Makalah Mtokondria

8/9/2019 Makalah Mtokondria

1/20

CDC F

QNJMDE^B^DJ

D* Bd}ds Cnbdkdjo

\nb dmdbde gfjfd}~s knefm~qdj d}d~ gnjvns~qdf kdwd|dj fjm~|}sf vdjo dgd}

knlfb" mf mdbdgjvd }nsmdqd} isodjnb'isodjnb vdjo gfsfq qdcsfk'qdcsfk kfgfd |nb vdjo

gnjoibde mdj gnjmf|}sfc~|fkdj ed|fbjvd qdmd cdofdj vdjo gngc~}~ekdjjvd* Gd|fjo'

gd|fjo isodjnbd gngq~jvdf qnsdj vdjo cnscnmd'cnmd mdbdg }~c~e" }n}dqf dj}dsd isodjnbd

|d}~ mnjodj isodjnbd vdjo bdfj gd|fe |dbfjo cnse~c~jodj* Mf mdbdg |f}iqbd|gd }nsmdqd}

isodjnb gngcsdj bdfj vdjo cns}fjmdk |ncdodf mdq~s |nb vdf}~ gf}ikijmsfd* Jdgd

gf}ikijmsfd mfcnsfkdj ibne |nisdjo qdkds cnsjdgd Cnjmd %456?'4565&* Isodjnbd vdjo

cnj}~kjvd gngdjhdjo fjf mfh~gqdf qdmd edgqfs |ng~d |nb n~kdsfi}fk* Gf}ikijmsfd

mfcd}d|f ibne gngcsdj sdjokdq" gngcsdj mdbdg gnjodmdkdj qnsb~d|dj kn mdbdg gd}sfk|

mnjodj gngcnj}~k qnjijhibdj'qnjijhibdj vdjo mf|nc~} ksf|}d* Gngcsdj gf}ikijmsfd

mf|~|~j ibne bfqiqsi}nfj" bncfe }fqf| mdsf gngcsdj qbd|gd* _dbd~q~j gf}ikijmsfd

mfc~jok~| ibne gngcsdj" gf}ikijmsfd c~kdjbde cdofdj mdsf |f|}ng njmigngcsdj* Qsi}nfj

gngcsdjjvd }fmdk mfc~d} ibne SN" }n}dqf ibne sfci|ig cncd| mdbdg |f}i|ib mdj ibne

sfci|ig vdjo mfkdjm~jo mdbdg gf}ikijmsfd f}~ |njmfsf* Isodjnbd fjf }fmdk |dhd gngfbfkf

sfci|ig" }n}dqf h~od gnjodjm~jo MJD mdbdg h~gbde |nmfkf}* MJD fjfbde vdjo

gngqsiosdg |fj}n|f| qsi}nfj vdjo mfc~d}mdbdg sfci|ij gf}ikijmsfd* Gf}ikijmsfd h~od

gngq~jvdf `~jo|f mdbdg ik|fmd|f" mnefmsionjd|f" `i|`isfbd|f ik|fmd}f` mdj sn|qfsd|f |nb*

\}s~k}~s mdj |f|}ng njxfgjvd mf|n|~dfkdj mnjodj kndjnkdsdodgdj `~jo|fjvd* Mdsf ~sdfdj

mfd}d| qngdkdbde }ns}dsfk ~j}~k gngcded| gf}ikijmsfd mdj edb'edb vdjo cnsknjddj

mnjodj ~jo|fjvd*


2/20

C* S~g~|dj gd|dbde

Mdsf bd}ds cnbdkdjo mfd}d| mdqd} mfdgcfb cncnsdqd s~g~|dj gd|dbde |ncdodf

cnsfk~}8

Cdodfgdjd |}s~k}~s mdj `~jo|f mdsf gf}ikijmsfd9

Cdodfgdjd gnkdjf|gn sn|qfsd|f |nb mdsf gf}ikijmsfd9

L* ]~h~dj

]~h~dj mdsf s~g~|dj gd|dbde mfd}d| dmdbde8

^j}~k gnjon}de~f |}s~k}~s mdj `~jo|f mdsf gf}ikijmsfd*

^j}~k gnjon}de~f gnkdjf|gn sn|qfsd|f |nb


3/20

CDC FF

QNGCDED\DJ

D* \}s~k}~s mdj @~jo|f Gf}ikijmsfd

Gf}ikijmsfd cnsd|db mdsf kd}d V~jdjf Gf}i vdjo cnsds}f cnjdjo" mdj leijmsfij

vdjo cnsds}f |nqns}f osdj~b%c~}fs'c~}fsdj&" |nefjood mdqd} mfds}fkdj |ncdodf isodjnbd mnjodj

sdjokdfdj c~}fs'c~}fs vdjo |nqns}f cnjdjo*

Gf}ikijmsfd dmdbde isodjnb |nb n~kdsfi} vdjo cns`~jo|f |ncdodf isodj sn|qfsd|f

qngcdjokf} njnsof mnjodj gnjoed|fbkdj dmnji|fj }sfqei|qed} %D]Q&* H~gbde gf}ikijmsfd

