JEB-Jilid 2 Nomor 7 Des 2014-Full

8/15/2019 JEB-Jilid 2 Nomor 7 Des 2014-Full

1/102

[]^MC LHERGQG[C RNQ[NR[C G]QCA^] RQHM^L [NRNMG EH]HQ

[RHQ] MC LH]G EG]GQGE

Qhhs Fgfg [ukcjgtc

RNFIGQ^J EH]CTG[C MGF MC[CR@CF ]NQJGMGR LCFNQOG I^Q^ [MF

4 [C@G LGA^RG]NF ACEG F]A ]GJ^F 127=

Ygjyu Jgrygmc

RNFIGQ^J []CE^@^[ CL@GF I^@GL^ TNQ[S KH[]ÊN RGQ]S

]NQJGMGR AQGFM GYGQNFN[[ RGMG EG[SGQGLG] LH]G

EG]GQGE

Qhhs Fgfg [ukcjgtc

CFMNL[ LNR^G[GF EG[SGQGLG] ]NQJGMGR RN@GSGFGF

]QGF[ECIQG[C RGMG MCFG[ ]NFGIG LNQOG MGF ]QGF[ECIQG[CLGA^RG]NF [ÊAGYG

Gius Jcmgygt

GFG@C[C[ RNFIGQ^J CF]Q^L[C ANQ[GEG (CFANQ) ]NQJGMGR

LCFNQOG RNIGYGC [GE[G] MC LGA^RG]NF [ÊAGYG

Gfgfi Agius Rrgtgeg

RNFIGQ^J RGOGL MGF QN]QCA^[C MGNQGJ ]NQJGMGR

RNFMGRG]GF G[@C MGNQGJ MC LGA^RG]NF [ÊAGYG ]GJ^F 122:-

1271

Gfmc Gryg Fuscrwgf

R^[G] QC[N] NLHFHEC MGF RNEAGFI^FGF

DGL^@]G[ NLHFHEC ^FCTNQ[C]G[ [GEGYG

127=


2/102

Mctnractlgf h`nj?

R^[G] QC[N] NLHFHEC MGF RNEAGFI^FGF

DGL^@]G[ NLHFHEC ^FCTNQ[C]G[ [GEGYG

]GJ^F 127=


3/102

Mctnractlgf h`nj?

R^[G] QC[N] NLHFHEC MGF

RNEAGFI^FGF

Dglu`tgs Nlhfhec

^fcvnrsctgs [gegwg (^F[G)

G`gegt Qnmglsc?Lgepus Dglu`tgs Nlhfhec

^fcvnrsctgs [gegwg

O`. Qgyg Ay Rgss [nrcfi ^ftnr

Cwns

[ueagwg Ansgr F]A]n`p./Dgls. (2;97) 41>:=:

Rn`cfmufi & Rnfgsnjgt

Rrhd. Mr. [ygcdummcf Cslgfmgr, E.Rm.

Rnfigrgj

[ygdrummcf

Rnecepcf Qnmglsc

[uprcgfth

Qnmgltur Rn`glsgfg

Ygjyu Jgrygmc

Clg Dctrcygfc

Qnmgltur Gj`c

C Fyhegf [utgeg

N``y Lgren`c

Fcfcfi [umcygrtc

[uajgf Rurwgmcfgtg

G. Qgjegf

LgegrummcfTcvcf Dctrygfc

Sgygt Dctrcgfc

Csjgl Qgjegf

Qhhs Fgfg [ukcjgtc

Qumc Egsfcgmc

Egrcsg [utgfty


4/102

MGD]GQ C[C


[RHQ] MC LH]G EG]GQGE ................................................................. 7

Qhhs Fgfg [ukcjgtc

RNFIGQ^J EH]CTG[C MGF MC[CR@CF ]NQJGMGR LCFNQOG I^Q^

[MF 4 [C@G LGA^RG]NF ACEG F]A ]GJ^F 127= .......................... 7=

Ygjyu Jgrygmc


]NQJGMGR AQGFM GYGQNFN[[ RGMG EG[SGQGLG] LH]G

EG]GQGE .................................................................................................. ;1

Qhhs Fgfg [ukcjgtc

CFMNL[ LNR^G[GF EG[SGQGLG] ]NQJGMGR RN@GSGFGF

]QGF[ECIQG[C RGMG MCFG[ ]NFGIG LNQOG MGF ]QGF[ECIQG[C

LGA^RG]NF [ÊAGYG ........................................................................ =3

Gius J cmgygt

GFG@C[C[ RNFIGQ^J CF]Q^L[C ANQ[GEG (CFANQ) ]NQJGMGRLCFNQOG RNIGYGC [GE[G] MC LGA^RG]NF [ÊAGYG .......... 49

Gfgfi Agius Rrgtgeg

RNFIGQ^J RGOGL MGF QN]QCA^[C MGNQGJ ]NQJGMGR

RNFMGRG]GF G[@C MGNQGJ MC LGA^RG]NF [ÊAGYG ]GJ^F

122:-1271 ...................................................................................................... :1

Gfmc Gryg Fuscrwgf


5/102

Ourfg` Nlhfhec mgf Acsfcs, Oc`cm 1 Fhehr 9, Mnsneanr 127= 7

Rusgt Qcsnt Nlhfhec mgf Rneagfiufgf DN ^F[G


[RHQ] MC LH]G EG]GQGE

H`nj ?Qhhs Fgfg [ukcjgtc

GA[]QGL

Rnfn`ctcgf cfc anrtuougf uftul enfintgjuc pnranmgggf pnrsnpsc gtrcaut prhmul snpnmg

ehthr sphrt mc Lhtg Egtgrge mgf ouig enfintgjuc gtrcaut prhmul ygfi

eneanmglgffyg. Rnfn`ctcgf cfc enrupglgf pnfn`ctcgf lhepgrgtcd, mnfigf `hlgsc

pnfn`ctcgf mc Lhtg Egtgrge. Rhpu`gsc pgmg pnfn`ctcgf cfc gmg`gj pnfiiufg snpnmg

ehthr sphrt mc Lhtg Egtgrge uftul tcig enrnl (Jhfmg, Lgwgsglc mgf Sgegjg).

[gepn` ygfi mciufglgf snagfygl 72> rnsphfmnf mnfigf tnlfcl sgepn` enfiiufglgf purphscvn sgep`cfi. ]nlfcl gfg`cscs ygfi mciufglgf gmg`gj uoc D. Fgeuf, lgrnfg mgtg

ygfi mcluepu`lgf tnregsul mgtg ygfi tcmgl anrmcstrcausc fhreg`, eglg pnfn`ctc

enfiiufglgf uoc stgtcstcl fhf pgrgentrcl ygctu mnfigf enfiiufglgf uoc Lruslg`

Yg``cs. Jgsc` pnfn`ctcgf anrmgsgrlgf uoc Lruslg` Yg``cs mcpnrh`nj jgsc` agjwg gmg

pnranmggf pnrsnpsc gtrcaut prhmul snpnmg ehthr sphrt mc Lhtg Egtgrge. Jgsc` cfc

mctufoullgf mnfigf gfilg Gsyep.[ci `nacj lnkc` mgrc gfilg `nvn` scifcdclgf ygfi tn`gj

mctnftulgf ygctu 2,2;4 0 2,2>. [nmgfilgf uftul gtrcaut prhmul ygfi eneanmglgf

pnrsnpsc pgmg snpnmg ehthr sphrt mc Lhtg Egtgrge, gmg`gj Z7 (gtrcaut anrwuoum)

mctufoullgf mgrc gfilg Gsyep.[ci 2,227 0 2,2>.

Lgtg Lufkc? Rnrsnpsc, Gtr cau t Rrhmul, [npnmg Ehthr [phrt

C. RNFMGJ^@^GF7.7. @gtgr An`glgfi

Rnegsgrgf enrupglgf sg`gj sgtu lnicgtgf hpnrgschfg` ygfi pnftcfi mg`ge sugtu

pnrusgjggf. Rnegsgrgf enrupglgf prhsns pnrnfkgfggf mgf pn`glsgfggf lhfsnpsc,

pnfnftugf jgrig, prhehsc mgf mcstrcausc cmn-cmn, agrgfi-agrgfi mgf ogsg-ogsg uftul

enfkcptglgf pnrtulgrgf ygfi eneugslgf tuougf cfmcvcmu mgf hrigfcsgsc (Lht`nr, 1221).

Jgsc` Rnegsgrgf sugtu pnrusgjggf mgpgt mcogmclgf snagigc sg`gj sgtu g`gt uftul

enfintgjuc egou mgf eufmurfyg pnrusgjggf. Jgrgpgf pn`gfiigf tnrjgmgp prhmul

egupuf ogsg enepufygc pnrgfgf ygfi ansgr mg`ge enfnftulgf lug`ctgs prhmul

(agrgfi mgf ogsg) mgf lnpugsgf pn`gfiigf. Mg`ge enfinvg`ugscfyg, pn`gfiigf glgf

enfiiufglgf jgrgpgffyg snagigc stgfmgr gtgu gkugf. Mg`ge lhftnls lnpugsgf

pn`gfiigf, ueuefyg jgrgpgf enrupglgf pnrlcrggf gtgu lnyglcfgf pn`gfiigf tnftgfi

gpg ygfi glgf mctnrcegfyg ([gfthsh mgf ]ocpthfh, 1227).

Mg`ge lhfmcsc pgsgr i`hag` cfc sneglcf agfygl pnrusgjggf ygfi egsul ln

pgsgr mnfigf enfgwgrlgf anragigc egkge prhmul egupuf ogsg ygfi mcautujlgf h`nj

lhfsuenf. Rrhmul ygfi mcoug` mc pgsgr tnftufyg jgrus mcanmglgf mnfigf prhmul

pnsgcfi, h`nj lgrnfg ctu prhmul tnrsnaut jgrus mcanrc tgfmg, sceah` gtgu mnsgcf ygfi

enficmnftcdclgsc mgf eneanmglgf mnfigf prhmul `gcf.


6/102



Rnrsgcfigf gftgr pn`glu cfmustrc hthehtcd mc Cfmhfnscg acsg mclgtglgf sgfigt

lntgt, sg`gj sgtufyg gmg`gj cfmustrc snpnmg ehthr. Ananrgpg `gfilgj strgtnics puf

mc`glulgf h`nj pgrg pn`glu cfmustrc ygfi gmg eu`gc mgrc gltcvctgs prhehsc ygfi infkgr,

pnfnlgfgf jgrig prhmul jcfiig pnfkcptggf prhmul ygfi `nacj cfhvgtcd. Lnacoglgf-lnacoglgf tnrsnaut mc`glulgf jgfyg uftul sgtu tuougf ygctu enenfgfic pnrsgcfigf ygfi

glgf anrmgepgl tnrjgmgp tcfiicfyg `gag ygfi mctnrceg. Lngmggf snpnrtc cfc`gj ygfi

glgf enfogmclgf snaugj pnrusgjggf hthehtcd tntgp sn`gù nlscs mg`ge enfog`gflgf

acsfcsfyg.

Mc Cfmhfnscg sntcmglfyg gmg ananrgpg argfm snpnmg ehthr tnrlnfg` ygfi tn`gj

`geg enfogmc cmh`g egsygrglgt ùgs snpnrtc Sgegjg, Jhfmg, [uzulc, mgf Lgwgsglc.

[n`gcf argfm mc gtgs, cfmustrc snpnmg ehthr mc Cfmhfnscg ouig mcrgegclgf h`nj ananrgpg

pnfmgtgfi agru snpnrtc Agogo mgf ]T[. Agfyglfyg pnrusgjggf snpnmg ehthr ygfi gmg

tnftufyg sn`grgs pu`g mnfigf pnfcfilgtgf pnrsgcfigf acsfcs mc gftgrg argfm-argfm

tnrlnfg` tnrsnaut. Mg`ge rgfilg enenfgfic pnrsgcfigf mg`ge cfmustrc snpnmg ehthr

tgfgj gcr, argfm-argfm tnrlnfg` lcfc tnrus anr`heag uftul eneclgt jgtc egsygrglgt.]nrlgct mnfigf jg` tnrsnaut, snpnmg ehthr enrnl Jhfmg snagigc snaugj prhmul

lnfmgrggf ygfi tn`gj enegsulc pgsgr Cfmhfnscg snenfogl tgjuf 7342-gf enrupglgf

prhmul ygfi enfogmc egrlnt `ngmnr mg`ge lgtnihrc snpnmg ehthr. Enslcpuf snpnmg

ehthr Jhfmg sggt cfc egscj enfogmc pc`cjgf utgeg egsygrglgt mg`ge enec`cj snpnmg

ehthr, glgf tntgpc mnfigf inepurgf prhmul-prhmul mgrc pnsgcfi mnfigf lnufiiu`gf

anrgfnlgrgige ygfi mctgwgrlgf glgf enfogmc jgeagtgf agic Jhfmg ctu snfmcrc.

Anrtgjuf-tgjuf Jhfmg enfogmc sg`gj sgtu pnegcf pgsgr lnfmgrggf rhmg mug ygfi

mctglutc mc mufcg tnregsul mc Cfmhfnscg mnfigf enfigfmg`lgf enscf agfmn` anrlug`ctgs,

gwnt mgf crct agjgf aglgr.

Sgegjg snagigc sgcfigf Jhfmg, ygfi ouig enrupglgf sg`gj sgtu pnrusgjggf

snpnmg ehthr mnfigf pnfoug`gf tnr`grcs mc Cfmhfnscg, jgrus on`c en`cjgt pnùgfi pgsgr.Mg`ge pnrsgcfigf snpnmg ehthr cfc Sgegjg jgrus egepu enfijgsc`lgf prhmul ygfi

anrlug`ctgs mnfigf jgrig ygfi tnrogfilgu. [uzulc mnfigf pnfoug`gf ygfi tcmgl snansgr

Sgegjg mgf Jhfmg pgmg lnfmgrggf rhmg mug. Fgeuf, [uzulc ouig enepnrscgplgf

snpnmg ehthr mnfigf jgrig ygfi `nacj tnrogfilgu. [nmgfilgf Lgwgsglc enrupglgf

pnrusgjggf ygfi anrdhlus pgmg ehthr sphrt. R]. Lgwgsglc Ehthr Cfmhfnscg (LEC)

enrupglgf sg`gj sgtu pnrusgjggf ygfi anrhpnrgsc mg`ge cfmustrc snpnmg ehthr snogl

mcmcrclgf pgmg tgfiig` 7: Dnarugrc 733=. R]. LEC eneu`gc hpnrgscfyg snkgrg

lhenrscg` pgmg au`gf Egrnt 733>, mcagwgj `csnfsc mgrc Lgwgsglc Jngvy Cfmustrcns, @tm-

Ogpgf snagigc prcfscpg`. Anragigc prhmul ygfi gmg tnftu sgog enepufygc strgtnic

tnrsnfmcrc gigr mgpgt mclnfg` h`nj egsygrglgt, snjcfiig pgmg gljcrfyg kg`hf lhfsuenf

enepufygc lnputusgf uftul enean`c.

Rnfurufgf pnfoug`gf lnfmgrggf rhmg mug ygfi `gcf tcmgl mcclutc h`nj onfcs ehthr

sphrt. Rgsgr snpnmg ehthr sphrt mc tgfgj gcr tntgp stgac`. Enslc lnjgmcrgf snpnmg ehthr

egtck enfiinrhihtc pnfoug`gf snpnmg ehthr ananl, tntgpc snpnmg ehthr onfcs sphrt tcmgl

anrinecfi. Agjlgf egrlnt sjgrnfyg lcfc gmg mc 72 pnrsnf mgrc thtg` pnfoug`gf snpnmg

ehthr fgschfg`. Jcfiig au`gf Hlthanr 1271, mgtg Gshscgsc Cfmustrc [npnmg Ehthr

Cfmhfnscg (GC[C) enfufoulgf thtg` pnfoug`gf snpnmg ehthr fgschfg` >:,=4 pnrsnf

gmg`gj egtck, snmgfi ananl ;2,:1 pnrsnf snmgfilgf sphrt enfkgpgc 72,19 pnrsnf.


7/102

Ourfg` Nlhfhec mgf Acsfcs, Oc`cm 1 Fhehr 9, Mnsneanr 127= ;


[npnmg ehthr sphrt cmnftcl mnfigf snpnmg ehthr prcg. Lnautujgf egsygrglgt

Cfmhfnscg glgf snpnmg ehthr sphrt mcpnfigrujc h`nj anragigc g`gsgf ygctu enrnl, jgrig,

dufisc, igyg jcmup, spnscdclgsc tnlfcs, sgepgc mnfigf pnfiiufggf agjgf aglgr ygfi crct.

Rgmg tgjuf 1229-122: Jhfmg enfogmc pnecepcf egrlnt sjgrn pgmg ehthr sphrt. Fgeuf, mgrc tgjuf 1223 sgepgc sggt cfc pnecepcf uftul snpnmg ehthr sphrt gmg`gj

Sgegjg. Mgrc thtg` pnfoug`gf snpnmg ehthr sphrt enfurut GC[C, Sgegjg egscj

enfmhecfgsc mgrc tgjuf 1223-1271. Rnfoug`gffyg enfkgpgc ;:>.424 ufct gtgu `nacj

mgrc sntnfigj pnfoug`gf snpnmg ehthr sphrt mc Cfmhfnscg jcfiig hlthanr 1271. [nlg`cius

enfiulujlgf Sgegjg T-Cxchf snagigc snpnmg ehthr sphrt pg`cfi mcinegrc mc

Cfmhfnscg. [nmgfilgf Lgwgsglc anrgmg mc phscsc lnmug. [nkgrg thtg` pnfoug`gf Jhfmg

enfmumulc pnrcfilgt ln tcig mc agwgj Lgwgsglc lneumcgf mcclutc h`nj [uzulc.

