BAB-1

MASALAH EKONOMI

Materi ajar Bab ILatar belakang dan definisi ilmu ekonomi 5 masalah fundamental ekonomi, What, How, Where, When, For Whom8 prinsip ilmu ekonomiBatas kemungkinan produksiSistem perekonomian

Tujuan Pembelajaransetelah mempelajari materi ini mahasiswa akan dapatMemahami definisi ilmu ekonomiMemahami tentang lima masalah pokok ekonomi.Memahami 8 prinsip ilmu ekonomiMemahami batas kemungkinan produksiMemahami sistem perekonomian

Latar Belakang & definisi

Kelangkaan sumberdaya vs kebutuhan

Definisi: ilmu ekonomi adalah ilmu mengenai pilihan ilmu yang menjelaskan pilihan yang kita buat dalam kelangkaan

5 pertanyaan ekonomiWhat Barang &jasa apa yang akan diproduksi & berapa jumlahnya Howbagaimana barang & jasa akan diproduksiWhenkapan barang & jasa akan diproduksiWheredimana barang & jasa akan diproduksiWhoSiapa yang ekan mengkonsumsi barang & jasa

Diagram Melingkar Ekonomi

Group of unique names

Residential person

Organizational person

Locality

Generic object

cRL distribution point

Unknown

RUMAH TANGGA KONSUMEN

PERUSAHAAN

PASAR INPUT

PASAR OUTPUT

WHAT ?

HOW?

WHERE?

WHEN ?

FOR WHO ?

8 Prinsip ilmu ekonomiPilihan, tradeoff, & biaya oportunitasMargins & InsentifPertukaran sukarela & Pasar yang efisienKegagalan pasar

Pengeluaran, pendapatan, & nilai produksiStandar Hidup & Pertumbuhan produktivitasInflasi : suatu problem moneterPengangguran : pemborosan & produktif

Peran ekonom sebagai ilmuwanMikroekonomiilmu yang mempelajari keputusan seseorang dan perusahaan secara individual dan interaksi dari keputusan tersebut di pasar. Ekonomi berusaha menjelaskan harga dan jumlah dari barang dan jasa individual. Ekonomi mikro juga mempelajari pengaruh peraturan pemerintah dan pajak terhadap harga dan kuantitas barang dan jasa`secara individual. Makroekonomimempelajari perekonomian nasional dan perekonomian global sebagai suatu keseluruhan. Ekonomi makro berusaha menjelaskan harga rata-rata, kesempatan kerja, pandapatan, dan produksi total. Ekonomi makro juga mempelajari pengaruh kebijakan pemerintah - pajak, pengeluaran, dan deficit - terhadap kesempatan kerja dan pendapatan total.

Landasan Ilmu EkonomiSumberdaya vs Keinginansumberdaya/faktor produksi/: input (masukan) yang dimasukan ke dalam proses produksi.

Input : segala sesuatu yang disediakan alam atau generasi sebelumnya yang dapat dimanfaatkan secara langsung maupun tidak langsung untuk memenuhi kebutuhan manusia.

Input terdiri dari * tenaga kerja * tanah/alam * modal * kewirausahaan

Barang Modal vs Barang KonsumenBarang modal : benda-benda yang yang sudah diproduksi sebelumnya dan kemudian dimanfaatkan untuk memproduksi barang & jasa lainnyaBarang konsumen : barang-barang yang diproduksi untuk dikonsumsi saat itu.Investasi : proses pemanfaatan sumberdaya untuk memproduksi modal baru.

Batas kemungkinan produksi

(Production Possibility Frontiers) : menunjukkan jumlah maksimum produksi yang dapat dicapai suatu perekonomian, dengan pengetahuan teknologi & jumlah input yang tersedia

kemungkinanpadipalawijaa017b116c214d312e49f55g60

Chart1

17

16

14

12

9

5

0

palawija

Palawija

padi


Sheet1

kemungkinanpadipalawija

a017

b116

c214

d312

e49

f55

g60

Sheet1

palawija

Palawija

padi


Sheet2

Sheet3


Efisiensi produksi vs pengangguran Trade offOpportunity Cost

Spesialisasi &Gains from tradeComparative Advantagejika dapat memproduksi pada biaya oportunitas yang paling minimal dibanding orang lain

Gains from trade (keuntungan dari perdagangan)

Absolut Advantagejika dapat memproduksi lebih banyak barang & jasa dibandingkan orang lain.

Dynamic Comparative Advantageperubahan sumberdaya & teknologi

Sistem Perekonomian Perekonomian Komando

Perekonomian Laissez-Faire : Pasar Bebas

Sistem Campuran, pasar dan Pemerintah

Sistem Perekonomian Perekonomian Komando : perekonomian dimana pemerintah pusat baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung menentukan sasaran keluara (output), pendapatan dan harga-harga

Perekonomian Laissez-Faire : Pasar Bebas : perekonomian dimana individu dan perusahaan mengejar kepentingan pribadi mereka tanpa adanya arahan atau aturan yang terpusatPasar : lembaga dimana pembeli dan penjual melakukan interkasi dan terlibat pertukaran

Sistem Perekonomian

Pasar bebas :Kedaulatan konsumenKeputusan produksi individualDistribusi outputTeori harga

Sistem Campuran, pasar dan PemerintahPasar bebas ada kelemahan perlu ada intervensi pemerintah

Perekonomian PasarProperty Right; social arrangement that govern the ownership, use, and disposal of resource, goods, and service.

