6. Tujuan ... Titik Suharti (April 2011)
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Transcript of 6. Tujuan ... Titik Suharti (April 2011)
5/13/2018 6. Tujuan ... Titik Suharti (April 2011) - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/6-tujuan-titik-suharti-april-2011 1/10
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Z GQ[ZGB^CD Tehwlg _TC Fe& 1 ^mowf 1:== Gnc{c Mzqch
^WIWMF ZGLCNMFMMF
NMHML WFNMF@,WFNMF@ ZEQFE@QMDC
^c~cb [womq~cDmbwh~m{ Owbwl Wfctgq{c~m{ Pcimsm Bw{wlm [wqmamsm
g,lmch 9 ~c~cb{womq~cUdowpb{Jsmoee&ke&cn
MA[^QMB
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awfsc( `mlamq agq`gqmb( mfclm{c( bmq~wf( zgqkmbmzmf( `gqmb ~wawo( m~mw agf~wb hmcf nmqc zg{mf lghmhwc
agqam`mc agf~wb lgncm belwfcbm{c nmf%m~mw ~mlzch nc ngzmf zwahcb( smf` agqc{c bgkmawhmf m~mw gb{zhec~m{c
{gb{wmh smf` lghmf``mq feqlm,feqlm leqmh lm{smqmbm~( {gam`mclmfm ncm~wq nmhml Wfnmf`,Wfnmf`
Feleq >> ^mowf 1::? ~gf~mf` Zeqfe`qmdc& Bmqgfm zgf`gfmmf zcnmfm bgimom~mf zeqfe`qmdc( smf` agqmq~c
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MA[^QMK^
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Bgspeqn{9 Zeqfe`qmzos Kqclcfmh Mk~cef{( Eaigk~ctg{ Kqclcfmhcym~cef
ZGFNMOWHWMF
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Wfnmf` Nm{mq Fg`mqm Qgzwahcb Cfnefg{cm ^mowf
=3>7 ngf`mf lgfiwfiwf` ~cf``c fchmc,fchmc leqmh(
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agqclmf nmf agq~mbpm bgzmnm ^womf Smf` Lmom
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fg`mqm& @heamhc{m{c nmf zgqbglamf`mf chlw
zgf`g~mowmf nmf ~gbfehe`c( bow{w{fsm ~gbfehe`c
cfdeqlm{c nmf belwfcbm{c( ~ghmo lglagqcbmf
zgf`mqwo ag{mq ~gqomnmz lgfcf`bm~fsm zglawm~mf(
zgfsgamqhwm{mf( nmf zgf``wfmmf zeqfe`qmdc
smf` lglagqcbmf zgf`mqwo awqwb ~gqomnmz
leqmh nmf bgzqcamncmf hwowq amf`{m Cfnefg{cm(
{gocf``m lgf`mfkml bgocnwzmf nmf ~m~mfmf {e{cmh
lm{smqmbm~ Cfnefg{cm&
Lghwm{fsm zgqbglamf`mf zeqfe`qmdc nc ~gf`molm{smqmbm~ iw`m lgf`mbcam~bmf lgfcf`bm~fsm
~cfnmb m{w{chm nmf zgfkmawhmf& Zglawm~mf(
zgfsgamqhwm{mf( nmf zgf``wfmmf zeqfe`qmdc {g,
lmbcf agqbglamf` hwm{ nc ~gf`mo lm{smqmbm~
smf` lgf`mfkml bgocnwzmf nmf ~m~mfmf {e{cmh
lm{smqmbm~ Cfnefg{cm&
Zgf`m~wqmf lm{mhmo zeqfe`qmdc nmhml Wfnmf`
Wfnmf` Feleq >> ^mowf 1::? ~ghmo lglwfkwhbmf
{wasgb owbwl zcnmfm zmnm zgqawm~mf zcnmfm
zeqfe`qmdc( smf` agqbmc~mf zwhm ngf`mf {c{~gl
zglcnmfmmf lmwzwf ~wiwmf zglcnmfmmf&
Owbwl zcnmfm mnmhmo am`cmf nmqc bg{ghwqwomf
owbwl smf` smf` agqhmbw nc {wm~w Fg`mqm( smf`
lgf`mnmbmf nm{mq,nm{mq nmf m~wqmf,m~wqmf wf~wb9 =#
lgfgf~wbmf zgqawm~mf,zgqawm~mf lmfm smf` ~cnmb
aehgo nchmbwbmf( smf` nchmqmf`( ngf`mf nc{gq~mc
mfkmlmf m~mw {mfb{c smf` agqwzm zcnmfm ~gq~gf~w
am`c amqmf`{cmzm lghmf``mq hmqmf`mf ~gq{gaw~2 1#
lgfgf~wbmf bmzmf nmf nmhml omh,omh mzm bgzmnm
lgqgbm smf` ~ghmo lghmf``mq hmqmf`mf,hmqmf`mf c~w
nmzm~ ncbgfmbmf m~mw ncim~woc zcnmfm {gam`mclmfmsmf` ~ghmo ncmfkmlbmf2 ;# lgfgf~wbmf ngf`mf kmqm
5/13/2018 6. Tujuan ... Titik Suharti (April 2011) - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/6-tujuan-titik-suharti-april-2011 2/10
=13
am`mclmfm zgf`gfmmf zcnmfm c~w nmzm~ nchmb{mfmbmf
mzmachm mnm eqmf` smf` nc{mf`bm ~ghmo lghmf``mq
hmqmf`mf ~gq{gaw~& /Leghim~fe( 1:::9 =#
Kcqc w~mlm nmqc owbwl zcnmfm mnmhmo mnmfsm
{mfb{c zcnmfm m~mw mnmfsm zglcnmfmmf& Mnmzwfwf{wq,wf{wq m~mw kcqc,kcqc smf` ~gqbmfnwf` nmhml
