MAKALAAH PENGANTAR MANAJEMEN

7/31/2019 MAKALAAH PENGANTAR MANAJEMEN

1/13

KCACDCO

\HBECBZCP KCBCEHKHB

@C@ 3

\HBJCOXDXCB

3"3 Dczcp @hdcacbe

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]h|cbgcbe onjx|b~c kcbx}nc zhdco khbeec`xbeacb jnpn jhbecb fpcbe dcnb xbzxa zxgxcb `hp}ckc$

`cna zxgxcb ~cbe `hp`hbzxa zxbeecd /}nbedh efcd} . kcx|xb zxgxcb ecbjc / kxdzn|dh efcd} ." Zxgxcb

fpecbn}c}n gxec jnphcdn}c}nacb `cna zxgxcb ~cbe `hpgcbeac |hbjha kcx|xb ~cbe `hpgcbeac |cbgcbe"

Fpecbn}c}n khpx|cacb ocd ~cbe |hbznbe gxec }hzhdco |hphbmcbccb$ acphbc }xczx phbmcbc znjca

cacb jc|cz `hpgcdcb }h}xcn jhbecb zcpehz gnac znjca cjcb~c }xczx fpecbn}c}n ~cbe

khbcbecbn"@hpjc}cpacb Bnmadh} jcb Km Oxeo jcb Km Oxeo / 3>>5 .zhpjnpn cjc : `cencb ~cnzx 7|hphbmcbccb$ |hbefpecbn}c}ncb$ |hbenk|dhkhbzc}ncb$ jcb |hbehbjcdncb" Nbn khbxbgxaacb `couc

fpecbn}c}n cjcdco cdcz xbzxa khbgcdcbacb }xczx phbmcbc jcdck khkhmcoacb kc}cdco jcb xbzxakhbmc|cn zcpehz ~cbe nbenb jnmc|cn"

3"0 Pxkx}cb Kc}cdco

3" Ghdc}acb `cecnkcbc ]zpxazxp Fpecbn}c}n jcdck }xczx |hpx}coccb 6

0" Ghdc}acb cpzn |hbznbe |hbefpecbn}c}ncb jcdck }xczx |hpx}coccb 6

=" Ghdc}acb zhabna+zhabna |hbefpecbn}c}ncb 6:" Ghdc}acb |hkcockcb zhbzcbe fpecbn}c}n jcb }hkxc }x` `c` |hk`coc}cb jcdck |hp}|hazni n}dck6

@C@ NN


2/13

\HK@COC]CB

NN"3 Cpzn \hbznbe Fpecbn}c}n

Khbec|c }xczx fpecbn}c}n jnaczcacb |hbznbe66 Fpecbn}c}n jnaczcacb |hbznbe acphbc

fpecbn}c}n khpx|cacb }xczx ucjco zhk|cz `hpaxk|xdb~c fpcbe+fpcbe ~cbe `hahpgc}ckc exbc

khbmc|cn zxgxcb jcb zcpehz ~cbe zhdco jnzhbzxacb" Cjc = xb}xp jcdck fpecbn}c}n cbzcpc dcnb 7axk|xdcb fpcbe$ ahpgc}ckc$ jcb zxgxcb ~cbe nbenb jnmc|cn" Xb}xp+xb}xp fpecbn}c}n khpx|cacb

jcdck }czx ah}czxcb fpecbn}c}n ~cbe znjca jc|cz jn|n}coacb cbzcpc ~cbe }czx jhbecb ~cbe dcnb"

]h|hpzn ~cbe zhdco anzc ahzcoxn `couc fpecbn}c}n khpx|cacb zcoc|cb ah jxc }hzhdco|hphbmcbccb$ |hphbmcbccb znjca cacb jc|cz jndcaxacb gnac znjca cjc }xczx znk czcx fpecbn}c}n"

]hjcbeacb |hbefpecbn}c}ncbcjcdco |hbehdfk|facb caznynzc} jcdck }xczx fpecbn}c}n" Jcdck }xczx

fpecbn}c}n zhpjc|cz `cb~ca caznynzc} jcdck khbmc|cn zxgxcbb~c ~cbe jnahdfk|faacb ah jcdck

}xczx ahdfk|fa fpecbn}c}n ~cbe khkndnan `h`hpc|c `njcbe ahenczcb" Kc}nbe kc}nbe `njcbeahenczcb jcdck fpecbn}c}n nzx khkndnan ah|hbznbecb ~cbe }ckc cbzcpc }czx jhbecb ~cbe dcnb"

]czx ocd ~cbe }cbecz |hbznbe jcdck fpecbn}c}n cjcdco |pf}h} pcbmcbecb fpecbn}c}n"

Pcbmcbecb fpecbn}c}n cjcdco }xczx |pf}h} jcdck |hk`xczcb ah|xzx}cb ~cbe jndcaxacb fdho

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NN"0 ]zpxazxp Fpecbn}c}n

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zoh mfk|fbhbz |cpz} cbj |f}nznfb} fi c mfk|cb~ ." ]zfbhp jcb Ucbahdd / 3>?970:= ."

