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Theses Abstracts2018
Post Graduate theses submitted toUAS Dharwad, UAS Raichur,
UHS Bagalkot and UAHS Shivamogga
Volume: 3January - December, 2018
University of Agricultural Sciences, DharwadUniversity of Agricultural Sciences, RaichurUniversity of Horticultural Sciences, BagalkotUniversity of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga
KARNATAKA, INDIA
Year of publication : March, 2019
Pages : 271 + 7
Copies : 1000
Copy right : University of Agricultural SciencesDharwad - 580 005, Karnataka, India
Compiled and edited by : Dr. L. H. Malligawad, Dean (PGS), UAS Dharwad
Dr. I. Shanker Goud, Dean (PGS), UAS Raichur
Dr. M. S. Kulkarni, Dean (PGS), UHS Bagalkot
Dr. T. S. Vageesh, Dean (PGS), UAHS Shivamogga
Dr. R. A. Balikai, Editor, Publication Centre, UAS Dharwad
Dr. Pramod Katti, Editor, Publication Centre, UAS Raichur
Dr. Y. K. Kotikal, Editor, Publication Centre, UHS Bagalkot
Dr. T. M. Soumya, Editor, Communication Centre, UAHSShivamogga
Publisher : Dr. M. Y. KamatarDirector of EducationUAS Dharwad - 580 005, Karnataka, India
DTP and Typesetting : DTP UnitPublication Centre, Directorate of EducationUniversity of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad - 580 005
Theses Abstracts : 2018
Post Graduate theses submitted to UAS Dharwad, UAS Raichur,UHS Bagalkot and UAHS Shivamogga
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Particulars Page No.
I. Theses Abstracts of UAS Dharwad
1. Doctor of Philosophy ......................................................................................... 01-21
2. Master of Science..............................................................................................22-116
II. Theses Abstracts of UAS Raichur
1. Doctor of Philosophy ..................................................................................... 117-126
2. Master of Science........................................................................................... 127-182
III. Theses Abstracts of UHS Bagalkot
1. Doctor of Philosophy ..................................................................................... 183-191
2. Master of Science........................................................................................... 192-238
IV. Theses Abstracts of UAHS Shivamogga
1. Doctor of Philosophy ..................................................................................... 239-242
2. Master of Science........................................................................................... 243-271
1
ABSTRACTS OF THESES
Accepted for the award of post-graduate degrees inthe University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2018
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
A. CROP SCIENCE
GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING
The present study using minicore collection of sorghum (Sorghumbicolor (L.) Moench) has (i) identified maintainers and restorers onMilo and Maldandi source of male sterility, (ii) characterized restorergenes using Rf linked markers, (iii) assessed genetic diversity and (iv)heterotic combinations using diallel crosses. It was conducted duringrabi seasons of 2014 to 2017 at the Main Agriculture Research Station,University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Of the 228 genotypes,43 (25.59%) were classified as strong restorers (Rlines) with greaterthan 90 per cent seedset and 22 genotypes (13.10%) as maintainers(Blines) with zero seedset on Milo cytoplasm. On Maldandicytoplasm 19 genotypes (13.87%) were strong restorers and 37genotypes (27.01%) were maintainers. Xtxp250 marker (SSR marker)linked to Rf
1 gene at a distance of 1200 bp clearly distinguished
Genetic divergence studies and molecular characterization of fertility restorer genes in minicorecollection of Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]
BHIMA HARI VARA PRASAD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. D. BIRADAR
Blines and Rlines on Milo cytoplasm based on the presence orabsence of gene. This marker can be utilized in selection of plantswith Rf
1 gene in segregating populations at the seedling stage itself.
D2 analysis grouped 228 genotypes into 22 clusters. Cluster Icomprised of maximum genotypes (115) followed by cluster II (45).Intercluster distance was maximum between the clusters III and XXI(33.50). Panicle weight contributed more towards divergence(25.64%). High significant standard heterosis for yield over M 351was exhibited by the crosses BJV44 × IS 31651 (54.54) and BJV44× IS 26025 (38.46). The significant heterosis was observed in B × Rcrosses rather than B × B and R × R crosses which indicate greaterdiversity between B and R lines. The genotype IS 31651 was foundto be good general combiner for earliness and yield.
Maize inbreds with drought and Turcicum leaf blight (TLB) resistancewere used in this study conducted at the Department of Genetics andPlant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Dharwad. Thirty one superiorinbreds and two testers were crossed in line × tester design to derive 62test hybrids. Parents, test hybrids and checks (Bio9631, Bio9681,Super 900M) were evaluated for drought tolerance and yield understress and nonstress conditions during summer 2016 and 2017. InbredsPDM6529, HKI163 and PDM6576 under stress and HKI163,PDM6518, PDM6529 under nonstress condition were found to bebest general combiners while, the crosses PDM4211 × LM13,PDM65471 × LM13 and PDM65472 × LM13 under stress andPDM6516 × LM17, PDM65471 × LM13 and MLB281 × LM13under nonstress condition were best specific combiners for traitsrelated to drought tolerance and yield. Mean yield of the cross PDM4211× LM13 under stress and nonstress conditions (81.46 q ha1) was
Genetic studies on abiotic and biotic stress resistance in Maize (Zea mays L.)
B. R. MANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. K. DESHPANDE
12.79 per cent superior over best commercial check Bio9631 (72.22 q ha1).Six generation mean analysis using susceptible (BM125) × resistant(BM135) parents indicated nonadditive gene action for TLB resistance.Heterosis breeding approach is suitable to develop resistant hybrids.Of the 146 SSR markers used in the study, three markers viz., bnlg1045,bnlg1940 and mmc0411 were identified to be associated with TLBresistance apart from validating the linkage of marker phi109642 withTLB resistance. The best three general combiners viz., PDM6529,HKI163 and PDM6576 for drought tolerance and yield can serve asdonor parents in breeding for drought tolerance these lines can becrossed in diallele fashion to derive superior hybrids. The test hybridPDM4211 × LM13 with yield superiority has potential for commercialcultivation. New markers bnlg1045, bnlg1940 and mmc0411 linked toTLB resistance can be utilized in marker assisted selection for TLBresistance.
The present study was undertaken in chilli crop at the Department ofGenetics and Plant Breeding, UAS, Dharwad during 201315 to studythe inheritance pattern for anthracnose disease resistance in the twocrosses derived from Byadgi Kaddi and two resistant lines GPM2881 and GPM 3021. Further variability, character association andgenetics of yield and component traits were studied. Efforts werealso made to demonstrate breeding possibilities of using interspecific
Genetics of resistance to anthracnose in Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)
SANJEEVSINGH RAJAPUT MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. Y. KAMATAR
hybridization between Capsicum chinense and Capsicum annuum.Segregation pattern in the F
2 exhibited ratio of 1:3, indicating that
anthracnose disease resistance is governed by single recessive gene,which was further confirmed by segregation ratio of 1:1 in B
1 backcross
population. The F3 families showing resistance needs to be advanced
to further generations to develop inbreed lines with anthracnose diseaseresistance. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance over
2
means was observed for plant height, number of primary branches,number of secondary branches, number of fruits and dry fruit yieldper plant in both the populations. In Byadgi Kaddi GPM 2881 andByadgi Kaddi GPM 3021 populations, association of number offruits per plant and fruit pericarp weight with dry fruit yield perplant was highly positive and significant. Higher estimates for colour,
oleoresin and capsaicin content in all F3 lines were noticed. The F
1
seeds of cross of C. chinense × C. annuum were incompatible as theirhybrid expressed hybrid weakness such as VLS (viruslike syndrome).The presence of significant dominance dominance type of geneinteraction for most of the traits studied indicated that these traitscan be utilized in the exploitation of heterosis.
The present study aimed at exploiting heterotic group of hirsutumand barbadense genotypes by forming heterotic box and subjectingit to reciprocal recurrent selection for combining ability. A set ofeight genotypes from hirsutum heterotic group were crossed with aset of four genotypes from barbadense heterotic group by followingline × tester analysis and best predicted double cross combination(DH2572 × DHMS) × (SNICB 7510 × DB 534) was selected as abase populations for initiating reciprocal selection for their combiningability. The two diverse single cross F
1 s viz DH2572 × DHMS
from hirsutum heterotic group and SNICB 7510 × DB 534 frombarbadense heterotic group were advanced to F
4 generation. Random
F4 lines from each cross were crossed to reciprocal and additional
diverse testers. Derived F1 s and F
4 lines from each population were
subjected to Line × Tester analysis which resulted in identificationof the elite hirsutum F
4 lines of (DH2752 × DHMS)6, (DH2752 ×
DHMS)23, (DH2752 × DHMS)43 and (DH2752 × DHMS)36and the barbadense elite F
4 lines of (SNICB7510 × DB534)15,
Exploiting concept of Gossypium hirsutum L. Vs Gossypium barbadense L. heterotic groups throughreciprocal selection for combining ability in Cotton
S. RAJEEV MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S.S. PATIL
(SNICB7510 × DB534)36 and (SNICB7510 × DB534)43 asgood combiners for seed cotton yield. Six testers (four reciprocaland two diverse) used in the study were compared for their efficiencyrevealed that tester DB533 (T6) and RAH102 (T3) were found tobe most efficient in distinguishing the F
4 lines of DH2572 × DHMS
and barbadense F4 lines of SNICB 7510 × DB 534 cross,
respectively. Based on the performance of derived F1’s, ten F
4 lines
of hirsutum, F4 lines of (DH2752 × DHMS)6, (DH2752 × DHMS)
23, (DH2752 × DHMS)43 and (DH2752 × DHMS)3 and thebarbadense elite F
4 lines of (SNICB7510 × DB534)15, (SNICB75
10 × DB534)50 and (SNICB7510 × DB534)12 were identified asthe top combiners. The derived F
1s of these lines were very
productive and superior to commercial check, DCH32. The elitelines of the opposite populations identified based on their ability tocombine with opposite tester, which mark the practical outcome ofone cycle of reciprocal selection to initiate next cycle of reciprocalselection.
Cotton, the king of fiber is the world’s leading natural fibre crop. Thetranscriptome assembly with three reference genomes led to thediscovery of a large number of annotated and unannotated noveltranscripts. DGE analysis indicated significant upregulation and downregulation of many unigenes against three reference genomes indicatingthe role of these transcripts in determining the fibre quality. Amongthese SSRs, the mononucleotide repeats were the most abundantrepeat type whereas, pentanucleotide repeat types were least infrequent in all the three genomes. The variant analysis identified manySNPs and Indels. Compared to Indels, SNPs were more frequentwhich indicated more frequency of point mutations. The pathwayanalysis revealed that higher number of unigenes were expressed intranslation category followed by carbohydrate metabolismphenylpropanoid pathway. Transcripts involved in plant signaltransduction were expressed in higher number. It indicates that thesemight play important role in cotton fibre development. Combining
RNA sequence mediated transcriptome, pathway analysis and QTL mapping inCotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
VRINDA JOSHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. R. PATIL
ability analysis revealed that the lines, RAHP1 and HBS157 werefound to be over all good general combiners. The cross RAHP4 ×ARSD38 indicated positive significant heterosis over all the threechecks viz., DHH11, DHH263 and Bindas. Association studiesbetween sum of parental gca effects and sca effects with hybridperformance, mid parent and better parent heterosis revealedsignificant positive correlation for all the traits. Coefficient ofdetermination indicated higher contribution of sca effect towardshybrid performance compared to sum of parental gca effect. Geneticvariability study revealed that the all the characters including seedcotton yield recorded high heritability with moderate to high geneticadvance as per cent mean. Linkage analysis resulted into 16 linkagegroups. In total 15 putative QTLs were detected through compositeinterval mapping among which nine QTLs were associated with fibrequality traits which further helps in the improvement of fibre qualityof cotton.
Cotton is one of the major fibre crops in the world and is cultivated forspinnable fibre. In the current investigation, based on kmeans analysis22 lines and five testers contrasting for fiber quality traits were selectedfor crossing in L × T design to assess combining ability and heterosis.The genotypes ARSD 38, ARSD 89, RHAP 12 and RHAP 7 exhibitedgood gca for yield and its attributes. The RHAP 24, RHAP 21 and
Identification of QTLs and combining ability studies for fiber quality andyield traits in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
B. M. LOKESKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. R. PATIL
RHAP 10 recorded good gca for fibre strength and length. Similarly,crosses ARSD 38 × ARSD 44, RHAP 12 × RHAP 10 and ARSD 25 ×RHAP 3 exhibited heterosis for seed cotton yield and had better fibrequality. The study revealed significant association of hybrid per seperformance with both gca
(f+m) and sca effects while, R2 was maximum
for sca effect. Concluding choice of parents with H × L gca combination
3
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
Molecular basis of moisture stress tolerance in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
THAKUR PRANITA PRABHAKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. P. BIRADAR
moisture stress tolerant genotypes but at different levels. Highest
number of genes were found up regulated in RAJ2 (9) followed by
CCH 1831 (8), JK4 (8), F2226 (7) and Bikaneri nerma (7). Hybrids
developed involving parents known up regulated diverse genes, were
found up regulated in hybrids. In hybrid H10
, 12 transcripts from
PH1009 and 10 from 5433A2A03N83 were found up regulated in leaf
tissue. In other case along with parental genes other genes were also
found over expressed, eight transcripts additionally expressed in hybrid
H9, which were not expressed in their parents. Among 10 DREB1A
cotton events, GM2, GM12, GM16, GM20 and GM32 were found
promising as they recorded higher relative water content, photosynthetic
rate, chlorophyll content, canopy temperature, stomatal conductance,
proline and peroxidase enzyme activity under moisture stress condition
as compared to negative control and these physiobiochemical traits
are known to impart moisture stress tolerance.
Study to know moisture stress effect on cotton was carried out at
THE Department of Biotechnology, ACD and ARS, Dharwad Farm,
UAS, Dharwad during 201417. The cotton varieties were screened
for physiobiochemical traits and their regulating metabolic changes
were identified by gene expression study. Twenty eight known up
regulating genes under moisture stress did not up regulate equally in
all drought tolerant genotypes. In leaf tissue, there was up regulation
of DRM1 in JK4 found down regulated in CCH1831 and GJHV358.
Similarly up regulation of ACO2 and ASN1 found in JK4, Bikaneri
nerma, and their expression was altogether different in PH1009 and
GJHV358. In square tissue, genes like pod7 and embryo sac
development arrest 38 was up regulated in 5433A2A03N83 and down
regulated in JK4. However, genes viz., Curculinlike mannose binding
protein, WRKY70, MYB5, CER1, ACO2, CAB1, WRKY 70, pod10
and pod7 were found up regulated in both leaf and square tissue of
The experiments were carried out during 201718 in Department of
Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, to
study the molecular and biochemical basis of resistance in cotton
genotypes for leafhopper Amrasca biguttula biguttula infesting cotton
and other crops and its DNA barcoding. The leafhopper resistant
pedigree number 67 and susceptible pedigree number 68 Gossypium
hirsutum genotypes have been subjected for molecular and
biochemical analysis under insect challenged and control conditions
to know the basis for resistance. Leafhopper infestation increased
peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylanine ammonia lyase
enzymes activities in resistant genotype than susceptible one at
different days after infestation compared to control plants. The
relative expression of POD, PPO, PAL and 1aminocyclopropane
1carboxylic acid expression genes was upregulated in resistant
genotype #67 than in susceptible genotype #68 in insect damage
compared to control. The activity of resistance related enzymes
DNA barcoding of leafhopper Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) and analysis ofdefense related genes and enzymes for its incidence in Cotton
M. B. RANJITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. UDIKERI
POD, PPO, PAL was high in resistant genotype (#67) basically.
POD, PPO and PAL enzymes further enhanced significantly to
higher concentration under insect challenged treatments. A consensus
DNA barcode has been generated for A. biguttula biguttula specimen
collected across India from cotton, okra, brinjal, and sunflower using
mt COI DNA sequence following BLAST, MSA, BOLD databases.
The COI sequences of the dataset were represented in a phylogenetic
tree with distinctive clusters based on the nucleotide divergence
among the species. Partial COI gene at nucleotide position 600 bp
was used to generate the barcode for A. biguttula biguttula strain.
From barcode generated it is possible to identify exactly the
leafhopper infesting the cotton in any region of India without any
conventional tools. This barcode may be helpful in instances of
A. biguttula biguttula invasion to other countries and in clarifying
any issues related to identification of leafhopper when confusion
araises between Emposca spp. and A. biguttula biguttula.
and moderate divergence is likely to result in high frequency of heterotichybrids. To identify QTL’s for fiber strength and yield traits, linesRHAP 24 × RHAP 15 were employed to develop F
2 mapping
population. The parents were polymorphic for 128 loci generated by64 (27 SRAP and 37 TRAP) markers. Subsequently, linkage map wasconstructed employing 240 F
2 individuals, consisting of 12 LG with a
map coverage of 2071.58cM of the total genome. In this study
16 QTL’s by SMA and 6 QTLs by CI mapping for yield and fiberquality traits were identified. The QTLs sStrength51 and sUHML-51for fibre strength and fibre length respectively, were flanked by sameset of markers. The lines with good gca can be further improved todevelop good inbreds using recurrent selection procedure. The identifiedhybrids and major QTL’s need to be validated in immortal populationover locations before putting them on to utility.
4
AGRONOMY
Field experiments were conducted during 201415 and 201516 in
farmers’ fields of Bagalkot and Belagavi districts of Karnataka with
the objectives to know the effect of time of herbicide application,
method of herbicide application, nitrogen levels, vermicompost and
mulching on Striga control and on growth and yield of sugarcane.
These experiments were conducted in split split plot and split plot
design with three replications. In both the experiments, four herbicides
(atrazine, metribuzin, diuron and oxyfluorfen) followed by 2, 4D
and mulching were evaluated. In first experiment, deep application of
oxyfluorfen (0.25 kg/ha) or diuron (1 kg/ha) at 90 days after planting
followed by 2, 4D (2 kg/ha) and mulching (5 t/ha) recorded significantly
lower Striga density and late emergence, which led to significant
increase in growth parameters and cane yield (143.6 and 141.3 t/ha,
respectively) compared to weed free (73.7 t/ha) and weedy check
(42.4 t/ha). These treatments recorded significantly higher quality
Agronomic investigations on striga management in Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)
SUDHEENDRA SAUNSHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAMESH BABU
parameters and net returns. In second experiment, application of
150 per cent RDN (375 N kg/ha) and vermicompost (2.5 t/ha) with
deep application of oxyfluorfen (0.25 kg/ha) or diuron (1 kg/ha) at 90
days after planting followed by 2, 4D (2 kg/ha) and mulching (5 t/ha)
recorded significantly lower Striga density and noticed late emergence,
which led to significant increase in growth parameters and cane yield
(174.7 and 171.3 t/ha, respectively) compared to weed free (111.7 t/ha)
and weedy check (56.8 t/ha). These treatments also recorded
significantly higher quality parameters and net returns. Soil enzymatic
activities (dehydrogenase, phosphatase and urease) were higher with
the application of diuron compared to oxyfluorfen in both the
experiments. Deep application of oxyfluorfen (0.25 kg/ha) followed by
2, 4D (2 kg/ha) and mulching (5 t/ha) helps in Striga management in
sugarcane along with nitrogen (375 kg/ha) and vermicompost (2.5 t/ha).
Similar trends were noticed in ratoon crop also in both the experiments.
Two field studies involving four maize hybrids (Nithyashree,
NK6240, GH0727, and 900MGold) across three dates of sowing
(first fortnight of June, second fortnight of June, and first fortnight of
July) and three nitrogen (N) levels (50 kg N ha1, 100 kg N ha1, and
150 kg N ha1) were conducted in kharif 2015 and 2016. Out of these
four sets of experimental data, two sets were used for model calibration
and others for evaluation. Seasonal analysis was done using 32 years
data (19852016) as baseline to study the impact of elevated
temperature and CO2 for first fortnight of June under potential
condition. Ideotype analysis was simulated to identify suitable genetic
coefficients for climate adaptation. Application of 150 kg N ha1
recorded significantly highest grain yield of 87.4 q ha1, followed by
application of 100 kg N ha1. Planting during second fortnight of June
Response of Maize hybrids to increasing CO2 and temperature scenarios: DSSAT model based
assessment for northern tranzition zone of Karnataka
ACHENEF TIGABU BELAY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R.H. PATIL
recorded highest grain yield (94.8 q ha1), net return ̀ 1,02,224 ha1 and
BC ratio 3.83. Hybrid NK6240 recorded the highest net return
` 96,936 ha1 with BC ratio 3.65, and it outperformed other hybrids.
Model predicted that under potential condition, delayed sowing
(August) will give higher yield, but increasing temperature reduces
grain yield more than the benefits of early sowing. Under warmer
climate the tested hybrids wound be highly sensitive and early
maturing, thus recording lesser yield. At baseline temperature simulated
grain yield 89.1 q ha1 was predicted; however, a rise by 1 °C and 2 °C
reduced grain yield by 6.24 and 12.5 per cent, respectively. Model
simulated second fortnight of August as the best sowing date for
baseline, 1°C, and 2°C. Increasing CO2 levels from 400 ppm to 450
and 500 ppm increased yield by 1.0 and 2.0 per cent, respectively.
A field experiment was conducted during 201617 (plant cane) and
201718 (ratoon cane) at the Sugarcane Research Farm, Zadshapur of
S. Nijalingappa Sugar Institute (SNSI) of Belagavi. The experiment
was laid out in split plot design with three spacing levels (120,150
and 180 cm) as main plot treatments, three component crops
(sugarbeet, sweet sorghum and sweet potato) under 1:1 and 1:2 ratio
as subplots with four control plots [sole sugarcane (90 cm), sole
sugarbeet, sole sweet sorghum and sole sweet potato] outside the
experiment and replicated thrice. A row spacing of 150 cm recorded
significantly higher number of millable canes (NMC) in both plant
and ratoon cane. With respect to row spacing of 180 cm recorded
higher cane yield (132.2 t ha1) in plant cane. A row spacing of 150 cm
recorded additional net returns of ` 79,999 ha1 in plant cane and
Biofuel crops for vertical intensification of Sugarcane based intercropping systems
SHILPA V. CHOGATAPUR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. T. CHANDRANATH
` 80,832 ha1 in ratoon cane over 90 cm row spacing. Among the
component crops, sugarcane + sugarbeet 1:1 row proportion recorded
significantly higher cane yield (132.2 t ha1) and ethanol yield (8.69
thousand l ha1) in plant cane. Similar trend was also observed in
ratoon cane. With respect to interactions between row spacings and
component crops with different row proportion, significantly higher
NMC (111.91 thousands ha1) and cane yield (139.6 t ha1) was
recorded with sugarcane (150 cm) + sugarbeet 1:1 row proportion.
Similar trend was noticed in ratoon cane. In plant cane, intercropping
of sugarcane (150 cm) + sugarbeet 1:2 row proportion, realised
significantly higher sugarcane equivalent yield (145.7 t ha1) and net
returns (` 2,46,829 ha1) over all other treatment combinations. In
ratoon cane similar trend was followed as that of plant cane.
5
The field experiment was conducted at Main Agricultural ResearchStation. University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad on mediumblack clay soil during two consecutive years (201516 and 201617)in kharif-rabi sequence. Results indicated that preemergenceapplication of alachlor 50 EC, pendimethalin 30 EC, butachlor 50 EC,pendimethalin 38.7 CS and oxyfluorfen 23.5 EC effectively controlledannual grassy and broad leaved weeds in groundnut/soybean and hadno residual toxicities on all the succeeding crops. Postemergenceapplication of quizalofop ethyl 5 EC, propaquizafop 10 EC andfenoxaproppethyl 9 EC effectively controlled only annual grassyweeds and they did not show any residual toxicities on all thesucceeding crops. On the contrary, postemergence application ofimazethapyr 10 SL (100 g/ha) although suppressing the growth anddevelopment of annual grassy and broad leaved weeds, but resulted in
Bio-efficacy and phyto-toxicity of pre and post-emergence herbicides on Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)and Soybean [Glycine max L.) Merrill]; and residual effect on succeeding crops
H. D. SHILPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. LOKANATH H. MALLIGAWAD
residual toxicities in succeeding crops. The severity of imazethapyrresidual toxicity on succeeding crops was greater on grain amaranth >sorghum > wheat > maize > safflower > chickpea. Yield components,dry pod weight/plant, total number of pods/plant, 100 dry pod weightin groundnut and; total number of pods/plant, seed weight/plant and100 seed weight in soybean and BC ratio were more in treatmentswhich received preemergence herbicides, postemergence herbicidesand weed free check treatment over weedy check treatment andtreatment which received postemergence application of imazethapyr10 % SL @ (100 g/ha). Significantly lower dehydrogenase (µg TPFformed/g soil/d ) phosphatase (pnp formed/g soil/h) and urease activity(µg NH
4N formed/g soil/d), in preceding as well as succeeding
crops was recorded with postemergence application of imazethapyr10 SL (100 g/ha).
Field experiments were conducted during summer (2012 13 and 2013 14)and kharif (201314 and 201415) seasons with three irrigation andfertilizer levels with twice application in Dharwad on vertisol.Alternatively alternate furrow irrigation recorded higher grain yield(62.7 q ha1) with 537.3 to 571.9 mm water, whereas, hydrogel didn’tdiffered. Besides, 250:100:125 kg N:P
2O
5:K
2O ha1 recorded higher
grain yield (63.1 q ha1), whereas, 25 per cent of N, K2O and 50 per cent
of P2O
5 as basal, 50 per cent of N, P
2O
5 and K
2O at 30 DAS and 25 per
cent of N and K2O at 50 DAS recorded higher grain yield (60.3 q ha1).
Alternatively alternate furrow irrigation and 250:100:125 kgN:P
2O
5:K
2O ha1 with 25 per cent of N, K
2O and 50 per cent of P
2O
5
as basal, 50 per cent of N, P2O
5 and K
2O at 30 DAS and 25 per cent of
Response of summer Maize (Zea mays L.) to irrigation, nutrient levels, time of applicationand residual effect on succeeding Soybean (Glycine max L.)
SANGH RAVIKIRAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. ANGADI
N and K2O at 50 DAS recorded higher grain yield (71.5 q ha1). Besides,
higher water productivity (1.5 kg m3) in deficit irrigation and250:100:125 kg N:P
2O
5:K
2O ha1 with 25 per cent of N, K
2O and
50 per cent of P2O
5 as basal, 50 per cent of N, P
2O
5 and K
2O at 30 DAS
and 25 per cent of N and K2O at 50 DAS with saving of 160 to
202.5 mm. Residual effect of deficit irrigation, 250:100:125 kgN:P
2O
5:K
2O ha1, application of 33.3 per cent each of N, P
2O
5 and K
2O as
basal, at 30 and 50 DAS and their interaction recorded higher soybean yield(11.4, 12.5, 11.8 and 15.0 q ha1, respectively). Hence, deficit irrigation and250:100:125 kg N:P
2O
5:K
2O ha1 with 33.3 per cent each of N, P
2O
5 and
K2O as basal, at 30 and 50 DAS found superior with higher system
productivity (10,145 kg ha1) and net return (` 66,552 ha1).
SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRIL. CHEMISTRY
A study on the effect of different fertilizer recommendation approacheson yield, quality, nutrients uptake by soybean, residual nutrientsstatus and their transformation in soil was conducted at the MainAgricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences,Dharwad during kharif 2015 and 2016 with 12 treatments replicatedthrice in RCBD. Targeted yield of 30 q ha1 under SSNM recordedsignificantly higher seed yield (30.91 q ha1) over all other treatmentsexcept 35 q ha1 target yield under SSNM. It was because of highernumber of seeds plant1 (210.3), seed yield plant1 (31.15 g), testweight (15.35 g), uptake of NPK and S (191.8, 24.9, 93.7 and 20.1 kg ha1,respectively) and Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu (449.5, 1732.5, 662.0 and152.6 g ha1, respectively). Accordingly, BC ratio was also highest(2.88) and least value (2.11) was recorded in 150 per cent RDF. There
Assessement of different approaches of fertilizer recommendation to Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill.]in a vertisol and their impact on soil properties in northern transitional zone of Karnataka
C. P. SANKALPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. K. MATH
was significant improvement in protein (38.05%) and oil (18.83%)contents in seeds. The residual nitrogen and potassium status in soilat 40 DAS and at harvest were significantly higher in SSNM targetedyield of 35 q ha1 compared to other treatments except yield target of30 q ha1 under SSNM while the residual phosphorus content in soilwas higher in 150 per cent RDF followed by 125 per cent RDF andtarget yield 35 q ha1 under SSNM. Control recorded higher residualsulphur status in soil compared to others. Similar trend was observedin different fractions of NPK and S nutrients. Enzyme activities insoil at 50 DAS were significantly higher in 30 q ha1 targeted yield ofSSNM over other treatments except targeted yield of 35 q ha1 underthe same practice. Hence, yield maximization in soybean can beachieved through target yield of 30 q ha1 under SSNM.
6
The field experiment was undertaken to establish soil test crop response(STCR) con”elation for soil test based balanced fertilizer prescriptionfor Maize var. NK6240 in Vertisols at the University of AgriculturalSciences, Dharwad. The field investigation consisted of fertility gradientexperiment during the year 201415 the desired gradient in soil fertilitywas created in the field by applying graded doses of N, P and Kfe11ilizers and raising fodder maize var. African Tall. STCR test cropexperiment was conducted in the same field using the test crop withtreatments consisted combinations of four levels of each N (0, 87.5,175and 350 kg ha1), P (0, 37.5, 75 and 150 kg P
2O
5 ha1) and K (0, 18.75,
37.5, and 75 kg K2O ha1) along with three levels of farmyard manure
(0, 5.0 and 10.0 t ha1) fitted in a response surface design during201516 and technology verification trial was conducted at Shinganalli
Development of STCR equation for hybrid Maize and its validation in a vertisol ofnorthern transitional zone of Karnataka
M. N. NEELGAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. A. YELEDHALLI
village in Dharwad taluka of Dharwad district during 201617. Usingthe basic parameters like Nutrient requirement, per cent Contributionof nutrients from the soil and applied fertilizers the fertilizer adjustmentequation for N, P
2O
5 and KzO was derived as Fe11ilizer Nitrogen
(FN) = 4.62T0.34SN, Fe11ilizer Phosphorus (FP2O
5) = 2.33
T1.75SP2O
5 and Fertilizer Potassium (FK
2O) = 3.22T0.480SK
2O.
The equation developed was validated. The highest grain yield,BC ratio, gross and net return of maize (9.68 t ha1, 2.29, ` 1,21,125,and ` 84,318, respectively) were obtained with STCR approach 9 t ha1
yield target + 25 kg ha1 of each zinc sulphate and iron sulphate andfollowed by STCR approach 10 t ha1 yield target. Thus, it is concludedthat STCR equation developed was found to be economically viablefor the yield target up to 9 t ha1.
CROP PHYSIOLOGY
A study was carried out with 20 cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)genotypes for water stress tolerance. Initially, laboratory screeningfor seed germination and seedling growth under different osmoticstress (Polyethylene glycol6000) viz., 0 MPa (0%), 1.47 MPa (10%)and 3.49 MPa (20%) and soil moisture levels (Polybags) viz., 100,50 and 25 per cent field capacities were conducted during 201415 atAgriculture Research Station, Dharwad farm. The ten genotypesidentified under laboratory experiment along with two checks (RAH100 and LRA5166) were subjected for field performance during kharif201516 and 201617 under rainfed and need based irrigated (floweringand boll development) conditions in splitplot design. Based ongermination percentage (> 50.00%), root length (> 20.50 cm), shootlength (> 1.90 cm), root to shoot ratio (> 1.80), total dry weight(> 2.00 g plant1), leaf proline (> 32.00 µg g1 fresh weight) andchlorophyll content (> 2.20 mg g1 fresh weight) ten genotypes i.e.,
Drought tolerance studies in Hirsutum Cotton genotypes
B. R. MEGHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. U. V. MUMMIGATTI
BS37, BS39, ARBH1352, GBHV182, PH1060, SCS1062,TCH1777, GSHV169 and AKH095 were identified as droughttolerant. Significantly higher seed cotton yield was recorded underrainfed condition (1,283 kg ha1) as compared to irrigated condition(1,261 kg ha1). GSHV169, BS37, BS39, AKH095 and ARBH1352 had lesser per cent reduction over control for maximum numberof traits mainly relative water content (10.55%), cell membranestability (15.61%), specific leaf weight (4.52%), excised leaf waterloss (16.48%), stomatal frequency (16.72%), trichome density(29.91%), total dry matter (6.91%), leaf area index (13.35%),chlorophyll (7.41%), proline (75.00%) and phenol (9.61%) contentwhich indicated the tolerance of these genotypes to water stresscondition. The cotton genotypes GSHV169, BS37, BS39,AKH095 and ARBH1352 were identified as more tolerantgenotypes. These are more suitable for drought prone areas.
The investigation was carried out to elucidate the genetic mechanismsunderlying the drought tolerance in maize by withholding water beforefifteen days of anthesis and silking interval at the Main AgriculturalResearch Station, University Agricultural science’s Oharwad. Fromthe 100 inbred lines evaluated (rabi / summer 201415) ten droughttolerant inbred lines (OMIL 230, OMIL 438, OMIL 447, OMIL516, OMIL 553, OMIL 607, OMIL 692, OMIL 715, CML 425 andNC 468) were selected based on genetic diversity (02) andmorphological traits for developing 45 single cross hybrids throughhalf dial lei mating design (kharif, 2015). These 45 hybrids and theirparents were further evaluated during rabi / summer, 2016. Identifiedfive top yielders (OMIL 438 x OMIL 447, DMIL 512 x DMIL 692,DMIL 425 x DMIL 230, OMIL 448 x DMIL 607 and DMIL 438 xNC 468), five drought susceptible yielders their parents and two
Development and identification of drought tolerant Maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids
AKSHATA S. PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. U. V. MUMMIGATTI
checks (CP818 and GH0727) were evaluated during rabi / summer,201617 for drought tolerance. Simultaneously, evaluated for variousroot and shoot morphological traits under water stress condition inpolythene bag upto 60 DAS. Five hybrids viz., DMIL 516 x DMIL230 (6,338 kg/ha), DMIL 553 x DMIL 447 (3,687 kg/ha), CML 425x DMIL 516 (3,905 kg/ha), DMIL 607 x DMIL 516 (3,416 kg/ha) andNC 468 x DMIL 692 (3,641 kglha) were superior drought toleranthybrids based on relative water content, chlorophyll content, anthesisto silking interval, root traits and yield components under water stresscondition. DMIL 715, CML 425, DMIL 447 and DMIL 516 havethe best general combining ability for drought tolerance. These hybridsand the general combiners can be considered for moisture stresssituations and for developing hybrids for drought tolerance,respectively.
7
Two season field experiments was carried out at Main AgriculturalResearch Station, Dharwad, during rabi 201617 and 201718 withfive and twentytwo chickpea genotypes for evaluation ofreproductive behaviour, protein profiling and productivity underdifferent temperature regimes achieved by altering dates of sowing.High temperature significantly affected negatively the phenophasesand thermal indices of the chickpea genotypes under D
3 (46th SMW)
temperature regime as compared to D1 (41st SMW) and D
2 (43rd SMW).
Among the genotype, JAKI9218 was slow to initiate flower andpods, late in maturity and accumulated highest GDD, PTI and HUEfor all the phenophases. The lipid peroxidation increased from 27.00to 36.65 per cent with increase in the day/night temperature betweenD
2 and D
3 temperature regime at 30 days after 50 per cent flowering.
