assumed that the computer users are familiar with cut-and-paste

A B C

techniques

D

10. It is say that Cervantes' life as a slave from 1575 to 1580 became the source of

A B C

inspiration for some episodes in Don Quixote.

D

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Unit 12 Conjunctions

Conjuctions which will be delivered here are as follows:

A. And

Pattern :

B. But

Pattern

C. Both….and

Pattern

D. Not only…but also

Pattern

E. Either…or

Pattern

Noun + and + noun ( I have a book and a pen)

Verb + and + verb ( She will go to Surabaya and study there)

To infinitive + and + to infinitive ( To improve her skill and to study

hard are two important goals of her courses)

Adjective + and + adjective ( He is gorgeous and handsome)

To infinitive + but + to infinitive ( We are not going to force you but

to guide you)

Adjective + but + adjective ( Our home is old but comfortable)

Both + noun+ and + noun ( I love both Mathematics and Physics)

Not only + noun+ but also + noun (They love not only studying but also practicing)

Not only + verb+ but also + verb ( They will not only study but also practice)

Not only + adjective+ but also + adjective (She is not only smart but also beautiful)

Not only + to infinitive + but also + to infinitive ( The teacher get the students not only

to do the homework but also to practice it at home)

Either + noun+ or + noun ( We love either dancing or singing)

Either + verb+ or + verb ( We will either go to Australia or go to USA)

Either + adjective+ or + adjective ( The film is either interesting or good)

Either + to infinitive + or + to infinitive ( The head of the office makes us either to stay

longer or to do the work)

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F. Neither…nor

Pattern

G. Because vs because of

Because is a conjunction which introduces a clause with a subject and a verb. Because of is a

prepositional phrase which introduces a noun or a noun phrase. Example :

1. I will be there because I love you (I love you is a clause with “I” as subject and “love” as verb)

2. I will be there because of you (you is a noun)

3. I will be there because of your love (your love is a noun phrase)

H. Despite vs in spite of

The meaning of “Despite” and “in spite of” are similar. They indicate contradiction in a sentence or

clause- and- result.

Example:

1. Despite his anger, he is a good teacher.

2. In spite of his anger, he is a good teacher

Note : there is no “of” after “despite” Note : there is no “of” after “despite”


1.

Classes will be cancelled tomorrow because of a national holiday.

Classes will be cancelled tomorrow because a national holiday.

2. She was absent because of her cold was worse

She was absent because her cold was worse

3. John’s family is very happy because his being awarded a scholarship

John’s family is very happy because of his being awarded a scholarship

4. She didn’t buy it because the price was too high

She didn’t buy it because of the price was too high

5. It was difficult to see the road clearly because of the rain.

It was difficult to see the road clearly because the rain.

6. Despite of the light rain, the baseball game was not cancelled.

Despite the light rain, the baseball game was not cancelled.

Neither + noun+ nor + noun ( We love neither dancing nor singing)

Neither + verb+ nor + verb ( We will neither go to Australia nor go to USA)

Neither + adjective+ nor + adjective ( The film is neither interesting nor good)

Neither + to infinitive + nor + to infinitive ( The head of the office makes us neither

to stay longer nor to do the work)

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7. Dick and Sarah are still planning to get married despite of their disagreement.

Dick and Sarah are still planning to get married despite their disagreement.


1. ___ in the cultivation of a forest, trees, need more than careful planning than any other crop does.

a. Because the time and area involved

b. For the time and area involving

c. Because of the time and area involved

d. As a cause of the time and area involved

2. ___ under Chief Tecumseh, the Shawnees lost most of their lands to whites and were moved into

territories.

a. Despite of resistance

b. In spite of resistance

c. Although resistance

d. In spite resistance

3. ___ his good performance as a student, he is always nervous when doing exams.

a. unless

b. even though

c. despite

d. although


4. Many roads and railroads were built in the 1880s because of the industrial cities

A B C

needed a network to link them with sources of supply.

D

5. Despite of the Taft-Hartley Act which forbids unfair union practices some unions

A B

such as the air traffic controllers have voted to strike even though this action might

C D

endanger the national security.

6. Despite of the fact that backgammon is easy to learn, it is as difficult to play

A B C

as chess.

D

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Unit 13

Adjective Clause And Adjective Phrase

An adjective clause consists of a subject and a verb. It must have both of them. It is a dependent clause

that modifies a noun or noun phrase.

