BIOLOGI MOLEKULERI. Pengenalan Biologi Molekuler

II. Materi GenetikStruktur dan Sifat Asam Nukleat

Replikasi DNA, Mutasi dan Repair DNA

III. Ekspresi GenaTranskripsi, Translasi, dan Regulasi

IV. Pertumbuhan Sel EukariotSel Signaling dan Siklus Sel

V. Transformasi GenetikRekombinasi, Transposon dan Retrovirus

III. DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Lodish, H., Berk, A., Zipursky, A.L., Matsudaira, P., Baltimore, D., Darnell, J., 2000, Molecular cell Biology, 4th ed., Freeman and Company, New York.

Alberts,B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Robert, K., Watson, JD., 1994, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3th ed.,Garland Publishing, Inc, New York.

Devlin T.M., 2002, Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 5th ed., wiley-Liss, New York.

Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., Stryer.,2002, Biochemistry, 5th ed.,W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.

Freifelder, D.,1987, Molecular Biology, 2th ed., Jones and Bartlett Publisher, Boston.

Glick, B.R. and Pasternak, J.J., 1998, Molecular Biotechnology, Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA, 2nd. Ed. ASM Press, Washington DC.

Brown, T.A., 2001, Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis, An Introduction, 4th ed., Blackwell Science, UK

46

(Berg JM et al, 2002)

Human 2.9x109 bp

REKAYASA GENETIK

TEKNOLOGI GENA FARMASETIK

ProkariotProkariot EukariotEukariot

OrganismeOrganisme Bakteria dan Bakteria dan sianobakteriasianobakteria

Fungi, hewan, manusiaFungi, hewan, manusia

Ukuran selUkuran sel 1 - 101 - 10mm 5 - 1005 - 100mm

OrganelOrganel Beberapa / tidak adaBeberapa / tidak ada Inti, mitokondria, Inti, mitokondria, kloroplastkloroplast

GENOMGENOM Sirkuler dalam Sirkuler dalam sitoplasma,sitoplasma,Satu molekul Satu molekul kromosomkromosom

Linier panjang, dipak rapi Linier panjang, dipak rapi dgn protein histon dalam dgn protein histon dalam inti.inti.Manusia mempunyai 46 Manusia mempunyai 46 cromosomcromosom

RNA dan RNA dan proteinprotein

Disintesis dalam Disintesis dalam sitoplasmasitoplasma

RNA : dalam inti, Protein: RNA : dalam inti, Protein: dalam sitoplasmadalam sitoplasma

OrganisasiOrganisasi UniselUnisel MultiselMultisel

PERBEDAAN PROKARIOT & EUKARIOT

mRNA Translation

RNAses

Decay

Proteins

Turnover Interactions

Modification

Regulatory factors

Localization

DNA

mRNA

IFs, EF, RF

mRNAStorage Translation

RNAses

Decay

Proteins

Turnover Interactions

Modification(PO4/dPO4, glycosylation)

Regulatory factors

Localization

Pre-mRNA

CappingPolyadenylation Splicing

mRNA

eIFs, eEF, eRF

II. MATERI GENETIK

Mahluk hidup tersusun dari SEL

yang dapat membelah dan menurunkan

INFORMASI GENETIK nya

Dibawa oleh DNA : rantai polimer panjang yang merupakan rangkaian dari jutaan nukleotida

Molekul DNA yang terdiri dari beberapa gena di paking membentuk CHROMOSOM

Total informasi genetik yang tersimpan dalam kromosom GENOM

Fragmen DNA yang mengkode protein, suatu unit keturunan Gena

What Is Cloning?• A clone is a genetically identical copy of a

living organism, such as the famous sheep ‘Dolly’

• Similar to an identical twin

The Making of DollyCloning depends on DNACloning depends on DNA

Step 1: Take the Nuclei out of a sheep eggStep 1: Take the Nuclei out of a sheep egg

Empty DNADNA

Step 2: Transfer nuclei from the MotherStep 2: Transfer nuclei from the Mother

Sheep EggSheep Egg Mother’s EggMother’s Egg

Hello Dolly

She was cloned using a cell taken from a healthy six-year-old sheep

July 5, 1996, Dolly was born at the Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, ScotlandJuly 5, 1996, Dolly was born at the

Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland

NucleusNucleus

Cloning and the Cell

Its all about DNAIts all about DNA

Cloning Depends on DNANucleusNucleus

ChromosomeChromosome

Good-Bye Dolly

• Dolly’s DNA was already 6 years old when she was born - WHY?

• Dolly’s DNA was already 6 years old when she was born - WHY?

At age 3 Dolly showed signs of premature aging.

Dolly died at 6 years old from progressive lung disease (symptom of old age)

At age 3 Dolly showed signs of premature aging.

Dolly died at 6 years old from progressive lung disease (symptom of old age)

It’s all about DNA

ChromosomeChromosome DNADNA

Gene 1Gene 1

Gene 2Gene 2

TelomeresTelomeresTelomeres

TTAGGGTTAGGG

Telomere Length Declines

0 35 65

1,500

3,000

8,000

Age (years)

Telomere length in base pairs(human white blood cells)

Telomere length in base pairs(human white blood cells)

More on Dolly and Cloning

How many failures will it take to produce a human

Dolly’s experimenters used 277 cloned embryos to produce one sheep, meaning 276 failed.

Dolly’s experimenters used 277 cloned embryos to produce one sheep, meaning 276 failed.

Question

Other Cloned Animals

July 1998 cloned calves

July 1998 cloned calves Cloned

muleCloned mule

Cloned mouseCloned mouse

Future Experiments

ButterCatButterCat CatCowCatCow

Future Experiments

SparrowBoxerSparrowBoxer TigerOwlTigerOwl

JUMLAH BASA VS KOMPLEKS MAKHLUK

Chromosomes

1616 66 2424

Chromosomes

7878 4040 4646

Human Genome

• Genome inti 23 pasang kromosome 2x (4x109 bp)

2 m DNA/sel

• Genome mitokondria

Some organisms are diploid - that is, they have paired homologous

chromosomes in their somatic cells, and thus contain two copies of each

gene.

An organism in which both copies of the gene are identical - that is, have the

same allele - is said to be homozygous for that gene. An organism which has

two different alleles of the gene is said to be heterozygous

E. Coli 4.7 x 106 1 Chromosom40 – 50 loop superkoil

Human 4 x 109

22 autosom yang berbeda 2 sex kromosom

Masing2 single linier DNA

Kromosom tanpa histon

DNA

CHROMOSOME

KROMOSOM

CENTROMER

region dari chromosom yang diperlukan untuk

pengikatan mitotic spindle saat proses mitosis

TELOMER

fragmen di ujung chromosom linier

replikasi secara khusus untuk mencegah perpendekan chromosom

ORIGIN REPLIKASI

tempat awal replikasi berlangsung

mRNA

Transcription

Introduction

The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

Cell

Polypeptide(protein)

TranslationRibosome

Reverse tanscription DNA

KOMPOSISI GENA FUNGSIONAL

PROMOTER

OPERATOR

ACTIVATOR BINDING SITE

STRUKTURAL GEN : mRNA

TERMINATOR