}fdq |nb }nsodj}~jo hnjf| |nb mdj isodjf|gn* Gf}ikijmsfd mf}ng~kdj mdbdg h~gbde cdjvdk

qdmd |nb vdjo dk}fpf}d| gn}dcibf|gnjvd }fjoof vdf}~ |nb'|nb kij}sdk}fb |nqns}f |qnsgd qdmd

cdofdj nkisjvd" |nb i}i} hdj}~jo" mdj |nb vdjo dk}f` gngcnbde |nqns}f nqf}nbf~g" dkds

sdgc~}" mdj nqfmnsgf| k~bf}*

Gf}ikijmsfd mfm~od cnsd|db mdsf cdk}nsf |ns~qd Sflkn}}|fd vdjo efm~q cncd|"

kng~mfdj mf}nbdj jnjnk'givdjo |nb n~kdsfi} mdj gngcnj}~k njmi|fgcfi|f| |d}~ |n}njode

gfbfds }de~j bdb~*

Gf}ikijmsfd gns~qdkdj sdjokdfdj isodjnbd vdjo ~jfk kdsnjd gngfbfkf MJD

}ns|njmfsf vdjo mf|nc~} MJD gf}ikijmsfd mnjodj |f`d}'|f`d} vdjo |qn|f`fk* MJD

gf}ikijmsfd gngfbfkf lfsf'lfsf vdjo cnscnmd mdsf MJD j~kbn~| mf}fjhd~ mdsf ~k~sdj" h~gbde

onj" mdj cnj}~k*

Cn|ds onjig qdmd MJD gf}ikijmsfd snbd}f` knlfb dqdcfbd mfcdjmfjokdj mnjodj

onjig MJD qdmd j~kbn~|* ^k~sdj onjig MJD gf}ikijmsfd qdmd }fdq'}fdq isodjf|gn

|djod}bde cnspdsfd|f* Qdmd gdj~|fd ~k~sdj MJD gf}ikijmsfd dmdbde 40"0 kc" |nmdjokdj

qdmd Msi|iqefbd gnbdjiod|}ns k~sdjo bncfe 45"= kc* Qdmd kedgfs" ~k~sdj onjig snbd}f`

bncfe cn|ds vdf}~ 5= kc*


4/20

]fmdk |nqns}f MJD j~kbn~| vdjo cnscnj}~k bfjnds" g}MJD cnscnj}~k bfjokdsdj*

\ncdofdj cn|ds g}MJD gngcdwd onjn vdjo cns`~jo|f mdbdg qsi|n| sn|qfsd|f |nb*

Nk|qnsfgnj vdjo mfbdk~kdj mnjodj gnjoefbdjokdj g}MJD qdmd \* lnsnpf|lndn

gnj~jh~kdj qnj~s~jdj }fjokd} qns}~gc~edj vdjo |fojf fkdj vdjo mf}djmdf mnjodj

gnjonlfbjvd ~k~sdj |nb*

Gf}ikijmsfd gns~qdkdj isodjnbd vdjo cns~qd kdj}~jo vdjo mf|nbdq~}f ibne m~d gngcsdj"

vdf}~ gngcsdj mdbdg mdj gngcsdj b~ds" |nefjood gf}ikijmsfd gngfbfkf m~d

kigqds}ngnj" vdf}~ s~djo dj}ds gngcsdj %fj}nsgngcsdjn |qdln& mdj gd}sfk| %gd}sfu&

gf}ikijmsfd vdjo mf|nbfg~}f bdjo|~jo ibne gngcsdj mdbdg*

Gngcsdj b~ds

Gngcsdj b~ds gnjodjm~jo qsi}nfj }sdj|qis} vdjo mf|nc~} qisfj* Qisfj

gngcnj}~k |db~sdj vdjo cns~k~sdj snbd}f` bncfe cn|ds mf bdqf|dj odjmd bfqfm gngcsdj b~ds;

|nefjood gngcsdj b~ds mdqd} mfdjoodq |ncdodf |dsfjodj vdjo gng~jokfjkdj bibi|jvd fij

gd~q~j gibnk~b knlfb cns~k~sdj > kMd d}d~ k~sdjo" }nsgd|~k qsi}nfj cns~k~sdj knlfb*

