E-BOOK 2 PTEREDOPHYTA
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7/23/2019 E-BOOK 2 PTEREDOPHYTA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/e-book-2-pteredophyta 1/8
Ptdrdbcplytn
Ruoune Pdgjdinonrne
]dtdinl gdgpdinonrh Jnj heh shswn bhlnrnpkne
bnpnt
Gdeodinskne mhrh-mhrh tugjulne pnku
Gdefhbdethahknsh struktur tujul tugjulne
pnku
Gdeodinskne tnlnpne rdprcbuksh tugjulne
pnku
Kinshahknsh pnku
Gdeodinskne pdrnene pnku
Pckck Jnlnsne?N. Mhrh-mhrh tugjulne pnku
J.
]truktur tujul tugjulne pnkuM. Zdprcbuksh pnku
B. Kinshahknsh pnku
D. Pdrnene pnku
Kdywcrb?
Kcrgcahtn jdrspcrn
Gdtnfdedshs
]crus Lcgcspcrn
Ldtdrcspcrn
Pdrnihlne
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BHQH]H PRDZDBCPLXRN
(Rugjulne Pnku)
N. PdebnluiunePdrenlknl kngu gdihlnt tugjulne bhjnwnl heh3
Fngjnr? Jdrjnfnh odehs pnku-pnkune
]ugjdr? Nfus (:0>:)
Rugjulne bhntns gdrupnkne sninl
sntu tugjulne ynef tdrgnsuk kdbning
bhvhsh ptdrdbcplytn. Rugjulne pnku
tdrsdjnr bh sdiurul jnfhne buehn, kdmunih
bndrnl jdrsniou njnbh bne bndrnl kdrhef(furue). Rctni spdshds ynef bhkdtnluh
lngphr >0.000 (bhpdrkhrnkne =000 bh
netnrneyn tugjul bh Hebcedshn).
Rugjulne heh sdmnrn thbnk rdsgh
bhkdicgpckkne sdjnfnh trnkdcahtn knrden
subnl gdghihkh pdgjuiul xhidg bne aicdg(Mihaas, :00>)
J. Mhrh-mhrh tugjulne pnku
>. Rugjulne pnku oufn tdrgnsuk
kdbning tugjulne kcrgcahtn
jdrspcrn, lneyn snon jdrjdbn
bdefne iugut tugjulne heh subnl
gdghihkh onrhefne pdefnefkut.
:. Rdrbnpnt inphsne pdihebuef sdi(onkdt stdrhi) bh sdkdihihef crfne
rdprcbuksh.
=. ]hstdg trnespcr hetdreni (tdrbnpnt
xhidg bne aidcg).
2. Tkurne tujul pnku jdrkhsnr bnrh :
mg-4g.
Fngjnr? ]truktur tujul pnku
]ugjdr? Nkhsgdt (:0>:)
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M. ]truktur tujul tugjulne pnku>. Nknr
]djnfhne pnku ynef jdiug gdghihkh nknr sdonth gdghihkh rlhzchb. Nknr sdrnjut pnbn
pnku jdrupn rhzcgn, uouef nknr bhihebuefh knihptrn. ]di-sdi nknr gdgjdetuk dphbdrghs,
kcrtdks, bne shihebdr pusnt (tdrbnpnt xhidg bne aidcg).
:. Jntnef
Jntnef pnbn tugjulne pnku tdrbhrh bnrh dphbdrghs ynef gdgpueynh onrhefne pdefunt
ynef tdrbhrh bnrh ntns sdi-sdi skidrdekhg, Kcrtdks? jneynk gdefnebuef iujnef (runef netnr
sdi), ]hidebdr pusnt? tdrbhrh bnrh xhidg bne aicdg ynef gdgjdetuk jdrkns pdefnefkut jdrthpd
kcesdetrhs. Jntnef pnbn tugjulne pnku ugugeyn pdebdk.
=. Bnue
Jdrbnsnrkne ukurneeyn, bhjdbnkne gdeonbh bun ynhtu ?