Property right : * real property* financial property* intelectual property

Chart1

12.167.1

15.323.49

15.8733.48

13.518.47

16.565.55

8.413.75

8.7712.91

13.3927.03

9.685.66

7.28-2.91

-8.6-34.41

-0.37-12.2

27.6639.63

-9.34-7.62

1.490.86

6.824.23

17.2442.93

8.3113.51

Pertumbuhan Ekspor

Pertumbuhan Impor

Tahun

%

Chart2

12.167.125.28

15.323.49-2.88

15.8733.48-33.82

13.518.47-14.75

16.565.55103.61

8.413.7527.51

8.7712.91-5

13.3927.03-40.66

9.685.6643.79

7.28-2.9170.84

-8.6-34.4182.85

-0.37-12.214.65

27.6639.6316

-9.34-7.62-11.36

1.490.862.25

6.824.239.94

17.2442.93-12.09

8.3113.51-1.34

Pertumbuhan Ekspor

Pertumbuhan Impor

Pertumbuhan Neraca Perdagangan

Tahun

%

Chart3

8.04

6.41

0

9.33

7.56

9.67

8.48

9.47

7.9

6.2

58.47

20.3

9.3

12.5

10

5.1

6.1

10.5

inflasi

Tahun

(%)

Ganbar 1. Inflasi Indonesia Periode 1988-2005

Chart4

2.85.88.04

2.89.086.41

2.590

2.68.939.33

2.77.227.56

2.87.259.67

4.47.548.48

7.28.229.47

4.97.827.9

4.74.76.2

5.5-13.1358.47

6.40.7920.3

6.14.929.3

8.13.8290512.5

9.14.3756410

9.64.725.1

9.95.056.1

10.35.610.5

Pengangguran

Pertumbuhan Ekonomi

Inflasi

Tahun

(%)

Grafik 1. Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Inflasi Dan Pengangguran di Indonesia 1988-2005

Chart5

89722383561275635585

100234477061569843614

124184597581864953289

145540674882078563865

157910727742473178723

192958866672975788231

22811910538131014101332

27987612921835584119593

33209415765340299137533

38717117768642952174871

64782424304354416506245

81318322147272631390560

856798.3275881.290779.7569490.3

1039655323875.3113416.1642594.6

1231964.5353967132218.8595514

1372078392788.6163701.4613720.8

1532888.3492849.9191055.6729320.5

1785596.4599795.2224980.5915610.1

Konsumsi

Investasi

Pemerintah

Ekspor

Tahun

Milyar Rupiah

Grafik 2. Pengeluaran PDB Indonesia Periode 1988-2005

Chart6

1439262468146

20114742612688

23819909414725

26341934616995

287791147817301

368051443122374

453741863426740

526772080731870

640892248741602

783432842449919

1011974139459803

1246335835366280

1621867237189815

17773176342101389

19193980686111253

22379994542129257

253818109265144553

281905124316157589

M1

Uang Kartal

Uang Giral

Tahun

MIlyar Rupiah

Grafik 3. M1, Uang Kartal & Uang Giral

Chart7

6246814614392

74261268820114

90941472523819

93461699526341

114781730128779

144312237436805

186342674045374

208073187052677

224874160264089

284244991978343

4139459803101197

5835366280124633

7237189815162186

76342101389177731

80686111253191939

94542129257223799

109265144553253818

124316157589281905

Uang Kartal

Uang Giral

M1

Tahun

MIlyar Rupiah

Grafik 3. M1 dan Komponennya

Chart8

149669221407.20313

179582241521.09375

210866263261.90625

249969286765.40625

282395307474.09375

329776329775.8125

382220354640.8125

454514383792.3125

532568413797.90625

627695433245.90625

955754376374

1099732379352

1389769.57951398016.9

1684280.482391442984.6

1863274.686051506124.4

2045853.48941577171.3

2273141.51656825.7

2729708.21749546.9

PDB NOMINAL

PDB RIIL

TAHUN

MILYAR RUPIAH

GRAFIK 1. PDB NOMINAL VS PDB RIIL

cb

5678-7329-1397

6664-8111-1108

5352-8758-2988

4801-9323-4260

7022-10373-2780

8231-10875-2107

7901-11310-2790

6533-13945-6431

000

10074-15800-5199

18428-154714097

20642-164255783

25043-183747991

22696-167316900

23513-174297822

24562-183258106

20152-197281564

22323-22652929

Barang

Jasa

Transaksi Berjalan

Tahun

$ juta

Gambar 1. Neraca Perdagangan, Neraca Jasa dan Neraca Transaksi Berjalan Indonesia

data

INDONESIA

Asian Development Bank (ADB) - Key Indicators 2006 (www.adb.org/statistics)INDONESIA

Item198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005

POPULATION

Total population a million; as of 1 July172.5175.9179.4182.4186.4188.5191.6194.8198.3199.3201.6203.9205.8208.6211.4214.3217.1219.9

Population density persons per square kilometer90929495969899101103103106106108110111112114115

Population annual change, %2.02.02.01.71.71.71.7...1.51.21.21.21.51.41.31.31.31.3

Urban population % of total population30.9............35.9.........39.4

LABOR FORCE b thousand; calendar year7459675508778037845580704814468577686361901108960392735948479565198812100779102631103973105802

Employed725187342575851764237851879200820398011085702854068767288817898389080791647928119372294948

Agriculture405584128442378412064215340072378583523337720347903941538378406773974440634430424060841814

Manufacturing59977335769379468255878410841101271077311009993411516116421208612110114961107011652

Mining...449528565525663741643774875675726523-6327331035809

Others259632435725252267062758529691325993410736435387313764838197369973897738272375404100940673

Unemployed20782083195220322186224637386251440841975063603058138005913298201025110854

Unemployment rate, %2.82.82.52.62.72.84.47.24.94.75.56.46.18.19.19.69.910.3

Labor force annual change, %3.31.23.00.82.90.95.30.74.3-0.63.52.30.83.32.02.01.31.8

Labor force participation rate, %......54.7.........58.0...66.966.366.967.267.868.667.867.867.668.0

Male..............................83.286.6..................