Example :

1. I bought a bag yesterday.

It is made of leather.

The bag, which I bought yesterday, is made of leather.

2. The children are sleepy

The children are sitting in their chairs.

The children who are sitting in their chairs are sleepy.

3. I saw a beautiful girl last night.

She was very beautiful

The girl whom I saw last night was beautiful

4. She lives in Australia

There are many kangaroos in Australia.

She lives in a country where there are many kangaroos there.

5. He went to USA in January.

It is rainy season in January.

He went to USA when it is rainy season in January.

Possible problems :

Potential Problems Right Wrong

The subject may be repeated The children who are sitting in

their chairs are sleepy

The children who they are sitting

in their chairs are sleepy.

Independent clause does not

exist.

The children who are sitting in

their chairs are sleepy.

The children who are sitting.

The subject or verb may be

omitted

The girl whom I saw last night

was beautiful

The girl whom saw last night was

beautiful

Inappropriate marker The bag, which I bought The bag, which whom I bought

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yesterday, is made of leather. yesterday, is made of leather.

Reduced adjective clause

Adjective clause Reduced adjective clause

The bag, which I bought yesterday, is made of

leather.

The bag, I bought yesterday, is made of leather.

The children who are sitting in their chairs are

sleepy.

The children, sitting in their chairs, are sleepy.

The girl whom I saw last night was beautiful The girl, I saw last night, was beautiful

She lives in a country where there are many

kangaroos there.

She lives in a country where many kangaroos there.

He went to USA when it is rainy season in

January.

He went to USA when rainy season in January.

Exercises


1. The students who had taken the test today are tired.

2. My sister who living in Paris is biologist.

3. The film that we are watching is really scary.

4. The bed that I slept on was very soft.

5. At the party there were many people I did not know.


1. A crystal is a piece of matter ___ are naturally formed plane surface.

a. whose boundaries

b. that boundaries

c. which boundaries

d. when boundaries

2. Let ABC be a triangle ___.

a. which sides are of equal length

b. whose sides are of equal length

c. that sides are of equal length

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d. where sides are of equal length

3. The man ___ was the manager of the supermarket.

a. which hired Robert

b. hired Robert

c. hiring Robert

d. who was hired Robert

4. The tornado ___ destroyed several homes.

a. which was struck the town

b. that was being struck the town

c. strucking the town

d. whose town was struck

5. John admired the dresser ___.

a. where Alice kept her sheets

b. which Alice kept her sheets

c. of which Alice kept her sheets

d. when Alice kept her sheets

6. The scientist ___ was from Sweden.

a. which was awarded the Nobel price

b. awarded the Nobel prize

c. whose award the Nobel prize

d. that the Nobel prize awarded

7. Edward bought a car ___.

a. that Fred had previously sold to Susan

b. in which Fred had previously sold to Susan

c. where Fred had previously sold to Susan

d. to whom Fred had previously sold to Susan

8. The books ____ was very helpful.

a. we bought last night

b. that we bought the books last night

c. which we bought the books last night

d. whose we bought last night

9. The guy ____ owns a big house.

a. whose car is engaged to Joan

b. by which car is engaged to Joan

c. in which car is engaged to Joan

d. who car is engaged to Joan

10. The car ____ has a very powerful engine

a. that Ted bought the car

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b. by which Ted bought

c. which Ted bought

d. when Ted bought


11. A foreign investor bought stock in cigarette manufacture which profits had

A B

increased dramatically for the last three quarters.

C D

12. The actor who last three movies I had seen and enjoyed gave a surprisingly bad

A B C

performance in this play.

D

13. The archeologist found an ancient manuscript the last few pages which had several

A B C

beautiful illustrations.

D

14. The t-shirt the colors and sizes which are determined by the athletic department are

A B C

on sale at a store on campus.

D

15. The bills when were passed by the House yesterday died in the Senate.

A B C D

16. Senators were familiar with details of the proposal believe that it has a good chance of passing.

A B C D

17. Sir Andrew is considered to be a prophet which is descended from heaven.

A B C D

18. It is believed that any man, whose loves children and dogs, would make a good husband.

A B C D

19. The author who books have been sold well is few and far between.

A B C D

20. The research report on urban life in which submitted and published was far from the

A B C

act and criticized

D

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Unit 14

Noun Clause

Noun clause is a dependent clause that is begun with a noun clause marker such as that, if, whether,

question words (what, when, where, why, who, how, which, etc.). Like a noun, noun clause can be also used as

a subject or an object of the sentence.

