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T
The Caloric CalculatorAverage Caloric Impact of Childhood Obesity Interventions
Y. Claire Wang, M, !c, Amber "siao, M#", C. Tracy Orleans, #h, !teven $. %ortma&er, #h
This activity is available for CM' credit. !ee page A( for information.
)ac&ground* The childhood obesity epidemic re+ects the daily accumulation of an energygap- e/cess calories consumed over calories e/pended. #opulation0level interventions to
reverse the epidemic can be assessed by the degree to 1hich they increase energy e/penditureand2or reduce caloric inta&e. "o1ever, no common metric e/ists for such comparative
assessment.
#urpose* To develop a common metric, the Average Caloric Impact 3ACI4, for estimating andcomparing population0level effect si5es of a range of childhood obesity interventions.
Methods* An iterative, collaborative process 1as used to revie1 literature from 6778 to 9:69
and select illustrative interventions sho1ing effects on youth diet and2or activity levels, energybalance, and 1eight. The ACIs of physical activity interventions 1ere estimated based on
program reach, fre;uency, duration, and intensity and mean body 1eight of the targeted age andgender group from the 9::7
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ranging
E 9:6B American ournal of #reventive Medicine #ublished by 'lsevier Inc. Am #rev Med 9:6B(D394*eB
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e( Wang et al 2 Am #rev Med 9:6B(D394*eB
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in TN 1atching is associated 1ith a 6:D.D0&cal increase in net totalenergy inta&e, or a 790&cal increase in energy inta&e for video0 or
computer0game playing. Their ndings are consistent 1ith a
111.aLpmonline.org
http://www.ajpmonline.org/http://www.ajpmonline.org/ -
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Wang et al 2 Am #rev Med 9:6B(D394*eBR4a
Intervention S M'Ts 3minutes2day4 basedb
3&cal2day4c
)oys, age in years
9, basal metabolism rate MN#A, moderate0to0vigorous physical activity #', physical education !#A>O, !ports, #lay, and Active >ecreationfor ids
previously published randomi5ed trial, 1hich found that reducing
TN 1atching among children led to lo1er caloric inta&e.68
It 1as
hypothesi5ed that children 1ho spend more time 1atching TN orplaying video games may be more e/posed and2or in+uenced by
food advertising through characters present in commercials and
interactive games that can shape food preferences and inta&e.6Hesults
The estimated caloric effect of the 6D interventions in
the tool, by gender and age group, are summari5ed
in Tables 9 and B. ?or instance, for high school boys
and girls, adding 6D minutes of #' time per day for a
full school year 1as estimated to increase mean energy
e/penditure by 9D &cal2day replacing !!)s 1ith 1ater
in schools for the same group 1ould reduce mean
energy inta&e by 6D &cal2day. ?or this group, ho1ever, anaverage
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August 9:6B
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e8
Wangetal2AmA
#revMed9
: 6
B C
( D
3 9
4 * e B < e
6 B
111aLpmo nlin
Table 9. Caloric impact of physical activity interventions for average student, by age group
Inputs for caloric calculations
Avg.
caloric
#opulation 3age Target Avg.1eight impact
Intervention group, years4 M'Tsa
3lbs4
b
3&cal2day4 Assumptions
Modeled estimates
Add 1al&ing at a )oth 39idley et al.
6B
Wal&ing to and )oth 39
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Wangetal2AmA
#revMed9
: 6
B C
( D
3 9
4 * e B
< e
6 B
eH
August9:6B
Table 9. 3continued4
Inputs for caloric calculations
Avg.
caloric
#opulation 3age Target Avg.1eight impact
Intervention group, years4 M'Tsa
3lbs4b
3&cal2day4 Assumptions
Ma&e current #' )oth 39idley et al.
6B
Implemented for a full academic year.b
aM'Tse/presses ho1 much energy is needed for physical activities. Caloric impacts e/pressed in this table are calculated assuming the physical activity is above a baseline of 6.: M'Ts 3e/cept 1herenoted, as 1ith implementing !#A>O4, 1hich is the baseline resting metabolic rate 1hen sitting ;uietly.
bIntervention is applied over a full school year 3on average, 6J: days4. The total caloric impact is averaged over B8D days to account for no change in activity on holidays, 1ee&ends, and summer
vacation. CATC", The Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular "ealth M!#A=, The Middle0!chool #hysical Activity and =utrition intervention MN#A, moderate0to0vigorous physical activity #',physicaleducation !#A>O, !ports, #lay, and Active >ecreation for ids TAA%, The Trial of Activity for Adolescent %irls
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eJ
Wangetal2AmA
#revMed9
: 6
B C
( D
3 9
4 * e B < e
6 B
111aLpmo nlin
Table B. Caloric impact of dietary and other interventions for average student by group
Inputs for caloric calculations
Affected Avg. caloric#opulation 3age group, population, impact
Intervention years4 Amounta
b
3&cal2day4 Assumptions
Modeled estimates
>educe unhealthy All 60o5 bag of chips 6:: 6D( Intervention models estimates based onfood inta&e All per day 6:: DD published caloric values of average bag of
6 coo&ie per day regular potato chips and single Oreo coo&ie.
>educe !!) inta&e All 690o5 can per day 6:: 6B8All 9:0o5 bottle per day 6:: 9(:
Intervention models estimates based onpublished caloric values of average can orbottleof regular caffeinated cola.
>eplace !!)s 1ith )oth 39
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Wangetal2AmA
#revMed9
: 6
B C
( D
3 9
4 * e B
< e
6 B
e7
August9:6B Table B. 3continued4
Inputs for caloric calculations
Affected Avg. caloric#opulation 3age group, population, impact
Intervention years4 Amounta
b
3&cal2day4 Assumptions
%irls 36Deduce video0 or All 79 6:: 79 !ame calorie change for other age groupscomputer0gamelaying time, 8:inutes2day
aTheamount designates the current pre0intervention consumption level of the item by the selectedpopulation amounts are &ilocalories unless other1ise specied.
bThe impact designates the percentage of the selected eligible population that is affected by the intervention.
cIntervention is applied over a full school year 3on average, 6J: days4. The total caloric impact is averaged over B8D days to account for no change in activity on holidays, 1ee&ends, and summervacation.
="A='!,=ational "ealth and =utrition '/amination !urvey=YC,=e1 Yor& City !!), sugar0s1eetened beverage
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111.aLpmonline.org
e69 Wang et al 2 Am #rev Med 9:6B(D394*eBobert Wood ohnson
?oundation 3grant no. 8J6894. This 1or& is solely the
responsibility of the authors and does not represent the
ofcial vie1s of the >obert Wood ohnson ?oundation.
=o nancial disclosures 1ere reported by the authors of
this paper.
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August 9:6B
Wang et al 2 Am #rev Med 9:6B(D394*eBeferences
6. Trust for AmericaXs "ealth and the >obert Wood ohnson ?oundation.
? as in fat* ho1 obesity threatens AmericaXs future 9:69. health0
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