]zpxazxp fpecbn}c}n khb}|h}ninac}nacb |hk`cencb caznynzc} ahpgc jcb khbxbgxaacb

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khbxbgxaacb znbeacz }|h}ncdn}c}n caznynzc} ahpgc ]zpxazxp Fpecbn}c}n gxec khbxbgxaacb onhpcpan

jcb }zpxazxp fzfpnzc} fpecbn}c}n }hpzc khk|hpdnoczacb ox`xbecb |hdc|fpcbb~c" ]zpxazxp fpecbn}c}nkhk`hpnacb }zc`ndnzc} jcb afbznbxnzc} fpecbn}c}n exbc xbzxa khk|hpzcocbacb }xczx znk xbzxa

khbeaffpjnbc}n ox`xbecbb~c jhbecb dnbeaxbecb" ]n}ucbzf / 0


3/13

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|ndcp jcdck |hbefpecbn}c}ncb$cbzcpc dcnb

3" \hk`cencb ahpgc / jnyn}nfb fi ufpa .0" \hbehdfk|facb |hahpgccb /jh|hpzhkhbzcdnwcznfb .

=" \hbhbzxcb phdc}n cbzcp `cencb jcdck fpecbn}c}n / Onhpcpmo~ .

:" Affpjnbc}n / mffpjnbcznfb .

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3"

\hk`cencb Ahpgc / Jnyn}nfb Fi Ufpa & Jnyn}nfb Fi Dc`fp .

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|hahpgccbb~c `xacb zhbcec ahpgcb~c" \pf}h} |hk`cencb ahpgc jcpn ah}hdxpxocb cacb khbgcjn dh`no

}|h}nina czcx dh`no }hjhpocbc jcb jhzcnd gnac ah}hdxpxocb |hahpgcccb jc|cz jn`cen+`cen `hpjc}cpacbapnzhpnc zhpzhbzx ~cbe dh`no }|h}nina"

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C|c`ndc }xczx |hahpgccb zhpjnpn czc} }hjnanz zxec}$ kcbcehkhb kxjco khk`hpnacb |hdcznocb

|hbeecbzn `cen `cucocb ~cbe jn`hpohbznacb czcx jnkxzc}nacb$ acphbc caznynzc} |hdcznocb ~cbe

knbnkxk khkhpdxacb cdfac}n `nc~c |hdcznocb ~cbe phbjco"

]hfpcbe `cucocb jc|cz khbgcjn codn jcdck khdca}cbcacb zxec} gnac |hahpgccb czcx zxec} ~cbe

jn`hpnacb gxkdcob~c }hjnanz$ }honbeec cacb khbeoc}ndacb ahdxcpcb czcx oc}nd ~cbe khkxc}acb"

0" \hbehdfk|facb \hahpgccb / Jh|cpzhkhbzcdnwcznfb .

]hzhdco |hahpgccb jn}|h}ninaacb$ kcac |hahpgccb+|hahpgccb zhp}h`xz jnahdfk|faacb

`hpjc}cpacb apnzhpnc zhpzhbzx ~bce }hghbn}" \pf}h} |hbhbzxcb jhphzcb jcb ahjcdckcb |hahpgccbnbjnynjxcd `hp}nicz cbcdn}zn}$ ~cnzx gxkdco zxec} fpecbn}c}n jn|hmco+|hmco ah jcdck `h`hpc|c zxec}

~cbe dh`no ahmnd ~cbe `hpxpxzcb" \pf}h} |hbeec`xbecb |hahpgccb ah jcdck ahdfk|fa nbndco ~cbe

jnbckcacb }h`cecn jh|cpzhkhbzcdn}c}n" ]hjcbeacb kcbcghpncd ~cbe kxbmxd cjcdco khkndno}xczx jc}cp `cen |hbeec`xbecb |hahpgccb zhp}h`xz"

\pcazna jh|cpzhkhbzcdn}c}n }hpnbe jnjc}cpacb czc} ah`xzxocb }h`cecn `hpnaxz 7


4/13

c" Jh|cpzhkhbzcdn}c}n Ixbe}nfbcd

\hbehdfk|facb |hahpgccb jndcaxacb khbxpxz ixbe}n fpecbn}c}n" @h`hpc|c fpecbn}c}n dh`no}hpnbe khbeexbcacb jc}cp ixbe}nfbcd acphbc kxjco jn|cockn fpcbe" @h`hpc|c ahenczcb jcpn

ixbe}n |hbefpecbn}c}ncb$ cbzcpc dcnb 7

Khbecdfac}nacb }xk`hp jc~c$ khpxkx}acb jcb khbhzc|acb zxec}$ khbhzc|acb |pf}hjxp ~cbe

jn|phpdxacb"

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Ahenczcb |hphapxzcb$ |hb~hdha}ncb$ |hdcznocb$ jcb |hbehk`cbecb }xk`hp jc~c kcbx}nc& zhbcecahpgc"

Ahenczcb |hbhbk|czcb }xk`hp jc~c kcbx}nc |cjc |f}n}n ~cbe |cdnbe zh|cz"