D1 and D
2 temperature regimes recorded higher total number of
flowers, pollen germination, pollen fertility, pollen density and fertile
Physiological investigations of reproductive phases for heat tolerance inChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes
B. A. KIRAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. P. CHIMMAD
and sterile pollen diameter in all genotypes as compared to D3
temperature regime. Among genotypes JG14 performance wassuperior in all parameters and under all dates of sowing. SDSPAGEanalysis of protein profiling in pollen grains showed production ofadditional polypeptides of MW 158.212.9 kDa and MW of 112.017.1 kDa in leaves appeared in chickpea genotypes. The D
2 temperature
regime recorded significantly higher values for seed weight, test weight,haulm weight, number of seeds and number of pods per plant withless flowers to pod ratio (3.08) and higher yield (2463 kg ha1) whilethe genotype JG11 (46 %), JG14 (29 %), Annigeri1 (29 %) andKAK2 (24 %) recorded a higher per cent increase in yield under D
2
as compared D1 and D
3. This study emphasised that fifteen days
delayed sowing from normal date produced higher yield and thegenotypes viz., Annigeri1, JG11, JG14, JG130, BGD103 andRSG44 were identified as high yielding temperature tolerant.
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), in its reproductive stage, is sensitiveto day/night temperatures with consequent substantial loss of potentialyields at high temperatures. Two field experiments were conductedwith 44 and four genotypes under three temperature regimes (D
1: 41st
D2: 44th and D
3: 48th SMW) during rabi, 201516 and 201617 at the
Main Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad. Among four genotypes,JGIl recorded least pollen sterility (17.15 %) followed by JG 14(17.49 %), while crop sown in 41st SMW recorded least pollen sterility(19.42 %) when compared to crop sown in 44th and 48th SMW.Genotype, AnnigeriI recorded maximum pollen germination (62.90 %)and pollen tube length (171.36 µm). Crop sown in 44th SMWsignificantly higher seed yield (24.19 q ha1) followed by 41st SMW(22.17 q ha1). However, genotype JG 11 recorded maximum seedyield (23.12 q ha1) followed by JG 14 and AnnigeriI (21.75 and21.22 q ha1, respectively). The overall reproductive phase efficiency
Effect of temperature regimes on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) productivity
B. O. KIRAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. P. CHIMMAD
was stable in JG 11 across environments. Among 44 genotypes, thetotal chlorophyll, membrane stability index, SP AD values recordedat 65 DAS was higher in crop sown in 44th SMW compared to 48th
SMW. The seed yield was significantly higher for crop sown in 41st
SMW (13.29 g/plant) followed by 44th SMW (11.95 g/plant). Amongthe genotypes, JAKI 9218 recorded higher seed yield (19.25 g/plant)followed by GCP107 and PA 0102334 (18.59 and 17.32 g/plant,respectively). Genotypes, ICC4958, GCP107, BGO9812,ICC5383 and BGD132 recorded higher stability for grain yieldacross environments. However, genotypes GCP107 (23.54 g/plant),PA0102334 (19.66 g/plant) and BGO1044 (18.37 g/plant) recordedhigher yield and yield components under normal sown conditions(44th SMW), while H206, ICCL82108, ICC~88201, RSG44, LocalCollection, ICC5383, AKG70 and ICC1745 were found suitablefor late sown condition (48th SMW) for grain yield.
AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY
Biology of lac insect, Kerria lacca Kerr (Lacciferidae: Homoptera) and feasibility of cultivation of lac onFlemingia semialata Roxb. for Uttara Kannada district
SHIVALEELA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. JAVAREGOWDA
Studies on lac insect infesting forest tree species and agriculturalcrops, biology of lac insect, cultivation of lac insect on Flemingiasemialata and its natural enemies on different hosts plants andevaluation of insecticides molecules on survival of lac insect crawlerswere conducted at the College of Forestry, Sirsi and at AgriculturalResearch Station, Malagi during 20142017. Banyan tree,jambe,tamarindand turrecorded highest settlement and lowestmortality of Kerria lacca as host plants out of thirty hosts. Emergenceof crawlers started immediately after eggs hatching from the femalecell and continued up to 35 to 40 days. The newly formed male adultswere creamy white with a pair of wings, legs, and well developedeyes. Male adult longevity was only 4 to 5 days. The female wasbrownish colored. The abdomen of female lac insect had well developedovisac and wingless lived for about 50 65 days. Female laid eggs
under lac encrustation coating. Duration of first instar crawler variedfrom 25 to 30, second instar 2024 and third instars 59 to 68 days.Yield of stick /brood lac was 619.20 g/plant and scraped lac was481.33g/plant in kharif season. In rabi season, stick /brood lac was566.53g/plant and scraped lac was 407.94 g/plant. Predators like,Eublemma amabilis, Pseudohypatopa pulvarea and Chrysopa sp.parasitoid (Tachardiaephagus tachardiae) were recorded on the broodlacof F. semialata and Calliandra calothyrus host plants. Indoxacarb14.5 SC @ 0.2 ml/l recorded the highest number of survival of lacinsect followed by flubendiamide 40 SC @ 0.2 ml/l, spinosad 45 SC@ 0.1 ml/l and fipronil 5 SC @ 0.2 ml/l and these treatments were onpar with UTC1 (with water dipping) and UTC2 (without waterdipping). With proper management lac cultivation on F. semialata isfeasible in Uttara Kannada district.
8
The investigation on “Pests of potato and their management with special
reference to Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee” was carried out during kharif
and rabi seasons of 201617 and 201718 at AICRP on Potato, Main
Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences,
Dharwad. The survey revealed presence of seven insects and a non
insect pest, mite. The higher incidence of insect pests was recorded in
Dharwad district followed by Belagavi, Hassan, Kolar and lower
incidence was recorded in Bengaluru (Rural). The peak activity of shoot
borer was noticed during 35th MSW and 46th MSW during kharif and
rabi seasons, respectively. During kharif season, the sucking pests
population was maximum during August second week to September
first week. Whereas in rabi season they attained their peak during
second and third week of November. The maximum population of
defoliator, S. litura was noticed during 34th MSW and 45th MSW during
Pests of Potato and their management with special reference to Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee
PRASHANT K. NATIKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. A. BALIKAI
kharif and rabi seasons, respectively. The duration of L. orbonalis
from egg to adult emergence on potato during kharif 2016 varied from
29.72 to 32.92 days with a mean of 31.79 ± 1.16 days while it varied
from 35.05 to 39.67 days with an average of 37.52 ± 1.44 days during
rabi 201617. From the sequence similarity indices, it is inferred that
there is a narrow molecular diversity among the shoot borer populations
of major potato growing districts of Karnataka. The genotypes Kufri
Surya, AICRPP22, AICRPP30, Kufri Sinduri and AICRPRH2
were categorized as tolerant. Among botanicals and biopesticides, NSKE
@ 5%, azadirachtin 3000 ppm @ 3.00 ml/l and neem oil @ 2% excelled
in suppressing the insect pests of potato. Among insecticides tested,
cyantraniliprole 10 OD @ 0.20 ml/l, spinosad 45 SC @ 0.20 ml/l,
emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.25 g/l and diafenthiuron 70 WP @
1.00 g/l were highly effective against insect pests of potato.
Studies on insect pests of sunflower with special reference to
defoliators were undertaken during 201517 at the Main Agricultural
Research Station, UAS, Dharwad. The survey indicated highest
incidence of Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida), Spilarctia obliqua
(Walker) and Spodoptera litura (Fab.) in Dharwad, Baglakot and
Gadag respectively during reproductive and vegetative stages of the
crop. A total of 16 insect pests, 8 parasitoids, 11 predators and 2
pathogens were recorded. Among them, the parasitoids such as
Telenomus sp. Meteorus sp., Cotesia sp., Charops sp. and Apenteles
stantoni were important. Studies on seasonal incidence revealed that
A. biguttulla biguttilla peaked in 43rd and 46th SMW during the year
2015 and 2016, respectively and found significant positive correlation
with maximum temperature. Whereas, S. obliqua peaked at 42nd
SMW during both years and nonsignificant correlation with weather
parameters. Predatory population was highest at 42nd and 46th SMW
during 2015 and 2016, respectively of which Eocanthecona furcellata
Studies on insect pests of Sunflower with special reference to defoliators
S. GEETHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. G. HEGDE
(Wolff) Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi and spiders were major. The
efficacy of different Trichogramma spp. against S. obliqua and
S. litura was evaluated. Trichogramma embryophagum and
Trichogramma chilonis were proved to be effective against S. obliqua
and S. litura respectively, with highest egg parasitisation and adult
parasitoid emergence. The 82 genotypes were screened for resistance
against defoliators. Further, none of them highly resistant, thirteen
entries recorded moderate resistance, five susceptible and one was
highly susceptible. Laboratory rearing of both S. litura and S. obliqua
on RHA103, GP2035 and PGS14111 (moderate resistance
genotypes) showed low larval weight, lower fecundity and extended
life cycle with higher larval mortality. Among different insecticides
evaluated under field condition, lambda cyhalothrin 5% EC,
thiodicarb 75% WP and emamectin benzoate 5% SG proved effective
in minimizing defoliator population with higher seed yield
(18.09, 17.70 and 16.96 q/ha, respectively).
Twenty five insect pollinators visited mango under organic ecosystem
with 11 species each belonging to Hymenoptera and Diptera against
18 species in conventional with 8 each in Hymenoptera and Diptera.
However, Diptera recorded maximum number in both organic and
conventional ecosystems with maximum relative abundance of 52.70
and 53.18 per cent, respectively followed by Hymenoptera. Total of
17 insect visitors were recorded from organic guava ecosystem among
which, Hymenoptera recorded 11 species with maximum relative
abundance of 95.85 per cent against 10 species in conventional
ecosystem with Hymenoptera (7) recording maximum relative
abundance of 94.42 per cent. The peak foraging activity of pollinators
in organic mango ecosystem was observed during VII and VIII weeks
after 10 per cent flowering in general whereas, during VIII and IX
weeks under conventional ecosystem. In organic guava ecosystem,
the maximum activity was noticed during VII, VIII and IX weeks as
Bee pollination in organic and conventional farming systems on important fruit crops
MADHURIMA VINOD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. N. SATTAGI
against IX and X weeks in conventional ecosystem. The foraging
activity of all pollinators was higher in organic ecosystem as compared
to conventional ecosystem in both crops with best foraging activity
at 1000 hr except for T. iridipennis which was most active at 1200 hr.
BeeQ @ 1.25 per cent and cacambe @ 10 per cent attracted
significantly higher number of Apis pollinators whereas, cacambe @
10 per cent and jaggery solution @ 10 per cent attracted T. iridipennis
and other hymenopterans under organic and conventional mango and
guava ecosystems. In general, BeeQ @ 1.25 per cent, cacambe @
10 per cent, jaggery solution @ 10 per cent and molasses @
10 per cent recorded significantly superior yield parameters in mango
and guava under both ecosystems. However, superior quantitative
yield parameters of mango and guava were recorded under
conventional than organic farming system whereas, the reverse was
the case with respect to qualitative parameters.
9
PLANT PATHOLOGY
Laboratory experiments were conducted at the Department of PlantPathology, College of Agriculture, Dharwad and field experimentswere carriedout under naturally infected farmer’s field at Kakol andRanebennur of Haveri district to study the etiology and integratedmanagement of wilt complex of betelvine (Piper betle L.). Rovingsurvey conducted in Bagalkot, Belagavi, Davanagere and Haveri districtdepicted maximum wilt incidence in Davanagere district (17.2%)during 201516 and in Haveri district (19.2%) during 201617. Themaximum disease incidence recorded in Kariyele and drumstick +Erythrina as supporting plants. Fusarium spp., Rhizoctoniabataticola, Sclerotium rolfsii and Meloidogyne spp. were majorpathogens. Under variability studies, potato dextrose agar mediumsupported best growth of all fungal pathogens. Ten isolates ofS. rolfsii, R. bataticola and 30 isolates of Fusarium spp. varied formorphological and cultural characters, the isolates of Fusarium spp.
Studies on etiology and management of wilt complex of Betelvine (Piper betle L.)
A. R. DIVYA BHARATHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. I. BENAGI
were further grouped based on their pathogenic and molecularvariability. SGM1, Swarna Kapoori, Andaman RPM and Mysorelocal were moderately resistant out of 20 genotypes. Under in vitrostudies, nonsystemic fungicide captan was effective. Systemicfungicides, hexaconazole, propiconazole and tebuconazole wereeffective. Carboxin 37.50% + thiram 37.50% and captan 70% +hexaconazole 5% WP were also effective. Garlic, black tulsi andturmeric extract (1:1:1) and Trichoderma harzianum (IOF isolate)was effective against all the three fungal pathogens. Adoptive modulecomprising of soil application of organic amendments (T. harzianumenriched Farm yard manure @ 1 kg/vine + Neem cake @ 250 g/vine),fungicides (carboxin 37.50% + thiram 37.50% WP @ 2.5 g/l and captan70% + hexaconazole 5% WP @ 2 g/l) and nematicide (carbofuran 3G@ 100 g/vine) recorded lower disease incidence (14.57%), highestyield (44.83 lakh leaves/ha) with the BC ratio of 6.93:1.
Green nanotechnology is the current requirement in plant pathologyand considering the magnitude of this novel technology, investigationswere undertaken on green synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs)and sulphur nanoparticles (SNPs), characterization and evaluationagainst the major plant pathogens to mitigate the disease problemeffectively both in vitro and in vivo condition at the College ofAgriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Greensyntheses of NPs were attempted from seven plants by six methods incopper and two methods in sulphur. Particle Size Analyzer confirmedthe average diameter of nanoparticles was < 100 nm [CuNPs (32.5 nm)and SNPs (56.00 nm)]. Circular to irregular in shape of NPs wasconfirmed by AFM and SEM. Recovery of CuNPs and SNPs washighest in pomegranate pericarp mediated synthesis. Major five fungaland three bacterial plant pathogens were isolated by standard procedureand characterized by molecular techniques. CuNPs inhibited the cent
Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of copper and sulphurnanoparticles against major plant pathogens
CHIKKANNA SWAMY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. B. NARGUND
per cent spore germination of Exserohilum turcicum at 500 ppm. SNPsshowed cent per cent inhibition of spore germination of Golovinomycescichoracearum at 10 ppm. Mango leaf based CuNPs inhibited thegrowth of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae (17.33 mm) andRalstonia solanacearum (12.00 mm) at 2,000 ppm. In chickpea, SNPsat 1,000 ppm recorded highest seed quality parameters by paper towelmethod and was on par with carboxin (37.5%) + thiram (37.5%). Underglasshouse condition, SNPs at 500 and 1,000 ppm managed thegreengram and cowpea powdery mildew diseases respectively. Citruscanker and bacterial wilt of tomato diseases were significantly managedby CuNPs over untreated control and remained on par with standardantibiotic check. Green synthesized CuNPs and SNPs were foundeffective in reducing the diseases caused by major fungal pathogenscompared to bacteria at lower concentrations. No phytotoxic symptomswere observed on tomato seedlings at 2000 ppm.
Development of Tomato leaf curl virus resistant Tomato plants by post transcriptional gene silencing
RATHNAMMA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. S. PATIL
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum (Mill.) is one of the most widely grownvegetable crops of India. Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) a member ofthe genus Begomovirus under the family Geminiviridae is transmittedby whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). Roving survey conducted during rabi20152016 in northern Karnataka indicated that tomato leaf curl disease(ToLCD) was present in almost all fields surveyed. ToLCD incidenceand severity ranged from 5.0 to86.6 per cent and 2.0to 45.2 per centrespectively. Molecular characterization of ToLCV was done by usingreplicase (rep) gene specific primers. Cloning and sequencing of nineisolates were confirmed as strain of ToLCV. Based on highest sequencesimilarities with ToLCV sequence available in NCBI, ToLCV isolatescollected from northern Karnataka was considered as an isolates ofTomato leaf curl Karnataka virus. Replicase gene of ToLCV Dharwadisolate was cloned in ihp generic vector and further subcloned into planttransformation vector (pCAMBIA1305.1). Clones were confirmed for
presence of rep gene in generic ihp and pCAMBIA1305.1 vector throughPCR, it produced an amplicon of ~500 bp rep genes and furtherconfirmed by restriction analysis, which released ~500 bp band.Recombinant pCAMBIA construct mobilized into the Agrobacteruimtumefaciens by triparental mating method. The transformedA. tumefaciens clones were confirmed through colony PCR and furtherconfirmed through restriction digestion in all test obtained gene specificamplicon. Recombinant A. tumefaciens used for the in planta methodof transformation of DMT 2 tomato plants. PCR and GUS assay of T
0
and T1 transgenic plants indicated the integration of ToLCV rep gene in
the genome of transgenic tomato plants. Resistance of T0 and T
1
transgenic tomato plants was confirmed by challenged inoculation ofviruliferous whitefly. No symptoms were observed in seven T
0 and
22 T1 transgenic plants, whereas symptoms were observed in
nontransgenic control plants.
10
Endophytes are plant associated microorganisms that live insideplant tissues without causing any harm to plants. Roving surveywas conducted in major tomato growing districts of northernKarnataka viz., Belagavi, Dharwad and Haveri. Maximum numberof endophytes (32 fungal and 21 bacterial endophytes) were obtainedfrom Dharwad district. More number of endophytes were isolatedfrom samples collected at vegetative and flowering stage. A total of66 fungal and 45 bacterial endophytes were isolated from apparentlyhealthy tomato plant parts. Fungal isolates RFHHO7, RFHKM9,RFDHE10, RFBBA23, SFDOF11, SFDDE12, LFDHO3 andLFDLA9 and bacterial isolates RBDNA4, RBDLA5, RBDDE14,SBHKA2, SBDOF6, SBDVA9, SBBSA11 and LBDRA5 showedmaximum mycelial inhibition against Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctoniasolani and Fusarium solani. Isolates TRBBA23, SBHKA2 andLBDRA5 showed positive reaction for all the tests viz., amylase,protease, lipase, siderophore production and phosphatesolubilization. In pot culture experiment, RFBBA2, LFDLA9,SBHKA2 and RBDDE14 showed increased growth parametersand least disease incidence against S. rolfsii, R. solani and F. solani.
Studies on isolation of endophytes and their efficacy against soil-borne fungal pathogens in Tomato
BASAMMA HADIMANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. T. NAIK
Based on cultural, morphological and molecular characterization,the efficacious fungal endophytes were identified as Trichoderma sp.(RFHKM9), Rhizoctonia solani (RFBBE19), R. bataticola(RFDUN22), Trichoderma harzianum (RFBBA23 and SFDOF11),Nigrospora oryzae (SFDDE12), Nigrospora sp. (LFDHO3),Nigrospora sphaerica (LFDLA9) and Epicoccum nigrum(LFDKA20). The efficacious bacterial endophytes were identifiedas Bacillus sp. (RBDNA4), Pseudomonas sp. (RBDLA5),Chryseobacterium sp. (RBDDE14), Kocuria rosea (SBHKA2),Acinetobacter sp. (SBDOF6, SBBSA11 and LBDRA5) andRhizobium sp. (SBDVA9). Maximum peroxidase activity wasestimated in plants treated with Kocuria rosea (SBHKA2) andTrichoderma harzianum (RFBBA23) against S. rolfsii and R. solaniand isolates Nigrospora sphaerica (LFDLA9) and RFBBA23showed maximum activity against F. solani. Maximum polyphenoloxidase and phenylalanine ammonialyase activity was estimated inplants treated with isolates SBHKA2 and Chryseobacterium sp.(RBDDE14) and RFBBA23 and SBHKA2, respectively againstall the three pathogens.
The endophytes are microorganisms which colonize and growasymptomatically within healthy plant tissues. They are found in almostall kinds of plants. Roving survey was undertaken during 201617 tocollect the apparently healthy groundnut plant samples from Bagalakot,Belagavi, Dharwad and Haveri districts of northern Karnataka. Totally124 fungal (28 from groundnut leaf, 35 from groundnut stem, 43 fromgroundnut root, 9 from tulsi leaf and 9 from tulsi stem) and 35 groundnutbacterial endophytes (7 from leaf, 16 from stem and 12 from root) wereisolated. More number of fungal (62) and bacterial (17) endophyteswere isolated from GPBD 4 genotype. The maximum colonizationfrequency of fungal endophytes was observed at 15 DAS (43.33 %).Under in vitro condition the endophytes LFDwAC7, LFBaBa26,SFDwAC7, SFDwAC8, SFDwAC11, SFBePa17, SFBeBu18,SFDwBi33, RFDwSo33, RFDwSo34, TLFE7, TSFE7, LBBePa1,SBDwAC7, SBDwSo9 and RBBeJa3 recorded the maximummycelial/spore germination of Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solaniand Puccinia arachidis. Under in vivo condition LFDwAC7 showedthe least disease incidence/severity against S. rolfsii (33.33 %), R. solani
Studies on endophytes for management of fungal diseases of Groundnut
SUNILKUMAR SHIRASANGI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. YASHODA R. HEGDE
(27.78 %) and P. arachidis (24.40 %). The endophyte SFDwAC7,SFBeBu18 and SFDwAC11 inoculated plants showed highest plantgrowth parameters against S. rolfsii, R. solani and P. arachidis,respectively. Based on morphological and molecular characterization,the efficacious fungal and bacterial endophytes were identified asNigrospora sphaerica (LFDwAC7), Fusarium equiseti (LFBaBa26),Fusarium brachygibbosum (SFDwAC7), Curvularia spicifera(SFDwAC8 and SFBePa17), Curvularia australiensis (SFDwAC11), Chaetomium globosum (SFBeBu18), Fusarium oxysporum(SFDwBi33), Fusarium solani (RFDwSo33), Nigrospora chinensis(RFDwSo34), Chaetomium sp. (TLFE7), Nigrospora sp. (TSFE7),Gammaproteobacteria bacterium (LBBePa1), Sphingobacterium sp.(SBDwAC7), Lysinibacillus fusiformis (SBDwSo9) and Bacillusmegaterium (RBBeJa3). Defence enzyme activity (PO, PPO and PAL)was higher in Nigrospora sphaerica + pathogen and Bacillus megaterium+ pathogen inoculated plants. LFDwAC7 and RBBeJa3 gave positiveresult for all the tested extracellular enzyme activity like Amylase,Protease and Lipase.
SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of sowingdates and foliar application of nutrients on growth, yield, quality andlongevity of soybean variety DSb21 during kharif, 2016 and 2017.Sowings were taken up at fortnightly intervals viz., first fortnight ofJune (D
1), second fortnight of June (D
2) and first fortnight of July (D
3).
The highest plant height (67.63 cm), number of branches(10.74 plant1), total dry matter (23.12 g plant1), leaf area (57.14 cm),leaf area index (5.02),crop growth rate (18.35 g m2 day1), leaf area
Effect of date of sowing, foliar application of nutrients and polymer seed coating on seed yield, qualityand longevity of Soybean [Glycine Max (L.) Merrill]
G. M. SUMALATHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. S. UPPAR
duration (68.12), chlorophyll content (45.06) and seed yield (33.78 q ha1)was recorded in first fortnight of June sprayed with T
8 (KNO
3 @
0.5%+ KH2PO
4 @ 0.5%+ Boron 0.5%) at 60 days after sowing. Seed
quality parameters analysed with FCRD concept recorded higher valuesfor germination (96.40%), seedling dry weight (125.6 mg), seedlingvigour index II (1210), germination rate index (64.40), totaldehydrogenase activity (0.624 OD value), oil content (18.19%), proteincontent (37.70%) and lower seed infection (12.82%) with the crop
11
The field and laboratory studies on seed technological studies toenhance the seed yield, seed quality and storability in KRH4 hybridrice were carried out during 201617 and 201718 at the AgriculturalResearch Station, Malagi and Department of Seed Science andTechnology, UAS, Dharwad. The field experiment on effect ofseedling age and staggering on seed yield and quality was laid out inFactorial Randomized Block Design, experiment on effect of organicsand inorganics on seed yield and quality laid out in RandomizedBlock Design, experiment on hybrid rice seed production throughratooning laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design andreplicated thrice whereas, storage experiment, effect of nanoparticleson storability of KRH4 seeds laid out in Completely RandomizedDesign with ten treatments.The transplanting of 18 days old seedlingsrecorded higher seed yield per hectare (863 kg), higher germination
Seed technological studies to enhance the seed yield, seed quality and storability in KRH-4 hybrid Rice
B. P. MADHUKESHWARA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. K. DESHPANDE
(97.07 %) and seedling vigour index (2796). Similarly the earlystaggering of male parent by 2 days prior to female parent recordedthe higher seed set (18.32 %) and seed yield per hectare (1198 kg)compared to 25 days old seedlings. The foliar application of GA
3
60 ppm + Panchagavya 5 % + Jeevamrutha 5 % recorded higherpanicle exsertion (85.40 %) and seed yield per hectare (1477 kg).The stubble cutting at the height of 15 cm in female parent and20 cm in male parent together with nitrogen application at 75 percent of main crop recorded higher seed yield per hectare (475 kg)and ratooning ability (36.23 %). The storage experiment revealedthat seed treatment with ZnO nanoparticles at 1000 mg/kg recordedthe highest seed germination (79.75 %), seedling vigour index (1597)and dehydrogenase activity (0.479 OD value) at the end of 12 monthsof storage.
Rice being one of the most important staple food crops plays animportant role in providing food to two third of the world populationparticularly in Asian countries. The present investigation entitled“Characterization and improvement of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypesfor nutritional and seed quality traits for quality seed production” wascarried out for assessing the performance and DUS characterization ofeight varieties and 160 advanced lines derived from Swarna × RanbirBasmati under contrasting situations at Mugad and Sirsi during kharifseasons of 2016 and 2017. Among different lines evaluated for 37 DUScharacters only 30 traits exhibited variation while, all the varieties showedvariation for all the traits studied. The results revealed significantdifferences at both the locations due to soil application of AM Fungi
Characterization and improvement of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes for nutritional andseed quality traits for quality seed production
N. T. KOMALA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. GURUMURTHY
16 kg per acre followed by spraying of GA3 60 ppm at panicle initiation
and 50 per cent flowering stage (M4), for traits namely plant height at
harvest (84.45 and 116.44 cm), productive tillers (8.20 and 11.00), testweight (22.17 and 23.57 g), iron content (10.97 and 10.79 mg) and zinccontent (25.07 and 20.38 mg) Mugad and Sirsi, respectively. Irrespectiveof treatments among varieties significantly more number of productivetillers (8.37 and 11.96) recorded by Siri 1253, similarly higher testweight (26.35 and 27.64 g) was recorded by PSB 68. The varietyAbhilash and Hemavathi found to be superior for all the seed qualityparameters namely germination, seedling vigour index and field emergence(92.22 %, 3192, 82.65 % and 89.35 %, 3124 and 78.78 %) at Mugadand Sirsi, respectively.
sown on first fortnight of June (D1) sprayed with T
8(KNO
3 @ 0.5%+
KH2PO
4 @ 0.5%+ Boron 0.5%). Seeds harvested from first experiment
during 2016 were subjected to seed treatment with polymer coating,sprint fungicide and stored for one year and analysed with FCRDconcept at bimonthly interval. At the end of storage period, seeds
harvested from first fortnight of June sprayed with T8(KNO
3 0.5%+
KH2PO
4 0.5%+ Boron 0.5%) and treated with polymer coating, sprint
fungicide recorded higher germination (62.65%), seedling vigour indexII (733), germination rate index (49.94), oil (15.91%) and proteincontent (31.86%) and lower seed infection (60.00%).
The field experiments were carried out at Water and Land UseManagement Institute (WALMI) Farm, Dharwad during rabi 201617and 201718 and laboratory studies were conducted at Seed Qualityand Research Laboratory of National Seed Project (Crops), Seed Unit,University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 201617 and201718 on “Organic seed production, size grading, qualityenhancement and storability in Kabuli chickpea varieties”. The fieldstudy on influence of soil application of organic manures and foliarspray of liquid biofertilizers had profound effect on seed yield andquality. During 2016, 2017 and pooled data, application of 100 percent organics equivalent to RDP (50 % FYM and 50 % vermicompost+ foliar application of panchagavya @ 3 % at flowering and 15 Daysafter flowering) recorded significantly higher seed yield (15.04, 17.45and 16.25 q/ha), seedling vigour index (2310, 2565 and 2437) compared
Organic seed production, size grading, quality enhancement and storability inkabuli Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties
PAVAN SHINDE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAVI HUNJE
to control (11.16, 13.17 and 12.17 q/ha; 1801, 2049 and 1925,respectively) over other treatments. Further, seed priming with sprint(Mancozeb 50 % + Carbendazim 25 % WS) @ 2 g per kg of seedrecorded significantly higher plant growth, seed yield attributing andquality parameters compared other treatments and control. The studyon seed size grading on seed quality registered, maximum seed recoveryper cent and seed quality by using 6.50 mm (round) over 7.00, 7.50,8.00 mm sieve size and bulk seeds for Kabuli chickpea varieties. Thestorage studies revealed that, packaging of BG1105 and MNK1 varietyseeds in modified atmospheric gaseous of CO
2 (80 %) + N
2 (20 %) +
O2 (0 %) maintained seed quality upto fourteen months of storage as
compared to other treatments and control. Seeds treated with sprint@ 2 g per kg of seed maintained seed quality upto eleven months ofstorage as compared to other treatments and control.
12
The present work was carried out at the Nano TechnologyLaboratory and Seed quality and Research laboratory, Universityof Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 201517. In green synthesisof nanoparticles, soybean seed extract was used as reducing agentfor all the nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles with average particlessize of 60.18 nm were synthesized by sunlight method. Zincnanoparticles with average particles size of 12.8 nm weresynthesized by ultrasonication method. Iron and titaniumnanoparticles with average particles size of 51.3 nm and 73.40 nmrespectively, were synthesized by magnetic stirring method. Seedpriming with nanoparticles exhibited significant variation on seedquality components of soybean seeds. Among the seed lot, highvigour seed lot recorded higher seed germination (87.29 %) andseedling vigour indexI (2743) than the low vigour seed lot (L
2).
Among the treatments, ZnNPs @ 1000 ppm recorded higher seed
Green synthesis of nanoparticles and their effect on seed quality andlongevity of Soybean (Glycine max L.)
SANDEEP DANGI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. K. BIRADARPATIL
germination (77.38 %) and seedling vigour indexI (2461) comparedto control. Among the treatment combination, high vigour seed lotwith ZnNPs @ 1000 ppm exhibited significantly higher seedgermination (91.50 %) and seedling vigour index (3036) than othertreatment combinations. Seed lots revealed significant variation ofthe seed quality and storability due to nanoparticles treatments onsoybean cv. DSb 21. High vigour seed lot recorded higher seedgermination and seedling vigour indexI than the low vigour seed lotat the end of storage. The nanoparticles treatment FeNPs@ 500 ppm which recorded significantly higher seed germination(92.5 %) and seedling vigour index I (3127) than control at thebeginning, maintained the trend till the end of 10 month of storageperiod. The rate of reduction in quality parameters was much higherin the low vigour seed lot. The seed treatment with nanoparticlesreduced the rate of deterioration of seed in the storage.
The present study on "Effect of ultradrying on storability of onion(Allium cepa L.) seeds" was carried out at the Seed Unit, UAS,Dharwad during 201618 for a period of 20 months. The onionseeds were dried using zeolite beads, silica gel and mechanical dryingto obtain about 7.00, 5.00 and 3.00 per cent moisture content andstored in different packaging materials, namely, cloth bags, polythenebag (300 gauge), polythene bag (700 gauge) and aluminium foilpouch. Drying of seeds by the zeolite beads maintained higher seedquality for longer duration compared to other methods. The moisturecontent of 5.00 and 3.00per cent gave higher values for germinationand associated seed quality parameters studied, whereas, in case ofpackaging materials, aluminium foil pouch followed by polythenebag (700 gauge) gave higher values for seed quality parameters.Biochemical parameters such as EC, MDA which are negativelycorrelated with seed quality, showed significantly higher values in
Effect of ultra-drying on storability of Onion (Allium cepa L.) seeds
KARTOORI SAISANTHOSH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. K. BIRADAR PATIL
control followed by seeds stored with 7.00 per cent moisture contentirrespective of drying methods. Higher values of CAT, POD, SODand protein content, which are positively correlated with seed quality,was observed in seeds stored with 5.00 and 3.00per cent moisturecontentstored in aluminum foil pouch and polythene bag (700 gauge)over the control after 20 months of storage. SDSPAGE proteinprofile also showed higher molecular weight bands in 5.00 per centmoisture content when stored in aluminium foil pouches comparedto other treatments. DNA integrity studies did not show muchvariation among the treatments.The present study on onion seedsusing different parameters, namely, physical, physiological,biochemical, molecular parameters, revealed that onion seeds can bedried up to 5.00 per cent moisture content by zeolite beads andstored in aluminium foil pouches without affecting the structuralintegrity and storage potential.
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
This study attempts to evaluate the impact of mechanisation incultivation of sugarcane, bengalgram, redgram, greengram and maizecrops in the study area. The study was based on primary data, obtainedthrough personal interview method using wellstructured and pretested schedules. The total sample size was 270. The data pertainedto the year 201718. The budgeting technique and outputdecomposition model were used to evaluate the impact ofmechanisation. Garrett’s ranking technique was used to know theconstraints in adoption of farm mechanization. The results of thestudy revealed that major reduction of human labour (160.00 mandays)and bullock labour (18.00 pairdays) was observed in sugarcane byadopting mechanisation, followed by redgram (39.00 mandays) and(20.00 pairdays), greengram (32.00 mandays) and (20.00 pairdays)among the selected crops. The mechanised farmers have used highermachine hours than partially mechanised farmers. The mechanisedfarms used slightly fewer quantities of inputs compared to partially
Economics of farm mechanisation in northern dry zone and northern transition zone of Karnataka
AMRATRAJ I. PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. BASAVARAJA
mechanised and nonmechanised farms. The per hectare net returnsrealized over cost of cultivation was found to be higher for mechanisedfarmers in sugarcane (` 2,89,510.14), bengalgram (` 32,729.25),redgram (` 56,482.52) and greengram (`12,890.02) in northern dryzone and sugarcane (` 2,88,832.29) and maize (` 66,249.63) in northerntransition zone than partially mechanised and nonmechanised farmers.The output decomposition model revealed that mechanisation alonecontributed substantial increase in income in sugarcane (49.75%),bengalgram (44.68%), redgram (35.99%) and greengram (116.71%) innorthern dry zone and sugarcane (24.26%) and maize (23.41%) innorthern transition zone than that in nonmechanised farms, whilefewer labour use of inputs depressed the income marginally. Amongthe various problems faced by the farmers, poor scope for customhiring, nonavailability of machinery in time, lack of access to credit, lackof knowledge and awareness about new technology were the majorconstrains in adopting mechanisation by farmers.
13
Climate change is one of the severe challenge the world is facing
today. Climate change will affect crop yield causing food insecurity
and loss of livelihood. Therefore, present study was undertaken to
analyze the impact of climate variability on farm income in North
Karnataka. Results revealed that, in Bellary, Bidar, Vijayapura,
Kalaburagi and Raichur districts rainfall pattern showed decreasing
trend whereas in Belagavi, Dharwad and Uttara Kannda districts
rainfall pattern showed an increasing trend during 19832015. In
kharif season, the area under cereal crops decreased over the years
while, area under pulse and commercial crops has increased. The
above results clearly revealed that there has been change in cropping
pattern over the years towards the high value and stable crops.
