Tugas Mandiri Bahasa Inggris Toeic preparation

8/20/2019 Tugas Mandiri Bahasa Inggris Toeic preparation

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TUGAS MANDIRI

TOEIC PREPARATION

Nama Mahasiswa: Budi Satria

NIM : 14151000

!"d# !#$as : 14%&E'0(1&M%

D"s#) : Mhd* +"ha), S*S*, M*-um*

PROGRAM STUDI SISTEM IN.ORMASI

UNI/ERSITAS PUTERA BATAM

%015


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Preface

First at all, give thanks for Allah SWT and grace for us.

Thanks to Allah for helping me and give me chance to finish this assignment

timely. And I would like to say thank you to Mr. Mhd. ohan, S.S., M.!um., as the

lecturer that always teaches us and give much knowledge a"out how to practice

#nglish well.

#nglish As Second $anguage I reali%ed this assighment is not perfect. &ut I hope

it can "e useful for us. 'ritics and suggestion is needed here to make this

assighment "e "etter.

!opefully we as a student in ()niversitas *utera &atam+ can work more professional "y using #nglish as the second language whatever we done. Thank

you.

'ompiler

&udi Satria


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Table Of Contents

Preface.................................................................................................... i

Table Of Contents...................................................................................ii

Chapter 1 what is TOEIC ?.....................................................................iii

Chapter 2 contents summary................................................................1

. -erunds and Infinitives *art ...................................................................1

er"s Involving Senses...........................................................................6

. )sing *ossessives with -erunds......................................................6

/. *resent 'onditionals..............................................................................7

/. *resent 0eal 'onditional....................................................................7

/./ *resent )nreal 'onditional..................................................................

1. Simple *ast........................................................................................1!

1. Formation................................................................................1!

1./ )sage.....................................................................................11

2. Simple Future.....................................................................................1"

2. 3Will3 to #4press a oluntary Action...............................................1#

2./ 3Will3 to #4press a *romise..........................................................1#

2.1 3&e going to3 to #4press a *lan.....................................................1$

2.2 3Will3 or 3&e -oing to3 to #4press a *rediction.................................1$

5. past tense.......................................................................................17

6. Simple *ast Tense................................................................................1%

7. *ast 'ontinuous..................................................................................2!

7. Interrupted Action in the *ast........................................................21

7./ Specific Time as an Interruption.....................................................21

7.1 *arallel Actions.........................................................................22

7.2 Atmosphere..............................................................................22

Chapter " En&......................................................................................2"

1. 'onclusion...................................................................................2"

1./ Suggestions...................................................................................2"


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Chapter 1 what is TOEIC ?

The T8#I' test 9Test of #nglish for International 'ommunication: wasconceived in apan and created "y the #ducational Testing Service 9#TS:, a ).S.

nonprofit test development institution, as a common glo"al yardstick for

measuring #nglish skills. Since the first T8#I' Secure *rogram 9S*: test was

implemented in ;ecem"er s a"ility to communicate in #nglish

across all four language skills.Test form

)sing paper and pencil test, "ecause the form of multiple choice, that use

audio, image, and writing 9reading: to evaluate the a"ility of this peserta.Tes

language with a multiple choice ?uestion num"er as many as /== eggs. It has a

range of types of T8#I' scores ranging from =@


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Chapter 2 contents summary

1* G#ru)ds a)d I)i)iti#s Part 1

&oth gerunds and infinitives can "e nouns, which means they can do Bust

a"out anything that a noun can do. Although they name things, like other nouns,

they normally name activities rather than people or o"Bects. !ere are five noun@

uses of gerunds and infinitives 9and one additional non@noun use, the adBective

complement, that we throw in here, free of charge:.

. -erunds and infintives can "oth function as the su23#t of a sentenceC

a. P$ai)6 2as7#t2a$$ takes up too much of her time.

". T" 8$a 2as7#t2a$$ "r UC")) is her favorite fantasy.

/. It is not impossi"le for an infinitive to appear at the "eginning of a

sentence as the su"Bect 9as in I":, "ut it is more common for an infinitive to

appear as a Su23#t C"m8$#m#)t:

a. !er favorite fantasy is t" 8$a 2as7#t2a$$ "r UC"))*

The gerund can also play this roleC

". !er favorite fantasy is 8$ai)6 2as7#t2a$$ "r UC"))*

1. &oth of these ver"al forms can further identify a noun when they play the

role of N"u) C"m8$#m#)t a)d A88"siti#:

a. !er desire t" 8$a 2as7#t2a$$ "r UC")) "ecame an o"session.