`" Jh|cpzhkhbzcdn}c}n Zhpnzfpncd

Jh|cpzhkhbzcdn}c}n zhpnzfpncd jndcaxacb jhbecb mcpc |hk`hbzxacb ahdfk|fa czc} jc}cp `njcbe

ehfepcin}" @njcbe ehfepcin} nbn khb~cbeaxz zxec} }hdxpxo f|hpc}n jn }xczx undc~co zhpzhbzx$

dfenacb~c `couc }hkxc cazninzc} jcdck jchpco zhpzhbzx }hocpx}b~c jnzxec}acb ah|cjc }hfpcbekcbcehp" Kcbcehp zhp}h`xz cacb `hpzxec} khdca}cbacb }hdxpxo f|hpc}n jcdck `njcbe efhepcin}"

]cdco }czx ahxbzxbecb jcpn |hbehdfk|facb nbn cjcdco cacb khk`hpnacb jc}cp |hdcznocb `cen

zhbcec kcbcehpncd" Fpecbn}c}n jc|cz khk`hpnacb |hdcznocb ah|cjc |cpc kcbcehp jn jchpco"

Kcbcehp ahkxjncb khbndcn |pfepck jcb ahkcgxcb jchpco jcb khk`hpnacb |cbjcbecb ~cbe}cbecz`hpocpec cecp |pfjxa jcb gc}c jnzhpnkc jn dc|cbecb"

m" Jh|cpzhkzhkhbzcdn}c}n \pfjxa

\cjc fpecbn}c}n `n}bn} `h}cp czcx |hpx}coccb ~cbe |pfjxab~c `hpcbhac pceck$ caznynzc} jcb

|cpc |hahpgc ~cbe jnahdfk|facb czc} zxec} jcb ahenczcbb~c kc}nbe+kc}nbe" @hbzxa fpecbn}c}n nbnkhkxbeanbacb `cucocb czcx |cpc |hahpgc xbzxa khbehk`cbeacb }hdxpxo ahcodncbb~c jcdck|hbhdnzncb$ khk`xcz$ jcb khbjn}zpn`x}nacb }xczx |pfjxa" ]hbzpcdn}c}n fzfpnzc}$ zcbeexbe gcuc`$

jcb zcbeexbe execz jcdck jh|cpzhkhb |pfjxa zhpzhbzx khkxbeanbacb kcbcehkhb

khbeaffpjnbc}nacb caznynzc}"

j" Jh|cpzhkhbzcdn}c}n Mck|xpcb Fpecbn}c}n Jnyn}nfbcd

Jh|cpzhkhbzcdn}c}n |hdcbecb jndcaxacb jhbecb mcpc |hk`hbzxacb ahdfk|fa czc} jc}cp

|hdcbeecb" Kn}cdb~c$ }zpxazxp fpecbn}c}n jcpn dhk`cec |hbjnjnacb$ jh|cpzhkhb |nbgckcb `cba

afkhp}ncd$ zf}hp`c$ |c}cp }ucdc~cb$j}`"

h"jh|cpzhkhbzcdn}c}n \hdcbeecb

]zpczhen mck|xpcb nbn kxbmxd acphbc |cpc kcbcehp khbmf`c khbcbeexdcben |hpzxk`xocb$|hpeh}hpcb jcdck |c}cp$ `xjnjc~c |pfjxa jcb gc}c$ ah ngcacb |hkhpnbzco"

=" \hbhbzxcb Phdc}n cbzcp @cencb jcdck Fpecbn}c}n / Onhpcpan .


5/13

]h`hbcpb~c cbzcpc onhpcpan jhbecb |hpkc}cdcocb ~cbe phbzcb ahbjcdn / ]|cb Fi Mfbzpfd .

nzx khpx|cacb }czx `cencb$ khbec|c""6 Acphbc ]|cb Fi Mfbzpfd cjcdco `cencb jcpn onhpcpan"

]hjcbeacb Onhpcpan nbn khkndnan jxc afb}h| |hbznbe jcdck |pf}h} |hbhbzxcb onhpcpan$ ~cnzx 7 ]|cbfi kcbcehkhbz mfbzpfd jcb Mocnb Fi Mfkkcbj" ]|cb fi kcbcehkhbz mfbzpfd zhpacnz jhbecb

gxkdco fpcbe czcx `cencb jn `cuco }xczx jh|cpzhkhb ~cbe cacb `hpzcbeexbe gcuc` ah|cjc

jh|cpzhkhb czcx `cencb zhpzhbzx$ }hjcbeacb Mocnb fi mfkkcbj khbghdc}acb `cecnkcb `czc}cbahuhbcbecb jn`xcz jcb }nc|c jcb `cencb kcbc cacb khdc|fp ah `cencb kcbc" Mocnb fi mfkkcbj

gxec khbxbgxaacb ecpn} |hpnbzco jcdck }h`xco fpecbn}c}n jcpn onhpcpan ~cbe |cdnbe znbeen aah

onhpcpan ~cbe |cdnbe phbjco"

Jcdck |hbhbzxcb onhpcpan fpecbn}c}n khdcdxn |hbhbzxcb ]|cb Fi Kcbcehkhbz Mfbzpfd jcb

Mocnb Fi Mfkkcbj$ kcbcehp |hpdx khk|hpznk`cbeacb c|caco cacb khbeexbcacb ghbn} onhpcpan

~cbe `hp}nicz ofpn}fbzcd / idcz onhpcpmo~ . czcx yhpznacd / zcdd onhpcpmo~ ." Onhpcpan ofpn}fbzcd cjcdco`hbzxa }zpxazxp fpecbn}c}n ~cbe `cencb fpecbn}c}nb~c `cb~ca ah }ck|nbe jcb khknbnkcdacb

gxkdco }x` `cencb jh|cpzhkhb" ]hjcbeacb onhpcpan yhpznacd cjcdco `hbzxa }zpxazxp fpecbn}c}n ~cbe

khknbnkcdacb `cencb+`cencb fpecbn}c}n ah}ck|nbe }hmcpc ofpn}fbzcd$ jcb khk|hp`cb~ca }x`

`cencb czcx jh|cpzhkhb }hmcpc yhpzncacd"

:" c Affpjnbc}n /mffpjnbcznfb.

