Kuliah 2 Dasar-dasar Pengolahan Biologi II

7/23/2019 Kuliah 2 Dasar-dasar Pengolahan Biologi II

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Dasar-dasar Pengolahan

Biologi

disiapkan oleh :

Dr. David Andrio, ST, M.SiSatuan Process (Proses Biologi)


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. Mikro organis!e

Berdasarkan susunan (arrange!ent) D"A dala! sel :#ukar$ota : several D"A !olecules are contained in thenucleus, %hich is enclosed &$ a nuclear !e!&rane. 'ontoh :&akteri dan archaea

Prokar$ota : a single D"A !olecule is ound in the nuclear

region, called nucleoid, %hich is not surrounded &$ a!e!&rane. 'ontoh : algae, ungi dan protooa

n addition to the di*erence in the D"A arrange!ent,prokar$otes and eukar$otes also distinctl$ di*er in ter!s osie and the presence o !e!&rane enclosed internal

structures (called organelles) ound onl$ in eukar$otes.Mikroorganis!e do!inan dala! pengolahan li!&ah adalahprokar$ota karena dapat &erke!&ang &iak pada &er&agaikondisi ekstri!


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. Mikro organis!e


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. Mikro organis!e


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. Mikro organis!e

+. BakteriPengelo!pokan &erdasarkan !orologi :

+.spheroid (called cocci, + ! in dia!eter),

/.rod-shaped (called &acilli, 0. -+.1 ! in %idth and + +0! in length),

.curved, rod-shaped (called vi&rios, 0.2 + ! in %idth and/ 2 ! in length),

3.spiral (called spirilla, up to 10 ! in length) and

1.4la!entous (+00 ! and longer).

Bacteria can use either light (phototrophic), organicco!pounds (organotrophic), or inorganic che!icals(lithotrophic) as energ$ source. A co!!on !olecularor!ula used to represent &acteria is '1567/".


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. Mikro organis!e

/. ArchaeaMost o are anaero&es and !an$ live ine8tre!e environ!ents such as hot springs (atte!peratures a&ove the &oiling point o

%ater), salt$ %ater &odies, highl$ acidic oralkaline soils and %ater (Brock et al. 1994).

Distinctive di*erences e8ist in the che!icalco!position o &oth cell %all and cell

!e!&rane &et%een &acteria and Archaea,%hich e8plains the e8istence o Archaea insuch e8tre!e environ!ents.


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. Mikro organis!e3. Algae

From unicellular to large aggregates of lamentous cells.Habitat : a9uatic s$ste!s &ut &ecause the$ are a&le to survive periods odesiccation the$ are also ound in terrestrial s$ste!s (i.e., soil,tree bark, and rocks).

Algae contain chloroph$lls and other pig!ents. A co!!on!olecular or!ula used to represent algal &io!ass is

'1.65.;7/.".n addition to photos$nthesis, algae also use o8$gen orrespirator$ !eta&olis!, especiall$ during periods o darkness,resulting in the re!oval o o8$gen ro! the a9uatic s$ste!.#8cessive gro%th o algae (algal &loo!s) in eutrophic a9uatics$ste!s (i.e., s$ste!s rich in nutrients, especiall$ " and P) is anuisance and can lead to a severe depletion o o8$gen duringperiods o darkness resulting in death o 4sh and other!acroorganis!s.

So!e algae produce to8ins that are to8ic to &oth 4sh and hu!an&eings. Several algal species produce organic co!pounds, %hich

are associated %ith taste and odor in either surace %atersupplies or during ra% %ater 4ltration.


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. Mikro organis!e4. Fungi

These are aero&ic, !ulticellular, non-photos$nthetic, heterotrophiceukar$otes.


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. Mikro organis!e5. Protozoa

These are unicellular, non-photos$nthetic, t$picall$ !otileeukar$otic !icroorganis!s %ithout cell %alls. Most protooa areaero&ic or acultative che!oheterotrophs, although so!eanaero&ic protooa have also &een ound.

Protooa are a&undant in soil as %ell as in resh and salt %aters$ste!s. Protooa eed on &acteria and other !icroscopic!icroorganis!s, and aid in the clari4cation and puri4cation ostrea!s and secondar$ %aste%ater treat!ent e>uents. Protooaor! c$sts, so!e in response to e8haustion o ood suppl$ or

desiccation, and others as the nor!al part o the reproductivec$cle.

Their opti!u! p5 range is 2;, although the$ can survive inenviron!ents %ith p5 values as lo% as / and as high as ;.6.


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. Mikro organis!e6. Virus

These are o&ligate intracellular parasites that contain genetic !aterial

D"A or ?"A necessar$ or their replication. 5o%ever, the$ areuna&le to s$nthesie co!pounds, &ut instead the$ invade living cells(hosts) %here the$ take over and redirect the cell activities to producene% viral particles at the e8pense o the host cell.