As a subject: As an object

(a) Sam’s jokes are very funny

(b) What Sam says is very funny

(a) The man told us John address

(b) The man told us where john lived

*Notice: auxiliaries verbs (do, does, did) are not used in noun clause.

Noun clause marker Example

That indicates a fact That he passed the exam is a miracle.

What focuses on fact She called him to ask what time his party

started.

When indicates a time When the meeting will be held has not been

decided.

Where indicates a place Please tell me where Tom goes.

Why indicates a reason Why John left the company is a secret.

Who indicates a person I wonder who is at the door.

How many indicates a quantity I do not remember how many letters are in

the Arabic.

How much indicates an amount He does not pay attention to how much he

eats.

How indicates a manner I need to find out how old a person has to be

to get a driver license.

Which indicates a choice I do not know which book I am supposed to

read.

Whose indicates possession I know whose car was parked outside our

house.

Whom indicates a person Suzan did not recognize whom she was

talking to.

Whether or if indicates two or more alternatives I do not know if Dr. Oikurema’s office is in

this floor.


1. It is unfortunate that the meal is not ready yet.

2. She told me when should I pick up the children.

3. The instructor explained where was the computer lab located.

4. We could not believe what he did to us.

5. I want to know if it is going to rain tomorrow.

6. We never know whether we will get paid or not.

7. This evening you can decide what do you want to do.

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8. The manager explained how wanted the work done.

9. The map showed where the party should be held.

10. Can you tell me why was the mail not delivered today.


1. Scientists cannot agree on ___ related to other orders of insects.

a. that fleas are

b. how fleas are

c. how are fleas

d. fleas that are

2. It was in 1875 _____ joined the staff of the astronomical observatory at Harvard university.

a. that Anna Winlock

b. Anna Winlock, who

c. as Anna Winlock

d. Anna Winlock then

3. ___ is a narrow strip of woods along a stream in an open grassland.

a. Ecologists uses the term “gallery forest”

b. What do ecologists call a “gallery forest”

c. “Gallery forest” is the term ecologists use

d. What ecologists call a “gallery forest”

4. ___ so incredible is that these insects successfully migrate to places that they have never ever seen.

a. That makes the monarch butterflies’ migration

b. The migration of the monarch butterflies is

c. What makes the monarch butterflies migration

d. The migration of the monarch butterflies, which is

5. In order to grow vegetables properly, gardeners must know ____.

a. what the requirements for each vegetable are

b. that the requirements for each vegetable

c. what are each vegetable’s requirements

d. that is required by each vegetable

6. For many years people have wondered _ exists elsewhere in the universe.

a. that life

b. life which

c. whether life

d. life as it

7. ___ was caused by breathing impure air was once a common belief.

a. Malaria

b. That malaria

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c. Why malaria

d. Because malaria

8. One basic question psychologists have tried to answer ____.

a. people learn

b. how do people learn

c. people learn how

d. how people learn

9. The judges had extremely hard time deciding ____.

a. who’s painting was the best

b. whose painting was the best

c. painting who was the best

d. the best painting was who

10. No one is sure ____.

a. what did it happen in front of the building

b. what it happened in front of building

c. what does it happen in front of building

d. what happened in front of building


11. A test pilot tries out new kinds of aircraft to determine if are they safe.

A B C D

12. Art critics do not all agree on what are the qualities that make a painting great.

A B C D

13. Exactly when was the wheel invented is not known.

A B C D

14. The new student is not sure which it is the most important course in the program.

A B C D

15. We thought about whom would we choose as the best vice president of our

A B C D

company.

16. Don had an elaborate excuse for being late for his class, but the lecturer did not

A B

believe what did he explain.

C D

17. It is obvious that is English the principal language of the business community

A B C

throughout much of the world.

D

18. There are several reasons why are millions of students studying English in the

A B C D

world.

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19. That many people in the world live in intolerable poverty concern all of us.

A B C D

20. The people of the town protested why were they given no warning of the

A B C

approaching tornado.