Female..............................51.251.2..................

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS Bn Rupiah; calendar year

At Current Market Prices

GDP by industrial origin1496691795822108662499692823953297763822204545145325686276959557541099732138977016842801863275204585322731422729708

Agriculture336513889440930456365274658953660727789688792101009172828215687216831263328298877325654331553365560

Mining18200229212563431953305873149733507401954608855562120329109925167692182008161024169536196112285087

Manufacturing29484354414356953379620167355689241109689136426168178238897285874385598506320553747590051639655765967

Electricity, gas, and water873150814891898247232904577565568937832112831342983941085515392195412206724993

Construction72198991117951376216878225132801734452420254667961762676167657389299101574112571143052173441

Trade25345304153582441981471445529863859756408713799582146740175835224452267656314647337840369361429944

Transport and communications98841093613362169681971423249273533079534926385315193755190650127718897970118267142292180969

Financec90061219616403208352399428048345063951043982543606989271220115463135370154442174324194429228108

Public administration98461157414322152181739922458227552655529753321284064156745694618185184729102507121129135133

Others616167067538833994471090312335141271654723834414464821060294704078087495562113491140508

Net factor income from abroad-6922-8074-9616-10913-12542-12553-10248-13366-14272-18355-53894-83764-92162-61051-54513-79629-78414-85355

GNP1427481715082012512390562698533172233719714411485182966093409018601015967129760816232291808762196622521947282644354

Structure of Output % of GDP at current prices

Agriculture22.521.719.418.318.717.917.317.116.716.118.119.615.615.616.015.914.613.4

Industry37.338.439.140.439.639.740.641.843.544.345.243.445.946.844.643.644.045.8

Services40.340.041.541.341.742.442.141.139.939.636.737.038.537.639.340.541.440.8

Expenditure on GDP1496691795822108662499692823953297763822204545145325686276959557541099732138977016842801863275204585322731422729708EA1:EC1

Private consumption8972210023412418414554015791019295822811927987633209438717164782481318385679810396551231965137207815328881785596

Government consumption12756156981864920785247312975731014355844029942952544167263190780113416132219163701191056224981

Gross fixed capital formation383564770659758674887277486667105381129218157653177686243043221472275881323875353967392789492850599795

Increase in stocks48151077350321254118737105461332715900580021615-82716-96461332834719435980122682345157172

Exports of goods and services355854361453289638657872388231101332119593137533174871506245390560569490642595595514613721729321915610

Less: Imports of goods and services31566384435004660249704817838396953125657140812176600413058301654423318506426480815462941623525797276

Statistical discrepancy-------------1314523972-5554-156176-83963-6170

Structure of Demand % of GDP at current prices

Private consumption60.055.858.958.255.958.559.761.662.461.767.873.961.761.766.167.467.465.4

Government consumption8.58.78.88.38.89.08.17.87.66.85.76.66.56.77.18.08.48.2

Gross domestic capital formation28.832.630.732.032.429.531.131.930.731.816.811.422.222.020.925.323.222.2EA1:EC2

Exports of goods and services23.824.325.325.627.926.826.526.325.827.953.035.541.038.232.030.132.133.5

Imports of goods and services21.121.423.724.125.023.825.427.726.428.143.227.430.530.125.822.727.429.2

At Constant 1993 | 2000 Prices

GDP by industrial origin221407241521263262286765307474329776354641383792413798433246376374379352398017 |14429851506124157717116568261749547

Agriculture49073514765305654583580025896359291618856382864468636096498566209 |225686232973240387248223254391

Mining23241248322662829969304613149733262355023773938538374743686638896 |168244169932167604160100162642

Manufacturing43516484265421159941660427355682649916371022601076309532199058104987 |398324419388441755469952491700

Electricity, gas, and water1850210025082720296132903703429248775480564661136575 |90589868103491089011597

Construction11499130221522617487196642251325858291983292435346224652203623279 |80080844708962296334103404

Trade33963377144172546669503445529859504642316947573524601316009463498 |234273243409256517271105294396

Transport and communications15272169171847420040216182324925189273292970131783269752677229072 |70276761738545896897109467

Finance c15574183172147924309261642804830901343133638438543282792624527449 |123086130928140374151188161960

Public administration18734198322073821380220122245822752230462333823617218882225122555 |7020070482711487232473700

Others8685888592189670102071090311533123601327214318145881493315496 |6375768500739577981486291

Net factor income from abroad-9429-10091-11397-12508-13351-12553-9730-11924-12487-15463-27965-22145-25391 |-66211-56357-81231-80468-91541

GNP211978231430251865274257294123317223344911371869401311417783348409357207372626 |13767741449767149594115763581658006

Growth of Output annual change, %

GDP5.89.19.08.97.27.37.58.27.84.7-13.10.84.93.84.44.75.15.6

Agriculture4.94.93.12.96.31.70.64.43.11.0-1.32.21.94.13.23.23.32.5

Industry5.210.311.511.78.29.811.210.410.75.2-14.02.05.92.74.33.83.94.4

Services6.810.29.89.46.87.47.17.66.85.6-16.5-1.05.25.05.06.47.08.1

Expenditure on GDP221407241521263262286765307474329776354641383792413798433246376374379352398017 |14429851506124157717116568261749547EA1:EC3

Private consumption123144132330155094167455172640192958208062234245257016277116260023272070276377 |88673692075095659310041091043805

Government consumption23080254582668928094297022975730443308513168131701268282701426768 |97646110334121404126249136425

Gross fixed capital formation52116598916951978488813028666798589112386128699139726936057657389399 |293793307585310777354561389757

