MORFOLOGI BUNGAMORFOLOGI DARI BUNGA MERUPAKAN KARAKTER PENTING PD KLASIFIKASI TUMBUHAN BERBUNGAMODIFIKASI DR MORFOLOGI BUNGA BERHUBUNGAN ERAT DG PENYERBUKAN DAN PERBANYAKAN TNM YG PENYERBUKANYA DIBANTU ANGIN UNISEXUAL, PERHIASAN BUNGA JARANG TNM YG PENYERBUKAN DIBANTU SERANGGA BUNGA RELATIF BESAR, BERWARNA MENARIK/CERAH, BAU MENARIK, BISEKSUAL

MODIFIKASI DR JML STAMEN, POSISI ANTHER,POSISI OVARY, PANJANG STYLE, BTK STIGMA, JML CARPELS, JML+PENYATUAN PERIANT, TIPE PEMBUNGAAN, BUAH DAN TIPE BIJI MENETUKAN KEBERHASILAN PERBANYAKAN TANAMAN

KEBIASAAN TUMBUH KLASIFIKASIHERBACEUS OR WOODY PLANT SELURUH TNM CRUCIFERA BIASANYA BERSIFAT HERBACEUS COMPOSITAE WOODY N HERBACEUS TUMB TROPIS DAN TEMPERATE WOODY N HERBACEUS

KARAKTER PENTING BAG VEGETATIFBTK DAUN PD ELMS (ULMA)KARAKTER DAUN OAK DAN BIRCHROSET DASAR CRUCIFERATIPE BATANG, BUDS, THORNS, SPINES INDENTIFIKASI TNMN BERKAYU

ANATOMI TUMBUHAN

ANATOMI MENJADI PENTING KRN ADANYA PARALLELISM AND CONVERGENCEDIGUNAKAN PD TINGKATAN YG LBH TINGGI DAN JARANG DIGUNAKAN PD TINGKATAN DI BAWAH GENUS

XYLEM ANGIOSPERMAETRAECHAEIDS GYMNOSPERMAEFLOEMANATOMI DAUN EPIDERMIS DAUN TRICOMA SP GENUS FAMILI

Plant OrganizationThree basic organs evolved: roots, stems, and leavesThey are organized into a root system and a shoot system (consisting of stems and leaves)

RootsAnchors, absorbs minerals and water, stores nutrientsDicots, gymnosperms: taproot systemMonocots, seedless vascular plants: fibrous root systemRoots arising from stem: adventitious Absorption occurs near root tips, mostly in root hairs (extension of epidermal cell)

Root Adaptations

StemsAn alternating system of nodes, the points at which leaves are attachedInternodes, the stem segments between nodesIn angle of each leaf is an axillary budTerminal buds occur at tips of branchesApical dominance: terminal bud (apical) suppresses growth in axillary buds

Shoot Adaptations

LeavesThe leafIs the main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plantsLeaves generally consist ofA flattened blade and a stalkThe petiole, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem

Types of AngiospermsMonocots and dicotsDiffer in the arrangement of veins, the vascular tissue of leavesMost monocotsHave parallel veinsMost dicotsHave branching veins

Leaf Shapes

The Three Tissue Systems: Dermal, Vascular, and GroundEach plant organHas dermal, vascular, and ground tissues

Leaf AdaptationsSome plant species have evolved modified leaves that serve various functions

Conducting (Vascular) TissuesThe vascular tissue systemCarries out long-distance transport of materials between roots and shootsConsists of two tissues, xylem and phloem

Types of Vascular TissueXylemConveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots

PhloemTransports organic nutrients from where they are made to where they are needed

Dermal and Ground TissuesDermal tissueConsists of the epidermis and peridermGround tissueIncludes various cells specialized for functions such as storage, photosynthesis, and supportBasically everything other than dermal and vascular

Cell TypesSome of the major types of plant cells includeParenchymaCollenchymaSclerenchymaWater-conducting cells of the xylemSugar-conducting cells of the phloem

Cell TypesParenchymaPrimary walls (thin, flexible)Large central vacuoleFunction: perform most metabolic functions of the plantCollenchymaSupport young parts of the plant shoot (growing regions)- petioles, young stemsThickened primary walls (uneven thickening)

Cell Types, cont.SchlerenchymaThick secondary walls, rich in ligninCannot elongate at maturity, so usually found in part of the plant that have stopped growingOften dead at maturitySome schlerenchymous cells are for support only: fibers, sclereids

Figure 35.9

Xylem CellsFunction: water conductionDead at maturity, columnar in shapeTracheids Found in xylem of all plantsLong, thin, with tapered endsPits in walls allow water flowVessel ElementsWider, shorter, thinner walledJoin together to form vesselsEnd walls that are perforated, and have pits