@cencb zhpcaonp czcx |ndcp zhpcaonp jcpn |pf}h} |hbefpecbn}c}ncb cjcdco affpjnbc}n$ bckxb

jn }xk`hp dcnb cjc ~cbe khbeczcacb Jhdhec}n ahaxc}ccb$ }h`hbcpb~c affpjnbc}n jhbecb jhdhec}n

ahaxc}cb nzx mhbjhpxbe khkndnan cpzn ~cbe }ckc" Acphbc Jhdhec}n ahaxc}ccb khpx|cacb `cencbjcpn affpjnbc}n$ jnkcbc jhdhec}n ahaxc}ccb cjcdco |hbexc}ccb jcb |hbeczxpcb ~cbe cjc jn }xczx

}zpxazxp fpecbn}c}n ~cbe jnahbjcdnacb fdho uhuhbcbe kc}nbe+kc}nbe }h}xcn jhbecb ecpn} }zpxazxp$

~cbe khb~h`c acb cjcb~c affpjnbc}n cbzcpc |hbexc}c ~cbe |cdnbe znbeen czcx ~cbe jn}h`xzjhbecb jnphazxp czcx |nk|nbcb onbeec ah cbca `xco czcx |cpc |hahpgc"

Affpjnbc}n / mffpjnbcznfb . }h`cecnkcbc khbxpxz ]zfbhp$ Iphhkcb$ End`hpz / 3>>8 . |cjcjc}cpb~c cjcdco zoh |pfmh}} fi nbzhepcznbe zoh cmznynznh} fi }h|cpczh jh|cpzkhbz} nb fpjhp zf |xp}xh

fpecbnwcznfbcd efcd} hiihmznyhd~" Affpjnbc}n cjcdco |pf}h} jcdck khbenbzhepc}nacb }hdxpxo

cazninzc} jcpn `hp`cecn jh|cpzhkhb czcx `cencb jcdck fpecbn}c}n cecp zxgxcb fpecbn}c}n `n}c zhpmc|cn

}hmcpc hihazni" Zcb|c affpjnbc}n `hp`cecn ahenczcb ~cbe jndcaxacb jn }hznc| `cencb fpecbn}c}n znjcacacb zhpcpco jcb mhbjhpxbe khk`cuc kn}n kc}nbe+kc}nbe"

8" ` Jhdhec}n / Jhdhecznfb fi Cxzofpnz~ .

Khpx|cacb |hpkc}cdco jhdhec}n ahaxc}ccb `hpzcdnb jhbecb ahxbzxbecb phdczni jcpn

jh}hbzpcdn}c}n$ ~cnzx jhdhec}n ahaxc}ccb }ck|cn |cjc znbeacz |cdnbe phbjco jcdck onhpcpan

kcbcghpncd" Afb}h| jh}hbpcdn}c}n znjca `hpahbccb jhbecb |hb~h cpcb ehfepcin} xbnz+xbnz


6/13

fpecbn}c}n~cbe zhp|n}co zhzc|n afb}h| zhp}h`xz `hpox`xbecb jhbecb ocd ~cbe jnjhdhec}nacb ah|cjc

cbcehp xbzxa khbeck`nd ah|xzx}cb zcb|c |hp}hzxgxcb jcpn kcbcehkhb ~cbe dh`o znbeen" Jcdck

`h`hpc|c }hen$ afb}h| zh}h`xz `hpox`xbecb jhbecb |hbecpxo~cbe jnkdnan fdho }h}hfpcbe acphbcacpcazhpn}zna |pn`cjnb~c"

Knbzw`hpe / 3>?=7=?9 . khbehkxacacb cjcb~c 8 hdhkhb ~cbe `hpexbc xbzxa khbecbcdn}n}

]zpxazxp Fpecbn}c}n$ cbzcpc dcnb 7

c" ]|h}ncdn}c}n Canynzc} / ]|hmncdnwcznfb fi Cmznynznh} .

]|h}ncdn}c}n nbn khbecmx |cjc }|h}ninac}n zxec} nbjnynjxcd jcb ahdfk|fa ahpgc jn }hdxpxo

fpecbn}c}n / |hk`cencb ahpgc . jcb |hb~czxcb zxec} ah jcdck xbnz ahpgc"

`" ]zcbjcpjn}c}n Caznynzc} / ]zcbjcpjnwcznfb fi Cmznynznh} .