Increase in stocks12650128461113398841612510546148361585358733342-6387-9622-13794 |4184713085-4708235024324

Exports of goods and services5395059566598087170282605882319700210449211239112115813470791864116194 |573163566188612559680466739007

Less: Imports of goods and services435334857058981688567490078383942911140351218631397961324017854698917 |438566422271433809544963612254

Statistical discrepancy------------1990 |-918810455143541290248483

Growth of Consumption and Investment annual change, %

Private consumption3.97.517.28.03.111.87.812.69.77.8-6.24.61.63.53.83.94.94.0

Government consumption7.610.34.85.35.70.22.31.32.70.1-15.40.7-0.97.613.010.04.08.1

Gross domestic capital formation-4.812.310.99.610.2-0.216.713.14.96.3-39.0-23.212.98.6-4.5-4.623.54.2

Investment Financing at current prices

Gross domestic capital formation431715847964790800289151297213118707145118163453199301160327125011309164371069389947515471527365606967

Gross national saving402695557658417727318721294508112838125687145902179217199620130153350030470158444578430445470784633777

Gross domestic saving4719163650680338364499754107061123086139054160174197572253514213918442192531209499092510074549198719131

Net factor income from abroad-6922-8074-9616-10913-12542-12553-10248-13366-14272-18355-53894-83764-92162-61051-54513-79629-78414-85355

Savings and Investment % of GDP at current prices

Gross domestic saving31.535.432.333.535.332.532.230.630.131.526.519.531.831.526.824.924.226.3

Gross national saving26.931.027.729.130.928.729.527.727.428.620.911.825.227.923.921.020.723.2

Gross domestic capital formation28.832.630.732.032.429.531.131.930.731.816.811.422.222.020.925.323.222.2

At Current Market Prices, '000 Rupiah

Per capita GDP8681021117613711515175019952334268531504741539367528073881295051047212414

Per capita GNP828975112213111448168319422265261330584474498363047780855591771011012025

PRODUCTION thousand metric tons; calendar year

Agriculture

1. Rice, paddy416764472645179446884824048181466414974451101493374923750866518995046051490521385408954058

2. Cassava154711711715830159541651617285157291544117002151341469616459160891705416913185241942419231

3. Maize6652619367346256799564606869824693078771101699204967793479654108861122512413

4. Palm oil d16091860209718442186228819302476257040814013445540944093422563105410...

5. Bananas18602192241124722651287631343805302330273176337623834300368341774874...

6. Sugarcane20042071217322332345233624212105216021871929180118961940207818192162...

7. Sweet potatoes215922241971203921712088184521712017184819351666182817491772199819021857

8. Copra214422212332247825112515...270427612704277891979999.........

9. Soya beans1270131514871555187017091565168015171357130613831018827673672724808

10. Peanuts589620651652739639632760738688692660737710718760839...

Mining

1. Nickel ore17332021221723002512197623122513342728302734324533493635436643954119...

2. Copper ore concentrates29432543765790792810661517175918182640264531943289378737872810...

3. Tin ore concentrates30313030283031385155544850628872......

Manufacturing

1. Cement120011565915783161531728018990219072409724976207912234123925282253144930720289523304234

2. Fertilizer6303669370126568657769446641761278131202111464.....................

3. Paper948114913401644222324893054342740144759........................

Production Indexes period averages

Agriculture, 19992001=10073.477.380.781.688.590.190.999.299.995.796.497.1100.5102.4109.9116.4122.0122.7

Manufacturing, 1983 | 1993=100164.2184.1209.4232.3257.9286.7 |117.6130.5139.1157.4103.5105.4109.2104.3107.7113.6117.3119.1

ENERGY annual values

Crude petroleum, '000 m.t.

Production66212693237307179605756837627480274805217625076000537501495516517503490145474884420995438455...

Exports36654391474748753175492344886353301530003825538977369143590229226...............

Imports4310464363515636710988776699815193509126104731149711473...............

Consumption23071245882780130097340483452135178369043974044685........................

Coal, '000 m.t.

Production36698711105321414323120275853123839936503325598260321707038693690352103060114610126851...

Exports1307219741966667159151871724170315703195542134482505520657152665057312580022105630...

Imports1035129962167345451130164441238559198140...............

Consumption30365213567460747099783278715515803063637674.....................

Natural gas, terajoules

Production terajoules | '000 Mscf121965714624491578536181941919891282061941228929824436003119720312142129788523063743 |29013272803034303102631426063113605...

Exports85338388797110875161170920109192311164871218046117142812155501229297175873012595401156862...............

Imports........................--2845132...............

Consumption307700484478500320573499720216827121828566102713913623351385723648146.....................

Electricity, Mn kWh

Production25471294313530337702413974538950966545976578370343749078458392821101630111795113000120200...

Consumption19226233312774130419342843793842964496295700064295653577173479170844989041490400100100...

Retail prices, Rupiah/litre

Gasoline, premium38538545055070070070070070070010001000115014501750181018104500

Diesel20020023528528538038038038038042042060011501510165016505180

PRICE INDEXES period averages

Consumer, e Apr 77Mar 78 | Apr 88Mar 89 | 1996 | 2002=100310.4330.3 |112.5123.0132.3145.1157.4172.3185.9 |106.2168.3202.5221.4249.2274.1 |106.8113.3125.1

Food310.7335.6 |109.5118.3127.4136.3151.1171.1187.4 |107.2194.3242.5249.0267.1296.0 |100.8106.8117.4

Non-food |185.2 |105.5151.0177.3190.2213.4251.7 |

Wholesale, 1983 | 1993 =100149.3161.9178.1187.1196.8204.1215.2239.7258.0281.7 |288.3313.6352.8402.7414.0423.0458.7533.6