Lnfmgrggf anrehthr enrupglgf gfilutgf mgrgt utgeg mc Egtgrge. Rgmg tgjuf

1277, lnfmgrggf anrehthr mcmhecfgsc h`nj snpnmg ehthr/honl snansgr 4:,>9 pnrsnf

(AR[, 1271 ? ;=7-;=1). Rnfoug`gf lnfmgrggf rhmg mug mc Lhtg Egtgrge ygfi

enfig`gec pnfurufgf pnfoug`gffyg ygctu jgfyg pgmg enrnl Jhfmg sgog. [nmgfilgfygfi `gcffyg enfig`gec pnfcfilgtgf pnfoug`gf. Mgrc tgan` mc gtgs ouig mgpgt

enfufoullgf agjwg uftul lnfmgrggf rhmg mug mc Lhtg Egtgrge ygfi enfogmc egrlnt

`ngmnr gmg`gj snpnmg ehthr enrnl Jhfmg mcurutgf lnmug Sgegjg mcsusu` h`nj [uzulc,

Lgwgsglc mgf ygfi tnrgljcr gmg`gj enrnl ygfi `gcf-`gcf.

Rnfoug`gf snpnmg ehthr sphrt mc Lhtg Egtgrge sntcgp au`gffyg enfig`gec

dùltugsc pnfoug`gf. [npnmg ehthr sphrt ygfi pg`cfi tcfiic gfilg pnfoug`gffyg pgmg

au`gf Ogfugrc sgepgc Ou`c gmg`gj snpnmg ehthr sphrt mnfigf enrnl Sgegjg. Lgwgsglc

pgmg urutgf lnmug mgf Jhfmg pgmg urutgf lntcig. [npnmg ehthr sphrt enfig`gec

pnfcfilgtgf pnfoug`gf ygfi kulup tcfiic tnrogmc pgmg au`gf Ou`c mgf ygfi tnrnfmgj pgmg

au`gf Oufc.

Rnfoug`gf snpnmg ehthr sphrt ygfi kulup tcfiic ouig mgpgt mcaultclgf mgrc pnfigegtgf ygfi mc`glulgf pnfn`ctc. Anrmgsgrlgf pnfigegtgf ygfi mc`glulgf pgmg jgrc

lgecs tgfiig` 77 Ou`c 127; (og`gf Egogpgjct) mc Lhtg Egtgrge uftul onfcs ehthr sphrt

sumgj agfygl mciufglgf h`nj egsygrglgt Lhtg Egtgrge. Rnfigegtgf ygfi mc`glulgf

mgpgt mcpnrlcrglgf agjwg gmg 7:4 ufct snpnmg ehthr sphrt ygfi en`cftgsc og`gf

Egogpgjct pgmg pulu` 74.;2 sgegpgc 79.;2 YC]G. Eneagfocrfyg pnfiiufg ehthr

sphrt cfc `nacj `nacj mcmhecfgsc h`nj tcig onfcs enrnl snpnmg ehthr ygctu Jhfmg,

Sgegjg mgf Lgwgsglc. [ggt cfc enrnl [uzulc sumgj lurgfi mcecfgtc. Anrlurgfifyg

ecfgt lhfsuenf tnrjgmgp snpnmg ehthr sphrt [uzulc cfc mgpgt mc`cjgt mgrc gfilg

pnfoug`gf ygfi tnrmgpgt pgmg tgan` 7.= ygfi enfufoullgf agjwg mg`ge tuouj au`gf

pgmg tgjuf 127; [uzulc jgfyg egepu enfoug` nfge ufct snpnmg ehthr.

Rnrsgcfigf pnfoug`gf lnfmgrggf rhmg mug snkgrg fgschfg` ljususfyg ehthr sphrt

sgfigt lntgt ygctu mnfigf eneagfocrfyg onfcs-onfcs snpnmg ehthr sphrt mgrc anragigc

enrnl. Agfyglfyg ginf pnfoug`gf snpnmg ehthr sphrt ygfi tnrsnagr mc snùruj

Cfmhfnscg tnregsul mc Lhtg Egtgrge eneumgjlgf lhfsuenf uftul enepnrh`nj

prhmul ygfi mccficflgf. Mcceagfic mnfigf tcpn-tcpn ehthr sphrt ygfi agfygl snjcfiig

lhfsuenf ygfi anrgmg mc Lhtg Egtgrge mgpgt enec`cj onfcs snpnmg ehthr sphrt ygfi

mccficflgffyg.

Anmgsgrlgf urgcgf mc gtgs mgrc pnrsgcfigf ygfi tnrogmc pgmg snpnmg ehthr sphrt,

eglg egscfi-egscfi pnrusgjggf pnrù enfintgjuc pnrsnpsc gtrcaut prhmul ygfi gmg


8/102

Ourfg` Nlhfhec mgf Acsfcs, Oc`cm 1 Fhehr 9, Mnsneanr 127= =


mg`ge pclcrgf lhfsuenf. Eglg mcpnrùlgf sugtu lgocgf tnftgfi ‐[tumc Lhepgrgsc

Rnrsnpsc Gtrcaut Rrhmul [npnmg Ehthr [phrt mc Lhtg Egtgrge―..

7.1. Queusgf Egsg`gj[nagigcegfg urgcgf mgrc `gtgr an`glgfi, eglg pnfu`cs enrueuslgf egsg`gj

pnfn`ctcgf cfc snagigc anrclut?

7. Gpglgj gmg pnranmggf pnrsnpsc gtrcaut prhmul snpnmg ehthr sphrt (Jhfmg, Sgegjgmgf Lgwgsglc) mc Lhtg Egtgrge8

1. Gtrcaut prhmul gpg ygfi eneanmglgf pnrsnpsc pgmg snpnmg ehthr sphrt (Jhfmg,Sgegjg mgf Lgwgsglc) mc Lhtg Egtgrge8

7.;. ]uougf Rnfn`ctcgfAnrmgsgrlgf pnrueusgf egsg`gj, eglg tuougf mgrc pnfn`ctcgf cfc gmg`gj?

7. ^ftul enfintgjuc pnranmggf pnrsnpsc gtrcaut prhmul snpnmg ehthr sphrt (Jhfmg,

Sgegjg mgf Lgwgsglc) mc Lhtg Egtgrge.1. ^ftul enfintgjuc gtrcaut prhmul ygfi eneanmglgf pnrsnpsc pgmg snpnmg ehthr

sphrt (Jhfmg, Sgegjg mgf Lgwgsglc) mc Lhtg Egtgrge.

CC. ]CFOG^GF R^[]GLG1.7. Rnfn`ctcgf ]nrmgjuù7. Monffy mgf ]gegrg (1224) mnfigf oumu` gfg`cscs pnrsnpsc lhfsuenf tnrjgmgp

snpnmg ehthr egtck Jhfmg Angt, Sgegjg Ech mgf [uzulc [pcf mnfigf

enfiiufglgf pnrknptug` egppcfi .

1. Dnarcgftc mgf [ntygwgf (1224) ygfi anroumu` gfg`cscs jgrgpgf mgf pnrsnpsclhfsuenf tnrjgmgp mcenfsc jhtn` acftgfi `ceg mc [urgagyg.

;. Qntfhwgtc (1272) ygfi anroumu` pnfigruj gtrcaut prhmul tnrjgmgp lnpugsgflhfsuenf mg`ge pnean`cgf snpnmg ehthr enrnl Sgegjg pgmg R]. Qhmgsgltc

[urygrgyg @heahl.

=. Lrcstcgfg mgf Ygjyumcf (1271) ygfi anroumu` pnfigruj gtrcaut prhmul tnrjgmgpecfgt an`c lhfsuenf ehac` enrnl Csuzu N@D stumc pgmg R]. Lgryg _crgfi ^tgeg

Csuzu [negrgfi.

>. Mnwc, mll (127;) anroumu` pnrsnpsc lhfsuenf tnrjgmgp anrgs hrigfcl mgfgfhrigfcl mc ]hlh [gtvclg Ahig [gfur Mnfpgsgr.

1.1. @gfmgsgf ]nhrntcs1.1.7. Rnrsnpsc

Enfurut Ygìcth (1221?43) ‐Rnrsnpsc enrupglgf sugtu prhsns ygfi mcmgjuùc

h`nj prhsns pnficfmnrggf ygctu enrupglgf prhsns mctnrcegfyg stceuùs h`nj cfmcvcmu

en`gùc g`gt cfmnrg fgeuf prhsns ctu tcmgl anrjnftc anictu sgog en`gcflgf stceuùs

tnrsnaut mctnruslgf mgf prhsns sn`gfoutfyg enrupglgf prhsns pnrsnpsc―. [nmgfilgf

enfurut [kjcddegf mgf Lgful (1229), pnrsnpsc gmg`gj sugtu prhsns mcegfg snsnhrgfi

enec`cj, enfigtur mgf enficftnrprntgsclgf rgfisgfigf ygfi mctnrceg enfogmc sugtu

igeagrgf lngmggf mufcgfyg ygfi pnfuj grtc mgf sg`cfi tnrlgct. @nacj `gfout prhsns

mgsgr mg`ge pneanftulgf pnrsnpsc snsnhrgfi en`cputc?

7. Rnrknptug` [n`nktchf

1. Rnrknptug` Hrigfczgtchf


9/102

Ourfg` Nlhfhec mgf Acsfcs, Oc`cm 1 Fhehr 9, Mnsneanr 127= >


;. Rnrknptug` Cftnrprntgtchf

Gmgpuf prhsns pneanftulgf pnrsnpsc enfurut Ygìcth (1221?97) mcurgclgf

snagigc anrclut?

Haonl enfceau`lgf stceuùs mgf stceuùs enfinfgc g`gt cfmnrg gtgu rnsnpthr, pnrù mclneulglgf gftgrg haonl mgf stceuùs ctu enfogmc sgtu ecsg`fyg mg`ge jg`

tnlgfgf. Anfmg snagigc haonl `gfisufi enfinfgc lu`ct snjcfiig glgf tnrgsg tnlgfgf

tnrsnaut. Rrhsns stceuùs enfinfgc g`gt cfmnrg mctrnuslgf h`nj sygrgd snfshrcs ln htgl

prhsns cfc mcsnaut snagigc prhsns psch`hics. Lneumcgf tnrogmc`gj prhsns mchtgl snagigc

pusgt lnsgmgrgf snjcfiig cfmcvcmu enfygmgrc gpg ygfi mc`cjgt mgf gpg ygfi mcmnfigr

gtgu gpg ygfi mcrgag. Rrhsns ygfi tnrogmc mchtgl gtgu mg`ge pusgt lnsgmgrgf cfc ygfi

mcsnaut prhsns psclh`hics. Mnfigf mneclcgf mgpgt mclneulglgf tnrgljcr mgrc prhsns

pnrsnpsc cg`gj cfmcvcmu enfygmgrc tnftgfi ecsg`fyg ? gpg ygfi mc`cjgt, gpg ygfi

mcmnfigr mgf gpg ygfi mcrgag ygctu stceuùs ygfi mctrceg h`nj g`gt cfmnrg, prhsns cfc

enrupglgf prhsns tnrgljcr mgrc pnrsnpsc mgpgt mcgeac` h`nj cfmcvcmu mg`ge anragigc

egkge anftul.Enfurut [ntcgmc (122;), dglthr ygfi enepnfigrujc pnrsnpsc gmg`gj pnfi`cjgtgf

mgf sgsgrgf ygfi mctnrceg mgf mcegfg sctugsc pnrsnpsc tnrogmc pnfi`cjgtgf.

]gfiigpgf ygfi tceau` gtgs rgfisgfigf glgf mcpnfigrujc scdgt-scdgt cfmcvcmu

ygfi en`cjgtfyg, scdgt ygfi mgpgt enepnfigrujc pnrsnpsc ygctu ?

7. [clgp1. Ehtcvgsc;. Ecfgt=. Rnfig`gegf egsg `gù>. Jgrgpgf4. [gsgrgf

9. [ctugsc[nmgfilgf enfurut Ygìcth (1221? 92), dglthr-dglthr ygfi anrpnrgf mg`ge

pnrsnpsc mgpgt mclneulglgf gmgfyg ananrgpg dglthr, ygctu ?

7. Haonl ygfi mcpnrscgplgf1. G`gt cfmnrg, sygrgd, mgf pusgt susufgf sygrgd;. Rnrjgtcgf

1.1.1. Gtrcaut RrhmulEnfurut ]ocpthfh (122:) ygfi enfygtglgf agjwg gtrcaut prhmul gmg`gj ufsur-

ufsur prhmul ygfi mcpgfmgfi pnftcfi h`nj lhfsuenf mgf mcogmclgf mgsgr mg`ge

pnfigeac`gf lnputusgf pnean`cgf. Mcegfg gtrcaut prhmul en`cputc enrnl, lnegsgf,

ogecgfgf (igrgfsc), pn`gygfgf mgf snagigcfyg. [nmgfilgf gtrcaut prhmul ygfi

mclneulglgf h`nj Icthsumgreh (122:) gmg`gj scdgt-scdgt gtgu gspnl-gspnl ygfi mcec`clc

h`nj sugtu prhmul ygfi scdgt-scdgt tnrsnaut glgf enfogmc pnrtceagfigf lhfsuenf uftul

enfynfgfic gtgu snag`clfyg eneanfkc prhmul. Rnfinrtcgf `gcf tnftgfi gtrcaut prhmul

mgrc Icthsumgreh (122:) gmg`gj lhephfnf ygfi enrupglgf scdgt-scdgt prhmul ygfi

enfogecf gigr prhmul tnrsnaut enenfujc lnautujgf mgf lncficfgf ygfi mcjgrgplgf

h`nj pnean`c.

Enfurut Icthsumgreh (122:) gtrcaut prhmul mgpgt mcln`hephllgf enfogmc 1

egkge gftgrg `gcf ?


10/102



7. Gtrcaut tnlfcs, enrupglgf gspnl ygfi jgrus lctg auaujlgf mg`ge prhmul lctg uftulenenfujc lnautujgf lhfsuenf glgf dufisc tnlfcs mgf prhmul lctg. Jg` cfc tnrlgct

mnfigf lncficfgf lhfsuenf ygfi enficficflgf mcpnrh`njfyg egfdggt tnlfcs

(tnjfckg` anfndct), tnjfckg` vg`un, gtrcaut tnlfcs cfc anrupg ‐Mgyg Iufg―. 1. Gtrcaut nehschfg`, enrugpglgf gtrcaut uftul enfmulufi lnautujgf lhfsuenf glgf

egfdggt nehschfg`, fhf tnjfckg`, psclh`hics gtgupuf egfdggt shscg` enrnlg, gtrcaut

cfc anrupg ‐Mgyg Anmg― snrtg ‐Mgyg ]grcl― mgrc prhmul lctg.

Mg`ge gtrcaut prhmul tnrmgpgt gtrcaut prhmul ygfi enfufoullgf lgrgltnrcstcl

prhmul mgf pgmg ueuefyg glgf enfmgpgt pnrjgtcgf lhfsuenf mg`ge enec`cj sugtu

prhmul. Gtrcaut prhmul mcjgrgplgf mgpgt eneanrclgf cmnftctgs mgf mcdnrnfscgsc

tnrjgmgp prhmul pnsgcfi

1.1.;. [npnmg Ehthr [phrt Ehthr sphrt, onfcs ehthr ygfi enec`clc pnrdhreg mgf pnfinfmg`cgf ygfi `nacj.

Rhscsc enfineumc puf mcdhluslgf uftul enfogig tctcl irgvctgsc supgyg pnfinfmg`cgf`nacj tnrlnfmg`c. [phrtsacln ? Grtcfyg ehthr anrlgtnihrc sphrt. @nacj enfiutgeglgf

pnrdhreg lntceagfi lnfygegfgf. Kcrc kcrc ehthr sphrtacln ctu snfmcrc gftgrg `gcf<

enec`clc ohl an`glgfi anrtcfilgt tnrlgct mnfigf g`crgf umgrg gtgu gnrhmcfgeclg,

enfiiufglgf dgcrcfi (ouig tnrlgct gnrhmcfgeclg), mgf ygfi tnrgljcr suspnfsc

an`glgfifyg enfigfut scstne ehfhsjhkl uftul enfiurgfic anrgt thtg` ehthr. Mc

ln`gsfyg, [phrtsacln ctu snfmcrc mc agic mg`ge ananrgpg sua ln`gs, mcgftgrgfyg ?

7. @cijt [phrtsacln (71>kk-1>2kk) Yg`gupuf gmg ygfi anrlhfdciurgsc enscf nepgt tgl,fgeuf ueuefyg ehthr ygfi anregcf mc ln`gs `cijt sphrtsacln enfiiufglgf

lhfdciurgsc enscf mug tgl. Khfthj ehthr mc ln`gs cfc gmg`gj ? Gprc`g Q[ 71>/1>2, ,

Jhfmg KAQ 71>/7>2 Lgwgsglc _Z 7>2/1>2 Sgegjg S_71>Q.

1. [upnrsphrts (=22kk-9>2kk) Ln`gs cfc su`ct mcanmglgf mnfigf ln`gs supnracln, pnranmggfyg jgfyg`gj pgmg lgpgsctgs enscf mgf oue`gj sc`cfmnr. Ac`g enfiiufglgf

= sc`cfmnr lgpgsctgs eglsceuefyg gmg`gj 422 fgeuf ac`g enfiiufglgf 1 sc`cfmnr

lgpgsctgs eglsceue enscfyg gmg`gj 9>2kk. Khfthj ehthr mc ln`gs cfc gmg`gj ?

Jhfmg KAQ 422QQ, Lgwgsglc _Z 4Q, [uzulc I[Z-Q 422, Mukgtc [upnracln

9=:/:=:, ET Giustg D=, Sgegjg Q4.