]zcbjcpjn}c}n cazninzc} khpx|cacb |pf}hjxp ~cbe jnexbcacb fpecbn}c}n xbzxakhbgcknb

ahdc~cajxeccb / |phjnmzc`ndnz~ . caznynzc}~c" Khb}zcpjn}c}n cjcdco khbgcjnacb afb}n}zhb jcb}hpceck" Jhbecb cbcdn}n} nbn kcac kcbcehp `hpx}coc xbzxa khb}zcjcpjn}c}n ahdxcpcb fpecbn}c}n"

m" Affpjnbc}n Caznynzc}Affpjnbc}n Caznynzc} cjcdco |pf}hjxp ~cbe khkcjxacb ixb}n }x xbnz jcdck fpecbn}c}n"

Khacbn}kh }zcbjcpjn}c}n khkxjcoacb xbzxa |hbeffjnbc}ncb |hahpgccb cazninzc} aox}x}b~c jcdck

fpecbn}c}n ~cbe znjcakhkndnan cazninzc} pxknz"


7/13

j" ]hbzpcdn}c}n jcb Jh}cbzpndn}c}n |hbeck`ndcb ah|xzx}cb / Mhbzpcdnwcznfb cbj jhmhbzpcdnwcznfb fi

jhmn}nfb kcanbe .

]hbzpcdn}c}n jcb jh}cbzpndn}c}n |hbeck`ndcb ah|xzx}cb khbcmx |cjc dac}n fzfpnzc} |hbeck`ndcbah|xzx}cb" Jcdck }zpxazxp fpecbn}c}n Jn}hbzpcdn}c}n ah|xzx}c jnck`nd fdho zf| kcbcehp$ jcb ec~c

|hbeck ndcb ah|xzx}cb jn`cen jncbzcpc |cpc `cucocb |cjc onhpcpan kcbcghkhb khbhbeco jcb

`cuco"

h" Xaxpcb Xbnz Ahpgc / }nwh fi zoh ufpa xbnz .

Xaxpcb xbnz ahpgc khbecmx |cjc gxkdco `cucocb jcdck }czx ahdfk|fa ahpgc"Xbzxa khk|hpdnoczacb }zpxazxp fpecbn}c}n$kcbcehp `nc}cb~c khb~x}xb }xczx `cecb fpecbn}c}n

~cbe khbeeck`cpacb jncepck ixbe}n$ jh|cpzhkhb$ jdd$ ~cbe khbxbgxaacb ox`xbecb }czx jhbecb

~cbe dcnb"

@cecb fpecbn}c}n khbck`cpacb dnkc c}|ha }zpxazxp fpecbn}c}n ~cbe xzckc$ ~cnzx 7

\hk`cencb ahpgc / jnyn}nfb fi ufpa .

Kcbcehp jcb `cucocb / kcbcehp cbh }x`fpjnbczh} .

Zn|h |hahpgccb ~cbe jndca}cbcacb / zoh z~|h fi ufpa `hnbe |hpifpkhj .

\hbehdfk|facb `cencb |hahpgccb / zoh epfx|nbe fi ufpa }hekhbz . Dhyhd Kcbcehkhbz / zoh dhyhd fi kcbcehkhbz .

Ahxbeexdcb / cjycbzceh . `cecb fpecbn}c}n

`couc |cpc `cucocb khknddnan eck`cpcb zhbzcbe `cecnkcbc fpecbn}c}n jn}zpxazxpacb

Xbzxa khbehzcoxn zxec} jcb uhuhbcbe }hznc| gc`czcb

Khkxjcoacb xbzxa khbhkxacb fpcbe ~cbe `hp}cbeaxzcb gnac cjc }h}hfpcbe ~cbe jn|hpdxacb xbzxa

khbcbecbn |hpkc}cdcocb ~cbe }|h}nina"

Ahdhkcocb / Jn}cjycbzceh . `cecb fpecbn}c}n

Zhpjc|cz `cb~ca ocd ~cbe }ckcp czcx znjca zhpdnocz

Jcdck fpecbn}c}n kfjhpb zhpjc|cz = `hbzxa ]zpxazxp Fpecbn}c}n ~cbe }hmcpc ifpkcd jn}x}xb

khbxpxz ixbe}n$ |pfjxa czcx gc}c$ jcb jcdck `hbzxa kczpna}"

3" ]zpxazxp Fpecbn}c}n Ixbe}nfbcd

]zpxazxp Fpecbn}c}n ixb}nfbcd khbeok|xb }hdxpxo nbjnynjx ~cbe zhpdn`cz jcdck }xczx cazninzc} czcx`h`hpc|c cazninzc} ~cbe `hpacnzcb jcdck }xczx jh|cpzhkhb"

@hbzxa }zpxazxp fpecbn}c}n ixbe}nfbcd }hpnbeacdn jnexbcacb fdho |hpx}coccb ahmn ~cbe

khbcucpacb gcgcpcb |pfjxa ~cbe zhp`czc}$ acphbc khkxbanbacb }xk`hp jc~c ~cbe aox}x} jc|czjnexbcacb jhbecb }hhin}nhb"


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]zfbhp jcb Ucbahdd / 3>?97 0:? . khbeaxzn| acpcazhpn}zna }zpxazxp ixbe}nfbcd

Zc`hd Acpcazhpn}zna ]zpxazxp Ixbe}nfbcd

Ahxbeexdcb

/ cjycbzceh} .