@iruses, %hich inect &acteria, ungi, protooa, plants and ani!als,have &een ound. nvasion o the host cell does not al%a$s lead to

viral replication and l$sis o the host cell (virulent or lytic viruses), butte viral genetic material can &e incorporated into the host D"A andreplicated, a process called lysogeny (tem!erate or lysogenic viruses)."erefore, viruses are consi#ere# as agents of either disease orheredit$. @iruses cause a nu!&er o %ater-&orne diseases, thereore,re!oval and control o viruses in pu&lic %ater supplies is a !aor

concern.


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i! and Cadd, /00;. Bacterial Ph$siolog$ and!eta&olis!


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i! and Cadd, /00;. Bacterial Ph$siolog$ and!eta&olis!


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Metcal and #d$, aste%ater engineering. 3thedition


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Metcal and #d$, aste%ater engineering. 3thedition


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=aktor Eingkungan Mikro organis!e

Fu and =ang, /00/. Acidogenesis o gelatin-rich %aste%ater

Eaupertu!&uhan

Te!peratur opti!u!

te!peratur


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Bacterial Cro%th

Bacterial ?eproduction : pe!&elahan sel, sel

a%al ter&elah !enadi / sel &aru

aktu $ang di&utuhkan tiap pe!&elahan,generation ti!e, hari - G /0 !enit. Misal.

generation ti!e /0 !enit, !aka $ield + &akteridala! +/ a! adalah 2;,6+,362,62 sel&akteri.

Misal &erat + &akteri 1.0 8 +0 -+1g, !aka akandihasilkan H .3 8 +0 -03g &akteri


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Bacterial Cro%th on Batch Process


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Bacterial Cro%th on Batch Process

Lag phase.Ti!e re9uired to accli!ate to ne% environ!ent (salinit$, p5 I T), cell

division and &io!ass produce not signi4cant

Exponential Growth Phase.Pertu!&uhan sel sangat cepat secara logarit!a seiring dengan %aktu.ondisi su&trate dan nutrisi &erli!pah, lau pertu!&uhan han$a di&atasi

Te!peratureStationary phase.onsentrasi &io!assa relati konstan terhadap %aktu, pertu!&uhan&akteri seperti ase eksponensial, u!lah &akteri $ang hidup sei!&angdengan ke!atian sel

eath phase.Tidak teradi petu!&uhan &akteri karena su&strat &erkurang dan teradike!atian &io!assa.


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Bacterial Cro%th andBio!ass Field

Bio!assa $ield : rasio u!lah &io!assa$ang diproduksi terhadap u!lah su&stratterkonsu!si (g &io!assJg su&strat)

Bio!assa $ield,

$H (g &io!ass produced)

(g su&strate utilied)


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s !a ng o!ass e an78$gen ?e9uire!ent ro

Stoichio!etr$'

25

+/7

2K ;7

/K /"5

/'

15

6"7

/K ;'7

/K+35

/0

(+;0) ;(/) /(+6) /(++),

MAA, &io!assa $ang dihasilkan dari penggunaanglukosa :

$ H L (/'156"7/)J L ('25+/72) H / (++ gJ!ole) J (+;0 gJ!ole)

% &.4' g sel(g glukosa

ika + gr glukosa H+,06 gr '7D, !aka Field

&io!assa :$ H / (++ gJ!ol)JN/ (+;0 gJ!ol)(+.06 g '7DJg

glukosa)O

H 0. g selJg '7D digunakan


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#sti!ating Bio!ass Field and 78$gen ?e9uire!entro Stoichio!etr$

Perhitungan u!lah oksigen :

+. Berdasarkan oksigen $ang digunakan untuk oksidasi su&strate

!enadi '7/dan 5/7,'156"7/K 17/'7/K /5/7 K "5

'7D H NL (7/)OJNL ('156"7/)O H 1(/)J(++) H +,3/ g 7/Jg sel

/. '7D dari &io!assa

'25+/72K ;7/K /"5/'156"7/K ;'7/K+35/0

(+;0) ;(/) /(+6) / (++)

'7D utilied H '7D cells K '7D o o8idied su&strate

78$gen consu!ed H '7D utilied '7D cells

H N(+,06 g 7/Jg glukosa) ( !ole 8 +;0 g glukosaJ!ole)O

N(+.3/ g 7/Jg cells) (/ !ole 8 ++ g cellsJ!ole)O

H 166,; g 7/ /0, g 7/H /12, g 7/

7/consu!edJglucose as '7D :

H N/12, g 7/OJN !ole (+.06 g '7DJg glukosa) (+;0 g

glukosaJ!ole)OH 0.33 g 7/Jg '7D used


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in('7Ds

)i, '7Ds

out

@SS out

'7/

7/

Diketahui '7D terlarut, '7Ds H100 gJ!, H +000 !Jd, '7DseQuent +0 gJ!dan @SS eQuent

/00 gJ!