{mfb{c zcnmfm mnmhmo9 =# zcnmfm zmnm ombgbm~fsm
lgqwzmbmf {wm~w zgf`gfmmf zgfngqc~mmf m~mw
fg{~mzm m~mw mbcam~,mbcam~ hmcf smf` ~cnmb lgf,
sgfmf`bmf2 1# zcnmfm ncagqcbmf ngf`mf {gf`mim
ehgo eqmf` m~mw amnmf smf` lglzwfsmc bgbwm{mmf2
;# zcnmfm ncbgfmbmf bgzmnm {g{geqmf` smf` ~ghmo
lghmbwbmf ~cfnmb zcnmfm lgfwqw~ wfnmf`,wfnmf`&
/Lwhmnc nmf Amqnm Fmpmpc Mqcgd( =3?>9 >#
Bc~ma Wfnmf`,Wfnmf` Owbwl Zcnmfm {gam`mc
cfnwb nmqc zgqm~wqmf zgqwfnmf`,wfnmf`mf zcnmfmnc Cfnefg{cm lgf`m~wq iw`m ~gf~mf` zcnmfm nmf
zglcnmfmmf& Zm{mh =: Bc~ma Wfnmf`,wfnmf`
Owbwl Zcnmfm lgfsgaw~bmf mnm 1 /nwm# lmkml
zcnmfm( smc~w zcnmfm zebeb nmf zcnmfm ~mlamomf&
Zcnmfm zebeb ~gqncqc nmqc zcnmfm lm~c( zcnmfm
zgfimqm( zcnmfm bwqwf`mf nmf zcnmfm ngfnm {gq~m
zcnmfm ~w~wzmf& Zcnmfm ~mlamomf ~gqncqc nmqc
zgfkmaw~mf omb,omb ~gq~gf~w( zgqmlzm{mf amqmf`,
amqmf` ~gq~gf~w nmf zgf`wlwlmf zw~w{mf ombcl&
Ncmf~mqm zcnmfm zebeb lgfwqw~ zm{mh =: Bc~ma
Wfnmf` Wfnmf` Owbwl Zcnmfm( smf` zmhcf` zezwhgq mnmhmo zc,nmfm zgfimqm& Lgfwqw~ Z&M&D&
Hmlcf~mf` amopm zcnmfm zgfimqm mnmhmo {wm~w
zcnmfm agqwzm zglam~m{mf bgagam{mf agq`gqmb
nmqc {geqmf` ~gqzcnmfm( smf` nchmbwbmf ngf`mf
lgfw~wz eqmf` ~gq{gaw~ nc nmhml {gawmo hglam`m
zglm{smqmbm~mf( ngf`mf lgpmicabmf eqmf` c~w
wf~wb lgf~mm~c {glwm zgqm~wqmf ~m~m ~gq~ca smf`
agqhmbw nc nmhml hglam`m zglm{smqmbm~mf( smf`
ncbmc~bmf ngf`mf {g{wm~w ~cfnmbmf ~m~m ~gq~ca am`c
lgqgbm smf` ~ghmo lghmf``mq zgqm~wqmf ~gq{gaw~&
/Z&M&D& Hmlcf~mf`( =3??9 43#
^WIWMF ZGLCNMFMMF
Nmhml bgzw{~mbmmf owbwl zcnmfm( lgfwqw~ mhml
zglcbcqmf smf` feqlm~cd lwqfc( lmbm zglackmqmmf
~gf~mf` zcnmfm mbmf {ghmhw ~gqagf~wq zmnm {wm~w ~c~cb
zgq~gf~mf`mf smf` zmqmnexmh ( smc~w {wm~w zcnmfm nc
{m~w zcomb ncmnmbmf wf~wb lghcfnwf`c bgzgf~cf`mf
{g{geqmf`( mbmf ~g~mzc nc zcomb hmcf ~gqfsm~m
lglzgqbe{m bgzgf~cf`mf {g{geqmf` smf` hmcf
ngf`mf lglagqcbmf owbwlmf agqwzm zgfngqc~m,
mf bgzmnm eqmf` smf` nc{gaw~ ~gqmbocq& /Amlamf`
Zegqfele( =3?49 ;0#Lgfwqw~ Amqnm Fmpmpc Mqcgd nmf Lwhmnc( zcnmfm
lgf`mfnwf` wf{wq,wf{wq m~mw kcqc,kcqc {gam`mc
agqcbw~9 =# zcnmfm c~w zmnm ombcbm~fsm lgqwzmbmf
{wm~w zgf`gfmmf zgfngqc~mmf m~mw fg{~mzm m~mw
mbcam~,mbcam~ hmcf smf` ~cnmb lgfsgfmf`bmf2 1#
zcnmfm c~w ncagqcbmf ngf`mf {gf`mim ehgo eqmf`m~mw amnmf smf` lglzwfsmc bgbwm{mmf2 ;# zcnmfm
c~w ncbgfmbmf bgzmnm {g{geqmf` m~mw amnmf owbwl
/beqzeqm{c# smf` ~ghmo lghmbwbmf ~cfnmb zcnmfm
lgfwqw~ wfnmf`,wfnmf`& /Lwhmnc nmf Amqnm
Fmpmpc Mqcgd( =3?>9 1,>#
Lgfwqw~ Owh{lmf( {gam`mclmfm ncbw~cz Npcnim
Zqcsm~fe( ombcbm~ zcnmfm mnmhmo lgfsgqwbmf wf~wb
~gq~ca /~e~ ng eqng qegzgf#( zcnmfm zmnm ombcbm~fsm
mnmhmo lglzwfsmc nwm ~wiwmf w~mlm smc~w wf~wb
lglzgf`mqwoc ~cf`bmo hmbw / `gnqm`{agcfthegncf` #
nmf zgfsghg{mcmf befdhcb /kefdhckk~ezhe{{cf` #&Zgfsghg{mcmf befdhcb cfc nmzm~ ~gqncqc nmqc zgqamcbmf
bgqw`cmf smf` ncmhmlc m~mw zgqamcbmf owawf`mf(
amcb smf` ncqw{mb m~mw zgf`glamhcmf bgzgqkmsmmf
mf~mq {g{mlm lmfw{cm& /Npcnim Zqcsm~fe( 1::49 ?#
[gkmqm ~qmnc{cefmh( ~geqc,~geqc zglcnmfmmf
{gam`mc nm{mq zglagfmq nmf ~wiwmf zglcnmfmmf
nmzm~ ncam`c bg nmhml 1 /nwm# bghelzeb ~geqc( smc~w9
m# ~geqc ma{ehw~g m~mw ~geqc zglamhm{mf /qg~qcaw~ctg%
tgq`ghncf` ~ogeqcggf#2 a# ~geqc qghm~ctg m~mw ~geqc
~wiwmf /w~chc~mqcmf%negh~ogeqcggf#
Agqnm{mqbmf ~geqc ma{ehw~( zcnmfm ncim~wobmf{glm~m,lm~m bmqgfm eqmf` ~ghmo lghmbwbmf {wm~w
bgimom~mf m~mw zgqawm~mf zcnmfm& [g~cmz bgimom~mf
