Mengapa Barat Liberal

MENGAPA BARAT MENGAPA BARAT MENJADI SEKULAR-LIBERAL?MENJADI SEKULAR-LIBERAL?

Oleh:Adian Husaini

Ph.D. Candidate di ISTAC-IIUM

(*Analisis lebih jauh dan referensi: lihat, Adian Husaini, Wajah Peradaban Barat:Dari Hegemoni Kristen ke Dominasi

Sekular-Liberal, (Jakarta:Gema Insani Press, 2005)

Arend Theodor van LeeuwenArend Theodor van Leeuwen::

Kultur sekular adalah hadiah Kristen kepada dunia.(Christianity’s gift to the

world).(Lihat, Mark Juergensmeyer, The New Cold War?, (London:

University of California Press, 1993)

Owen Chadwick:Owen Chadwick:

“Liberal=free from restraint. The liberal state… must be the secular state”.

(Owen Chadwick, The Secularization of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century, (New

York: Cambridge University Press, 1975).

Mengapa Barat Sekular-Liberal?Mengapa Barat Sekular-Liberal?

Trauma sejarah hegemoni Kristen

Problema teks Bible

Problema teologi Kristen

Bernard Lewis:Bernard Lewis:

Sejarah Kekristenan banyak diwarnai perpecahan (skisma) dan kekafiran (heresy);

dengan konflik antar kelompok yang berujung pada peperangan atau persekusi... kehidupan

toleran hanya mungkin dilakukan jika kekuasaan Gereja untuk mengatur politik dihilangkan, begitu juga campur tangan

negara terhadap Gereja.

Lord Acton:Lord Acton:

All power tends to corrupt; absolute power corrupts absolutely. (Surat

kepada Bishop Mandell Creighton, 1887)

Zaman Pertengahan Peradaban Barat:Zaman Pertengahan Peradaban Barat:

The Dark Ages of Europe, The Medieval Ages, Keruntuhan

Romawi Barat-Renaissance (476-1400-an)

Renaissance:Renaissance:

“Rebirth” (kelahiran kembali). Barat merasa hidup kembali, setelah ‘mati’ selama sekitar 1.000

tahun hidup di bawah cengkeraman kekuasaan Gereja, yang dipenuhi berbagai penyimpangan.

Pertumbuhan Kekuasaan GerejaPertumbuhan Kekuasaan Gereja•Edict of Milan, 313 M•Edict of Theodosius, 392 M•Pope Gregory I (590-604), the creator of the political power of the popes) •Pope Leo III, 800 M, mengangkat Charlemagne sebagai ‘Emperor of the Romans’

Konflik-konflik Paus vs Raja:Konflik-konflik Paus vs Raja:

•Pope Gregory VII vs Henry IV•Raja Henry VIII (1491-1547) – Lahirnya Gereja Anglikan

Konflik-konflik Katolik-Protestan:Konflik-konflik Katolik-Protestan:

Martin Luther: “Antichrist is the Pope and the Turk together. A beast full of life must have a body and soul. The spirit or soul of Antichrist is the Pope, his flesh and body

the Turk.”

The St. Bartholomew’s Day The St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572):Massacre (1572):

Diperkirakan 10.000 orang mati. Selama berminggu-minggu jalan-

jalan di Paris dipenuhi dengan mayat-mayat laki-laki, wanita, dan anak-

anak, yang membusuk.

Perebutan Tahta Inggris:Perebutan Tahta Inggris:

Konflik berdarah perebutan tahta Inggris dari Queen Mary (Katolik) ke

Elizabeth I (Protestan).

Inquisition: Inquisition:

Most of us would agree that one of the most evil of all Christian institutions was the Inquisition, which was an instrument of terror in the Catholic Church

until the end of seventeenth century. Its methods were also used by Protestants to persecute and control the Catholics in their countries. (Karen

Armstrong)

anti-clericalismanti-clericalism

(Beware of a women if you are in front of her, a mule if you are behind it, and

a priest whether you are in front or behind).

Scott Peck:Scott Peck:

“Sekali kata ‘religion’ disebutkan di dunia Barat, ini akan membuat orang berpikir tentang: …

inquisisi, tahyul, lemah semangat, paham dogmatis, munafik, benar sendiri, kekakuan,

kekasaran, pembakaran buku, pembakaran dukun, larangan-larangan, ketakutan, taat aturan agama,

pengakuan dosa, dan kegilaan.”