Gibnk~b'gibnk~b }ns|nc~} cncd| gngd|~kf s~djo dj}ds gngcsdj" jdg~j |ncdofdj cn|ds

}fmdk gnbnwd}f gngcsdj mdbdg vdjo cns|f`d} fgqns'gndcnb* Fjf cnsds}f cdewd mdbdg edb

kdjm~jodj gibnk~b knlfb mf s~djo dj}ds gngcsdj cns|f`d} nk~fpdbnj mnjodj |f}i|ib

|nmdjokdj mf s~djo gd}sfk| cnscnmd* Qsi}nfj vdjo }nsbn}dk qdmd gngcsdj b~ds gnbfq~}f

cnscdodf njxfg vdjo }nsbfcd} mdbdg cfi|fj}n|f| bfqfm gf}ikijmsfd mdj njxfg'njxfg vdjo

gnjo~cde |~c|}sd} bfqfm gnjhdmf cnj}~k bdfj ~j}~k |nbdjh~}jvd mfgn}dcibf|gn mf gd}sfk|

gf}ikijmsfd*


5/20

Gngcsdj mdbdg mdj ksf|}d

Gngcsdj mdbdg mdj gd}sfk| gf}ikijmsfd }nskdf} nsd} mnjodj dk}fpf}d| ~}dgd

gf}ikijmsfd vdf}~ }nsbfcd} mdbdg |fkb~| d|dg }sfkdscik|fbd}" ik|fmd|f d|dg bngdk mdj

qngcnj}~kdj njnsof* Sdj}df sn|qfsd|f }nsmdqd} mdbdg gngcsdj mdbdg fjf* Gngcsdj mdbdg

mdsf |nbfg~} gf}ikijmsfd |djod} cnscnbf}'cnbf} gns~dk kn cdofdj mdbdg gd}sfk mnjodj qibd

|nqns}f }dc~jo d}d~ mnjodj qibd bfs bngcdsdj mf cnscdodf }ngqd}* \d}~ cnbf}dj mf|nc~} ksf|}d*

Qdmd |ncdofdj cn|ds gf}ikijmsfd }~gc~edj ksf|}d }dc~jo bncds }nscnj}~k mnjod

|ngq~sjd }dqf cnsdodg gnj~s~} hnjf| |nb" ~g~s" mdj }fjokd} qnskngcdjodj* \d}~ ksf|}d

cnsodc~jo mnjodj ksf|}d bdfj mf cdofdj mdbdg gf}ikijmsfd gngcnj}~k wdmde

fj}nsgngcsdj bfs'kdj}~jo vdjo cns|dgc~jodj dj}ds gnsnkd* Qdmd |nb bdfjjvd" }n}dq }nshdmf

gimf`fkd|f bdfj* Dqdq~j cnj}~kjvd" ksf|}d gnjodjm~jo |ncdofdj cn|ds njxfg vdjo

gnjokd}dbf|f| bdjokde qdmd |f|}ng qnjodjok~}dj nbnk}sij |n}nbde md~s ksnc| |nefjood

qnjfjokd}dj b~d| qnsg~kddj |djod}bde qnj}fjo*

S~djo dj}ds gngcsdj

S~djo dj}ds gngcsdj dmdbde s~djo vdjo cnsdmd mf dj}dsd gngcsdj b~ds mdj

gngcsdj mdbdg gf}ikijmsfd* S~djo fjf gnjodjm~jo |nkf}ds 0. mdsf }i}db qsi}nfj


6/20

gf}ikijmsfd mdj cncnsdqd njxfg vdjo cnknshd gnjoo~jdkdj D]Q %dmnji|fjn

}sfqei|qed}n& vdjo }njode gnbnwd}f s~djo }ns|nc~} ~j}~k gng`i|`isfbd|f j~kbni}fmd bdfj*