Ahdhkcocb

/ Jn}cjycbzceh} .3" ]h}xcn jhbecb dnbeaxbecb ~cbe }zc`nd

0" Khbxbgcbe |hbehk`cbecb ahcodncb

=" Khk`hpn ah}hk|zcb `cen |cpc }|h}ncdn}:" Khkhpdxacb affpjnbc}n nbzhpbcdc knbnkxk

8" Ocb~c }hjnanz khkhpdxacb ahzhpck|ndcb

cbzcp |pn`cjn

3" \cjc fpecbn}c}n `h}cp$ ph}|fb d`no dck`z

jnzhpnkc

0" Khb~h`c acb zhpgcjnb~c |hb~xk`czcb$acphbc |hdca}cbccb zxec} }haxhb}ncd

=" Axpcbe nbfyczni jcb khkndnan |hp}|hazni

~cbe }hk|nz

:" Jc|cz khbnk`xdacb afbidna zhbzcbe|pnfpnzc} |pfjxa

8" Znjca khbxbgcbe `hpahk`cbeb~c kcbcehp

xkxk

9" Khbec`xpacb Zcbeexbe gcuc` czc} zxec}ah}hdxpxocb"

0" ]zpxazxp Fpecbn}c}n \pfjxa czcx \c}cp

]zpxazxp fpecbn}c}n `hpjc}cpacb |pfjxa czcx |c}cp }hpnbe }hacdn jn|cbjcbe }h`cecn fpecbn}c}n

khbxpxz jhyn}n ~cbe khbeonk|xb }hdxpxo xbnz ahpgc ~cbe zhpdn`cz jcdck |pfjxa}n jcb |hkc}cpcb

}xczx |pfjxa"]zpxazxp fpecbn}c}n |pfjxa czcx |c}cp }hpnbe jnexbcacb fdho |px}coccb `h}c jcb |hpx}coccb

kxdzn|pfjxa" \fdc xzckc czc} |hk`cencb |pfjxa czcx |c}cp ~cbe }hpnbe jncbxz cjcdco }h`cecn

`hpnaxz 7

c" \hk`cencb khbxpxz \pfjxa

]zpxazxp nbn znc| `cencb `hpzcbeexbe gcuc` czc} }xczx |pfjxa czcx }h|hpcbeacz |pfjxa ~cbe }cdnbe`hpox`xbe

@" \hk`cencb Khbxpxz Ehfepcin} / Jnyn}nfb `~ Ehfepc|o~ .Yhp}n nbn khbeonk|xb jcdck }xczx `cencb$ }hdxpxo cazninzc} ~cbe jndca}cbcacb jn undc~co zhpzhbzx

jn kcbc xbnz ~cbe `hp}cbexzcb khdcaxacb f|hpc}nbc"

\hbeczxpcb }hkcmck nbn jn|cbjcbe dfen} kcbcacdc jhbecb |hpznk`cbecb zhbzcbe 73" ]xk`hp `cocb `cax

0" ]xk`hp `cucocb

`" \hk`cencb Khbxpxz \hdcbeecb

Yhp}n nbn zhpgcjn c|c ndc }xczx jnyn}n khbgxcd ock|np }hdxpxo |pfjxa}nb~c ah|cjc ahdfk|fa|hdcbecb zhpzhbzx"


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]zpxazxp Fpecbn}c}n |hdcbeecb

]zpxazxp pecbn}c}n |pfjxa khkndnan ahxbeexdcb jcb ahdhkcocb" Acpcazhpn}zna ahxbexdcb jcb

ahdhkcocb }zpxazxp fpecbn}c}n hp}h`xz }h|hpzn jnahkxacacb ]zfbhp jcb Ucbahdd / 3>?9 7 080 .

Acpcazhpn}zna ]zpxazxp \pfjxa&\c}cp

0" ]zpxazxp Fpecbn}c}n Kczpna}

\cjc }zpxazxp fpecbn}c}n kczpna} zhpjc|cz jxc ghbn} jh}cnb }hacdnex}" ]zpxazxp fpecbn}c}n `hpx}cockhkca}nkxkacb ahdhkcocb jcpn }zpxazxp ixbe}nfbcd jcb }zpxazxp |pfjxa czc} |c}cp" ]zpxazxp

fpecbn}c}n kczpna} khbmc|cn ah}hnk`cbecb ~cbe jnnbenbacb jhbecb khdc|n}n czcx khk`x`xon

}xczx }zpxazxp fzfpnzc} ofpnwfbzcd$ |hbecpxo$ jcb fkxbnac}n" Cjcb~c }n}zhk fzfpnzc} ecbjckhpx|cacb mnpn ao} jcpn }zpxazxp fpecbn}c}n kczpna}"

]zpxazxp fpecbn}c}n kczpna} jnzhkxacb jcdck fpecbn}c}n ~cb khkhpdxacb zcbeec|cb zhpocjc|

|hpx`cocb~cbe mh|cz jcdck jxc }hazfp$ }h|hpznzabfdfenjcb |c}cp$ ~cbe khbeocjc|n ahznjca|c}zncb

jcb khkhpdxacb |hp}~cpczcb znbeen khbehbcn |hbefdcocb nbifpkc}n }hpzc ocpx} khbecojc|nahzhp`czc}cb }xk`hp jc~c inbcbmncd jcb }xk`hp jc~c kcbx}nc"