omqw{ nccbw~c ngf`mf zcnmfm& [g{geqmf` ncbgfmbmf
{mfb{c zcnmfm bmqgfm cm ~ghmo lghmbwbmf zgqawm~mf
zcnmfm&
Lgfwqw~ zgfnmzm~ Fc`gh Pmhbgq {gam`mclmfm
ncbw~ca ehgo Npcnim Zqcsm~fe mnm 1 /nwm# `ehef`mf
zgf`mfw~ ~geqc ma{ehw~g( smc~w9 =# zgf`mfw~
~geqc ma{ehw~ lwqfc /~og zwqg qg~qcaw~ctc{~ #( smf`
agqzgfnmzm~ amopm zcnmfm omqw{ kekeb ngf`mf
bg{mhmomf zghmbw2 1# zgf`mfw~ ~geqc ma{ehw~ ~cnmb
lwqfc( nmzm~ zwhm ncam`c bg nmhml9 m# zgf`mfw~ ~geqc
ma{ehw~ smf` ~gqam~m{ /~og hclc~cf` qg~qcaw~ctc{~ #
agqzgfnmzm~ amopm zcnmfm ~cnmb omqw{ {gzmnmf
ngf`mf bg{mhmomf( omfsm {mim ~cnmb aehgo lghgacoc
am~m{ smf` kekeb ngf`mf bg{mhmomf ~gqnmbpm2 a#
zgf`mfw~ ~geqc ma{ehw~ smf` nc{~qcaw~cd /qg~qcaw~cef
cf nc{~qcaw~cef#( nmf acm{m nc{gaw~ ngf`mf ~geqc
nc{~qcaw~ctg smf` agqzgfnmzm~ amopm zcnmfm ~cnmb
ncbgfmbmf zmnm eqmf` smf` ~cnmb agq{mhmo ~g~mzc
zcnmfm iw`m ~cnmb omqw{ {gzmnmf nmf ncam~m{c ehgo
bg{mhmomf2 zqcf{cz ‘~cmnm zcnmfm ~mfzm bg{mhmomf“
~g~mz zgqom~cbmf( ~g~mzc nclwf`bcfbmf mnmfsm zgf`gkwmhcmf ngf`mf nc~gqmzbmffsm ~geqc {~qck~
^wiwmf Zglcnmfmmf nmhml Wfnmf`,Wfnmf` Zeqfe`qmd
5/13/2018 6. Tujuan ... Titik Suharti (April 2011) - slidepdf.com
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=;:
Z GQ[ZGB^CD Tehwlg _TC Fe& 1 ^mowf 1:== Gnc{c Mzqch
hcmachc~s& /Npcnim Zqcsm~fe( 1::491>,17#
Agqnm{mqbmf ~geqc qghm~cd( zgfim~womf zcnmfm
awbmfhmo wf~wb lglzwfsmc fchmc( ~g~mzc omfsm
{gam`mc {mqmfm wf~wb lghcfnwf`c bgzgf~cf`mf
lm{smqmbm~& Lgfwqw~ I& Mfngfmg{( ~geqc cfc nmzm~nc{gaw~ ngf`mf ~geqc zgqhcfnwf`mf lm{smqmbm~
/~og ~ogeqs ed {ekcmh ngdgfkg#& [gnmf`bmf lgfwqw~
Fc`gh Pmhbgq( ~geqc cfc hgaco ~gzm~ nc{gaw~ ~geqc m~mw
mhcqmf qgnwb~cd /~og qgnwk~ctg zecf~ ed tcgp# bmqgfm
nm{mq zglagfmqmf zcnmfm mnmhmo wf~wb lgf`wqmf`c
dqgbwgf{c bgimom~mf( {gocf``m zmqm zgf`mfw~fsm
nmzm~ nc{gaw~ `ehef`mf Qgnwkgq ( smc~w zgf`mfw~
~geqc qgnwb~cd&
Lwhmnc nmf Amqnm Fmpmpc Mqcgd nmhml awbwfsm
~gf~mf` ^geqc,^geqc Bgacimbmf Zcnmfm lgfighm{bmf
amopm zcnmfm awbmfhmo {gbgnmq wf~wb lghmbwbmf zglamhm{mf m~mw zgf`clamhmf bgzmnm eqmf` smf`
~ghmo lghmbwbmf {wm~w zgqawm~mf zcnmfm( ~g~mzc
lglzwfmc ~wiwmf,~wiwmf ~gq~gf~w smf` agqlmfdmm~(
{gocf``m ~geqc cfc {gqcf` nc{gaw~ ~geqc ~wiwmf
/w~chc~mqcmf ~ogeqs#& Imnc nm{mq zglagfmqmf zcnmfm
lgfwqw~ ~geqc qghm~cd mnmhmo ~gqhg~mb zmnm ~wiwmffsm&
Zcnmfm ncim~wobmf awbmf ]wcm zgkkm~wl g{~ /bmqgfm
eqmf` lghmbwbmf bgimom~mf# lghmcfbmf fg zgkkm~wl
/{wzmsm eqmf` imf`mf lghmbwbmf bgimom~mf#&
/Lwhmnc nmf Amqnm Fmpmpc Mqcgd( =3?>9 =;,=4#
Bmqh E& Kqc{~cmf{gf( {gam`mclmfm ncbw~ca ehgoNpcnim Zqcsm~fe( lglagqcbmf kcqc zebeb m~mw
bmqmb~gqc{~cb mf~mqm ~geqc ma{ehw~ nmf ~geqc qghm~cd
{gam`mc agqcbw~9 =# zmnm ~geqc ma{ehw~ mnmhmo
{gam`mc agqcbw~9 m# ~wiwmf zcnmfm mnmhmo {glm~m,
lm~m wf~wb zglamhm{mf2 a# zglamhm{mf mnmhmo
~wiwmf w~mlm nmf nc nmhmlfsm ~cnmb lgf`mnwf`
{mqmfm,{mqmfm wf~wb ~wiwmf hmcf( lc{mhfsm wf~wb
bg{gimogqmmf lm{smqmbm~2 k# bg{mhmomf lgqwzmbmf
{m~w,{m~wfsm {smqm~ wf~wb mnmfsm zcnmfm2 n# zcnmfm
omqw{ nc{g{wmcbmf ngf`mf bg{mhmomf {c zghmf``mq2
g# zcnmfm lghcom~ bg aghmbmf`( bmqgfm lgqwzmbmf
zgfkghmmf smf` lwqfc nmf ~wiwmffsm ~cnmb wf~wb
lglzgqamcbc( lgfncncb m~mw lglm{smqmbm~bmf
bglamhc {c zghmf``mq2 1# zmnm ~geqc qghm~cd mnmhmo
{gam`mc agqcbw~9 m# ~wiwmf zcnmfm mnmhmo zgfkg`momf
/ zqgtgf~cef#2 a# zgfkg`momf awbmf ~wiwmf mbocq
~g~mzc omfsm {gam`mc {mqmfm wf~wb lgfkmzmc ~wiwmf