Friedrich GogartenFriedrich Gogarten:

Secularization is the legitimate consequence of the impact of biblical faith on history.

Harvey Cox:Harvey Cox:

Far from being something Christians should be against, secularization represents an authentic consequence of biblical faith.

Rather than oppose it, the task of Christians should be to support and nourish it.

Richard Elliot Friedman,Richard Elliot Friedman,Who Who Wrote the Bible?Wrote the Bible?

(It is a strange fact that we have never

known with certainty who

produced the book that has played a central role in our

civilization)

Richard Elliot Friedman:Richard Elliot Friedman:

Five Book of Moses… adalah teka-teki paling tua di dunia (It is one of the

oldest puzzles in the world).

Prof. Bruce M. Metzger, Prof. Bruce M. Metzger, guru besar guru besar Perjanjian Baru di Perjanjian Baru di Princeton Theological Princeton Theological

SeminarySeminary ::

“The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration” (Oxford University Press, 1985).

Prof. Bruce M. MetzgerProf. Bruce M. Metzger::

Dua kondisi yang selalu dihadapi oleh penafsir Bible, yaitu (1) tidak adanya

dokumen Bible yang original saat ini, dan (2) bahan-bahan yang ada pun sekarang ini

bermacam-macam, berbeda satu dengan lainnya. (A Textual Commentaary on the Greek New Testament”, United Bible Societies, 1975)

Bruce M. MetzgerBruce M. Metzger::

(the way is open for the possible edition of another book or epistle to the New

Testament canon). Bruce M. Metzger, The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origin,

Development, and Significance, (Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1987)

Prof. Alphonse Mingana (1927):Prof. Alphonse Mingana (1927):

The time has surely come to subject the text of the Qur’an to the same criticism as that

to which we subject the Hebrew and Aramaic of the Jewish Bible, and the Greek

of the Christian scriptures

(masanya sudah tiba untuk mengkritik alQuran sebagaimana Bible Yahudi dan Kristen)

Oxford Concise Dictionary Oxford Concise Dictionary of the Christian Church:of the Christian Church:

Critical study of the Bible: “It sets out from the belief that an ancient writing must be

interpreted in its historical perspective and related to the circumstances of its

composition and its meaning and purpose for its author and first readers.”

Variasi Teks Bible:Variasi Teks Bible:

Kitab 1 Raja-raja 11:1 *Lembaga Alkitab Indonesia (2000) : “Ada

pun Raja Salomo mencintai banyak perempuan asing. Disamping anak Firaun ia mencintai

perempuan-perempuan Moab, Amon, Edom, Sidon, dan Het.”


Kitab 1 Raja-raja 11:1*The Living Bible : “King Salomon married any other girls besides the

Egyptian princess. Many of them came from nations where idols were worshipped – Moab, Ammon, Edom, Sidon and from

the Hittites.”


Kitab 1 Raja-raja 11:1

Bible King James Version menulis: But King Solomon loved many strange

women, together with the daughter of Paharaoh, women of Moabites,

Ammonites, Edomites, Zidonians, and Hittites.”



The Bible Revised Standard Version: “Now King Solomon loved many foreign women; the daughter of Pharaoh, and

Moabites, Ammonite, E’domite, Sido’niah, and Hittite women.”



Vulgate: “rex autem Salomon amavit mulieres alienigenas multas filiam quoque Pharaonis et Moabitidas et Ammanitidas Idumeas et Sidonias et

Chettheas.”

Mark Twain: Mark Twain:

“It’s not the parts of the Bible which I can’t understand that bother me, it’s the

parts that I can understand.”

News Week (News Week (6 Februari 2004 )6 Februari 2004 )::

“But the Bible can be a problematic source”.


2 Samuel, 11:2

LAI (2000): “Sekali peristiwa pada waktu petang, ketika Daud bangun dari tempat pembaringannya lalu berjalan-jalan di atas sotoh istana, tampak kepadanya dari atas sotoh istana itu seorang perempuan sedang

mandi; perempuan itu sangat elok rupanya”.


2 Samuel, 11:2King James Version: “And it came to pass in an evening tide, that David arose from off his bed, and walked upon the roof of the King’s house: and from the roof he saw a women washing herself; and the woman was very

beautiful to look upon.”


2 Samuel, 11:2

The Living Bible: “One night he couldn’t get to sleep and went for a stroll on the roof of the palace. As he looked out over the city,

he noticed a women of unusual beauty taking her evening bath.”