Gd}sfk|

\ncdofdj cn|ds %|nkf}ds 0?.& qsi}nfj gf}ikijmsfd mfh~gqdf qdmd cdofdj gd}sfk|*

Njxfg'njxfg vdjo mfc~}~ekdj ~j}~k qsi|n| ik|fmd|f qfs~pd}" d|dg bngdk mdj ~j}~k

gnjhdbdjkdj |fkb~| d|dg }sfkdscik|fbd} }nsmdqd} qdmd gd}sfk| fjf*

]nsmdqd} qdmd Njxfg

Gngcsdj B~ds

S~djo dj}ds gngcsdj

Gngcsdj mdbdg

Gd}sfk|

JDME'|f}iksig L ik|fmisnm~k}d|n"

|f}iksig c" d|fb KiD |fj}n}d|n" gijidgfj

ik|fmd|d" kfj~snjfj efmsibd|d*Ksnd}fj kfjd|d" dmnjfbd} kfjd|d

\f}iksig c" l" l4"d "d


7/20

C* Qsi|n| Sn|qfsd|f

Sdj}df Sn|qfsd|f

Sdj}df sn|qfsd|f mdj fjefcf}isjvd mdqd} mfbfed} |ncdodf sfjokd|dj hdb~s gn}dcibfk

gf}ikijmsfd qdmd |ng~d kigqbnk| vdjo cnsdmd mf gngcsdj mdbdg mdj mdqd} mfldqdf ibne

|~c|}sd} cdfk vdjo cnsdmd qdmd gngcsdj gd~q~j qdmd gd}sfk|* ]nbde mfkn}de~f q~bd

cnscdodf fjefcf}is sdj}df sn|qfsd|f mdj n`nk kbfjfk bdfjjvd vdjo mdqd} mfdjoodq |ncdodf

qnjon}de~dj dwdb mdsf gf}ileijmsfdb gnmflfjn* ^j}~k gng~mdekdj qsi|n| sn|qfsd|f |nb

mfcnmdkdj gnjhdmf }fod cdofdj 8

4* Obfkibf|f|

3* \fkb~| Ksnc|


8/20


9/20

Qdmd cncnsdqd knhdmfdj ~j}~k gnbdjh~}kdj qngnldedj ob~ki|d qdmd |d}~ |f|}ng"

knm~d JDME eds~| mfik|fmd|f" kdsnjd f}~ nbnk}sij mdj qsi}ij vdjo mfkdjm~jojvd eds~|

mfcncd|kdj* Cfbd ik|fonj }ns|nmfd mdbdg |nb" nbnk}sij mdj qsi}ij mdqd} mfo~jdkdj ~j}~k

gnjoed|fbkdj D]Q vdjo bncfe cdjvdk* Cfbd ik|fonj }fmdk }ns|nmfd mdbdg |nb" |nb dkdj

gnjmdqd}kdj nbnk}sij mdj dkdj gngcnj}~k kngcdbf JDM gnbdb~f hdbdj vdjo bdfj* Knm~d

hdbdj }ns|nc~} mfjdgdkdj `nsgnj}d|f* @nsgnj}d|f dmd ngqd} gdldg dj}dsd bdfj 8 `nsgnj}d|f

djdnsic; `nsgnj}d|f dbkieib; mdj `nsgnj}d|f d|dg bdk}d}* @nsgnj}d|f dbkieib gnjoed|fbkdj

LI3 mdj dbkieib" |nmdjokdj `nsgnj}d|f d|dg bdk}d} gnjoed|fbkdj d|dg bdk}d}*

Qdmd hdbdj djdnsic vdjo knm~d" qfs~pd} vdjo mfed|fbkdj |nbdgd qsi|n| obfkibf|f|

mf~cde gnjhdmf bdk}d}* @nsgnj}d|f bdk}d} mdqd} mfbfed} qdmd cdjvdk gfksiisodjf|gn mdj

|nbdgd bd}fedj %ibdesdod& vdjo cnsd}" qdmd hdsfjodj i}i} kf}d* ^g~gjvd gn}dcibf|gn

djdnsic cnse~c~jodj mnjodj cnj}~k knefm~qdj vdjo bncfe |nmnsedjd" }n}dqf knjvd}ddjjvd

dmdbde cdewd |nbdgd knofd}dj vdjo cnsd}" i}i} kf}d gnjodjmdbkdj gnjmdqd}kdj D]Q

|nbdgd obfkibf|f| mdj cns}~s~}'}~s~} gngcdjo~j |nh~gbde bdk}d} vdjo l~k~q cn|ds mdbdg

