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Chapter 6. The Present Perfect

6.1 Pendahuluan

A. Deskripsi singkat: Pokok Bahasan ini memberikan pengetahuan tata Bahasa Inggris

dalam membuat kalimat Present Perfect untuk mengungkapkan suatu kegiatan atau

situasi yang sudah terjadi sebelum saat ini.

B. Relevansi: Pokok bahasan ini merupakan bagian pertama dua materi cara membuat

kalimat untuk mengungkapkan suatu kegiatan atau situasi yang sudah terjadi dalam

Bahasa Inggris.

C. Kompetensi

C.1. Standar Kompetensi: Mampu membuat kalimat dengan struktur Present Perfect

dengan benar.

C.2. Kompetensi Dasar: Setelah menyelesaikan pokok bahasan ini mahasiswa mampu

1. Membuat kata kerja Past Participle.

2. Membuat kalimat dengan Forms Of The Present Perfect.

3. Memahami Meanings Of The Present Perfect.

4. Membandingkan kalimat Simple Past vs. Present Perfect.

D. Petunjuk Belajar: bacalah tiap kalimat dengan teliti, telaah, dan tulis kembali

materi dengan ringkas dalam tabel atau resume. Kerjakan semua latihan soal,

verifikasi jawaban Anda dengan jawaban yang disertakan pada setiap akhir bab.

6.2 Penyajian

6.2.1 Uraian

� PAST PARTICIPLE

The past participle is one of the principal parts of a verb. The past participle is used

in the PRESENT PERFECT tense and the PAST PERFECT tense.

In regular verbs, the form of the past participle is the same as the simple past: both

end in – ed. For irregular verbs you need to memorize them.

For example :

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SIMPLE

FORM

SIMPLE

PAST

PAST

PARTICIPLE

REGULAR

VERBS

finish

stop

wait

finished

stopped

waited

finished

stopped

waited

IRREGULAR

VERBS

see

make

put

saw

made

put

seen

made

put

Exercise 1.Past participle.

Directions: write the past participle.

SIMPLE

FORM

SIMPLE

PAST

PAST

PARTICIPLE

SIMPLE

FORM

SIMPLE

PAST

PAST

PARTICIPLE

1. finish Finished Finished 11. Come Came

2. See Saw Seen 12. Study Studied

3. Go Went 13. Stay Stayed

4. Have Had 14. Begin Began

5. Meet Met 15. Start Started

6. Call Called 16. Write Wrote

7. Fall Fell 17. Eat Ate

8. Do Did 18. cut Cut

9. Know Knew 19. Read Read

10. Fly flew 20. Be Was/were

6.2.2 Uraian

� Forms Of The Present Perfect :

1. STATEMENT:

have/has + past participle

� For example :

(a) I have finished my work.

(b) The students have finished chapter 3.

(c) Jim has eaten lunch.

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2. CONTRACTION

Pronoun + have ‘ve

Pronoun + has

‘s

� For example :

(a) I’ve/You’ve/We’ve/They’ve eaten lunch.

(b) She’s/He’s eaten lunch.

(c) It’s been cold for the last three days.

3. NEGATIVE:

have/has + not + past participle

NEGATIVE CONTRACTION

have + not haven’t

has + not hasn’t

� For example :

(a) I have not (haven’t) finished my work.

(b) Ann has not (hasn’t) eaten lunch.

4. QUESTION:

have/has + subject + past participle

� For example :

(a) Have you finished your work?

(b) Has Jim eaten lunch?

(c) How long have you lived here?

5. SHORT ANSWER :

have/haven’t or has/hasn’t

� For example:

(a) A: Have you seen that movie?

B: Yes, I have. OR No, I haven’t.

(b) A: Has Jim eaten lunch?

B: Yes, he has. OR No, he hasn’t.

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Note: The helping verb in the short answer is not contracted with the pronoun.

INCORRECT: Yes, I’ve. OR Yes, he’s.

Be careful

*COMPARE:

It’s cold today. [It’s = It is: It is cold today.]