smf` hgaco ~cf``c( smc~w bg{gimo~gqmmf lm{smqmbm~2
k# omfsm zghmf``mqmf,zghmf``mqmf owbwl smf`
nmzm~ nczgq{mhmobmf bgzmnm {c zghmbw( lc{mhfsm
bmqgfm {gf`mim m~mw kwhzm( smf` lglgfwoc {smqm~
wf~wb mnmfsm zcnmfm2 n# zcnmfm omqw{ nc~g~mzbmf
agqnm{mq ~wiwmffsm {gam`mc mhm~ wf~wb zgfkg`momfbgimom~mf2 g# zcnmfm lghcom~ bg lwbm( smc~w agq{cdm~
zqe{zgb~cd( zcnmfm nmzm~ lgf`mfnwf` wf{wq
zgfkghmmf( ~g~mzc amcb wf{wq zgfkghmmf lmwzwf
wf{wq zglamhm{mf ~cnmb nmzm~ nc~gqclm mzmachm
~cnmb lglamf~w zgfkg`momf bgimom~mf wf~wb
bgzgf~cf`mf bg{gimo~gqmmf lm{smqmbm~& /NpcnimZqcsm~fe( 1::49 14#
[ghmcf bgnwm ~geqc zglcnmfmmf ~gq{gaw~ nc m~m{(
~gqnmzm~ ~geqc bg~c`m smf` nc{gaw~ ^geqc @mawf`mf
/tgqgfc,`cf`{ ~ogeqcggf#& geqc `mawf`mf zgq~mlm
bmhc nc~whc{ ehgo Zghhg`qcfe Qe{{c& Lgfwqw~
Zghhg`qcfe Qe{{c( zglamhm{mf ~g~mz {gam`mc m{m{
nmqc zgfim~womf zcnmfm( fmlwf ncm agqzgfncqcmf
amopm zcnmfm lglzwfsmc agqam`mc zgf`mqwo mf~mqm
hmcf zgqamcbmf {g{wm~w smf` qw{mb nmhml lm{smqmbm~
nmf zqgtga{c `gfgqmh& /Lwhmnc nmf Amqnm Fmpmpc
Mqcgd( =3?>9 =3#Nmhml Qmfkmf`mf Bc~ma Wfnmf`,wfnmf`
Owbwl Zcnmfm mowf 1::> ~ghmo nc{gzmbm~c amopm
~wiwmf zglcnmfmmf mnmhmo9 m# lgfkg`mo nchmbwbmf,
fsm zgqawm~mf zcnmfm ngf`mf lgfg`mbbmf
feqlm owbwl nglc zgf`mselmf lm{smqmbm~2 a#
lglm{smqmbm~bmf ~gqzcnmfm ngf`mf lgf`mnmbmf
zglacfmmf {gocf``m lgfimncbmf eqmf` smf`
amcb nmf agq`wfm2 k# lgfsghg{mcbmf befdhcb smf`
nc~clawhbmf ehgo zgqawm~mf zcnmfm( lglwhcobmf
bg{gclamf`mf nmf lgfnm~mf`bmf qm{m nmlmc nmhml
lm{smqmbm~2 n# lglagam{bmf qm{m agq{mhmo zmnmncqc ~gqzcnmfm&
Nc~g`m{bmf zwhm nmhml Qmfkmf`mf Bc~ma
Wfnmf`,wfnmf` Owbwl Zcnmfm amopm zglcnmfmmf
~cnmb nclmb{wnbmf wf~wb lgfngqc~mbmf nmf ~cnmb
nczgqbgfmfbmf lgqgfnmobmf lmq~mam~ lmfw{cm&
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nmf ~cnmb zmnm eqmf` smf` lghmbwbmf ~cfnmb
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;# m{m{ zgf`clamhmf /zglamhm{mf# smf` {gbwhgq(smf` agqc{c amopm zcnmfm {gkmqm befbqc~ ~cnmb
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ncbgfmbmf ngf`mf lmb{wn wf~wb lgfkmzmc {g{wm~w
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^wiwmf Zglcnmfmmf nmhml Wfnmf`,Wfnmf` Zeqfe`qmd
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Z GQ[ZGB^CD Tehwlg _TC Fe& 1 ^mowf 1:== Gnc{c Mzqch
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~wf~w~mf smf` {mhmo& Lm{mhmo cfc agqowawf`mf
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~gqbgfm zcnmfm& /Igqgls Agf~oml( 1:=:9 ;4:,;41#
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zmnm mimqmf m`mlm2 1# lglagqcbmf bg~gf~wmf smf`
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nmf ;# lghcfnwf`c {g~cmz pmq`m fg`mqm( bow{w{fsm
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awqwb nmf beqamf zeqfe`qmdc&
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lghczw~c /=# zghmqmf`mf nmf zglam~m{mf zglawm~mf(
zgfsgamqhwm{mf( nmf zgf``wfmmf zeqfe`qmdc2 /1#
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~gqomnmz zgqawm~mf zcnmfm smf` lghcam~bmf mfmb&
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zghmbw ~cfnmb zcnmfm smf` nchmbwbmf ehgo beqzeqm{c
ngf`mf lghczm~`mfnmbmf {mfb{c zebeb {gq~m
zglagqcmf zcnmfm ~mlamomf&
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Zgqawm~mf Zcnmfm Zeqfe`qmdc {gam`mclmfm
ncm~wq nmhml Wfnmf`,Wfnmf` Fe >> ^of 1::?