.+. Berapa $ield&io!assaJpen$isihan '7DR

/. Berapa u!lah 7/ $angdigunakan !en$isihkansen$a%a organikR+. Sen$a%a organik K 7/ K nutrien '156"7/ K '7/K 5/7

a. Produksi @SS H N@SSO 8 NO H +000 !Jd 8 /00 gJ!

H /00.000 g@SSJd&. Cra! '7Ds Jd $ang disisihkan H (100 gJ! +0 gJ!) 8 +000 !Jd H30.000 g '7DJdc. Field o&served &io!assa H Fo&sH N/00.000 g @SSJdOJN30.000 g

'7DJdO

H 0,3+ g @SSJg '7D

/. "eraca !assa '7D pada kondisi stea#y stateAku!ulasi H inQo% outQo% K konversia. 0 H '7Din- '7Dout penggunaan oksigen , '7D in H 100.000 g

'7DJ!'7Dout H '7DsoutK @SS outH N+0 gJ!

8 +000 !JdO K N/00.000 gJ!

8 +,3/ g '7DJg @SSO H +0.000 gJd K /;3.000 g '7DJd /3.000 g'7DJd.

&. Penggunaan oksigen : 100.000 g'7DJd /3.000 g'7DJd H /02.000 g'7DJd


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inetika Pertu!&uhan Mikro 7rganis!e

+. Eau penggunaan su&strat terlarut :penurunan konsentrasi'7D

rsu% k*+ ..-1) s / +

rsu H lau peru&ahan konsentrasi su&strat karena penggunaan,

gJ!.d

k H lau !aksi!u! penggunaan su&strat, g su&stratJg

&io!ass.dU H &io!assa, gJ!

S H konsentrasi su&trat pe!&atas pertu!&uhan dala! larutan,gJ!

s H konsentrasi keenuhan H konsentrasi su&strat pada H !J/,

gJ!


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Pertu!&uhan !aksi!u! &akteri uga teradi pada kondisi!aksi!u! penggunaan su&strat , dengan lau penggunaan

su&strat!H kF V(/)

k H !JF V..()

! H lau pertu!&uhan spesi4k !aksi!u!, g sel &aruJg sel.hari

k H lau penggunaan su&strat spesi4k !aksi!u!, gJg.d

F H koe4sien true yiel#+ubstitusi !ersamaa -0) ke !ersamaan -1), maka lau !enggunaan

substrat :

rsu% !*+ ..-4)

$ -s / +)


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Persa!aan lain $ang dapat digunakan untuk !en$atakan laupenggunaan su&strat :

rsu H -k (1)rsuH -kS (2)

rsuH kUS (6)

rsuH -kU NSJS0O (;)

!ate o" Solu#le Su#state Pro$u%tion "ro& 'io$egra$a#le

Parti%ulate (rgani% )atter

Municipal : kandungan sen$a%a organik terlarut /0-10W dan le&ihrendah pada indsutrial .Eau konversi su&strat partikulat :rS'.P H - kp(PJU)U ()

(8K PJU)

rS'.P H lau peru&ahan konsentrasi partikel su&strat karena konversi!enadi &entuk su&strat terlarut, gJ!.dp H lau !aksi!u! spesi4k konversi partikel, g PJg U.dU H konsentrasi &io!assa, gJ!

8 H koe4sien degradasiJ/, gJg

! t " 'i G th ith l #l


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!ate o" 'io&ass Growth with solu#lesu#strates

rg H - Frsu kdU (+0)

H F kUS kdU (++)

sK Srg H lau produksi &io!assa, g @SSJ!

.d

F H koe4sien sintesis $ield , g @SSJg '7Dsd H koe4sien endogenus deca$, g @SSJg @SS.d

ika persa!aan (++) di&agi dengan konsentrasi &io!assa, U, !aka laupertu!&uhan spesi4k : H rg H F - kS - d (+/)

U sK S

H lau pertu!&uhan spesi4k &io!assa, g @SSJg @SS.d


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!ate o" (xygen *pta+e

r7 H - rsu +,3/rg (+)

r7 H lau penggunaan oksigen, g 7/J!.d

rsu H lau penggunaan su&strat, g '7DsJ!.d+.3/ H '7D aringan sel, g '7DsJkg @SS

rg H lau pertu!&uhan &io!assa, g @SSJ!.d

#ek Te!peraturkTH k/0X

(T-/0)

kT H koe4sien lau reaksi pada te!peratur T, o'/0 H koe4sien lau reaksi pada /0 7'X H koe4sien kativitas-te!peratur, +,0/-+,/1

T H te!peratur, 7'

Kuliah 2 Dasar-dasar Pengolahan Biologi II

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