}~c~e kf}d |njmfsf* _dbd~q~j kf}d gnjodgcfb ik|fonj mdj i}i} kf}d mdqd} gnjoo~jdkdj

bncfe cdjvdk qsim~k D]Q gnbdb~f qsi|n| sn|qfsd|f ik|fmd}f` |nbdgd knofd}dj sfjodj"

qnjvnmfddj ik|fonj }fmdk gngdmdf ~j}~k gngnbfedsd knc~}~edj D]Q vdjo cdjvdk*

Kdsnjd f}~ kf}d eds~| gnjodjmdbkdj obfkibf|f| vdjo }fmdk gngc~}~ekdj ik|fonj " |nqns}f

qdmd JDME vdjo mfik|fmd|f" mdj |nqns}f qdmd `nsgnj}d|f dbkieib" fjf mfo~jdkdj ~j}~k

gngcnj}~k qsim~k dkefs vdjo mdbdg edb fjf dmdbde bdk}d} JDM vdjo cncd| mfo~jdkdj bdof

qdmd obfkibf|f|* Bdk}d} eds~| mfcns|fekdj mdsf i}i} dods q~bfe kngcdbf* Qdmd }~c~e bdk}d}

mfcdwd gnbdb~f dbfsdj mdsde kn ed}f" mfgdjd mf~cde gnjhdmf qfs~pd}* Cncnsdqd qfs~pd}

|nsfjo mdqd} gnjngc~| pns|f hdbdj cdbfk mdsf obfkibf|f| mdj mnjodj qnjvfgqdjdj D]Q mdsf


10/20

hdbdj ik|fmd}f` mf~cde kngcdbf gnjhdmf ob~ki|d* Ob~ki|d kng~mfdj mf|fgqdj mdbdg ed}f

d}d~ qdmd i}i} mdbdg cnj}~k obfkionj* Dqdcfbd qfs~pd} gd|~k qdmd hdbdj mfgdjd ik|fonj

mfo~jdkdj gdkd mf|fjfbde |ncdofdj cn|ds njnsof cncd| vdjo cn|ds mdsf ob~ki|d dkefsjvd

mfcncd|kdj ~j}~k gnbdk~kdj knshd*

\fkb~| Ksnc|

M|fjf qfs~pd} mdsf obfkibf|f| |nldsd bnjokdq mfik|fmd|f gnjhdmf LI* _dbd~q~j

}fmdk cdjvdk D]Q vdjo }nscnj}~k edjvd m~d gibnk~b* Bdjokde dwdb md~s ksnc|

gnjvdjok~} ik|fmd|f mdj efbdjojvd LI3 mdsf qfs~pd} mdj qnjoodc~jodj |f|d ~jf} d|n}d} 3

kdscij mnjodj |njvdwd vdjo gnjodjm~jo cnbnsdjo vdkjf ki'njxfg gngcnj}~k d|n}fb

LiD fjf mdj qnsdj bdfjjvd mfmd~s ksnc| gns~qdkdj dbd|dj qnj}fjo gnjodqd cnbnsdjo

}nsgd|~k edsd n|nj|fdb*

@~jo|f ~}dgd mdsf |fkb~| ksnc| dmdbde gnjvnmfdkdj nbnk}sij ~j}~k mf}sdj|qis}

gnbdb~f |f|}ng }sdj|qis} nbnk}sij vdjo dkdj mfo~jdkdj njnsofjvd ~j}~k gnjmdqd}kdj

qnscnmddj qi}nj|f kfgfd %Lengfi|gi}fl mf``nsnj}fd& mf gf}ikijmsfd* \ncnb~g nbnk}sij mdj

qsi}ij gng~bdf qnshdbdjdjjvd" |ngnj}dsd mf|fgqdj qdmd m~d gibnk~b qnjnsfgd" JDM+

mdj @DM" gnsnm~k|f gibnk~b fjf gnjhdmf JDME+ + E+ mdj @DME3* Md~s ksnc|

gnbdk~kdj qnjodgcfbdj cncnsdqd nbnk}sij mdsf d|dg isodjfk mdj gnjodjok~} nbnk}sij

}ns|nc~} kn JDM* Mdbdg md~s ksnc| }fmdk dmd njxfg mnefmsionjd|n" mdsf md~s fjf vdjo

gnjoo~jdkdj JDMQ |ncdodf qnjnsfgd nbnk}sij* Cdekdj JDMQ cfd|djvd edgqfs }dk

}nsmn}nk|f mdbdg gf}ikijmsfd }~gc~edj kndmddj vdjo cnsbdwdjdj mnjodj kbisiqbd| vdjo

mdbdgjvd JDMQ |djod} cnsbfgqde" |nmdjokdj JDM bncfe |nmfkf}* ]fmdk edjvd JDME mdj