~gf~mf` Zeqfe`qmdc lglgqcfkc lmkml,lmkml
zgqawm~mf zcnmfm zeqfe`qmdc {gam`mc agqcbw~9
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lglwm~9 m# zgq{gf``mlmmf( ~gqlm{wb zgq{gf``m,
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k# lm{~wqam{c m~mw efmfc2 n# bg~ghmfimf`mf m~mw
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zeqfe`qmdc smf`9 m# lgfsmicbmf {gkmqm gb{zhc{c~
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bghmlcf2 k# lgf`gb{zhec~m{c m~mw lglmlgqbmf
mb~ctc~m{ {gb{wmh2 m~mw n# lgfmpmqbmf m~mw
lgf`cbhmfbmf( amcb hmf`{wf` lmwzwf ~cnmb
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k# lm{~wqam{c m~mw efmfc2 n# bg~ghmfimf`mf m~mw
~mlzchmf smf` lgf`g{mfbmf bg~ghmfimf`mf2 g# mhm~
bghmlcf2 m~mw d# zeqfe`qmdc mfmb&
[g~cmz eqmf` nchmqmf` lglzgqngf`mqbmf(
lglzgq~ef~efbmf( lglmfdmm~bmf( lglchcbc(m~mw lgfsclzmf zqenwb zeqfe`qmdc smf` {gkmqm
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gb{zhc{c~ lglwm~9 m# zgq{gf``mlmmf( ~gqlm{wb
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m# lgfsmicbmf {gkmqm gb{zhc{c~ bg~ghmfimf`mf
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a# lgfsmicbmf {gkmqm gb{zhc{c~ mhm~ bghmlcf2 k#
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lgfsgpmbmf( m~mw lgfsgncmbmf zeqfe`qmdc smf`
{gkmqm gb{zhc{c~ lglwm~9 m# zgq{gf``mlmmf(
~gqlm{wb zgq{gf``mlmmf smf` lgfsclzmf`2 a#
bgbgqm{mf {gb{wmh2 k# lm{~wqam{c m~mw efmfc2 n#
bg~ghmfimf`mf m~mw ~mlzchmf smf` lgf`g{mfbmf
bg~ghmfimf`mf2 g# mhm~ bghmlcf2 m~mw d# zeqfe`qmdcmfmb& 1# lgfsgncmbmf im{m zeqfe`qmdc smf`9 m#
lgfsmicbmf {gkmqm gb{zhc{c~ bg~ghmfimf`mf m~mw
~mlzchmf smf` lgf`g{mfbmf bg~ghmfimf`mf2
a# lgfsmicbmf {gkmqm gb{zhc{c~ mhm~ bghmlcf2 k#
lgf`gb{zhec~m{c m~mw lglmlgqbmf mb~ctc~m{
{gb{wmh2 m~mw n# lgfmpmqbmf m~mw lgf`cbhmfbmf( amcb hmf`{wf` lmwzwf ~cnmb hmf`{wf` hmsmfmf
{gb{wmh& ;# lglcfimlbmf m~mw lgf`wfnwo
zeqfe`qmdc smf` {gkmqm gb{zhc{c~ lglwm~9 m#
zgq{gf``mlmmf( ~gqlm{wb zgq{gf``mlmmf smf`
lgfsclzmf`2 a# bgbgqm{mf {gb{wmh2 k# lm{~wqam{c
m~mw efmfc2 n# bg~ghmfimf`mf m~mw ~mlzchmf smf`
lgf`g{mfbmf bg~ghmfimf`mf2 g# mhm~ bghmlcf2
m~mw d# zeqfe`qmdc mfmb& ># lglzgqngf`mqbmf(
lglzgq~ef~efbmf( lglmfdmm~bmf( lglchcbc(
m~mw lgfsclzmf zqenwb zeqfe`qmdc smf` {gkmqm
gb{zhc{c~ lglwm~9 m# zgq{gf``mlmmf( ~gqlm{wb zgq{gf``mlmmf smf` lgfsclzmf`2 a# bgbgqm{mf
{gb{wmh2 k# lm{~wqam{c m~mw efmfc2 n# bg~ghmfimf`mf
m~mw ~mlzchmf smf` lgf`g{mfbmf bg~ghmfimf`mf2
g# mhm~ bghmlcf2 m~mw d# zeqfe`qmdc mfmb 7# ngf`mf
{gf`mim m~mw m~m{ zgq{g~wiwmf ncqcfsm lgfimnc
eaigb m~mw lengh smf` lgf`mfnwf` lwm~mf
zeqfe`qmdc& 4# lgfimncbmf eqmf` hmcf {gam`mc
eaigb m~mw lengh smf` lgf`mfnwf` lwm~mf
zeqfe`qmdc& 0# lglzgq~ef~efbmf ncqc m~mw eqmf`
hmcf nmhml zgq~wfiwbmf m~mw nc lwbm wlwl smf`
lgf``mlamqbmf bg~ghmfimf`mf( gb{zhec~m{c {gb{wmh( zgq{gf``mlmmf( m~mw smf` agqlwm~mf zeqfe`qmdc
hmcffsm&
[g~cmz eqmf` nchmqmf` lgf`mimb( lglawiwb(
lglmfdmm~bmf( lglacmqbmf( lgfsmhmo`wfmbmf
bgbwm{mmf m~mw lglmb{m mfmb nmhml lgf``wfmbmf
zqenwb m~mw im{m zeqfe`qmdc&
HGLAM@M ZCNMFM NMHML WFNMF@
WFNMF@ ZEQFE@QMDC
Bc~ma Wfnmf` Wfnmf` Owbwl Zcnmfm
lgqwzmbmf cfnwb nmqc zgqm~wqmf owbwl zcnmfm
nc Cfnefg{cm& Zm{mh =: Bc~ma Wfnmf` Wfnmf`
Owbwl Zcnmfm lgf`m~wq mnmfsm nwm igfc{ zcnmfm(
smc~w zcnmfm zebeb nmf zcnmfm ~mlamomf& Zcnmfm
zebeb ~gqncqc m~m{ zcnmfm lm~c( zcnmfm zgimqm(
zcnmfm bwqwf`mf( zcnmfm ngfnm nmf zcnmfm ~w~wzmf&
Zcnmfm ~mlamomf ~gqncqc m~m{ zgfkmaw~mf omb,omb
~gq~gf~w( zgqmlzm{mf amqmf`,amqmf` ~gq~gf~w( nmf
zgf`wlwlmf zw~w{mf ombcl&
Wfnmf` Wfnmf` Zeqfe`qmdc {gam`mc pwiwn
wfnmf` wfnmf` nc hwmq Bc~ma Wfnmf` Wfnmf`
Owbwl Zcnmfm iw`m lgf`m~wq ~gf~mf` hglam`m