Implicit GDP deflator, 1993 | 2000=10067.674.480.187.291.8100.0107.8118.4128.7144.9253.9289.9 |100.0116.7123.7129.7137.2156.0

Price Indexes annual change, %

Consumer price index8.06.4...9.37.69.78.59.57.96.258.520.39.312.510.05.16.110.5

Food price index12.98.0...8.07.77.010.913.29.57.281.324.82.77.310.84.75.910.0

Implicit GDP deflator13.310.17.78.95.38.97.89.88.712.675.214.29.616.76.04.95.813.7

MONEY AND BANKING Bn Rupiah; as of end of period

Money supply (M1)14392201142381926341287793680545374526776408978343101197124633162186177731191939223799253818281905

Currency in circulation6246742690949346114781443118634208072248728424413945835372371763428068694542109265124316

Demand deposits f8146126881472516995173012237426740318704160249919598036628089815101389111253129257144553157589

Quasi-money2760638590608117271790274108397129138169961224543277300476184521572584842666322691969731893779709921310

Money supply (M2)4199858704846309905811905314520217451222263828863235564357738164620574702884405388390895569210335271203215

Foreign assets (net)17884182931612223621306342970025272326265064167985141667129096210733233975250696271820263647313082

Domestic credit39730621319314211215412661215907719175123308828672540730152424564983381524085885989964794584111138231237743

Claims on government sector (net)207476-4322-5573-6372-4137-9308-15345-13476-24931-28030397257520317529706510351479013498019498901

Claims on private sector395236165597464117727132984163214201059248433300201432232552275252576294923329153389296466828615804738842

Claims on other financial institutions------------------

Other items g-15616-21720-24634-36717-38193-43575-42511-43076-48734-119643-88531-132724-278945-248781-266435-261969-343943-347610

Money supply (M2) annual change, %23.939.844.217.120.222.020.227.629.623.262.411.915.613.04.78.18.116.4

M2 % of GDP28.132.740.139.642.244.045.749.054.256.760.458.853.850.147.446.945.544.1

Deposit Money Banks

Demand deposits h803212513145321675216997219872639831530411724954359379651478783099716109646128037144328157522

Savings deposits20939305184615052632675608295398372130891174968186311358649408580444651511556551504592407643836732049

Time deposits

Domestic credits outstandingi46340696141054411257901416191734942107012590273157284083575402755139547169427302307593318029398847521022160

Interest Rates percent p.a.; period averages

On deposits

Savings j151515151515151514182316999545

Time: 6 months k1818202318131317171637141316148710

12 months18191823191413151716282212151510711

GOVERNMENT FINANCE l Bn Rupiah; fiscal year beginning 1 April | ending 31 December

Central Government

Total revenue and grants........................87630112276156470204432 |204942301077300186.3342812349934...

Total revenue230042874039546415854886356113664188042787630112276156408204432 |204942300600299886342472349300...

Current revenue230042874039546415854886356113664188041287630112276156408204432 |204942300600299886342472349300...

Taxes21435266783743139098454234916857980728295733970934102394112905 |115788185541210953248469.8272176...

Non-taxes m1569206221152487344069458439758330290413415401491528 |891541150598893394001.777124...

Capital receipts-------15---- |-----...

Grants n........................--62- |-477300.3340.1634...

Total expenditure and net lending.................................... |..................

Total expenditure264343119541336433725205857833626076672382221109302172669231880 |219936341562327863377247.8374351...

Current expenditure15035183592314522932257993012834008360374626970943117527149978 |177342218923189069191787.8184438...

Capital expenditure o113991283618191204402625927705285993068635952383595514281902 |42594122639138794185460189913...

Net lending......................................................

Current surplus/deficit79691038116401186532306425985324104437541361413333888154455 |2760081677110817150684164862...

Capital account surplus/deficit-11399-12836-18191-20440-26259-27705-28599-30686-35952-38359-55142-81902 |-42594-122639-138794-185460-189913...

Overall budgetary surplus/deficit p-3430-2455-1790-1787-3195-172038111008554092974-16199-27447 |-14993-40485-27676.7-34436-24417...

Financing

Domestic borrowing-101-4-2-25511852-1495-8408......1634- |1890030218205613153040557...

Foreign borrowing35312459179217892634-132-2316-1677-4392-42812099829388 |95541026771162906-16139...

Use of cash balances---------10171307-6433-1941 |-13461----...

Government Finance % of GDP

Total revenue15.416.018.816.617.317.017.417.716.517.916.418.6 |14.717.816.116.715.4...

Total expenditure17.717.419.617.418.417.516.414.715.417.418.121.1 |15.820.317.618.416.5...

Overall budgetary surplus/deficit-2.3-1.4-0.9-0.7-1.1-0.51.02.21.00.5-1.7-2.5-1.1-2.4-1.5-1.7-1.1...

Expenditure by Function, Central Government

Total q122511383419452245392713729870297033276282221109302172669229846 |219935272178246040257934255309...

General public services r9005218058668671100129712376210637374109168 |762387001030614220......

Defence5557209961023120425902151268287478199110659984 |11449164161929127446......

Education16061507205221612608271830213073754187771217114452 |11820136121586921808......

Health33847072377710361159133326942367296954506259 |3840361938607481......

Social security and welfare......................................................

Housing and community amenities s1664194827514053529957816938803419415216922887238948 |41857624090423418......

Economic services718886681012514159161231652214963150423794161292107701151035 |143345221724185273177468......

Agriculturet1836252328482112238328552812264546515191706217321 |61398497944511399......

Industry447400547106112449685408431188540274599 |3077721838526......

Electricity, gas, and water u207414181874245246403983380630743367496781593263 |1971275641012941......