It’s been cold since December. [It’s = It has: It has been cold since December]

EXERCISE 2. Forms of the present perfect.

Directions: Complete the dialogues with the words in parentheses. Use the present perfect.

1. A : (you, eat , ever) ______________________ seaweed ?

B : No , I ______________. I (eat, never) __________________seaweed.

2. A : (you, stay, ever) _______________________________ at a big hotel ?

B : Yes , I ____________. I (stay) __________ at a big hotel lots of times.

3. A : (you, meet, ever) _______________________________ a movie star ?

B : No, I _____________. I ( meet, never) _______________ a movie star.

4. A : (Tom, visit, ever) _________________________ you at your house ?

B : Yes , he ____________ . He (visit) ______________ me lots of times .

5. A : (Ann, be ,ever)_______________________ in Mexico ?

B : No , she ___________ . She (be, never) _________________ in Mexico . She (be,

not) __________________ in any Spanish-speaking countries.

6.2.3 Uraian

� Meanings Of The Present Perfect :

look at two pictures bellow:

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1. Something happened before now at an unspecified time

a. The Present Perfect expresses an activity or situation that occurred (or did not

occur) before now, at some unspecified time in the past, as illustrated in Fig. (a).

� For example :

(a) Jim has already eaten lunch.

(b) Ann hasn’t eaten lunch yet.

(c) Have you ever eaten at that restaurant?

b. An activity may be repeated two, several, or more times before now, at

unspecified times in the past, as illustrated in Fig. (b).

� For example :

(d) Pete has eaten at that restaurant many times.

(e) I have eaten there twice.

2. A situation began in the past and continues to the present.

When the Present Perfect is used with since or for, it expresses situation that

began in the past and continue to the present, as illustrated in Fig. (c).

� For example :

(f) We’ve been in class since ten o’clock this morning.

(g) I have known Ben for ten years. I meet him ten years ago. I still

know him today. We are friends.

In (f): Class started at ten. We are still in class now, at the moment of speaking.

INCORRECT: We are in class since ten o’clock this morning

now

Before now

Unspecified time

Fig. (a)

now

Before now

Unspecified time

Fig. (b)

now

Fig. (c)

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Exercise 3. Present Perfect

Direction: when speakers use the present perfect, they often contract have and has with nouns

in everyday speech. Listen to your teacher say these sentences in normal contracted speech

and practice saying them yourself. Discuss the meaning of the present perfect.

1. Bob has been in Montreal since Tuesday. (“Bob’s been in . . . .”)

2. Jane has been out of town for two days.

3. The weather has been warm since the beginning of April.

4. My parents have been active in politics for forty years.

5. Mike has already eaten breakfast.

6. My friends have moved into a new apartment.

7. My roommate has travelled a lot. She’s visited many different countries.

8. My aunt and uncle have lived in the same house for twenty-five years.

6.2.4 Uraian

� Simple Past vs Present Perfect

1. The SIMPLE PAST expresses an activity that occurred at a specific time (or

times) in the past, as in (a), (b), and (c).

� For example :

a) I finished my work two hours ago.

b) I was in Europe last year/three years ago/in 1999/in 1995 and

1999/when I was ten years old.

c) Ann was in Miami for two weeks.

• In (a): I finished my work at a specific time in the past (two hours ago).

• In (c): In sentences where for is used in a time expression, the simple

past expresses an activity that began and ended in the past.

2. The PRESENT PERFECT expresses an activity that occurred at an unspecified

time (or times) in the past, as in (d), (e), and (f).

� For example :

d) I have already* finished my work.

e) I have been in Europe many times/several times/a couple of

times/once/ (no mention of time).

f) Bob has been in Miami for two weeks/since May first.

• In (d): I finished my work at an unspecified time in the past (sometime

before now).

• In (f): In sentences with for or since¸ the present perfect expresses an

activity that began in the past and continues to the present.

*For more information about already, see Chart 4-8.

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Exercise 4 .simple past vs. present perfect.

Directions: discuss the meaning of the verb tenses.