". I could never understand her desire t" 8$a 2as7#t2a$$ "r UC"))*

c. !er one "urning desire in life, 8$ai)6 2as7#t2a$$ "r UC")),

seemed a goal within reach.

The infinitive is often a complement used to help define an a"stract noun.

!ere is a very partial list of a"stract nouns, enough to suggest their nature. Try

following these adBectives with an infinitive phrase 9their desire to play in the

championship game, a motivation to pass all their courses, her permission to stay

up late, a gentle reminder to do your work: to see how the phrase modifies and

focuses the noun.

advice

appeal

command

opportunity

order

permission

refusal

reminder

re?uest

$


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decision

desire

fact

instruction

motivation

plan

possi"ility

preparation

proposal

recommendation

re?uirement

suggestion

tendency

wish

2. Infinitive phrases often follow certain adBectives. When this happens, the

infinitive is said to play the role of Ad3#ti# C"m8$#m#)t* 9This is not a

noun function, "ut we will include it here nonetheless.:

a. She was hesitant t" t#$$ th# "ah " h#r 8$a).

". She was reluctant t" t#$$ h#r 8ar#)ts, also.

c. &ut she would not have "een content t" 8$a hi6h sh""$ 2a$$

"r##r.

!ere is a list of adBectives that you will often find in such constructions.

ahead

ama%ed

an4ious

aptashamed

"ound

careful

certain

content

delighted

determined

disappointed

eager

eligi"lefortunate

glad

happy

hesitant

lia"le

likely

lucky

pleased

proud

readyreluctant

sad

shocked

sorry

surprised

upset

5. Although we do not find many infinitives in this ne4t category, it is not

uncommon to find gerunds taking on the role of O23#t " a Pr#8"siti"):

a. She wrote a newspaper article a"out d#a$i)6 with "$$#6# r#ruit#rs.

". She thanked her coach for h#$8i)6 h#r to deal with the pressure.

Two prepositions, except and but , will sometimes take an infinitive.

a. The committee had no choice e4cept t" #$#t Frog"ellow

chairperson.

". What is left for us "ut t" 8a7 u8 our "elongings and leaveD

6


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6. And, finally, "oth gerunds and infinitives can act as a Dir#t O23#t:

!ere, however, all kinds of decisions have to "e made, and some of these

decisions will seem ?uite ar"itrary. The ne4t section is a"out making the choice

"etween gerund and infinitive forms as direct o"Bect.

er"s that take other ver" forms as o"Bects are called catenatives 9from a

word that means to link , as in a chain:. 'atenatives can "e found at the head of a

series of linked constructions, as in 3We agreed to try to decide to stop

eating "etween meals.3 'atenatives are also characteri%ed "y their tendency to

descri"e mental processes and resolutions. 9Eolln:

Although it is seldom a serious pro"lem for native #nglish speakers, deciding

whether to use a gerund or an infinitive after a ver" can "e perple4ing amongstudents for whom #nglish is a second language. Why do we decide to run, "ut we

would never decide runningD 8n the other hand, we might avoid running, "ut we

would not avoid to run. And finally, we might like runningand would also like to

run. It is clear that some ver"s take gerunds, some ver"s take infinitives, and some

ver"s take either. The following ta"les of ver"s should help you understand the

various options that regulate our choice of infinitive or gerund.

Some students may find it convenient to have a list of

ver"s that take infinitives, ver"s that take gerunds,

ver"s that take eitherwithout the lists "eing "rokeninto ver" categories as they are "elow.

We also make availa"le a chart of G ver"s that take gerunds and

infinitives along with pop@up e4amples of their usage.

The ver"s in the ta"le "elow will "e followed "y an infinitive. We decided to

leave. !e manages, somehow, to win. It is threatening to rain. Hotice that many,

"ut not all, of these ver"s suggest a potential event.

Some of the ver"s in the following ta"le may "e followed "y a gerund if they

are descri"ing an 3actual, vivid or fulfilled action3 9Frodesen:. We love running.