Transport and communications v201230063744565166487193634958416529804892116691 |493244741006110923......

Other economic services w819132111122883120815231456263926514254582995123162 |129996205225159828151679......

Others--20001500-------- |-186723996093......

EXTERNAL TRADE Mn US dollars; calendar year

Exports, fob192192215925675291423396736823400534541849815534444884848665621245632157159610587158577536

Imports, cif132481636021837258702730528328319844062942929416802733724003335153096231229325514652552811

Trade balance597157993838327266628495807047896886117642151124662286092535925930285082506024725

External Trade annual change, %

Exports12.215.315.913.516.68.48.813.49.77.3-8.6-0.427.7-9.31.56.817.28.3

Imports7.123.533.518.55.63.812.927.05.7-2.9-34.4-12.239.6-7.60.94.242.913.5

Trade balance25.3-2.9-33.8-14.8103.627.5-5.0-40.743.870.882.914.716.0-11.42.39.9-12.1-1.3

Exports, by HSC

Animal and animal products681773986115811901416155616481653160415681526165016541551159716221705

Vegetable products117510419809408411022135112241197108312841179103973983187410071296

Animal or vegetable fats1801552945153106107100100106412738342653300344214951

Prepared foodstuffs3454485416827527898839981240113811491158108111901520147016741986

Mineral products8110931411809118341224811300115721322114815148731089212661175901639216002178172067727422

Chemical products30444554874866968183211461445148818441857235121672320271132233522

Plastics and rubber134211701043119913591355169827302871235120702081253222612601325743215142

Hides and skins8395114150229247265283251209245292403408270217233255

Wood and wood products296434963384373142585581527450925233477729473707370938323355325233433176

Wood pulp products14320423332939453973614521387142821152441300225982804279928183257

Textiles and textile articles142320232889401059576064565560646432517550246853820476756888705176478604

Footwear, headgear85228583102113551711193821132256157412551685178016071244126714351538

Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos117129141185238263286340393262235529639607615675779774

Pearls, precious or semi-precious stones, metals4023621931962844448974046399502192567551596397379338330

Base metals and articles thereof12121487993105010501077127917981661164617011900234620361897246339075227

Machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical equipment11318928853412441779265833994458419139654785103118650911289081042711889

Transportation equipment455111117825048945248357245371056458755369884010751677

Instrumentsmeasuring, musical14335383126228245278367426282339488520536509576637

Arms and ammunition1......2200018649975541110191823522217

Miscellaneous manufactured articles10120435653571596510401304146510145681607207417621833191420352248

Works of art1221322221345454546

Exports, by principal commodity

1. Petroleum and products50426062740467146619569360056443722867834057543577426904653571757896

2. Plywood20742351272628713231425737163462359534112078225619891838174816631577

3. Rubber12121087891102511171107143322332273202019118871215

4. Shrimp, fresh and frozen499541671759757872100510321016100810078881003940840853824

5. Coffee550482369363195320697596589504579458319232219251282

Imports, by HSC

Animal and animal products115122110135182191227418486425201252489489387442684762

Vegetable products507592583816971975151421812655177318612477178413381912189620551847

Animal or vegetable fats18015529451531061071001001064127383440456467

Prepared foodstuffs2354004194664926127161028146214518311065110812541169141117682059

Mineral products11131527225627062466245128083568429445613010405664105871687279661227418129

Chemical products198224832698272429793233386250745060503534593891495145504429441463316689

Plastics and rubber8418781170116412711289150718431680158510551046157514451430148420732360

Hides and skins1237102194284340376366315268236195212173139120123108

Wood and wood products5102823535574981011169096130109123109152190

Wood pulp products43351350154370176091912731063102990089913981043984100413001299

Textiles and textile articles69110031410170120111935213025812559221920211716228424401825151317191606

Footwear, headgear133167971041191301361371339170947372747776

Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos119158177185197223263410404369214147207168181230300300

Pearls, precious or semi-precious stones, metals14131921198215324207511141216610

Base metals and articles thereof150817922387274229513130318042264171417827331924299324442628272346776090

Machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical equipment39714770699791889845999610266127311425414296852245156194610262166074909811416

Transportation equipment109013932297241118262122316036363259331214661204293229222363247630643887

Instrumentsmeasuring, musical312335453511532573525661646577473316525357319330488522

Arms and ammunition69472860998546355143261081921324418

Miscellaneous manufactured articles338010413714212315120519518210180165118165189227267

Works of art60101417143013511211

Direction of Trade Mn US dollars; calendar year

Exports, total193762193625683291893398236840400694545349892534444885148661621185631857154610137155092909

1. Japan808892521092310767107611117210929122881288512485911610397144151301012045136041596218875

2. United States3138347533653509441952305829632267957154704669088489776175707386878711770

3. Singapore165618091902241033143372415037674565546857184931656253645349540060017537

4. Korea, Republic of8499071363194820832220259329173281346225683320431837724107432448306066

5. China, People's Republic of492535834119113961249132217422057222918322009276822012903380346057664

6. Malaysia1842102533424885867389871110135713581336197217792030236430163788

7. Australia2973724036287467747059151202151715331485151918451924179218872580

8. India6750605670100278381531690723924115110541302174221712726

9. Thailand151238189267353468401703823848943813102610641227139319762849

10. Netherlands64667972383811001086132314521667184215121544183714981618140117982079

Imports, total134891647022005259292728028328320134062942902416982734924003335153096231289325494652464377