;. [upnracln (:>2kk-7122kk) Cfc enrupglgf ehthr sphrt pg`cfi mc thp, lgrnfg enec`clclnknpgtgf tcfiic fgeuf tntgp egepu anregfudnr mnfigf agcl. Agjlgf mc ln`gs cfc

mcgmglgf lnougrggf mufcg mnfigf fgeg Y[AL. Khfthj ehthr mc ln`gs cfc gmg`gj ?

Gprc`cg Q[T-Ec``n, Acehtg MA>, Mukgtc [upnracln 333/723:, Lgwgsglc _Z 72,

Kgicvg Ecth, [uzulc I[Z-Q 7222, Jhfmg KAQ 7222 Dcrna`gmn, ET Giustg

]geaurcfc, Sgegjg S_D Q7.

=. Jypnrsphrts (7;22kk p`us) enrupglgf ehthr mnfigf rgfkgfigf ygfi tcmgl `gzce.Enslc enfmnlgtc rgfkgfigf sphrt thurcfi tntgpc ehthr cfc enec`clc pnrdhreg

`gyglfyg ehthr [upnracln. Jgfyg gmg mug ehthr ygfi tntgp nxcs mc ln`gs cfc ygctu

[uzulc Jgygausg L1 mgf Lgwgsglc _Z 7=.


11/102



CCC. LNQGFILG LHF[NR]^G@Anrmgsgrlgf pnfmgpgt ygfi mclneulglgf h`nj Lht`nr (122;) ygfi eneanrclgf

mndcfcsc gtrcaut prhmul snagigc ufsur-ufsur ygfi en`nlgt pgmg snaugj prhmul anrwuoum

egupuf prhmul tcmgl anrwuoum. Eglg pnfn`ctc enfiiufglgf mug gtrcaut prhmul, ygctugtrcaut anrwuoum mgf gtrcaut tcmgl anrwuoum. Mgrc lnmug gtrcaut prhmul cfc mgpgt mc`cjgt

pnranmggf pnrsnpsc gtrcaut prhmul snpnmg ehthr sphrt (Jhfmg, Sgegjg mgf Lgwgsglc)

mc Lhtg Egtgrge.

Igeagr 7.

Lnrgfilg Lhfsnptug`

CT. JCRH]N[C[Jcphtnscs enrupglgf ogwgagf snenftgrg gtgs pnregsg`gjgf ygfi enenrùlgf

pnfiuocgf `nacj `gfout iufg enfigrgjlgf pnfn`ctc mg`ge rgfilg en`glulgf pnfn`ctcgf.

Anrmgsgrlgf pnfn`ctcgf tnrmgjuù mgf `gfmgsgf tnhrc ygfi mciufglgf mg`ge pnfn`ctcgf

cfc, eglg mgpgt mcrueuslgf jcphtnscs snagigc anrclut?

7. Mcmuig gmg pnranmggf pnrsnpsc gtrcaut prhmul snpnmg ehthr sphrt (Jhfmg, Sgegjgmgf Lgwgsglc) mc Lhtg Egtgrge.

1. Mcmuig gtrcaut prhmul ygfi eneanmglgf pnrsnpsc pgmg snpnmg ehthr sphrt (Jhfmg,Sgegjg mgf Lgwgsglc) mc Lhtg Egtgrge gmg`gj gtrcaut anrwuoum.

T. EN]HMN RNFN@C]CGF >.7. Onfcs Rnfn`ctcgf

Onfcs pnfn`ctcgf ygfi mciufglgf pgmg pnfn`ctcgf cfc gmg`gj pnfn`ctcgf lhepgrgtcd.

Rnfn`ctcgf lhepgrgtcd gmg`gj pnfn`ctcgf ygfi anrscdgt eneagfmcfilgf. Rnfn`ctcgf cfc

mc`glulgf uftul eneagfmcfilgf pnrsgeggf mgf pnranmggf mug gtgu `nacj dgltg-dgltgmgf scdgt-scdgt haonl ygfi mc tn`ctc anrmgsgrlgf lnrgfilg pneclcrgf tnrtnftu.

>.1. Rhpu`gsc mgf [gepn` Rnfn`ctcgfRhpu`gsc gmg`gj lnsnùrujgf cfmcvcmu gtgu sgtugf-sgtugf tnrtnftu snagigc

gfiihtg gtgu jcepufgf mg`ge sugtu ln`gs/ih`hfigf tnrtnftu (wcmhmh? 1223). Rhpu`gsc

ygfi mciufglgf mg`ge pnfn`ctcgf cfc gmg`gj pnfiiufg snpnmg ehthr sphrt mc Lhtg

Egtgrge uftul tcig enrnl (Jhfmg, Sgegjg mgf Lgwgsglc).

[gepn` gmg`gj snagicgf gtgu wglc` phpu`gsc ygfi mctn`ctc, oclg pnfn`ctc jgfyg

cficf enfn`ctc snagicgf mgrc phpu`gsc eglg pnfn`tcgffyg gmg`gj pnfn`ctcgf sgepn`

(Grclufth? 1221). Mg`ge pnfn`ctcgf cfc sgepn` ygfi mciufglgf snagfygl 72> rnsphfmnf

Gtrcaut Rrhmul[npnmg

Ehthr [phrt Sgegjg

Gtrcaut Rrhmul

[npnmg Ehthr [phrt

Lgwgsglc

Gtrcaut Rrhmul

[npnmg Ehthr

[phrt Jhfmg

Rnragfmcfigf

Rnrsnpsc


12/102

Ourfg` Nlhfhec mgf Acsfcs, Oc`cm 1 Fhehr 9, Mnsneanr 127= :


egscfi-egscfi ;> rnsphfmnf uftul sntcgp enrnl snpnmg ehthr sphrt . Rnfn`ctc

enfnftulgf sgepn` cfc snsugc mnfigf pnfmgpgt Qhskhn (739>) ygfi mclutcp [nlgrgf

(1224) ygfi eneanrclgf gkugf ueue uftul enfnftulgf ulurgf sgepn` gftgrg `gcf?

7. ^lurgf sgepn` `nacj mgrc ;2 mgf lurgfi mgrc >22 gmg`gj tnpgt uftul lnagfyglgf pnfn`ctcgf.

1. Oclg sgepn` mcpnkgj ln mg`ge sua sgepn` (prcg/wgfctg, oufchr/snfchr mgfsnagigcfyg) ulurgf sgepn` ecfceue ;2 uftul sntcgp lgtnihrc gmg`gj tnpgt.

;. Mg`ge pnfn`ctcgf eu`tcvgrcgtn (tnregsul gfg`cscs rnirnsc anrigfmg), ulurgf sgepn`snagclfyg 72 lg`c `nacj ansgr mgrc oue`gj vgrcgan` mg`ge pnfn`ctcgf.

=. ^ftul pnfn`ctcgf nlspnrcenftg` snmnrjgfg mnfigf khftrh` nlspnrcenf ygfi lntgt, pnfn`ctcgf ygfi sulsns gmg`gj eufilcf mnfigf ulurgf sgepn` lnkc` gftgrg 72

sgegpgc mnfigf 12.

]nfcl sgepn` ygfi mciufglgf gmg`gj purphscvn sgep`cfi. Rurphscvn sgep`cfi

ygctu enec`cj gfiihtg sgepn` ygfi mcsnsugclgf mnfigf lrctnrcg tnrtnftu. Gmgpuf

lrctnrcg rnsphfmnf ygfi glgf mciufglgf gmg`gj pnfiiufg ehthr sphrt ygfi anrmhecsc`cmc Lhtg Egtgrge, snpnmg ehthr sphrt ygfi mciufglgf h`nj rnsphfmnf

(Jhfmg/Sgegjg/Lgwgsglc). Lrctnrcg cfc mciufglgf lgrnfg en`cjgt mgrc gfilg pnfoug`gf

snpnmg ehthr sphrt mc Lhtg Egtgrge. Mcegfg anrmgsgrlgf mgtg pgmg tgan` 7.=, ygfi

anrgmg pgmg phscsc tcig ansgr uftul pnfoug`gf snpnmg ehthr sphrt gmg`gj Jhfmg,

Lgwgsglc mgf Sgegjg. [nenftgrg [uzulc mgrc au`gf Ogfugrc sgepgc Ou`c jgfyg mgpgt

enfoug` snpnmg ehthr sphrt snagfygl nfge ufct. Lngmggf cfc puf mcmulufi mnfigf

pnfigegtgf ygfi pnfn`ctc `glulgf mc og`gf Egogpgjct agjwg pnfiiufg ehthr sphrt

mcmhecfgsc h`nj tcig enrnl snpnmg ehthr ygctu Jhfmg, Lgwgsglc mgf Sgegjg.

>.;. Onfcs mgf [ueanr Mgtg

Onfcs mgtg ygfi mciufglgf mg`ge pnfn`ctcgf cfc gmg`gj snagigc anrclut?7. Mgtg lugftctgtcd, ygctu mgtg ygfi mcpnr`ulgf mg`ge pnfn`ctcgf ygfi anrupg gfilg-

gfilg ygfi mgpgt mculur ansgrfyg mgf mgpgt mcjctufi snkgrg pgstc.

1. Mgtg lug`ctgtcd, ygctu mgtg ygfi tcmgl mcfygtglgf mg`ge gfilg en`gcflgf mcfygtglgfmnfigf lgtnihrc, ih`hfigf, scdgt mgrc mgtg tnrsnaut.

Mgtg mg`ge pnfn`ctcgf cfc mgsgrfyg anrupg mgtg lug`ctgtcd ygfi mcruagj enfogmc

lugftctgtcd, ygctu anrupg slhr ygfi mcpnrh`nj mgrc tcgp ogwgagf mg`ge lucschfnr ygfi

mcsnagrlgf lnpgmg rnsphfmnf.

[ueanr mgtg ygfi mciufglgf mg`ge pnfn`ctcgf cfc gmg`gj?

7. Mgtg prcenr gmg`gj mgtg ygfi mcluepu`lgf `gfisufi h`nj pnfn`ctc mgrc rnsphfmnf.Mgtg prcenr cfc mgpgt anranftul cfdhregsc ygfi tnrtugfi mg`ge gfilnt pnfn`ctcgf,

ygctu lucschfnr.

1. Mgtg snlufmnr gmg`gj mgtg ygfi mcpnrh`nj mgrc sueanr `gcf (cfstgfsc tnrlgct) ygfi anrdufisc snagigc mgtg pnfufogfi.

>.=. ]nljfcl mgf G`gt Rnfiuepu`gf Mgtg]nlfcl ygfi mciufglgf mg`ge enfiuepu`lgf mgtg mg`ge pnfn`ctcgf cfc gmg`gj

snagigc anrclut?

7. Ygwgfkgrg enrupglgf sugtu tnlfcl pnfiuepu`gf mgtg mnfigf og`gf enfigmglgflheufclgsc mnfigf sueanr mgtg. Lheufclgsc tnrsnaut mc`glulgf mnfigf mcg`hi

(tgfyg ogwga) snkgrg `csgf, agcl `gfisufi egupuf tcmgl `gfisufi.


13/102



1. Mhluenftgsc, ygctu pnfiuepu`gf mgtg anrupg kgtgtgf gtgu mgtg-mgtg ygfi tnrsnmcg mccfstgfsc-cfstgfsc tnrlgct.

;. Hasnrvgsc gmg`gj pnfigegtgf `gfisufi pgrg pneaugt lnputusgf anrclut `cfilufigf

dcsclfyg mgf gtgu pnfigegtgf `gfisufi sugtu lnicgtgf ygfi snmgfi anrog`gf. G`gt pnfiuepu`gf mgtg ygfi mciufglgf mg`ge pnfn`ctcgf cfc gmg`gj lucschfnr.

Lucschfnr gmg`gj mgdtgr pnrtgfyggf ygfi mcanrclgf lnpgmg rnsphfmnf uftul enfiig`c

mgtg snsugc mnfigf pnregsg`gjgf pnfn`ctcgf.

>.>. Cmnftcdclgsc Tgrcgan`Gtrcaut prhmul, enrupglgf vgrcgan` cfmnpnfmnf (anags) mg`ge pnfn`ctcgf stumc

lhepgrgsc pnrsnpsc lhfsuenf snpnmg ehthr sphrt mc Lhtg Egtgrge mnfigf

enfiiufglgf mug gtrcaut prhmul ygctu?

7. Gtrcaut Anrwuoum (Z7)1. Gtrcaut ]cmgl Anrwuoum (Z1)

TC. JG[C@ RNFN@C]CGF MGF RNEAGJG[GF4.7. Rnranmggf Rnrsnpsc Lhfsuenf [npnmg Ehthr [phrt

Anrclut gmg`gj lgtnihrc pnrsnpsc gtrcaut prhmul lntcig enrnl snpnmg ehthr sphrt

mc Lhtg Egtgrge anrmgsgrlgf pgmg pnfnftugf lgtnihrc.

]gan` 7.

Lgtnihrc Rnrsnpsc Gtrcaut Rrhmul [npnmg Ehthr [phrt mc Lhtg Egtgrge

Fh. [ua Tgrcgan`Qgtg-rgtg [lhr ]gfiigpgf Qnsphfmnf

Jhfmg Lgwgsglc Sgegjg

7. Gtrcaut AnrwuoumMnsgcf

Ygrfg MnsgcfKcrc Ljgs

;,37

;,=2;,:;

=,=2

=,7==,;9

=,77

;,43=,22

1. Gtrcaut ]cmgl Anrwuoum@geg IgrgfscLnufiiu`gf EnrnlJgrig LhepntctcdJgrig snsugc Lug`ctgsLug`ctgsLheufctgs RnfiiufggfRnfijgsc`gfRnecepcf RrhmulLnufiiu`gf RrhmulRrhmul ygfi Mcinegrc

LnfygegfgfLnsnsugcgf DufiscRnfig`gegf Egsg @g`u

;,>7=,2;;,99;,:3=,791,:4;,14;,2;;,97;,9=

=,2;;,97;,12

;,>9=,79;,43;,:;=,771,:4;,=3;,77;,44=,79

=,77;,:2;,=2

;,;7=,1;;,99=,77=,1;;,:2;,>7;,:3;,9==,79

=,1;;,4;;,22

]htg` >:,2; 42,:: 47,=1

Qgtg-rgtg ;,4; ;,:7 ;,:=

Lgtnihrc Agcl Agcl Agcl

]gan` mcgtgs enfufoullgf agjwg uftul lntcig enrnl snpnmg ehthr sphrt mc

Lhtg Egtgrge anrgmg pgmg lgtnihrc pnrsnpsc gtrcaut prhmul ygfi agcl. Cfc mc`cjgt mgrc


14/102



slhr rgtg-rgtg gtrcaut prhmul snpnmg ehthr sphrt mc Lhtg Egtgrge, ygctu enec`clc fc`gc

anrlcsgr gftgrgf ;,=7 ‛ =,12. Oclg mc`cjgt mgrc slhr rgtg-rgtg, eglg ygfi ene`clc gtrcaut

prhmul ygfi pg`cfi agcl uftul tcig enrnl snpnmg ehthr sphrt cfc gmg`gj Sgegjg,

Lgwgsglc pgmg urutgf ygfi lnmug mgf ygfi tnrgljcr gmg`gj Jhfmg.^ftul enfiuoc jcphtnscs pnrtgeg, gmg gtgu tcmgl pnranmggf pnrsnpsc gtrcaut

prhmul snpnmg ehthr sphrt mc Lhtg egtgrge enfiiufglgf uoc Lruslg` Yg``cs. ôc

Lruslg` Yg``cs enrupglgf sg`gj sgtu uoc stgtcstcl fhf pgegrgentrcl, mnfigf

enfigagclgf ananrgpg gsuesc sg`gj sgtuffyg gmg`gj gsuesc anrmcstrcausc fhreg`.

ôc stgtcstcl fhf pgrgentrcl Lruslg` Yg``cs pnfn`ctc iufglgf snagigc g`gt

gfg`cscs. ^ftul en`cjgt gmg pnranmggf gtgu tcmgl tnrjgmgp pnrsnpsc gtrcaut prhmul

snpnmg ehthr sphrt mc Lhtg Egtgrge pgmg tcig enrnl (Jhfmg, Lgwgsglc mgf Sgegjg)

mnfigf enfiiufglgf prhirge [R[[ Ycfmhws 74 . Anrclut gmg`gj jgsc` mgrc uoc Lruslg`

Yg``cs pnrsnpsc gtrcaut prhmul snpnmg ehthr sphrt mc Lhtg Egtgrge

4.1. ôc Lruslg` Yg``cs Rgmg Egscfi-egscfi Rnrsnpsc Gtrcaut Rrhmul [npnmgEhthr [phrt

]gan` 1.

Jgsc` ôc Lruslg` Yg``cs Rnrsnpsc Gtrcaut Rrhmul [npnmg Ehthr [phrt

Z7 Z1

Kjc-[qugrn

md

Gsyep.[ci

7=,2>2

1

2.227

;,32;

1

2,7=1

]gan` mcgtgs enfufoullgf agjwg uoc Lruslg` Yg``cs pnrsnpsc gtrcaut snpnmg

ehthr sphrt mc Lhtg Egtgrge uftul tcig onfcs enrnl tnrmgpgt pnranmggf. Jg` cfcmcmgsgrlgf pgmg jgsc` Gsyep.[ci ygfi `nacj lnkc` mgrc gfilg `nvn` scifcdclgffyg ygctu

2,2;4 0 2,2>.