Most of the major crops cultivated responds significantly to the
climate change. Hence agriculture is appearing highly dependent on
climate factors (actual rainfall, maximum temperature and maximum
Dynamics of climate on farm economy of north Karnataka
V. S. RADHIKA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. L. PATIL
relative humidity were significantly contributing to the major crop
yields in NorthKarnataka). During scarce rainfall situation,
productivity of the crops were affected negatively. It was observed
from the results that, the share of average annual income from crop
production to the total income has decreased (55.31 % to 46.05 %)
and sample farmers are migrating (37.50 %) to the other places in
search of means for their livelihood. Major constraints experienced
by farmers are lack of knowledge, required information about climate
change and its adaptation practices and nonavailability of accurate
weather information. Initiatives need to be taken by Indian
Meteorological Department (IMD) in collaboration with state
agricultural universities and ICAR to increase the density of weather
stations at village level. Development departments need to make
serious efforts to provide agricultural inputs at appropriate time in
the villages.
India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses in the world
contributing around 2528 per cent of the total global production.
Globaly 90 per cent of the redgram, 75 per cent of bengalgram and 37
per cent of lentil area is contributed from India. Sustained economic
growth, increasing population and changing life styles are causing
significant changes in Indian food bosket, away from staple food
grains towards high value horticultural and animal products. Study
includes both primary and secondary data, based on the nature and
extent of availability of data, the analytical tools like compound growth
rate, tabular presentation technique, compound growth rate with
normative approach, Principal component analysis, multiple
regression analysis and Garrett ranking technique have been adopted
to draw the meaning full interpretation and inferences. In pertain to
total pulses scenario in Karnataka revealed that the growth in area,
Supply and demand of major pulses in Karnataka vis-a-vis India - An econometric analysis
C. S. AVINASH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. L. PATIL
production and productivity were positive in all the period except
productivity (0.82 %) in periodI. It is important to highlight that
though the growth rates of productivity is observed negative but the
production was found positive in periodI. The abstract of demand
and supply of pulses in the study area revealed that Dharwad,
Vijayapur, Gadag and Bagalkot, the supply of pulses as per the
demandI estimation indicating surplus of 0.10 to 1.61 lakh tonnes.
However, Bagalkot district showed very minute quantity of surplus
(0.05 lakh tonnes) but Belagavi and Haveri district were showed
deficit of 0.58 and 0.23 lakh tonnes respectively. Country as a whole
total pulses requirement worked out to be 220.05 (Total demandI)
and 244.27 (Total demandII) lakh tonnes during 2021. However,
during 2031 the total pulses requirement would be 357.66 (Total
demandI) and 397.02 (Total DemandII) lakh tonnes.
Milk unions are an integral part of milk marketing and dairy
development programme in India. Study was undertaken with specific
objectives of physical and financial performance of milk unions of
Karnataka, socioeconomic profile of dairy entrepreneurs, cost and
returns in milk production, cost and margins under different channels
of milk and its products marketing and constraints faced by the dairy
entrepreneurs, societies and unions in the study area. Both primary
and secondary data were used. Multistage sampling technique was
adopted for selection of unions, societies, milk vendors and dairy
entrepreneurs. Analytical techniques employed were compound
growth rate, financial ratios, factor analysis, tabular analysis, budgeting
and garrett’s ranking technique. Compound growth rates of physical
and financial indicators of KMF were significant in most of the
parameters. Most of financial ratios of KMF were positive. Factor
Impact of milk unions on socio-economic conditions of dairy entrepreneurs in north Karnataka
PRIYADARSHINI C. GADAD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. M. MUNDINAMANI
analysis revealed main dimensions of the federation namely, physical
and financial growth of the milk unions. Majority of the member and
nonmember dairy farmers were literates. belonged to middle age, nuclear
family with medium size. Agriculture + dairy as the main occupation of
60 per cent of dairy entrepreneurs. More than half of the dairy
entrepreneurs had marginal and small land holding with medium level of
income. Major components of variable cost were on green fodder and
concentrates (25%). And fixed cost was on depreciation on animals.
Gross return realised per animal per year was highest in case of crossbred
cows. Among different channels of milk marketing of member, channel
IV was found more efficient. Among the channels of milk products
marketing channel II was more efficient. Major constraints faced by the
dairy entrepreneurs were high cost of feeds, lack of credit availability
and high price fluctuation of milk.
14
AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
The present study has made an attempt to know the impact of newtechnologies etrading and etendering on market structure andperformance of regulated markets during the pre and post etenderingand etrading period, infrastructure available for the new systems inand problems faced by the stake holders in adopting the etenderingand etrading technologies in the APMCs of Karnataka. Markets andcommodities have been selected randomly through multistage randomsampling. A secondary data were collected from the respectiveAPMCs. Primary data were collected from randomly selected traders(65), commission agents (65), market officials (39) and farmers (65)involved in etendering and etrading. The infrastructure availabilityin the markets were found good enough for etendering and etradingin selected markets and were available in good number. The frequencylevel of perception of etendering among market officials (51.28 %)
Impact of e-tendering and e-trading on structure and performance ofagricultural produce markets in Karnataka
NEELAMM R. KOLAGERI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BASAVARAJ BANAKAR
was high and among traders (47.69 %) and commission agents (35.38 %)was medium. The frequency level of perception about etrading amongmarket officials (55.56%) was high and among traders (40.00%) andcommission agents (40.00%) was medium. In post etendering andetrading period the instability was low in arrivals of selectedcommodities and in number market functionaries in most of themarkets was high in the modal price of the commodities, market feecollection and market income of the markets. The major problemsfaced by the market functionaries were internet traffic, internetconnectivity problem. Therefore, there is need to enhance knowledgeof market functionaries to increase the efficiency in the performance.There is need to increase the notified commodities under etenderingand etrading system to strengthen etender and etrade in all themarket of the state.
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION EDUCATION
The study was undertaken in University of Agricultural Sciences,Dharwad during 20152016 in three districts Dharwad, Gadag andUttara Kannada. ‘Ex-post facto’ research design was used. The size ofthe sample for the study was 180. A scale was developed to measurethe ‘performance of grama sabha’ by considering powers, meetings,duties and functions of Grama Sabha. A schedule was developed tomeasure the participation of people in grama sabha considering planningand budgeting of rural development programmes, social audit andfinalization of programmes and beneficiary selection. The performanceof grama sabha was ‘very good’ in ‘conducting the meetings’ (63.89%)and in ‘creating awareness among rural people’ (53.89%). While, theperformance was ‘good’ in maintaining the quorum not less than onetenth of the total members of Grama sabha (56.11%) and for‘identification and selection of eligible beneficiaries for developmental
Performance of Grama sabha in implementation of rural development programmesin Panchayat Raj system
B. B. SUPRIYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. V. NATIKAR
programmes’ (54.44%). The performance of grama sabha was ‘average’in ‘prohibiting liquor and gambling in the area of the village’ (46.67%).Participation of people in grama sabha was highest in ‘finalization ofrural development programmes and beneficiaries selection’ (76.25%).The performance and participation of the people in Grama Sabha wasmore in Uttara Kannada district with mean values of 2.25 and 2.18followed by Dharwad with mean values of 2.08 and 1.97, respectively.‘Low level’ of performance in executing ‘Powers of Grama Sabha’ andpeople’s participation in ‘planning and budgeting of rural developmentprogrammes’. Medium level of participation (70.81 %) observed insocial audit. The suggestions given by people were to ‘avoid bias inbeneficiary selection’ (84.12%), ‘transparency in budget utilization’(82.00%) and ‘fixing of dates in advance by the local governments’(81.60%).
Present research study was conducted during 201617 in Dharwad,Belagavi and Haveridistricts ofKarnataka coming under thejurisdiction of the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad.Ex-post- facto research design was used for the study. In eachdistrict two talukas with maximum area under Bt cotton cultivationwere selected. Thus, 180 farmers formed the sample for study.Scale was developed for the study for measuring the attitude offarmers towards Bt cotton. The scale was standardized for widerapplicability. Maximum farmers (42.00%) had medium level ofknowledge about Bt cotton cultivation. All farmers had correctknowledge of sowing time and sowing method. Forty per cent offarmers had favorable attitude towards Bt cotton. All farmers agreedto the statement Bt cotton gives higher yield than nonBt cotton.While 88.00 per cent of the farmers agreedthat pest incidence wasless in Bt cotton than in nonBt cotton. Medium adoption
A study on farmers attitude, knowledge and adoption regarding Bt Cotton
SHREEDEVI A. SANKARATTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. V. HALAKATTI
categoryhad 39.00 per centof farmers. All farmers adopted suitablevariety and manual dibbling method for sowing. Majority of thefarmers (83.00%) adopted the recommended seed rate and 46.00 per centwere found in the medium socioeconomic status category. Maximumfarmers faced constraints in Bt cotton cultivation. As high as73.21 per cent of farmers expressed lack of agricultural labours duringpeak seasonfollowed by lack of pure and quality seeds of Bt cotton(68.80%) and nonavailability of seed at proper time (61.71%).Suggestion made by farmers includedtimely availability of qualityseeds (81.67%) and inputs should be made available at cheaper price(63.89%).Some farmers were not convinced about pheromone trap,trapcrop and intercrop and some farmers had not adopted simplepractices like choosing a right fungicide, concentration andrecommended quantity of fertilizer. Extension programmes throughfarmer’s field schools would certainly help to bridge these gaps.
15
The present study was conducted in Dharwad, Gadag, Belagavi, Haveri,Vijaypur, Bagalkot and Uttar Kannada districts of northern Karnataka.The total sample size for the study was 280 extension personnel. TheEx-post-facto research design was employed for the study. Findings ofthe study revealed that 42.86 per cent of extension personnel studiedup to graduation, had more than 10 years of total experience (37.85 %),had participated in one to two trainings (62.86 %), belonged to mediumlevel of organizational climate (57.86 %) and belonged to medium levelof organizational commitment (44.29 %). Majority (58.93 %) ofextension personnel belonged to medium perception category, whereas,22.86 per cent of them belonged to high perception category. Theindependent variables namely, organizational climate, job involvement,education, training received, organizational commitment and jobperformance exhibited significant relationship with perception ofusefulness of ATMA by extension personnel. All the eleven independent
A study on perception of Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA) by extensionpersonnel in north Karnataka
MANJUNATH B. KUDARI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. L. PATIL
variables taken together explained 60.50 per cent of the variation inperception of ATMA by extension personnel. The variable jobperformance emerged as the most discriminating variable by virtue ofits maximum percentage contribution (22.73 %) towards the totaldiscrimination of the high useful and low useful perception categories.The average achievement of extension reforms of ATMA against thetarget, with respect to training programme was 54.70 per cent followedby demonstrations (44.44 %), exposure visits (62.46 %), mobilizationof farmers groups (44.11 %), farm schools (31.45 %), farmerscientistinteraction at district level (26.19 %) and average achievement inconducting of Governing Board meetings (47.62 %). Majority (84.64 %)of extension personnel expressed multiplicity of schemes andprogrammes hinder the systematic implementation of programme andlack of interest among the farming community to participate in differentactivities of ATMA (78.21 %) are the major constraints.
Transfer of knowledge on fodder crops is the most neglected area byboth crop and animal husbandry extension services. An electronicapproach that does not involve manpower but able to provide knowhow at livestock farmers’ doorstep is needed. Development and testingof etraining tools on fodder crops facilitates for effective transfer offodder technologies to livestock farmers and front line extensionworkers in a short period of time. This would call for identifying themost effective electronic tools to train and educate end users on fodderproduction technologies. Hence an experimental study was conducted.Etraining tools developed for the study were tested for knowledgegain, knowledge retention and symbolic adoption of year round fodderproduction technology, the most needed information emerged basedon information need analysis carried out before developing tools.Study was carried out in five villages of Dharwad district. Videoscreening (T
1), powerpoint presentation (T
2) and whatsapp video
Development and assessment of e-training tools for promotion of fodder crops
V. MOHANAKUMARA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NAGARATNA BIRADAR
(T3) were developed as treatments. Content for all selected tools was
kept same except few minor changes in framing sentences to fit to therespective tools. From each village 30 livestock farmers were selectedand exposed to treatments. Beforeafter with control groupexperimental design was used. There was no significant differencebetween treatments for knowledge gain and retention after 15 days ofexposure. There was a significant difference between treatments forknowledge retention after 30 days of exposure and symbolic adoption.Whatsapp video was highly effective (65.18 %) with respect tosymbolic adoption of ‘year round green fodder production’ technology.This is the strong ICT platform available today which should be bestexploited by developing short educational videos by the concernedagencies and sharing them with livestock farmers. This gives anadvantage for the farmers to learn about the technology individuallyand also save it for future use.
B. HORTICULTURE
An investigation was carried out to evaluate the performance of sixteenHeliconia genotypes for growth, yield and quality of cut flowers, toknow genetic diversity through RAPD molecular markers and economicfeasibility under shadehouse condition during 2015 to 2017 at the Hitech Horticulture, Seed Unit, UAS, Dharwad. There was widevariation in the vegetative and flowering characters among genotypes.Yield of suckers and number of spikes were significantly higher inHeliconia latispatha ‘Orange’ (61.96 and 43.89, per plant, respectively)and Heliconia psittacorum × Heliconia spathocircinata ‘Golden Torch’(66.40 and 40.64 per plant, respectively). Heliconia latispatha‘Orange’ realized maximum net return (` 1,20,359/ 560 m2) with aBC ratio of 3.28 followed by Heliconia psittacorum × Heliconiaspathocircinata ‘Golden Torch’ (` 1,18,385) with the BC ratio of3.23 as compared to other genotypes studied. These two and Heliconiapsittacorum ‘Kenea red’ were found to be most promising genotypes
Evaluation and characterization of Heliconia genotypes for growth, flower yield andquality under shadehouse condition
BASAVARAJ DALAWAI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. M. MANTUR
due to their more number of spikes with attractive colour. Thevariability was high for most of the vegetative and flowering charactersstudied. These characters also recorded high heritability and highgenetic advance over mean except for the number of leaves. Associationanalysis across genotypes revealed significant positive associationbetween yield of spike with number of suckers, leaf area, length ofstalk, chlorophyll content and clumping area at genotypic andphenotypic level. The eighteen genotypes were distinctly differentiatedby the thirty eight RAPD primers and grouped into three distinctclusters, one cluster formed by the ten genotypes and second clusterwith seven while, other with one solitary cluster. The similaritycoefficient ranged from 0.22 to 0.43. Highest similarity (0.43) wasobserved between genotypes H. latispatha ‘Orange’ and Heliconialatispatha ‘Distance’. The genotypes H. psittacorum ‘Kenea Red’was having solitary cluster with 0.24 per cent similarity value.
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The investigations on “Development of bacterial wilt resistant hybridsand management of bacterial wilt disease in tomato (Solanumlycopersicum L.)” were undertaken during the year 201518 inOlericulture unit, Department of Horticulture, University of AgriculturalSciences, Dharwad. Out of 180 varieties, 15 were selected for L x Tevaluation, based on the per se performance and reaction to bacterialwilt. The 50 crosses have showed considerable magnitude of heterosisfor fruit yield and its related components and resistance towardsbacterial wilt. The top five high yielding crosses were; DMT3PRDS,DMT4PRDS, L36PRDS, L10PRDS and L24HDT1which showed significant heterosis and sca effects in positive directionfor yield and its components with parental combination of highgcahigh gca for yield and related parameters except L24HDT1which has combination of high gcalow gca. All three F
2 population
DMT3PRDS, DMT4PRDS and L36PRDS recorded had
Development of bacterial wilt resistant hybrids and management of bacterial wilt diseasein Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
V. HARSHAVARDHAN GOWDA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. R. DHARMATTIgood range of variation for all the parameters under study. Higher meansand larger magnitude of genotypic and phenotypic variances, highheritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent over meanwas observed for all the parameters. Among the three F
2 populations,
the frequency of elite segregants ranged from 0.39 to 1.16 per cent,0.39 to 1.95 per cent and 0.78 to 1.56 per cent for number of fruits perplant, average fruit weight and yield per plant, respectively. Theinheritance of bacterial wilt resistance in L24HDT1 has fit into ratio3:1, suggesting that the resistance is controlled by single dominantgene. High benefit cost ratio was recorded for adaptive model withvariety Arka Meghali followed by chemical intensive and biointensivemodel, which confirmed that despite management practices, the selectionof bacterial wilt disease resistant varieties is more important. Amongthe modules, the adaptive module was found to be effective as comparedto that of biointensive and chemical module.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND FAMILY STUDIES
C. HOME SCIENCE
The study was conducted under the University of AgriculturalSciences, Dharwad, to know about career decision making, marriageattitude and identity development of emerging adults, its correlatesand intervention. The sample consisted of 670 graduating emergingadults randomly selected from 11 colleges and 120 employed selectedthrough snow ball sampling from Dharwad Taluk during the year201517. Fourteen graduating and four employed emerging adultswere interviewed and presented as case summaries. Career decisionmaking difficulty questionnaire, dimensions of identity developmentscale, marital scale, mate preference questionnaires, socioeconomicstatus (SES) scale, selfefficacy scale and big five inventory wereused in the study. Results revealed that majority of graduatingemerging adults had moderate level of career decision making difficulty(64%), high intend to marry (56%) and aspects of marriage (76%).Graduating emerging adults from arts stream had more career decisionmaking difficulties followed by commerce and science. Age,personality, SES, parent’s education and occupation influenced career
Career decision making, marriage attitude and identity development of emerging adults- Correlatesand intervention
RENABENI T. MURRY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. LATA PUJAR
decision making difficulties of graduating group with father’seducation (5.5%) as the greatest contributor while for employedgroup personality, selfefficacy and father’s education had significantinfluence with emotional stability (19.5%) as greatest contributor.Personality, selfefficacy and SES significantly influenced marriagevariables for both groups. Extroversion (1.2%), emotional stability(2.1%) and agreeableness (6.4%) for graduating group whileagreeableness (9.6%) and gender (9.5%) contributed greatestvariances for marriage variables in employed group. For both groups,personality influenced four dimensions of identity. Selfefficacy,parent’s education and occupation had influence on graduating group.The greatest predictors for identity dimensions were openness toexperience for both groups with conscientiousness and selfefficacyas additional predictors for employed group. Intervention on careerguidance and planning was given to graduating emerging adults fromarts stream which significantly impacted in reducing career decisionmaking difficulty.
The marital, parenting and job satisfaction of women as well as itseffects on life satisfaction was studied on a sample of 192 fromDharwad and 205 from Lamphelpat, Manipur during the year 201416 at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. A QUANqual mixed research method was employed. Marital, parenting, joband life satisfaction scales; socioeconomic status and selfesteemscales; and big five inventory were used. Results revealed significantdifference between marital, parenting and job satisfaction among ruralwomen, wherein Dharwad women were significantly in higherproportion in high level of marital and job satisfaction than Lamphelpatwomen and Lamphelpat women were significantly higher on parentingsatisfaction. But, urban women of both regions were similar on maritaland parenting satisfaction. Higher percentage of rural women ofDharwad (86.7%) and Lamphelpat (68%) fell in high level of jobsatisfaction. Dharwad women had high level of life satisfaction than
Marital, parenting, job and life satisfaction through the lens of women: A mixed research method
LEEMA RAJKUMARI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PUSHPA B. KHADI
Lamphelpat women. Marital and parenting satisfaction was interrelated but not with life satisfaction. The predictors accounted forvariances ranging from 16.3 to 38.6 per cent on marital, 25.2 to 54.4per cent on parenting, 16.1 to 51.4 per cent on job and 17.5 to 43.9per cent on life satisfaction. The phenomenological analysis revealedthat promoters of marital and parenting satisfaction revolved aroundmembers of the family, their respect towards each other and qualityof their intimacy. Choice in marital partner propelled individuals withcommitments and efforts for successful marriage. Whencompanionship desire was not met through partner there were wildthoughts and frustrations. Women of both regions were facing variouschallenges in their marital, parenting and job sphere so a resourcematerial was provided as guidance for facing the challenges. It wasdistributed to 30 women who found that the information was helpfulfor managing stress, learning forgiveness and selfactualization.
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The study on stress, parenting and mental health among intact andsingle parent families was conducted in University of AgriculturalSciences, Dharwad, during 201618. The objectives of present studyare the prevalence of alternative families in rural and urban areas ofDharwad and Bidar districts; know the stress, parenting, parentingstress, mental health, child adjustment and child’s behavior amongintact and single parent families; development of package on stressmanagement and impact assessment of intervention program. Theprevalence study was conducted on 1600 respondents from Bidarand Dharwad district found that majority of the families belonged tonuclear followed by single parent and joint families. Based on theprevalence results 240 mothers from intact families and 240 singlemothers were selected from rural and urban areas of Bidar and Dharwaddistricts. The qualitative research was done on 14 respondents. The
Stress, parenting and mental health among intact and single parent families
KRUTIKA CHANDA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. LATA PUJAR
major reason for singlehood in both the districts were widowhood(71.67 and 67.50%), separation (16.66 and 22.50%) and divorce (11.67and 10 %). The problems faced by single mothers are emotional andfinancial. While the children and parents are the major support systemfor single mothers. Majority of single mothers had high stress, mediumlevel of parenting stress, average in parenting and mental health status.There was significant association between the levels of stress andmental health among intact and single mothers of both districts. Therewas no significant difference found between the urban and ruralchildren of intact and single parent families with child adjustment andbehavioral problems. There was significant difference found betweenstress and anxiety level before and after the intervention program.Thus, the intervention program was found to be effective in reducingthe stress and anxiety levels of single mothers.
The effect of parenting on mental health of rural and urban infantsof Dharwad taluk revealed a prevalence ofan alarming percentage ofinfants ‘at risk for mental health’; with 22.5 per cent ‘at risk’ and12 per cent who ‘needed monitoring’ in urban Dharwad, whereas inrural Dharwad, 23.95 per cent ‘needed monitoring’ and 21.87 per centwere ‘at risk’. Mental health of rural infants was significantlyinfluenced by infant’s age, ordinal position, infant temperament,maternal parenting quality, positive coparenting, maternaltemperament and adult child ratio. The urban mothers weresignificantly high on parenting quality, marital satisfaction andpositive coparenting. Infant mental health and maternal parentingquality of rural mothers was significantly correlated with77.8 per cent variation determined by these selected factors. Thephenomenological approach and narrative analysis of indepthinterviews revealed the essence of parenting, mothering as uniqueexperience, ‘fathering’ through the mother’s lens and efforts in
Parenting: Predictors of infant mental health and intervention
PAVITRA BHAT MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PUSHPA KHADI
shaping parenthood. The sample comprised of 80 each rural andurban motherinfant dyads with infants in the age group of630 months; 20 motherinfant dyads drawn equally from the infantage cohorts of 612, 1318, 1924 and 2530 months. The infantswere screened for mental health risk using standard measures andparenting was measured through the analysis of video recordings ofthe interactions (play and clean up activity) of motherinfant dyadsin their natural settings for duration of 1215 minutes; usingobservations and Keys to Interactive Parenting Scale (2006).Indepth analysis was on a sub sample of 97 motherinfant dyadsfocusing infant/child and adult temperament, parenting stress,maternal marital satisfaction, coparenting using standard measuresand nutritional status of infants through anthropometry.Intervention on ‘sensitive parenting’ comprising of ten sessions(two hours each) was provided to 36 mothers; which significantlyincreased the parenting knowledge, attitude and practices.
The present study was conducted during the year 20142017 withthe objective to study prevalence of menopausal symptoms, factorsinfluencing menopausal changes and to assess the quality of lifeamong urban and rural women in three districts of NorthernKarnataka. Multistage sampling technique was used to draw samplefrom urban and rural areas of Dharwad, Vijayapur and Uttar Kannadadistricts. Self structured questionnaire, a green’s climacterics,physical activity checklist, WHOQOL–BRIEF, nutritional status,socioeconomic status, depression, stress, knowledge level wasassessed using standard tools. The results indicated that the meanage of attainment of menopause women in northern Karnataka was45.74 years. Whereas, the mean age of attainment of menopauseamong urban women was 45.37 years and 46.11 years in rural women.Most prevalent physical and psychological symptoms among urbanand rural women were feeling tense or nervous, difficulty toconcentrate, loss of feeling in hand. In both urban and rural area
Menopausal changes in urban and rural women: Prevalence, correlates and intervention
SUMA G. PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SARASWATI C HUNSHAL
majority of premenopausal women had mild symptoms while periand post menopausal women had moderate to severe symptoms.BMI and stress had positive and significant influence on menopausalsymptoms while physical activity had negative and significantinfluence on menopausal symptoms. Both urban and rural womenhad low physical, psychological and social quality of life. Where asin case of overall and environmental quality of life majority of urbanwomen had medium to high quality of life and rural women exhibitedlow quality of life. Among factors studied menopausal symptomsand depression had negative significant influence on quality of life.The efficacy of educational package on menopause transition andits management through diet and lifestyle guidance was tested on20 menopausal women. The results indicated significant increase inknowledge score after intervention (tvalue = 12.75) thusintervention programme was found to be effective in improvingknowledge level of menopausal women.
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Study was conducted in the year 20162018 in Dharwad taluka ofKarnataka state. Correlation and differential research design wereused. For the prevalence of orphans, 5 percent of villages of Dharwadtaluka and Dharwad city were randomly selected. Out of 5128 children,398 were orphans which indicated 8.97 per cent of prevalence rate inDharwad taluka. Further 124 orphans from rural area and 110institutionalized orphans were randomly selected in the age range of618 years to know the influence of personal and familial factors ontheir socioemotional behavior, cognitive abilities and nutritionalstatus. The self structured questionnaire, child behaviour checklist,WISC III and socio economic status scales were used for datacollection. Result highlighted that, 49.2 per cent were paternal orphans,61.3 per cent of them had low level of resilience and 55.6 per cent ofthem had high level of vulnerability. About 41.3 per cent of orphansexperienced more than 5 years of orphanhood. More than half of the
Socio-emotional behaviour, cognitive abilities and nutritional statusof orphans: Prevalence, correlates and intervention
DANESHWARI ONKARI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUNANDA ITAGI
orphans (61.3 %) were in clinical range, 24.2 per cent of them were innormal category and only 14.5 per cent of them were in borderlinecategory of socioemotional behaviour. Vulnerability, conflict,resilience, period of orphanhood and age of the child together foundto be significantly influencing on socioemotional behavior of orphans.53.8 per cent of orphan children were in the average level of IQcategory followed by low average and high average. Boys were havinghigh IQ in verbal, performance as well as full scale intelligence. Almostequal percentages (4851%) of the orphans belonged to underweightas well as normal category of nutritional status. Age and birth orderwere significant predictor of nutritional status and explained about26.0 per cent of variation in the nutritional status of rural orphans.The intervention programme had significant impact on socioemotionalbehaviour of orphan children. There was significant reduction inbehaviour problems of children.
Influence of family subsystems on socioemotional developmentstudied during 20162018 on a stratified random sample of 320 infants(birth 24 months) drawn from rural and urban areas of Dharwad andHaveri district with a differential research design revealed that nearlyhalf of the infants in rural areas of Dharwad and Haveri district wereat risk (low average, borderline and extremly low) for socioemotionaldevelopment. Infants from high socioeconomic status and jointfamilies were better in their socioemotional development. Femaleand ‘easy’ infants (temperament) were significantly better than theircounterparts. Infants of mothers with good temperament, highresponsivity and sensitivity, low parenting stress and lowoccupational stress, high parenting satisfaction and high maritalsatisfaction, good coparenting and good family environment were atadvantage. Urban infants were significantly better than rural infantswith respect to their socioemotional development. Urban motherswere significantly better in responsivity and sensitivity, parenting
Family subsystems: Effect on infant socio-emotional development and intervention
NIVEDITA PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PUSHPA B. KHADI
stress, marital satisfaction, coparenting, and parenting satisfaction.Regression analyses revealed that all family subsystems togetherbrought about 47 per cent variation in infant’s socioemotionaldevelopment. Individual characteristics of infant and mothercontributed up to 17 per cent. Maternal knowledge regarding infantdevelopment was a strong influential factor where in rural mothersfrom Haveri district had 38.46 per cent of wrong knowledge, sointervention was provided for eight weekly sessions with two hours/day for 16 hours with the help of a developed educational package. Anonexperimental research design with single group pretest and posttest design on a sample of 23 mothers revealed that there was significantincrease in the knowledge regarding infant development. Hence thereis a need to provide educational intervention to parents on infantdevelopment. Socioemotional subscale of Bayley Scale of Infant andToddler Development III (2006) was administered to infants. Thefamily subsystems were assessed by widely used standard tools.
Peer Relationship, social intelligence and behaviour problem ofgraduating emerging adults was studied during 2013 to 2016 in Dharwad,Hubballi and Ranebennur cities, on a sample of 659 graduating emergingadults. Results revealed a presence of clinically significant peerrelationship problem; with 45.10 per cent among engineering, 38.80per cent among medical and 31.60 per cent among agriculture students.A higher percentage (37%) the agriculture students had high level ofsocial intelligence while 41.50 per cent of engineering, 28.80 per centof medical and 26.90 per cent of the agriculture graduating emergingadults had low level of social intelligence. Study revealed, clinical levelinternalizing problem; with 23.90 per cent among agriculture, 22.60per cent among engineering and 22.20 per cent among medicalgraduating emerging adults. About 27.40 per cent of engineering, 21.20per cent of agriculture, 19.20 per cent of medical students had clinicallevel externalizing problem. About 12 per cent of medical, 11 per cent
Peer relations, social intelligence and behaviour problem of graduating emerging adults
VIJAYLAXMI S. NAYAK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. S. YADAV
of engineering and 9 per cent of agriculture students had clinical levelbehaviour problem. Higher percent of male students had low level ofsocial intelligence and higher peer relationship and behaviour problemwhen compared with female counter parts. Agriculture students fromlow socioeconomic status had clinically significant peer relationshipproblems, clinical category behaviour problem and low level of socialintelligence. Graduating emerging adults who experienced clinicallysignificant peer relation problem had low level of social intelligenceand clinical level behaviour problem. While higher per cent of graduatingemerging adults who had high level of social intelligence were in normalbehaviour category. Intervention on ‘reduction of behaviour problem’comprising of three session per week with each session of one andhalf hours was provided for 34 first year graduating emerging adults;which found to be effective III significantly reducing the internalizing,externalizing and total behaviour problem.
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EXTENSION COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT
For the millions of Indians living in rural India agriculture is theirmainstay. It is not just an enterprise but a way of life combining cropproduction with allied agricultural activities. Their livelihoods aredependent on these activities which complement rather than competewith agriculture. Hence this study was conducted to know thelivelihood security, quality of life and empowerment of women offarming families engaged in different livelihood systems namely; Croponly, Crop + Dairy, Crop + Vegetable cultivation and Crop + Poultry.This study was conducted in seven districts of UAS Dharwadjurisdiction during 201718. Snowball sampling method was used toselect 80 farming families from each livelihood system making a totalsample of 320. Personal interview method was used for data collection.The analysed data revealed that, 44.71 per cent of farming familiesinvolved in Crop + Poultry livelihood system had high livelihoodsecurity, followed by Crop + Vegetable (37.82%), Crop + Dairy(37.42%) and Crop only (31.79%) livelihood systems. The study
Livelihood study of farming families: A socio-economic analysis
SUPRIYA P. PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHOBHA NAGNUR
also revealed that, quality of life index was high in Crop + Poultry(67.20 %) livelihood system followed by Crop + Dairy (67.00 %),Crop + Vegetable (65.97 %) and Crop only (64.24 %) livelihoodsystems. Overall empowerment index was found to be high in Crop +Vegetable (43.94 %) followed by Crop only (42.97 %), Crop + Poultry(40.89 %) and Crop + Dairy (38.22 %). Regarding gender participationin Crop only and Crop + Vegetable livelihood systems jointparticipation was prominent in pre sowing and postharvest activities.However in Crop + Dairy livelihood system men are more involvedin health and marketing activities, while women are involved in day today feeding, milking, cleaning the shed etc. The study also revealedthat most of the activities in Crop + Poultry livelihood system weredominated by men. Crop + Poultry livelihood system can be suggestedfor better quality of life and livelihood security of farming familieswhile Crop + Vegetable livelihood system was better for empowermentof women.
FAMILY RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Consumerism is an outcome of sufferings and exploitation of theconsumers by market forces. Consumer education is the process bywhich every consumer can learn the best method of using his/herresources, directs his/her efforts and resources for the satisfactionof his/her needs. The research study was conducted during the year201516 with the objective to identify and assess consumerknowledge on FMCG products, to assess the consumer buyingpractices of Fmcg products, to identify the problems with FMCGproducts and to develop consumer education module to empowerthe consumers with knowledge and to study the impact of developedconsumer education module in Dharwad district. A total of 800respondents such as home makers (400) and college students (400)were selected based on purposive random sampling technique. Prestructured questionnaire was used to collect the required information.Percentage, frequency, paired Ttest, DMRT, T test were employedto depict the results. The findings of the study revealed that, majority
Consumerism and educational intervention for FMCG products in Dharwad district
SUKANYA HOSAMANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VEENA S. JADHAV
of the urban students were having awareness about soft drinks, milkdrinks, fruit juices and household care products. The findings for allthe respondents aretaste, brand name, flavor, availability in differentcontainers, attractive packaging, ready availability, whiteness/brightness, removes dirt, were the influencing factors for the purchaseof FMCG products. The most influencing media for the purchaseof FMCG products were Poster’s/banners, Cable TV, FM Radio asthey got 1st, 2nd, 3rd ranks respectively by the respondents. Lessquantity, high price, affordability were the main problems faced bythe respondents while purchasing FMCG products. Further, thestudy showed that intervention programme conducted at Garag(Dharwad district) influenced significantly with respect toknowledge about weights and measures. Adulteration was found tobe highly significant at 1 per cent level. Knowledge aboutlaw/authority to handle the adulteration was found significant at5 per cent level.
Waste management, now a days is an important issue in various industriesdue to ecological and economic considerations. The present study isaimed on recycling of jute gunny and cotton waste cloth for ecofriendlypaper production. The research study were executed during 201518 inDharwad district. Total sample of 200 households were selected fromfive areas of Dharwad city and information was collected using a selfstructured questionnaire. The data revealed that, majority of therespondents purchase consumer goods on monthly and daily basis andthey were using plastic as packaging materials for purchase and reusedfor storage of consumer goods. Majority of the respondents had verygood (72.50 %) awareness, attitude and practice towards effects ofplastic bag on environment. The production of handmade paper usingwaste jute gunny and cotton waste cloth in pure (100%) and in different
Feasibility studies on recycling of jute gunny and cotton waste cloth for eco-friendly paper production
SHOBHA N. HUILGOL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VEENA S. JADHAV
ratio with 90 to 210 GSM (Gramm per square meter) was carried out.Based on the quality parameters and cost of handmade papers with50:50 and 75:25 ratio of cotton and jute were recommended for paperproducts. The production cost of these papers were (` 13,550) lesscompared to pure cotton (` 15,450). Paper products were developedwith different types of GSM are gift envelops (90 GSM), gift box(150 GSM), wrapper file (210 GSM) visiting card box (180 GSM) andpaper bags (150, 180, 210 GSM). Consumer acceptance for paperproducts from blending of cotton: jute with 75:25 and 50:50 werefound to be very good in terms of texture, colour, appearance and cost.Hence, to reduce the cost of paper production waste papers can beused for further study to enhance the effective income generation andmicroenterprise for sustainable microenterprises.