1. Japan3427383254556327601462487740921785048252429229135397468944094228608210269

2. Singapore89610381283169816711793187723672875341125432526378931474100415560837282


4. United States173422162520339738223255358847565060544435232841339332102644270232363359

5. Thailand96209184278345235406737109586784293311099861191170227724368

6. Australia5799441206137814131399154220162535242717611460169418141587164822152839


8. Saudi Arabia574225335837852351680943665588515971159813141104149819672114

9. Germany9089181527206721412072247328193001262923661399124513011224118117341987

10. Malaysia3003712904075255175792595823865627606113110051037113816822013

BALANCE OF PAYMENTS x Mn US dollars; calendar year

Current account-1397-1108-2988-4260-2780-2107-2790-6431-7660 |-51994097578379916900782281061564929

Balance on goods567866645352480170228231790165335948 |100741842820642250432269623513245622015222323

Exports195092297426807296353379636607402234745450188 |562985037051242654065736459165641097076786179

Imports-13831-16310-21455-24834-26774-28376-32322-40921-44240 |-46223-31942-30598-40366-34669-35652-39546-50615-63856

Services and income-7329-8111-8758-9323-10373-10875-11310-13945-14545 |-15800-15471-16425-18374-16731-17429-18325-19728-22652

Credit186124372897373942095149607267757810 |6389649076727504798163471404015260EA1:EC5

Debit-9190-10548-11655-13062-14582-16024-17382-20720-22355 |-21860-22915-26046-24235-25410-24672-33768-37912

Current transfers254339418262571537619981937 |7251139156413249351740186911391257

Private | Credit99167166130342346449651796 |72514661914181615202210205324332457

Official | Debit155172252132229191170330141 |-327-350-492-585-470-184-1294-1200

Capital account333

Financial account |-495-9633-5943-7896-7618-1103-9501852-4244

Direct investment5766821093148217772003150037425594 |4677-241-1865-4551-2977145-597-15122195

Portfolio investment-98-173-93-1211221805387741005005 |-2632-1878-1792-1911-2451222225144094238

Other investments173924093495422732301963-18182298190 |-2540-7514-2286-1434-4396-2470-2604-1045-10677EA1:EC6

Net errors and omissions-933-131574491-1606-2923-243-21931322 |-1453212320803822714-1692-3503-31062596

Overall balance-11349522511528174374152615164451 |-7148-341719193918-350273653309-385

Allocation/Cancellation of SDR............-1--3- |EA1:EC7

Reserves and related items113-495-2251-1528-1743-742-526-1513-4451 |71483417-1919-39183-5027-3653-309385EA1:EC8

Balance of Payments % of GDP

Exports22.022.623.423.124.323.222.723.522.126.152.836.639.634.929.627.027.830.7

Imports-15.6-16.1-18.8-19.4-19.3-18.0-18.3-20.3-19.5-21.4-33.5-21.9-24.5-21.1-17.8-16.6-19.9-22.7

Balance on goods6.46.64.73.85.15.24.53.22.64.719.314.715.213.811.710.37.97.9

Current account balance-1.6-1.1-2.6-3.3-2.0-1.3-1.6-3.2-3.4-2.44.34.14.84.23.93.40.60.3

Overall balance-0.10.52.01.21.30.50.30.82.0-3.3-3.61.40.70.02.51.50.1-0.1

INTERNATIONAL RESERVES Mn US dollars; as of end of period

Total620664978520102501139412354131991478719281173962351727257292682801832047362533630334580

Gold, national valuation11581044106199294610921067107910308098038127667721077129113511590

Foreign exchange49485357735391511018110988118201330617820160882240126245282802704830754347423472432774

Reserve position in the Fund9795103104267274312401429-0200190183198216226208

SDRs3134000124993120321619427

EXCHANGE RATES Rupiah per US dollar

End of period1731179719011992206221102200230823834650802570859595104008940846592909830

Average of period16861770184319502030208721612249234229091001478558422102619311857789399705

EXTERNAL INDEBTEDNESS Mn US dollars; as of end of year

Total debt outstanding and disbursed540795940269872795488800289172107824124398128937136161151236151221144424134062132214136908140649

Long-term debt467295081858242650676994571185883679843296706100326122033120943110954103144100546103730106463

Public and publicly guaranteed4118344262479825189153664571566392665309600125585767305736786978568739705207397672917

Private non-guaranteed55456556102611317616281140292444133123366944446954728472654116934405300262975433546

Short-term debt67277975111351431518057179871945725966322303286520113200292263321805228062290324500

Use of IMF credit6236084941660000029709090102481083891138862102769686

External debt as % of GNI63.961.364.071.672.258.762.663.458.365.0167.9116.993.788.768.159.756.5

Total long-term debt as % of total debt86.485.683.481.879.579.882.079.175.073.780.779.976.877.276.075.875.7

Short-term debt as % of total debt12.413.415.918.020.520.218.020.925.024.113.313.215.716.317.216.717.4

Debt service as % of exports of goods and services40.338.433.334.232.633.630.729.936.630.031.730.022.523.624.725.522.1

Debt service Mn US dollars; transactions during the year

Principal repayments on long-term debt524159945812653777819138895110197148961301111203117119296788110548128891459413785

Interest on long-term debt295533483413376937714112417449355114511656014599570245663141339239583687

Interest on short-term debt349440506816737840114212841533161013249891157864600638652

Average terms of new commitments

Interest (% p.a.)5.36.16.06.25.85.45.25.75.45.64.53.64.14.83.74.64.1

Maturity (years)20.921.421.620.421.520.620.718.120.018.018.917.319.222.621.712.916.2

Grace period (years)6.96.56.05.65.35.25.65.16.14.75.65.46.85.66.05.67.4

Grant element (%)33.728.728.926.429.130.532.027.130.826.334.539.541.436.541.429.538.9

Footnotes:

aProjections based on census/survey figures, except for 1990 and 2000, which are actual population census figures and 1995, which is the actual figure from intercensal population survey.

bData for 1988 to 1989 are as of 1 July.

