vii

DAFTAR ISI

Hal

JUDUL ............................................................................................................. i

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN.......................................................................... ii

HALAMAN PERNYATAAN.......................................................................... iii

KATA PENGANTAR...................................................................................... iv

DAFTAR ISI..................................................................................................... vii

DAFTAR TABEL............................................................................................. ix

DAFTAR GAMBAR........................................................................................ x

DAFTAR BAGAN........................................................................................... xi

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN.................................................................................... xii

ABSTRACT..................................................................................................... xiii

INTISARI ....................................................................................................... xiv

BAB 1 : PENDAHULUAN

1.1. Latar Belakang........ ................................................................................ 1

1.2. Rumusan Masalah.................................................................................... 3

1.3. Tujuan......... ............................................................................................ 3

1.4. Keaslian Penelitian................................................................................... 3

1.5. Manfaat..................... .............................................................................. 5

BAB II : TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

2.1. Tinjauan Pustaka .................................................................................... 6

2.1.1 Karsinoma Nasofaring (KNF)........................................................ 6

2.1.2 Peran Gen P16................................................................................ 13

2.1.3 Kebiasaan Merokok dan Kanker.................................................... 15

2.2. Landasan Teori ...................................................................................... 17

2.3. Kerangka Teori........................................................................................ 18

2.4. Kerangka Konsep.................................................................................... 19

2.5. Hipotesis......... ........................................................................................ 19

BAB III : METODE PENELITIAN

3.1. Desain Penelitian....................................................................................... 20

3.2. Subyek Penelitian...................................................................................... 20

HUBUNGAN ANTARA EKSPRESI GEN P16 DAN STATUS MEROKOK PADA PASIEN KARSINOMANASOFARING DI INDONESIALAILA WAHYUNINGSIH, dr. Ery Kus Dwianingsih, Sp.PA., Ph.D.; ajah Fachiroh, S.P., M.Si., Ph.D Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2018 | Diunduh dari http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/

viii

3.3. Kriteria Subyek Penelitian......................................................................... 21

3.4. Lokasi Penelitian....................................................................................... 22

3.5. Alat dan Bahan.......................................................................................... 23

3.6. Variabel Penelitian dan Definisi Operasional Variabel............................ 23

3.7. Prosedur... ................................................................................................. 25

3.8. Analisis Data.......... ................................................................................... 28

BAB IV : HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN

4.1. Hasil Penelitian....... ................................................................................... 29

4.1.1 Karakteristik Subyek Penelitian............................................................... 29

4.1.2 Deteksi Ekspresi P16 pada KNF.............................................................. 30

4.2. Pembahasan............................................................................................... 35

BAB V : KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN.......................................................... 42

5.1. Kesimpulan................................................................................................. 42

5.2. Saran........................................................................................................... 42

DAFTAR PUSTAKA........................................................................................ 43

HUBUNGAN ANTARA EKSPRESI GEN P16 DAN STATUS MEROKOK PADA PASIEN KARSINOMANASOFARING DI INDONESIALAILA WAHYUNINGSIH, dr. Ery Kus Dwianingsih, Sp.PA., Ph.D.; ajah Fachiroh, S.P., M.Si., Ph.D Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2018 | Diunduh dari http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/

ix

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1. Keaslian Penelitian.......................................................................... 4

Tabel 2. Klasifikasi Karsinoma Nasofaring Berdasarkan WHO................... 9

Tabel 3. Alat dan Bahan................................................................................ 23

Tabel 4. Definisi Operasional Variabel......................................................... 24

Tabel 5. Demografi dan Gambaran Klinis dari Pasien KNF......................... 30

Tabel 6. Analisis IHK Ekspresi P16 pada Pasien KNF Perokok dan Bukan

Perokok............................................................................................

32

Tabel 7. Analisis IHK Ekspresi gen P16 pada Pasien KNF Perokok........... 34

HUBUNGAN ANTARA EKSPRESI GEN P16 DAN STATUS MEROKOK PADA PASIEN KARSINOMANASOFARING DI INDONESIALAILA WAHYUNINGSIH, dr. Ery Kus Dwianingsih, Sp.PA., Ph.D.; ajah Fachiroh, S.P., M.Si., Ph.D Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2018 | Diunduh dari http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/

x

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1. Anatomi Nasofaring................................................................... 6

Gambar 2. Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Tipe I)...................... 11

Gambar 3. Non-keratinizing Carcinoma Tipe Differentiated (Tipe II)....... 12

Gambar 4. Non-keratinizing Carcinoma Tipe Undifferentiated (Tipe III).. 12

Gambar 5. Skema Karsinogenesis karena Karsinogen Rokok..................... 16

Gambar 6. Gambaran Histopatologi KNF dan Ekspresi Gen P16 pada

Pasien KNF serta Kanker Pankreas sebagai Kontrol Positif......

31

HUBUNGAN ANTARA EKSPRESI GEN P16 DAN STATUS MEROKOK PADA PASIEN KARSINOMANASOFARING DI INDONESIALAILA WAHYUNINGSIH, dr. Ery Kus Dwianingsih, Sp.PA., Ph.D.; ajah Fachiroh, S.P., M.Si., Ph.D Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2018 | Diunduh dari http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/

xi

DAFTAR BAGAN

Bagan 1. Kerangka Teori........................................................................... 18

Bagan 2. Kerangka Konsep....................................................................... 19

HUBUNGAN ANTARA EKSPRESI GEN P16 DAN STATUS MEROKOK PADA PASIEN KARSINOMANASOFARING DI INDONESIALAILA WAHYUNINGSIH, dr. Ery Kus Dwianingsih, Sp.PA., Ph.D.; ajah Fachiroh, S.P., M.Si., Ph.D Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2018 | Diunduh dari http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/

xii

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1. Ethical Clearance................................................................... 48

Lampiran 2. Sampel Penelitian.................................................................. 49

Lampiran 3. Uji Statistik Perbedaan Ekspresi Gen P16 pada Pasien KNF

perokok..................................................................................

51

Lampiran 4. Uji Statistik Perbedaan Ekspresi Gen P16 pada Pasien KNF

Perokok dan Bukan Perokok di Indonesia..............................

54

HUBUNGAN ANTARA EKSPRESI GEN P16 DAN STATUS MEROKOK PADA PASIEN KARSINOMANASOFARING DI INDONESIALAILA WAHYUNINGSIH, dr. Ery Kus Dwianingsih, Sp.PA., Ph.D.; ajah Fachiroh, S.P., M.Si., Ph.D Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2018 | Diunduh dari http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/