D

Unit 15

Adverb Clause

Adverb clause is a dependent clause with a subject and a verb which serve as adverb. They may be

preceded by adverb clause markers showing time, cause-effect, contrast, and condition. They may occur

at the beginning of a sentence before an independent clause or at the end of a sentence after an independent

clause. When they occur at the beginning, they are frequently separated from the independent clause by a

comma.

TIME

CAUSE-EFFECT

CONTRAST

CONDITION

after as soon as

before whenever

when every time

while the first time

as the last time

since the next time

until by the time

because

now that

since

as

as/so long as

in as much as

so that

in order that

so

even though

although

though

whereas while

despite the fact (that)

except (that)

if

unless

only if

whether or not

even if providing

(that) provided

(that) in case

(that)

in the event (that)

RESULT

MANNER

PURPOSE

PLACE

so that

so … that …

such … that …

as as

if

as though

just as

like

in order that

so

so that

wherever

everywhere

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For example:

(a) Because the speaker was sick, the program was cancelled.

(b) We have not seen Professor Hill since she returned from her trip.

Some adverb clauses can be reduced without changing their meaning when the subject of the main clause

and the subject of the adverb clause are the same person or thing.

Exercises

I. State whether the sentences are correct or incorrect!

1. Before I went to bed, I read a novel.

2. We stayed there until we finish our work.

3. By the time he comes, we will already have left.

1. Reduced clause with present participle:

For example:

(a) When astronauts are orbiting the earth, they do not feel the force of gravity.

When orbiting the earth, astronauts do not feel the force of gravity.

(b) After they sang two songs, the performers did a dance.

After singing two songs, the performers did a dance.

2. Reduced clause with past participle:

For example:

(a) Once he had been challenged to play tennis, Tim wouldn’t stop practicing.

Once challenged to play tennis, Tim wouldn’t stop practicing.

3. Reduced clause with an adjective:

For example:

(a) Although George was nervous, he gave a wonderful speech.

Although nervous, George gave a wonderful speech.

4. When a clause introduced by because is reduced, because is omitted and the verb changes

form:

For example:

(a) Because she had always been interested in sports, Linda became an avid supporter of the team.

Having always been interested in sports, Linda became an avid supporter of the team.

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4. Before stolen this morning, I put the book on my desk.

5. We will have a big party providing that I had had much money.


1. ____, the children were bored.

a. To have nothing to do

b. Having nothing to do

c. Have nothing to do

d. Because nothing to do

2. ____ a married man, I have many responsibilities.

a. Being

b. To be

c. Due to

d. Because of

3. By the time I leave this city, ____.

a. I will already be here for four months

b. So I will already have been here for four months

c. As I will already have been here for four months

d. I will already have been here for four months

4. ____ his nose gets red.

a. By the time James gets angry

b. Before James gets angry

c. After James gets angry

d. Whenever James get angry

5. Jane’s contact lens popped out ____.

a. while she was playing basketball

b. as soon as she was playing basketball

c. until she was playing basketball

d. although she was playing basketball

6. ____ I am going to rest a few days and then take a trip.

a. Before the semester is finished

b. Now that the semester is finished

c. By the time the semester is finished

d. Though the semester is finished

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7. Football teams do not play in the Super Bowl championship ____either the National or the American

Conference.

a. unless they win

b. but they win

c. unless they will win

d. but to have won

8. Before we can tell them about the discount, ____.

a. they will have bought the tickets

b. the will buy the tickets

c. they bought the tickets

d. they are buying the tickets

9. We will have gotten the replay to our letter ____.

a. after we have to make a decision

b. as long as we have to make a decision

c. as we have to make a decision

d. while we have to make a decision

10. Usually boys cannot become Boy Scouts ____.

a. unless they complete the fifth grade

b. if they completed the fifth grade

c. unless they completed the fifth grade

d. if they complete the fifth grade


11. Many young people move to the cities in search of employment because of there

A B C D

are few jobs available in the rural areas.

12. Oil is an irreplaceable natural resource in order to we must do whatever we can

A B C

in order to conserve it.

D

13. While live in Burma last year, I learned many things about Burmese customs.

A B C D

14. While I was walking down the street a car swerved to avoid a dog and almost drive

A B C D

the sidewalk.

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15. Point to the sentence on the whiteboard, the teacher explained the meaning of

A B C

modifying phrases.

D

16. Because having already spent all of his last paycheck, Andrew doesn’t have any

A B

more money to live on for the rest of the month.