NN" = Zhabna \hbefpecbn}c}ncb

\hbefpecbn}c}ncb }h`cecn |pf}h} khbxbgxa |cjc pcbeacncb ahenczcb ~cbe khbeonjx|acb}xczx }zpxazxp fpecbn}c}n zhpzhbzx /En`}fb$ Nycbmhynmo$ Jfbbhdd~$ cbj Afbf|c}ah$ 0


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fpecbn}c}n jn}h}xcnacb jhbecb ah`nc}ccb jcb `czc} ahkck|xcb }h}hfpcbe" Ocd nbn `xacb `hpcpzn

}zpxazxp fpecbn}c}n nzx jnpcbmcbe xbzxa khkhbxon |hp`hjccb nbjnynjxcd }hznc| |hp}fbhd$ khdcnbacb

jnifax}acb |cjc zxgxcb+zxgxcb jcb caznynzc} fpecbn}c}nfbcd" ]xczx |hpznk`cbecb |hbznbe jcdckkhpcbmcbe }h`xco fpecbn}c}n cjcdco ghbn} fpcbe+fpcbe ~cbe cacb jn|hahpgcacb" ]h`cecnkcbc |cpc

nb}nb~xp khk|hpznk`cbeacb ahaxczcb jcb ahdhkcocb ghbn} kczhpncd ~cbe cacb jn|hpexbcacb

jcdck |pf~ha+|pf~ha khphac$ `henzx |xdc |cpc fpecbn}czfp khk|hpznk`cbeacb `cocb+`cocbkhphac ~cabn fpcbe+fpcbe" ]hzhdco khk|hpocznacb }hgxkdco |pnb}n| |pf}h} |hbefpecbn}c}ncb nzx$

`cpx |hb~hdhbeecpc fpecbn}c}n nzx khkxdcn ahenczcbb~c }hmcpc }n}zhkczn}$ ~cnzx7

3" Khbenjhbzninac}n jcb khbehdfk|facb }hgxkdco caznynzc} ~cbe jnnbenbacb"0" Khbehdfk|facb caznynzc} khbxpxz }xk`hp jcb }nzxc}n ~cbe cjc"

=" Khbjhdhec}nacb ahaxc}ccb |cjc cbeefzc zhpzhbzx"

:" Khbecjcacb affpjnbc}n ahaxc}ccb /uhuhbcbe. jcb ox`xbecb nbifpkc}n"

\pf}h} jhknancb khben}~cpczacb `couc zcoc|+zcoc| |hbefpecbn}c}ncb jnkxdcn czc} jc}cp zxgxcb+zxgxcb ~cbe zhdco jnzhzc|acb |cjc dcbeaco |hphbmcbccb"

NN" : Fpecbn}c}n jcdck |ph}|hazni N}dck

Jn jcdck n}dck$ ah|hknk|nbcb nzx `nc}c jnahbcd jhbecb n}zndco nkcpco$ pn+c}co$ czcxsn~cjco" ]hkxc `hpkcabc }ckc" N}dck zhdco khdhaczacb |hp}fcdcb ah|hknk|nbcb nbn czc} jnpn

xkczb~c$ }hjhknancb px|c }honbeec znjca `fdho cjc }czx |hpacpc|xb jnkcbc jnjcdckb~c

khdn czacb znec fpcbe$ ahmxcdn ocpx} cjc }cdco }hfpcbe jncbzcpc khphac ~cbe khbgcjn

|hknk|nbb~c" Pc}xdxddco }cu `hp}c`jc7 Znjca `fdho `cen znec fpcbe `hpcjc jnkcbc|xb jn`xkn

nbn$ zcb|c khbeck`nd }cdco }hfpcbe jncbzcpc khphac }h`cecn cknp "

Nbn `hpcpzn n}dck zhdco khbecgcpacb `hp|fdnzna jcdck |hpacpc c|c |xb jhbecb ahocpx}cb cjc

}hfpcbe |hknk|nb jn}hznc| |hpacpc jcb ahonjx|cb acxk kx}dnk" Jn jcdck ahonjx|cb ahdxcpec$

jnjcdck }ocdcz `hpgckcco cjc nkckb~c$ jn jcdck |hpgcdcbcb cjc |hknk|nb |hpgcdcbcb$ jn jcdck

aocdnico ocgn&xkpfo cjc |hknk|nbb~c$ jn jcdck |c}xacb zhpjc|cz afkcbjcbb~c$ jcb dcnb+dcnb

zhpkc}xa jn jcdckb~c cjcdco ah|cdc bhecpc$ ~cbe jn jcdck }n}zhk |hkhpnbzcoc n}dck jnahbcd

jhbecb }h`xzcb aocdnico nc cjcdco |hknk|nb xkxk `cen }hdxpxo acxk kx}dnk jcb jxbnc xbzxa

khbhecacb oxaxk+oxaxk }~cpncz n}dck jcb khbehk`cbe jcauco n}dck ah}hdxpxo |hbgxpx jxbnc"