2 Samuel, 11:2

Revised Standard Version: “It happened, late one afternoon, when David arose from his couch and was walking upon the roof of the king’s house, that he saw from the

roof a women bathing; and the women was very beautiful.”

Dr. C. Groenen ofmDr. C. Groenen ofm::

“seluruh permasalahan kristologi di dunia Barat berasal dari kenyataan bahwa di dunia

Barat, Tuhan menjadi satu problem”.

Dr. C. Groenen ofmDr. C. Groenen ofm : :

“iman tidak tergantung pada pemikiran dan spekulasi para teolog. Yesus Kristus, relevansi dan

kebenaran abadi-Nya, akhirnya hanya tercapai dengan hati yang beriman dan berkasih. Yesus Kristus, Kebenaran, selalu lebih besar dari otak manusia, meski otak itu sangat cerdas dan tajam

sekali pun.”

Thomas AquinasThomas Aquinas: :

“… deum esse trinum et unum est solum creditum, et nullo modo potest

demonstrative probari” (That God is three and one is only known by belief, and it is

in no way possible for this to be demonstratively proven by reason).

St. Augustine (St. Augustine (de Trinitate)de Trinitate)::

“Credo ut intellegam” (Aku percaya supaya aku bisa mengerti)

Tertullian:Tertullian:

Credo quia absurdum!” (Aku beriman justru karena doktrin tersebut tidak

masuk akal). ‘absurdum’= irrational, senseless, against

reason or common sense, clearly false or foolish, and ridiculous.

Dr. C. Groenen ofm: Dr. C. Groenen ofm:

“seluruh permasalahan kristologi di dunia Barat berasal dari

kenyataan bahwa di dunia Barat, Tuhan menjadi satu problem”.

Thomas Aquinas:Thomas Aquinas:

deum esse trinum et unum est solum creditum, et nullo modo potest demonstrative probari” (That God is three and one is only known by belief, and it is in no way possible for this to be demonstratively proven by reason).

St. Jerome:St. Jerome:

“De mysterio Trinitatis recta confessio est ignoratio scientia” (Misteri trinitas hanya

dapat diimani, tidak dapat dipahami)

Matius 3:17:Matius 3:17:

Matius 3:17 "Maka suatu suara dari langit mengatakan, "Inilah anakku

yang kukasihi. Kepadanya Aku berkenan."

Syahadat Nicea:Syahadat Nicea:

“Kami percaya pada satu Allah, Bapa Yang Mahakuasa, Pencipta segala yang kelihatan maupun yang tidak kelihatan. Dan pada satu

Tuhan Yesus Kristus, Putra Allah, Putra Tunggal yang dikandung dari Allah, yang

berasal dari hakikat Bapa, Allah dari Allah, terang dari terang, Allah benar dari Allah Benar, dilahirkan tetapi tidak diciptakan,

sehakikat dengan Bapa, melalui dia segala sesuatu menjadi ada…”

Perubahan konsep syahadat Kristen:Perubahan konsep syahadat Kristen:

• Konsili Efesus,431, melarang perubahan apa pun pada ‘Syahadat Nicea’, dengan ancaman kutukan Gereja (anathema).

• Konsili Kalsedon, 451, mengubah ‘Syahadat Nicea’. Kutukan thd Arius dihapus.

• Konsili Toledo III, 589, Gereja Barat menambah frasa “dan Putra” (Filioque), pada penggal kalimat “dan akan Roh Kudus … yang berasal dari Bapa”.

• Konsili Vatikan II, 1962-65, mengganti kata pembuka “Aku percaya” menjadi “Kami percaya”.

The Da Vici CodeThe Da Vici Code::

Jesus sebenarnya sempat mengawini Mary Magdalena dan mewariskan Gerejanya

kepada Magdalena, bukan kepada Saint Peter yang kemudian mendirikan Gereja di

Roma. Jesus pun punya anak dari Mary Magdalena, yang – karena takut dikejar-

kejar murid-murid Jesus – maka melarikan diri ke Perancis.

Gospel of PhilipGospel of Philip::

“And the companion of the Saviour is Mary Magdalene. Christ loved her more than all the disciples and used to kiss her often on her mouth. The rest of the disciples were offended by it and expressed disapproval. They said to him, “Why do you love her

more than all of us?”

I say quite deliberately that the Christian Religion, as organized in its Churches, has

been and still is the principal enemy of moral progress in the world. (Bertrand Russel,

dalam Why I am Not A Christian)

Mengapa Barat Liberal

Education

Transcript of Mengapa Barat Liberal