Materi Penyegaran Phonology

7/22/2019 Materi Penyegaran Phonology

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MATERI PHONOLOGY


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WHAT IS PHONOLGY AND PHONETICS?

Phonology is the scientific study of phonemes,

how to produce, transmit, and receive of

speech sounds

Phonetics: concerns with describing the

speech sounds that occur in the languages f

the world


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Phoneme is the smallest unit of sounds that

can bring about a change of meaning

Minimal pairs are two utterances

distinguished by a single contrast

Segmental Phonemes (Vowels and

Consonants)..

Supra segmental Phonemes


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SPEECH ORGANS
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UVULA, HARD PALATE, SOFT PALATE
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SPEECH ORGANS
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Alat-alat ucap

Upper lip

Lower lip

Upper teeth

Lower teeth

Tip of the tongue

Blade of the tongue

Front of the tongue

Centre of the tongue


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Back of the tongue

Hard palate

Soft palate/velum

Uvula

Alveolar ridge/gumridge/teethridge

Nasal cavity

Oral cavity

Pharyngeal cavity


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Pharynx

Epiglottis

Vocal cords Larynx

Root


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ENGLISH VOWELS


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Vowels

Vowels are sounds when we produce them

without any obstruction the mouth

Consonants are sounds when we produce

them with an obstruction in the oral cavity


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MINIMAL PAIRS

"A minimal pair is a pair of words that differ in a singlephoneme. Minimal pairs are often used to show that twosounds contrast in a language. For example, we candemonstrate that [s] and [z] contrast in English by adducingminimal pairs such as sip and zip, or bus and buzz. Since the

only difference in these words is the [s] vs. [z], we concludethat they belong to distinct phonemes. However, a similartest would show that [a:j] and [Aj] are distinct phonemes inEnglish, since writerand riderappear to be minimal pairsdistinguished in their second elements, not their fourth."

(James Alasdair McGilvray, The Cambridge Companion toChomsky. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2005)
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EXAMPLES OF MINIMALS PAIRS

HITHID CHIP CHEAP RAN RAIN

NECK KNOCK THUMB SOME WISHWITCH ROT LOT RHYME TIME ZEAL - SEAL


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VOWELS

LONG AND SHORT VOWELS

OPEN, HALF OPEN

CLOSE, HALF CLOSE TENSE, LAX

ROUNDED, UNROUNDED/SPREAD

FRONT, BACK


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DIPHTHONG

A diphthong (double vowels/bunyi rangkap) also known asa gliding vowel, refers to two adjacent vowel soundsoccurring within the same syllable

(A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speechsounds-for example, the word water is composed of twosyllables: wa and ter).


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Vowel Diphthongs


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CLOSING AND CENTERING

In closing diphthongs, the second element is moreclose than the first (e.g. [ai]); Closing diphthongstend to be falling ([ai])

A centering diphthong is one that begins with amore peripheral vowel and ends with a morecentral one, such as [], [], and [] in Received

Pronunciation or [i] and [u] in Irish. Manycentering diphthongs are also opening diphthongs([i], [u]).


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CLOSING AND CENTERING

closing diphthongs

centering diphthong


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Centering diphthongs

They end with a glide towards the central vowel //:

-//The glide begins with a tongue position that is taken for /I/ and moves in

the direction of //. It is found in the words like "beer, fear".

-//It glides from a tongue position that is used for // toward the more

open type //. It appears in the words "sure, tour".

-/ e/Its glide begins in the half open front position and moves in thedirection of more open variety of //. For example, "chair, stare.


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Closing diphthongs

They end with a glide towards/i/ or towards / /:

-/ei/

The glide begins at a point behind the front open position and moves in

direction of the position of / i/. We find it in the words "say, weigh".

-//The glide begins with tongue position that is for // and moves in the direction

of /i/, as in "toy, enjoy".

-/ai/

The glide begins at a point slightly behind the front open position, andmoves in the direction of the position associated with /i/. It occurs in

words such as "high, buy".


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Closing diphthongs

They end with a glide towards

/i/ or towards / /:

-//Its glide begins at a central position of // and moves in the

direction of the / /. It appears in the words "go, hello".

-/a/The glide starts at a point between the back and front open

position, and moves in the direction of the //. As in "house,now, found".


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TRIPHTHONG

a union of three vowels (letters or sounds) pronounced in one syllable (asin fire, power), or three vowel characters representing the sound of a

single vowel (as in b eau).or

A combination of three vowel sounds in a single syllable, forming a

simple or compound sound; also, a union of three vowel characters,representing together a single sound; a trigraph;

eye, -ieu in adieu, -eau in beau.


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TRIPHTHONG

Peter Roach (English Phonetics and Phonology, 4th ed., CUP 2009, p. 18-19) puts it like this:

The most complex English sounds of the vowel type are thetriphthongs. They can be rather difficult to pronounce, and very difficult

to recognise. A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another and thento a third, all produced rapidly and without interruption.

He lists the triphthongs e, a, , , a (later giving the examplewords

layer, player; liar, fire; loyal, royal; lower, mower; power, hour) andcontinues


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TRIPHTHONG

The most complex English vowel-type sounds

A glide from one vowel to another and then to a third one

Produced rapidly and without interruption

Composed of: closing diphthongs + //

/e/ /a/ / / // /a/ + //layer liar royal lower hour


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Place of articulation

Bilabial: two lips

Labio dental: lower lip and upper front teeth

Dental: tongue tip or blade and upper front teeth

Alveolar: tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge/t,d, n, l, s, z, r/

Retroflex: tip of the tongue and back of the alveolarridge /r/

Palato alveolar: tongue blade and the back of alveolar

ridge / sh/ Palatal: front of tongue and hard palate: you

Velar: back of the tongue and soft palate


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Manner of articulation

Plosive or stop: completely closed by twoarticulators, nasal cavity also closed, suddenlyreleased causing an explosive sound

Affricate: the same as above but released

gradually Fricative: partially obstructed, narrow space for

air, forced to go out causing friction sound

Nasal: the air passage is completely closed, airfree through the nose

Lateral: tip of the tongue against the teeth ridge,the air goes out through the sides of the tongue


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CONSONANTS

VOICED CONSONANTS

VOICELESS CONSONANTS

ASPIRATED AND UNASPIRATED CONSONATS PLACE AND MANNER OF ARTICULATION

Materi Penyegaran Phonology

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