^ftul enfogwga jcphtnscs lnmug, pnfn`ctc enfiiufglgf uoc Lruslg` Yg``cs

mnfigf enfiiufglgf gtrcaut prhmul ygfi pnfn`ctc iufglgf pgmg pnfn`ctcgf cfc. ôc

jcphtnscs lnmug cfc mc`glulgf uftul enfiintgjuc gtrcaut prhmul ygfi enanmglgf

pnrsnpsc pgmg snpnmg ehthr sphrt mc Lhtg Egtgrge uftul tcig enrnl snpnmg ehthr

sphrt. Gmgpuf anrclut gmg`gj jgsc` mgrc uoc Lruslg` Yg``cs pgmg egscfi-egscfi pnrsnpsc

gtrcaut prhmul

4.;. Rneagjgsgf

Anrmgsgrlgf jgsc` uoc vg`cmctgs mcmgpgtlgf jgsc` agjwg gmg tcig ctne pnrtgfyggfygfi mcfygtglgf tcmgl vg`cm mgf tcmgl mgpgt mciufglgf uftul pnfn`ctcgf sn`gfoutfyg

ygctu pnrtgfyggf pgmg cfmclgthr jgrig tnrogfilgu, lnprcagmcgf pnfiiufg mgf

lneumgjgf mg`ge pnfiiufggf. Jg` cfc mclgrnfglgf fc`gc r jctufi `nacj lnkc` mgrc 2,;2.

[nmgfilgf uftul uoc rn`cga`ctgs nfge an`gs pnrtgfyggf mg`ge lucschfnr mcfygtglgf

rn`cgan`, lgrnfg fc`gc Krhfagkj G`pjg `nacj ansgr mgrc 2,42. ôc fhreg`ctgs mg`ge

pnfn`ctcgf cfc enfufoullgf agjwg mgtg ygfi pnfn`ctc pnrh`nj tcmgl anrmcstrcausc fhreg`,

lgrnfg fc`gc sci. pgmg [jgpcrh-Yc`l `nacj lnkc` mgrc 2,2>. [njcfiig uftul pnfiuocgf

anmg pnfn`ctc enfiiufglgf uoc stgtcstcl fhf pgrgentrcl ygctu Lruslg` Yg``cs.

Rgmg pnranmggf lgtnihrc pnrsnpsc gtrcaut prhmul enfufoullgf agjwg Sgegjg

enec`clc pnrsnpsc gtrcaut prhmul ygfi pg`cfi agcl mcagfmcfilgf mnfigf pnsgcfifyg,


15/102



ygctu Jhfmg mgf Lgwgsglc. Cfc mgpgt mc`cjgt mgrc rgtg-rgtg tgfiigpgf rnsphfmnf ygfi

enfufoullgf agjwg slhr mgrc snpnmg ehthr sphrt Sgegjg enec`clc slhr ygfi pg`cfi

tcfiic ygctu snansgr ;,:=. Rnrsnpsc gtrcaut prhmul pgmg snpnmg ehthr sphrt Sgegjg cfc

mgpgt mc`cjgt mgrc slhr fc`gc ygfi tcfiic pgmg cfmclgthr lnufiiu`gf enrnl, jgriglhepntctcd, jgrig snsugc lug`ctgs, lug`ctgs, lheufctgs pnfiiufg, pnfijgsc`gf, pnecepcf

prhmul, prhmul ygfi mcinegrc mgf lnfygegfgf. ^ftul snpnmg ehthr sphrt Lgwgsglc

enec`clc slhr ygfi tcfiic pgmg cfmclgthr mnsgcf, wgrfg mnsgcf, kcrc ljgs, prhmul ygfi

mcinegrc, lnsnsugcf dufisc mgf pnfig`gegf egsg `g`u. [nmgfilgf uftul snpnmg ehthr

sphrt Jhfmg jgfyg enec`clc slhr ygfi tcfiic pgmg cfmclgthr jgrig lhepntctcd sgog.

Rg`cfi rnfmgjfyg fc`gc slhr rgtg-rgtg pnrsnpsc snpnmg ehthr sphrt Jhfmg ouig mcmulufi

mnfigf mgtg pnfoug`gf pgmg au`gf Ogfugrc sgepgc Ou`c 127; ygfi enfufoullgf snpnmg

ehthr sphrt Jhfmg anrgmg pgmg phscsc tnrgljcr mgrc lntcig enrnl snpnmg ehthr sphrt

ygfi mctn`ctc pgmg pnfn`ctcgf cfc.

Anrmgsgrlgf jgsc` uoc Lruslg` Yg``cs enfinfgc pnrsnpsc gtrcaut prhmul snpnmg

ehthr sphrt mc Lhtg Egtgrge, agjwg tnrmgpgt pnranmggf pnrsnpsc gtrcaut prhmul pgmglntcig enrnl ehthr ygfi mctn`ctc ygctu Jhfmg, Lgwgsglc mgf Sgegjg. Gmgpuf gtrcaut

prhmul ygfi eneanmglgf pnrsnpsc lntcig enrnl snpnmg ehthr sphrt cfc gmg`gj Z7

(gtrcaut anrwuoum). [nmgfilgf Z1 (gtrcaut tcmgl anrwuoum) mgpgt mclgtglgf enec`lc

lnecrcpgf gtgu knfmnrufi sgeg snsugc mnfigf tgfiigpgf ygfi mcanrclgf h`nj egscfi-

egscfi rnsphfmnf pgmg pnfn`ctcgf cfc.

Gtrcaut prhmul (Z7) enepufygc tcig cfmclgthr ygfi eneanftul gmgfyg

pnranmggf mcgftgrg lntcig enrnl ehthr tnrsnaut gftgrg `gcf ? pnranmggf pgmg cfmclgthr

mnsgcf, anrmgsgrlgf rgtg-rgtg slhr mgrc tgfiigpgf rnsphfmnf agjwg snpnmg ehthr sphrt

Lgwgsglc enec`clc rgtg-rgtg slhr tnrtcfiic ygctu snansgr =,=2. Mcegfg Lgwgsglc

enec`clc mnsgcf ygfi enfgrcl, lgrnfg enfurut rnsphfmnf mnsgcf snpnmg ehthr sphrt

Lgwgsglc sumgj enficlutc pnrlneagfigf ogegf, snjcfiig enfgrcl egsygrglgt uftulenfiiufglgffyg. Cfmclgthr lngfnlgrgigegf mnsgcf wgrfg snpnmg ehthr sphrt,

anrmgsgrlgf rgtg-rgtg slhr mgrc tgfiigpgf rnsphfmnf agjwg snpnmg ehthr sphrt

Lgwgsglc enec`clc rgtg-rgtg slhr tnrtcfiic ygctu snansgr =,7=. Lgrnfg enfurut

rnsphfmnf snpnmg Ehthr sphrt Lgwgsglc enec`lc mnsgcf ygfi anrgige mc`cjgt mgrc

wgrfg-wgrfg ygfi fgturg` mgf enfkh`hl. Cfmclgthr kcrc ljgs, anrmgsgrlgf rgtg-rgtg slhr

mgrc tgfiigpgf rnsphfmnf agjwg snpnmg ehthr sphrt Lgwgsglc enec`clc rgtg-rgtg slhr

tnrtcfiic ygctu snansgr =,;9, lgrnfg kcrc ljgs ygfi mcec`clc snpnmg ehthr sphrt Lgwgsglc

tnr`ntgl pgmg mnsgcf wgrfg ygfi mcec`clc enfkh`hl, shl anlnr ygfi tcfiic mgf agf ygfi

mcmnsgcf uftul snig`g enmgf. Mgrc lntcig cfmclgthr tnrsnaut, mgpgt mcscepu`lgf agjwg

uftul Z7 snpnmg ehthr sphrt Lgwgsglc enec`clc pnranmggf mnfigf lnmug enrnl

snpnmg ehthr sphrt `gcffyg. Mnfigf lgtg `gcf pnrsnpsc gtrcaut anrwuoum snpnmg ehthr

sphrt mc Lhtg Egtgrge mcec`clc h`nj Lgwgsglc ygfi mgpgt eneanmglgf mnfigf snpnmg

ehthr sphrt Jhfmg mgf Sgegjg.

Mgrc jgsc` pnragfmcfigf pnrsnpsc gtrcaut prhmul snpnmg ehthr sphrt mc Lhtg

Egtgrge pgmg lntcig enrnl snpnmg ehthr sphrt, mgpgt mclgtglgf agjwg enrnl snpnmg

ehthr sphrt Lgwgsglc `nacj ufiiu` mcagfmcfilgf mug enrnl snpnmg ehthr sphrt

`gcffyg, ygctu pgmg cfmclgthr-cfmclgthr mgrc gtrcaut anrwuoum. Fgeuf, pgmg jgsc` rgtg-

rgtg tgfiigpgf rnsphfmnf tnrjgmgp pnrsnpsc gtrcaut prhmul snpnmg ehthr sphrt mc Lhtg

Egtgrge ygfi enec`clc fc`gc pg`cfi tcfiic gmg`gj Sgegjg. Ogmc mgpgt mclgtglgf agjwg

mgrc pnrsnpsc gtrcaut prhmul pgmg pnfn`ctcgf cfc, rnsphfmnf pgmg enrnl Lgwgsglc pgmg


16/102



sggt enfiigeac` lnputusgf uftul enean`c enepnrtceagfilgf cfmclgthr-cfmclgthr

ygfi tnrmgpgt pgmg gtrcaut anrwuoum. [nmgfilgf uftul Jhfmg mgf Sgegjg rnsphfmnf

mg`ge enfiigeac` lnputusgf uftul enean`c `nacj en`cjgt mgrc cfmclgthr-cfmclgthr

ygfi tnrmgpgt pgmg gtrcaut tcmgl anrwuoum.Anrmgsgrlgf jgsc` mgf cftnrprntgsc mcgtgs, eglg jcphtnscs pnrtgeg ygfi pnfn`ctc

rueuslgf pgmg pnfn`ctcgf cfc mctnrceg, ygctu agjwg tnrmgpgt pnranmggf pnrsnpsc gtrcaut

prhmul snpnmg ehthr sphrt mc Lhtg Egtgrge. Jcphtnscs lnmug ygfi mcrueuslgf

mctnrceg ygctu gtrcaut prhmul ygfi eneanmglgf lntcig enrnl snpnmg ehthr sphrt mc

Lhtg Egtgrge gmg`gj Z7 ygctu gtrcaut anrwuoum. [nmgfilgf uftul gtrcaut tcmgl

anrwuoum knfmnrufi enec`clc lnsgeggf pnrsnpsc.

TCC. LN[CER^@GF MGF [GQGF 9.7. Lnscepu`gf

Lnscepu`gf mgrc jgsc` pnfn`ctcgf tnftgfi pnrsnpsc gtrcaut prhmul snpnmg ehthr

sphrt mc Lhtg Egtgrge gmg`gj snagigc anrclut ?7. Gmg pnranmggf pnrsnpsc gtrcaut prhmul snpnmg ehthr sphrt Jhfmg, Lgwgsglc mgf

Sgegjg.

1. Gtrcaut prhmul ygfi eneanmglgf pnrsnpsc lntcig onfcs enrnl snpnmg ehthr sphrt pgmg pnfn`ctcgf cfc gmg`gj Z7 (gtrcaut anrwuoum). [nmgfilgf Z1 (gtrcaut tcmgl

anrwuoum) enec`clc lnecrcpgf gtgu knfmnrufi sgeg. Mgrc lntcig enrnl snpnmg

ehthr sphrt mc Lhtg Egtgrge, snpnmg ehthr sphrt ygfi enec`clc pnrsnpsc gtrcaut

prhmul ygfi pg`cfi agcl gmg`gj snpnmg ehthr sphrt Sgegjg..

9.1. [grgf[nsugc lnscepu`gf mgf jgsc` pnfn`ctcgf, eglg mgpgt mcanrclgf sgrgf snagigc

anrclut ?7. Anrmgsglgf jgsc` ygfi mcpnrh`nj tnrjgmgp gtrcaut prhmul, eglg mgpgt mclntgjuc

agjwg snpnmg ehthr sphrt Jhfmg enec`clc slhr rgtg-rgtg pnrsnpsc gtrcaut prhmul

ygfi pg`cfi rnfmgj mcagfmcfilgf enrnl snpnmg ehthr sphrt `gcffyg. Eglg uftul

enfijgmgpc pnrsgcfigf cfc, Jhfmg mgpgt enfcfilgtlgf cfhvgscfyg pgmg gtrcaut

anrwuoum egupuf gtrcaut tcmgl anrwuoum, ygctu mnfigf enepnrtceagfilgf

lnufiiu`gf-lnufiiu`gf ygfi mcec`clc h`nj pnsgcfifyg.

1. Sgegjg snagigc pnecepcf prhmul jgrus enfkcptglgf mgf enfcfilgtlgf cfhvgsc-cfhvgscfyg pgmg gtrcaut anrwuoum. Lgrnfg enfurut pnrsnpsc tnrjgmgp gtrcaut prhmul

Sgegjg tcmgl enec`clc pnranmggf pgmg gtrcaut anrwuoum, pgmgjg` oclg mc`cjgt mgrc

mgtg pnfoug`gffyg Sgegjg enrupglgf pnecepcf prhmul snpnmg ehthr sphrt mc

Lhtg Egtgrge.

;. Enficfigt gmgfyg lntnragtgsgf-lntnragtgsgf ygfi mctneulgf gigr mgpgt mcogmclgfsueanr cmn mgf egsulgf agic pnfineagfigf pnfn`ctcgf mc egsg ygfi glgf mgtgfi,

ygctu mnfigf enfgeagj rnsphfmnf pgmg pnfn`ctcgf snjcfiig mgpgt enfijcfmgrc mgtg

ygfi tcmgl fhreg`.


17/102

Ourfg` Nlhfhec mgf Acsfcs, Oc`cm 1 Fhehr 9, Mnsneanr 127= 7;


MGD]GQ R^[]GLG

Gfhfce. 1271. Egtgrge Mg`ge Gfilg 1271. AR[ Lhtg Egtgrge.Grclufth, [ujgrscec. 1221. Rrhsnmur Rnfn`ctcgf [ugtu Rnfmnlgtgf Rrgltnl. R] Qcfnlg

Kcptg, Oglgrtg.

Aceh Ygìcth. 1221. Rnfigftgr Rsclh`hic êue.Shiyglgrtg, Gfmc Hddsnt.

Mnwc, mll. 127;. Rnrsnpsc Lhfsuenf tnrjgmgp Anrgs Hrigfcl mgf Gfhrigfcl mc ]hlh

[gtvclg Ahig [gfur Mnfpgsgr .

Monffy mgf ]gegrg. 1224. Gfg`cscs Rnrsnpsc Lhfsuenf tnrjgmgp [npnmg Ehthr Egtck

Jhfmg Angt, Sgegjg Ech mgf [uzulc [pcf mnfigf Enfiiufglgf Rnrknptug`

Egppcfi.

Dnarcgftc mgf [ntygwgf. 1224. Gfg`cscs Jgrgpgf mgf Rnrsnpsc Lhfsuenf tnrjgmgp Mcenfsc Jhtn` Acftgfi @ceg mc [urgagyg.

Icthsumgreh, Cfmrcyh. 122:. Egfgonenf Rnegsgrgf, Nmcsc Lnmug. ARDN, Shiyglgrtg.

Lrcstcgfg mgf Ygjyumcf. 1271. Rnfigruj Gtrcaut Rrhmul tnrjgmgp Ecfgt an`c

Lhfsuenf Ehac` Enrnl Csuzu N@D [tumc Rgmg R]. Lgryg _crgfi ^tgeg Csuzu

[negrgfi.

Lht`nr, Rjc`cp. 1221. Egfgonenf Rnegsgrg, Oc`cm CC. Gfmc, Shioglgrtg.

Lht`nr, Rjc`cp. 122;. Egfgonenf Rnegsgrgf, Nmcsc Lnsnan`gs. Cfmnls ln`hephl

Irgenmcg, Oglgrtg.

Qntfhwgtc, Ynfc. 1272. Rnfigruj Gtrcaut Rrhmul tnrjgmgp Lnputusgf Lhfsuenf

mg`ge Rnean`cgf [npnmg Ehthr Enrnl Sgegjg pgmg R]. Qhmgsgltc [urygrgyg

@heahl. Rrhirge [tumc Egicstnr Egfgonenf. Rrhirge Rgskgsgrogfg

^fcvnrsctgs Egtgrge, Egtgrge.

[gfthsh, [cfiicj mgf Dgfmc ]ocpthfh. 1227. Qcsnt Rnegsgrgf Lhfsnp mgf Gp`clgsc

Mnfigf [R[[. R]. N`nx Enmcg Lheputcfmh, Oglgrtg.

[kjcddegf mgf Lgful. 1229. Rnrc`glu Lhfsuenf, Nmcsc Lnmug. R]. Cfmnls. Irgenmcg,

Oglgrtg.

[ntcgmc, Fuirhjh O. 122;. Rnrc`glu Lhfsuenf? Lhfsnp mgf Cep`clgsc uftul [trgtnic mgf

Rnfn`ctcgf Rnegsgrgf, Kntglgf Lnmug. Rrnfgtg Enmcg, Oglgrtg.

[uicyhfh. 1224. Enthmn Rnfn`ctcgf Acsfcs. G`dgantg, Agfmufi.

[uicyhfh. 1229. Enthmn Rnfn`ctcgf Acsfcs. G`dgantg, Agfmufi.

[ujgrygmc, Rurwggfth [.L. 122;. [tgtcstcl ^ftul Nlhfhec mgf Lnugfigf Eglrh Oc`cm C.

[g`neag Nepgt.

]ocpthfh. 122:. [trgtnic Acsfcs Rnegsgrgf. Gfmc, Shiyglgrtg.

[nlgrgf, êg. 1224. Enthmn Rnfn`ctcgf Acsfcs. [g`neag Nepgt, Oglgrtg.

Ycmhmh. 1223. Enthmn Rnfn`ctcgf Lugftctgtcd. @RR ^F[ mgf ^F[ Rrnss, [urglgrtg.