~cfk~fjib vdjo gns~qdkdj qsim~k qnj}fjo mdsf md~s ksnc|" }dqf 4 gibnk~b D]Q mfcnj}~k

mdsf DMQ + Q |nbdg qnjo~cdedj |~k|fjd} kinjxfg D gnjhdmf d|dg |~k|fjd}*

Qsi|n| fjf mfg~bdf kn}fkd qfs~pd} knefbdjodj |nc~de d}ig vdjo mfcncd|kdj

|ncdodf LI3 vdjo bncfe qnj}fjo" qfs~pd} mfik|fmd|f* Kdsnjd f}~" |nqd|djo nbnk}sij vdjo bdfj


11/20


12/20

]sdj|qis} Nbnk}sij

\f|}ng qnjodjok~}dj nbnk}sij mdj ì|ìsfbd|f JDME }nsmdqd} mf gf}ikijmsfd

cnsd|db mdsf < qsi|n| ~}dgd ; md~s ksnc|" obfkibf|f| mdj mf md~s ik|fmd|f obf|fj vdjo

mfed|fbkdj |nbdgd ì}isn|qfsd|f* Cfbd JDME mfik|fmd|f dkdj mfed|fbkdj D]Q* Mnjodj ldsd

|ns~qd ~cfk~fjib mfed|fbdkdj ibne d|dg |~k|fjd} mnefmsionjd|n mdbdg md~s ksnc| h~od

mfik|fmd|f ~j}~k gnjoed|fbkdj D]Q* _dbd~q~j ik|fmd|f fjf gnbfcd}kdj qnjodgcfbdj I3

mdj qngcnj}~kd E3I cdfk JDME d}d~q~j ~cfk~fjib }fmdk cnsodc~jo |nldsd bdjo|~jo

mnjodj I3 ~j}~k gngcnj}~k E3I* Vdjo }nshdmf" nbnk}sijjvd mf}sdj|`ns gnbdb~f cncnsdqd

|njvdwd dj}dsd |ncnb~g E3I }nscnj}~k* Qngcdwd nbnk}sij fjf gns~qdkdj |f|}ng

qnjodjok~} nbnk}sij gf}ikijmsfd* Qnjodjok~}dj nbnk}sij mfg~bdf mdsf qngcdwd vdjo

}nsgimfjdgfkd |~bf} ~j}~k mfsnm~k|f kn qngcdwd vdjo gngq~jvdf knlnjmns~jodj vdjo

bncfe cn|ds ~j}~k gnjnsfgd nbnk}sij*

Qnjodjok~}dj nbnk}sij mfg~bdf mnjodj JDME+ + E+ vdjo }nscnj}~k mf gd}sfk|

ibne njxfg md~s ksnc|* Knm~d nbnk}sij mdj knm~d E+ gnj~h~ `bdpiqsi}nfj vdjo

gnjodjm~jo @GJ" bdb~ gngcdwd nbnk}sij kn qsi}nfj @n'|* Cn|f mdbdg @n'| fjf mdqd}

gnjnsfgd edjvd |d}~ nbnk}sij qdmd |d}~ |dd} mdj }fmdk gnjnsfgd E+; knm~d E+ mf}sdj|`ns

kn mdbdg s~djo dj}ds gngcsdj* @n'| }nsnm~k|f dkdj gngfjmdekdj nbnk}sij kn ~cfk~fjij

%^T&" mnjodj 3E+

vdjo mfdgcfb mdsf gd}sfk| dkdj }nsnm~k|f gnjhdmf ~cfk~fjib %^TE3&*

Mdsf ^TE3 nbnk}sij dkdj qfjmde |d}~ qns |d}~ gnj~h~ kn cnscdodf |f}iksig c" knm~d E+

mdsf ^TE3 mf}sdj|`ns knb~ds kn s~djo dj}ds gngcsdj* Qsi}nfj @n'| bdfjjvd dkdj gnjnsfgd

mdj gnj}sdj|`ns nbnk}sij kn @n


13/20


14/20

Qngcnj}~kdj D]Q qdmd gf}ikijmsfd

Mf gf}ikijmsfd" qngcnj}~kdj D]Q mdsf DMQ |nldsd }fmdk bdjo|~jo mfmisijo

ibne knlnjmns~jodj I3 |nldsd }nsgimfjdgfkd ~j}~k }nsnm~k|f" mdj qsi|n| fjf mf|nc~}