>) Bnue ghkrcahi ? Tkurne kdmhi, lneyn sdtdjni sdinphs sdi bne jdrjdetuk rngjut
:) Bnue gnkrcahi ? Tkurne jdsnr bne thphs, subnl gdghihkh jnfhne-jnfhne bnue sdpdrth
tuinef bnue, tnefknh bnue, gdscahi bne dphbdrghs
Fngjnr? Bnue Rrcpcahi bne spcrcahi]ugjdr ? Ahtrh (:0>=)
Jdrbnsnrkne auefsheyn, bhjdbnkne gdeonbh
bun ynhtu ?
>) Bnue trcpcahi (]tdrhi)? Tetuk
actcshetdshs (sdrhef bhsdjut bnue stdrhi
knrden thbnk gdeflnshikne spcrn)
:) Bnue spcrcahi (Adrthi)? Pdeflnshi spcrn
]pcrn jdrkugpui bh spcrnefhug.
]pcrnefhug jhsn tdrbnpnt pnbn strcjhius,
scrus, ntnu shenfhug. ]dthnp spcrnefhug
bhkdihihefh cidl sdbdrdtne sdi ynef
gdgjdetuk jnefuene sdpdrth
mhemhe ynef bhsdjut neeuius ynef
jdrauefsh sdjnfnh gdefntur pdefdiunrne
spcrn. ]pcrn jdrkugpui bning jnbne ynef
bhsdjut scrus. ]crus ynef gnshl gubnbhihebuefh cidl sdinput sdi ynef bhsdjut
hebhshug.Fngjnr ? (N) ]crus, (J) hebushug, bne (M)
spcrnefhug .
]ugjdr? Nfus (:0>:)
B. ZdprcbukshZdprcbuksh tugjulne pnku sdmnrn vdfdtntha bdefne rlhzcgn bne gdgjdetuk spcrn,
sdmnrn fdedrntha bdefne pdgjdetukne fngdt. Rugjulne pnku gdefningh pdrfhihrne
kdturuene (gdtnfdedshs) ynhtu pdrfhihrne kdturuene netnrn fdedrnsh spcrcaht (pdeflnshi spcrn)bdefne fdedrnsh fngdtcaht (pdeflnshi fngdt). Gdtnfdedshs tugjulne pnku sdjnfnh jdrhkut
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Fngjnr? Jnfne Gdtnfdedshs Pnku]ugjdr? Rontur (:0>=)
Fngjnr? ]hkius Lhbup Pnku]ugjdr? Zhen (:0>=)
Ansd ]pcrcaht(>) ]pcrn bhlnshikne cidl kctnk
spcrn ynef bhsdjut spcrnefhug
(:) ]pcrnefhug jdrkugpui bning
sntu jnbne ynef bhsdjut bdefne scrus
ynef tdrbnpnt bning bnue spcrcahi
Fngjnr? ]crus
]ugjdr? Vnen (:0>0)
(=) ]pcrn kdiunr bnrh spcrnefhug
bne jhin ontul bhtdgpnt ynef mcmck nknetdronbh pdgjunlne bne tdrjdetuk zhfct
(2) _hfct nkne tugjul jdrkdgjnef
gdeonbh spcrcaht bne jdrkdgjnef spcrcaht
bdwnsn
Ansd Fngdtcaht
(>) Pnbn fdedrnsh fngdtcaht,
prctnihug gdgjdetuk netdrhbhug sdjnfnh
nint kdinghe onetne bne gdeflnshikne
spdrgntczcn sdbnefkne nrkdfcehug
sdjnfnh nint kdinghe jdthen ynef
gdeflnshikne cvug
Fngjnr ? Pdrgjuknne Jnwnl Prctnihug
]ugjdr? Nfus (:0>:)
(:) lnshi pdidjurne netnrn spdrgn bne
cvug gdeflnshikne zhfct ynef kdgubhne
tugjul gdeonbh tugjulne pnku jnru ynef
gdghihkh nknr, jntnef bne bnue.