18/102

Ourfg` Nlhfhec mgf Acsfcs, Oc`cm 1 Fhehr 9, Mnsneanr 127= 7=


RNFIGQ^J EH]CTG[C MGF MC[CR@CF

]NQJGMGR LCFNQOG I^Q^ [MF 4 [C@G LGA^RG]NF ACEG F]A

]GJ^F 127=

H`nj ?

Ygjyu Jgrygmc

GA[]QGL

Rnfn`ctcgf ygfi anrtuougf uftul eneaultclgf gpglgj ehtcvgsc mgf mcscp`cf tnrsnaut

anfgr-anfgr enepufygc pnfigruj tnrjgmgp lcfnrog iuru cfc mc`glulgf mnfigf

en`cagtlgf snùruj iuru [MF 4 [c`g Lgaupgtnf Aceg F]A, snagfygl ;1 hrgfi. ]nlfcl

gfg`cscs ygfi mciufglgf mg`ge pnfn`ctcgf cfc gmg`gj mnfigf enthmn Gfg`cscs Qnirnsc

@cfcnr Anrigfmg. Mgtg mcluepu`lgf mnfigf gfilnt, ygfi tnr`nacj mgjuù mcuoc vg`cmctgsmgf rn`cgac`ctgsfyg. Jgsc` gfg`cscs snkgrg lnsnùrujgf enfufoulgf, snkgrg snrnftgl

ehtcvgsc mgf mcscp`cf enepufygc pnfigruj ygfi lugt mgf scifcdclgf (Q1 5 2,439

mnfigf tgrgd scifcdclgfsc 2,222). [nkgrg pgrscg` (cfmcvcmug`) ehtcvgsc mgf mcscp`cf

enepufygc pnfigruj ygfi scifcdclgf, lgrnfg jgsc` mgrc uoc t mcpnrh`nj tgrgd

scifcdclgfsc 0 2,2>. Dglthr mcscp`cf enrupglgf vgrcgan` ygfi pg`cfi lugt (mhecfgf)

pnfigrujfyg tnrjgmgp lcfnrog iuru. Jgsc` cfc eneanrc grtc agjwg ehtcvgsc mgf mcscp`cf

enfogmc sg`gj sgtu dglthr gtgu agicgf pnftcfi mg`ge enfmulufi tnrkcptgfyg lcfnrog

iuru ygfi agcl tnrutgeg mc [MF 4 [c`g Aceg.Anrmgsgrlgf tneugf ctu mcsgrgflgf

lnpgmg pcepcfgf [MF 4 [c`g Aceg uftul tnrus enfcfilgtlgf dglthr-dglthr pneagfiuf

ehtcvgsc lnrog mgf lnmcscp`cfgf.

Lgtg Lufkc? E htcvgsc, Mcscp`c f Mgf Lcfnro g


^fmgfi-ufmgfi Fhehr 12 ]gjuf 122; tnftgfi [cstne Rnfmcmclgf Fgschfg`

enfynautlgf agjwg pnfmcmclgf fgschfg` anrtuougf uftul enfineagfilgf lnegepugf

mgf eneanftul wgtgl snrtg pnrgmgpgf agfisg, ygfi anregrtgagt mg`ge rgfilg

enfknrmgslgf lnjcmupgf agfisg, anrtuougf uftul anrlneagfifyg phtnfsc pnsnrtg mcmcl

gigr enfogmc egfuscg ygfi anrcegf mgf anrtgqwg lnpgmg ]ujgf Sgfi Egjg Nsg,

anrglj`gl eu`cg, snjgt, anrcèu, kglgp, lrngtcd, egfmcrc mgf enfogmc wgrig Fnigrg ygfi

mnehlrgtcs snrtg anrtgfiiufi ogwga.

[ugtu usgjg enfycgplgf sueanr mgyg egfuscg ygfi anrlug`ctgs snpnrtc ygfi

tnrlgfmufi mg`ge tuougf pnfmcmclgf fgschfg` mcgtgs, eglg lug`ctgs pnfmcmclgf mc

Cfmhfnscg jgrus sn`gù mctcfilgtlgf. Rnfcfilgtgf lug`ctgs pnfmcmclgf tnftufyg jgrus

mcmulufi mnfigf gmgfyg pnfcfilgtgf lug`ctgs tnfgig lnpnfmcmclgffyg. Gmgpuf ygfi

mceglsum mnfigf tnfgig lnpnfmcmclgf enrupglgf sugtu lhephfnf ygfi pnftcfi mg`ge

pnfyn`nfiigrggf pnfmcmclgf, ygfi anrtuigs enfyn`nfiigrglgf lnicgtgf enfigogr,

en`gtcj, enfn`ctc, enfineagfilgf, enfin`h`g mgf eneanrclgf pn`gygfgf tnlfcs mg`ge

acmgfi lnpnfmcmclgf (Jgeg`cl 122;? 3).


19/102

Ourfg` Nlhfhec mgf Acsfcs, Oc`cm 1 Fhehr 9, Mnsneanr 127= 7>


^ftul enfihptceg`lgf lnrog iuru, eglg jnfmglfyg mg`ge mcrc iuru gmg

snegfigt lnrog ygfi mcpnrh`nj sn`geg cfc, snjcfiig glgf eneanrclgf ehtcvgsc ygfi

lugt agic pnfyn`nsgcgf tuigs-tuigsfyg. Iuru mgpgt mc`cjgt snagigc sugtu gsnt [ueanr

Mgyg Egfuscg ygfi enenrùlgf pnfin`h`ggf snkgrg agcl, anrmgyg iufg mgf anrjgscìufg.

Iuru enrupglgf tnfgig lnpnfmcmclgf ygfi enec`clc tuigs utgeg uftul

enfmcmcl, enfigogr, en`gtcj, snrtg enfigrgjlgf pnsnrtg mcmcl gigr enec`clc lnscgpgf

mg`ge enfijgmgpc pnrsgcfigf i`hag` ygfi sneglcf lntgt mnfigf agfisg `gcf. H`nj

lgrnfg ctu lnmumulgf iuru snagigc tnfgig prhdnsschfg` sgfigt`gj pnftcfi mg`ge

tnrwuoumfyg vcsc mgf ecsc pnfyn`nfiigrggf pnean`gogrgf pgmg sgtugf pnfmcmclgf

mcegfg cg en`glsgfglgf tuigsfyg.

Iuru prhdnschfg` gmg`gj iuru ygfi enfinmnpgflgf eutu mgf lug`ctgs `gygfgf

mgf prhmulfyg, `gygfgf iuru jgrus enenfujc stgfmgrcsgsc lnautujgf egsygrglgt,

agfisg, mgf pnfiiufg snrtg eneglsceg`lgf lnegepugf pnsnrtg mcmcl anrmgsgrlgf

phtnfsc mgf lnkglgpgf ygfi mcec`clc egscfi-egscfi cfmcvcmu. ^ftul enfogmc iuru ygfi prhdnschfg` jgrus enec`clc ananrgpg lhepntnfsc iuru ygfi en`cputc lhepntnfsc

lnprcagmcgf, lhepntnfsc pnmgihicl, lhepntnfsc prhdnsschfg` mgf lhepntnfsc shscg`.

[neug lhepntnfsc tnrsnaut jgrus mcec`clc h`nj snhrgfi iuru mg`ge en`glulgf lnicgtgf

enfigogr mc snlh`gj. Iuru ygfi anreutu gmg`gj iuru ygfi prhdnschfg` mg`ge

pnlnroggffyg lgrnfg iuru ygfi prhdnschfg` snfgftcgsg mgpgt enfcfilgtlgf lug`ctgsfyg.

H`nj lgrnfg ctu snhrgfi iuru jgrus egepu enfiugsgc lhepntnfsc tnrsnaut snjcfiig

pnsnrtg mcmcl mgpgt mnfigf eumgj enfynrgp cèu ygfi mcmgpgt.

Iuru enec`clc pnrgf ygfi sgfigt ansgr mg`ge pnfmcmclgf, mcpufmglfyg

mcanagfc sugtu tgfiiufi ogwga gtgs eutu pnfmcmclgf. Eglg mgrc ctu iuru jgrus

enfineagfilgf mcrcfyg mnfigf cèu pnfintgjugf mgf lntnrgepc`gf-lntnrgepc`gf ygfi

mcautujlgf mg`ge pnean`gogrgf. [nlh`gj snlgrgfi sumgj mcjgmgplgf pgmg pnrsgcfigfmgf tnlfh`hic ygfi tcmgl anrsnlg`g fgschfg` glgf tntgpc sumgj cftnrfgschfg`, agcl

snlh`gj fninrc egupuf swgstg. Eglg mgrc ctu prhdnschfg`ctgs snhrgfi iuru jgrus mcclutc

h`nj ehtcvgsc lnrog iuru mg`ge enfineagfilgf lurcluùe mcsnlh`gj glgf anriufg,

gpgac`g iuru enepufygc lncficfgf, anrtgfiiufi ogwga, ecfgt, pnfijgriggf mgf

enfcfilgtlgf mcrcfyg mg`ge en`glsgfglgf tuigs lnicgtgf enfigogr. Mneclcgf jg`fyg

mnfigf lcfnrog iuru mctnftulgf h`nj tcfilgt snogujegfg prhdnschfg`cen iuru, ehtcvgsc

mgf `cfilufigf lnrogfyg. Jg` cfc`gj ygfi en`gtgr an`glgfic pnfn`ctc enfigeac` oumu`

Rnfigruj ehtcvgsc mgf mcscp`cf tnrjgmgp lcfnrog iuru [MF 4 [c`g Lgaupgtnf Aceg

F]A ]gjuf 127=.

7.1. Queusgf egsg`gjAnrmgsgrlgf urgcgf mcgtgs, eglg pnrù mcgfg`cscs snoguj egfg pnfigruj

ehtcvgsc mgf mcscp`cf mcmg`ge enfcfilgtlgf lcfnrog iuru. Iuru glgf anlnrog mnfigf

agcl gpgac`g gmg ehtcvgsc ygfi enfmhrhfi uftul enfkgpgc tuougf ygfi mccficflgf mgf

gmgfyg lnmcscp`cfgf mg`ge anlnrog. Mc`cjgt mgrc pnregsg`gjgf tnrsnaut, eglg rueusgf

egsg`gj mg`ge pnfn`ctcgf cfc gmg`gj?

7. Gpglgj gmg pnfigruj ehtcvgsc mgf mcscp`cf tnrjgmgp lcfnrog iuru [MF 4 [c`g Aceg F]A agcl snkgrg sceu`tgf egupuf snkgrg pgrscg`8

1. Dglthr egfglgj mgrc ehtcvgsc mgf mcscp`cf ygfi pg`cfi anrpnfigruj tnrjgmgp lcfnrogiuru [MF 4 [c`g Aceg F]A8


20/102



7.;. ]uougf Rnfn`ctcgfGmgpuf tuougf ygfi cficf mckgpgc mg`ge pnfn`ctcgf cfc gmg`gj?

7. ^ftul enfintgjuc pnfigruj ehtcvgsc mgf mcscp`cf tnrjgmgp lcfnrog iuru [MF 4 [c`g

Aceg F]A agcl snkgrg sceu`tgf egupuf snkgrg pgrscg`1. ^ftul enfintgjuc dglthr egfglgj mgrc ehtcvgsc mgf mcscp`cf ygfi pg`cfi

anrpnfigruj tnrjgmgp lcfnrog iuru [MF 4 [c`g Aceg F]A

CC. ]CFOG^GF R^[]GLG1.7. Rnfn`ctcgf [nan`uefyg7. Ageagfi Iufgwgf, 733: mnfigf oumu`? Gfg`cscs pnfigruj ehtcvgsc tnrjgmgp

lnpugsgf lnrog lgrygwgf Gmecfcstrgsc Jhtn` Eutcgrg mc Shiyglgrtg. Mgrc jgsc`

pnfn`ctcgf cfc mclntgjuc agjwg pnfigruj ehtcvgsc lnrog tnrjgmgp lnpugsgf lnrog

lgrygwgf gmecfcstrgsc sgfigt lugt mgf scifcdclgf, jg` cfc anrgrtc enfufoullgf antgpg

pnftcfifyg pnrjgtcgf ygfi mcsnrtgc pneanrcgf ehtcvgsc mgrc snhrgfi pcepcfgf sugtu

hrigfcsgsc (pnrusgjggf) tnrjgmgp tcfilgt lnpugsgf pgrg lgrygwgffyg. Mnfigf pnrjgtcgf ygfi agcl tnftufyg glgf eneanrclgf glcagt ygfi agcl pu`g uftul lnmug

an`gj pcjgl

1. Enssg Enmcg Iustc (1272) Rnfigruj Lnmcscp`cfgf, Ehtcvgsc Lnrog, Mgf RnrsnpscIuru ]nftgfi Lnpnecepcfgf Lnpg`g [nlh`gj ]nrjgmgp Lcfnrog Iuru [ELF 7

Rurwhrnoh Rgskg [nrtcdclgsc.

Rnfn`ctcgf cfc anrtuougf uftul enfintgjuc pnfigruj lnmcscp`cfgf, ehtcvgsc lnrog, mgf

pnrsnpsc iuru tnftgfi lnpnecepcfgf lnpg`g snlh`gj tnrjgmgp lcfnrog iuru [ELF 7

Rurwhrnoh pgskg snrtcdclgsc. ]nlfcl gfg`cscs mgtg ygfi mciufglgf gmg`gj tnlfcl

gfg`cscs rnirnsc igfmg mnfigf tgrgd scifcdclgf >%. Jgsc` pnfn`ctcgf enfufoullgf

agjwg? (7) ]cmgl tnrmgpgt pnfigruj ygfi scifcdclgf gftgrg mcscp`cf lnrog tnrjgmgp

lcfnrog iuru mc [ELF 7 Rurwhrnoh pgskg snrtcdclgsc, mnfigf tcfilgt pnfigrujvgrcga`n lnmcscp`cfgf snansgr 2,724< (1) ]cmgl tnrmgpgt pnfigruj ygfi scifcdclgf

gftgrg Ehtcvgsc lnrog tnrjgmgp lcfnrog iuru mc [ELF 7 Rurwhrnoh pgskg snrtdclgsc,

mnfigf tcfilgt pnfigruj vgrcga`n Ehtcvgsc lnrog snansgr 2,29=< (;) ]cmgl tnrmgpgt

pnfigruj ygfi scifcdclgf gftgrg pnrsnpsc iuru tnftgfi lnpnecepcfge lnpg`g

snlh`gj tnrjgmgp lcfnrog iuru mc [ELF 7 Rurwhrnoh pgskg snrtcdclgsc, mnfigf

tcfilgt pnfigruj pnrsnpsc iuru tnftgfi lnpnecepcfge lnpg`g snlh`gj snansgr 2,219<

(=) ]nrmgpgt juaufigf ygfi scifcdclgf gftgrg vgrcgan` mcscp`cf lnrog, ehtcvgsc lnrog,

mgf pnrsnpsc iuru tnftgfi lnpnecepcfge lnpg`g snlh`gj snkgrg sceu`tgf tnrjgmgp

lcfnrog iuru mc [ELF 7 Rurwhrnoh pgskg snrtdclgsc, mnfigf tcfilgt pnfigruj snansgr

2,71;.

;. Gergf (1223) Rnfigruj Mcscp`cf Lnrog ]nrjgmgp Lcfnrog Rnigwgc LgfthrMnpgrtnenf [hscg` Lgaupgtnf Ihrhftg`h.

Rnfn`ctcgf cfc tuougffyg uftul enfintgjuc ansgrfyg pnfigruj mcscp`cf lnrog tnrjgmgp

lcfnrog pnigwgc snkgrg pgrscg` mgf snkgrg sceu`tgf. Ansgrfyg pnfigruj mcgfg`cscs

snkgrg mnslrcptcd mgf stgtcstcl mnfigf enthmn pgtj gfg`csys mnfigf agftugf

lheputnr prhirge [R[[ vnrsc 7;. Enthmn pnfgrclgf mgtg eu`gc mgrc pnfntgpgf

sgepn` ygctu enthmn snfsus ygfi tnrmcrc mgrc 72 pnigwgc en`g`uc pnfynagrgf

lunschfnr mgf sgepgc pnfih`gjgf mgtg. Jgsc` pnfn`ctcgf enfufoullgf agjwg

pnfigruj pn`gtcjgf enec`clc pnfigruj thtg` tnrjgmgp lcfnrog snansgr =2,93% yglfc

anrgmg pgmg lgtnihrc rnfmgj mgf ehtcvgsc enec`clc pnfigruj thtg` tnrjgmgp lcfnrog


21/102



snansgr >:,=2% gtgu anrgmg pgmg lgtnihrc snmgfi. [nmgfilgf ansgrfyg lhftrcausc

vgrcgan` mcscp`cf lnrog tnrjgmgp lcfnrog gmg`gj snansgr 92,73% gtgu 79,:7 mctnftulgf

h`nj vgrcgan` `gcf.

1.1. @gfmgsgf ]nhrc1.1.7. ]nhrc Ehtcvgsc

Ehtcvgsc anrgsg` mgrc lgtg `gtcf ehvnrn ygfi anrgrtc mhrhfigf gtgu

enfiinrgllgf. Ehtcvgsc mg`ge egfgonenf jgfyg mctuoulgf pgmg sueanrmgyg egfuscg

ueuefyg mgf agwgjgf ljususfyg. Ehtcvgsc enepnrshg`lgf agigcegfg kgrgfyg

enfigrgjlgf mgyg mgf phtnfsc agwgjgf gigr egu anlnrogsgeg snkgrg prhmultcd

anrjgsc` enfkgpgc mgf enwuoumlgf tuougf ygfi tn`gj mctnftulgf.