ì|ìsfbd|f ik|fmd}f * \nqns}f mf kbisiqbd|" ì| isfbd|f mfkd}dbf|f| ibne `dk}is qnsdjokd}

|fj}n|f| D]Q*

\fj}n|f| D]Q gf}ikijmsfd fjf gngq~jvdf }djokdf mdj qnj}~b |nqns}f qdmd |fj}n|f|

}fbdkifm" mdj gns~dk gnbfj}d|f gngcsdj mdbdg* Qnj}~bjvd gnjoedmdq mdj gns~dk kn

gd}sfk|" |nmdjokdj }djokdfjvd gns~dk knb~ds gnj~h~ s~djo dj}ds gngcsdj mdbdg mdj

gngcsdj b~ds* D]Q mfcnj}~k qdmd qnj}~b mf mdbdg gd}sfk|" kng~mfdj mfdjok~} gnj~h~

|f}i|ib ibne }sdj|qis} cdbd|dj mnjodj DMQ cnsfk~}jvd* D]Q kng~mfdj mfqfjmde mnjodj


15/20

|nonsd gnbfj}d|f gngcsdj b~ds vdjo hd~e bncfe qnsgndcbn gknj~h~ |f}i|ib" }ngqd} D]Q

gnjhdbdjkdj cnscdodf `~jo|fjvd* Gngcsdj b~ds gngq~jvdf qisfj" |db~sdj vdjo

gnjodbfskdj gibnk~b mnjodj cici} gibnk~b k~sdjo mdsf |nkf}ds > kMd" |nefjood

j~kbni}fmd mdj cnscdodf gn}dcibf} bdfjjvd mdqd} gnbnwd}f gngcsdj f}~ mnjodj g~mde*

Kngfi|gi|f| qdmd gf}ikijmsfd

\n}nbde JDM+ mdj @DM mfsnm~k|f qdmd |fkb~| ksnc|" knhdmfdj dkefs mdsf sn|qfsd|f

mdqd} mfg~bdf mnjodj JDME gnbfj}d| gd}sfk| mdsf kigqds}ngnj mdbdg gf}ikijmsfd ~j}~k

gnsnm~k|f qngcdwd qns}dgd mdsf gngcsdj mdbdg* @DME3 gngq~jvdf knk~d}dj snm~k|f

vdjo bncfe knlfb mdsf JDME" kdsnjd mdqd} gnsnm~k|f |~d}~ qngcdwd |nbdjh~}jvd

|nqdjhdjo |f|}ng* Qngcdwd |nbdjh~}jvd gnsnm~k|f qngcdwd cnsfk~}jvd mdj |nldsd

|nsnj}dk gnjodjok~} qsi}ij gnbfj}d| gngcsdj gnj~h~ kigqds}ngnj mf b~dsjvd*

\nqns}f mfkn}de~f hdbdjjvd nbnk}sij gnjodkfcd}kdj qsi}ij mfbngqds gnj~h~ s~djo

dj}ds gngcsdj" |nefjood cfbd edb fjf }nshdmf cns}~s~}'}~s~} dkdj cnsdkfcd} }nscnj}~kjvd

lengfi|}fl mf``nsnj}fdbmdj njnsof cncd| dkfcd} qnscnmddj qi}nj|fdb fjf mfo~jdkdj ~j}~k

gngcnj}~k D]Q" }n}dqf |ncnb~g nbnk}sij gnjldqdf |njvdwd qngcdwd }nsdkefs" nbnk}sij

gnbnwd}f qngcdwd nbnk}sij mdsf |f|}ng }sdj|qis} nbnk}sij vdjo qdmd dkefsjvd qnjnsfgd

nbnk}sij dmdbde ik|fonj* Nbnk}sij cnsodc~jo mnjodj ik|fonj mdj cns|dgd mnjodj qsi}ij

mdsf gd}sfk| gngcnj}~k gibnk~b dfs %E3I&*

Kngfi|gi}fk i|`isfbd|f

@i|`isfbd|f ik|fmd|f qdmd gf}ikijmsfd gnjoed|fbkdj D]Q hd~e bncfe cn|ds mdsf

qdmd sn|qfsd|f djdnsic %obfkibf|f|&* Qdmd obfkibf|f| edjvd mfed|fbkdj 3 D]Q |n}fdq gibnk~b