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FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION
An investigation was carried out during the year 20142016 inDepartment of Food Science and Nutrition, College of CommunityScience, University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad. A total of 500families were selected from five of the major tribes (Apatani, Nocte,Galo, Nyishi and Monpa) of Arunachal Pradesh. General information,documentation of foods, socioeconomic status and nutritional statusof the tribal people were collected. Foods were analyzed for proximatecomposition and mineral content. Value addition to ethnic foods ofregional origin was done on ragi, glutinous rice, sesame and wild yam.The main religion followed by the tribal people of Arunachal Pradeshwas Donyi-Polo (51%), followed by Buddhism (20%) and Christianity(16.8%). Almost all were landholders (90.2%), belonged to uppermiddle class (80.2%) and medium sized families (48.6 %) with veryfew illiterates (8.4%). All the families were nonvegetarian and
Nutritional status and food habits of major tribes of Arunachal Pradesh
YOMBOM BAM MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. USHA MALAGI
consumed rice, green leafy vegetables, tea and sugar daily. Fermentedbamboo shoots and soybean were popular delicacies of the tribalpeople. Many festivals celebrated by the different tribes wereindicative mainly of harvesting. Anthropometric assessment showedthat majority of the infants, children, adolescents and adults wereunder normal category and abdominal obesity was a common featureamong the adults and elderly women. Higher percentage of stuntedchildren was observed in Galo (13 years), Nocte (49 years) andMonpa (1012 years) tribes. Locally grown and processed foodscommonly consumed were found to be rich in nutrients. Value additionwas done using locally available foods and five products weredeveloped which were highly accepted by the people. Awarenessprogramme for the tribal women on value addition showed significantimprovement in knowledge scores.
Rice is the staple food of more than half of the world’s population.Germination of rice generates important bioactive compounds likegamma amino butyric acid (GABA) and ferulic acid which have gotantidiabetic property. An investigation was undertaken to study thenutritional composition of germinated rice varieties and developmentof the product for diabetics in the year 201315 at the University ofAgricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Ten rice varieties namely Abhilash,Ambemohar 2, Dodiga, Ginasali, Hasudi, Intan, Jyoti, Karikalavi,Karihakkalasali and Navali were investigated for their physicochemical properties, nutritional and bioactive compounds in raw andgerminated form. Three different products were formulated usinggerminated rice flour suitable for diabetics of which one selected producti.e., germinated rice incorporated bread was further used insupplementation study for diabetics. Results revealed that theper cent germination was found to be higher in Ambemohar 2 i.e.,99.67 per cent followed by Hasudi (96.33%). The mean length,
Nutritional composition of germinated Rice varieties and development of the product for diabetics
SOUBHAGYALAXMI P. HIREMATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. KASTURIBA
breadth and thousand kernel weight of germinated rice varieties washigher than raw rice varieties. Raw rice varieties had high amylosecontent (27.58%) and germinated rice varieties had intermediateamylose content (24.53%). Germination of rice reduced cookingtime. On germination, Hasudi had highest ferulic acid (115.47 mg)and GABA (132.33 mg). Germinated rice flour of Hasudi varietywas incorporated at 30 per cent level for development of bread.The ferulic acid and GABA content of germinated rice incorporatedbread was 29.34 mg and 98.19 mg respectively. Thesupplementation of germinated rice incorporated bread which hadlow glycemic index of 54.56 reduced the post prandial (24.00 %)and low density lipoprotein cholestrol levels (4.52 %) in diabeticsubjects. Thus the results of supplementation study will help todevelop germinated rice incorporated products as an antidiabeticfunctional food that would benefit wide range of populationsuffering from diabetes.
An investigation on the “Development of multi grain composite flourfor health benefits” was undertaken during 20132015 in UASDharwad. The study aimed at development, storage and efficacytesting of multigrain composite mix. The millet composite flour iscomposed of wheat (40 g), total millets (50 g) which includes equalquantity of foxtail millet (12.5 g) and finger millet (12.5 g), little millet(25 g), soybean (10 g) and fenugreek (1 g) and it was acceptable. Theoverall acceptability score was 7.07. Millet composite flour was richin protein (13.74 g/100 g), fat (5.30 g/100 g), energy (388 kcal/l00 g)dietary fibre (20.59 g/100 g), sodium (5.15 mg/100 g), potassium(154 mg/100 g), calcium (32.97 mg/100 g), magnesium (26.67 mg/100 g),iron (2.52 mg/100 g), phosphorus (101 mg/100 g), copper(0.55 mg/100 g), zinc (1.02 mg/100 g), and manganese (0.9 mg/100 g).
Development of multigrain composite flour for health benefits
JYOTI M. RATHOD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. K. SAROJANI
The storage and organoleptic evaluation was done every 15 daysinterval, for period of 180 days. Both HDPE and MPP packagingmaterials can be used effectively. Moisture and free fatty acid initiallywere 7.07 per cent and 0.12 mg / KOH g which increased to 8.47 per centand 0.50 mg/KOH g at 180 days of storage and both were withinpermissible limits. However, organoleptic study revealed that it canbe stored for 165 days. Supplementation study was conducted on30 hypercholesterolemic subjects (15 experimental and 15 control)for a period of 30 days and their lipid profile was analyzed before andafter intervention. There was significant decrease in the LDLcholesterol, triglycerides and total cholesterol with per cent decreaseof 4.89, 6.86 and 5.54, respectively and increase in the HDLcholesterol from 44.66 mg/dl to 52.92 mg/dl in experimental subjects.
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The present study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional qualityof commercially available unbranded cereal snacks for schoolchildren, development and promotion of millet fortified snacksthrough nutrition education and training to women entrepreneursduring 201518. Totally 22 cereal snacks were documented from30 local shops including rural and urban areas and majority weresweets (68.18%). The wide variation and significant difference inthe proximate and mineral composition of cereal snacks was found.Snacks were rich in fat content and energy. They were meeting0.02 to 0.11%, 0.21 to 0.76% and 0.01 to 0.03% of recommendedprotein, calcium and iron requirement of school children for onerupee. School children were consuming unbranded snacks everyday and these snacks were available at one rupee. The developedcomposite flour contained germinated finger millet flour (50%),fermented little millet (30 %), refined wheat flour and germinatedhorse gram flour (10 % each). It exhibited good functional
Millet based approach for fortification of unbranded low cost snacks for school children
S. AKKAVVA WADAKAPPANAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NIRMALA YENAGI
properties and enhanced the nutrition profile. The protein, calciumand iron content of fortified snacks (Spicy and sweet lavang chur,burfi, sev ladoo and biscuit) ranged from 13.74 to 25.12 g/ 100 g,217.48 to 251.48 mg/100 g and 7.31 to 14.05 mg/100 g, respectively.The storage stability of developed composite mix and fortifiedsnacks ranged from one to two months. There was a significantshift in the knowledge of entrepreneurs from moderate and low tohigh category after the training. Nutritional education had positiveimpact on nutritional knowledge of children. Training and marketlinkage for millet snacks at rural shops helped in providing incomeand employment opportunities to women entrepreneurs in ruralareas. Thus, nutrition awareness on millets and healthy snacks toschool children enhances the consumption of millets which couldbecome one of the less expensive technologies to overcome theproblem of poor nutrition among school children and helps tocombat micronutrient deficiencies.
TEXTILE AND APPAREL DESIGNING
The present study was carried out during the period 2016 2018 inthe Department of Textile and Apparel Designing, College ofCommunity Science, UAS, Dharwad with the objectives; To studythe physico chemical properties of bamboo and tencel yarns; to explorethe possibilities of fabricating bamboo and tencel union fabrics; toassess the structural and functional parameters of bamboo and tencelunion fabrics and to estimate the cost of production of bamboo andtencel based developed union fabrics. Cotton, polyester, bamboo andtencel yarns of 20s and 30s yarn count were procured, ten fabricswere woven on a pit loom in Malali village, Hubli taluk of Dharwaddistrict. Bamboo and tencel fibres were analysed for fibre compositionand solubility test. Yarn tests viz., yarn hairiness, unevenness, fabrictests viz., cloth count, bending length, and air permeability werecarried out. Union fabrics were subjected to visual analysis by25 textile experts. Data analysis was done using WINDOSTAT
Physico chemical properties of Bamboo and tencel union fabrics
RENUKA MEDAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GEETA MAHALE
software. The results revealed that, cellulose and hemicellulose contentwas found to be higher in tencel fibre when compared to bamboofibre. Bamboo and tencel fibres were completely dissolved in 50 percent solution of sulphuric and hydrochloric acid. Cotton and polyesteryarns possessed higher yarn twists, count strength product, singleyarn strength and elongation. On the contrary, bamboo and tencelyarns exhibited greater yarn hairiness and evenness. Union fabricspossessed better cloth air permeability, cloth dimensional stabilitywhen compared to cotton and polyester control fabrics. Cotton ×bamboo/tencel union fabrics are more suitable for furnishing materialswhile polyester union fabrics for home textiles and apparels. Polyester× bamboo/tencel union fabrics were cheaper (` 530/) per meterwhen compared to cotton × bamboo/tencel union fabrics (` 680/) permeter. Thus, development of union fabrics with bamboo and tencelyarns enhances fabric characterstics and makes it more user friendly.
The study titled “Synthesis of green silver nanoparticles forantibacterial application on cotton fabric” was conducted during theyear 201518. Forty extracts obtained from the leaf, stem, flowerand root of selected flora viz., Calotrophis gigantea, Datura metal,Eupatorium glandulosum, Parthenium hysterophorus and Thitoniadivaricata were analyzed for the phenolic content qualitatively andquantitatively. Qualitative tests ascertained the presence of alkaloids,flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. Based onmaximum Total Phenolic Content, Parthenium flower, Datura flower,Thitonia leaf, stem, and flower were selected for synthesis of AgNPs,characterized by UVvisible, PSA, SEM and FTIR techniques.Bioassay and MIC was used to assess the antibacterial performanceof AgNPs. The performance and wash durability of treated fabricwas assessed using standard methods. The study revealed thatstandardized protocol set to synthesize AgNPs was 24 hoursincubation + exposure to sunlight for 2 hours. Colour change frompale green to dark brown is an indication of bioreduction process.
Synthesis of green silver nanoparticles for antibacterial application on Cotton fabric
SHABINABANU S. NADAF MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. JYOTI V. VASTRAD
Thitonia and Parthenium flower extracts showed maximumabsorption peak at 440 nm and 410 nm and possessed average particlesize of 69 nm and 70 nm, respectively. Green AgNPs reduced usingthese extracts exhibited excellent antibacterial activity. Depositionof green AgNPs on cotton fabrics with the size range between60135 nm, with spherical and irregular shape was visualized bySEM. FTIR spectrum of treated fabrics depicted the presence ofaliphatic amine & amide, alkyl, alkene, alcohol & phenol groups.Significant increase in the cloth weight, thickness, strength andelongation was observed after treatment with respect to both directand paddrycure methods of application than untreated fabric.Fabrics finished by paddrycure method using vinegar crosslinkingagent got higher antibacterial activity than direct method using citricacid. Fabric treated with green AgNPs have proven excellentantibacterial property upto 15 washes makes them suitable fortechnical applications viz., medical, personal and hygiene textiles,hometech and sporttech.
22
MASTER OF SCIENCE
A. CROP SCIENCE
GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING
Genetic variability studies for yield parameters and bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)) resistancestudies in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)
UMESH HAVARADDI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. K. DESHPANDE
were specifically adoptable to paddy fallow situations (Mugad andMalagi). Based on mean yield alone, the promising genotypes identifiedwere, DC15 × DCS 4711 (F
6), DC 15 × C 152 (F
6) and DC 15 × DCS
4712 (F6). The seeds of 230 F
4 segregants of the cross DC 615
(susceptible parent) × Dharwad local (a rice bean type resistant parent)were screened against the bruchids [Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)].Out of 230 segregants, 36 were highly resistant, 43 were moderatelyresistant, 110 were least susceptible, 34 were moderately susceptibleand 7 were found to be highly susceptible. The segregants viz., F
4191,
F4199 and F
4162 were the top three highly resistant found to be
relatively free from bruchid infestation, number of adults emerged,actual weight loss, apparent weight loss and per cent seed damage andthese segregants were on par with the resistant parent.
A preliminary evaluation of 62 promising stabilized lines of differentcrosses of cowpea was carried out during summer, 2016 and 30 superiorgenotypes were selected based on yield. Further, these 30 genotypesalong with two checks DC 15 and DCS 471 were evaluated for geneticvariability and stability for yield and yield attributes at four differentenvironments viz., Dharwad (kharif, 2016 and summer, 2017), Mugad(summer, 2017) and Malagi (summer, 2017) under the University ofAgricultural Sciences, Dharwad. High GCV, PCV and heritability withGAM were recorded for number of pods per plant and seed yield,while low to moderate for remaining traits. Stability analysis revealedthat DC 15 × DCS 4711 (F
6), C 152 × IC 202860 (F
6) and C 152 × IC
202872 (F7) were identified as stable genotypes for seed yield (kg/ha).
The genotypes, DC 15 × DCS 4712 (F6) and DC 15 × C 152 (F
6)
A study was conducted to assess the fertility restoration, heterosisand combining ability of different pollen parents on new CMSsources in the sunflower. Hundred hybrids obtained by crossingfour CMS lines belonging to CMS PEF, CMS I and CMS PETsource and 25 testers in L T fashion during summer 2016 wereevaluated along with their parents and checks during kharif and rabi2016 in RBD. The restorer lines behaved differently on three differentCMS sources. Only RHA11 restored fertility on all CMS sources.Two inbreds RHA11 and IB60 behaved as restorer on FMS 852A.RHA11 and NS15 restored fertility on IMS 852A. Only 40hybrids were studied for the extent of heterosis and combining abilityfor 12 different traits. Among them, FMS 852A IB104 (43.78)and IMS 852A IB104 (45.53) showed significant positiveheterosis for seed yield. IMS 852A and CMS234A among the female
Studies on heterosis and combining ability with new CMS sources in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
SUKANYA BIRADAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. K. NAIDU
lines and GP5, NS15 and DSR35 among the pollen parents weregood general combiners and offered scope for improvement of inbredlines for seed yield and its component traits. In majority of thecrosses high sca effects was due to high high or low high generalcombining ability of parents. Most ofthe crosses involving newCMS sources showed high sca effects for seed yield and oil content,and showed resistance to powdery mildew. FMS 852A DSR35(2,885 kg/ha) and FMS 852A IB104 (2,860 kg/ha) were top twohigh yielding hybrids and resistant to powdery mildew. Out of 40test hybrids evaluated for powdery mildew during rabi 2016, 14hybrids were resistant. IMS 852A GP5 (1,891 kg/ha), CMS302A GP9 (1,038 kg/ha) and FMS 852A IB60 (2,333 kg/ha) werehighly resistant to powdery mildew compared to the resistant checksviz., DFSH3 and KBSH53.
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars with improved herbicidetolerance offer greater flexibility for use of postemergent herbicides inpresent day labour scarce agriculture. Hence, an investigation was carriedout to identify the genetic sources of tolerance to herbicides. Onehundred and twenty genotypes consisting of germplasm lines, advancedbreeding material, mutants and derivatives of wild species were screenedagainst imazethapyr and carfentrazoneethyl during rabi 201617 atthe Regional Agricultural Research Station, Vijayapur. Herbicide sprayof imazethapyr (@ 1 ml/l) and carfentrazoneethyl (@ 0.1 g/l) wasdone at 30 days after sowing. Scoring of herbicide tolerance was doneafter 10, 20 and 30 days of spraying. Herbicide spray imazethapyraffected the meristematic cells resulting in increased number of branches,delayed flowering and maturity as compared to unsprayed population.Carfentrazoneethyl affected the photosynthesis as it is photosynthesisinhibitor and caused major crop injury. In general, sensitivity for
Genetic variability studies in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) for herbicide tolerance
VAISHNAVI HEBSUR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. PATIL
carfentrazoneethyl was higher as compared to that for imazethapyr.The analysis of variance revealed significant genotypic difference forall the traits in unsprayed and sprayed treatments. The genotypes ICC438, PBG5, KAK2, NBeG 453, ICCV 11101 with herbicide injuryscore of 1, showed resistant reaction to herbicide imazethapyr whilethe genotypes ICCV 97034, ICCV 11110, ICCV 97315, ICCV 11118,ICCV 96035 with herbicide injury score of 3, showed moderate resistanceto carfentrazoneethyl. Among these identified genotypes KAK2 andICCV 97034 recorded higher yield. However, none of the genotypeswere found to be simultaneously resistant to both the postemergentherbicides. Nevertheless, two genotypes ICC 438 and KAK 2 werefound resistant to imazethapyr and moderately tolerant to carfentrazoneethyl. These genotypes can be further utilized to study the genetics ofherbicide tolerance in chickpea and in breeding programs for developingherbicide tolerant chickpea cultivars.
23
Thirty four genotypes of castor were evaluated in randomized blockdesign with two replications during kharif 201617, at the Seed Unit,Main Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Dharwad to determine thenature and magnitude of variability, character association and pathcoefficient analysis to select the parents for hybridization and varietydevelopment. For studying pistillateness and monoeciousness theexperimental material consisted of five F
2 segregating populations.
Significant difference among genotypes existed for all the charactersstudied. High genotypic coefficient of variance and phenotypiccoefficient variance were observed for seed yield per plant, plantheight, length of primary spike, effective length of primary spike,number of spikes, number of capsules per plant and 100 seed weight.High heritability and genetic advance as per cent mean was observedfor seed yield, length of primary spike, effective length of primary
Genetic variability and correlation studies for productivity, oil content and pistillate nature in Castor(Ricinus communis L.)
KANTESH KAMBALE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. V. KENCHANAGOUDAR
spike, number of spikes, number of capsules per plant and 100 seedweight. Seed yield per plant showed significant and positiveassociation with length of primary spike, effective length of primaryspike, number of spikes per plant and number of capsules per spike.Path coefficient analysis revealed maximum positive direct effecton number of nodes upto primary spike, length of primary spike,effective length of primary spike, number of spikes per plant,number of capsules per spike and oil content. GP585 (26.01 q/ha),ICP4 (25.69 q/ha), GP753 (19.85 q/ha) and DCH519 (18.28 q/ha)were high yielding that can used for further improvement. Chi squaretest for genetics of sex expression viz., number of monoecious plant,number of interspersed plant and number of pistillate plant revealedgoodness of fit with polymeric gene interaction (9:6:1) thannormal dihybrid ratio (9:3:3:1).
Two hundred thirty seven minicore collections of sorghum alongwith four checks (M 351, IS 2312, DJ6514 and BJV44) wereevaluated in augumented design across three dates of sowing duringrabi 201617, at the Main Agricultural Research Station, Universityof Agriculture Sciences, Dharwad to determine the nature andmagnitude of variability and character association for shootflyresistance, photoperiod insensitivity, growth and yield. There wassignificant difference among genotypes for all the characters studied.High GCV and PCV were observed for seedling vigour, leaf erectness,deadhearts, oviposition, glossiness, trichome density, panicle weight,panicle length and yield per plant across three dates of sowing.High heritability and genetic advance as per cent mean was observedfor leaf erectness, glossiness, trichome density, panicle weight,panicle length and grain yield per plant. Deadheart showed significantand positive association with oviposition but negative and significant
Genetic studies on shoot fly resistance and photoperiod insensitivity inrabi Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]
KASHAPPA CHIKKANARAGUND MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. D. BIRADAR
association with trichome density, seedling height and leaf erectness.Days to 50 per cent flowering showed significant and positiveassociation with days to physiological maturity and days to panicleemergence. Panicle weight showed positive and significant associationwith number of leaves and grain yield. Based on deadheart per cent,sorghum genotypes were classified into different groups. Top fiveshootfly tolerant genotypes were IS 19153, IS 22986, IS 31446,IS 24139 and IS 19445 with 6.33, 8, 10, 10.33 and 12.33 per centdeadhearts, respectively compared to best check. Based on thephotoperiod sensitivity index fifteen genotypes viz., IS 29269,IS 30450, IS 22616, IS 30417, IS 24953, IS 7987, IS 1233, IS 4515,IS 18758, IS 29326, IS 995, IS 22799 and IS 27786 were categorizedas photoperiod insensitive. Among these 15 genotypes, four viz.,IS 29269, IS 4515, IS 18758 and IS 995 genotypes were tolerant toshootfly attack.
A field experiment was conducted to identify high yielding groundnut(Arachis hypogaea L.) lines with resistance to stem and pod rotcaused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacco. The experimental material consistedof promising 110 F
4 and F
5 lines with six checks viz., TMV 2, Dh86,
GPBD4, GPBD5, AGL 289 and AGL 63, grown in sick plots at theMain Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad during kharif, 2016and summer, 20 17 respectively using augmented design and withartificial inoculation of S.rolfsii. The lines and parents revealedvariability for major yield contributing traits and stem rot incidence.The superior genotypes were identified for the major yield contributingtraits in F
4 (kharif) and F
5 (summer) generation. Progenies of TMV2 x
AGL 28911 in F4 and Dh86 x AGL 22557 in F
5 performed better
than the best check for number of mature pods (30.04 and 28.00),
Evaluation for Sclerotium rolfsii Sacco resistance in F4 and F
5 populations of
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
ARPITA K. REVANKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. V. KENCHANAGOUDAR
pod yield per plant (30.60 and 32.80 g), test weight (46.81 and 45.90 g),shelling (79.12 and 74.81%) and oil content (49.80 and 48.09%). In F4three lines (TMV2 x AGL 1683, Dh86 x AGL 2896 and TMV2 xAGL 28911) were highly resistant to stem rot with a range of 6.30 to8.70 per cent disease incidence and two lines in F
5 (Dh86 x AGL
22557 and TMV2 x AGL 1683) showed 6.25 to 7.14 per centincidence. GPBD4 x AGL 2897 was highly susceptible in both thegenerations. While TMV 2 x AGL 1683 being resistant, had morenumber of mature pods. Dh86 x AGL 6352 and TMV 2 xAGL 2893 were better than best check for number of mature pods(GPBD4) and pod yield per plant (TMV2). These progenies areuseful for further screening for disease resistance and yield traits toidentify potential families.
24
The present investigation was carried out using 233 hybrid progenies
of 26 families (crosses) in clonal I generation at the Agricultural
Research Station Sankeshwar during 201617 to elucidate
information on intra and inter family variability for identification of
superior families and progenies for enhanced productivity. Very
high variability, heritability and genetic advance values were recorded
for all the important yield and quality parameters. The progeny
SNK13357 was high cane yielder (168.83 t/ha) followed by
SNK13096 (163.21 t/ha), SNK13499 (152.84 t/ha) and SNK 13352
(148.04 t/ha) which were significantly superior to the check CoC
671 (98.04 t/ha). Among these superior genotypes SNK 13357 was
also better for NMC (38,000 / ha), sucrose (17.30%), commercial
cane sugar (15.97 %) and commercial cane sugar yield (26.92 %)
Family selection in Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) for genetic enhancement of productivity
SALEEM KESARATTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. PATIL
over the check CoC 671. The productive genotypes SNK 13357,
SNK 13096, SNK 13499 and SNK 13352 for cane yield were
flowering types with 57.89, 51.02, 32.61 and 71.43 per cent intensity
of flowering respectively. Progenies SNK13408 (23.97 %), SNK13407
(23.74 %), SNK 13343 (23.50 %) and SNK 13419 (23.50 %) recorded
high sucrose content compared to the check CoC 671 (22.81 %).
These superior progenies for sucrose were also flowering types
with 79.09, 56.41, 61.76 and 68.97 per cent flowering intensity,
respectively. The families F23
, F24
, F19
, F22
, F25
, F12
, F10
, F16
, F2,
F13
, F6, F
11 and F
21 were promising with higher mean and other
variability parameters among the 26 families evaluated for cane yield
component traits. These promising crosses (families) had desired
clones with high yield and quality.
A study was conducted to estimate combining ability using Line ×
Tester analysis involving five lines (EC4216, MFC0912,
MFC0814, MFC091 and UPC622) and three testers (PGCP12,
PL1 and PL3) for 14 traits in cowpea. Fifteen F1’s along with
parents were grown in randomized block design with two replications
at IGFRI, Dharwad during kharif 2016 and selected advanced
generations (F2) in rabi 201617. Based on performance of combining
ability for grain and green fodder yield, the F2 populations of three
crosses, along with the already available F2 population of MFC09
12 × UPC8705 were evaluated to identify superior segregants and
estimate the genetic variability. The parents MFC0912 and PL3
exhibited desirable significant gca effects and the crosses MFC09
12 × PGCP12 and MFC0814 × PL3 registered significant sca
effects in desired direction for most of the characters under study.
The study on heterosis over mid parent, better parent, and standard
Heterosis and variability studies in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) for fodder and grain purpose
REKHALA BALA DINAKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. SRIDHAR
check, MFC0814 and MFC091 revealed that hybrids had
heterotic effects for all the characters under study. Among F2
populations of the four crosses (MFC0912 × PGCP12, MFC0814
× PL3, MFC0912 × UPC8705 and MFC091 × PL3) the
frequency of desirable segregants isolated based on green fodder
yield per plant, seed yield per plant and days to maturity varied
from 10 to 50 per cent. Among all the seggregants, highest green
fodder yield per plant and seed yield per plant was observed in
plant number 240 (264 g) and plant number 18 (30 g), respectively
in the cross MFC0912 × UPC8705. The estimates of PCV, GCV,
heritability, genetic advance and genetic advance over mean (GAM)
in four F2 segregating populations indicated high PCV, GCV,
heritability and GAM for plant height, number of primary branches
per plant, number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant and green
fodder yield per plant.
An investigation was undertaken to asses the nature of genetic variability
and correlation coefficient analysis with respect to grain yield and its
component traits in 48 diverse S2 lines of population A and B in kharif
2017. To study the nature of inheritance based on their reciprocal
difference, the second cycle of fullsib reciprocal recurrent selection
was undertaken at the College of Agriculture, Dharwad during rabi
201718. High heritability, genotypic coefficient of variation and genetic
advance as per cent of mean for grain yield and test weight in both
populations A and B indicating that, these traits could used in early
generation selection of inbreds. Correlation analysis indicated that cob
length, cob girth, number of kernel rows/cob, number of kernels/row,
100 grain weight had strong association and directly affected grain
yield in both populations A and B. These traits can be considered
Genetic studies on diverse S2 populations developed through reciprocal recurrent selection
in Maize (Zea mays. L)
PALAPARTHI DHARMATEJA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MRUTHUNJAYA C. WALI
during the selection process in maize breeding program. The reciprocal
difference between the 48 fullsib progenies (direct and reciprocal
crosses) exhibited no significant difference for characters studied. It
indicated that most of the yield related traits exhibited nuclear
segregation, but with less cytoplasmic inheritance. The high yielding
crosses [10 (1) 1 × 27 (3) 7] (109 q/ha), [4 (1) 9 × 16 (3) 13] (107 q/ha),
[33 (1) 11 × 25 (1) 14] (102 q/ha), [24 (1) 10 × 2 (3) 8] (96 q/ha) and
[23 (2) 1 × 8 (1)12] (92 q/ha) were found to be moderately resistant to
turcicum leaf blight. The grain yield improved from 61 q/ha in C1 to
86 q/ha in C2. There was 40 per cent increment in the yield with one
cycle of selection, thus it indicated that reciprocal recurrent selection is
efficient method for improving the populations. Further, S2 progenies
of these crosses can be used for isolation of good inbred lines.
25
Genetic divergence among saline tolerant Rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes and improvement ofproductivity under coastal saline condition
K. N. GANGADHARA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. G. HANAMARATTI
were grouped into 7 clusters based on yield and yield attributing
traits suggesting that the genotypes differed significantly among
themselves based on morphological traits. Cluster I (44) had the
maximum number of genotypes followed by III (9), II (5) and
remaining four were solitary clusters. Cluster II with GNV 1501,
GNV 1480, GGV0501, GNV 14961 and GNV 1116 genotypes
recorded higher intercluster distance with solitary cluster VI with
Kare kagga. Effecting crosses between these genotypes would be
ideal to extract higher genetic variability and desirable segregants for
salinity tolerance. SSR primers grouped selected 27 saline tolerant
rice genotypes into five clusters at 0.025 Jaccard’s similarity
coefficient. The promising salinity tolerant rice genotypes viz., IET
22066 (3,900 kg/h), Goa dhan1 (3,800 kg/ha) showed high
productivity compared to best check Kare kagga (3,700 kg/ha) in the
investigation could be recommended after confirming superiority in
large scale trials.
The present investigation for assessing genetic variability, genetic
diversity among saline tolerant rice genotypes under coastal saline
condition based on morphology and molecular markers was conducted
during kharif 2017 at farmers’ field in Hegde village in Aganashini
estuary near Agricultural Research Station Kumta, under University
of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad. The experimental materials
comprised of 62 rice genotypes including resistant checks (Kare kagga,
Pokkali) and a susceptible check (Jaya). Analysis of variance showed
highly significant differences for all the characters under study and
indicated that there is ample scope for selection. Plant height, tillers
per plant, panicles per square meter and 1000 grain weight showed
high heritability coupled with high genetic advance. Correlation analysis
revealed that yield was dependent on tillers per plant, panicle length,
panicles per square meter and 1000 grain weight indicating the
importance of these traits in yield improvement. Genetic divergence
studies revealed that the sixty two salinity tolerant rice genotypes
In the present investigation conducted at the All India Coordinated
Research Project for wheat improvement in Dharwad, during rabi
2017, a comprehensive analysis of combining ability for drought
tolerance based on various yield and yield related components as well
as physiological traits was carried out following the line × tester
mating design along with a diversity analysis. The lines used in the
study were released varieties namely UAS347, NI5439 and C306
(for rainfed conditions), DWR162 and GW322 (for irrigated
conditions), while the testers namley UAS323, UASBW10453,
UASBW11948 and UASBW11949 were drought tolerant. The 20
single crosses and 9 parents were evaluated under the two experimental
conditions of drought stress as well as controlled irrigation. The drought
susceptibility index (DSI) as well as drought tolerance index (DTI)
were used for the reconfirmation of drought tolerance of parents.
Based on per se yield per plant, sca effects, gca effects of male and
Combining ability studies for drought tolerance in bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
SWATHY KRISHNA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. RUDRA NAIK
female parents, drought indices and heterosis for drought stress
condition, the single crosses namely GW322 × UASBW11949,
NI5439 × UASBW11949, DWR162 × UASBW10453 and GW322
× UASBW10453 were found to be superior under drought stress
conditions. The best general combiners identified were GW322,
DWR162, UASBW11949 and UASBW10453. The study
demonstrated that gca (fixable) as well as sca (nonfixable) effects
were involved in governing the inheritance of almost all the traits.
The single cross GW322 × UASBW11949 had parents with
significantly high gca effect coupled with excellent drought tolerance,
that makes it most suited for further generation of drought tolerant
breeding material through intermating among the recombinants
obtained in the advanced generation. The best general combiners can
be used for developing population for identification of drought
tolerant genotypes.
A genetic study to understand the heterotic potentiality of identified
local landraces for grain yield and their components with corresponding
early vigour traits of rabi sorghum was undertaken during 201618 at
the All India Coordinated Sorghum Improvement Project, Main
Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Dharwad. High estimates of
heterosis and combining ability were obtained for most of the early
vigour, grain yield component traits along with resistant reaction to
the rust and charcoal rot of sorghum. Combining ability analysis
(8 Lines × 6 Testers) revealed that all the traits including early vigour
were under nonadditive geneticcontrol. Among parents, Kodmurkhi
local was good general combiner for panicle breadth, panicle weight,
grain yield per plant along with number of leaves per plant. Crosses,
CSV216R × IS4631 and SPV2333 × RSLG23 were good specific
Studies on heterosis and combining ability of identified local landraces inrabi Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] -75
PRASHANT KARIYANNANAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. T. KAJJIDONI
combiners for grain yield per plant and panicle weight.The cross,
CSV216R × IS4631 was also good specific combiner for root collar
diameter, plant height and leaf width that signified positive correlation
between early vigour and productivity related traits. Among the seeds
of hybrid 54.00 per cent were lustrous which is most preferred by
consumer. The crosses, CSV216R × IS4631, Kodamurki Local ×
DSV4, Lakmapur Local × EC8 and SPV2217 × RSLG23 exhibited
positive standard heterosis for grain yield per plant, panicle length,
panicle width and 100 seed weight. The cross, SPV2217 ×RSLG23
was the only one cross which showed resistance to both rust and
charcoal along with significant sca effects, preferred grain quality
parameters and standard heterosis along with per se performance for
grain yield per plant.
26
Investigation was undertaken at AICRP on wheat and barley, MARS,UAS, Dharwad in 2017 to pyramid effective slow leaf rust resistancegene Lr46 in to the background of Amruth and two genes Lr46 andLr68 into the background of Bijaga Yellow and Bailhongal Local whichare most preferred cultivars for their dual purpose, however they arehighly susceptible to leaf rust. ‘DWL5023’ was used as donor parentfor both Lr46 and Lr68. All the three F
2 populations were characterized
for slow leaf rusting mechanisms and further genotyped with the helpof already reported SSR (Xwmc44) marker for Lr46 and STS (csgs68)marker for Lr68. The cross Amruth × UAS 415, showed 32 per centof plants with Lr46 gene with the lowest mean AUDPC (277.50).The most promising cross, Bijaga Yellow × DWL 5023, recorded 16per cent of plants with both the slow rusting genes Lr46 and Lr68with lowest mean AUDPC value of 203.89. While, 23 per cent of F
2
Genetic enhancement of durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) for durable leaf rust resistancethrough marker aided selection
K. M. RASHMI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUMA S. BIRADAR
plants of the cross Bailhongal Local × DWL 5023, carrying bothgenes Lr46 and Lr68 exhibited superior performance with lowerAUDPC value (170.23). Efforts were also made to identify newdonors for slow leaf rusting. Advanced breeding lines of differentAICRP trials were screened under artificial leaf rust inoculatedcondition using augmented design and characterized for slow rustingcomponents and genotyping for leaf rust resistant genes Lr46 andLr68 with the help of reported molecular markers. Few high yieldingadvanced lines namely UASDW 30658 (38.26 q/ha), UASDW 30644(34.46 q/ha), UAS 446 (34.39 q/ha) positive for Lr46 and HI8765(28.65 q/ha) positive for Lr68 slow leaf rusting genes were identified.Identified high yielding, slow rusting genotypes can be explored furtherfor pyramiding of other leaf rust resistance genes to make it broadbased and attain long term durability.