1. All of the verbs in the following talk about past time, but the verb in (a) is different from

the other three verbs. What is the difference?

a. I have had several bicycles in my lifetime.

b. I had a red bicycle when I was in elementary school.

c. I had a blue bicycle when I was a teenager.

d. I had a green bicycle when I live and worked in Hong

Kong.

2. What are the differences in the ideas the verb tenses express?

a. I had a wonderful bicycle last year.

b. I’ve had many wonderful bicycles.

3. What are the differences in the ideas the verb tenses express?

a. Ann had a red bike for two years.

b. Sue has had a red bike for two years.

4. Who is still alive, and who is dead?

a. In his lifetime, Uncle Alex had several red bicycle.

b. In his lifetime, Grandpa has had several red bicycle.

Exercise 5. Simple past vs. Present perfect

Directions : Look at the verb in italic. Is it simple past or is it present perfect?

Check the box that describes whether the verb expresses something that

happened at a specified time in the past or at an unspecified time in the

past

Specified time

in the past

Unspecified

time in the past

QUESTION

X

Ms. Parker has been in Tokyo many times

(present perfect)

X

Ms. Parker was in Tokyo last week

(simple past)

I’ve met Ann’s husband. He is a nice guy.

I met Ann’s husband at a party last week.

Mr. White was in Rome three times last month.

Mr. White has been in Rome many times.

I like to travel. I’ve been in more than thirty

foreign countries.

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I was in morocco in 2001.

Mary has never been in morocco.

Mary wasn’t in morocco when I was in there in

2001.

EXERCISE6. Irregular Verb.

Direction: Write the simple past and the past participles.

1. See

2. Eat

3. Give

4. Fall

5. Take

6. Shake

Saw

________

________

________

________

________

Seen

_______

_______

_______

_______

_______

1. Drive

2. Ride

3. Write

4. Bite

5. Hide

__________

__________

__________

__________

__________

__________

__________

__________

__________

__________

EXERCISE 7. Irregular Verbs.

Directions: Write the simple past and the past participles.

1. Break broke broken

2. Speak

3. Steal

4. Get

5. Wear

6. Draw

7. Grow

1. Throw

2. Blow

3. Fly

4. Drink

5. Sing

6. Swim

7. Go

EXERCISE 8. Irregular Verbs.

Directions: Write the simple past and the past participles.

1. Have ______________ ______________

2. Make ______________ ______________

3. Build ______________ ______________

4. Lend ______________ ______________

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5. Send ______________ ______________

6. Spend ______________ ______________

7. Leave ______________ ______________

8. Lose ______________ ______________

9. Sleep ______________ ______________

10. Feel ______________ ______________

11. Meet ______________ ______________

12. Sit ______________ ______________

13. Win ______________ ______________

14. Hang*

______________ ______________

*Hang is a regular verb (hang, hanged, hanged) when it means to kill a person by putting

aRope around his/her neck.

Hang is an irregular verb when it refers to suspending a thing on a wall, in a closet, on a

hook, etc.

EXERCISE 9. Irregular verbs.

Directions: Write the simple past and the past participles.

1. Sell

2. Tell

3. Hear

4. Hold

5. Feed

6. Read

7. Find

8. Buy

9. Think

10. Teach

11. Catch

12. Cut

13. Hit

14. Quit*

15. Put

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6.3 Penutup

6.3.1 Rangkuman

A. Past Participle

1. The past participle is one of the principal parts of a verb. (See Chart 2-6,

p. 32.). The past participle is used in the PRESENT PERFECT tense and

the PAST PERFECT tense.

2. The past participle of regular verbs is the same as the simple past form:

both and in -ed. See chart 2-7, p. 33, for a list of irregular verbs.

B. Forms Of The Present Perfect

Statement have/has + past participle

Contraction Pronoun + have = ‘ve

Pronoun + has = ‘s

Negative have not/haven’t or has

not/hasn’t

Question have/has + subject + past

participle

Short Answer have/haven’t or has/hasn’t

C. Meanings Of The Present Perfect

1. The PRESENT PERFECT expresses an activity or situation that occurred

(or did not occur) before now, at unspecified time in the past.