They "egan farming the land. These are descri"ed, also, 2#$"w.

Em"ti")

care

desire

hate

hate

like

loathe

love

regret

yearn

Ch"i# "r I)t#)t

agree

choose

hope

intend

prepare

propose

7

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/gerunds.htm#belowhttp://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/gerunds.htm#belowhttp://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/gerunds.htm#below


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decide

decide

e4pect

need

plan

prefer

refuse

want

wish

I)itiati"), C"m8$#ti"), I)"m8$#ti")

"egin

cease

commence

fail

get

hesitate

manage

neglect

start

try

undertake

M#)ta$ Pr"#ss

forget

know how

learn remem"er

R#9u#st a)d Pr"mis#

demand

offer

promise

swear

threaten

vow

I)tra)siti#s

appear

happen

seem tend

Mis#$$a)#"us

afford

arrange

claim

continue

pretend

wait

The ver"s in the ne4t ta"le will often "e followed "y an infinitive, "ut they

will also "e accompanied "y a second o"Bect. We asked the intruders to leave

?uietly. They taught the children to swim. The teacher convinced his students totry harder.

The ver"s in "lue, with an asterisk, can also follow the same pattern as the

ver"s in the ta"le a"ove 9i.e., the second o"Bect is optional:. We all wanted to go.

They promised to "e home early.

C"mmu)iati")

advise

ask

"egchallenge

command

convince

for"id

invite

order permit

persuade

promise

remind

re?uire

tellwarn

urge

I)struti")

encourage

hel p

instruct

teach

train

Causi)6

allow

cause

choose

force

get

hire

need

would like


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Mis#$$a)#"us

dare

e4pect

trust

prepare

want

-erunds accompany a form of the ver" to go in many idiomatic e4pressionsC

$et>s go shopping. We went Bogging yesterday. She goes "owling every Friday

night.

The following ver"s will "e followed "y a gerund. ;id I mention reading that

novel last summerD I recommend leaving while we can. I have ?uit

smoking These ver"s tend to descri"e actual events.

I)itiati"), C"m8$#ti") a)d I)"m8$#ti")

anticipate

avoid

"egin

cease

complete

delay

finish

get through

give up

postpone

?uit

risk

start

stop

try

C"mmu)iati")

admit

advise

deny

discuss

encourage

mention

recommend

report

suggest

urge

C")ti)ui)6 Ati")

continuecan>t help

practiceinvolve

keepkeep on

Em"ti")

appreciate

dislike

enBoy

hate

like

love

mind

don>t mind

miss

prefer

regret

can>t stand

resent

resist

tolerate

M#)ta$ Pr"#ss

anticipate

consider forget

imagine

recallremem"er

see

can>t seeunderstand

The ver"s in the following ta"le can "e followed "y either an infinitive or a

gerund, and there will "e virtually no difference in the meaning of the two

sentences. I like to play "asket"all in the park. I like playing "asket"all in the

park.

attempt

"egin

continue

hate

like

love

neglect

prefer

regret

can>t stand

stand

start

%


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The ver"s in this ne4t, very small ta"le can "e followed "y either an

infinitive or a gerund, "ut there will "e a difference in meaning. I stopped

smoking means something ?uite different, for instance, from I stopped to smoke.

The infinitive form will usually descri"e a potential action.

forget remem"er stop

Finally, the ver"s "elow will "e followed "y either a gerund or a simple ver"

and a second su"Bect will "e re?uired. I saw the team losing its composure.

I overheard my landlord discussinga rent increase. 9I heard &ill singJsinging.:

These ver"s involve the senses.

/#r2s I)"$i)6 S#)s#s

feel

hear

listen to

look at

notice

o"serve

overhear

see

watch

er"s of perception hear, see, watch and a handful of other ver"s

help, let , and make will take what is called the 2ar# i)i)iti#, an infinitive

without the particle 3to.3 This is true of these ver"s only in the active voice.

a. We watched him clear the ta"le.

". They heard the thief crash through the door.

c. She made me do it.

d. We helped her finish the homework.