A study was conducted at UAS, Dharwad during kharif 2017 toidentify the potential resistant sources for Spodoptera litura, late leafspot and rust in mini core (188), 318 recombinant inbred lines (TAG24 × ICGV 86031) and44 elitegroundnut genotypes. Biophysical andbiochemical parameters related to S. litura resistance were analysedin selected genotypes. There was significant genotypic variability forall the three biotic stresses and pod yield among the mini core andelite genotypes while, for S. litura and productivity parameters inrecombinant inbred lines (RILs). High heritability coupled with highgenetic advance for all the three biotic stresses indicated heritablecomponent of variation. Positive correlation between different bioticstresses revealed scope for selection of multiple biotic stress resistantgenotypes. In mini core, 29 genotypes were resistant to S. litura andICG 2777 had high pod yield (35.1g). ICG 2381 was resistant to
Genetic analysis of resistance to biotic stresses with special reference toSpodoptera litura in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
A. MOHAMMAD SALEEM MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. GOPALAKRISHNA NAIDU
S. litura, late leaf spot and rust. In RILs, C334 had higher pod yield(16.6 g) along with resistance to S. litura. Among the 44 elitegenotypes, Dh 216 and ICGV 93468 exhibited resistance to S. liturawhile, ICGV 06146 had resistance to late leaf spot and rust alongwith higher pod yield. Among the S. liturar esistant genotypes, ICG928 had lower relative water content (54.2 %), reducing sugar(4.75 mg/g), total sugar (7.87 mg/g) and higher leaf blade (140 mm2),leaf lamina (140 mm2) and midrib (180 mm2) trichome density, specificleaf weight (2.5 g/dm2), wax content (0.36 µg/cm2), protein (4.91 mg/g),and phenol content (3.77 mg/g) compared to susceptible check JL 24.There was significant negative correlation between S. litura damageand specific leaf weight, midrib, leaf lamina trichome density,waxcontent, protein and phenol content while, significant positivecorrelation with reducing sugar and total sugar.
Study on heterosis and combining ability for seed cotton yield andfibre quality traits was carried out at the Agricultural Research Station,Dharwad farm during kharif 2017. The material comprised of 28intraspecific hybrids, their parents and standard check DHH11 forfirst experiment and other experiment comprised of 28 interspecifichybrids, their parents and the standard check DCH32. The significantvariability among the experimental material for yield and fibre qualitytraits was observed. Among intraspecific hybrids, KDHH22 exhibitedhighest per se performance (1804.76 kg) with significant heterosisfor seed cotton yield followed by KDHH1 (1643.82 kg), KDHH8(1454.71 kg), KDHH7(1420.60 kg) and KDHH6 (1407.26 kg). Thesehybrids also exhibited significant standard heterosis for most of yieldattributing andfibre quality traits, while interspecific hybridKDHB18 showed significant heterosis over mid parent, better parentfor seed cotton yield and yield components followed by KDHB1and KDHB26. These hybrids also exhibited superior fibre quality
Combing ability analysis of intraspecific (Gossypium hirsutum L. × Gossypium hirsutum L.) andinterspecific (Gossypium hirsutum L. × Gossypium barbadense L.) Cotton for seed cotton yield
and fibre quality traits
M. J. PAVITRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. T. KAJJIDONI
over standard check DCH32. In both intrahirsutum (Gossypiumhirsutum × Gossypium hirsutum) and interspecific (Gossypiumhirsutum × Gossypium barbadense) cross combinations, parentsRAH8035, HET Group line47, HET Group line15 and HET Groupline5 exhibited significant positive gca effects for seed cotton yieldand its attributing traits while DRGR178109, DRGR463,DRGR178414 and Suraj44 exhibited significant positive gca effectsfor fibre quality traits. Among the Gossypium hirsutum testers,ARBH813 was good combiner for seed cotton yield per plant, seedcotton yield per hectare, micronaire and elongation. Among theGossypium barbadense testers, DB40 was good combiner for traitsseed cotton yield per plant, ginning out turn, lint index, micronaire anduniformity ratio. The intraspecific hybrid KDHH22 exhibitedsignificantly high sca effect for seed cotton yield per plant and numberof bolls per plant while, interspecific hybrid KDHH18 showedsignicantly high sca effect for seed cotton yield per plant.
27
The present investigation was undertaken using 94 lines derived
from the cross between MTU 1010 and Chittimutyalu to evaluate
iron and zinc content in brown rice, during kharif 2017 at AICRIP,
Mugad in randomized block design with two replications under
rainfed upland condition. The significant genetic variability for grain
iron and zinc content along with other traits. High PCV and GCV
was observed for number of panicles per plant, grains per panicle
and grain yield. Zinc content in brown rice recorded moderate GCV
and PCV, whereas, iron content in brown rice recorded low GCV
and moderate PCV. High heritability coupled with high genetic
advance over the mean was recorded in plant height, number of
panicles per plant, grains per panicle, test weight, grain length, L/B
ratio, zinc content and grain yield indicating the scope of selection
in the population. The significant difference was observed for yield
and biofortification features under upland and submerged conditions,
but their respective interaction with locations showed significance
Genetic improvement of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
J. NAGARJUN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. SURENDRA
only for yield and not for biofortification features. Number of
panicles per plant, grains per panicle and test weight exhibited highly
significant phenotypic and genotypic association with grain yield.
Significant positive association was observed between iron and zinc
content in brown rice. Path analysis revealed that L/B ratio had very
high direct effect on grain yield but negatively associated with grain
yield at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. When simultaneous
selection for all traits was carried out, lines MMCI05, MMC32,
MMC150 and MMC21 recorded higher selection index values.
Among 30 selection indices constructed, maximum relative efficiency
over straight selection was realized whenever grains per panicle,
grain breadth and number of panicles per plant were included in the
selection indices. Finally based on the performance under both
situations for yield and biofortification features, five genotypes
were selected for further study viz., MMC82, MMC117,
MMC119, MMC140 and MMC141.
The present investigation was carried out for assessing the
performance of the advanced generation lines obtained from a cross
between RP Bio 226 and Jalapriya under contrasting situations for
climate change at Sirsi and Mugad. The lines were evaluated for
variability, correlation and path analysis. Highly significant variation
observed for all the traits studied. Moderate to high PCV and GCV
estimates for plant height, number of panicles per plant, number of
grains per panicle, test weight, L/B ratio and grain yield were recorded
under both rainfed upland and rainfed shallow lowland situations.
High heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded
for plant height, number of panicles per plant, number of grains per
panicle, test weight and grain yield at both locations. Number of
panicles per plant and iron content exhibited significant positive
association with grain yield under upland condition. While, plant
Breeding Rice (Oryza sativa L.) for climate change
FARHINA ANJUM MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. SURENDRA
An investigation was carried out in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum
L.) at the Botany Garden, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding,
University of Agricultural sciences, Dharwad with the experiment
material comprised of eight lines and eight testers (belongs to two
populations reciprocally selected for combining ability) crossed in
Line × Tester mating design during rabi, 2016 and 64 hybrids obtained
were evaluated in rabi, 2017 for the improvement in combining ability
(transgressive segregation) by comparing the derived F1s with the
two bench mark checks (TSH2 and TSH8). Among derived hybrids,
as many as 27 hybrids exhibited numerically higher fruit yield. Of
these, ten hybrid combinations recorded significant superiority over
superior bench mark check (TSH2) for fruit yield indicating the
extent of positive transgressive segregation for combining ability for
fruit yield per hectare. For heterosis over commercial check (AS95),
hybrid 160110 × 160250 (33.58%), 160101 × 160250 (27.58%),
Evaluation of improvement in combining ability achieved through reciprocal selection for combiningability in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
P. RAKSHITH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. O. SRIDEVI
160124 × 160203 (24.33%), 160101 x 160209 (22.63%) and 1601
10 x 160203 (20.16%) recorded highest significant standard heterosis
for fruit yield per hectare reflecting the practical utility of
improvement in combining ability. The estimates of combining ability
variances indicate predominance of nonadditive gene action in the
inheritance of yield and its contributing traits in tomato. Among the
parents, 160110 (6.58), 16.0101 (5.53), 160203 (4.04), 160250
(3.91) and 160206 (3.22) found to be good general combiners for
fruit yield per hectare and and the best cross with highly significant
positive sca effects was 160110 × 160250 (23.01) followed by
160101 × 160250 (16.93) and 160124 × 160203 (15.04). The
combining ability status of most productive crosses in this study
indicates fruit yielding ability of the cross is due to both additive as
well as nonadditive gene effects justifying the emphasis on commercial
exploitation of heterosis through development of hybrids.
height, panicle length, number of panicles per plant, grains per panicle
and test weight showed significant positive association with grain
yield under rainfed shallow lowland condition. Genotypic path
coefficient analysis revealed that days to 50 per cent flowering had the
highest positive direct effect at upland condition, whereas L/B ratio
had the highest positive direct effecton grain yield under rainfed shallow
lowland condition. The lines viz., RPJ 71, RPJ 21, RPJ 130, RPJ 184,
RPJ 58, RPJ 31, RPJ 118, RPJ 186, RPJ 181,RPJ 46 and RPJ 126 gave
higher grain yield under both the situations. Among these lines RPJ 126
had the highest grain yield of 6,454.5 kg ha1) under shallow low land
condition whereas, RPJ 21 showed the highest grain yield of 4,896 kg
ha1 under upland condition. Finally, six lines which were selected
showed higher grain yield coupled with high zinc and iron content viz.,
RPJ 71, RPJ 21, RPJ 130, RPJ 184, RPJ 58 and RPJ 31.
28
The present investigation was conducted with 38 Indian mustardgenotypes laid in RCBD with three replications. Among the genotypes,18 were from DRMR, Bharatpur and 17 were from BARC, Trombay.The genotypes were evaluated in two rabi seasons viz., 2016 and2017. Simultaneously, the genotypes were screened for white rustand powdery mildew under artificial epiphytotic conditions. Fromcombined ANOVA of two seasons, genotypes were found significantfor all the characters. Harvest index recorded highest phenotypic andgenotypic coefficient of variance followed by biological yield perplant. Heritability in broad sense was high for seed yield followed byoil yield and biological yield. Genetic advance as per cent mean washigh for biological yield and harvest index whereas, it was low fordays to flowering, oil content and days to maturity. The trait seedyield registered significant positive correlation with oil yield andsignificant negative correlation with oil content. Whereas, oil yield
Studies on resistant gene homologue polymorphism, diversity, variability, association and path analysisin Indian Mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss.]
GANESH PRASAD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. R. PATIL
recorded positive correlation with economic yield. Path coefficientanalysis revealed oil yield and primary branches are causual factorsfor seed yield while, seed yield and oil content contributed towardsoil yield. PIC value was highest for VuRS01A03R which amplified 13alleles per loci. These RGH’s grouped the genotypes into five majorclusters. The genotypes TM2672 and TM266 were similar whichshared maximum dissimilarity with SVJ68, DRMRCI59, KMR (E)161, PRE201310, NPJ202, Pusa Mustard 25 and PRE201319.Thus, these genotypes in combination can be used to diversify thegenetic base. The trait marker analysis revealed that 12 amplicons ofvarious sizes were linked to white rust reactions and four topowdery mildew reactions. The genotypes TM136 (817.93 kg ha1),TPM1 (775.56 kg ha1), 6IJ0401 (740.59 kg ha1), DRMR 4005(519.52 kg ha1) and TM217 (426.82 kg ha1) were top performersfor seed yield and oil content.
A study to investigate the extent of heterosis in crosses, combining
ability and genetic diversity among eight selected lines and five
testers in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was conducted at
ARS Dharwad Farm during kharif 201718. A total of 40 hybrids
were derived by line × tester crossing which were analysed for
productivity traits along with fibre quality. Among the hybrids,
CPD462 × SCS1061, FLT36 × SCS1061 and CPD462 × NNDC30
were the most potential crosses. These crosses exhibited more
number of bolls per plant, higher seed index, higher ginning outturn
with moderate boll weight and number of sympodia. Crosses,
CPD462 × IH11 and FLT44 × NNDC24 also recorded desirable
fibre quality parameters. The combining ability analysis indicated
the presence of nonadditive gene action for all the thirteen characters
investigated. Among lines, FLT36, FLT44, FLT31, EL4 and among
Heterosis and combining ability studies in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. × Gossypium hirsutum L.)hybrids under rainfed condition
V. UDAYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAJESH S. PATIL
testers, NNDC30, IH 11 and SCS1061 were rated as high general
combiners based on their overall gca status. The potential crosses
involved either both parents with high gca effects or one of the
parents with high gca effects. The set of 13 parents was subjected
to D2 analysis where five clusters were formed indicating considerable
diversity among the parents selected for this investigation. In cluster
analysis, the highest distance was noticed between clusters I and IV.
The crosses, SG2 × NNDC30 and SG2 × NNDC24 had high
yield potential and the parents involved here were from the most
distant clusters. Diversity was also assessed at the molecular level
with SSR markers and the most distant parents, CPD462 and
SCS1061, produced the best hybrid. However, there was no
association between parental divergence with heterosis as revealed
by both Mahalanobis D2 and SSR markers analyses.
In the present investigation, green gram breeding lines were used to
assess genetic variability for yield and resistance to Mung bean Yellow
Mosaic Virus and bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus) through genetic
recombination followed by induced mutagenesis in F4 and F
2M
2
segregating populations during kharif-20 17 and rabi-summer 2017
18 at MARS, UAS, Dharwad. Highest seed yield per plant was
observed in the promising progeny line 3BRD6 (21.1 g per plant)
and 3BRD5 (20.6 g per plant) derived from the cross DGGV 7 x V
02709 in F3 generation of kharif 2017. The highest number of pods
per plant (44) was observed by the progeny line 4BRD17 derived
from cross DGGY7 x Y02802. The mutant progenies obtained
from the crosses DGGV2 x IPM4103 and DGGV2 x SML1815
have shown high phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation
Genetic enhancement for yield and yield components through recombination andinduced mutation in Green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]
PRASANTA KUMAR MAJHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUMA C. MOGALI
for number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number
of pods per cluster and number of seeds per pod, when irradiated
with mutation dose of 100 kR gamma rays as compared to the progenies
obtained from the dose 20 kR. Irradiation of F2 progeny (DGGV 2 x
SML1815) with 100 kR has generated more genetic variability for
seed yield per plant (10.8 g), when compared to the check DGGV2
(4.7 g) and SML1815 (9.8 g) during summer 2018. The F3 seeds
derived from crosses V02802 x DGGV2 and Y02802 x DGGV7,
were screened for bruchid (C. maculatus) tolerance under laboratory
condition and found to be resistant. On screening, for MYMV reaction,
the progeny lines derived from Y02802 x DGGV2 recorded resistance
to MYMV. These breeding lines after stringent evaluation can be
utilized in further breeding programme.
29
An investigation was carried out to know the genetic variability and
correlation among yield and yield contributing traits of crosses derived
from S2
progenies of two diverse populations and to study the
combining ability effects of crosses derived from S2 progenies, gene
action and to estimate the extent of heterosis in newly developed crosses
for yield and yield attributing traits. This experiment was carried out
during 201718 at the Main Agricultural Research Station, University
of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Genetic variability study was carried
out using 90 crosses and five checks and observations were recorded
for 13 characters. PCV was higher than GCV indicating the role of
environment in expression of the character. Moderate to high heritability
and genetic advance was recorded for plant height, ear height, 100grain
weight and number of kernels per row. Grain yield had significant
positive correlation with ear height, cob length, number of kernel rows
Genetic variability and early generation testing of progenies derived from twodiverse populations in Maize (Zea mays L.)
N. B. RASHMI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MRUTHUNJAYA C. WALI
per cob, number of kernels per row and 100grain weight at genotypic
level. To study the combining ability effects, experiment involving 90
crosses, 45 lines, two testers and five checks were evaluated. The
analysis of variance for genotypes including parents, crosses and checks
for all the traits revealed significant variance indicating presence of
variability among the materials used. The contribution towards total
hybrid variance was found to be higher from females than males for all
traits. Highest magnitude of nonadditive gene action was revealed for
all the characters as SCA variance was higher than GCA variance. The
lines viz., PI5, PI3, PI2, PII10 and PI4 were identified as good
combiners for maximum number of traits. The top five heterotic
combinations for grain yield are PI16 × CM501 (79.17 q/ha),
PI4 × CM501 (57.50 q/ha), PI5 × CM501 (51.25 q/ha), PII7 ×
Renuka (50.00 q/ha) and PI32 × CM501 (48.33 q/ha).
The line × tester analysis involving 45 hybrids, 14 parents (5 A1 lines
and 9 A4 restorers) and three commercial checks (GHB558, Kaveri
Super boss and 86M38) were used to assess the magnitude of heterosis
and combining ability in respect of grain yield and its component
traits in pearl millet under rainfed conditions during kharif 2017 at
the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Vijayapur. Among 45
hybrids, twenty four hybrids showed significant positive heterosis
for grain yield over the check GHB558, five hybrids over 86M38
and only two hybrids [ICMA94111 × A4RLT 115 (3372.84 kg ha1)
and ICMA94111 × A4RLT 113 (3340.74 kg ha1)] over Kaveri Super
boss. Whereas for fodder yield, thirty six hybrids showed significant
positive heterosis over GHB558 and only two hybrids had desirable
significant positive heterosis over 86M38. Hybrids ICMA94222 ×
A4RLT111, ICMA95444 × A
4RLT113, ICMA94111 × A
4RLT
Combining ability and heterosis studies using A4 restorer on A
1 cytoplasm in Pearl millet
[Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]
VEERAPPA G. CHITTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. D. SOREGAON
115, ICMA88006 × A4RLT113 and ICMA88006 × A
4RLT115
exhibited highly significant positive heterosis over the check, GHB
558 for fodder yield. The magnitude of average heterosis for seed
yield per hectare was about 25.00 per cent, which is due to positive
average heterosis for yield contributing characters like panicle girth,
productive tillers per plant and thousand seed weight. The female
line ICMA95444 emerged as best general combiner for grain yield
and its contributing characters followed by ICMA94111. Among
testers, A4RLT115 was the best general combiner by registering
significant positive GCA effects for grain yield per hectare and
thousand seed weight. The next best general combiners were A4RLT
111 and A4RLT116. The hybrid ICMA92888 × A
4RLT106 exhibited
maximum SCA effect (503.02) for grain yield. Thus, these potential
hybrids can be commercially exploited through further testing.
The line × tester analysis involving 50 hybrids, 15 parents (five lines
and ten testers) and three check including two national checks (GHB558
and 86M38) and one commercial check Kaveri Super boss was used to
assess the magnitude of heterosis and combining ability with respect to
grain and fodder yield and its component traits in pearl millet under
rainfed conditions during kharif 2017, AICRP on Pearl millet, at the
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Vijayapura. Twenty five hybrids
pearl millet exhibited significant standard desirable heterosis over
GHB558, fourteen hybrids over 86M38 and five hybrids over the best
check Kaveri Super boss for grain yield. Whereas 16 hybrids over
GHB558, 13 hybrids over 86M38 and five hybrids over the best check
Kaveri Super boss exhibited significant standard desirable heterosis for
fodder yield. Two hybrids viz., ICMA 09888 × A5RLT 113 (3,710.42
Heterosis and combining ability studies using A5 cytoplasm in
Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]
JYOTI GIRIYAPPANAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. D. SOREGAON
kg/ha grain yield and 11,728.40 kg/ha fodder yield) and ICMA 09888 ×
A5RLT 122 (3,540.22 kg/ha grain yield and 9,259.26 kg/ha fodder yield)
were superior for both grain and fodder yield. The analysis of variance
for combining ability indicated that, mean sum of squares due to female
× male interaction were highly significant for all the characters except
for days to 50 per cent flowering, panicle length and number of
productive tillers per plant. ICMB 09888 (female) and A5RLT 122
(male) were good general combiners for both grain and fodder yield.
A5RLT 112 and A
5RLT 113 among males were good combiners for
grain and fodder yield respectively. The hybrids, ICMA 02444 × A5RLT
122 (825.4) and ICMA 07999 × A5RLT 102 (4602.8) registered
maximum sca effects and were superior for grain and fodder yield,
respectively.
30
Germplasm accessions of tetraploid wheat which included both durum
and dicoccum wheat along with spot blotch resistant and susceptible
tetraploid parents and F2 population of the cross DDK 1001 × PDW
314 were screened under artificial epiphytotic conditions during rabi
2018 at the AICRP on wheat, University of Agricultural Sciences,
Dharwad to identify the resistant genotypes and recombinants for
spot blotch. The F2 population of the cross DDK 1001 × PDW 314
recorded 12 per cent of transgressive segregants for spot blotch disease
resistance, these can be further advanced to develop promising cultivars
for target environment. The germplasm accessions were evaluated
under both epiphytotic and controlled conditions for agronomic traits,
these exhibited wider range with moderate phenotypic coefficient of
variation and genotypic coefficient of variation for yield traits likes
thousand grain weight and grain yield coupled with high heritability
and high genetic advance under selection expressed as per cent mean
selection which are useful for improving the efficiency of selection.
Genetic characterization of spot blotch [Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem.]disease resistance in tetraploid Wheat
S. R. GURUNANDANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. A. DESAI
Seventeen resistant genotypes for spot blotch were identified
phenotypically under field conditions. These genotypes were further
molecularly confirmed using the diagnostic markers (Xgwm371,
Xgwm425, Xgwm445 and Xbarc59). These 17 resistant genotypes
showed positive for one or more marker in various combinations
confirming the resistance. The number of amplicons amplified in a
genotype contributed to the resistance. While, none of the genotypes
other than resistant ones showed positive for the markers screened.
The resistant genotypes GPM DIC. 54 and UASDW 30718 yielded
35.52 q/ha and 35.50 q/ha respectively which were significantly
higher than the checks. Low AUDPC value of 38.15 and 74.06 were
recorded for these genotypes. These identified resistant genotypes
can be utilized as a donor source for genetic improvement of spot
blotch resistance through hybridization with existing susceptible
varieties of durum and dicoccum wheat and through marker assisted
selection.
Inheritance pattern of nakedness and possibility of obtaining
potential naked seeded hybrids was studied at the College of
Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during
kharif 201718. To avoid the problems associated with the fuzzy
types during ginning and sowing the naked seeded hybrids were
developed. In a six parent (naked, partially naked and fuzzy type)
based half diallel, 15 naked seeded hybrids were developed. Among
the naked seeded hybrids N2 × PN2 and N2 × N3 were found to
be significantly better than the commercial check DHH11. Among
naked seeded parents N1 was a good general combiner. The
combining ability study indicates the prominence of SCA variance
for majority of the characters studied. Genetic inheritance for naked
seed character was observed in the seeds of F1 and F
2’s of different
cross combination involving naked, partially naked and fuzzy seeded
types. The fuzziness is found to be dominant over the nakedness.
Genetic studies on naked seeded types of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
M. RAGHUVEER MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHREEKANT S. PATIL
A 13 naked : 3 partially naked ratio was seen in nakednaked
seeded types crosses. A 3 partially naked : 1 naked ratio and 12
fuzzy : 3 partially naked : 1 naked ratio was seen in nakedpartial
naked and nakedfuzzy seeded types crosses, respectively. High
genetic variability was seen in F2 population of six cotton hybrids
involving naked, partially naked and fuzzy types for the traits plant
height, number of sympodia per plant, number of bolls per plant,
boll weight, seed cotton yield per plant, lint yield per plant and
ginning outturn. High heritability estimates coupled with high genetic
advance was observed for all the yield and yield related traits studied.
Potential transgressive segregants with acceptable fiber quality were
identified in the F2 population of naked seeded types. This study
confirms the possibility of developing naked seeded hybrids and
potential transgressive segregants in the segregating populations of
cotton.
Studies on sex expression, variability parameters, character association
and path analysis were carried out in Castor. The experiments were
conducted at the Main Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Dharwad
during kharif 2017. The material comprised of parents, F1’s and F
2’s
of three crosses viz., DPC16 × GP 672, DPC23 × GP 672, DPC24
× GP 672 and in another experiment 16 genotypes were used to study
genetic variability parameters, character association and path analysis.
In F2 population all the three crosses, the sex expression showed 9:6:1
ratio of monoecious, interspersed and pistillate plants. This indicates
sex expression in castor is governed by two genes with duplicate
cumulative gene interaction. Presence of both the genes in dominant
condition is essential for production of monoecious plants. In F2
population high PCV and GCV with high heritability and GAM were
observed for the traits, total length of primary spike, effective length of
Genetic variability and sex expression studies in Castor (Ricinus communis L.)
MANNEPALLI SRAVANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. V. KENCHANAGOUDAR
primary spike, average number of capsules per spike, number of spikes
per plant, seed yield per plant and 100 seed weight in both the
experiments. Seed yield per plant showed positive correlation with
traits total length of primary spike, effective length of primary spike,
average number of capsules per spike andnumber of spikes per plant in
both the experiments. The hybrid DPC24 × GP672 had the highest
significant positive relative heterosis and heterobeltiosis for seed yield
per plant. In the 16 genotypes studied, path analysis revealed maximum
direct effects on effective length of primary spike, average number of
capsules per spike and number of spikes per plant at phenotypic and
genotypic level. The per se performance of the genotypes revealed that
GC3 (17.25 q ha1), GCH7 (16.45 q ha1), PHT1444 (16.29 q ha1),
DCH1720 (16.14 q ha1), and DCH177 (16.12 q ha1) recorded
numerical superiority over check DCH519 (16.10 q ha1).
31
The present study was carried out at the Agricultural ResearchStation, Dharwad Farm during kharif, 201718. The genetic materialcomprised of eight lines (G. hirsutum), three testers (G. barbadense)and their 24 interspecific crosses generated for a Line × Testerexperiment. Among the 24 hybrids, crosses CPD462 × SBYF425,FLT36 × SBYF425, FLT31 × SBYF425, FLT31 × BCS23187 and CPD462 × BCS23187 recorded high seed cotton yieldwith significant heterosis over standard checks for most yieldcomponents. In general, the crosses involving hirsutum lines FLT31, FLT36, CPD462 and barbadense tester SBYF425 exhibitedpositive heterosis for most characters. Among high yielding hybrids,FLT36 × SBYF425 and FLT31 × BCS23187 also manifestedhigher fibre length, fiber strength and micronaire value compared tobest check DCH32. The combining ability analysis revealedsignificant genotypic differences for all the traits except for numberof sympodia per plant. The line × tester effect of interspecific
Heterosis and combining ability studies in interspecific hybrids (Gossypium hirsutum L. xGossypium barbadense L.) of Cotton under irrigated condition
S. MALATHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAJESH S. PATIL
crosses was significant for most characters, indicating non additivegene action. The ratio of GCA variance to SCA variance revealedpredominance of non additive gene action for all the characters exceptfor boll weight, ginning outturn and lint index, making heterosisbreeding the method of choice. The best general combiners wereCPD462 and FLT31 in lines and SBYF425 in testers. Thesethree can be used in further cotton breeding programs aimed atimproving yield and fiber quality. Molecular diversity analysis bycotton specific SSR markers of eleven parental genotypes resultedin six main clusters indicating a considerable amount of geneticdiversity among the parents. The D2 analysis also revealedsubstantial genetic diversity based on morphological charactersamong these genotypes. The two parents, of the best hybridCPD462 × SBYF425, were in different clusters at both molecularand morphological levels proving that heterosis happens whengenetically diverse parents are crossed.
Dual purpose cowpea has the potential to function as a key integrating
factor in intensifying systems through supplying protein in human
diets and fodder for livestock, as well as bringing N into the farming
system through biological fixation. In India very few dual purpose
varieties released for cultivation across the country but no such varieties
found in Karnataka. So with the aim to develop dual purpose variety in
Karnataka, research was carried out at Indian Grassland and Fodder
Research Institute (IGFRI), SRRS, Dharwad using RBD with two
replications. Evaluated segregating generations (F2, F
3, F
4 and F
5) of 13
crosses for 16 quantitative characters. Analysis of variance for the 16
characters revealed the presence of significant genotypic differences
indicating that presence of sufficient variability in the experimental
material. Among 13 crosses, only F3, F
4 and F
5 generations of two
crosses (MFC0912 x BL2 and UPC622 x EC4216) showed higher
Study of genetic variability in early segregating generations of Cowpea(Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) for yield and associated traits
LAKSHMI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. SRIDHAR
genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of
variation (PCV). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as
per cent of mean was noticed for characters viz., plant height, fodder
yield per plant, number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant, length
and stover yield per plant. Screening was done for pest and disease
resistance in different segregating generations (F2, F
3 and F
4) and per
cent infestation on each plant were recorded under natural condition
and averaged. In F2 of DCS471× PGCP12 and DCS471 × PL1 all
plants showed high field resistant for hairy caterpillar. In F3 and F
4
generations of MFC0912 × BL2 and UPC622 × EC4216 crosses
out of 10 families in each cross and in each generation, maximum numbers
of families were in found in resistant category against bean yellow
mosaic virus. Whereas in case of hairy caterpillar maximum number of
families exhibited moderate resistance category.
The present investigation was carried out during 201718 at MARS,
UAS, Dharwad, to identify high yielding and stem rot resistant
groundnut lines caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. The experimental material
comprised of 110 lines (F6 & F
7) and six checks viz., TMV2, Dh86,
GPBD4,GPBD5, AGL 289 and AGL 635, all the lines were evaluated
in sick plot with artificial inoculation of Sclerotium using augmented
design. Stem rot disease exhibited negative significant association with
pod yield per plant, number of mature pods per plant, total number
of pods per plant, shelling (%), test weight and haulm yield. Lines
and parents exhibited high variability for pod yield, oil containt,
shelling per cent, kernel yield per plant, test weight and stem rot
disease. In F6 generation, Dh86 × AGL 22555 and Dh86 × AGL
6352 recorded higher mean value than the checks for traits like number
Evaluation of F6 population for Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. stem rot resistance in
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
MAHANTESH NARAGATTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. V KENCHANAGOUDAR
of matured pods per plant, pod yield per plant, shelling percentage,
test weight and oil content. Similarly in F7 generation, Dh86 × AGL
6352 were found superior over checks for all the traits except for oil
content and TMV2 × AGL 1683 found superior than the checks for
all the traits except for SMK per cent. In F6 generation five lines
(TMV2 × AGL 1683, Dh86 × AGL 6352, TMV2 × AGL 6352,
GPBD4 × AGL 23892 and Dh86 × AGL 6357) showed highly
disease resistant reaction (4.5 to 9.54 PDI), similarly in F7 generation
(TMV2 × AGL 1683, TMV2 × AGL 6352, TMV2 × AGL 1088,
TMV2 × AGL 23891 and Dh86 × AGL 6357) lines exhibited
highly resistant reaction (1.20 to 6.25 PDI). The lines identified for
disease resistance in both the generations were TMV2 × AGL 1683,
TMV2 × AGL 6352, and Dh86 × AGL 6352.
32
The present investigation entitled “Genetic diversity studies for
productivity related traits in germplasm collections of rabi sorghum
[Sorghum bicolor (L.) moench]” was conducted at the Regional
Agricultural Research Station, Vijayapur during rabi season, 2017
18 and the soil type is medium black. The experiment was laid out
in a Augmented design with five blocks consisting of 220 genotypes
of sorghum. Analysis of variance revealed that highly significant
variation for all the traits except for relative chlorophyll content at
flowering, internodal length, panicle breadth and harvest index
indicating greater variability in the existing material. High phenotypic
and genotypic coefficient of variation was observed for characters
viz., relative chlorophyll content at physiological maturity, panicle
length, panicle weight, grain yield per plant, fodder yield per plant.
High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of
mean was observed for relative chlorophyll content at physiological
Genetic diversity studies for productivity related traits in germplasm collectionsof rabi Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]
MANJUNATH KAMBLE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. G. PARAMESHWARAPPA
maturity, plant height and panicle length suggested these traits
they can be improved through direct selection. Grain yield per
plant was recorded highly significant and positively correlated
with days to 50 per cent flowering, days to physiological maturity,
plant height, number of leaves per plant, panicle breadth, panicle
weight and 100 seed weight. Among different characters under
study, direct and positive effect contributed traits are viz., days to
50 per cent flowering, relative chlorophyll content at flowering,
internodal length, panicle length, panicle breadth, panicle weight,
fodder yield per plant and harvest index. Study of genetic
divergence revealed a high inter cluster distance between clusters
VII and XII. Characters like plant height, fodder yield per plant
and panicle weight contributed maximum towards genetic
divergence these traits can be used for improving of yield in rabi
sorghum crop improvement programmes.
In the present study 20 inbred lines were selected based on their per seperformance and varied level of resistance and crossed to three diversetesters CMlll, GPM549 and GPM581 in line x tester mating designto produce 60 single cross hybrids. These test cross hybrids wereevaluated along with three hybrids checks in 7 x 9 alpha lattice design(0, 1) for their combining ability, heterosis, association among traitsand disease reaction against turcicum leaf blight. Analysis of variancesuggested significance difference among the hybrids for all the studiedtraits. Estimates of genetic component of variance revealed that SCAvariance was higher than GCA variance for all the studied traits exceptdays to 50 per cent tasseling, days to 50 per cent silking, plant heightand ear height. Higher magnitude of SCA variance indicate thepredominance role of nonadditive gen action for the trait. Analysis ofcombining ability showed that lines TLB6, TLB9, TLB18 andTLB19 had high significant gca effects for yield or yield related traits.
Genetic studies on combining ability and heterosis in Maize (Zea mays L.) with special reference toturcicum leaf blight [Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard and Suggs.]
L. NANDAN PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. M. KACHAPUR
Among the sixty hybrids, GH1628, GH1654 and GH1641 recordedhighest significant sca effects for grain yield. Based on per se performanceGH1622, GH1628, GH1614 and GH1654 were top performinghybrids for grain yield. Correlation study revealed that grain yield wassignificantly correlated with days to 50 per cent silking, cob length, cobgirth and hundred grain weight in positive direction at genotypic level.Among the lines, TLB3 and TLB16 when used as female parentproduced resistant hybrids irrespective of the tester whereas hybridsGH1622, GH1641, GH1615 and GH1625 had high per seperformance for grain yield and showed resistance against turcicum leafblight. In the current study, GH1622 was a promising hybrid identifiedwith highest grain yield (72.08 q/ha) and exhibiting significant positiveheterosis over local check GPMHllO1 (62.92%) and national checkNK6240 (37.11%) and numerically superior over private check900 M (19.03%) and showing resistance against turcicum leaf blight.
The present investigation was carried out at the Main AgriculturalResearch Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad duringKharif and rabi-summer 201718 to assess genetic variability, identifysuperior confectionery segregants and study selection response in F
2
and F3 generations in four crosses of groundnut. There was significant
differences among segregants in F3 generation for various traits indicating
greater variability. Higher genotypic and phenotypic coefficient ofvariation, high heritability coupled with high genetic advance over meanwere observed for 100 seed weight, pod yield per plant and kernel yieldper plant. The association between various confectionery traits were indesirable direction suggesting the possibility of developing the superiorconfectionery types. Oleic and linoleic acid exhibited significant negativeassociation (0.94). The association of oil and protein content with podyield showed no tradeoffs, suggesting the possibility of simultaneous
Variability and selection response studies in early segregating generation forconfectionery traits in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
MAHALAXMI KYATAPPA KORANNAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. KAVERA BIRADAR
improvement of pod yield either with high oil or protein content.Hundred seed weight exhibited significant positive association withpod yield per plant (0.50). Intergeneration correlation between F
2 and
F3 generation revealed nonsignificant association for the traits number
of pods per plant and pod yield per plant. Significant selection differentialwas observed between F
3 and SSD for hundred seed weight, kernel
yield per plant, pod yield per plant in all crosses except JSP 39 × GM61 cross. Higher number of transgressive segregants for confectionerytraits were identified from the cross ICGV 06189 × GM 6000. Twosegregants i.e., 15 and 5 of ICGV 06189 × GM 43 and JSP 39 × GM61 cross, respectively exhibited desirable confectionery attributes viz.,higher hundred seed weight (78.12 ; 75.19 g), low oil content(46.01 ; 45.53 %) and higher protein content (30.54 ; 29.30 %), withnormal O/L ratio.