zcnmfm( smc~w zcnmfm zebeb agqwzm zcnmfm zgfimqmnmf m~mw zcnmfm ngfnm( {gq~m zcnmfm ~mlamomf
^wiwmf Zglcnmfmmf nmhml Wfnmf`,Wfnmf` Zeqfe`qmd
5/13/2018 6. Tujuan ... Titik Suharti (April 2011) - slidepdf.com
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Z GQ[ZGB^CD Tehwlg _TC Fe& 1 ^mowf 1:== Gnc{c Mzqch
agqwzm9 m# zglagbwmf cycf w{mom2 a# zgfkmaw~mf cycf
w{mom2 k# zgqmlzm{mf bgbmsmmf om{ch ~cfnmb zcnmfm2
nmf n# zgfkmaw~mf {~m~w{ amnmf owbwl& Zgfim~womf
zcnmfm lgfwqw~ Wfnmf` Wfnmf` Zeqfe`qmdc( ac{m
ncbgfmbmf bgzmnm zghmbw eqmf` lmwzwf zghmbwbeqzeqm{c&
Bg~gf~wmf zcnmfm zgfimqm lgfwqw~ Bc~ma Wfnmf`
Wfnmf` Owbwl Zcnmfm mnmhmo {gam`mc agqcbw~
{gam`mclmfm nc m~wq nmhml zm{mh =1( smc~w =# zcnmfm
zgfimqm mnmhmo {gwlwq ocnwz m~mw {ghmlm pmb~w
~gq~gf~w2 1# zcnmfm zgfimqm {ghmlm pmb~w ~gq~gf~w
zmhcf` zgfngb {m~w omqc nmf zmhcf` hmlm hclm
aghm{ ~mowf agq~wqw~,~wqw~2 ;# zcnmfm {ghmlm pmb~w
~gq~gf~w aehgo ncim~wobmf wf~wb nwm zwhwo ~mowf
agq~wqw~,~wqw~ nmhml omh bgimom~mf smf` zcnmfmfsm
ombcl aehgo lglchco mf~mqm zcnmfm lm~c( zcnmfm{gwlwq ocnwz( nmf zcnmfm zgfimqm {ghmlm pmb~w
~gq~gf~w( m~mw mf~mqm zcnmfm zgfimqm {gwlwq ocnwz
nmf zcnmfm zgfimqm {ghmlm pmb~w ~gq~gf~w2 ag`c~w
iw`m nmhml omh am~m{ hclm aghm{ ~mowf nchmlzmwc
># zcnmfm zgfimqm {ghmlm pmb~w ~gq~gf~w {gbmhc,bmhc
~cnmb aehgo lghgacoc nwm zwhwo ~mowf&
Wfnmf` Wfnmf` Zeqfe`qmdc nmhml bg~gf~wmf
zcnmfmfsm( agagqmzm zgqawm~mf zcnmfm ncbgfmbmf
mfkmlmf zcnmfm zgfimqm nmf m~mw zcnmfm ngfnm
ngf`mf am~m{ lcfclmh bow{w{& Agagqmzm zgqawm~mf
zcnmfm zeqfe`qmdc lgf`gfmbmf mfkmlmf zcnmfmomfsm ngf`mf mfkmlmf am~m{ lmb{clmh bow{w{&
Agagqmzm zgqawm~mf zcnmfm zeqfe`qmdc smf`
lgfkmf~wlbmf am~m{ lcfclmh bow{w{ mnmhmo
{gam`mc agqcbw~9
[g~cmz eqmf` smf` lglzqenwb{c( lglawm~(
lglzgqamfsmb( lgf``mfnmbmf( lgfsgamqhwm{bmf(
lgfscmqbmf( lgf`clzeq( lgf`gb{zeq( lgfm,
pmqbmf( lglzgqiwmhaghcbmf( lgfsgpmbmf( m~mw
lgfsgncmbmf zeqfe`qmdc {gam`mclmfm nclmb{wn
nmhml Zm{mh > msm~ /=# nczcnmfm ngf`mf zcnmfm
zgfimqm zmhcf` {cf`bm~ 4 /gfml# awhmf nmf zmhcf`
hmlm =1 /nwm aghm{# ~mowf nmf%m~mw zcnmfm ngfnm
zmhcf` {gncbc~ Qz 17:&:::&:::(:: /nwm qm~w{
hclm zwhwo iw~m qwzcmo# nmf zmhcf` amfsmb Qz
4&:::&:::&:::(:: /gfml lchcmq qwzcmo#&
[g~cmz eqmf` smf` lgfsgncmbmf im{m zeqfe`qmdc
{gam`mclmfm nclmb{wn nmhml Zm{mh > msm~ /1#
nczcnmfm ngf`mf zcnmfm zgfimqm zmhcf` {cf`bm~ 4
/gfml# awhmf nmf zmhcf` hmlm 4 /gfml# ~mowf nmf%
m~mw zcnmfm ngfnm zmhcf` {gncbc~ Qz 17:&:::&:::(::
/nwm qm~w{ hclm zwhwo iw~m qwzcmo# nmf zmhcf` amfsmb
Qz ;&:::&:::&:::(:: /~c`m lchcmq qwzcmo#&
[g~cmz eqmf` smf` lgfnmfmc m~mw lgldm{chc~m{c zgqawm~mf {gam`mclmfm nclmb{wn nmhml Zm{mh 0
nczcnmfm ngf`mf zcnmfm zgfimqm zmhcf` {cf`bm~
1 /nwm# ~mowf nmf zmhcf` hmlm =7 /hclm aghm{#
~mowf nmf%m~mw zcnmfm ngfnm zmhcf` {gncbc~ Qz
=&:::&:::&:::(:: /{m~w lchcmq qwzcmo# nmf zmhcf`
amfsmb Qz 0&7::&:::&:::(:: /~wiwo lchcmq hclm qm~w{ iw~m qwzcmo#& [g~cmz eqmf` smf` lgfimncbmf eqmf`
hmcf {gam`mc eaigb m~mw lengh smf` lgf`mfnwf`
lwm~mf zeqfe`qmdc {gam`mclmfm nclmb{wn nmhml
Zm{mh 3 nczcnmfm ngf`mf zcnmfm zgfimqm zmhcf`
{cf`bm~ = /{m~w# ~mowf nmf zmhcf` hmlm =1 /nwm
aghm{# ~mowf nmf%m~mw zcnmfm ngfnm zmhcf` {gncbc~
Qz 7::&:::&:::(:: /hclm qm~w{ iw~m qwzcmo# nmf
zmhcf` amfsmb Qz 4&:::&:::&:::(:: /gfml lchcmq
qwzcmo#& [g~cmz eqmf` smf` lgf`mimb( lglawiwb(
lglmfdmm~bmf( lglacmqbmf( lgfsmhmo`wfmbmf
bgbwm{mmf( m~mw lglmb{m mfmb nmhml lgf``wfmbmf zqenwb m~mw im{m zeqfe`qmdc {gam`mclmfm nclmb{wn
nmhml Zm{mh =1 nczcnmfm ngf`mf zcnmfm zgfimqm
zmhcf` {cf`bm~ 4 /gfml# awhmf nmf zmhcf` hmlm 4
/gfml# ~mowf nmf%m~mw zcnmfm ngfnm zmhcf` {gncbc~
Qz 17:&:::&:::(:: /nwm qm~w{ hclm zwhwo iw~m