1*1 Usi)6 P"ss#ssi#s with G#ru)ds

;o we say 3I can>t stand him singing in the shower,3 or do we say 3I can>t

stand his singing in the shower3D Well, you have to decide what you find

o"Bectiona"leC is it him, the fact that he is singing in the shower, or is it

the singing that is "eing done "y him that you can>t standD 'hances are, it>s the

latter, it>s the singing that "elongs to him that "ugs you. So we would say, 3I can>t

stand his singing in the shower.3

8n the other hand, do we say 3I noticed your standing in the alley last

night3D *ro"a"ly not, "ecause it>s not the action that we noticed it>s the person. So

we>d say and write, instead, 3I noticed you standing in the alley last night.3

)sually, however, when a noun or pronoun precedes a gerund, that noun or

pronoun takes a possessive form. This is especially true of formal, academic

writing.

1!


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There are e4ceptions to this. 9What would the study of language "e without

e4ceptionsD:

• When the noun preceding the gerund is modified "y other words, use

the common form of that noun, not the possessive.

a. Federico was pleased "y 'arlos>s making the ;ean>s

$ist for the first time.

but

". Federico was pleased "y 'arlos, his oldest son, making

the ;ean>s $ist for the first time.

When the noun preceding the gerund is plural, collective, or a"stract,

use the common form of that noun, not the possessive.

c. *rofessor illa was ama%ed "y her students working as

hard as they did.

d. The class working colla"oratively was some"ody else>s

idea.

e. It was a case of old age getting the "etter of them.

There are certain situations in which the possessive and the gerund

create an awkward com"ination. This seems to "e particularly true

when indefinite pronouns are involved.

f. I was shocked "y some"ody>s making that remark.

This would be greatly improved by saying, instead . . .

g. I was shocked that some"ody would make that remark.

This is also true when the 3owner3 of the gerund comes wrapped in a

noun phraseC

a. I was thankful for the guy ne4t door shoveling snow

from my driveway.

%* Pr#s#)t C")diti")a$s

%*1 Pr#s#)t R#a$ C")diti")a$

."rm

11


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KIf J When ... Simple *resent ..., ... Simple *resent ...L

K... Simple *resent ... if J when ... Simple *resent ...L

USE

The *resent 0eal 'onditional is used to talk a"out what you normally do in real@

life situations.

#4amplesC

• If I 6" to a friend>s house for dinner, I usually ta7# a "ottle of wine or

some flowers.

•

When I ha# a day off from work, I often 6" to the "each.• If the weather is nice, she wa$7s to work.

• erry h#$8s me with my homework when he has time.

• I r#ad if there is nothing on T.

• AC What d" "u d" when it rai)sD

&C I sta at home.

• AC Where d" "u sta if you 6" to SydneyD

&C I sta with my friends near the har"or.

IMPORTANT I ;h#)

&oth 3if3 and 3when3 are used in the *resent 0eal 'onditional. )sing 3if3 suggests

that something happens less fre?uently. )sing 3when3 suggests that something

happens regularly.

#4amplesC

• ;h#) I have a day off from work, I usually go to the "each.

I REGU!R" #!$E %!"& '(( (R') *'R+ .

•

I I have a day off from work, I usually go to the "each. I R!RE" #!$E %!"& '(( (R') *'R+ .

%*% Pr#s#)t U)r#a$ C")diti")a$

.ORM

KIf ... Simple *ast ..., ... would ver" ...L

K... would ver" ... if ... Simple *ast ...L

USE

12


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The *resent )nreal 'onditional is used to talk a"out what you would generally do

in imaginary situations.

#4amplesC

• If I "w)#d a car, I w"u$d dri# to work. &ut I don>t own a car.

• She w"u$d tra#$ around the world if she had more money. &ut she

doesn>t have much money.

• I w"u$d r#ad more if I did)I>

8nly the word 3if3 is used with the *resent )nreal 'onditional "ecause you are

discussing imaginary situations. 3When3 cannot "e used.

#4amplesC

• I would "uy that computer wh#) it were cheaper. Not Correct

• I would "uy that computer i it were cheaper. Correct

1"


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E=CEPTION C")diti")a$ with M"da$ /#r2s

There are some special conditional forms for modal ver"s in #nglishC

w"u$d ? a) @ "u$d

w"u$d ? sha$$ @ sh"u$d

w"u$d ? ma @ mi6ht

The words 3can,3 3shall3 and 3may3 cannot "e used with 3would.3 Instead, they

must "e used in these special forms.