33
A study on morphological characterization of 118 germplasm lines
along with four checks viz., DC IS, DC 16, DCS 471 and C 152 was
undertaken during summer 2017. The investigation revealed that,
characterization in cowpea can be possible using morphological traits
like flower colour, angle of pod attachment, anthocyanin pigmentation,
pubescence etc., compared to metric traits. High h2 and GAM were
recorded for number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds
per pod and hundred seed weight which will be helpful for practicing
selection. Seed yield and number of pods per plant exhibited high
PCV and GCV, while pod length, number of seeds per pod and 100
seed weight had moderate PCV and low GCV, respectively. Based on
D2 values the total germ plasm were classified into 10 clusters. Among
the seven characters, highest contribution towards diversity was
recorded by seed yield followed by number of pods per plant. The
highest intercluster distance was observed between cluster VII and
Characteriza tion of diverse germplasm lines and bruchid [Callosobrucllus maculatus (F.)] resistancestudies in Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]
A. R.VISHWAS MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. K. DESHPANDE
X followed by the cluster III and X. This helps to choose parents for
crossing to generate favourable variability. The bruchid resistance
studies on 100 F6 lines of the cross OC 615 x Ricebean and 50 F
4
families of different crosses were carried out. Of which, three families
found to be highly resistant, 36 families moderately resistant, 37
families least susceptible, 20 families moderately susceptible and
four families highly susceptible. Whereas, 13, 15, 10, 8 and 4 number
of families belonged to highly resistant, moderately resistant, least
susceptible, moderately susceptible and highly susceptible classes in
F4 families respectively. The top two F
6 and F
4 lines viz., F
6229,
F6 239 and F
42 (GC 3 x rice bean) and F
41 (GC 16 x rice bean) were
found to possess relatively less bruchid infestation and superior in
yield, respectively. These resistant lines need to be further confirmed
for bruchid resistance using biochemical parameters and artificial
infestation studies, in next generation.
An experiment was conducted using 75 accessions of blackgram to
study genetic variability, genetic diversity, characterization for
morphological traits, reaction to powdery mildew and dry root rot
diseases during kharif and rabi season 201718 at the ICARIndian
Institute of Pulses ResearchRegional Research Centre, UAS Campus,
Dharwad. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among
the genotypes for all the studied quantitative characters. Genetic
variability analysis revealed high PCV, GCV, h2bs
and genetic advance as
per cent over mean observations were recorded for plant height, clusters
per plant, pods per plant, seed yield per plant and test weight which
indicated the presence of additive gene action. Mahalanobis D2 statistic
analysis showed considerable genetic diversity and grouped into 12
clusters. Among the clusters, cluster VIII with only one genotype (IPU
917) showed high seed yield per plant, number of pods per plant and
the genotype was late maturing. Cluster II and VI had early flowering
Genetic variability and characterization of Blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) germplasm
D. R. RASHMI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. REVANAPPA
and early maturing genotypes. Clusters III and VII had genotypes with
high test weight. The cluster VI and VIII are most diverse in nature and
the genotypes constituted in these clusters could be used as parents for
hybridization programme. Correlation coefficient analysis revealed
highly significant positive correlation (both phenotypic and genotypic)
for seed yield per plant with number of branches per plant, number of
clusters per plant, number of seeds per pod and number of pods per
plant. Among the morphological traits good level of variations were
observed for terminal leaflet shape, pod pubescence and seed colour.
Out of 75 accessions screened against powdery mildew and dry root
rot disease under natural field condition, the genotypes such as UH99
149, IPU942, IPU99123 and IPU9940 were found to be resistant
to powdery mildew and genotypes such as IPU966, IC16511 and
NO5131 were found to be resistant against dry root rot and these
identified genotypes could be utilized in future breeding programme.
An investigation was carried out in rabi sorghum at the Botany
Garden, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, UAS, Dharwad
during rabi 201718 to study the heterosis and combining ability of
quantitative characters involving seven selected restorers on milo
cytoplasm. The study was also aimed to know the variability among
twenty restorer lines for yield, charcoal rot, shoot fly resistance
and their component traits. Hybrids showed highly significant
differences for all the characters studied. The ratio of GCA and
SCA variance for all the characters was less than unity indicating
the predominance of nonadditive gene action. Majority of the
hybrids also exhibited heterobeltiosis for all the traits In all the 10
characters studied confirming predominance of nonadditive gene
action. The cross IS 22720 × IS 27887 exhibited highly significant
positive sca effect for grain yield. On the basis of per se performance,
Heterosis and combining ability studies involving restorers on milo sourceof male sterility in rabi Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]
BASAVARADDY B. UMALUTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. D. BIRADAR
exploitable heterosis, sca effects and gene action involved in the
expression of grain yield and its component traits, the combinations
viz., IS 23590 × IS32439, IS 4515 × IS 4698 and IS 22720 × IS
28614 were considered to be the best for heterosis breeding
programme. Among parental lines, IS 22720 and IS 28614 manifested
highest gca effects for majority of yield and its component traits.
The variability among 20 restorers study indicated high values of
PCV, GCV, heritability and GAM for majority traits and identified
best restorers viz., IS 28614, IS 4698 and IS 20743 for both grain
yield and shoot fly resistance. The lines IS 27887 and IS 4698 were
superior for charcoal rot resistance. Overall these results revealed
that there is scope for improvement of restorers either by developing
heterotic gene pools or by conventional recombination breeding
methods.
34
The present investigation was taken up at ARS, Sankeshwar to
elucidate the variability present in the pre selected elite clones of
sugarcane for the component traits of cane and sugar yield and the
amount to which they are heritable under Gluconacetobacter
diazotrophicus association. Further, to assess the correlation and their
direct and indirect effects of different traits on cane and sugar yield,
efforts were also made to identify most responsive genotypes for
improved yield and sugar quality under G. diazotrophicus association.
Important yield contributing traits viz., number of millable canes
(NMC) and single cane weight (SCW) exhibited moderate genotypic
coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation
(PCV) on the other hand high heritability estimates coupled with
high genetic advance as per cent mean. Whereas, the important quality
characters viz., brix per cent, sucrose per cent and commercial cane
sugar (CCS) per cent exhibited low GCV and PCV with high heritability
Studies on genetic enhancement of productivity through specific association withGluconacetobacter diazotrophicus strains in Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)
J. SHRUTHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SANJAY B. PATIL
under G. diazotrophicus association. The association studies under G.
diazotrophicus treatment revealed that the traits viz, SCW, NMC and
cane height were positively associated with cane yield and showed
significantly higher direct effect on cane yield. The quality traits viz.,
brix per cent, sucrose per cent and CCS per cent showed nonsignificant
yet positive association with the cane yield but had a significant
strong positive association among themselves which revealed a strong
indirect effect on improvement of CCS yield. The genotypes viz.,
SNK07680, SNK09293 and SNK09211 found promising under G.
diazotrophicus association with increased cane and sugar yield
combined with complete true non flowering character which is highly
desirable for commercial cultivation. The genotype SNK07360
recorded significantly higher performance for important yield and
quality attributing traits under G. diazotrophicus association than in
control condition.
The success of any breeding programme depends upon the quantum
of genetic variability present in the population and in order to exploit
heterosis choice of suitable parents is an important step. The selection
of parents depends on factors like per se performance of the parents
and their combining ability. Keeping these objectives in view, a study
involving 50 new maize inbreds and their crosses with two testers
was undertaken at the ICARIARI Regional Research Centre, Dharwad
during rabi-2016 to rabi2017. High heritability, GCV, PCV and genetic
advance for grain yield and test weight indicating that, phenotypic
selection could be effective in improvement of such traits and these
traits could be used in early generation selection of inbreds. Inbred
lines DIM304, DIM317, PDM791, PDM4281, DIM311 and
PDM201 revealed significant gcaeffects in desirable direction for
grain yield and yield related traits are likely to transmit their
characteristics to the progeny and can be utilized to develop new
Genetic studies on morpho-physiological traits in newly developed inbred lines of Maize (Zea mays L.)
AYYANNA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. JAYANT SUBRAY BHAT
base population. The crosses LC8376 (2.70), LC8619 (2.42) and
LC8418 (4.07), LC8624 (2.32) displayed high significant sca effects
during kharif 2017and rabi 2017, respectively for grain yield. The
ratio of GCA to SCA variance was less than unity for all the traits
indicating the predominance of that nonadditive gene action in the
expression of these characters. Among the 60 hybrids 47 and 52
hybrids recorded significant positive relative heterosis for grain yield
during kharif2017 and rabi2017, respectively. The mid parental
heterosis revealed that the hybrids had high heterotic effect for the
character studied. None of the hybrids recorded significant positive
economic heterosis but the crosses LC8622, LC8630, LC8624,
LC8611 during kharif2017and LC8519, LC8485 during rabi-2017
recorded high per se, compared to the best check PMH3 and they
should be tested further across multiple locations to assess the
consistency of performance and suitability for commercialization.
Segregating generations of chickpea were evaluated for rust resistance
and yield contributing traits. The F3 generation of a cross BGD 1111
× ICC 1745 was screened against rust disease under artificial
epiphytotic condition during rabi 201617. The variability studies
indicated high values of PCV, GCV, heritability and GAM for the
traits viz., number of branches, pods, seeds per plant, test weight and
seeds yield per plant. Rust score had negative correlation with yield
and yield components. Among the 150 F3 progeny lines, five F
3
progenies (B224, B489, B4, B6 and B86) exhibited low rust score and
high grain yield. These progenies need to be tested for stable
performance in the next generation and they have to be utilized in
future breeding programme. The F4 families of two crosses viz., JAKI
9218 × BGD 103 and JAKI 9218 × BGD 120 were studied for
Evaluation of early segregating generations for rust resistance andyield components in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
N. M. BASAVARAJA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. PATIL
genetic variability and association among yield and yield components.
The variability study indicated high to moderate level of PCV, GCV,
heritability and GAM for majority of the traits in both the crosses.
The association studies indicated that number of pods per plant,
number of seeds per plant and number of primary branches per plant
as an important yield contributing traits in both the crosses. Hence,
these traits must be given due importance for improving yield in
chickpea. The superior transgressive segregants for erect plant stature,
high grain yield were observed in both crosses and for bold seeded
type in cross JAKI 9218 × BGD 103. The superior F4
segregants
identified for yield and its component traits are need to be further
tested for their superiority by testing for their stability across
environments.
35
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
Present investigation was carried out to develop and evaluate induced
mutants for superior productivity traits and resistance to foliar diseases
in groundnut. M0 seeds of IL 3 and IL 4 were mutagenized with
gamma rays (200 Gy and 300 Gy) and sodium azide (2 mM and 3
mM). The M1 seeds were sown during postrainy season 2015 at
IABT garden (E115), MARS, UAS, Dharwad. In M1 population,
increasing dose of gamma rays led to reduction in germination and
increase in lethality. But the increasing dose of sodium azide resulted
in increased germination. The M2 generation was raised during the
rainy season of 2016. Both IL 3 and IL 4 recorded the score of 5 for
ELS and 3 for LLS. ELS score ranged from 3 to 6 for both IL 3 and IL
4 derived mutants. LLS score ranged from 2 to 4 in IL 3 derived
mutants and 1 to 4 in IL 4 derived mutants. In IL 3 and IL 4, the
Induced mutagenesis in the introgression lines to improve resistance to foliar diseasesand productivity in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
PUSHPESH JOSHI MAJOR ADVISIOR: Dr. RAMESH BHAT
mutation frequency increased with increase in concentration of the
mutagens and mutagenic effectiveness decreased with increase in dose
of the mutagens individually and in combination. IL 3, IL 4 and their
selected mutants were subjected to ddRADSeq to discover SNPs
and copy number variations (CNVs). Number of SNPs varied from 2
to 12 in IL 3 derived mutants and 1 to 9 in IL 4 derived mutants. Total
86 M3 lines were evaluated during postrainy season 2016. Genotypes
showed significant difference for majority of traits except for sound
mature kernel weight percentage. All the M3 lines and parents showed
resistant type of allele at all the foliar disease resistancelinked marker
loci. Four IL 3 derived M3 lines were found superior for productivity
over parent and can be tested under multilocations for variety
development.
The present study aimed at developing backcross and straight
cross lines resistant to late leaf spot (LLS) and rust in groundnut.
Widely adapted but susceptible varieties, JL 24 and TMV 2 were
used as recurrent parents, while introgression lines, IL 1and IL 2
were used as donors. Various generations (F2,
BC1F
1, BC
2F
1, BC
3F
1,
BC1F
2, BC
2F
2 in JL 24
× IL 1 and JL 24 × IL 2; BC
3F
1, BC
4F
1,
BC1F
2, BC
2F
2, BC
2F
3, BC
3F
2, BC
1F
3, F
4 and F
5 in TMV 2 × IL 1 and
TMV 2 × IL 2) were developed and the generations previously
developed in the Department were advanced during the postrainy
season of 2015, rainy season of 2016 and postrainy season of
2016 at IABT Garden (E115) of Main Agricultural Research
Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Eleven and
Marker assisted transfer of resistance to late leaf spot and rust from introgression lines to JL 24 andTMV 2 varieties of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
H. M. RAGASHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAMESH S. BHAT
four F4 lines of TMV 2 × IL 1 and TMV 2 × IL 2 were raised in a
replicated trial during the postrainy season of 2016, and evaluated
for LLS and rust resistance, productivity and agronomic traits.
These lines were checked for the type of allele at the marker loci
IPAHM103, GM2079 and G0340445 (linked to only rust
resistance), and GM2301 (linked to both LLS and rust resistance).
Line 251 had desirable alleles (resistant allele like IL 1) at all the
four marker loci. Five lines, 251, 281, 342, 171 and 201 were
foliar disease resistant and productive with 63.5, 58.8, 67.45, 65.1
and 71.16 per cent increase in the yield, respectively over the
check (TMV 2). These promising foliar diseaseresistant and
productive lines may further be tested for variety development.
Sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani) is a serious disease of rice causing
significant yield losses (550%) globally. Tetep, an indica rice line, is a
source of resistance to blast as well as sheath blight. The present study
was conducted during 201517 in Department of Biotechnology,
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to identify plants in BC1F
2
(Tetep × BPT5204) and F2 (Tetep × BPT5204NIL18) generation
introgressed with QTL qSBR111 for sheath blight resistance and blast
resistance genes (Pi1, Pi2 and Pi54). Among 106 BC1F
2 plants,
genotyped with flanking markers RM224 and Sbq33, 25 plants were
found to be introgressed with qSBR111. Among 113 F2 plants,
genotyped with tightly linked markers RM224, AP56595 and RM206,
60 plants found to be introgressed with different combination of blast
resistance genes (Pi1, Pi2 and Pi54) and qSBR111. Two plants were
found to possess all the three blast resistance genes and qSBR111.
Chisquare analysis for both the population showed the Mendelian
Marker assisted selection for blast and sheath blight disease resistance QTLs inRice variety BPT 5204
ASHISH CHAUHAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. K. PRASHANTHI
segregation ratio of 1:2:1 which indicated the goodness of fit. F2:3
families
pyramided with different Pi genes and qSBR111 combination were
screened against R. solani which showed resistance and moderate
resistance with a range of Relative Lesion Height from 360 per cent.
Crossing programme was initiated to generate prebreeding material for
sheath blight resistance by utilizing landraces. Landrace Nizam shait
and Bidar local2 were resistant (Relative Lesion Height 1218%).
Zhadgi, Jigguvaratigga and Jaddu showed moderate resistance and better
resistance than resistant check, Tetep. Polymorphic marker survey
was carried out between resistant landraces and susceptible variety
BPT5204 and BPT5204NIL18. Among 117 SSR markers screened,
79 markers were found polymorphic and 20 markers were found to be
highly polymorphic. The polymorphic markers RM337, RM251 and
RM279 were used for confirmation of F1’s from cross Jigguvaratigga ×
BPT5204NIL18 and Jaddu × BPT5204NIL18.
36
The present study was conducted at IABT, UAS, Dharwad to
understand the bacterial community composition and structure of
Striga infested and Striga suppressive soils. In the fields near
Yaragatti village of Belgaum district, sugarcane crop was highly
infested with Striga, however some part of area was free from Striga.
Such soil samples were collected during the kharif season in the
year of 2015. PCR DGGE molecular finger printing followed by
16S rDNA sequencing was applied to distinguish between Striga
infested and Striga suppressive soil samples. The DNA isolated
from two soil samples was of good quality with no visual shearing
and the average yield of DNA obtained was in the range of 3 to 4 μg
per gram of soil sample with a ratio of 1.60 1.68 at 260/280 nm
measured using the Nanodrop ND 1000 spectrophotometer. Two
sets of primers PRBA 338F PRUN 518R and E783 F E926 R
with GC clamps were used for PCR based DGGE and DGGE
Metagenomic analysis of rhizosphere soils of Sugarcane grown inStriga suppressive and Striga infested soils
B. V. RAJASHEKHAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. S. JAGADEESH
analysis concluded that the bacterial diversity varied at different
depth levels of soil sampling. High range weighted richness was
observed in both the soil samples indicating the presence of very
habitable environment with a broad carrying capacity. The bacterial
diversity present in the Striga suppressive and Striga infested soil
samples was analysed using the targeted amplicon sequencing
technology on Illumina MiSeq platform and found that phyla
Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were more abundant in both the
soil samples. Higher prevalence of Bacillus, Steptomyces,
Paenibacillus, Methylobacterium, and Brevibacillus was observed
in Striga suppressive soil in comparison with Striga infested soil
indicating probable role of these organisms in Striga weed
suppression and plant growth promotion associated with sugarcane.
The study provides the way for development of consortia of genera
such as Paenibacillus and Brevibacillus for controlling Striga.
A laboratory experiment was carried out during 201718 at Plant
tissue culture laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of
Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. The
present research work was designed to study in vitro callus induction
and regeneration potential of wheat cultivars of local importance.
HD 2888, UAS 304, UAS 347, UAS 334 and DWR 162 wheat
varieties were used in the present study. Ten different treatments
were used for callus induction. Maximum callus induction frequency
of 100 per cent for UAS 304 and DWR 162 observed at 4 mg/l and
5 mg/l of 2, 4D. Similarly, highest callus weight of 166.86 mg in 2,
4D at 4 mg/l was observed in UAS 304 genotype. With this
concluded that, the use of 2, 4D at 4 mg/l and 5 mg/l was the best
concentration for callus induction in the present study. Total five
different treatments used for regeneration. Maximum regeneration
In vitro regeneration studies in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
C. MADHUSHEKHAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. P. BIRADAR
of 95.2 per cent for DWR 162 was observed at 5 mg/l of zeatin.
Highest of 7.6 and 6 shoots per callus was observed in media
containing zeatin at 5 mg/l for DWR 162 and UAS 304 respectively.
With this concluded that use of zeatin at 5 mg/l was the best
treatment for regeneration in the present study. Out of three
treatments, the root initiation rate was higher in IBA at 0.5 mg/l
followed by IAA at 0.5 mg/l in DWR 162 and HD 2888, respectively.
UAS 304 and DWR 162 performed well for regeneration through
callus induction. These genotypes can be used for genetic
transformation studies in future. Here it was understood that in the
presence of Roundup at nine different concentrations (10 ml/l to
0.01 ml/l), callus failed to regenerate into shoots in the best
regeneration media for the genotype UAS 304. In future, studies on
selection for herbicide tolerance in UAS 304 can be explored further.
Two hundred and twenty Dharwad Hirsutum Barbadense
Recombinant Inbred (DHBR) lines of F13
generation derived from
cross between Gossypium hirsutum var. DS28 and Gossypium
barbadense var. SBYF425 were evaluated in augmented design II at
the Main Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad during kharif
201718. Higher genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation
was recorded for seed cotton yield. Moderate to high heritability
was recorded for all studied traits. High genetic advance over mean
was recorded for number of monopodia and seed cotton yield.
DHBR86 (3,787.04 kg ha1, 30.3g tex1), DHBR143 (2,524.69 kg
ha1, 33.30 g tex1), DHBR149 (2,024.94 kg ha1, 33.50 g tex1) were
recorded promising for both seed cotton yield and fibre quality
traits. Ten and nine transgressive segregants recorded respective
higher seed cotton yield and fibre length over superior checks Sahana
and SBYF425, respectively. These selected lines can be used as a
Identification of QTLs for yield, yield attributing and fibre quality traits intetraploid Cotton
U. M. RAMESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. I. S. KATAGERI
genetic stock for improvement of fibre quality and yield component
traits in cotton. Linkage map was reconstructed using 728
polymorphic markers with 136 RILs data after removing redundant
markers and identical genotypes fromearlier constructedlinkage
mapwith 2188 polymorphic marker in 178 RILs. The reconstructed
linkage map was 4880.1 cM span length with an average marker
interval of 6.49 cMand the map length of each linkage groups ranged
from 32.8 to 633.33 cM. On an average, one linkage group
encompassed about 28 SNP markers that covered an average of
187.69 cM. A total of 49 QTLs were detected on 6 chromosomes,
each explaining 7.55 to 16.06 per cent phenotypic variation with
peak LOD score of 2.50 to 5.04. Out of forty nine, forty four QTLs
detected for yield and yield attributing traits and five QTLs detected
for fibre quality traits. These detected QTLs can be used for marker
assisted selection after validation.
37
Ectoine is an osmolyte that is found in halophilic microorganisms living
in extreme environmental conditions such as high salinity and high
temperature. The genes involved in the biosynthesis of ectoine are
called ectA, ectB and ectC. Transfer of these genes into plant system
can impart the salinity tolerance in plants. Plant transformation with
external gene can be confirmed by PCR and other techniques.
Immunological detection employs the use of specific antibody to
targeted protein. The experiments were conducted in the Institute of
Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences,
Dharwad. In this experiment, scFv antibody clone for ectB protein was
identified. The ectB gene (1374bp) was cloned into prokaryotic
expression vector and expressed in E. coli BL21. The heterologous
expression of ectB protein in E. coli BL21 was confirmed by SDS
PAGE. The histagged protein was purified by using NiNTA columns
and used as antigen for the production of single chain fragment variable
Identification of single chain fragment variable (scFv) antibody clone for salt tolerance ectB protein
T. RAGHU MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NARAYAN MOGER
(scFv) antibody through phage display technology. Four rounds of
biopanning were performed using Tomlinson library and scFv phages
obtained from each round of biopan were screened by Enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The absorbance at 405 nm was high
for scFv phages of fourth biopan. Forty five monoclones were randomly
selected from fourth biopan then screened by ELISA for high specific
scFv antibody clone. The ELISA absorbance was high for scFv antibody
clone pRTNMAB1. The DNA sequence of antibody pRTNMAB1
showed 92 per cent homology with antibody gene synthetic construct
antiidiotypic G1 single chain fragment mRNA (Gen bank: AY374127.1).
The antibody pRTNMAB1 showed high specificity to ectB protein.
The sensitivity test revealed that the scFv antibody pRTNMAB1
detected the ectB protein at the concentration of 10 µg. The developed
antibody can be used for the development of diagnostic kit to detect the
expression of ectB gene in transgenic plants.
Roots are the major part through which plants interact with microbes
by root exudates secretion. Since root exudates contain a mixture of
diverse chemicals, identifying a specific root exudates and the pattern
of exudates expression is need of the hour. In this regard, an attempt
was made to develop a simple and rapid method of root exudates
collection from groundnut seedlings at early stage using white silica
sand as medium of growth. The samples collected by means of
percolation were analyzed using spectrophotometer thereby leading
to determination of number of seedling and its stage required to collect
the root exudates. The results have confirmed that two seedlings per
cup and 12th days after sowing (DAS) are desirable. Root exudates
collected were lyophilized and dissolved with 50 I.d of distilled water
to be used for TLC analysis. TLC analysis were performed for amino
acids, sugars, organic acids and phenols with different spotdeveloper
solutions to identify the number, size and intensity of spots. The
Construction of TLC and LC-MS maps/patterns of root exudates in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
R. KARTHIKEYAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. CHANNARAYAPPA
spots on the TLC plates were visualized~ photographed and relative
mobility values were calculated using densitometer analysis. For high
throughput analysis, samples were subjected to LCMS analysis which
also produced genotype specific maps. The results of LCMS maps
showed several compounds with molecular mass, some of the
compounds were already reported but many required to be
characterized in groundnut root exudates. The results from the above
experiments revealed that existence of genotypic diversity for all
parameters measured and found very unique exudates pattern for
each genotype. The samples were subjected to series of analysis
using spectrophotometer, TLC, Densitometer, LCMS, thereby
leading the results to be correlated between each other. These results
are very useful for constructing genotype specific maps based on
root exudates (biochemical) and further use in establishing correlations
with agronomic traits of interest.
Plants secrete root exudates for various purposes. Its composition is
genotype specific and the expression pattern helps to find the plant
diversity and the role in plant growth and development. During this
investigation, established noninvasive method of root exudates
collection by raising seedlings in a plastic cups filled with silica sand
without addition of nutrients externally. Experimental results revealed
that number of seedlings required was 4 and right growth stage of
seedling to collect sufficient quantity of exudates was 9th days after
sowing (DAS) for analysis. The recycling effect of root exudates (feeding
on its own exudates) was identified by comparing between seedlings of
exudates collected and uncollected using six plant traits. The experiments
confirmed that uncollected plants were healthier than the exudates
uncollected ones, indicating reabsorption of exudates in a nutrient
deficit environment. For concentrating of root exudates, lyophilizer
Construction of TLC and LC-MS maps of root exudates in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedlings
RATHOD BALAJI ULHAS MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. CHANNARAYAPPA
was found more ideal. The possibilities of reviving of seedlings whose
exudates analyzed by TLC/LCMS and selected with desirable traits
for further use in field studies were confirmed. The utility of genotypic
maps constructed from root exudates analyzed by TLC and LCMS
using different cotton genotypes were established. The highresolution
peakspectral maps of 10 cotton genotypes generated by LCMS
analysis were used to construct detailed genotypic maps. These peak
spectral maps were used to identify the presence of number of
biochemicals, its percentage, molecular weights and possible chemical
types in 10 cotton genotypes studied. The genotypic maps constructed
based on TLC and LCMS analysis found having wide applications
such as identification of specific genotype, estimation of total or detection
of specific compounds produced in response to a specific biotic/abiotic
factor(s) and wide uses in crop improvement programs.
38
Rice plant root exudates composition have diverse functions in plantgrowth and development. The noninvasive method of root exudatescollection was carried out by raising seedlings in a plastic cup filledwith sterile silica sand without any nutrient supplements at UAS,Dharwad during 201718. The biochemical analysis was carried outwith determined minimum number of seedlings required to collectsufficient amount of root exudates. Experiments showed that10 riceseedlings per cup were found optimum. The right growth stage of riceseedling to collect sufficient quantity of root exudates was found9thdays after sowing. The recycling effect of root exudates was studiedwith a comparison between collected and uncollected seedlings. Theresults revealed that plant growth performance was higher inuncollected than collected seedlings. Prior to the TLC analysis, sampleswere scanned by spectrophotometer at A280, to make sure biochemicalcompounds of some kind (amino groups) present in samples. Which
Construction of TLC and LC-MS maps of root exudates in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings
H. T. PARAMESHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. CHANNARAYAPPA
helps to avoid the samples without any biochemicals prior to the LC/LCMS analysis.The diluted samples were concentrated bylyophilizer. Experimentally demonstrated the feasibility of revivingseedlings selected after root exudates analysis by TLC/LCMS andfurther utility of same seedlings for field studies. The genotypic mapswere constructed from root exudates, analyzed by TLC using differentrice genotypes. The limitations of use of TLC was overcome byanalyzing the samples in LCMS. The highresolution genotypic mapswere constructed from root exudates analyzed by LCMS, whichgenerated peak spectral maps. A novel technology was developed foridentification of different genotypes based on biochemical patternsobtained from TLC or LCMS analysis and found having wideapplications in crop improvement programmes. These studies couldable to serve as novel method for root exudate collection and itscharacterization, which were not reported earlier prior to these studies.
The investigation was conducted during 201718 at IABT, Universityof Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Ectoine synthase, an iron catalyzedenzyme of the Cupin superfamily of ectoine gene cluster, is beingused by extremophiles to fendoff the detrimental effects of highexternal osmolarity. The bacterial strains of AUDI series were screenedusing 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 per cent salt concentrations. The ectC gene(390 bp) was isolated from AUDI 159 through PCR amplificationusing ectC gene specific primers. The gene was given an Atailing andwas subjected to T/A cloning using pTZ57R/T (2.8 kb) vector. Theligated product was transformed to E. coli JM109 bacteria cells. Therecombinanats were screened using bluewhite colony assay andconfirmed using colony PCR and restriction digestion with BamHIand HindIII. Further, sequencing and a BLASTn showed a similarityof 96 per cent to Bacillus halodurans. The eluted gene was subcloned into pQE30 (3.4 kb) bacterial expression vector and was
Isolation and molecular characterization of ectC gene for salt tolerance and production of scFvmonoclonal antibody for ectC protein
S. LEKSHMI MANASA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NARAYAN MOGER
transformed into E. coli M15. The transformation was confirmedusing colony PCR, restriction digestion and SDSPAGE (15.5 kDa).Histag purified ectC protein was used as antigen for antibodyproduction. Tomlinson library was amplified using E. coli TG1 cellsand was infected with M13K07 helper phage. The selection of elutedphages carrying antibody against ectC protein was done by biopanning.The phages isolated of fourth round of biopanning were amplifiedand ELISA was performed for monoclonal antibody selection.Sensitivity and specificity tests were done for validation. Thephagemid from monoclonal antibody clones were subjected to PCRusing scFv gene specific primers and restriction digestion using NotIand SfiI, which released a fragment of size 831 bp. The sequencedantibody clones were in-silico translated. Further, BLASTp resultsshowed a similarity of 95 per cent to scFv antibody, partial (Homosapiens), thereby confirming the production of antibody.
The present study was conducted to develop new mapping populationtowards mapping of resistance to Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus(MYMV) and to validate molecular markers reported to be linkedwith MYMV resistance. Crosses were made between agronomicallysuperior but MYMV susceptible green gram variety DGGV2 andMYMV resistant variety IPM214. A total of 24 simple sequencerepeat markers were used to detect the polymorphism between DGGV2 and IPM214. Only two markers viz., CEDG305 and CEDG 115were found to be polymorphic between these parents. The F
1s were
confirmed by polymorphic markers and the confirmed F1s were
allowed for self pollination to obtain F2. The F
2 population having
size of 260 individuals was evaluated for MYMV infection undernatural field conditions. The F
2 population has recorded the segregation
pattern of 3: I (202 susceptible: 58 resistant) as phenotypic ratio and1: 2 :1 as genotypic ratio for the markers CEDG305 and CWG 115
Development of mapping population and identification of molecular markersassociated with MYMV resistance in Mungbean
B. N. ABHILASH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUMA MOGALI
implying that resistance to MYMV in IPM214 is governed bysingle recessive gene. Single marker analysis revealed that themolecular markers CEDG305 and CEDG 115 are associated withMYMV resistance with a phenotypic variance of 24.47 and10.31 per cent, respectively. The PCV and GCV estimates wererecorded highest for single plant yield (29.97 and 27.63 %) amongtraits studied. Number of pods per plant exhibited highest heritability(92.52 %). Genetic advance over mean value was high for single plantyield (5,2.48 %). The coefficient of infection was negatively correlatedwith yield (0.387) and yield contributing traits whereas single plantyield was positively correlated with yield and yield contributing traits.The F
2 plants 77, 160, 183, 191, 207, 228 60 and 87 recorded lowest
coefficient of infection with moderate yield. These genotypes can beeffectively utilized in downstream breeding programmes aimed atreleasing high yielding mungbean variety with MYMV resistance.
39
In the present investigation, ten bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)genotypes were used to dissect out heat tolerance mechanisms indifferent genetic backgrounds by evaluating them under heat stressand control condition in RCBD at the All India Coordinated ResearchProject for wheat improvement UAS, Dharwad, during rabi 2017.Four out of ten genotypes namely HD3090, HD2864, HI977 andDBW14 were used to produce heat tolerant hybrids by combiningdifferent traits responsible for stress tolerance and to examine theirmagnitude of gene action using half diallele crossing pattern. Traitslike grain yield and kernel weight per spike exhibited high GCV andPCV under both heat stress as well as control condition. Grain yieldexhibited high heritability coupled with high genetic advance overmean under both heat stress as well as nonstress condition. Twodifferent heat stress indices, heat susceptibility index (HSI) and heattolerant index (HTI) were used to identify heat tolerant genotypes.
Molecular breeding for heat tolerance in bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
VINOD KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. A. DESAI
Based on HSI, genotypes namely HD2864, DBW14 and HI8730were found heat tolerant. On the other hand, based on heat toleranceindex (HTI) 2nd WYCYT41 found heat tolerant. Based on per seperformance, sca effects and gca effects of male parent for yield perplant and heat tolerant index, the single cross hybrid namely HD2864× HI977 was found to be superior under heat stress condition. Singlemarker analysis was performed to find out the association of SSRmarkers with morphophysiological traits. Eight SSR markers wereassociated with 12 different morphophysiological traits. It wasinteresting to note that superior hybrid HD2864 × HI977 showedmaximum number of polymorphic markers between its parents, whichfurthermore resulted in pyramiding of more number of heat tolerantQTLs under single genetic background. Segregating generations ofthis cross can be further genotyped to identify superior recombinantsfor heat tolerance.
The present study was carried out to validate previously reportedmarker MBSSR238 in F
2:4 population and to generate prebreeding
material using powdery mildew susceptible and resistant source. Theone hundred and one F
2:4 families derived from the cross DGGV2 ×
TARM1, were evaluated using augmented design in rabi season of2017, in IABT Garden of MARS, UAS, Dharwad. Individual F
2:4
plants were screened for powdery mildew response by artificialinoculation. Sixty five families showed moderately resistant reaction tothe disease, thirty one families were rated as moderately susceptibleand five families were susceptible to the disease. Genetic variabilityparameters were estimated for all the yield related traits. Heritability inbroad sense and genetic advance as per cent over mean were high formean seed yield, number of seeds per plant, number of pods per plantand number of seeds per pod. Per cent disease index was negativelycorrelated with yield related traits. Cosegregation analysis and single
Marker assisted breeding for powdery mildew resistance in Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]
S. H. SHWETHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUMANGALA BHAT
marker analysis showed significant association of the marker MBSSR238 with the powdery mildew resistance. F
2:4 lines were selected
which showed moderate resistant reaction to disease, with reasonableyield. These lines can be effectively used in developing powdery mildewresistant varieties. Marker MBSSR238 can be further used in breedingprogramme. To generate prebreeding material for powdery mildewresistance, crosses were performed between green gram variety, DGGV2 and resistant black gram accession, GPM19. Standard crossingtechniques failed to give viable seeds. To recover F
1, embryo rescue
techniques such as ovary culture, ovule culture and embryo culturewere followed. Embryo culture helped to obtain plants and embryosexcised 16 days after pollination showed highest per cent (84.41 %) ofembryo germination. F
1 plants were confirmed using polymorphic
marker (X33) and plants showed lethal symptoms after 2025 days oftransferring to soil, ultimately lead to death of F
1 plants.