C D

17. Before became vice-president of marketing and sales, Peter Mc Kay worked as a

A B C

sales representative.

D

18. You are eligible for the low-cost health insurance provides that you are students or

A B C D

teachers.

19. The political situation in Sudan will continue to deteriorate unless if there is an

A B C

agreement between the opposition and the government.

D

20. He tapped his fingers loudly on the desk top, he made his impatience and

A B C

dissatisfaction known.

D

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Unit 16

Singular-Plural Forms Count-Noncount

A. SINGULAR AND PLURAL

(a) Noun + -s : Friends are

important

Nouns + -es : I like my classes

A final – s is added to make a noun plural

Friend : a singular noun

Friends : a plural noun

SPELLING : FINAL –s VS –es

(b) Snake -> snakes The plural form of most nouns is created simply by adding

the letter s

(c) Box -> boxes nouns that end in -ch, -x,- s,-sh, and -z will require an -es

for the plural

(d) Ray -> rays

(e) Fly -> Flies

For the word that end in –y:

In (d): if –y is preceded by a vowel, only –s is added.

In (e): if –y is preceded by an consonant, the –y is

changed to –I and –es is added.

B. PLURAL

(a) woman – women tooth – teeth

goose - geese mouse – mice

Several nouns in (a) have irregular plural forms

(b) echoes (c) memos (d) mosquitoes / mosquitos

potatoes cellos tomatoes stereos

volcanoes /volcanos

Words that end in –o, require

additional –es (b)

Some nouns that ends in –o, only require

additional –s (c)

Some nouns that ends in – o, require either

additional –s or –es as in (d)

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(e) Wife – wives

(f) Belief – beliefs

noun end in -f/fe changes into –ves to form

plural as in (e)

noun ends in –f requires only -s to form

plural as in (f)

(g) Fish sheep deer Some nouns have the same irregular and plural

forms as in (g)

(h) phenomenon = phenomena

(i) syllabus = syllabi

(j) index = indices

(k) fungus = fungi

(l) nucleus = nuclei

(m) criterion = criteria

Some nouns that English has borrowed from

other languages have foreign plurals, as in (h), (i),

(j), (k), (l), and (m)

C. COUNT NOUN AND NOUNCOUNTABLE NOUN

Count Noun

Example: I’ll take a magazine with me for the flight. But she takes three magazines

We’re going to get new furniture for the living room

Incorrect : We’re going to get a furniture for the living

room

Incorrect : We’re going to get some

furnitures for the living room

Magazine is accountable noun, megazines are itmes

that can be counted

Furniture is a noncount noun. In grammar

furniture cannot be counted

Singular Plural

Count noun A Magazine

One magazine

Magazines

Some magazines

Two magazines

A count noun

may be preceded by a/an in the

singular

may be added –s or –es in the

plural

Noncount noun Furniture

Some furniture

A noncount noun is

not immediately

preceded by a/an

has no plural forms ex.

Added by –s or -es

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Notice in the following : most non count nouns refers to a “whole” that is made up of different parts

(a) I bought some chairs, tables, and desks.

In other words, I bought some furniture

In (a). furniture represents a whole group of things

that is made up of similar but separate items.

(b) Would you like to add some sugar in

your coffee?

In (b): sugar and coffee represent whole masses

made up of individual particles or elements.

(c) He has a good sense of humour In (c ): humour is an abstract concept, an abstract

“whole”.” It has no physical form : you can’t touch it,

you can’t count it

(d) The climbers wait sunshine at the top of

the mountain

In (d) : phenomena of nature, such as sunshine, are

frequently used as noncount nouns.

I. State whether the statements are correct or incorrect!

1. There are many mouses in our houses.

There are many mice in our house.

2. Some churches in our country are old buildings.

Some churchs in our country are old buildings.

3. I need to buy some furniture for my new aparment.

I need to buy some furnitures for my new aparment.

4. If you drink too much coffees, you will feel dizzy.

If you derink too much coffee, you will feel dizzy.

5. Hendra Wijaya is such an honest boy.

Hendra Wijaya is such a honest boy.