Rnftcfifyg ehtcvgsc lgrnfg ehtcvgsc gmg`gj jg` ygfi enfynagalgf,

enfyg`urlgf, mgf enfmulufi pnrc`glu egfuscg supgyg egu anlnrog icgt mgf gftuscgs

enfkgpgc jgsc` ygfi eglsceg`. Ehtcvgsc sneglcf pnftcfi lgrnfg egfgonr eneagiclgf

pnlnroggf pgmg agwgjgffyg uftul mclnroglgf mnfigf agcl mgf tnrcftnirgsc lnpgmgtuougf ygfi mccficflgf.

Rntnrshf mgf R`hwegf enfigtglgf agjwg hrgfi egu anlnrog lgrnfg dglthr-

dglthr anrclut?

g. ]jn Mnscrn th @cvn (lncficfgf uftl jcmup) a. ]jn Mnscrn dhr phsctchf (lncficfgf uftl sugtu phscsc)k. ]jn Mnscrn dhr phwnr (lncficfgf glgf lnlugsggf )m. ]jn Mnscrn dhr rnkhifgtchf (lncficfgf glgf pnfiglugf)

Lnautujgf-lnautujgf ygfi mcpugslgf mnfigf anlnrog enfygfilut jg`-jg`

anrclut?

g. Lnautujgf dcscl mgf lngegfgf

Lnautujgf cfc enfygfilut lnpugsgf lnautujgf dcscl/ac`hics, snpnrtc eglgf,ecfue, pnruegjgf, snls, mgf snegkgefyg, mcsgepcfi lnautujgf glgf rgsg gegf

mg`ge enfclegtcfyg

a. Lnautujgf shscg`Lnautujgf cfc gmg`gj lnautujgf ygfi tnrpugslgf lgrnfg enepnrh`nj pnfiglugf,

stgtus, mcjhregtc, mctnrceg, snrtg mcsnigfc mg`ge pnrigu`gf egsygrglgt.

k. Lnautujgf nihcstclGmg`gj lnautujgf lnpugsgf ygfi anrjuaufigf mnfigf lnanagsgf hrgfi uftul

enfinroglgf snfmcrc sugtu pnlnroggf snjcfiig pugs lgrnfg anrjgsc`

enfyn`nsgclgffyg.

1.1.1. Mcscp`cf Lnrog[cswgfth [gstrhjgmcwcryh (122>?137) enfmndcfcsclgf mcscp`cf lnrog snagigc

sugtu sclgp enfijhregtc, enfijgrigc, pgtuj, mgf tggt tnrjgmgp pnrgturgf-pnrgturgf

ygfi anr`glu, agcl ygfi tnrtu`cs egupuf tcmgl tnrtu`cs snrtg sgfiiup enfog`gflgffyg

mgf tcmgl enfin`gl uftul enfnrceg sgflsc-sgflscfyg gpgac`g cg en`gfiigr tuigs mgf

wnwnfgfi ygfi mcanrclgf lnpgmgfyg. Lnr`cfinr mgf Rgjgzur (Egrohfh 1229?9),

enfineulglgf, ueuefyg mcscp`cf ygfi agcl tnrmgpgt gpgac`g snnhrgfi mgtgfi ln

lgfthr mnfigf tnrgtur mgf tnpgt wgltu, gpgac`g enrnlg anrpglgcgf snrag agcl pgmg

tnepgt pnlnroggffyg, gpgac`g enrnlg enfiiufglgf agjgf-agjgf mgf pnr`nfilgpgf


22/102

Ourfg` Nlhfhec mgf Acsfcs, Oc`cm 1 Fhehr 9, Mnsneanr 127= 7:


mnfigf jgtc-jgtc, gpgac`g enrnlg enfijgsc`lgf oue`gj mgf lug`ctgs pnlnroggf ygfi

eneugslgf mgf enficlutc kgrg - kgrg lnrog ygfi mctnftulgf.

Anrmgsgrlgf urgcgf mcgtgs pnfu`cs enfycepu`lgf agjwg mcscp`cf lnrog gmg`gj

sugtu lngmggf mcegfg sntcgp cfmcvcmu eg`glsgfglgf pnrgturgf ygfi anr`glu mnfigfsnenstcfyg snrtg tcmgl gmgfyg pn`gfiigrgf tnrjgmgp pnrgturgf tnrsnaut agcl snkgrg

`gfisufi egpuf tcmgl `gfisufi. Cfmclgthr mcscp`cf lnrog mg`ge pnfn`ctcgf cfc gmg`gj? (7)

tgfiiufiogwga mg`ge pnlnroggf mgf tuigs, (1) lntggtgf tnrjgmgp pnrgturgf ygfi tn`gj

mctntgplgf, (;) pnfiiufggf wgltu snkgrg ndnltcd.

1.1.;. LcfnrogQhaacfs (1227?:7) ygfi mclutcp h`nj Ycmcygfcfiscj (1223?;7) enfigtglgf

agjwg lcfnrog tnrlgct mnfigf ehtcvgsc. Grtcfyg, uftul eneglsceg`lgf ehtcvgsc, hrgfi

pnrù enrgsg agjwg usgjg ygfi tn`gj enrnlg `glulgf enfijgsc`lgf nvgùgsc lcfnrog

ygfi agcl mgf agjwg nvgùgsc ygfi agcl glgf eneanrclgf ceag`gf ygfi anrgrtc agic

enrnlg. Ac`g tuougf ygfi mckgpgc tcmgl on`gs, mgf lrctnrcg uftul enfiulur tuougf-tuougfctu sgegrg-sgegr, snrtg tcmgl yglcf agjwg usgjgfyg glgf enfijgsc`lgf pnfc`gcgf

lcfnrog ygfi eneugslgf gtgu yglcf agjwg ceag`gf agic lcfnrog ygfi agcl tcmgl glgf

eneugslgf, eglg acsg mcmuig agjwg snsnhrgfi glgf anlnrog mcagwgj phtnfscfyg.

Lcfnrog lgrygwgf ouig mcpnfigrujc h`nj snanrgpg yglcf ygfi anrsgfilutgf glgf

enfmgpgtlgf nvgùgsc lcfnrog ygfi agcl snrtg snanrgpg ansgr nvgùgsc jgsc` lcfnrog ygfi

agcl ctu acsg eneanrclgf ceag`gf ygfi agcl pu`g. ^lurgf mgf tuougf nvgùgsc ygfi

lhfscstnf mgf on`gs ouig glgf enepnfigrujc lcfnrog lgrygwgf uftul anlnrog snsugc

mnfigf phtnfsc enrnlg.

Ogmc, lcfnrog sntcgp ufct lnrog jgrus`gj mculur mnfigf enthmn stgtcstcl,

ljususfyg tnftgfi eutu sugtu prhmulsc. Rgrg egfgonr jgrus enfnrceg tgfiiufi ogwga

gtgs lcfnrog agwgjgffyg. H`nj lgrnfg ctu pgrg egfgonr jgrus sn`gù enehfcthr lcfnrogsntcgp agwgjgffyg anrmgsgrlgf lnfmg`c snkgrg stgtcstcl ( stgtcstckg` khftrh` ). Kgrg

snmnrjgfg uftul enfc`gc lcfnrog pnrhrgfigf, gmg`gj?

Lcfnrog 5 Lnegepugf (Lgpgsctgs) + Ehtcvgsc

Lnegepugf mgrc snsnhrgfi mgpgt mc`cjgt mgrc lngj`cgf gtgu slc`` ygfi mcec`clc

h`nj hrgfi tnrsnaut. Mgf lngj`cgf tnrsnaut glgf mcpnfigrujc h`nj `gtgr an`glgfi

pnfmcmclgf mgf pnfig`gegf ygfi mcmgpgt sn`geg cfc. Fgeuf mneclcgf, ehtcvgsc mgf

lnegugf mgrc snsnhrgfi uftul an`gogr sgeac` anlnrog (`ngrfcfi ay mhcfi ) enrupglgf

dglthr `gcf ygfi sgfigt enepnfigrujc lngfmg`gffyg. Qhaacf mg`ge Qcvgc (122>)

ygfi mclutcp h`nj Ycmcygfcfiscj (1223. Kgtgtgf rnputgsc snagigc egoclgf tnrjgmgp pgrg lgrygwgf


23/102



4. Rhtnfsc pnrusgjggf uftul tueauj mgf anrlneagfi mc egsg ygfi glgf mgtgfi9. Ntclg mgf lnouourgf (jhfnsty)

Anrmgsgrlgf pnfinrtcgf lcfnrog mcgtgs mgpgt mcscepu`lgf agjwg lcfnrog gmg`gj

jgsc` lnrog ygfi mckgpgc snsnhrgfi mg`ge en`glsgfglgf tuigs. Enfurut Mnss`nr(7339?>=) gmg > (`ceg) dglthr mg`ge pnfc`gc lcfnrog ygfi phpu`gr ygctu?

7. Lug`ctgs pnlnroggf, en`cputc glurgsc, lntn`ctcgf, pnfgepc`gf mgf pnfnrceggflnùgrgf.

1. Lugftctgs pnlnroggf, en`cputc vhùen lnùgrgf mgf lhftrcausc;. [upnrvcsc ygfi mcpnrùlgf, en`cputc eneautujlgf sgrgf, grgjgf gtgu pnragclgf=. Lnjgmcrgf, en`cputc? rniu`grctgs, mgpgt mcpnrkgyg/mcjgfmg`lgf mgf lntnpgtgf wgltu>. Lhfsnrvgsc, en`cputc? pnfknigjgf, pneahrhsgf, lnrusglgf mgf pnen`cjgrggf

pnrg`gtgf.

[cstne pnfc`gcgf lcfnrog enfurut Jgfmhlh (733:) tnrmgpgt 72 scdgt ygfi pg`cfi

ueue ygfi mcfc`gc mgrc hrgfi ygfi enenigfi phscsc pcepcfgf cg`gj ? (7) Lfhw`nmin

Hd Oha, (1) Khhpnrgtchf, (;) Mnpnfmgac`cty, (=) Wug`cty Hd Yhrl, (>) Ouminenft, (4) Cfctcgtcvn, (:) Wugftcty Hd Yhrl, (3) @ngmnrsjcp, (72) R`gffcfi Gfm Hrigfczcfi, (72)

Jng`tj.

CCC. LNQGFILG LHF[NR]^G@

Igeagr 7.

Lnrgfilg Lhfsnptug`

CT. EN]HMN RNFN@C]CGF=.7. Onfcs Rnfn`ctcgf

Mc`cjgt mgrc agigcegfg pnfn`ctcgf cfc mc`glulgf, eglg pnfn`ctcgf cfc mgpgt

mcln`hephllgf lnmg`ge pnfn`ctcgf survnc, mcegfg phlhl ygfi mcpnrùlgf,

mcluepu`lgf mgrc rnsphfmnf mnfigf enfiiufglgf lunschfnr tgfpg eneanrclgf

pnr`glugf pgmg suaynl pnfn`ctcgf. Mc`cjgt mgrc ehmn` egsg`gjfyg, eglg pnfn`ctcgf cfc

mgpgt mcln`hephllgf ln mg`ge pnfn`ctcgf rn`gschfg`, ygctu pnfn`ctcgf ygfi glgf

enfon`gslgf pnfigruj mgrc sgtu vgrcgan` ln vgrcga`n ygfi `gcffyg.

=.1. Onfcs mgf [ueanr MgtgRgmg mgsgrfyg mc`cjgt mgrc sueanrfyg, mgtg mgpgt mcanmglgf enfogmc mug, ygctu?

7. Mgtg Rrcenr.Mgtg prcenr gmg`gj mgtg ygfi pnrtgeg lg`c mgf `gfisufi mcpnrh`nj h`nj pnfn`ctc mgrc

sueanrfyg (suaynl). Enfurut Mogrwgfth mgf [uagiyh, 733:


24/102



mcluepu`lgf mgf mch`gj snfmcrc h`nj pnfn`ctc gtgu pnrsnhrgfigf `gfisufi mgrc

suaynlfyg, ygctu iuru [MF 4 [c`g Aceg.

1. Mgtg [nlufmnr.

Mgtg snlufmnr enrupglgf sueanr mgtg pnfn`ctcgf ygfi mcpnrh`nj snkgrg tcmgl`gfisufi en`gùc enmcg pnrgftgrg gtgu mcpnrh`nj mgf mckgtgt h`nj pcjgl `gcf

([uicyhfh, 7333 irgmgsc (tcfilgtgf). uftul pnrfygtggf ygfi sgfigt tcfiic

mcanrc slhr > mgf uftul pnrfygtggf ygfi sgfigt rnfmgj mcanrc slhr 7.

=.=. Mndcfcsc Hpnrgschfg` Tgrcgan`Rnfn`ctcgf enfiiufglgf ananrgpg vgrcgan`, gigr `nacj on`gs mcurgclgf

hpnrgschfg` vgrcgan` pnfn`ctcgf snagigc anrclut ?

7. Ehtcvgsc (Z7) gmg`gj snagigc lngmggf ygfi enfmhrhfi lncficfgf cfmcvcmu iuru[MF 4 [c`g Aceg uftul en`glulgf lnicgtgf-lnicgtgf tnrtnftu uftul enfkgpgc

lncficfgffyg.

1. Mcscp`cf lnrog (Z1) gmg`gj sugtu lngmggf tnrtca mgf tnrgtur ygfi mcec`clc h`nj iuru

[MF 4 [c`g Aceg mg`ge anlnrog mc snlh`gj, tgfpg gmg pn`gfiigrgf-pn`gfiigrgfygfi enruiclgf agcl snkgrg `gfisufi egupuf tcmgl `gfisufi tnrjgmgp mcrcfyg,

tnegf snogwgtfyg mgf tnrjgmgp snlh`gj snkgrg lnsnùrujgf.

;. Lcfnrog (S) gmg`gj jgsc` gtgu tcfilgt lnanrjgsc`gf iuru [MF 4 [c`g Aceg mc mg`geen`glsgfglgf tuigs ygfi tn`gj mctnftulgf.

=.>. ]nlfcl Gfg`cscs Mgtg=.>.7. ôc Cfstruenf

Cfstruenf ygfi mciufglgf uftul enfiulur sugtu vgrcgan` jgrus enenfujc mug

lrctnrcg, ygctu Tg`cm mgf Qn`cgan`. ^ftul enfintgjuc gpglgj sugtu cftruenf enenfujc

lrctnrcg tnrsnaut pnrù mc`glulgf pnfiuocgf snpnrtc anrclut cfc ?

7. ôc Tg`cmctgs Cfstruenf.Enfurut [nlgrgf (122>?=1> ygfi mclutcp h`nj Ycmcygfcfiscj 1223), vg`cmctgs enepufygc grtc sgepgc snoguj egfg lntnpgtgf mgf lnknregtgf sugtu g`gt

ulur mc mg`ge en`glulgf dufisc ulurfyg. [ugtu tns gtgu cfstruenf pnfiulur mclgtglgf

enepufygc vg`cmctgs ygfi tcfiic gpgac`g g`gt tnrsnaut mgpgt enfog`gflgf dufisc

ulurfyg, gtgu eneanrclgf jgsc` ulur ygfi snsugc mnfigf eglsum mc`glulgffyg

pnfiulurgf tnrsnaut. Cfstruenf gtgu autcr mcfygtglgf vg`cm gpgac`g jgsc` pnfiuocgf?


25/102



- Oclg r jctufi 6 r tgan` mgf anrfc`gc phsctcd, eglg vgrcgan` tnrsnaut vg`cm.- Oclg r jctufi 0 r tgan`, eglg vgrcgan` tnrsnaut tcmgl vg`cm. Oclg r jctufi 6 r tgan`

tntgpc anrtgfmg fnigtcd, eglg J2 glgf tntgp mcth`gl mgf J7 mctnrceg.

1. ôc Qn`cgac`ctgsQn`cgac`ctgs gmg`gj pnftnronegjgf mgrc lgtg rn`cgac`cty ygfi anrgrtc mgpgt

mcpnrkgyg, mgpgt mcgfmg`lgf, lhfscstnfsc gtgu goni. Cfstruenf ygfi enec`clc rn`cgac`ctgs

tcfiic mcsnaut snagigc cfstruenf ygfi rn`cgan` gtgu mgpgt mcpnrkgyg. Mg`ge pnfn`ctcgf

cfc, pnfiuocgf rn`cgac`ctgs cfstruenft mc`glulgf mnfigf enfiiufglgf Krhfagkj–s

G`pjg. Enfurut [nlgrgf (7333? 7;1) ygfi mclutcp h`nj Ycmcygfcfiscj (1223),

cfstruenf mcfygtglgf rn`cgan` oclg enec`clc fc`gc Krhfagkj–s g`pjg `nacj ansgr mgrc 2,4.

=.>.1. Enthmn Gfg`cscs Mgtg^ftul mgpgt enfogwga egsg`gj pnfn`ctcgf cfc gtgu eneaultclgf jcphtnscs

pnfn`ctcgf, eglg mc`glulgf prhsns gfg`cscs mgtgygfi snkgrg `nfilgp mcon`gslgf anrclutcfc?

=.>.1.7. Gfg`cscs Mnslrcptcd_gcfg` Eustgdg (733:?7) enfineulglgf agjwg gfg`cscs mnslrcptcd enrupglgf

g`gt gfg`cscs ygfi mciufglgf uftul eneagjgs enfinfgc tnlfcl-tnlfcl pnfiuepu`gf,

pnfih`gjgf/gfg`cscs mgf pnfygocgf tnrjgmgp snln`hephl mgtg. Gfg`cscs cfc mciufglgf

uftul enfmnslrcpsclgf suaynl pnfn`ctcgf anrmgsgrlgf mgtg ygfi mcjgsc`lgf mg`ge

pnfn`ctcgf mgf tcmgl mceglsumlgf uftul enfiuoc jcphtnsg. Mg`ge gfg`cscs cfc mciufglgf

mcstrcausc drnlunfsc snagigc pnfiigeagrgf jgsc` ogwgagf rnsphfmnf mg`ge lunschfnr.