2. An activity may be repeated two, several, or more times before now, at

unspecified times in the past.

3. A situation began in the past and continues to the present.

6.3.2 TES FORMATIF

A.

Direction: complete the sentence with the word in parentheses. Some of completions review

verb tenses studied in chapter 1 and 2.Someof them preview verb tenses will be studied in

this chapter: the present perfect and past perfect.

Discuss the form and meaning of new tenses. There may be more than one possible correct

completion

My name (be) ______________ Surasuk Jutukanyaprateep. I (be) __________from

Thailand. Right now I (study)_____________English at this school. I (be)

________________at this school since beginning of January. I (arrive)

________________here January 2, and my classes (begin) ___________January 6.

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Since i (come) ____________here, I (do) ____________Many things, and I (meet)

________ many people. Last week, I (go) ____________to a party at my friend’s house. I

(meet) ________ some of the other student from Thailand at the party, Of course we (speak)

________ Thai so I (practice, not) ________ my English that night. There (be)

________ only people from Thailand at the party.

However, since I (come) _____________________ here, I (meet)

___________________________ a lot of other people, too. I (meet) __________________

people from Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. I enjoy meeting people from

other countries. Before I came here, I (meet, never) __________________ anyone from the

Ukraine or Bolivia. Now I (know) ______________________ people from both these places,

and they (become) _____________________ my friends.

B. Simple past vs. present perfect

Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Use the present perfect or

the simple past.

1. A : Have you ever been in Europe?

B; Yes Ihave. I (be)have been in Europe several Times. Infact, I (be)was in Europe

last year.

2. A:are you going to finish your work before you go to bed ?

B: I(finish, already*) have_already finished it. I (finish) finished. My

work two hours ago .

3. A :Have you ever eaten at Al’s Steak House?

B: Yes , I ______________.I(eat)_____________ there many times. In fact , my

wife and I (eat)______________ there last night.

4. A: Does you and Erica want to go to the movie at the palace theatre with us tonight?

B: No thanks. We (see, already)_______________________________ it . We

(see)_________________________ it last week.

5. A: When are you going to write your report for Mr. Goldberg?

B: I(write, already)_________________________________ it. I(write)

____________________ it two days ago and gave it to him .

6. A: (Antonio, have, ever)___________________________________ a job?

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B: Yes, he ________________________ .He(have) _________________ a job at his

uncle’s waterbed store.

7. A: This is a good book. Would you like to read it when I’m finished?

B:Thanks,but I (read, already)_____________________________________ it . I

(read)_______________________________ it a couple of months ago.

8. A: What European countries (you, visit)_________________________________?

B: I (visit)_____________________Hungary , Germany , and Switzerland. I

(visit)________________________Hungary at 1998. I (be)________________in

Germany and Switzerland in 2001.

*in informal spoken English , the simple past is sometimes used with already .

Practice using the present perfect with already in exercise

C. Since vs For.

Directions: Complete the sentence “I have been here …..” Use since or for with the give

expressions.

I have been here …

1. __ two month.

2. __ September.

3. __ 1998.

4. __ last year.

5. __ two years.

6. __ last Friday.

7. __ 9.30.

8. __ three days.

9. __ the first January.

10. __ almost four month.

11. __ the beginning of the term.

12. __ the semester started.

13. __ a couple of hours.

14. __ fifteen minutes.

15. __ yesterday.

16. __ about five weeks.

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6.3.3 Umpan balik

Score = Jumlah jawaban benar x 100/44.

6.3.4 Tindak lanjut

Jika score anda kurang dari 80 maka ulangi lagi memahami rangkuman, kerjakan semua

latihan, dan test formatif.

6.4 Referensi

Betty Schrampfer Azar, Fundamentals of English Grammar 3rd Edition, Longman, 2003.

Chapter 4. Unit 4.1 – 4.4. Page 84-87.