cIncludes ownership of dwellings.

dRefers to production of estate crops; includes production which uses raw materials from smallholders.

eFor 1988 to 1989, data refer to CPI for 17 cities with April 1977 to March 1978 as base period. For 1990 to 1996, data refer to CPI for 27 cities with April 1988 to March 1989 as base period. For 1997 onward, data refer to CPI for 43 cities with 1996 as

fRefers to current accounts, transfer and mature time and savings deposits in Rupiah, held by residents with the monetary system.

gIncludes import deposits and other items (net).

hShown in the consolidated balance sheets of commercial banks.

iRefers to claims of public sector, private enterprises and individuals.

jPrior to 1998, rate refers to TABANAS (National Development Savings Scheme). From 1998 onwards, rate refers to interest on savings deposits in commercial banks.

kRefers to time deposits in deposit money banks (weighted average).

lFor 2000, data covers 9 months beginning 1 April to 31 December.

mIncludes surplus on petroleum sales until 1996.

nPrior to 1996, grants were included in Foreign Borrowings.

oFor 2001, data includes balanced funds amounting to Rp82400.4 billion.

pFigures exclude non-budgetary surplus/deficit, hence the item refers to overall budgetary surplus/deficit. Data for net lending are not available but for fiscal year 1995/1996, item refers to overall surplus/deficit after deducting net lending.

qPrior to 1996, data refer to development expenditure only. Thereafter, data refer to total expenditure.

rRefers to law and order, state apparatus and science, technology and research.

sRefers to housing and human settlement, regional, rural and urban development, religion, information, press and social communication.

tRefers to agriculture and irrigation, natural resources and environment.

uRefers to mining and energy.

vRefers to transportation and tourism.

wRefers to trade and cooperatives, manpower and transmigration and development of business enterprises.

xData before 1997 followed the IMF, Balance of Payments Manual (BPM) 4 and BPM 5 thereafter.

Sources:

PopulationFor 19881996, Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Official Communication, 28 May 2004.

For 19972004, Bank Indonesia (BI), Official Communication, 2 May 2005 and past communication.

For 2005, CBS, Official Communication, 11 May 2006.

Urban populationCBS, Welfare Indicators 1998 and 1999.

Labor ForceCBS, Official Communication, 11 May 2006 and past communication.

Labor force participation rateFor 1990 and 1994, CBS, Statistik Dalam 50 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka, 1995.

National AccountsFor 19881996, CBS, Official Communication, 9 April 1999.

For 1997, CBS, National Income of Indonesia 19961999.

For 19982005, CBS, Official Communication, 11 May 2006 and past communication.

ProductionCBS, Official Communication, 11 May 2006 and past communication.

Production Indexes

AgricultureFAO, FAOSTAT Database Online.

ManufacturingFor 19881993, CBS, Economic Indicators, February 1999 and past issues.


Energy

Crude petroleumFor 19881997, BI, Official Communication, 1 April 1998.


CoalCBS, Official Communication, 11 May 2006 and past communication.

Natural GasFor 19881995, UN, Energy Statistical Yearbook 1995 and past issues.


ElectricityFor 19881996, BI, Official Communication, 23 May 2001 and past communication.


For 20032004, PT PLN (Persero) Website.

Retail pricesFor 19881989, BI, Official Communication, 28 December 1990 and past communication.


For 20022005, PT Pertamina (Persero) Website.

Price IndexesFor 19881995, CBS, Statistical Yearbook 1998 and past issues.

For 19961997, BI, Official Communication, 30 April 2002 and past communication.


Money and BankingFor 19881992, BI, Indonesian Financial Statistics, March 1996 and past issues.

For 19932005, BI, Official Communication, 16 May 2006 and past communication.

Government FinanceFor 1988, BI, Indonesian Financial Statistics, December 1989 and past issues.

For 19891994, BI, Official Communication, 1 April 1998.

For 1995, CBS, Official Communication, 9 April 1999.

For 19962004, BI, Official Communication, 2 May 2005 and past communication.

External TradeFor 19881997, CBS, Economic Indicators, February 1999 and past issues.

For 19982005, CBS, Official Communication, 11 May 2006.

Direction of TradeIMF, Direction of Trade Statistics CD-ROM, May 2006.

Balance of PaymentsFor 19881991, IMF, Balance of Payment Statistics CDROM, May 2001.

For 19922005, BI, Official Communication, 9 June 2006 and past communication.

International ReservesIMF, International Financial Statistics Online.

Exchange Rates

External IndebtednessWB, Global Development Finance Online.

data

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

19509 22974 26807 29635 33796 36607 40223 47454 50188 | 56298 50370 51242 65406 57364 59165 64109 70767 86179

-13831 -16310 -21455 -24834 -26774 -28376 -32322 -40921 -44240 |

Sheet2

Exports, total48661621185631857154610137155092909

1. Japan10397144151301012045136041596218875

2. United States69088489776175707386878711770

3. Singapore4931656253645349540060017537

Exports, total

1. Japan0.21366597480.23206118670.23101440580.21074704790.22296214220.22308952320.2031581304

2. United States0.14196358480.13665807550.1378133340.13245705050.12106319020.12280999910.1266793242

3. Singapore0.10132364730.10564360470.09524234830.09359015860.08850073590.08387369990.0811215012

Exports, total25683291893398236840400694545349892534444885148661621185631857154610137155092909813127

1. Japan1092310767107611117210929122881288512485911610397144151301012045136041596218875

2. United States33653509441952305829632267957154704669088489776175707386878711770

3. Singapore1902241033143372415037674565546857184931656253645349540060017537



ttl18388198242197323244248222703529583307992628027565365523210831975345164018551912476760

ave58.63%

Sheet3

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