#4amplesC

• If I went to #gypt, I w"u$d a) learn Ara"ic. Not Correct

• If I went to #gypt, I "u$d learn Ara"ic. Correct

• If she had time, she w"u$d ma go to the party. Not Correct

• If she had time, she mi6ht go to the party. Correct

The words 3could,3 should,3 3might3 and 3ought to3 include conditional, so you

cannot com"ine them with 3would.3

#4amplesC

• If I had more time, I w"u$d "u$d e4ercise after work. Not Correct

• If I had more time, I "u$d e4ercise after work. Correct

• If he invited you, you really w"u$d sh"u$d go. Not Correct

• If he invited you, you really sh"u$d go. Correct

* Sim8$# Past

The sim8$# 8ast or 8ast sim8$#, sometimes called the preterite, is the

"asic form of the past tense in Modern #nglish. It is used principally to descri"e

events in the past, although it also has some other uses. 0egular #nglish ver"s

form the simple past in 1ed however there are a few hundred irregular ver"s with

different forms.

1#

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preteritehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_tensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_tensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_irregular_verbshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preteritehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_tensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_irregular_verbs


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The term 3simple3 is used to distinguish the syntactical construction whose

"asic form uses the plain past tense alone, from other past tense constructions

which use au4iliaries in com"ination with participles, such as the past

perfect and past progressive.

*1 ."rmati")

0egular ver"s form the simple past in 1ed however there are a few

hundred irregular ver"s with different forms. For details see #nglish ver"sC *ast

tense.

Most ver"s have a single form of the simple past, independent of the person or num"er of the su"Bect 9there is no addition of 1s for the third person

singular as in the simple present:. !owever, the copula ver" be has two past tense

formsC was for the first and third persons singular, and were in other instances.

The form were can also "e used in place of was in conditional clauses and the like

for information on this, see #nglish su"Bunctive. This is the only case in modern

#nglish where a distinction in form is made "etween the indicative and

su"Bunctive moods in the past tense.

Nuestions, other clauses re?uiring inversion, negations with not , and emphaticforms of the simple past use the au4iliary did . For details of this mechanism,

see do@support. A full list of forms is given "elow, using the 9regular: ver" help as

an e4ampleC

• &asic simple pastC

• IJyouJheJsheJitJweJthey h#$8#d

• #4panded 9emphatic: simple pastC

• IJyouJheJsheJitJweJthey did h#$8

• Nuestion formC

• Did IJyouJheJsheJitJweJthey h#$8D

• HegativeC

• IJyouJheJsheJitJweJthey did )"t 9did)


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• Hegative ?uestionC

• Did IJyouJheJsheJitJweJthey )"t

h#$8D J Did)


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frame may be e&plicitly stated, or implicit in the conte&t (for e&ample

the past tense is often used when describing a sequence of past

events).

I was born in *+.

e turned the oven off two minutes ago.

I came home at - ocloc%.

hen did they get married/

e wrote two letters this morning. (the simple past is appropriate here if it is

no longer morning)

0he placed the letter on the table, sighed, and left the house.

1ontrast these e&amples with those given at "ses of #nglish

verb forms: $resent perfect. 2ote also that for past actions that

occurred before the relevant past time frame, thepast perfect is

used.

3arious compound constructions e&ist for denoting

past habitual action. The sentence When I was young, I played

football every Saturday might alternatively be phrased

usingused to (... I used to play ...) or using would (... I would

play...).

The simple past also has some uses in which it does not refer to

a past time. These are generally in condition clauses and some

other dependent clauses referring to hypothetical circumstances,

as well as certain e&pressions of wish:

If he walked faster, he would get home earlier.

I wish I knew what his name was.