1. My scissors ___sharp enough. I am going to buy a new one.

a. is not

b. are not

c. does not

d. do not

2. England ___ lot all their football marches this season.

a. Having

b. Has

c. Have

d. is had

3. The police ___to interview Fred about robbery.

a. want

b. are wanting

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c. wants

d. were wanted

4. Mathematics ___my best subject at school.

a. is not

b. are not

c. not does

d. do not

5. The trousers you bought for me ___fit me.

a. is not

b. are not

c. not does

d. do not

6. My hometown has ___, thunder, fog, sleet, and snow in the winter months.

a. rains

b. rained

c. rain

d. raining

7. It would be better to chect your ___ if you go to the post office.

a. mailing

b. mails

c. children

d. mailes

8. We are going to cook these ___ on lthe barbeque.

a. steak

b. steakoes

c. steakes

d. steaks

9. ___ usually inherit some characteristics from their father adn some from their mother.

a. Childrens

b. Childes

c. Children

d. Childs

10. The was not much ___ in the pool so we did not swim.

a. Waters

b. Water

c. Watering

d. watered.

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11. To make a yummy fruit salad we need some apples, tomatos, water melons, and

A B C

papayas.

D

12. The infomations you gave to the detective was misleading, so you should clarify it

A B C D

soon.

13. Although the students is very good in Mathematics, their speaking skill needs

A B C

to be improved.

D

14. Homework are not only given to the pupils in junior high school but also

A B C

to the children in elementary school.

D

15. Art of colonial America was very functional, consisting mainly of useful objects such

A B C

as furnitures and household utensil.

D

16. George had a good luck when he first came to state university.

A B C D

17. In 1959 it was the expert who predicted that eight or ten computer would be

A B

sufficient to handle all of the scientific and business needs in the Unites States.

C D

18. After spending most of his life travelling round the world, he is now writing a book

A B C

about his experiences.

D

19. I know I always feel great in bright sunshines, during the summer months.

A B C D

20. I had a pair of knifes on the table, which I was going to use later for dinner.

A B C D

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DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Azar, Betty Schrampfer. 2002. Understanding and Using English grammar, Third Edition with Answer Key.

NY. Pearson Education.

Gear, Jolene & Robert Gear. 2006. Cambridge Preparation for the TOEFL Test, 4th ed. USA: Cambridge

University Press.

Rogers, Bruce. 2011. The Complete Guide to The TOEFL test: PBT edition. USA: Heinle Cengage Learning

Sharpe, Pamela J. 2004. Barron’s How to Prepare for the TOEFL test: Test of English as a Foreign Language,

11th ed. USA: Barron’s Educational Series, Inc.

Sharpe, Pamela J. 2007. Barron’s Practice Exercises for The TOEFL, 6th ed. USA: Barron’s Educational

Series, Inc.

___. 2011. Prepare and Practice TEP. Test of English Proficiency. Pusat Bahasa UNESA.

___. ___. ELMC English language Mastery Course. YPIA English Course Surabaya

122

KEGIATAN 5

Melakukan rapat dengan ketua jurusan dan mentor untuk mengevaluasi draft modul yang

sudah dibuat

BUKTI FISIK

Undangan Rapat

Foto Diskusi dengan mentor

Catatan Masukan dari mentor

123

A. Membuat room melalui aplikasi zoom untuk diskusi terkait pembuatan draft

modul sesuai jadwal yang telah disepakati

124

B. Melakukan forum Tanya-jawab dengan ketua program studi dan mentor

Berkonsultasi dengan mentor

Proses

Penulis dengan sopan dan santun berkonsultasi kepada mentor, dengan jujur menyampaikan hasil studi

literatur yang telah dipetakan guna mengidentifikasi masalah yang terjadi.

C. Catatan dari mentor:

125

Diperlukana adanya keseragaman sesama peserta latsar yang

membuat modul, mengenai layout modul. Penulis sudah

mengadakan komunikasi dengan Bapak Abdullah dan Bapak

Abdul Hamid

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KEGIATAN 6

Melakukan simulasi dan sosialisasi draft modul Toefl Preparation praktikum kepada mahasiswa

BUKTI FISIK

Screenshot Undangan Rapat

Catatan Hasil Rapat

Screenshot hasil sosialisasi dengan Mahasiswa

127

Undangan Rapat dengan

Pimpinan dan Tim Dosen Bahasa

Inggris

128

Simulasi dengan Mahasiswa

129

Catatan:

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PEMBUATAN DRAFT MODUL TOEFL PREPARATION MATA KULIAH …

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