=.>.1.1. Gfg`cscs Cfdnrnfscg`

Gfg`cscs cfc mciufglgf uftul enfgrcl lnscepu`gf en`gùc pnfiuocgf jcphtnsgmnfigf enfiiufglgf g`gt-g`gt stgtcstclg ygfi rn`nvgf. Mg`ge pnfn`ctcgf cfc g`gt gfg`csg

ygfi mciufglgf gmg`gj gfg`cscs rnirnsc `cfcnr igfmg ygfi snkgrg rcfkc mgpgt mcon`gslgf

snpnrtc anrclut cfc ?

7. Lhndcscnf Mntnrecfgsc Igfmg (Q 1)

Lhndcscnf mntnrecfgsc (Q 1

) pgmg cftcfyg enfiulur snanrgpg oguj ehmn` mg`geenfnrgfilgf vgrcgsc vgrcgan` mnpnfmnf. Fc`gc lhndcscnf mntnrecfgsc igfmg gmg`gj

mcgftgrg fh` mgf sgtu. Fc`gc Q 1

ygfi lnkc` anrgrtc lnegepugf vgrcgan`-vgrcgan`

cfmnpnfmnf mg`ge enfon`gslgf vgrcgan` mnpnfmnf sgfigt lnkc`, mgf fc`gc lhndcscnf

mntnrecfgsc igfmg ygfi enfmnlgtc sgtu anrgrtc vgrcgan`-vgrcgan` cfmnpnfmnf

eneanrclgf jgepcr sneug cfdhregsc ygfi mcautujlgf uftul eneprnmclsc vgrcgscvgrcgan` mnpnfmnf. Ln`negjgf enfmgsgr pnfiiufggf lhndcscnf.

1. ôc Dôc stgtcstcl D pgmg mgsgrfyg enfufoullgf gpglgj sneug vgrcgan` cfmnpnfmnf ygfi

mcegsullgf mg`ge ehmn`, snkgrg anrsgeg-sgeg enepufygc pnfigruj ygfi

scifcdclgf tnrjgmgp vgrcgan` mnpnfmnf. Jcphtnscs lnrog mcmndcfcsclgf snagigc anrclut?

- Jh ? a7 5 a1 5 2 [neug vgrcgan` cfmnpnfmnf snkgrg sceu`tgf aulgf enrupglgf pnfon`gs ygfi

scifcdclgf tnrjgmgp vgrcgan` mnpnfmnf.


26/102



- J7 ? Jh tcmgl anfgr [neug vgrcgan` cfmnpnfmnf snkgrg sceu`tgf enrupglgf pnfon`gs ygfi scifcdclgf

tnrjgmgp vgrcgan` mnpnfmnf.

Lrctnrcg lnputusgffyg ?]h`gl Jh (gmg pnfigruj ygfi scifcdclgf) oclg jgrig tgrgd scifcdclgfsc jgc` pnfiuocgf

lurgfi mgrc 2,2>

;. Ehmn` Rnrsgeggf Qnirnsc Igfmg @cfcnrEhmn` rnirnsc gtgu pnfigruj mg`ge pnfn`ctcgf cfc gmg`gj ?

_S 5 a7_Z7 + a1_Z1 + n

Mcegfg ?

S 5 lcfnrog iuru

Z7 5 ehtcvgsc

Z1 5 mcscp`cf

a7…a1 5 lhndcscnf rnirnsc

n 5 stgfmgr nrhrAnsgrfyg ndnl pnfigruj uftul sntcgp vgrcgan` (pnfigruj pgrscg`) mctufoullgf

mnfigf jgrig mgrc lhndcscnf rnirnsc ygfi tn`gj mcstgfmgrmcsgsc mnfigf fc`gc _ (`cjgt

jgrig ac). [neglcf ansgr jgrig lhndcscnf rnirnscfyg glgf sneglcf lugt pu`g

pnfigruj vgrcgan` tnrsnaut tnrjgmgp vgrcgan` tnrclgtfyg.

=. ôc tôc cfc mciufglgf uftul enfiuoc gpglgj snkgrg pgrscg` sntcgp vgrcgan` anags

enepufygc pnfigruj scifcdclgf tnrjgmgp vgrcgan` tnrclgt. Jcphtnscs lnrog

mcmndcfcsclgf snagigc anrclut ?

- Jh ? ac 5 2[ugtu vgrcgan` cfmnpnfmnf aulgf enrupglgf pnfon`gs ygfi scifcdclgf tnrjgmgp

vgrcgan` mnpnfmnf.

- Jh ? ac ≢ 2[ugtu vgrcgan` cfmnpnfmnf enrupglgf pnfon`gs ygfi scifcdclgf tnrjgmgp

vgrcgan` mnpnfmnf.

T. JG[C@ MGF RNEAGJG[GF>.7. Igeagrgf êue [MF 4 [c`g Aceg

Lnpg`g [nlh`gj ? J.Gecru``gj, [Rm,[M.

Yglc` Lnpg`g [nlh`gj ? -

>.7.7. [trultur Hrigfcsgsc ]nfgig Rnfmcmcl?

J.[gescgj, [.Rm ? Lurcluùe Furogfgj, G.Eg ? Lngigeggf

[rc Aceg Gryg ], [.Rm ? Juegs

[rc Jgstutc, [.Rm ? Lnpg`g Rnrpustglggf

Dugs [gesummcf,[Rm ? Rnfin`h`g @ga. Lheputnr

>.7.1. [trultur Hrigfcsgsc ]nfgig Lnpnfmcmclgf?Oufgcm, GEg Rm ? Anfmgjgrg Igoc

Dcregf, [Rmc ? Rneacfg Rrgeulg

Gaglgr ? Rnogig Eg`ge


27/102

Ourfg` Nlhfhec mgf Acsfcs, Oc`cm 1 Fhehr 9, Mnsneanr 127= 1;


>.1. Lgrgltnrcstcl Qnsphfmnf]gan` 7.

Onfcs Ln`gecf Qnsphfmnf

Fh Onfcs Ln`gecf Oue`gj %7 @glc-@glc 7; =2,41

1 Rnrnepugf 73 >3,;9

]htg` ;1 722,2

[ueanr ? mgtg prcenr (mgtg mch`gj)

Rgmg tgan` 7 mcgtgs, mgpgt mon`gslgf agjwg iuru ygfi enfigogr mc [MF 4 [c`g

Aceg `nacj mcmhecfgsc h`nj pnrnepugf mcagfmcfilgf `glc-`glc. [n`gfoutfyg mcagwgj cfc

lgrgltnrcstcl rnsphfmnf anrmgsgrlgf tcfilgt ueur rnsphfmnf.

]gan` 1.

^eur Qnsphfmnf

Fh ^eur Oue`gj %7 12-;2 ]gjuf > 7>,4

1 ;7-=2 ]gjuf 72 ;7,1>

; =7->2 ]gjuf 71 ;9,>

= 6 >7 > 7>,41

]htg` ;1 722,2


Rgmg tgan` 1 mcgtgs, mgpgt mon`gslgf agjwg iuru ygfi enfigogr mc [MF 4 [c`g

Aceg `nacj mcmhecfgsc h`nj iuru ygfi anrueur =7->2 tgjuf gtgu ;9,> pnrsnf,

snmgfilgf ygfi anrueur 12-;2 tgjuf jgfyg > hrgfi gtgu 7>,4 pnrsnf. [n`gfoutfyg

mcagwgj cfc lgrgltnrcstcl rnsphfmnf anrmgsgrlgf tcfilgt pnfmcmclgf.]gan` ;.

]cfilgt Rnfmcmclgf Qnsphfmnf

Fh Rnfmcmclgf Oue`gj %

7 [@]G 1 4,1>

1 Mcp`heg 1 4,1>

; [7 1: :9,>

= [1 2 2

]htg` ;1 722,2


Rgmg tgan` ; mcgtgs, mgpgt mon`gslgf agjwg iuru ygfi enfigogr mc [MF 4 [c`gAceg `nacj mcmhecfgsc h`nj iuru ygfi anrpnfmcmclgf gtgu tgegtgf [grogfg ([7).

Lhfmcsc cfc tnftufyg eneanrc grtc agjwg [MF 4 [c`g Aceg tn`gj enenfujc stgfmgr

ecfceue tcfilgt pnfmcmclgf iuru ygfi enfigogr snsugc gegfgt ufmgfi-ufmgfi

pnfmcmclgf. [n`gfoutfyg mcagwgj cfc lgrgltnrcstcl rnsphfmnf anrmgsgrlgf `geg anlnrog.


28/102

Ourfg` Nlhfhec mgf Acsfcs, Oc`cm 1 Fhehr 9, Mnsneanr 127= 1=


]gan` =.

@geg Anlnrog Qnsphfmnf

Fh @geg Anlnrog Oue`gj %

7 7-1 ]gjuf 1 4,;

1 ;-= ]gjuf 7 ;,7

; =-> ]gjuf 7 ;,7

= > ]gjuf lngtgs 1: :9,>

]htg` ;1 722,2


Rgmg tgan` = mcgtgs, mgpgt mon`gslgf agjwg iuru ygfi enfigogr mc [MF 4 [c`g

Aceg tn`gj enec`clc pnfig`gegf enfigogr ygfi kulup `geg. Jg` cfc lgrnfg iuru ygfi

enfigogr mc [MF 4 [c`g Aceg `nacj mcmhecfgsc h`nj iuru ygfi tn`gj enfigogr `nacj

mgrc > tgjuf, jgfyg 1 hrgfi gtgu 4,; pnrsnf ygfi enec`clc pnfig`gegf enfigogr 7-1

tgjuf, mgf egscfi-egscfi 7 hrgfi gtgu ;,7 pnrsnf ygfi enec`clc pnfig`gegf enfigogr;-= tgjuf mgf =-> tgjuf.

>.;. Jgsc` Gfg`cscs Mgtg >.;.7. ôc Tg`cmctgs

Jgsc` uoc vg`cmctgs tnrjgmgp vgrcgan` lcfnrog iuru [MF 4 [c`g Aceg snkgrg

rcfilgs mgpgt mc`cjgt pgmg tgan` > mcagwgj cfc ?

]gan` >.

Jgsc` ôc Tg`cmctgs Tgrcgan` Lcfnrog Iuru (S)

Ctne Lhrn`gsc r-jctufir-tgan`

(md5;1 g52,2>)Lntnrgfigf

S.7 2.=49 2.134 Tg`cm

S.1 2.>99 2.134 Tg`cm

S.; 2.>:> 2.134 Tg`cm

S.= 2.;=3 2.134 Tg`cm

S.> 2.=:2 2.134 Tg`cm


ôc vg`cmctgs mgtg mc`glulgf mnfigf eneagfmcfilgf fc`gc r jctufi mgf r tgan`

uftul mnirnn hd drnnmhe (md) 5 f ‛ 1 , mg`ge pnfn`ctcgf f 5 ;1 mgf ansgrfyg md mgpgt

mcjctufi ;1 ‛ 1 5 ;2 mgf g`pjg 5 2,2> mcpnrh`nj r tgan` 5 2,134 (uoc sgtu scsc).

Anrmgsgrlgf uoc lhrn`gsc pgmg tgan` 7 mcpnrh`nj fc`gc r jctufi vgrcgan` lcfnrog iuru anrlcsgr gftgrg 2,;=3 sgepgc 2,>:>, sneugfyg `nacj ansgr mgrc 2,134 snjcfiig egscfi-

egscfi ctne pnrtgfyggf pgmg vgrcgan` lcfnrog iuru ygfi tnrmcrc mgrc `ceg (>) pnrtgfyggf

snùrujfyg mgpgt mcfygtglgf vg`cm.


29/102

Ourfg` Nlhfhec mgf Acsfcs, Oc`cm 1 Fhehr 9, Mnsneanr 127= 1>


]gan` 4.

Jgsc` ôc Tg`cmctgs Tgrcgan` ehtcvgsc (Z7)



Z7.7 2.;47 2.134 Tg`cm

Z7.1 2.>>9 2.134 Tg`cm

Z7.; 2.>73 2.134 Tg`cm

Z7.= 2.;3: 2.134 Tg`cm

Z7.> 2.;=: 2.134 Tg`cm


Anrmgsgrlgf jgsc` uoc vg`cmctgs pgmg tgan` 4 mcgtgs, enfufoullgf agjwg snùruj

ctne pnrtgfyggf pgmg vgrcgan` ehtcvgsc (Z7) tnrmcrc mgrc > (`ceg) pnrtgfyggf snùrujfyg

mcfygtglgf vg`cm. ]gan` 9.

Jgsc` ôc Tg`cmctgs Tgrcgan` Mcscp`cf (Z1)



Z1.7 2.>77 2.134 Tg`cm

Z1.1 2.>3: 2.134 Tg`cm

Z1.; 2.=9: 2.134 Tg`cm

Z1.= 2.=;= 2.134 Tg`cm

Z1.> 2.;;9 2.134 Tg`cm


Anrmgsgrlgf jgsc` uoc vg`cmctgs pgmg tgan` 9 mcgtgs, enfufoullgf agjwg snùruj

ctne pnrtgfyggf pgmg vgrcgan` mcscp`cf (Z1) tnrmcrc mgrc > (`ceg) pnrtgfyggf snùrujfyg

mcfygtglgf vg`cm.

>.;.1. ôc Qn`cgac`ctgs]gan` :.

Jgsc` ôc Qn`cgac`ctgs Tgrcgan` Lcfnrog Iuru (S)

Ctne Krhfagkj–s Krhfagkj's G`pjg

[tgt

Krhfagkj's G`pjg

[tgt 6 2,42Lntnrgfigf

S.7 2.9;1 6 2,42 Jgfmg`S.1 2.499 6 2,42 Jgfmg`

S.; 2.4:9 6 2,42 Jgfmg`

S.= 2.:74 6 2,42 Jgfmg`

S.> 2.997 6 2,42 Jgfmg`


Anrmgsgrlgf tgan` : mcgtgs, mgpgt mclntgjuc agjwg egscfi ‛ egscfi cfmclgthr

mg`ge vgrcgan` lcfnrog iuru (S) enec`clc fc`gc lhndcscnf G`pjg Krhfagkj snansgr 2,499

sgepgc 2,:74. Fc`gc lhndcscnf G`pjg Krhfagkj tnrsnaut `nacj ansgr mgrc 2,42, snjcfiig


30/102



mgpgt mcfygtglgf agjwg snùruj pnrtgfyggf vgrcgan` lcfnrog iuru ygfi tnrmcrc mgrc >

(`ceg) pnrtgfyggf mg`ge lucschfnr ygfi mciufglgf kulup jgfmg` gtgu anrscdgt rn`cgan`

uftul enfiuepu`lgf mgtg pnfn`ctcgf.

]gan` 3.Jgsc` ôc Qn`cgac`ctgs Tgrcgan` ehtcvgsc (Z7)


[tgt

Krhfagkj's

G`pjg [tgt 6 2,42Lntnrgfigf

Z7.7 2.941 6 2,42 Qn`cgan`

Z7.1 2.9=> 6 2,42 Qn`cgan`

Z7.; 2.9:9 6 2,42 Qn`cgan`

Z7.= 2.::1 6 2,42 Qn`cgan`

Z7.> 2.992 6 2,42 Qn`cgan`

[ueanr ? mgtg prcenr (mgtg mch`gj)Anrmgsgrlgf tgan` 3 mcgtgs, mgpgt mcfygtglgf agjwg snùruj pnrtgfyggf vgrcgan`

ehtcvgsc (Z7) ygfi tnrmcrc mgrc > (`ceg) pnrtgfyggf mg`ge lucschfnr ygfi mciufglgf

kulup jgfmg` gtgu anrscdgt rn`cgan` uftul enfiuepu`lgf mgtg pnfn`ctcgf.

]gan` 72.

Jgsc` ôc Qn`cgac`ctgs Tgrcgan` Mcscp`cf (Z1)


[tgt

Krhfagkj's G`pjg

[tgt 6 2,42Lntnrgfigf

Z1.7 2.9=: 6 2,42 Qn`cgan`

Z1.1 2.93= 6 2,42 Qn`cgan`

Z1.; 2.:4> 6 2,42 Qn`cgan`

Z1.= 2.92> 6 2,42 Qn`cgan`

Z1.> 2.:;4 6 2,42 Qn`cgan`


Anrmgsgrlgf tgan` 72 mcgtgs, mgpgt mcfygtglgf agjwg snùruj pnrtgfyggf

vgrcgan` mcscp`cf (Z1) ygfi tnrmcrc mgrc > (`ceg) pnrtgfyggf mg`ge lucschfnr ygfi

mciufglgf kulup jgfmg` gtgu anrscdgt rn`cgan` uftul enfiuepu`lgf mgtg pnfn`ctcgf.

>.;.;. ôc Qnirnsc @cfcnr Anrigfmg

]gan` 77.Jgsc` ôc Qnirnsc @cfcnr Anrigfmg

Ehmn` ^fstgfmgrmcznm Khnddckcnfts

[tgfmgrmcznmKhnddckcnfts t [ci.

A [tm. Nrrhr Antg

7 (Khfstgft) x7 x1

73.:3: >.219 4.217

>.;4> .739 .79:

7.214 7.211

;.923 =.322 >.:37

.227

.222

.222

[ueanr ? Mgtg Rrcenr (Mgtg Mch`gj)


31/102



Anrmgsgrlgf jgsc` gfg`cscs rnirnsc `cfcnr anrigfmg ygfi tnrsgoc pgmg tgan` 77

mcgtgs, mcpnrh`nj pnrsgeggf jgsc` rnirnsc `cfcnr anrigfmg snagigc anrclut?