I would rather she wore a longer dress.

or more details see the sections

on conditionals, dependent clauses and e&pressions of

wish in the article on uses of #nglish verb forms.

or use of the simple past (and other past tense forms) in

indirect speech, see "ses of #nglish verb forms: Indirect

speech. 4n e&ample:

17

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uses_of_English_verb_forms#Present_perfecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uses_of_English_verb_forms#Present_perfecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uses_of_English_verb_forms#Present_perfecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_perfecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitual_aspecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Used_tohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Used_tohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_modal_verbs#willhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_modal_verbs#willhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condition_clausehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condition_clausehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_clausehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uses_of_English_verb_forms#Conditional_sentenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uses_of_English_verb_forms#Dependent_clauseshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uses_of_English_verb_forms#Dependent_clauseshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uses_of_English_verb_forms#Expressions_of_wishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uses_of_English_verb_forms#Expressions_of_wishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uses_of_English_verb_forms#Indirect_speechhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uses_of_English_verb_forms#Indirect_speechhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uses_of_English_verb_forms#Indirect_speechhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uses_of_English_verb_forms#Present_perfecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uses_of_English_verb_forms#Present_perfecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_perfecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitual_aspecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Used_tohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_modal_verbs#willhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condition_clausehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_clausehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uses_of_English_verb_forms#Conditional_sentenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uses_of_English_verb_forms#Dependent_clauseshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uses_of_English_verb_forms#Expressions_of_wishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uses_of_English_verb_forms#Expressions_of_wishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uses_of_English_verb_forms#Indirect_speechhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uses_of_English_verb_forms#Indirect_speech


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He said he wanted to go on the slide.

4* Sim8$# .utur#

Simple Future has two different forms in #nglishC 3will3 and 3"e going to.3

Although the two forms can sometimes "e used interchangea"ly, they often

e4press two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too

a"stract at first, "ut with time and practice, the differences will "ecome clear. &oth

3will3 and 3"e going to3 refer to a specific time in the future.

."rm ;i$$

Kwill ver"L

#4amplesC

• Oou wi$$ h#$8 him later.

• ;i$$ you h#$8 him laterD

• Oou wi$$ )"t h#$8 him later.

."rm B# G"i)6 T"

KamJisJare going to ver"L

#4amplesC

• Oou ar# 6"i)6 t" m##t ane tonight.

• Ar# you 6"i)6 t" m##t ane tonightD

• Oou ar# )"t 6"i)6 t" m##t ane tonight.

'omplete $ist of Simple Future Forms

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4*1 >;i$$> t" E8r#ss a /"$u)tar Ati")

3Will3 often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary

action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. 8ften, we use 3will3 to

respond to someone else>s complaint or re?uest for help. We also use 3will3 when

we re?uest that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly,

we use 3will not3 or 3won>t3 when we refuse to voluntarily do something.

#4amplesC

• I wi$$ s#)d you the information when I get it.

• I wi$$ tra)s$at# the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.

• ;i$$ you h#$8 me move this heavy ta"leD

• ;i$$ you ma7# dinnerD

• I wi$$ )"t d" your homework for you.

• I w")t worry, I


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• !e is 6"i)6 t" s8#)d his vacation in !awaii.

• She is )"t 6"i)6 t" s8#)d her vacation in !awaii.

• AC When ar# we 6"i)6 t" m##t each other tonightD

&C We ar# 6"i)6 t" m##t at 6 *M.• Is "irthday cakeD

&C Sue is 6"i)6 t" ma7# ohn>s "irthday cake.

4*4 >;i$$> "r >B# G"i)6 t"> t" E8r#ss a Pr#diti")

&oth 3will3 and 3"e going to3 can e4press the idea of a general prediction a"outthe future. *redictions are guesses a"out what might happen in the future. In

3prediction3 sentences, the su"Bect usually has little control over the future and

therefore )S#S @1 do not apply. In the following e4amples, there is no difference

in meaning.

#4amplesC

• The year //// wi$$ 2# a very interesting year.

•

The year //// is 6"i)6 t" 2# a very interesting year.• ohn Smith wi$$ 2# the ne4t *resident.

• ohn Smith is 6"i)6 t" 2# the ne4t *resident.

• The movie 3Qenith3 wi$$ wi) several Academy Awards.

• The movie 3Qenith3 is 6"i)6 t" wi) several Academy Awards.

4*4*1 IMPORTANT

In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which )S# the speaker has in mind.

8ften, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence>s meaning.

4*4*% N" .utur# i) Tim# C$aus#s

$ike all future forms, the Simple Future cannot "e used in clauses "eginning with

time e4pressions such asC when, while, "efore, after, "y the time, as soon as, if,

unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple *resent is used.

#4amplesC

• When you wi$$ arri# tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct

• When you arri# tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct

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4*4* AD/ERB P'ACEMENT

The e4amples "elow show the placement for grammar adver"s such asC always,

only, never, ever, still, Bust, etc.