Phloem CellsAlive at maturityFunction: sugar* conductionSieve cells- small, independentSugar conducting cells in gymnosperms and lower plantsSieve tube members- join to form sieve tubesAlive, but lack nucleus, ribosomes, and vacuoleSieve plates at ends: like a strainerCompanion cellsNon-conducting cell connected to sieve cell by MANY plasmodesmataLoading and unloading of sugars happens here

Figure. 35.9

Other Specialized CellsRoot Hairs: In most plants, the absorption of water and minerals occurs near the root tips, where vast numbers of tiny root hairs increase the surface area of the root

Other Specialized Cells, cont.Guard Cells: regulate the opening and closing of stomata (pores)

MeristemsMeristems generate cells for new organsApical meristemsAre located at the tips of roots and in the buds of shootsElongate shoots and roots through primary growthLateral meristemsAdd thickness to woody plants through secondary growthVascular and cork cambiums

Secondary Growth- Lateral MeristemsSecondary growth adds girth to stems and roots in woody plantsSecondary growthOccurs in stems and roots of woody plants but rarely in leavesThe secondary plant bodyConsists of the tissues produced by the vascular cambium and cork cambium

Lateral MeristemsVascular cambiumProduces secondary phloem and secondary xylemCork cambiumProduces cork cells

Root TissuePrimary growth lengthens roots and shootsPrimary growth produces the primary plant body, the parts of the root and shoot systems produced by apical meristemsThe primary growth of roots produces the epidermis, ground tissue, and vascular tissue

Primary Growth of RootsThe root tip is covered by a root cap, which protects the delicate apical meristem as the root pushes through soil during primary growth

Zone of cell divisionActively dividing, including root apical meristem, produces root cap cellsZone of elongationRoot cells elongate, pushes root tip further into soilZone of maturationCells complete maturation, become fully functionalRoot Zones

Root Tissue

Root Tissue OrganizationVascular Cylinder (stele)Xylem and phloemMonocot v. dicotPericycleOutermost layer of vascular cylinderLateral roots initiated here

Root Tissue OrganizationCortexBetween vascular cylinder and epidermisEndodermis: 1 cell thickForms a boundary around vascular cylinderSelectively permeable, NOT a membraneCasparian StripSuberized strip that regulates traffic across endodermisEpidermisOuter layer of cellsRoot hairs are epidermal

Lateral Root FormationLateral roots arise from within the pericycle, the outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder

Primary Growth of ShootsA shoot apical meristemIs a dome-shaped mass of dividing cells at the tip of the terminal budGives rise to a repetition of internodes and leaf-bearing nodes

Primary Growth of ShootsIn buds, leaf primordia jammed close together (short internodes)Below the shoot apex, elongation and division of cells causes the elongation in the stemSome species (think grasses) have meristems at the base of the leaves

Bud LoctionsAn axillary budIs a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branchA terminal budIs located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot

Shoot Primary Growth- Microscopic LevelEpidermisOutermost layer of the shootparenchymaCortexCells between epidermis and vascular bundlesUsually parenchyma and collenchyma

Shoot Primary Growth- Microscopic LevelVascular BundlesBundles of xylem and phloem (orientation specific)Monocots v. dicotsPithTissue interior to vascular bundles

DicotVascular bundles in a ringClearly defined pith

MonocotVascular bundles scatteredPith not well defined

Tissue Organization of StemsIn gymnosperms and most eudicots, the vascular tissue consists of vascular bundles arranged in a ring

Tissue Organization of StemsIn most monocot stems, the vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue, rather than forming a ring

Leaf Anatomy- Microscopic LevelEpidermisOuter layer of cellsMost cells have no cholorplasts, guard cells doVascular BundlesVeins consisting of xylem and phloemMesophyll- everything elsePalisade: columnar cells, tightly packed, very active photosynthesisSpongy: odd shaped, lots of air spaces, cell walls saturated with water, allows for easy gas exchange

The Vascular Cambium and Secondary Vascular TissueThe vascular cambiumIs a cylinder of meristematic cells one cell thickDevelops from parenchyma cellsProduces secondary xylem to the interior of the stemProduces secondary phloem to the exterior of the stem

Vascular Cambium in Woody Plants

Vascular Cambium ContributionsViewed in transverse section, the vascular cambiumAppears as a ring, with interspersed regions of dividing cells called fusiform initials and ray initials

Aging of Woody PlantsAs a tree or woody shrub agesThe older layers of secondary xylem, the heartwood, no longer transport water and mineralsThe outer layers, known as sapwoodStill transport materials through the xylem

Figure 35.20

Cork Cambia and the Production of PeridermThe cork cambiumGives rise to the secondary plant bodys protective covering, or peridermPeridermConsists of the cork cambium plus the layers of cork cells it producesBarkConsists of all the tissues external to the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem and periderm

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