qwzcmo# nmf zmhcf` amfsmb Qz ;&:::&:::&:::(::
/~c`m lchcmq qwzcmo#&
Mnmzwf agagqmzm zgqawm~mf zcnmfm zeqfe`qmdc
smf` lglagqcbmf mfkmlmf zcnmfm omfsm ngf`mf
am~m{ lmb{clmh bow{w{ mnmhmo {gam`mc agqcbw~9
[g~cmz eqmf` smf` lglcfimlbmf m~mw lgf`wfnwo zeqfe`qmdc {gam`mclmfm nclmb{wn nmhml Zm{mh
7 nczcnmfm ngf`mf zcnmfm zgfimqm zmhcf` hmlm >
/glzm~# ~mowf nmf%m~mw zcnmfm ngfnm zmhcf` amfsmb
Qz 1&:::&:::&:::(:: /nwm lchcmq qwzcmo#& [g~cmz
eqmf` smf` lglzgqngf`mqbmf( lglzgq~ef~efbmf(
lglmfdmm~bmf( lglchcbc( m~mw lgfsclzmf zqenwb
zeqfe`qmdc {gam`mclmfm nclmb{wn nmhml Zm{mh
4 nczcnmfm ngf`mf zcnmfm zgfimqm zmhcf` hmlm >
/glzm~# ~mowf nmf%m~mw zcnmfm ngfnm zmhcf` amfsmb
Qz 1&:::&:::&:::(:: /nwm lchcmq qwzcmo#& [g~cmz
eqmf` smf` ngf`mf {gf`mim m~mw m~m{ zgq{g~wiwmf
ncqcfsm lgfimnc eaigb m~mw lengh smf` lgf`mfnwf`
lwm~mf zeqfe`qmdc {gam`mclmfm nclmb{wn nmhml
Zm{mh ? nczcnmfm ngf`mf zcnmfm zgfimqm zmhcf` hmlm
=: /{gzwhwo# ~mowf nmf%m~mw zcnmfm ngfnm zmhcf`
amfsmb Qz 7&:::&:::&:::(:: /hclm lchcmq qwzcmo#&
[g~cmz eqmf` smf` lglzgq~ef~efbmf ncqc m~mw eqmf`
hmcf nmhml zgq~wfiwbmf m~mw nc lwbm wlwl smf`
lgf``mlamqbmf bg~ghmfimf`mf( gb{zhec~m{c {gb{wmh(
zgq{gf``mlmmf( m~mw smf` agqlwm~mf zeqfe`qmdc
hmcffsm {gam`mclmfm nclmb{wn nmhml Zm{mh =:
nczcnmfm ngf`mf zcnmfm zgfimqm zmhcf` hmlm =:
/{gzwhwo# ~mowf nmf%m~mw zcnmfm ngfnm zmhcf` amfsmb Qz 7&:::&:::&:::(:: /hclm lchcmq qwzcmo#&
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Agqbmc~mf ngf`mf zgqawm~mf zcnmfm zeqfe`qmdc
smf` lghcam~bmf mfmb,mfmb( lmbm zcnmfmfsm
nc~mlamo {gzgq~c`m nmqc lmb{clwl mfkmlmf
zcnmfmfsm( {gam`mclmfm smf` ~gqkmf~wl zmnm zm{mh
;0 Wfnmf` Wfnmf` Zeqfe`qmdc&Nmhml omh zgqawm~mf zcnmfm zeqfe`qmdc
nchmbwbmf ehgo m~mw m~m{ fmlm {wm~w beqzeqm{c(
~wf~w~mf nmf zgfim~womf zcnmfm nmzm~ nchmbwbmf
~gqomnmz beqzeqm{c nmf%m~mw zgf`wqw{fsm& Zgqawm~mf
zcnmfm zeqfe`qmdc nchmbwbmf ehgo beqzeqm{c mzmachm
zgqawm~mf zcnmfm ~gq{gaw~ nchmbwbmf ehgo eqmf`,
eqmf`( amcb agqnm{mqbmf owawf`mf bgqim lmwzwf
agqnm{mqbmf owawf`mf hmcf( agq~cfnmb nmhml
hcf`bwf`mf beqzeqm{c ~gq{gaw~( amcb {gfncqc lmwzwf
agq{mlm,{mlm& Nmhml omh ~wf~w~mf zcnmfm nchmbwbmf
~gqomnmz {wm~w beqzeqm{c( beqzeqm{c ~gq{gaw~ ncpmbchcehgo zgf`wqw{& Zgf`wqw{ smf` lgpmbchc beqzeqm{c
nmzm~ ncpmbchc ehgo eqmf` hmcf&
Ombcl nmzm~ lglgqcf~mobmf zgf`wqw{ beqzeqm{c
{wzmsm zgf`wqw{ beqzeqm{c lgf`omnmz {gfncqc
nc zgf`mnchmf nmf nmzm~ zwhm lglgqcf~mobmf
zgf`wqw{ beqzeqm{c {wzmsm zgf`wqw{ ~gq{gaw~
ncampm bg {cnmf` zgf`mnchmf& Nmhml omh ~wf~w~mf
zcnmfm nchmbwbmf ~gqomnmz beqzeqm{c( zmf``chmf
wf~wb lgf`omnmz nmf zgfsgqmomf {wqm~ zmf``chmf
~gq{gaw~ nc{mlzmcbmf bgzmnm zgf`wqw{ nc ~glzm~
~cf``mh zgf`wqw{ m~mw nc ~glzm~ zgf`wqw{ agqbmf~eq&Nmhml omh zgqawm~mf zcnmfm zeqfe`qmdc smf`
nchmbwbmf beqzeqm{c( {ghmcf zcnmfm zgfimqm nmf
ngfnm ~gqomnmz zgf`wqw{fsm( ncim~wobmf zwhm
zcnmfm ngfnm ~gqomnmz beqzeqm{c ngf`mf bg~gf~wmf
lmb{clwl zcnmfm ncbmhcbmf ; /~c`m# nmqc zcnmfm
ngfnm smf` nc~gf~wbmf nmhml {g~cmz zm{mh nmhml
Wfnmf` Wfnmf` Zeqfe`qmdc&&
[ghmcf zcnmfm zebeb( beqzeqm{c nmzm~ ncbgfmc
zcnmfm ~mlamomf agqwzm9 m#& zglagbwmf cycf w{mom2
a#& zgfkmaw~mf cycf w{mom2 k#& zgqmlzm{mf bgbmsmmf
om{ch zgqawm~mf zcnmfm2 nmf n#& zgfkmaw~mf {~m~w{
amnmf owbwl&
Wfnmf`,Wfnmf` Zeqfe`qmdc lgfg~mzbmf {gkmqm
~g`m{ ~gf~mf` agf~wb zcnmfm nmqc zghmf``mqmf
zglawm~mf( zgfsgamqhwm{mf( nmf zgf``wfmmf
zeqfe`qmdc smf` nc{g{wmcbmf ngf`mf ~cf`bm~
zghmf``mqmf smf` nchmbwbmf( smbfc agqm~( {gnmf`(
nmf qcf`mf( {gq~m lglagqcbmf zglagqm~mf ~gqomnmz
zgqawm~mf zcnmfm smf` lghcam~bmf mfmb& Nc
{mlzcf` c~w( zglagqm~mf iw`m ncagqcbmf ~gqomnmz
zghmbw zgqawm~mf zcnmfm smf` nchmbwbmf ehgo