S 5 73.:3: + >.219 ehtcvgsc + 4.217 mcscp`cf + n c

>.;.;.7.ôc t-stgtcstclôc t-stgtcstcl mc`glulgf mnfigf kgrg eneagfmcfilgf fc`gc t-stgtcstcl mnfigf

fc`gc t-tgan` pgmg mnrgogt lnpnrkgyggf tnrtnftu ecsg`fyg >%. Oclg fc`gc t-stgtcstcl `nacj

ansgr (6) mgrc fc`gc t-tgan` eglg vgrcgan` anags snkgrg cfmcvcmu scifcdclgf tnrjgmgp

vgrcgan` tnrclgt, mgf snag`clfyg.

]gan` 71.

Qcfilgsgf Jgsc` ̂ oc t-[tgtcstcl

Tgrcgan` t-jctufit-tgan` f-l (2,2>)

ôc [gtu [cscLntnrgfigf

Z7 =.322 7.439 [cifcdclgf

Z1 >.:37 7.439 [cifcdclgf[ueanr ? Mgtg Rrcenr (Mgtg Mch`gj)

Rgmg tgan` 71 mcgtgs, mgpgt mclntgjuc agjwg fc`gc t-stgtcstcl vgrcgan` anags

ehtcvgsc (Z7) mgf mcscp`cf (Z1) `nacj ansgr mgrc fc`gc t-tgan` pgmg mnrgogt lnpnrkgyggf

2,2> uoc sgtu scsc. Cfc grtcfyg agjwg vgrcgan` anags ehtcvgsc (Z7) mgf mcscp`cf (Z1)

snkgrg cfmcvcmu egscfi-egscfi scifcdclgf mgf anrgrgj phsctcd tnrjgmgp vgrcgan` lcfnrog

iuru (S).

Jgsc` pnrjctufigf pgmg rnirnsc uftul vgrcgan` ehtcvgsc (Z7) mcpnrh`nj fc`gc tjctufi

snansgr =,322. Mnfigf mneclcgf tjctufi `nacj ansgr mgrc ttgan` (=,322 6 7,439) pgmg tgrgd

scifcdclgfsc 2,2> (η5 3>%) uoc sgtu pcjgl.

Igeagr 1.Rnfiuocgf ]nrjgmgp Lhndcscnf Qnirnsc Tgrcgan` ehtcvgsc (Z7)

Mnfigf mneclcgf mgpgt mctgrcl lnscepu`gf agjwg ehtcvgsc (Z7) snkgrg pgrscg`

enepufygc pnfigruj scifcdclgf tnrjgmgp Lcfnrog iuru [MF 4 [c`g Aceg.

Jgsc` pnrjctufigf pgmg rnirnsc uftul vgrcgan` mcscp`cf (Z1) mcpnrh`nj fc`gc tjctufi

snansgr >,:37. Mnfigf mneclcgf tjctufi `nacj ansgr mgrc ttgan` (>,:37 6 7,439) pgmg tgrgd

scifcdclgfsc 2,2> (η5 3>%) uoc sgtu pcjgl.

MgnrgjRnfnrceggf Jg

7,4399 =,32>

MgnrgjRnfnrceggf Jh

-=,322


32/102

Ourfg` Nlhfhec mgf Acsfcs, Oc`cm 1 Fhehr 9, Mnsneanr 127= 1:


Igeagr ;.

Rnfiuocgf ]nrjgmgp Lhndcscnf Qnirnsc Tgrcgan` mcscp`cf (Z1)

Mnfigf mneclcgf mgpgt mctgrcl lnscepu`gf agjwg mcscp`cf (Z1) snkgrg pgrscg`

enepufygc pnfigruj scifcdclgf tnrjgmgp Lcfnrog iuru [MF 4 [c`g Aceg.

>.;.;.1.ôc D-stgtcstcl

ôc d-stgtcstcl mc`glulgf mnfigf kgrg eneagfmcfilgf fc`gc d-stgtcstcl mnfigffc`gc d-tgan` pgmg mnrgogt lnpnrkgyggf tnrtnftu ecsg`fyg >%. Oclg fc`gc d-stgtcstcl `nacj

ansgr (6) mgrc fc`gc d-tgan` eglg vgrcgan` anags snkgrg anrsgeg-sgeg scifcdclgf tnrjgmgp

vgrcgan` tnrclgt, mgf snag`clfyg.

]gan` 7;.

Qcfilgsgf Jgsc` ̂ oc D-[tgtcstcl

Tgrcgan` D-jctufit-tgan` f-l (2,2>)

ôc [gtu [cscLntnrgfigf

Z731.27: ;.;1 [cifcdclgf

Z1

[ueanr ? Mgtg Rrcenr Mch`gj

Rgmg tgan` 7; mc gtgs, mgpgt mclntgjuc agjwg fc`gc d-jctufi vgrcgan` anags

ehtcvgsc (Z7) mgf mcscp`cf (Z1) `nacj ansgr mgrc fc`gc d-tgan` pgmg mnrgogt lnpnrkgyggf

2,2> uoc sgtu scsc. Cfc grtcfyg agjwg vgrcgan` anags ehtcvgsc (Z7) mgf mcscp`cf (Z1)

snkgrg anrsgeg-sgeg (sceu`tgf) scifcdclgf mgf anrgrgj phsctcd tnrjgmgp vgrcgan` lcfnrog

iuru (S).

Jgsc` pnrjctufigf pgmg rnirnsc mcpnrh`nj fc`gc Djctufi snansgr 31,27:. Lneumcgf

mclhfsu`tgsclgf mnfigf jgrig Dtgan` pgmg tcfilgt lnpnrkgyggf 3>% (p52,2>< md75l-

751?md15f-l5;2). Fc`gc Dtgan` 5;,;1. Mnfigf eneagfmcfilgf fc`gc Djctufi mnfigf fc`gc

Dtgan` mc gtgs eglg mgpgt mclntgjuc tnrfygtg fc`gc Djctufi `nacj ansgr mgrc fc`gc Dtgan` (31,27:

6 ;,;1).

Igeagr ;

ôc Mcstrcausc D Tgrcgan` Z7 mgf Z1

MgnrgjRnfnrceggf Jg

7,439

>,:32>

MgnrgjRnfnrceggf Jh

-> :37

MgnrgjRnfnrceggf Jg

;,;199 31,271>

MgnrgjRnfnrceggf Jh

-31,27:


33/102



>.;.;.;.^oc Lhndcscnf Mntnrecfgsc (Q-squgrn ) Fc`gc lhndcscf mntnrecfgsc enfufoullgf lnegepugf vgrcgan` pnfon`gs

enfon`gslgf vgrcgsc vgrcgan` tnrclgt. Anrmgsgrlgf jgsc` gfg`cscs mcpnrh`nj fc`gc lhndcscnf

mntnrecfgsc snagigc anrclut ?]gan` 7=.

Jgsc` ̂ oc Lhndcscnf Mntnrecfgsc

Ehmn` Q Q [qugrn

Gmoustnm Q

[qugrn

[tm. Nrrhr hd tjn

Nstcegtn

7 .:;>g .439 .:4: 1.=>:14

[ueanr ? Mgtg Rrcenr Mch`gj

Rgmg tgan` 7= mcgtgs, mcpnrh`nj fc`gc lhndcscnf mntnrecfgsc snansgr 2.439. Fc`gc

lhndcscnf cfc eneanrc grtc agjwg lnegepugf vgrcgan` anags ehtcvgsc (Z7) mgf mcscp`cf

(Z1) enfon`gslgf vgrcgan` tnrclgt (lcfnrog iuru) gmg`gj snansgr 43,9%, snmgfilgf

scsgfyg snansgr ;2,;% mcpnfigrujc h`nj dglthr `gcf ygfi tcmgl mcegsullgf mg`ge ehmn` pnfn`ctcgf.

>.=. Cftnrprntgsc Jgsc` Gfg`cscsAnrmgsgrlgf jgsc` gfg`cscs rnirnsc `cfcnr anrigfmg ygfi tnrsgoc pgmg tgan` 7;,

mcpnrh`nj pnrsgeggf jgsc` rnirnsc `cfcnr anrigfmg snagigc anrclut ?

S 5 73.:3: + >.219 ehtcvgsc+ 4.217 mcscp`cf + n c Rnrsgeggf jgsc` rnirnsc anrigfmg tnrsnaut mgpgt mcon`gslgf snagigc anrclut ?

7. Fc`gc lhfstgftg snansgr 73.:3:, cfc grtcfyg agjwg oclg vgrcgan` ehtcvgsc (Z7) mgfmcscp`cf (Z1) tntgp gtgu tcmgl enfig`gec pnruagjgf, eglg vgrcgan` lcfnrog iuru (S)

glgf enfig`gec pnruagjgf ygfi tntgp snansgr 73.:3: slhr.

1. Fc`gc lhndcscnf vgrcgan` ehtcvgsc (Z7) snansgr >.219, cfc grtcfyg oclg vgrcgan` anagsehtcvgsc (Z7) enfig`gec pnruagjgf phsctcd snansgr 7 slhr, eglg vgrcgan` tnrclgt

lcfnrog iuru (S) enfig`gec pnruagjgf ygfi phsctcd snansgr >.219 slhr mgf

snag`clfyg mnfigf gsuesc dglthr `gcffyg tntgp. Jgsc` cfc eneanrc grtc agjwg

ehtcvgsc iuru enfogmc sg`gj sgtu dglthr gtgu agicgf pnftcfi mg`ge enfmulufi

tnrkcptgfyg lcfnrog iuru ygfi agcl tnrutgeg mc [MF 4 [c`g Aceg.<

;. Fc`gc lhndcscnf vgrcgan` mcscp`cf (Z1) snansgr 4.217, cfc grtcfyg oclg vgrcgan` anagsmcscp`cf (Z1) enfig`gec pnruagjgf phsctcd snansgr 7 slhr, eglg vgrcgan` tnrclgt

lcfnrog iuru (S) enfig`gec pnruagjgf ygfi phsctcd snansgr 4.217 slhr mgf

snag`clfyg mnfigf gsuesc dglthr `gcffyg tntgp. Jgsc` cfc enfufoullgf agjwg dglthr

mcscp`cf `nacj mhecfgf mgrc snegfigt lnrog tnrjgmgp lcfnrog iuru (S) mc [MF 4 [c`g

Aceg.

TC. LN[CER^@GF MGF [GQGF4.7. Lnscepu`gf7. [nkgrg cfmcvcmu (pgrscg`) vgrcgan` ehtcvgsc (Z7) mgf mcscp`cf (Z1) enepufygc

pnfigruj ygfi scifcdclgf mgf anrgrgj phsctcd tnrjgmgp lcfnrog iuru (S) mc [MF 4 [c`g

Aceg. Jgsc` cfc eneaultclgf agjwg jcphtnscs pnfn`ctcgf ygfi mcgoulgf mgpgt

mcaultclgf


34/102

Ourfg` Nlhfhec mgf Acsfcs, Oc`cm 1 Fhehr 9, Mnsneanr 127= ;2


mc [MF 4 [c`g Aceg. Jgsc` cfc eneaultclgf agjwg vgrcgan` snegfigt lnrog mgf

mcscp`cf lnmugfyg pnftcfi uftul enfmhrhfi enfcfilgtfyg lcfnrog iuru [MF 4 [c`g

Aceg


35/102



Enssg Enmcg Iustc. 1272. Rnfigruj Lnmcscp`cfgf, Ehtcvgsc Lnrog, Mgf Rnrsnpsc Iuru

]nftgfi Lnpnecepcfgf Lnpg`g [nlh`gj ]nrjgmgp Lcfnrog Iuru [ELF 7

Rurwhrnoh Rgskg [nrtcdclgsc.

Rnfigwgs [nlh`gj Rnfmcmclgf Enfnfigj. 122:. Rnfc`gcgf Lcfnrog Iuru. Mcrnlthrgt]nfgig Lnpnfmcmclgf Mcrnlthrgt Onfmnrg` Rnfcfilgtgf Eutu Rnfmcmcl mgf]nfgig Lnpnfmcmclgf Mnpgrtnenf Rnfmcmclgf Fgschfg`, Oglgrtg.

Rnrgturgf Enftnrc Rnfmcmclgf Fgschfg` Fh. 7: ]gjuf 1229 ]nftgfi [nrtcdclgsc Iuru

Mg`ge Ogagtgf.

Rnrgturgf Rnenrcftgj Fh. 73 ]gjuf 122> ]nftgfi [tgfmgr Fgschfg` Rnfmcmclgf.

Qcmuwgf. 1272. An`gogr Eumgj Rnfn`ctcgf uftul Iuru, Lgrygwgf mgf Rnfn`ctc Rneu`g.

G`dgantg, Agfmufi.

[cgicgf. 7333. @gtcjgf mgf Rnfineagfigf [ueanr Mgyg Egfuscg. Egfmgr Egou,

Oglgrtg.

[cswgfth. 1222. Rsclh`hic Egfgonenf Rnfmcmclgf. Nr`gfiig, Oglgrtg.

[uicyhfh. 1221. Rrhsnmur Rnfn`ctcgf? [ugtu Rnfmnlgtgf Rrgltnl . Qcfnlg Kcptg,

Oglgrtg.

Ycmcygfcfiscj QQ. 1223. Rnfigruj Ehtcvgsc, Aumgyg Hrigfcsgsc, mgf Lhepntnfsc

]nrjgmgp Lcfnrog Lgrygwgf Dglu`tgs lnmhltnrgf ^IE Shiyglgrtg. ]nscs,

Dglu`tgs Nlhfhec, ^fcvnrsctgs Cs`ge Cfmhfnscg. ]cmgl mcpua`clgsclgf.

jttp?//www.iumgfiegtnrc.khe/1272/24/lcfnrog-mgf-lhepntnfsc-iuru.jte`

jttp?//www.arumnrdck.hr.cm/j-1;/mndcfcsc-mcscp`cf-snlh`gj.jte`jttp?//www.arumnrdck.hr.cm/j-1;/mndcfcsc-mcscp`cf-snlh`gj.jte`

www.nprcftufmcv.gk.cm.


36/102




]NQJGMGR AQGFM GYGQNFN[[ RGMG EG[SGQGLG]

LH]G EG]GQGE

H`nj ?

Qhhs Fgfg [ukcjgtc

GA[]QGL

Rnfn`ctcgf cfc anrtuougf uftul enfintgjuc gmgfyg pnfigruj ygfi scifcdclgf agcl

snkgrg pgrscg` egupuf sceu`tgf snrtg vgrcgan` egfg ygfi enec`clc pnfigruj pg`cfi

mhecfgf mgrc stceu`us cl`gf Iu`glu vnrsc Khstuen Rgrty ygctu vhckn, eusck, whrm,

pckturn, kh`hr mgf ehvnenft tnrjgmgp tnranftulfyg Argfm Gwgrnfnss pgmg

egsygrglgt mc lhtg Egtgrge. Onfcs pnfn`ctcgf cfc gmg`gj pnfn`ctcgf gshscgtcd, mnfigf phpu`gsc egsygrglgt lhtg Egtgrge. ]nljfcl sgep`cfi ygfi mciufglgf mg`ge

pnfn`ctcgf cfc anrscdgt purphscvn sgep`cfi mnfigf oue`gj sgepn` 722 rnsphfmnf.

Mnfigf tnlfcl mgf g`gt pnfiuepu`gf mgtg anrupg lunschfnr, mcpnrh`nj slhr ygfi

enfigku pgmg pnfiiufggf slg`g `clnrt. ^ftul enfintgjuc jgsc` pnrjctufigf enfurut

pnrsgeggf rnirnsc mc`glulgf uoc stgtcstcl ygctu uoc d mgf uoc t snagigc g`gt uoc jcphtnsg.

Jgsc` gfg`cscs enfufoullgf agjwg agcl snkgrg pgrscg` egupuf sceu`tgf tnrmgpgt

pnfigruj ygfi scifcdclgf gftgrg stceu`us cl`gf Iu`glu vnrsc Khstuen Rgrty,

ygctuvhckn, eusck, whrm, pckturn, kh`hr mgf ehvnenft tnrjgmgp tnranftulfyg Argfm

Gwgrnfnss pgmg egsygrglgt mc lhtg Egtgrge mnfigf vgrcgan` eusck snagigc vgrcgan`

ygfi enec`clc pnfigruj pg`cfi mhecfgf.

Lgtg Lufkc? C l`gf, Khstuen Rgrty, Argfm Gwgrnfnss


Rnrlneagfigf mufcg usgjg gljcr-gljcr cfc enecku sntcgp pnrusgjggf uftul tnrus

eneprhehsclgf prhmulfyg lnpgmg lhfsuenf. Rrhehsc enec`clc pnrgf ygfi tcmgl

mgpgt mcpcsgjlgf mg`ge agurgf pnegsgrgf. [ntcgp pnrusgjggf en`glulgf prhehsc

uftul enepua`clgsclgf prhmulfyg gigr pgsgr tgju enfinfgc lnanrgmggf prhmulfyg

tnrsnaut.

Rrhehsc gmg`gj lheufclgsc mgrc pnsgf ygfi mcmnsgcf pnrusgjggf uftul

tnrogmcfyg lnsgmgrgf (gwgrnfnss), ygfi lneumcgf eneanftul lntnrtgrclgf (cftnrnst )

mgf gljcrfyg en`glulgf pnean`cgf ( purkjgsn) ygfi mc`glulgf h`nj pn`gfiigf

tnrjgmgp prhmul gtgu ogsg pnrusgjggf (Lht`nr?122:). Lnsgmgrgf enrnl (argfm

gwgrnfns) enrupglgf lnegepugf snhrgfi pnean`c uftul enficmnftcdclgsc (agcl

enfinfg` egupuf enficfigt) sugtu enrnl mnfigf mntgc` tnrtnftu uftul en`glulgf

pnean`cgf (Qhssctnr, 7339?7=2). Mnfigf mneclcgf lhfsuenf tnftu glgf enec`cj sugtu

JEB-Jilid 2 Nomor 7 Des 2014-Full

Documents

Transcript of JEB-Jilid 2 Nomor 7 Des 2014-Full