AGRONOMY
A field experiment was conducted at UAS, Dharwad in medium blackclay soil during kharif 2016 under rainfed situations to study theproductivity of mungbean as influenced by nutrient ratios of nitrogenand phosphorus. Mungbean cv. DGGV 2 was grown with four ratioswith different levels of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P
2O
5) fertilizers
at a constant potassium fertilizer rate (25 kg K2O ha1). The treatment
which received N/P nutrient ratio of 0.39 [basal application of 8 kg N,39 kg P
2O
5 and 25 kg K
2O ha1 in addition to foliar application of urea
@ 2 % (i.e. 7 kg N ha1) at 30 DAS and foliar application of DAP @ 2%(i.e. 3 kg N and 7 kg P
2O
5 ha1) at 45 DAS] produced significantly
higher seed yield (1,688 kg ha1) and haulm yield (6,080 kg ha1) overcontrol treatment (1,172 kg ha1 and 2,937 kg ha1, respectively) and
Productivity of Mungbean as influenced by nutrient ratios of nitrogen andphosphorus during kharif in northern transition zone of Karnataka
B. K. ADARSH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. LOKANATH H. MALLIGAWAD
recommended nutrient management practices (N/P ratio of 0.50)(25 kg N, 50 kg P
2O
5 and 25 kg K
2O ha1) (1,257 kg ha1 and
4,708 kg ha1, respectively). Threshing per cent did not differ significantlywith respect to different ratios of fertilizers. Total number of podsplant1, pod weight plant1, seed weight plant1 and total dry matterproduction plant1 were higher with the treatment which received N/Pratio of 0.39 over N/P ratios of 0.00 (0 kg N, 0 kg P
2O
5 and
0 kg K2O ha1) and 0.50 (25 kg N, 50 kg P
2O
5 and 25 kg K
2O ha1). The
treatment which received N/P ratio of 0.39 produced significantly higherprotein content (24.15%), protein yield (408 kg ha1), uptake of nutrients(80.52 kg N, 20.19 kg P
2O
5 and 48.09 kg K
2O ha1) and higher net monetary
returns (` 61,741 ha1) than all other fertilizer management practices.
40
A field experiment was conducted at the Main Agricultural ResearchStation, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during rabi 201617.It was laid out in split plot design consisting of four row proportion asmain plots viz., wheat mustard (5: 1), wheat mustard (4:1), wheat mustard (3:1), wheat mustard (4:2) and two fertilizer levels as subplotsviz., wheat RDF 100 per cent, wheat RDF 125 per cent along with solewheat and sole mustard. Wheat grain yield (2,942 kg ha1) wassignificantly higher with wheat mustard 5: 1 row proportion. Highermustard seed yield (1,197 kg ha1) was recorded in wheat mustard 4:2row proportion. Application of 125 per cent RDF recorded significantlyhigher wheat grain yield (2,724 kg ha1) and mustard seed yield(1,075 kg ha1). The interaction of wheat mustard 5: 1 with 125 per centRDF recorded significantly higher wheat equivalent yield (4,746 kg ha1)
Nutrient management in Wheat-Mustard intercropping system with different row proportion
K. SHIVAPPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. SUDHA
but it was on par with wheat mustard 5:1 along with 100 per centRDF (4,554 kg ha1), land equivalent ratio (1.35) and area time equivalentratio (2.36) compared to other interactions. Similarly, significant highergross returns (` 1,18,976 ha1), net returns (` 80,910 ha1) and benefitcost ratio (3.13) were obtained with wheat mustard 5:1 row proportionalong with 125 per cent RDF. Different intercropping treatmentsrecorded significantly higher LER and A TER values compared to solecrop treatments. It can be concluded that wheat mustard in 5: 1 rowproportion along with 125 per cent RDF recorded significantly higherwheat equivalent yield (4,746 kg ha1), land equivalent ratio (1.35), areatime equivalent ratio (2.36) and net returns (` 80,910 ha1) in the northerntransition zone of Karnataka. It was on par with wheat mustard 5: 1along with 100 per cent RDF.
A field experimentwas conducted to study the nutrient levels andplant growth regulators on soybean at the Main Agricultural ResearchStation, University of Agricultural Sciences, Oharwad, during kharif2017. The experiment was laidout using randomized complete blockdesign (factorial concept) with 14 treatments including control andreplicated thrice. The treatments consisted of two nutrient levels125% ROF and 100% ROF, six plant growth regulator (PGR) dosages:salicylic acid @ 50 and 100 ppm, ethrel @ 100 and 200 ppm,chlormequatchloride (CCC) @ 250 and 500 ppm; independent control:RPP, without PGR spray and RPP+ KNO
3 @ 1%. PGRs were sprayed
at 25 and 40 DAS. With respect to nutrient levels, application 125%RDF significantly recorded higher growth, yield, quality parametersand nutrient uptake as compared to 100 % ROF and control. Among
Nutrient levels and plant growth regulators on Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrillp]productivity under assured moisture condition
S. M. MANU MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. P. HALAGALIMATH
various PGRs, application of CCC @ 500 ppm recorded significantlylower plant height and higher number of branches, LAI, TDM, relativechlorophyll content, yield and yield parameters, net returns, BC ratiofollowed by ethrel @ 200 ppm as compared other PGRs and control.Within the interaction, application of 125% RDF + CCC @ 500 ppmat 25 and 40 DAS as foliar spray significantly recorded higher numberof leaves per plant (31.30 at 60 DAS), TDM (24.90 g/ plant), relativechlorophyll content (45.83), number of pods per plant (57.26), seedweight per plant (15.10 g), seed yield (26.31 q ha1), net returns(` 64,714) followed by 125 % RDF + ethrel @ 200 ppm as comparedto other treatments and control. Thus, applicationof 125 % RDF +CCC@ 500 ppm recorded highest yield in soybean under assuredmoisture condition followed by 125 % RDF+ ethrel @ 500 ppm.
A field experiment was conducted to investigate the foliar nutrition ofpotassium in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in a Vertisol at theAgricultural Research Station, Nipani, University of AgriculturalSciences, Dharwad during summer, 2017. The experiment was laid outwith 14 treatments, replicated thrice in a randomized complete blockdesign. Treatments differed significantly for groundnut pod yield asinfluenced by foliar potassium nutrition to supplement the recommendeddose of fertilizer (RDF). Foliar application of K
2SO
4 (2%) at 60 days
after sowing (DAS) along with RDF recorded significantly higher podyield (3.4 t ha1) as compared to water spray along with RDF and RDFalone treatments and it was on par with foliar application of KCl (1%)along with RDF (3.1 t ha1). Foliar nutrition of potassium alsosignificantly increased the uptake of major nutrients, oil content and
Foliar nutrition of potassium in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in a vertisol
RAVIKIRAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. S. MATIWADE
net returns (` 1,14,490 ha1 and 1,03,949 ha1, respectively). Irrespectiveof foliar application of K
2SO
4 (2%), either
at
30 or 60 DAS along with
RDF recorded significantly higher oil content (48.37 and 48.35%,respectively) compared to water spray along with RDF and RDF alonetreatments. Foliar application of K
2SO
4 (2%) at 60 DAS along with
RDF recorded significantly higher protein yield (6.2 q ha1) comparedto other treatments. The treatment with foliar application of K
2SO
4
(2%) at 60 DAS along with RDF recorded significantly higher BC ratio(3.73) over other treatments, which was on par with foliar applicationof KCl (1 %) at 60 DAS (3.55). It can be concluded that foliar spray ofeither K
2SO
4 (2%) or KCl (1%) at 60 DAS along with RDF was
advantageous over basal application of RDF alone or any foliar sprayof potassic treatments at 30 DAS along with RDF.
A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2017 on vegetablepigeonpea at the Main Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad,Karnataka. The experiment was laid out in split plot design andconsisted of three planting geometries as main plots, three fertilizerlevels as sub plots and one control. TS3R was grown as vegetablewith recommended practices followed for grain purpose. The planting
Planting geometry and nutrient management in vegetable Pigeonpea
SHAHANA BEGUM MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GANAJAXI MATH
geometry of 120 × 20 cm recorded significantly higher green podyield (11.38 t ha1) and net returns (` 2,94,376 ha1) compared toothers. The number of green pods plant1 (150.69), moisture (76.80%),protein (7.74%) and in vitro protein digestibility (76.08%) weresignificantly higher under 150 × 20 cm over others. Among the fertilizerlevels, 31.25: 62.5 kg N: P
2O
5 ha1 resulted in significantly higher
41
A field experiment was conducted during summer 2017 to study theeffect of weed management practices in sesame during summer underirrigation at the Main Agricultural Research Station, University ofAgricultural Sciences, Dharwad. The experiment was laid out inRandomized Complete Block Design with three replications comprisingeight treatments. The treatments consisting of pre emergence herbicidessuch as pendimethalin 38.7 % CS and pendimethalin 30 % EC with onehand weeding (HW) at 30 DAS, pendimethalin 38.7 % CS alone andpost emergence herbicides such as imazethapyr 10 % SL and chlorimuron25 % EC, weed free and weedy check (irrigation scheduled at 0.8 IW/CPE ratio in all treatments except control). The results revealed that,application of pendimethalin 38.7 % CS @ 1 kg a.i. ha1 as PREapplication + HW at 30 DAS was found most effective weedmanagement practice in summer sesame under irrigation and also recorded
Weed management in Sesame during summer season under irrigation
ABHISHEK BASAPPA ONKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. ANGADI
significantly lower number of weeds m2 (5.32, at harvest), total drymatter of weeds m2 (4.97 g, at harvest) and higher weed control efficiency(65.10%, at harvest) than other treatments. Similarly, significantly highernumber of capsule per plant (54.00), test weight (2.83 g), seed yield(831.00 kg ha1), stalk yield (3645.33 kg ha1) and harvest index (18.50%),net returns (` 27,103 ha1) and BC ratio (2.05) were recorded inpendimethalin 38.7 % CS @ 1 kg a.i. ha1 as PRE application + HW at30 DAS as compared to other treatments. The significantly higherwater productivity (0.29 kg m3) was recorded with weed free conditionand followed by pendimethalin 38.7 % CS @ 1 kg a.i. ha1 as PREapplication + HW at 30 DAS (0.25 kg m3). The results indicated that,application of pendimethalin 38.7 % CS @ 1 kg a.i. ha1 as PREapplication + HW at 30 DAS was found superior to control weeds insesame under irrigation.
green pod yield (11.35 t ha1) and net returns (` 2,93,360 ha1)compared to others. The number of green pods plant1 (134.94),moisture (74.92%), protein (7.43 %), in vitro protein digestibility(76.21%) and fat (0.98%) contents were also significantly higherwith 31.25: 62.5 kg N: P
2O
5 ha1 over others. Among the interactions,
the green pod yield ha1 (11.98 t ha1) and net returns (` 3,12,206 ha1)
were significantly higher under 120 × 20 cm with 31.25: 62.5 kgN: P
2O
5 ha1 and it was on par with 120 × 20 cm with 25: 50 kg N:
P2O
5 ha1 and 90 × 20 cm with 31.25: 62.5 kg N: P
2O
5 ha1 compared
to others. Thus it can be concluded that the planting geometry of120 × 20 cm and fertilizer level of 31.25: 62.5 kg N: P
2O
5 ha1 was best
for vegetable pigeonpea in Dharwad.
A field experiment on the effect of seed treatment and foliar applicationof nano ZnO on Bt cotton was conducted at the Main AgriculturalResearch Station, Dharwad, during 201718 in split plot design withthree main treatments (S
1: seed treatment with chelated ZnSO
4 @
4 g kg1 seeds, S2: nano ZnO @ 1 g kg1 seeds and S
3: seed priming with
1000 ppm nano zinc solution), four subplot treatments {Foliarapplication of nano ZnO @ 500, 750, 1000 and 1250 ppm at squaringand flowering stage (SFS)} and three uneven control (C
1: RDF +
FYM + 0.5% EDTA ZnSO4 foliar application twice at SFS, C
2: C
1 +
seed treatment with Fe, Zn, Mg and Mn @ 4 g each kg1 seed and C3
: Only RDF + FYM @ 5.0 t ha1) treatments replicated thrice.Among seed treatments, higher seed cotton yield, lint yield and seedyield (2.84, 1.02 and 1.81 t ha1, respectively) were recorded withnano ZnO seed treatment @ 1 g kg1 than other seed treatments.Among different foliar spray concentrations, foliar application of
Response of Bt Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to seed treatment and foliar application of nano zinc
N. PRUTHVI RAJ MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. P. CHANDRASHEKARA
nano ZnO @ 1000 ppm recorded higher seed cotton yield, stalk yield(2.71 and 6.96 t ha1, respectively), plant height, sympodial branches,total number of bolls and boll weight than other concentrations.Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive Xray resultsrevealed that, the per cent atomic weight of basic, primary, secondary,micro and functional nutrient elements were higher with foliarapplication of nano ZnO @ 1250 ppm than other concentrations.Among all interactions, higher seed cotton yield, stalk yield (3.22 and7.52 t ha1, respectively), fibre strength (31.9 g tex1), uptake ofnitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (151.6, 45.7, 181.1 kg ha1,respectively), iron, manganese, zinc, gross returns (` 1,56,241 ha1),net returns (` 88,128 ha1) and BC ratio (2.3) were recorded with seedtreatment with nano ZnO @ 1 g kg1 seeds in combination with foliarapplication of nano ZnO @ 1000 ppm twice at SFS (best treatment)than recommended practices.
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the production potentialof chickpea and mustard intercropping system under different rowratio. It was laid out in randomized block design with three replicationsduring rabi 2017 at the Main Agricultural Research Station, UAS,Dharwad. The experiment comprised of eight combinations ofchickpea and mustard intercropped treatments (2:1, 3:1, 3:3, 4:2, 4:4,5:1, 6:2 and 8:2) and two sole crops (chickpea and mustard). Chickpea+ mustard at 8:2 row ratio realised higher grain yield (1,610 kg ha1),haulm yield (1,890 kg ha1) growth and yield parameters of chickpea.Higher chickpea equivalent yield (1,948 kg ha1), land equivalent ratio(1.16) and area time equivalent ratio (1.12) was recorded in 8:2 rowratio of chickpea and mustard and was on par with 6:2 row ratio.
Production potential of Chickpea and mustard intercropping system under different row ratio
RAMARAO MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. T. CHANDRANATH
However, sole chickpea recorded higher grain yield (1,749 kg ha1)and harvest index (46.5%). With respect to mustard, 4:4 row ratiorecorded higher seed yield (1,128 kg ha1) as compared to otherintercropping treatments and found on par with chickpea + mustardat 3:3 row ratios. However, sole mustard recorded significantly higherseed yield (1,723 kg ha1). Oil content of mustard did not show anysignificant difference. Significantly higher oil yield was recorded withsole mustard (606.0 kg ha1). Higher net returns (` 53,706 ha1) and B:C ratio (2.66) were realised with 8:2 row ratio of chickpea + mustardand was on par with 6:2 row ratio with net returns of ` 51,346 ha1
and BC ratio 2.64 over other intercropping treatments. Chickpea +mustard at 8:2 ratio found to be most profitable for getting higher yields.
42
A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 201718 at
the College of Agriculture, Vijayapur in medium black soils to study
the performance of castor (Ricinus communis L.) based millets
intercropping systems under rainfed conditions. The experiment
consists of 11 treatments viz. castor intercropped with pearl millet,
finger milllet, foxtail millet, little millet and proso millet in 1:2 row
proportion and their respective sole crops. Sole castor recorded
significantly higher grain yield (2,416 kg ha1) than the other
intercropped castor while, the lowest grain yield (1,454 kg ha1) was
recorded in castor + pearl millet intercropping system. Among
intercrops sole foxtail millet recorded higher grain yield (2,431 kg ha1).
Significantly higher castor equivalent yield (CEY) was recorded in
castor + little millet (3,325 kg ha1) and was on par with castor +
Studies on Castor (Ricinus communis L.) based millets intercropping systems under rainfed conditions
N. PRAJWAL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. KALAGHATAGI
foxtail millet (3,159 kg ha1) while lowest CEY was observed in castor +
pearl millet (2,003 kg ha1). Significantly higher land equivalent ratio
(LER) and area time equivalent ratio (ATER) were recorded in castor +
little millet (1.58 and 1.27, respectively). Higher dry matter accumulation
was noticed in sole castor (379.41 g plant1) compared to other
intercropped castor. Significantly lower semilooper incidence and
capsule borer damage was observed in castor + foxtail millet (9.66
larvae plant1 and 8.79%, respectively) where as sole castor favored
higher incidence of semilooper and capsule borer damage (14.23 larvae
plant1 and 16.84%, respectively) as it favoured the pest attack.
Significantly higher gross returns (` 1,16,372 ha1), net returns (` 78,720
ha1) and BC ratio (3.09) were recorded in castor + little millet and this
intercropping system is more remunerative over sole crop.
Nutrient management practices in Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.)
PRAVEENAKUMAR B. BANACHOD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. H. HOSAMANI
A field experiment was conducted during the kharif season 2017 at
the Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural
Sciences, Dharwad to study the nutrient management practices in
sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The experiment consisted of
two levels of RDF (L) as first factor (L1: 75 per cent RDF,
L2: 100 per cent RDF), two phosphorus biofertilizer (B) as second
factor (B1: seed treatment with PSB, B
2: Soil, application of VAM)
and Foliar spray of potassium fertilizers (F) as third factor
F1: KNO
3 @ 0.5% spray at 45 DAS, F
2:KNO
3 @ 1% spray at 45
DAS, F3:MOP @ 1% spray at 45 DAS) with one control (RDF
only) and was laid out in randomized block design (factorial concept)
with three replications. The results revealed that combined
application of 100 per cent RDF, phosphorus biofertilizer and foliar
application of KNO3 @ 1.00 per cent at 45 DAS (L
2B
2F
2) recorded
higher grain yield (2,203 kg ha1), stalk yield (3,797 kg ha1), seed
weight per plant (86.33 g), 100seed weight (4.95 g), head diameter
(13.81 cm), plant height (197.29 cm), leaf area index (1.56), total
dry matter production (72.14 g plant1l) and higher oil yield
(896 kg ha1). It also recorded higher net returns (` 41,195 ha1) and
BC ratio (2.15). However, it was on par with the application of
100 per cent RDF or 75 per cent RDF and soil application of VAM
or seed treatment of PSB at 20 g per kg or soil application of 12 kg
VAM per hectare and along with foliar application of KNO3 @
1.00 per cent with respect sunflower growth, yield and economics.
Application of 75 per cent RDF along with seed treatment of PSB
at 20 g per kg or soil application of 12 kg VAM per hectare and
foliar spray of 1 per cent KNO3 at 45 DAS was found suitable for
kharif sunflower.
A field experiment was conducted at RARS, Vijayapur during kharif,
2017. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with two
hybrids as main plot and six sowing methods as sub plot treatments
with three replications. The result showed that, among the hybrids,
RSFH1877 recorded significantly higher growth parameters, yield
parameters, seed yield (1,085 kg ha1), stalk yield (2,224 kg ha1),
gross returns (` 42,876 ha1) and net returns (` 19,553 ha1) as
compared to KBSH53. Among the sowing methods, flat bed method
of sowing recorded significantly higher growth parameters, seed
yield (1,267 kg ha1), stalk yield (2,404 kg ha1), gross returns
(` 50,033 ha1), and net returns (` 26,878 ha1). Yield parameters
viz., head diameter (9.88 cm), test weight (4.31 g), no. seeds head1
(645.32) and seed weight head1 (26.43 g) were significantly higher
with 3:1 skip row with furrow opening at 30 DAS. Among the
Influence of sowing methods on performance of Sunflower hybrids under rainfed condition
KRISHNA TUBAKI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. Y. WALI
interactions hybrid RSFH1887 in flat bed method of sowing
recorded significantly higher growth parameters, seed yield
(1,431 kg ha1), stalk yield (2,687 kg ha1), gross returns (` 56,544 ha1)
and net returns (` 33,414 ha1). Yield parameters such as head
diameter (11.23 cm), test weight (4.57 g), number of seeds head1
(725.00) and seed weight head1 (33.13 g) were significantly higher
with RSFH1887 in 3:1 skip row with furrow opening at 30 DAS.
Non significant difference was observed between the hybrids with
respect to soil moisture content at different growth stages. Among
the sowing methods, 3:1 skip row with furrow opening at 30 DAS
recorded significantly higher soil moisture content at 30, 60 DAS
and at harvest. Among the interactions KBSH53 in 3:1 skip row
with furrow opening at 30 DAS recorded significantly higher soil
moisture content at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest.
43
A field experiment was conducted to study the “Effect of post
emergent herbicide tank mixtures on weed control, growth and yield
of maize” at the College of Agriculture, Vijayapur, Karnataka during
kharif 2017. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete
block design with 15 treatments and three replications. The treatments
consisted of postemergence herbicides (atrazine, topramezone,
tembotrione and 2,4D) and their herbicide tank mixtures at their 75%
recommended dose (RD) or 50% RD which were compared with
recommended weed management practice (RWMP) with application
of pre emergence atrazine 1.25 kg ha1 + 1 IC+1 HW. The results
indicated significantly higher grain yield with weed free (6,567 kg ha1)
and RWMP (6,188 kg ha1). Weed free and RWMP were on par with
herbicide tank mixtures viz., topramezone 18.75 g ha1 + 2, 4D 750 g
Effect of post emergent herbicide tank mixtures on weed control, growthand yield of Maize (Zea mays L.)
L. ANJALI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAMESH BABU
ha1 at 75 per cent RD (6,178 kg ha1) and tembotrione 75 g ha1 +
atrazine 750 g ha1 at their 75 per cent RD (6,132 kg ha1). RWMP
recorded significantly lower weed density (8.67 m2), total weed dry
weight (5.21 g m2), higher weed control efficiency (89.55%) and also
recorded significantly higher dehydrogenase activity (4.93 g of TPF
formed g1 soil day1) and it was on par with topramezone 18.75 g ha1
+ 2,4D 750 g ha1 at 75 per cent RD (10.67 m2, 6.32 g m2 and 87.01%,
4.85 g of TPF formed g1 soil day1, respectively). Net returns and
benefit cost ratio were significantly higher with RWMP and they were
on par with topramezone 18.75 g ha1 + 2,4D 750 g ha1 at 75 per cent
RD (` 64,083 ha1 and 2.14, respectively) and tembotrione 75 g ha1 +
atrazine 750 g ha1 at 75 % RD (` 66,124 ha1 and 2.11, respectively)
compared to rest of the treatments.
A field experiment was conducted during rabi 201718 at the College
of Agriculture, Vijayapur, Karnataka. The experiment was carried out
in a split plot design with two main plots comprising of soil moisture
conservation practices and seven sub plots comprising different doses
of growth retardants with three replications. The result showed that
between soil moisture conservation practices, compartment bunding
recorded significantly higher growth parameters viz., plant height
(183.65 cm) at harvest, number of green leaves, dry matter
accumulation plant1, inter nodal length (17.98 cm) and stem diameter.
Whereas, the lower number of nodes plant1 (10.14) and lodging
percentage (14.32) were observed with compartment bunding. Among
growth retardants, Ethrel @ 1,000 ppm significantly reduced plant
height (155.83 cm) at harvest, number of green leaves, inter nodal
length (16.38 cm), lodging per cent (13.12%) and increased dry matter
accumulation plant1, diameter of stem compared to Ethrel @
Response of rabi Sorghum to soil moisture conservation practices and growth retardants
KALLAPPA POOJARI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. B. PATIL
750 ppm. Among interactions, compartment bunding coupled with
Ethrel @ 1,000 ppm, significantly reduced plant height (174.27 cm)
at harvest, inter nodal length (16.13 cm), lodging per cent (9.74 %)
and increased the diameter of stem (13.50 mm). Compartment bunding
recorded higher grain yield (1915 kg ha1), straw yield (2.73 t ha1),
gross returns (` 30,307 ha1) and net returns (` 18,683 ha1) as compared
to flatbed method. Among different doses of growth retardants, Ethrel
@ 1,000 ppm recorded higher panicle weight (68.33 g), panicle
diameter (16.53 cm), grain weight per panicle (34.17 g), grain
yield (1994 kg ha1), gross returns (` 39,870 ha1) and net returns
(` 13,389 ha1) compared to all other treatments. Among the
interactions, higher panicle weight (71.83 g), panicle diameter
(17.60 cm), grain weight per panicle (36.33 g), grain yield (2336 kg ha1),
gross returns (` 46,727 ha1) and net returns (` 26,603 ha1) compared
to all other treatments.
A filed experiment was conducted during kharif 2017 to study the
productivity and quality of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum
Moench) as influenced by genotypes and fertilizer levels at the Main
Agriculture Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences,
Dharwad, Karnataka. The experiment was laid out in a splitplot
design with three replications comprising 24 treatment combinations.
The treatments included two genotypes viz., G1: IC79147 and
G2: PRB1 as main plots with 12 fertilizer levels (N:P
2O
5:K
2O kg ha1)
viz., F1:20:10:0, F
2:20:10:10, F
3:
20:20:0, F
4:20:20:10, F
5:40:10:0,
F6:40:10:10, F
7:40:20:0, F
8:40:20:10, F
9:60:10:0, F
10:60:10:10,
F11
:60:20:0, F12
:60:20:10. The results revealed that genotype
IC79147 recorded significantly higher seed yield (8.07 q ha1) and
grain quality parameters viz., protein content (13.17%), crude fiber
(11.15 %) and poly phenols (8.58 mg 100 g1). Similarly, application
Productivity and quality of Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)as influenced by genotypes and fertilizer levels
MARUTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. U. K. HULIHALLI
of 60:20:10 kg N:P2O
5:K
2O kg ha1 recorded significantly higher
seed (8.47 q ha1) and straw yield (19.23 q ha1). IC79147 genotype
with application of 60:20:10 kg N:P2O
5:K
2O kg ha1 recorded
significantly higher seed yield (9.43 q ha1) and yield attributes viz.,
number of clusters per plant (7.21), seeds per clusters (10.17),
higher 1000 seed weight (25.71 g), net returns (` 30,090 ha1) and
BC ratio (3.11), which was on par with application of F10
and F11
along with IC79147 genotype. PRB1 genotype with 60:20:10 kg
N: P2O
5:K
2O kg ha1 fertility level recorded significantly higher
straw yield (17.01 q ha1) and growth attributes viz., plant height
(102.6 cm), total dry matter production per plant (8.55 g), LAI
(2.15) and number of branches per plant (9.64) at harvest, which
was on par with PRB1 genotype along with F10
and F11
fertility
levels as compared to other interactions.
44
A study on weed management in fodder maize was conducted during
kharif, 2017 on medium deep black soil at the MARS, Dharwad. The
experiment consisted of eight treatments viz., pre emergence
application of atrazine 50 WP @ 1.25 kg a.i. ha1, pendimethalin 30
EC @ 1.0 kg a.i.ha1, oxyfluorfen 23.5 EC @ 0.15 kg a.i. ha1, metribuzin
70 WP @ 0.25 kg a.i. ha1, tank mixture of atrazine 50 WP @ 0.5 kg
a.i. ha1 + pendimethalin 30 EC @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha1, mixed crop maize at
60 kg ha1 + cowpea at 15 kg ha1, weed free check and weedy check.
Oxyfluorfen 23.5 EC @ 0.15 kg a.i. ha1 recorded significantly lower
total weed count, weed dry weight and higher weed control index
(73.50 %) and was at par with tank mix application of atrazine 50 WP
@ 0.5 kg a.i. ha1 + pendimethalin 30 EC @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha1 (T5).
Weed management in fodder Maize
E. SHASHIKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. F. M. DURAGANNAVAR
However, among weed management practices T5 recorded significantly
higher green fodder yield (52.81 t ha1) and dry fodder yield of (13.83
t ha1) as a result of higher palnt hieght (246.3 cm), leaf area (48.27
dm2) and total drymatter production (121.53 g plant1) at harvest.
The T5 also recorded higher crude protien yield (11.12 q ha1), total
ash yield (8.45 q ha1), ether extract yield (4.22 q ha1) and nitrogen
free extract yield (74.20 q ha1). The tank mix application of atrazine
50 WP @ 0.5 kg a.i. ha1 + pendimethalin 30 EC @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha1 (T5)
recorded significantly higher green fodder yield (52.81 t ha1), net
returns (` 57,915 ha1) and B: C (2.57) among the weed management
practices. However, mixed cropping of maize at 60 kg ha1 + cowpea at
15 kg ha1 recorded on par BC ratio (2.36) with T5.
A field experiment was undertaken to optimise organic production
technology for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cv. Sahana at the
Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad, Karnataka during kharif 201718
with 10 treatments, replicated thrice in a randomized block design.
Among the organic treatments application of recommended organic
protocol of UAS, Dharwad (FYM @ 4.5 t ha1 15 days before sowing,
vermicompost @ 1.5 t ha1 at the time of dibbling and 1.5 t ha1 at 60
DAS. Foliar spray of 5 % panchgavya at (40 DAS), (60 DAS) and
(90 DAS) for cotton recorded significantly higher number of bolls
plant1 (21.93) and seed cotton yield (2,412 kg ha1) over the other
treatments, but was on par with application of RDF (60: 30: 30 NPK
kg ha1) through organics (On P equivalent basis i.e. FYM @ 8.5 t ha1)
(19.87 and 2,172 kg ha1) over seed treatment with Azospirillum and
Organic production technology for Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cv. Sahana
BASAVARAJ S. DHAVALGI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. Y. R. ALADAKATTI
foliar application of PPFM at 1% at flowering (60 DAS) and boll
development stage (90 DAS) + basal application of neem cake at
250 kg ha1+ intercropping with sunhemp and in situ mulching/
incorporation before flowering (18.87 and 2,010 kg ha1). Significantly
lower bolls plant1 (14.40) and seed cotton yield ha1 (957 kg ha1)
were recorded with absolute control. Fibre quality parameters of
organic cotton did not differ significantly due to application of organics
or inorganics except for fibreelongation. The highest net returns
(` 59, 638 ha1) and benefit cost ratio (1.93) were recorded with
application of RDF (60: 30: 30 NPK kg ha1) through organics which
were on par with recommended organic protocol of UAS, Dharwad
for cotton (` 57, 874 and 1.73, respectively) and hence were best over
the other treatments.
The field experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture,
Vijayapur during kharif 2017. The experiment was laid out in
randomized complete block design with three replications and 14
treatments. The treatments consisted of different post emergent
herbicide tank mixtures involving Imazethapyr with either
Quizalofopethyl or Propaquizafopethyl or Fenoxapropethyl
or Fluazifopbutyl at their 75 per cent or 50 per cent of their
recommeneded dose (RD) and were compared with Imazethapyr
alone at 100 per cent RD, recommended weed management practice
(RWMP) i.e., Pendimethalin 1 kg ha1 PE + 1 hand weeding (HW)
+ 2 Two intercultivations (IC), Two HW + Two IC and with
premix Imazehapyr + Imazamox. One common IC was given for
the post emergent herbicides at 45 DAS. Application of
Imazethapyr 75 g ha1 + Quizalofop ethyl 37.50 g ha1 (75 % RD)
recorded significantly lower weed density (5.92 m2), weed dry
Weed management in Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]through post-emergent herbicide tank mixtures
S. ANITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAMESH BABU
weight (4.10 g m2), and weed index (11.32 %) with significantly
higher weed control efficiency (81.00 %) over Imazethapyr alone
(10.60 m2, 8.90 m2, 24 %, 67 %, respectively) at 30 DAS. This
treatment was on par with RWMP with respect to weed index
(9.67 %). Grain yield and net returns were significantly higher
with Imazethapyr + Quizalofop ethyl at 75 per cent RD (1,932 kg ha1,
` 50,182 ha1, respectively) and it was on par with RWMP (1,976 kg
ha1, ̀ 48,184 ha1, respectively) and with tank mixture of Imazethapyr
75 g ha1 + Propaquizafop ethyl 75 g ha1 (1,927 kg ha1, ` 49,297 ha1,
respectively). There was broad spectrum weed control through
herbicide tank mixtures compared to Imazethapyr alone. The
dehydrogenase activity was 5.43 µg TPF with RWMP at 60 DAS,
while it was 4.69 µg TPF with Imazethapyr + Quizalofop ethyl
75 per cent RD. There was no phytotoxicity with application of tank
mixtures.
45
The field experiment was conducted at the Regional Agricultural ResearchStation, Vijayapur during kharif 2017. Treatments comprised of pre emergence application of pendimethalin, ametryn, pretilachlor each attwo doses (1 & 1.5 kg a.i. ha1) along with weed free check and weedycheck. Significantly higher pigeonpea yield (1,458 kg ha1), pearl milletyield (2,694 kg ha1) and pearl millet equivalent yield (9,986 kg ha1)were obtained with the application of pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg a.i. ha1
+ IC @ 30 DAS than weedy check (1,030 kg ha1, 1,600 kg ha1 and6,748 kg ha1 ). But it was on par with pretilachlor @ 1.5 kg a.i. per ha+ IC @ 30 DAS (1,417 kg ha1, 2,698 kg ha1 and 9,784 kg ha1). Thiswas mainly due to lower weed density (3.02 m2), dry weight of weeds
Bio-efficacy of herbicides in Pearl millet and Pigeonpea intercropping system
B. VIDYASHREE GOKAK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. S. SURAKOD
(1.93 g m2), weed index (11.85 %) and higher weed control efficiency(92.14 %) than weedy check. However, it was on par with pretilachlor@ 1.5 kg a.i. ha1 + IC @ 30 DAS. Ametryn (1 & 1.5 kg a.i. ha1) showedphytotoxic effect on both the crops. Application of pendimethalin 30EC @ 1 kg a.i. ha1 + IC at 30 DAS obtained significantly higher grossreturns (` 1,19,692 ha1) and net returns (` 82,982 ha1) than weedycheck (` 80,980 ha1 and 50,489 ha1). But it was on par withpendimethalin 30 EC at 1.5 kg a.i. ha1 + IC at 30 DAS (` 1,19,828ha1 and 82,547 ha1). Significantly higher benefit cost ratio was recordedwith pretilachlor at 1.5 kg a.i. ha1+ IC at 30 DAS (3.28) than otherherbicides.
A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of soil moistureconservation practices and planting geometry on growth and yield ofsafflower under northern dry zone (Zone3) of Karnataka during rabi,201718 at ARS Annigeri, UAS, Dharwad. The treatments werereplicated thrice in splitplot design. The main plot treatments consistedof soil moisture conservation practices (Flat bed, compartment bundingand tied ridge) and sub plot treatments consisted of planting geometry(45 20 cm, 60 15 cm, 60 20 cm and 60 30 cm). Maximum seedyield, stalk yield and test weight of safflower was recorded with tiedridges (1,061kg/ha, 2,895 kg/ha and 7.55 g, respectively). Sowing ofsafflower at spacing of 45 cm 20 cm recorded significantly higher seedyield (1,093 kg/ha) and stalk yield (2,961 kg/ha) and the growth
Soil moisture conservation practices and planting geometry on growthand yield of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
KUMAR LAKSHAPPA LAMANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. SOMANAGOUDA
parameters viz., total dry matter production (108.67), plant height(72.44 cm), number of primary branches per plant (16.33) and numberof secondary branches per plant (31.89) at harvest with same plantinggeometry. Further, adoption of tied ridges recorded significantly higheroil yield (324 kg/ha) compared to compartment bunding and flat bed.The economic analysis of the system revealed that significantly highergross returns (` 29,708/ha), net returns (` 12,996/ha) and BC ratio(1.79) was recorded with tied ridges. Among the different spacings,45 20 cm recorded significantly higher gross returns (` 30,616/ha) netreturns (` 14,216/ha) and BC ratio (1.87).The tied ridge and plantinggeometry of 45 20 cm found significantly superior in improvinggrowth and yield of safflower.