IHLNR QHBDc =
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D. Odehs pnku jdrbnsnrkne spcrn ynef bhlnshikne
n. Pnku Lcgcspcrn
Gdeflnshikne sntu odehs spcrn snon bne gdgpueynh ukurne ynef sngn jdsnr. Mcetcl ?
Iymcpcbhug (pnku knwnt).
j. Pnku Ldtdrcspcrn
Gdeflnshikne bun odehs spcrn ynhtu? ghkrcspcrn (onetne) bne gnkrcspcrn (jdthen).
Mcetcl? Pnku rned (]dinfhediin whibdecwhh) bne sdgneffh ( Gnrshidn mrdentn).
m. Pnku PdrnihlneGdeflnshikne spcrn ynef jdetuk bne ukurneeyn sngn (hscspcrn) tdtnph sdjnfhne onetne
bne sdjnfhne jdthen (odehseyn jdrjdbn 7 ldtdrcspcrn). Mcetcl ? pnku dkcr kubn ( Dquhsdtug
bdjhid).
Rr hmk ]gnrt
LcIhVnt
Lcgcspcrn
Iymcpcbhug Pnku knwnt
Rr hmk ]gnrt
Pdr Dquh
Pdrnihlne
Dquhsdtug
Rr hmk ]gnrt
Ld]dGnr
Ldtdrcspcrn
]dinfhedin
Gnrsdih n mrdentn
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A. Kinshahknsh Pnku
Fngjnr? ]pcrnefhug
]ugjdr? Nslnr (:0>:)
>. PshictcplytnPshicplytn gdrupnkne odehs pnku
purjn ynef gdghihkh bnue ghkrcahi bne
jdrhshshk, theffh jntnef jdrkhsnr =0mg -
>g bne gdghihkh kicrcahi sdlheffnbnpnt jdractcshetdshs. Pnku heh
tdrgnsuk pnku lcgcspcrn, struktur
nknr jdrupn rlhzchb. Pshictcg sp.
Fngjnr? Pshictug
]ugjdr? Zyne (:0>>)
:. IymcaytnJdrjdbn bdefne pshicplytn, struktur tujul iymcahtn subnl sdgpuren knrden gdghihkh
nknr jntnef bne bnue sdonth. Iymcahtn gubn thbnk gdinkukne actcshetdshs bne gdgpdrcidl
gnknene bdefne mnrn jdrshgjhcshs bdefne ongur. Rdrbnpnt ?
Iymcpcbhug
Iymcpcbhug tdrgnsuk pnku lcgcspcrn knrden gdeflnshikne spcrn tueffni ynef
nkne jdrkdgjnefjhnk gdeonbh fngdtcaht jhsdksuni ynef gdghihkh crfne onetne oufn
jdthen.
Fngjnr? ]trcjhius Iymcpcbhug Fngjnr? Iymcpcbhug
]ugjdr? Zyne (:0>>) ]ugjdr? ]nrh (:0>0)
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]dinfhediin
Jdrjdbn bdefne iymcpcbhug,
]dinfhediin (pnku rded) tdrgnsuk
pnku ldtdrcspcrn. ]pcrnefhugtugjulne heh gdeflnshikne : odehs
spcrn ghkrcspcrnefhug ynef tdrbnpnt
pnbn ghkrcspcrnefhn (bnue ynef
gdefnebuef ghkrcspcrnefhug)
gdeflnshikne ghkrcspcrn ynef
jdrkdgjnef gdeonbh fngdt onetne.
bne gdfnspcrnefhug ynef tdrbnpnt pnbn gdfnspcrnefhn (bnue ynef
gdefnebuef gdfnspcrnefhug)
gdeflnshikne ghkrcspcrn ynef
jdrkdgjnef gdeonbh fngdt jdthen.