beqzeqm{c ngf`mf lghczm~`mfnmbmf {mfb{c zebeb
{gq~m zglagqcmf owbwlmf ~mlamomf&
^WIWMF ZGLCNMFMMF NMHML WFNMF@
WFNMF@ ZEQFE@QMDC
Zgqawm~mf zcnmfm zeqfe`qmdc mnmhmo zgqawm~mf
smf` agqbmc~mf ngf`mf `mlamq( {bg~{m( chw{~qm{c(
de~e( ~whc{mf( {wmqm( awfsc( mlamq agq`gqmb( mfclm{c(bmq~wf( zgqkmbmzmf( `gqmb ~wawo( m~mw agf~wb zg{mf
hmcffsm lghmhwc agqam`mc agf~wb lgncm belwfcbm{c
nmf%m~mw zgq~wfiwbmf nc lwbm wlwl( smf` lglwm~
bgkmawhmf m~mw gb{zhec~m{c {gb{wmh smf` lghmf``mq
feqlm bg{w{chmmf nmhml lm{smqmbm~( {gam`mclmfm
ncm~wq nmhml Wfnmf` Wfnmf` Feleq >> ^mowf
1::? ~gf~mf` Zeqfe`qmdc&
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bgmnchmf( zgqfsm~mmf smf` nc~wiwbmf wf~wb
zgf`ghelzebmf {e{cmh ~gq{gaw~ {gzgfwofsm agfmq(
smf` {gzgfwofsm lgfkmzmc ~wiwmffsm ngf`mflglwm{bmf {glwm& Qcfnw mbmf bgmnchmf( smf`
ncmf``mz {gkmqm z{cbehe`c{( mnmhmo bgqcfnwmf
mamnc lmfw{cm mbmf bgamom`cmmf( smf` ~cnmb
ac{m nc~glwbmffsm {gam`mc {geqmf` cfnctcnw
nmf bmqgfmfsm lgfkmqcfsm nmhml lm{sm,qmbm~&
Bgamom`cmmf {e{cmh ncfmlmbmf bgmnchmf& /Omf{
Bgh{gf( 1:=:9>?#
Kcqc wlwl nmqc owbwl smf` zmhcf` lgfefieh
nc {gzmfimf` lm{m nmf ~glzm~ mnmhmo amopm
gb{c{~gf{cfsm agqmq~c amopm igfc{,igfc{ ~gq~gf~w
zgqchmbw lmfw{cm ~cnmb hm`c agq{cdm~ zchcomf/ez{cefmh#( lghmcfbmf ngf`mf zgf`gq~cmf ~gq~gf~w
agq{cdm~ pmica& Fmlwf bmqmb~gqc{~cb owbwl smf`
fmlzmb {gngqomfm cfc nmhml dmb~mfsm ~cnmbhmo
{gngqomfm& Nmhml hcf`bwz zgqchmbw pmica smf` ~cnmb
agq{cdm~ zchcomf cfc ac{m nc~gf`mqmc mnm agf~wb,agf~wb
smf` agqagnm& Smf` zgq~mlm( zglmomlmf zmhcf`
{gngqomfm nclmfm zgqchmbw ~cnmb hm`c ez{cefmh(
mnmhmo bg~cbm {g{geqmf` nczmb{m wf~wb lgf`gqimbmf
mzm smf` ncbm~mbmf eqmf` hmcf bgzmnmfsm( awbmf
bmqgfm {gkmqm dc{cb cm nczmb{m nmf amopm ~wawofsm
ncneqef` m~mw nc~mqcb( fmlwf bmqgfm zcomb
hmcf lgf`mfkmlfsm ngf`mf bef{gbwgf{c ~cnmb
lgfsgqmobmf nelzg~fsm nmf lgf`mfkml mbmf
lgfglamb icbm cm lgfehmb& Icbm {c beqamf zm~wo(
lmbm kmqm,kmqm cm nczmb{m wf~wb lghmbwbmf omh
c~w nmzm~ ncbm~mbmf ngf`mf wf`bmzmf amopm cm
ncomqw{bmf lghmbwbmf ~cfnmbmf c~w& Am c {gam`cmf
eqmf` fmlzmbfsm {wnmo ighm{ amopm nmhml {c~wm{c
cfc nc lmfm {g{geqmf` lglagqcbmf zgqcf~mo bgzmnm
eqmf` hmcffsm ngf`mf nc~ezmf` ehgo mfkmlmf nmf
bgomqw{mf( nmhml zgf`gq~cmf cfc smf` lgf`omqw{bmf
ncqcfsm wf~wb zm~wo( lmbm nmzm~ nchcom~ mnmfsm
g{gf{c owbwl& /O&H&M& Omq~( 1:=:9 3,=:#Agqbmc~mf ngf`mf bgagqmnmmf Wfnmf` Wfnmf`
^wiwmf Zglcnmfmmf nmhml Wfnmf`,Wfnmf` Zeqfe`qmd
5/13/2018 6. Tujuan ... Titik Suharti (April 2011) - slidepdf.com
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Z GQ[ZGB^CD Tehwlg _TC Fe& 1 ^mowf 1:== Gnc{c Mzqch
Zeqfe`qmdc( mnmhmo {wm~w bgomqw{mf wf~wb lgf~mm~c
nmf lglm~woc {wa{~mf{c smf` ncm~wq nmhml wfnmf`
wfnmf` ~gq{gaw~& ^cnmb mnm zchcomf wf~wb ~cnmb
lglm~woc( bgkwmhc agqmfc lgfgqclm bef{gbwgf{c
nmqc zgqchmbw lghmpmf owbwl ngf`mf lgfgqclmmfkmlmf {mfb{c zcnmfm zgfimqm( zcnmfm ngfnm nmf
{mfb{c zcnmfm ~mlamomf wf~wb beqzeqm{c {gam`mc
zghmbw&
Am~m{mf lcfclmh {mfb{c zcnmfm zgfimqm nmf
{mfb{c zcnmfm ngfnm smf` ~gqnmzm~ nmhml agagqmzm
bg~gf~wmf zcnmfm Wfnmf` Wfnmf` Zeqfe`qmdc
lgqwzmbmf zchcomf smf` ~cnmb lgfsgfmf`bmf am`c
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zgqawm~mf zcnmfm& Wfnmf` Wfnmf` Zeqfe`qmdc
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O&H&M& Omq~( 1:=:( Bef{gz Owbwl /^og Kef{gz~ ed
Hmp#( Amfnwf`9 Fw{m Lgncm&Igqgls Agf~oml( 1:=:( geqc Zgqwfnmf`,wfnmf`mf(
5/13/2018 6. Tujuan ... Titik Suharti (April 2011) - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/6-tujuan-titik-suharti-april-2011 10/10
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^wiwmf Zglcnmfmmf nmhml Wfnmf`,Wfnmf` Zeqfe`qmd