#4amplesC

• Oou will )##r help him.

• Will you ##r help himD

• Oou are )##r going to meet ane.

• Are you ##r going to meet aneD

4*4*4 ACTI/E PASSI/E

#4amplesC

• ohn wi$$ i)ish the work "y 5C== *M. !/TI$E

• The work wi$$ 2# i)ish#d "y 5C== *M. 2 !&&I$E

• Sally is 6"i)6 t" ma7# a "eautiful dinner tonight. !/TI$E

• A "eautiful dinner is 6"i)6 t" 2# mad# "y Sally tonight. 2 !&&I$E

5* 8ast t#)s#

There are two tenses in #nglish R past and present.

The past tense in #nglish is usedC

• to talk a"out the 8ast

• to talk a"out h8"th#s#s R things that are imagined rather

than true.

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• for 8"$it#)#ss.

There are "ur past tense forms in #nglishC

Past sim8$#: I w"r7#d

*ast continuousC I was working

*ast perfectC I had worked

*ast perfect continuousC I had "een working

We use these formsC

• to talk a"out the 8astC

!e w"r7#d at Mc;onalds. !e had w"r7#d there since uly..

!e was w"r7i)6 at Mc;onalds. !e had 2##) w"r7i)6 since uly.

•

to refer to the 8r#s#)t or utur# in ")diti")sC

!e could get a new Bo" if he really tri#d.

If ack was 8$ai)6 they would pro"a"ly win.

and h8"th#s#sC

It might "e dangerous. Suppose they 6"t lost.

I would always help someone who really )##d#d help.

and wish#sC

I wish it was)t so cold.

• In ")diti")s, h8"th#s#s and wish#s, if we want to talk a"out the 8ast,

we always use the 8ast 8#r#tC

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I would have helped him if he had as7#d.

It was very dangerous, What if you had 6"t lostD

I wish I had)t s8#)t so much money last month.

• We can use the past forms to talk a"out the 8r#s#)t in a few 8"$it#

#8r#ssi")sC

#4cuse me, I was w")d#ri)6 if this was the train for Oork.

I Bust h"8#d you w"u$d "e a"le to help me.

Eam8$# S#)t#)#s U)d#rsta)di)6 O23#t " Pr#8"siti")

D#i)iti") " th# O23#t " a Pr#8"siti")

8"Bect of the preposition is the o"Bect that follows the preposition, which can "e a

noun 9noun:, pronoun 9pronoun:, gerund or noun clause.

!ere are some e4amples of sentences o"Bect of the preposition in the form of the

noun 9phrase J clause:, pronoun, and the gerund.

SpecificationC

preposition

•

ob3ect o4 prepositio

O23#t " a

Pr#8"siti")

C")t"h !a$imat O23#t " a Pr#8"siti")

N"u) I dont "elieve i) 5odiac.

Oulia is really i)t" in3utsu.

N"u) Phras# I) my opinion, we should "uy her a new Backet.

!e didnt say anything duri)6 the trip.

Pr")"u) I Bust got good news r"m him.

My sister is reading the newspaper )#t t" her .

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G#ru)d 8hras# She is reading an "ook a2"ut swimming .

Oou should feel ashamed "r giving bribes to win the

election. K6#ru)d 8hras#L

N"u) C$aus# Tomorrow we will discuss a2"ut what is mental illness.

I thank my #nglish teacher "r how he teached me some tricks.

* Sim8$# Past T#)s#

For other uses, see *ast tense 9disam"iguation:.

The past tense is a grammatical tense whose principal function is to place an

action or situation in past time. In languages which have a past tense, it thus

provides a grammatical means of indicating that the event "eing referred to took

place in the past. #4amples of ver"s in the past tense include the #nglish ver"s

sang, went and was.

In some languages, the grammatical e4pression of past tense is com"ined with the

e4pression of other categories such as mood and aspect 9see tenseRaspectRmood:.

Thus a language may have several types of past tense form, their use depending

on what aspectual or other additional information is to "e encoded. French, for

e4ample, has a compound past 9pass compos: for e4pressing completed events,

an imperfect for e4pressing events which were ongoing or repeated in the past, as

well as several other past forms.