\hknk|nb }h|hpzn nbndco ~cbe jnb~czcacb fdho oxaxb }~cpncz cecp kc}~cpcacz zhpzn` jhbecb nb}znzx}n

ahaondcicocb n}dck$ jnkcbc jnucgn`acb czc} }hdxpxo acxk kx}dnk khbhecacb jcb khbgcecb~c"

Ahocpx}cb cjcb~c }hfpcbe |hknk|nb jcdck }hdxpxo |hpacpc$ c|cdcen |hpacpc `h}cp }h|hpzn

bhecpc" ]h`c` znjca cacb cjc exbcb~c |hdca}cbccb }xczx }n}zhk c|c`ndc znjca cjc fpcbe ~cbe

khknk|nb |hdca}cbccb }n}zhk zhp}h`xz" Fdho acphbc nzx }hehpcdco acdncb `hpx|c~c xbzxa khk`cncz

}hfpcbe aocdnico }hdckczacbdco jnpn acdncb jcpn ahkczncb gcondnco }hehpcdco acdncb `hp|hpcbe jcb


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`hpdnbjxbe jn `hdcacbe aocdnico ~cbe acdncb `cncz" Pc}xdxddfo }cu `hp}c`jc7 }h}xbeexob~c nkck

cjcdco |hpn}cn jnkcbc fpcbe+fpcbe `hp|hpcbe jcb `hpdnbjxbe jn `hdcacbeb~c"

Jcdck |cbjcbe n}dck |xb `hpfpecbn}c}n jn|hpdxacb jcdck khknk|nb kcpcno ahkhbcbecb

jhkn ahkhbcbecb$ `xacb khbecbzcpacb acdncb |cjc ahacdcocb jhkn ahacdcocb" Xbzxa nzx anzc |xb

`hdcgcp `cecnkcbc mcpc khknk|nb jcdck }xczx fpecbn}c}n" Acphbc jcdck `hpfpecbn}c}n kcoc}n}uc

khkndnan bndcn dh`no$ |f}n}n kcoc}n}uc caznyn} khbgcjn njncdn}kh `cen }hfpcbe kcoc}n}uc ~cbe

|czxz jn`cbeecacb" Bckxb khkcbe ahonjx|cb kcoc}n}uc caznyn} znjca }h`cna ahonjx|cb

kcoc}n}uc cacjhkn}" Jcdck `hp cecn ocd }cbecz ghdc} khbxbgxacb |hp hjccb }hmcpc }andd$

nbzhdhazxcd jcb hznac }cbecz khk`cbeecacb Bckxb nc dhkco jcdck }hen |hbecdckcb" ]h`c`

kcoc}n}uc zhp}h`xz gnac `hpocjc|cb jhbecb |hp}fcdcb ~cbe |hdna" Acpcazhp kcoc}n}uc nbn cacb

bck|ca }cbecz acax jcdck jcdck khb~hdh}cnacb |hp}fcdcb$ `coacb mcpc khb~hdh}cnacb afbidna+

b~c axpcbe"


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@c` NNN

Ah}nk|xdcb

c" fpecbn}c}n khpx|cacb }xczx ucjco zhk|cz `hpaxk|xdb~c fpcbe+fpcbe ~cbe `hahpgc}ckc exbckhbmc|cn zxgxcb jcb zcpehz ~cbe zhdco jnzhbzxacb" Cjc = xb}xp jcdck fpecbn}c}n cbzcpc dcnb 7

axk|xdcb fpcbe$ ahpgc}ckc$ jcb zxgxcb ~cbe nbenb jnmc|cn" Xb}xp+xb}xp fpecbn}c}n khpx|cacb

jcdck }czx ah}czxcb fpecbn}c}n ~cbe znjca jc|cz jn|n}coacb cbzcpc ~cbe }czx jhbecb ~cbe dcnb"

`" ]zpxazxp fpecbn}c}n cjcdco }x}xbcb jcb ox`xbecb cbzcp `cencb afk|fbhb jcb |f}n}n jcdck }xczx

|hpaxk|xdcb" ]zpxazxp fpecbn}c}n khb}|h}ninac}nacb |hk`cencb caznynzc} ahpgc jcb khbxbgxaacb

`cecnkcbc ixbe}n czcx cazninzc} ~cbe `hpcbhac kcmck jnox`xbeacb }ck|cn `czc} zhpzhbzx" Jcb

zhp`cen khbgcjn `h`hpc|c }zpxazxp ~cnzx7

3" \hk`cencb ahpgc / jnyn}nfb fi ufpa .0" \hbehdfk|facb |hahpgccb /jh|hpzhkhbzcdnwcznfb .

=" \hbhbzxcb phdc}n cbzcp `cencb jcdck fpecbn}c}n / Onhpcpmo~ .

:" Affpjnbc}n / mffpjnbcznfb .

m" Zhabna \hbefpecbn}c}ncb }h`cecn |pf}h} khbxbgxa |cjc pcbeacncb ahenczcb ~cbe khbeonjx|acb

}xczx }zpxazxp fpecbn}c}n zhpzhbzx /En`}fb$ Nycbmhynmo$ Jfbbhdd~$ cbj Afbf|c}ah$ 0


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MAKALAAH PENGANTAR MANAJEMEN

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Transcript of MAKALAAH PENGANTAR MANAJEMEN