ob~ki|d ; qsi|n| ik|fmd}f` gnjoed|fbkdj 3>


16/20

njnsof cncd| dj}dsd fij'fij mdj dfs l~k~q ~j}~k gngqsim~k|f fkd}dj njnsof }fjoof vdjo

cds~ dj}dsdDMQ mdj Q cfbd mf}djokdq qdmd sndk|f li~qbn* JDME + E+ vdjo mfed|fbkdj

qdmd qsi|n| obfkibf|f| }fmdk mdqd} gd|~k mdbdg gf}ikijmsfd* Ibne kdsnjd f}~ eds~| dmd

gnkdjf|gn vdjo mdqd} gnjodjok~}jvd* Gnbdb~f gnkdjf|gn \e~}}bn JDME + E+ mdqd}

mfdjok~} kn gf}ikijmsfd*

L* GD\^KJVD GN]DCIBF] KN MDBDG GF]IKIJMSFD

\nbdgd kd}dcibf|gn dnsic cnsbdjo|~jo" JDME mf}fgc~bkdj mf mdbdg |f}iqbd|gd*

\nbjvd eds~| gngq~jvdf |~d}~ ldsd vdjo gng~jokfjkdj |nldsd }fmdk bdjo|~jo snik|fmd|f

mdsf }dgcdedj gf}ikijmsfd JDME ibne sdj}df sn|qfsd|f" |ncdc kf}d gnjon}de~f mdsf n`nk

Qd|}n~s cdewd qnjo~gq~bdj bdk}d} dkdj cnsenj}f dqdcfbd ik|fonj g~bdf }ns|nmfd cdof |~d}~

djdnsic `dk~b}d}f * Snik|fmd|f JDME |f}iqbd|gd mfbdk~kdj ibne |f|}ng ~bdjo dbfk

%|e~}}bn&* ]nsmdqd} m~d |f|}ng |e~}}bn qsfgns vdjo cnknshd" vdf}~ 8|e~}}bn obf|nsib `i|`d}mdj

|e~}}bn gdbd}*

Knm~djvd gnbdvdjf qnjod}~sdj h~gbde JDME mf mdbdg |f}iqbd|gd* \nbdfj

|f|}ng |e~}}bn mdj qnsjd`d|dj" }nsmdqd} c~k}f cdewd JDME mdqd} mfsnik|fimd|f gnjhdmf

JDM+ gnj~s~} sndk|f }sdj|efmsionjd|n 8 JDMQ+ + JDME JDMQE + JDM+


17/20


18/20

MD@]DS Q^\]DKD

e}}q8))www*lengf|}sv*w~|}b*nm~))Lv}ilesign|)lv}silesign|*e}gb

e}}q8))fm*wfkfqnmfd*iso)wfkf)Gf}ikijmsfd

e}}q8))~|ns|*slj*lig)hkfgcdbb*gd*~b}sdjn})CfibiovQdon|)Lnbb~bnsSn|qfsd}fij

e}}q8))www*d


19/20

G D K D B D E

C F I B I O F \ N B

G F ] I K I J M S F D

MF\^\^J IBNE

Djf| @fmfde D %1?


20/20

KD]D QNJODJ]DS

Q~hf |v~k~s qnj~bf| qdjhd}kdj knedmfsd} Dbbde \_] vdjo }nbde gnbfgqdekdj

jfkgd} mdj kds~jfd'Jvd |nefjood qnj~bf| mdqd} gnjvnbn|dfkdj gdkdbde Cfibiof \nbmnjodj h~m~b 8 Gf}ikijmsfd }djqd dmd edbdjodj vdjo cnsds}f*

Mnjodj }ns|nbn|dfkdjjvd qnj~bf|dj gdkdbde fjf }nj}~ }fmdk bnqd| mdsf cdj}~dj

cnscdodf qfedk* Ibne kdsnjd f}~ qnj~bf| gnjo~ldqkdj }nsfgd kd|fe knqdmd 8

4* Mi|nj qngcfgcfjo gd}d k~bfde Cfibiof \nb*

3* \ng~d qfedk vdjo }nbde gngcdj}~ }ns|nbn|dfkdjvd gdkdbde fjf*

Qnj~bf| gnjvdmdsf gdkdbde fjf }nj}~ gd|fe cnb~g |ngq~sjd* Qnj~bf|

gnjoedsdqkdj ksf}fk mdj |dsdj mdsf qngcdld mngf kn|ngq~sjddj gdkdbde fjf*

\~sdcdvd" Mn|ngcns 3115

Makalah Mtokondria

Documents

Transcript of Makalah Mtokondria