Some languages that grammaticalise for past tense do so "y inflecting the ver",

while others do so periphrastically using au4iliary ver"s, also known as 3ver"al

operators3 9and some do "oth, as in the e4ample of French given a"ove:. Hot all

languages grammaticalise ver"s for past tense R Mandarin 'hinese, for e4ample,

mainly uses le4ical means 9words like 3yesterday3 or 3last week3: to indicate that

something took place in the past, although use can also "e made of the

tenseJaspect markers le and guo.

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The 3past time3 to which the past tense refers generally means the past relative to

the moment of speaking, although in conte4ts where relative tense is employed 9as

in some instances of indirect speech: it may mean the past relative to some other

time "eing under discussion.KL A language>s past tense may also have other uses

"esides referring to past time for e4ample, in #nglish and certain other languages,

the past tense is sometimes used in referring to hypothetical situations, such as in

condition clauses like If you loved me ..., where the past tense loved is used even

though there may "e no connection with past time.

Some languages grammatically distinguish the recent past from remote past with

separate tenses. There may "e more than two distinctions.

A general past tense can "e indicated with the glossing a""reviation pst.

F* Past C")ti)u"us

."rm

KwasJwere present participleL

#4amplesC

• Oou w#r# studi)6 when she called.

• ;#r# you studi)6 when she calledD

• Oou w#r# )"t studi)6 when she called.

'omplete $ist of *ast 'ontinuous Forms

F*1 I)t#rru8t#d Ati") i) th# Past

)se the *ast 'ontinuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was

interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple *ast.

0emem"er this can "e a real interruption or Bust an interruption in time.

#4amplesC

• I was wathi)6 T when she called.

• When the phone rang, she was writi)6 a letter.

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• While we w#r# hai)6 the picnic, it started to rain.

• What w#r# you d"i)6 when the earth?uake startedD

• I was $ist#)i)6 to my i*od, so I didn>t hear the fire alarm.

• Oou w#r# )"t $ist#)i)6 to me when I told you to turn the oven off.

• While ohn was s$##8i)6 last night, someone stole his car.

• Sammy was waiti)6 for us when we got off the plane.

• While I was writi)6 the email, the computer suddenly went off.

• AC What w#r# you d"i)6 when you "roke your legD

&C I was s)"w2"ardi)6.

F*% S8#ii Tim# as a) I)t#rru8ti")

In )S# , descri"ed a"ove, the *ast 'ontinuous is interrupted "y a shorter action

in the Simple *ast. !owever, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.

#4amplesC

• $ast night at 6 *M, I was #ati)6 dinner.

• At midnight, we w#r# still drii)6 through the desert.

• Oesterday at this time, I was sitti)6 at my desk at work.

IMPORTANT

In the Simple *ast, a specific time is used to show when an action "egan or

finished. In the *ast 'ontinuous, a specific time only interrupts the action.

#4amplesC

• $ast night at 6 *M, I at# dinner.

I &T!RTE% E!TIG !T 6 2).

• $ast night at 6 *M, I was #ati)6 dinner.

I &T!RTE% E!RIER7 !% !T 6 2), I *!& I T#E 2R'/E&& '( E!TIG

%IER.

F* Para$$#$ Ati")s

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When you use the *ast 'ontinuous with two actions in the same sentence, it

e4presses the idea that "oth actions were happening at the same time. The actions

are parallel.

#4amplesC

• I was studi)6 while he was ma7i)6 dinner.

• While #llen was r#adi)6, Tim was wathi)6 television.

• ;#r# you $ist#)i)6 while he was ta$7i)6D

• I was)


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Chapter " En&

*1 C")$usi")

From #4pose or e4planation a"ove, the writer can conclude that in accordance

with the paper 3*reparation Toeic3 the authors concluded that not only gives

T8#I' ?uestions referring to the rate or levels we are in a foreign language. "ut

also teach how important for us to learn the language as an international language.

*% Su66#sti")s

0eali%ing that the author is far from perfect, the future will "e more focused and

writers in e4plaining details a"out the paper on top of the source @ a source that is

much more that can "e accounted tentunga.

For suggestions could contain criticisms or suggestions for writing are also a"le to

respond to the conclusions of the discussion paper that has "een descri"ed. For the

last part of the paper is the "i"liograp

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