Fngjnr? ]dinfhediin
]ugjdr? Zyne (:0>>)
=. ]pldecplytn
]pldecplytn sdrhef bhsdjut bdefne
pnku dkcr kubn knrden jdetuk
jntnefeyn sdpdrth dkcr kubn, pnku
ynef gdghihkh lnjhtnt sujtrcphs bne
tdgpnt idgjnp heh jneynk ynef subnl puenl bne gdeonbh acshi. ]pdecplytn
ynef gnshl jdrtnlne lneyn bnrh fdeus
dquhsdtug. Dquhsdtug gdghihkh jntnef
ynef kdrns bne bhsdthnp runseyn
bhkdihihefh bnue kdmhi sdpdrth shshk
(ghkrcahi) bdefne theffh rntn-rntn
kurnef bnrh >g.Fngjnr? Dquhsdtug
]ugjdr? Zyne (:0>>)
Fngjnr? ]truktur Rujul Dquhsdtug]ugjdr? Fhijdrt (:0>=)
Dquhsdtug tdrgnsuk pnku pdrnihlne
knrden spcrnefhug lneyn gdeflnshikne >
odehs spcrn sdbnefkne fngdtcaht
gdefnebuef netdrdbhug bne nrkdfcehug
sdlheffn gdrupnkne fngdtcaht jhsdksuni.
Fngjnr? Dquhsdtug sp]ugjdr? Mnrn (:00:)
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2. PtdrcplytnPdrenlknl kngu gdihlnt tnengne supihr ntnu sdgneffh3 tdreyntn tugjulne ynef
sdrhef kngu ngnth tdrsdjut nbninl odehs pnku ynef tdrgnsuk pnku sdonth. Ptdrcplytn
snefnt gubnl khtn tdguh bh bndrnl khtn, knrden pnku heh lhbup bh bndrnl trcphs bne
sujtrcphs. Jdrjdbn bdefne thfn bhvhsh sdjdiugeyn pnku sdonth gdghihkh ukurne bnue ynefidjhl jdsnr (gnkrcahi) bne gdghihkh tuinef bnue jdrmnjnef. Bnue gubneyn bnpnt
gdeffuiuef. Rheffheyn snefnt jdrvnrhnsh bnrh guinh :mg lheffn >< mg.
Fngjnr? Odehs-odehs ptdrcplytn
]ugjdr? Nsing (:0>:)
F. Pdrne Rugjulne Pnku
Ec Pdrne Rugjulne Pnku Odehs Pnku
> ]djnfnh tnengne lhnsne Pintymdrhug ehbus (pnku tnebuk rusn)
Nspidehug ehbus (pnku snrnef juruef) Nbhnetug muedntug (supihr)
]dinfhediin whibdecwhh (pnku rned)
: ]djnfnh jnlne pdeflnshi cjnt-cjntne Nshphbhug ahihx-gns
Iymcpcbhug minvntug
= ]djnfnh snyurne Gnrshidn mrdentn (sdgneffh)
]nivhehn entnes (khngjnef)
2 ]djnfnh pupuk lhonu Nzciin pheentn jdrshgjhcshs bdefne
nenjnden nzciind (fnefnef jhru)
4 ]djnfnh pdihebuef tnengne pdrsdgnhne Fidhmldehn ihednrhs
Gnrh Jdrdkspdrhgde (Gdgjunt Ldrjnrhug)
Inefknl ynef lnrus bhinkukne ynhtu ?
Gdemnrh tugjulne ynef ukurneeyn kdrbhi/gheh.
Inkukne pdgjdrshlne bnrh kctcrne bne jnfhne tugjulne ynef tdinl kdrhef.
]tdrhihsnsh tnengne ynhtu bdefne gdefcidskne nikclci 60% pnbn sdiurul jnfhnetnengne.
Mnrh kcrne ntnu juku tdjni sdjnfnh nint pdefdrhef
Jukn idgjnrne kcrne ntnu juku iniu sdihpkne tugjulne tdrsdjut
Rntn kdrnphne tugjulne onefne sngpnh nbn bnue ynef tdrihpnt ntnu jntnef ynef
tugpnef thebhl bne ]hgpne bhtdgpnt pnbn kcebhsh sulu kngnr. ]dtdinl tugjulne kdrhef ntur bning kdrtns knrtce, jdrhkne bdskrhpsh bne jdrh jhefknh
ynef bhtutup pinsthk ntnu knmn.
IHLNR QHBDc 2