A field experiment was conducted to study the “Drip irrigation levelsin pigeonpea based intercropping systems with pulses in Malaprabhacommand area” under a vertisol at the Irrigation Water ManagementResearch Centre, Belvatagi Dharwad during kharif 2017. Theexperiment was laid out under strip plot design with three replications,comprising treatments of two drip irrigations levels (70 and 50 % PE)and three intercropping systems viz., pigeon pea + green gram (1:3) andblack gram (1:3) and sole pigeon pea along with rainfed sole pigeon pea(control). Drip irrigation provided at 70 per cent PE recorded higherpigeonpea seed yield (2,010 kg ha1) compared to at 50 per cent PE(1,997 kg ha1). Among the intercropping systems, sole pigeon peaunder drip recorded higher seed yield (2,126 kg ha1) followed bypigeonpea intercropped with black gram or green gram at 1:3 row ratio
Drip irrigation levels in Pigeonpea based intercropping systems with pulsesin Malaprabha command area
ANANDKUMAR H. NAYAK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. C. ALAGUNDAGI
(1,986 and 1,898 kg ha1, respectively). Interaction effect of drip irrigationat 70 per cent PE with sole pigeonpea recorded higher seed yield (2,198kg ha1) followed by drip irrigation at 50 per cent PE with sole pigeonpea(2,053 kg ha1) and pigeonpea intercropped with black gram at 1:3 rowratio (2,047 kg ha1). Rainfed sole pigeonpea recorded lower seed yield(1,613 kg ha1). Irrespective of drip irrigation level of 50 or 70 per centPE, pigeonpea + black gram or green gram at 1:3 row intercroppingsystem recorded significantly higher pigeonpea seed equivalent yield(3,412 and 3,421 kg ha1, respectively) and system net returns (` 1,11,195and 1,09,309 ha1, respectively). Higher water use efficiency wasrecorded under drip irrigation provided at 50 per cent PE in pigeonpeaintercropped with green gram (1:3) (5.48 kg ha1 mm) and lower waswith rainfed sole pigeonpea (3.06 kg ha1 mm).
Response of transplanted Pigeonpea to nutrient levels and growth regulatorsin northern transition zone of Karnataka
C. LAVANYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. B. BABALAD
A field experiment was conducted at the Main Agricultural ResearchStation, Dharwad during kharif, 2017 to study the effect of nutrientlevels and growth regulators on growth and yield of transplantedpigeonpea under rainfed conditions. The experiment was laid out insplit plot design with three replications comprising of three nutrient
levels as main plot treatments and four foliar application of growthregulators and micronutrients as sub plot treatments. Application of150 per cent of recommended dosage of drill sown pigeonpea (37.5:75N:P
2O
5 kg per hectare) recorded significantly higher grain yield (2,958
kg ha1) and net returns (` 1,24642 ha1) as compared to other nutrient
46
levels. With respect to growth parameters, application of 50:100 N:P2O
5
kg per hectare recorded significantly higher plant height (215.2 cm),primary branches per plant (25.3), secondary branches per plant (51.6),SPAD values (39.8) and total dry matter production (587.7 g plant1) ascompared to other nutrient levels. Among the foliar application ofgrowth regulators and micronutrients, foliar spray of salicylic acid(0.05 %) + ZnSO
4 (0.5 %) + soluble boron (0.2 %) recorded significantly
higher total dry matter production (1,252.1 g), grain yield (3,230 kg ha1)and net returns (` 1,39,722 ha1) as compared to other treatments.Among the interactions, combined application of 37.5:75 N:P
2O
5 kg
per hectare and foliar spray of salicylic acid (0.05 %) + ZnSO4 (0.5 %)
+ soluble boron (0.2 %) recorded significantly higher total dry matterproduction (1,350.4 g plant1), grain yield (3,484 kg ha1) and net returns(` 1,53217 ha1) as compared to other treatment combinations.
A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of zinc andboron levels on growth, yield, quality and nutrient uptake in mustardunder Northern Transition Zone of Karnataka during rabi. 201718at Main Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Dharwad with 10treatments. The treatments comprised of two levels of zinc (10 kgha1 and 20 kg ha1) and two levels of boron (1 kg ha1 and 2 kg ha1)and their combinations. These treatments were compared with RDF+ FYM @ 5 t ha1 and RDF (60:50:40 N: P
2O
5: K
2O kg ha1) alone.
The treatments were replicated thrice in a randomized block design.The experimental soil was deficient in zinc (0.48 ppm) and boron(0.39 ppm). Application of ZnSO
4 @ 20 kg ha1 along with borax @
Response of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) to levels of zinc and boron under rainfed condition
SHANOOR NADAF MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. T. CHANDRANATH
2 kg ha1 recorded higher growth parameters, yield attributes andincreased the seed yield up to 27 per cent over RDF + FYM @ 5 tha1 and 33 per cent over RDF alone. Higher oil content (37 %), oilyield (731 kg ha1), uptake of zinc (242 g ha1), uptake of boron(76 g ha1), net returns (` 45,217 ha1) and B: C (2.34) was recordedwith same treatment. However, it was on par with application ofRDF + ZnSO
4 @ 20 kg ha1+ Borax @ 1 kg ha1, RDF + ZnSO
4 @ 10
kg ha1+ Borax @ 2 kg ha1 and RDF + ZnSO4 @ 10 kg ha1+ Borax
@ 1 kg ha1. Application of ZnSO4 @ 10 kg ha1+ Borax @ I kg ha1
recorded 25 per cent higher seed yield and additional net returns of` 10,583 ha1 was noticed over RDF alone.
A field experiment was conducted at the Main Agricultural ResearchStation, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad on medium blacksoil during Kharif 2017, to study the performance of maize andpigeonpea with different row proportions and planting geometry underdelayed onset of monsoon. The experiment was laid out in a randomizedcomplete block design with 11 treatments replicated thrice. Thetreatments comprised of sole maize, sole pigeonpea with two genotypes(TS3R and GRG811), two row proportions of maize and pigeonpea(2:1 and 4:2 respectively) and planting geometry with 60 x 20 cm and75 x 20 cm for maize and 120 x 20 cm for pigeonpea. Sole maize(98.6 q ha1) and pigeonpea cv. TS3R and GRG811 recordedsignificantly higher grain yields (16.5 and 14.9 q ha1, respectively)over intercropping systems. Intercropping resulted in significantreduction in the yield of both maize and pigeonpea crops. However, itwas better compensated by the component crop in the intercropping
Maize (Zea mays L.) + Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L Millsp.) intercropping systemin northern transition zone of Karnataka under delayed onset of monsoon
SHIVAKUMAR M. MALAKANNAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. P. POTDAR
system as seen in equivalent yield and monetary returns. Higher maizeequivalent yield and land equivalent ratio was recorded with maize +pigeonpea cv. TS3R (4:2) with 60 x 20 cm spacing (111.5 q ha1 and1.36 respectively). However, it was on par with maize + pigeonpea cv.GRG811 (4:2) with 60 x 20 cm spacing (105.8 q ha1 and 1.31,respectively). Higher area time equivalent ratio was recorded with maize+ pigeonpea cv. GRG811 (4:2) with 60 x 20 cm spacing (1.08).However, it was on par with maize + pigeonpea cv. TS3R (4:2) with60 cm x 20 cm spacing and sole pigeonpea cv. GRG811 with 120 x 20cm spacing (1.06 and 1.0, respectively). Net returns and BC ratio werealso maximum in maize + pigeonpea cv. TS3R (4:2) with 60 x 20 cmspacing (` 77,957 ha1 and 2.4, respectively) and it was on par withmaize + pigeonpea cv. GRG811 (4:2) with 60 x 20 cm spacing(` 71,981 ha1 and 2.3, respectively), as compared to other intercroppingsystems with respect to row ratio and planting geometry.
A field experiment was carried out at the Agriculture Research StationFarm, Bagalkot during summer 2017. The experiment comprising of11 treatments with three levels of sulphur (10, 20 and 30 kg ha1),three sources of sulphur (gypsum, elemental sulphur and sulphurbentonite), RPP and control. The experiment was laid out in arandomized block design with three replications. The results of theexperiment showed that application of sulphur at 30 kg ha1 throughgypsum significantly increased the growth parameters of groundnutviz., plant height (31.50 cm) number of branches (8.90) total drymatter production (51.58 g per plant), number of nodules per plant(54.3) and relative chlorophyll content (46.12) as compared to othertreatments. Application of sulphur at 30 kg ha1 through gypsumsignificantly increased the yield attributes of groundnut namely numberof pods per plant (18.3), 100 pod weight (64.2 g) and 100 kernel
Response of summer Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to varying levels of sulphur and its sources
PRAVEENKUMAR B. SAJJAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. S. PATTAR
weight (35.7g) over other treatments. Significantly higher pod yield(2278 kg ha1), haulm yield (3,625 kg ha1) protein content (22.03 %)and oil content (46.92 %) was recorded in treatment receiving 30 kgsulphur ha1 through gypsum as compare to other treatments. Thetotal uptake of nitrogen (142.15 kg ha1), P
2O
5 (23.34 kg ha1), K
2O
(73.04 kg ha1) and sulphur (33.11 kg ha1) was significantly higher intreatment receiving 30 kg sulphur ha1 through gypsum, while lowestuptake of N,P
2O
5,K
2O and S was observed in control. The
significantly highest net return (` 76,185 ha1) and BC ratio (3.05)was observed in treatment with application of sulphur at 30 kg ha1
through gypsum as compare to other treatments. Application ofsulphur through gypsum at 30 kg ha1 proved significantly superiorover other treatments with respect to growth, yield attributes andpod yield of groundnut.
47
A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2017 at the Regional
Agricultural Research Station Vijayapur to study the response of
pearl millet to neem coated urea at different N levels and time of
application under rainfed condition. The experiment consisted of 13
treatments involving three nitrogen levels applied through neem coated
urea and four time of application with a control (nitrogen @ 50 kg/ha
applied entire dose at sowing through normal urea). The experiment
was laid out in factorial randomized block design with a control and
replicated thrice. The results showed that, application of N @ 75 kg
N/ha through neem coated urea recorded significantly higher grain
yield (3092 kg/ha), straw yield (6.06 t/ha), net returns (` 27664/ha)
and BC ratio (2.49) compared to 25 kg N/ha and control (2520 kg/ha,
Response of Pearl millet to Neem coated urea at different N levels and time ofapplication under rainfed condition
BASAVARAJ MUGALKHOD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. K. GUGGARI
` 20162/ha and 2.14, respectively), however, it was comparable with
50 kg N/ha as neem coated urea. Among time of application, nitrogen
applied in three splits i.e. 50 per cent at sowing + 25 per cent at
tillering + 25 per cent at half bloom stage recorded significantly higher
grain yield (3050 kg/ha), straw yield (5.94 t/ha), net returns (` 27161/ha)
and BC ratio (2.47) as compared to other time of application and
control (2520 kg/ha, ` 20162/ha and 2.14, respectively), however it
was on far with application of N in two splits i.e. 50 per cent at
sowing + 50 per cent at half bloom stage. Application of N @ 75 kg/ha
through neem coated urea, in three splits i.e. 50 per cent at sowing +
25 per cent at tillering + 25 per cent at half bloom stage is 21 per cent
increase in yield over control.
A field experiment was conducted at RARS, Vijayapur during kharif,
2017 to assess the effect of sowing windows, plant population and
genotypes on various parameters of pigeonpea in dryland condition.
The experiment was laid out in splitsplit plot design with five sowing
windows as main plot treatments, three plant population as sub plot
treatments and three genotypes as subsub plot treatments having three
replications. The result showed that, 2nd fortnight of June sowing recorded
significantly higher grain yield (1,681 kg ha1), yield parameters viz.
number of pods (286.2 plant1), grain weight (223.9 g plant1), test
weight (13.2), harvest index (29 %) and economics viz. gross returns
(` 91,639 ha1), net returns (` 55,707 ha1) and BC ratio (2.55) than
other sowing windows. Grain yield was nonsignificant due to plant
population interaction. Among different genotypes, TS3R recorded
significantly higher grain yield (1,194 kg ha1) which also recorded
Response of Pigeonpea genotypes to different growing environment under dryland condition
BISWANATH BEHERA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. S. SURAKOD
significantly higher primary branches (12.5 plant1), leaf area index
(1.22), number of pods plant1 (209.1), grain weight (166.9 g plant1),
gross returns (`1,69,150 ha1) net returns, (` 1,33,360 ha1) and BC
ratio (4.73). Sowing during 2nd fortnight of June with 27,777 plants ha1,
TS3R recorded significantly higher grain yield (3,104 kg ha1), primary
branches (18.1 plant1), number of pods (467.7 plant1), gross returns
(`1,69,150 ha1) net returns (`1,33,360 ha1) and BC ratio (4.73) than
other interactions. Significantly lower light transmission ratio (LTR)
was recorded when pigeonpea was sown during 2nd fortnight of June.
With delay in sowing period LTR increased linearly. Variation in GDD
and HTU had played a crucial role in determining economic yield.
Reduction in GDD from 1,250 units to 600 units and HTU from 9000
units to 5000 units during flowering to maturity has resulted a decrease
in yield from 1,681 kg ha1 to 208 kg ha1.
The field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 201718
at the College of Agriculture, Vijayapur, in medium deep black soils
to study the influence of moisture conservation and nutrient
management practices on productivity of sunflower under dryland
situation. The experiment was carried out in a split plot design with
three replications. There were 15 treatments involving three different
moisture conservation practices viz., No moisture conservation (flat
bed), Compartment bunding, Broad bed & furrow and five nutrient
management practices, 100 per cent inorganic (35:50:35 kg
N:P2O
5:K
2O per ha), 50 per cent inorganic + 50 per cent organic
through FYM, 50 per cent inorganic + 50 per cent organic through
vermicompost, 50 per cent inorganic + 50 per cent organic through
goat manure, RDF + 8 t FYM ha1 (Recommended package of practice).
Among the moisture conservation practices, higher seed yield (1,466
Influence of moisture conservation and nutrient management practices on productivityof Sunflower under dryland situation
MAHESH DEVARADDI KURATTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. KALAGHATAGI
kg ha1) and net returns (` 33,444 ha1) of sunflower were recorded in
broad bed and furrow followed by compartment bunding. Among the
nutrient management practices application of RDF + 8 t FYM ha1
recorded significantly higher seed yield (1,518 kg ha1) and net returns
(` 34,049 ha1) was higher with application of 50 per cent inorganic +
50 per cent organic through goat manure. Among the interactions, the
treatment combination of broad bed and furrow with application of
RDF + 8 t FYM ha1 recorded significantly higher seed yield (1,466 kg
ha1) as compared to rest of the treatment combinations except
combination of compartment bunding with application of 50 per cent
inorganic + 50 per cent organic through goat manure. Furthermore,
combination of compartment bunding method with application of
50 per cent inorganic source + 50 per cent organic through goat manure
recorded significantly higher net returns (` 41,972).
48
A field experiment was conducted during rabi 201718 at the College of
Agriculture, Vijayapur, Karnataka (Zone3). The experiment was carried
out in a splitsplit plot design with three replications and 18 treatments
involving three main plot comprises of dates of sowing viz., D12nd
fortnight of September, D21st fortnight of October, D
32nd fortnight of
October; two sub plots genotypes namely V1M 351, V
2DSV4 and
subsub plots consisting of three plant growth regulators
G1Chlormequat chloride 50 per cent SL @ 200 ppm, G
2Mepiquat
chloride @ 200 ppm, G3
Ethrel @ 500 ppm. Sowing of sorghum
during 1st fortnight of October recorded higher grain yield (1,762 kg ha1)
and lower lodging rate (22.78 %) than other sowing dates. Among the
genotypes M 351 recorded higher grain yield (1,740 kg ha1) and lower
plant height (161.48 cm), inter nodal length (11.10 cm) and lodging rate
(18.38 %) than DSV4. Grain yield did not differ significantly due to
Agronomic manipulations for canopy modification in rabi Sorghum to facilitate mechanical harvesting
NAGARAJ MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. B. PATIL
plant growth regulators. Use of plant growth regulators influenced the
growth parameters like plant height, inter nodal length, stem diameter
and lodging rate. Significantly lower lodging rate was recorded with
sowing of M 351 during 1st fortnight of October coupled with spraying
of Chlormequat chloride 50 per cent SL @ 200 ppm than sowing of
sorghum during 2nd fortnight of September and/or 2nd fortnight of October
coupled with the spraying of either Mepiquat chloride @ 200 ppm or
Ethrel @ 500 ppm. In spite of Agronomic manipulations for canopy
modification by means of genotypes, dates of sowing and use of PGRs,
the lodging rate ranged from 1020 per cent. Consequently the grain and
dry fodder yield loss due to mechanical harvesting was to the tune 20
and 50 per cent, respectively. Hence, the mechanical harvesting of rabi
sorghum in Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka is not feasible under afore
said conditions.
A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2017 at
ARS, Bailhongal. The experiment was laid out in Randomized
Complete Block design (Factorial concept) with 10 treatment
combinations. First factor consisted of no soil application (S1), soil
application of recommended ZnSO4 and FeSO
4 each 7.5 kg ha1 (S
3),
10.0 kg ha1 (S4) and 12.5 kg ha1 (S
5). Second Factor consisted of
foliar spray of ZnS04 and FeSO
4 each @ 0.5 % (F
2) at 45 DAS and
no foliar (Fl). Soil application of FYM enriched with ZnSO
4 and
FeSO4 each @ 7.5 kg ha1 recorded higher yield and yield attributes.
Similarly, foliar spray of ZnSO4 and FeSO
4 each @ 0.5% at 45 DAS
found superior over no foliar spray. Among the treatment
combinations, soil application of FYM enriched with ZnSO4 and
FeSO4 each @ 7.5 kg ha1 and foliar spray recorded the higher grain
yield (22.58 q ha1), haulm yield (29.62 q ha1), number of pods per
Agronomic fortification of Soybean with iron and zinc
BHARATESH CHOUGALA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. R. SALAKINKOP
plant (44.4), 100 seed weight (13.0), plant height (55.4 cm), total
dry matter (20.6), crop growth rate (3.4 g g1 day1) and relative
growth rate (0.027 g g1 day1) control. Soil application of FYM
enriched with ZnSO4 and FeSO
4 each @ 12.5 kg ha1 and foliar
spray recorded higher oil content (21.23 %), zinc content (31.12 mg
kg1) and iron content (87.0 mg kg1) in seeds compared to no soil and
foliar applications. Whereas, soil application of FYM enriched
ZnS04 and FeS04 each @ 12.5 kg ha1 recorded higher oil content
(18.7 %), zinc (20.6 mg kg1) and iron content (82.9 mg kg1) in
soybean seeds. Among the interactions soil application of FYM
enriched ZnS04 and FeS04 each @ 7.5 kg ha1 and foliar spray
recorded the higher protein yield (791.5 kg ha1), crude fiber yield
(261.7 kg ha1). It also recorded higher gross returns (` 79248 ha1),
net returns (` 48996 ha1) and BC ratio (2.62).
A field experiment was conducted to study the “Split application of
nitrogen and potassium in irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)” during
rabi 201718 at the Main Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad
(Karnataka). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete
Block Design having nine treatments with three replications. Treatment
combinations included split application of 100% and 75% of
recommended dose of nitrogen and potassium at basal, CRI and boot
leaf stage. Split application of 100% recommended dose of nitrogen
and potassium 33: 33: 33% (basal, CRI and boot leaf stage, respectively)
recorded significantly highest growth parameters viz., plant height, dry
matter production, leaf area, LAI, number of tillers compared to no
nitrogen fertilizer application. Further, it recorded highest grain yield
(3867 kg ha1), straw yield (6488 kg ha1), yield attributing characters
viz., productive tillers per square meter (273.67), number of grains per
spike (40.83), grain weight per spike (1.78 g), thousand grain weight
Split application of nitrogen and potassium in irrigated Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
BHAGYASHRI BIRADAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. SUDHA
(41.99 g), protein content (13.10%) and sedimentation value (35.33
ml). Significantly highest NDVI (normalized difference vegetative index)
reading was recorded at 70 DAS (0.78). The relative nitrogen content
was recorded significantly highest at 70 DAS (47.77) due to three split
application of recommended dose of nitrogen and potassium 33: 33:
33% (basal, CRI and boot leaf stage, respectively). Correlation between
NDVI and relative chlorophyll content had significant and positive
correlation with nitrogen uptake at different crop growth stages and crop
yield of wheat. Significantly highest uptake of nitrogen (124.49 kg ha1),
phosphorous (68.43 kg ha1) and potassium (146.67 kg ha1), agronomic
efficiency (13.74 kg grain ka1 N applied), recovery efficiency (57.41%)
and gross return (` 83,830 ha1), net return (46,168) and benefit cost
ratio (2.23) was recorded highest with three split application of 100%
recommended dose of nitrogen and potassium 33: 33: 33:% (basal, CRI
and boot leaf stage, respectively).
49
A field experiment was conducted to study the “Bioefficacy of
herbicides on weed management in groundnut under ricegroundnut
system in coastal zone of Karnataka” at the Agricultural Research
Station, Kumta, Uttara Kannada during rabi-summer 201617. The
experiment was laidout in a randomized block design with nine
treatments involving six treatments with preemergence application
of herbicides followed by hand weeding or early postemergence
application in sequence along with control treatments. Among the
weed management practices, weed control efficiency was significantly
higher with preemergence application of pendimethalin 30 % E.C. @
1.5 kg ha1 fb one hand weeding at 25 DAS which was on par with
pendimethalin 30 % E.C. @ 1.5 kg ha1 fb imazethapyr 10 % S.L. @
75 g ha1 at 2030 DAS, at 20,40,60 DAS and at harvest. Total weed
density was significantly lower with preemergence application of
Bio-efficacy of herbicides on weed management in Groundnut underrice-groundnut system in coastal zone of Karnataka
KUNAL NARWAL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. YENAGI
pendimethalin 30% E.C. @ 1.5 kg ha1 fb one hand weeding at 25
DAS. Among the herbicides, pendimethalin, quizalofoppethyl and
imazethapyr were found safe herbicides as the crop was normal and
phytotoxic symptoms were not seen throughout its growth period.
Number of pods and pod yield per plant was significantly higher
with preemergence application of pendimethalin 30% E.C. @ 1.5 kg
ha1 fb one hand weeding at 25 DAS which was on par with
pendimethalin 30% E.C. @ 1.5 kg ha1 fb imazethapyr 10 % S.L. @
75 g ha1 at 2030 DAS. Pod yield (2,225 kg ha1), kernel yield (1,294
kg ha1), gross returns (` 92,446 ha1), net returns (45,239 ha1) and
benefit cost ratio (1.96) were significantly higher with preemergence
application of pendimethalin 30% E.C. @ 1.5 kg ha1 fb one hand
weeding at 25 DAS which was on par with pendimethalin 30% E.C.
@ 1.5 kg ha1 fb imazethapyr 10 % S.L. @ 75 g ha1 at 2030 DAS.
A field experiment was conducted to study the planting geometry and
soil moisture conservation practices in late kharif sunflower
(Helianthus annuus L.) at the Main Agricultural Research Station
(MARS), University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2017
in black clayey soil. The experiment consisted seven treatments with
five different planting geometries (60 x 30 cm, 60 x 20,45 x 15 cm,
45 x 20 cm and 120 x 10 cm) and three land configurations (flatbed,
skip row after every two rows of planting and skip row after every
two rows of planting with opening furrow in skipped rows). The
experiment was laid out in completely randomized block design with
three replications. Significantly higher number of green leaves per
plant of 22.7 at 60 DAS (days after sowing), leaf area index (1.21,
3.75 and 1.86 at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest, respectively), leaf area
Planting geometry and soil moisture conservation practices in late kharif Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
B. TEJASHWINI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. F. M. DURAGANNAVAR
duration (73.40 and 83.07 days at 3060 DAS and 60 DASharvest,
respectively) and crop growth rate (0.154g dm2 day1 at 3060 DAS),
seed yield (2,240 kg ha1), stalk yield (3,589 kg ha1) and oil yield (868
kg ha1) were recorded with skip row after every two rows of planting
(45 x 15 cm spacing) + opening furrow at 30 DAS: 98,765 plants ha1.
Soil moisture content and soil dehydrogenase activity (DHA) were
not differed significantly due to planting geometry and soil moisture
conservation practices. Skip row after every two rows of planting
(45 x 15 cm spacing) + opening furrow at 30 DAS: 98,765 plants ha1
recorded significantly higher seed yield (2,240 kg ha1) and gross returns
(` 78,400 ha1). However, skip row after every two rows of planting
(45 x 15 cm spacing): 98,765 plants ha1 recorded significantly higher
net returns (` 49,157 ha1) and BC ratio (2.71).
A field experiment was conducted to study the drip irrigation levels
in chilli based intercropping systems during kharif, 201718 at
IWMRC Belavatgi, UAS, Dharwad with 9 treatments. The treatment
comprised of two levels of irrigations 1.0 ETo and 0.8 ETo and four
intercropping systems chilli + onion, chilli + garlic, chilli +groundnut
and chilli + ginger and chilli + onion cotton as control. The treatments
were replicated thrice in stripplot design and intercrop yields are
analyzed under ‘T’ test. Irrigating chilli at 0.8 ETo irrigation recorded
higher fruit yield (750.3 kg ha1) as compared with 1.0 ETo level of
irrigation (665.3 kg ha1). Intercropping systems did not affect yield
and yield parameters of chilli. Intercropping of chilli + onion with
irrigation at 0.8 ETo recorded higher yield and yield parameters of
chilli as compared to other treatment combinations and control
Drip irrigation levels in Chilli based intercropping systems
BASAVARAJ N. MEUNDIMATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. RAJKUMARA
treatment. Significantly higher water use efficiency of 2.88 kg/hamm
was registered in chilli + onion irrigated with 0.8 ETo and it was on
par with chilli + groundnut irrigated at 0.8 ETo (2.69 kg/hamm) and
significantly lower water use efficiency of 0.97 kg/hamm recorded in
surface irrigated control plot of chilli + onion cotton. Non significant
yield difference was found in all intercrops (onion, garlic, groundnut
and ginger) between the two levels of irrigation. Significantly higher
chilli equivalent yield (1,954 kg/ha), gross returns (` 2,93,100 ha1),
net returns (` 2,20,364 ha1) and BC ratio (4.03) was recorded in chilli
+ onion irrigated at 0.8 ETo. The next best treatment combination
was chilli + groundnut irrigated at 0.8 ETo. Significantly lower net
returns were recorded in surface irrigated chilli + onion – cotton
intercropping system (` 98,785 ha1).
50
The field experiment entitled “Effect of zinc and iron enriched organics
in kharif sorghum” was undertaken during kharif season of 2017 at
the All India Coordinated Sorghum Improvement Project (AICSIP),
Main Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad (Karnataka). The
experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with
three replications consisting of 11 treatments with varied levels of
ZnSO4 and FeSO
4 enriched with organics viz., FYM and
vermicompost. Soil application of ZnSO4 + FeSO
4 @ 15.00 kg ha1
each enriched with FYM recorded significantly higher plant height
(232.7 cm), total dry matter production (218.74 g plant1), ear weight
(100.4 g plant1), grain weight (63.5 g plant1), test weight (3.02 g),
grain yield (4,132 kg ha1), fodder yield (9.26 t ha1), net returns
(` 20,890) and benefit cost ratio (1.49) as compared to control,
recommended dose of fertilizer and recommended package of practices.
Soil application of ZnSO4 + FeSO
4 @ 15 kg ha1 each enriched with
Effect of zinc and iron enriched organics in kharif Sorghum
VEERANAGOUDA R. MAGANUR MAJOR ADVISOR Dr. V. S. KUBSAD
FYM recorded significantly higher zinc content in both grain (23.43
mg kg1) and fodder (20.64 mg kg1) which was 16.0 and 22.7 per cent
higher over control (19.68 and 15.48 mg kg1 in grain and fodder,
respectively), 12.2 and 20.0 per cent higher over recommended dose
of fertilizer (20.56 and 16.51 mg kg1 in grain and fodder, respectively)
and 2.1 and 4.3 per cent over recommended package of practices
(22.93 and 19.74 mg kg1, respectively). Similarly, iron content in
grain and fodder was significantly higher with application of ZnSO4 +
FeSO4 @ 15 kg ha1 each enriched with FYM (33.89 and 30.67 mg kg1,
respectively) which was 14.5 and 20.5 per cent higher over control
(28.25 and 24.37 mg kg1 in grain and fodder, respectively), 14.2 and
12.5 per cent higher over recommended dose of fertilizer (29.08 and
26.85 mg kg1 in grain and fodder, respectively) and 10.3 and 11.0 per
cent higher over recommended package of practices (30.40 and 27.27
mg kg1 in grain and fodder, respectively).
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of nutrient
management in pigeonpea and foxtail millet intercropping system
under northern transition zone of Karnataka. The experiment was
laid out in randomized block design with three replications during
kharif 2017 at the Main Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Dharwad.
Seven combinations of pigeonpea intercropping with foxtail millet/
greengram along with two sole treatments (pigeonpea and foxtail
millet) were tested with different nutrient levels i.e., 125, 100, 75 and
50 % RDF. Application of 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer
to pigeonpea and 50 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer to foxtail
millet in pigeonpea + foxtail millet intercropping system produced
higher grain yield (1,598 kg ha1) and stalk yield (5,123 kg ha1) of
pigeonpea. Higher pigeonpea equivalent yield (2,512 kg ha1), LER
Nutrient management in Pigeonpea and Foxtail millet intercropping system undernorthern transition zone of Karnataka
PRIYANKA S. MUDENUR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. RAJKUMARA
(1.65) and ATER (1.31) was recorded in pigeonpea 125 % RDF +
foxtail millet 100 % RDF and was on par with pigeonpea 100 %
RDF + foxtail millet 100 % RDF. Sole pigeonpea recorded
significantly higher grain and stalk yield (1,638 and 5,689 kg ha1
respectively). Foxtail millet performed better as component crop
with pigeonpea in comparison to greengram in terms of pigeonpea
equivalent yield (2,423 kg ha1). Higher seed yield of foxtail millet
(2,301 kg ha1) was obtained in pigeonpea 125 per cent RDF + foxtail
millet 100 per cent RDF treatment. It was on par with pigeonpea
125 per cent RDF + foxtail millet 75 per cent RDF. Application of 100
per cent RDF to pigeonpea and 50 % RDF to foxtail millet in the
intercropping system (1:3 row ratio) is optimum for getting higher net
returns (` 98,100 ha1) and benefit cost ratio (3.40).
SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY
A field experiment was conducted at the Main Agricultural ResearchStation, UAS, Dharwad to study the effect of boron nutrition ongrowth, nodulation, yield attributes and yield of soybean on borondeficient Vertisol during kharif 2017. Experiment was laid out inRCBD design with nine treatments replicated thrice. The treatmentsincluded were no solubor application, two soil application rates (2.5 and5 kg ha1), two foliar rates (0.5 and 1.25%) of solubor and theircombinations. The results revealed that RPP along with soil (2.5 kg ha1)+ foliar (0.5%) application of solubor improved the growth parametersviz., plant height, number of branches plant1 and dry matter productionand yield parameters viz., number of pods plant1 and number ofseeds pod1. A significant seed yield of 2,806 kg ha1 (16.97% moreyield than RPP) was recorded with RPP + soil (2.5 kg ha1) + foliar
Response of Soybean (Glycine max L.) to soil and foliar application of boron in a Vertisol
M. C. CHAITHRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. S. HEBSUR
(0.5%) application of solubor. Treatment that received only soil(5 kg ha1), only foliar (0.5%) and combined soil (5 kg ha1) + foliar(0.5%) application of solubor were on par. Soil application of solubor(5 kg ha1) recorded the highest number of effective nodules per plant(18.64). The lowest seed yield (2,091 kg ha1) was recorded with thesoil (5 kg ha1) + foliar (1.25%) application of solubor which waslower than RPP (2,399 kg ha1) due to toxicity. The index tissueanalysis revealed that the index leaf boron concentration of 40 mg kg1
appears critical to get higher yield in soybean while below or abovecritical decreased the soybean seed yield considerably. Soil applicationof solubor (2.5 kg ha1) at 10 days after sowing and foliar applicationof solubor (0.5%) at 45 days after sowing along with RPP recordedhighest soybean yield in a Vertisol.
51
A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of pressmudbased biocompost on soil properties, yield and quality of sunflowerin a vertisol during late kharif 2017 at the Main Agricultural ResearchStation, Dharwad in a randomized complete block design with 13treatments and three replications. The treatments comprised ofdifferent rates of pressmud biocompost and recommended dose offertilizers. The sunflower hybrid KBSH44 was used. Pressmudbiocompost contained good amount of plant nutrients and total organiccarbon (21.46%) with a C:N ratio of 11.79. Application of pressmudbiocompost significantly improved soil physical properties andenhanced the available major and micronutrient levels of post harvestsoil. Highest nitrogen (244.68 kg ha1) and potassium (406.83 kg ha1)levels were recorded with the application of pressmud biocompost@ 8 t ha1 + 25 per cent RDF, whereas highest phosphorus(47.29 kg ha1) level was recorded with the application of pressmud
Studies on the effect of pressmud based biocompost on soil properties, yield and qualityof Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in a Vertisol
T. JYOLSNA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. K. GALI
biocompost @ 4 t ha1 + 100 per cent RDF. The soil microbialpopulation and enzymatic activity at peak flowering stage wereaccelerated upon receiving graded levels of pressmud biocompost.Total uptake of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, sulphur andmicronutrients by sunflower crop increased with increasing levels ofpressmud biocompost with different combination of recommendeddose of chemical fertilizers (RDF). Different yield attributes andquality parameters of sunflower were significantly improved by theaddition of pressmud biocompost. Highest seed yield (22.14 q ha1),oil content (39.22%), gross (` 88,550 ha1) and net (` 59,775 ha1)returns were recorded in treatment which received pressmudbiocompost @ 4 t ha1 + 100 per cent RDF. Higher BC ratio (2.13)was obtained with the application of pressmud biocompost @ 2 t ha1
+ 100 per cent RDF, however application of pressmud biocompost@ 4 t ha1 + 100 per cent RDF was on par with it.
An experiment with different combinations of filterbed materials andhydrophytes was carriedout to study their influence on the efficiencyof domestic wastewater treatment through constructed wetland, duringNovember to March, 201718 at the Department of Soil Science andAgricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Dharwad, Karnataka.Twenty treatment combinations involving five types of filterbeds(‘gravel’, ‘gravel-sand-gravel’, ‘gavel-sand-brick-gravel’,‘gravel-sand-charcoal-gravel’ and ‘gravel-sand-(charcoal+brick)-gravel’) andfour hydrophytes (Typha, Paragrass, Canna and Phragmites) wereevaluated for treating domestic wastewater. The constructed wetlandsystem with different filterbeds and hydrophytes was effective inreducing pH, electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, organic nitrogen,total phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sodium and bicarbonates inthedomestic sewage effluent. The sodium, bicarbonates, sodiumadsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate and total solids were reducedby 2040 percent over untreated. The reduction in biological oxygendemand (BOD),chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids,phosphorus, potassium and organicnitrogen wasto the extent of more
Influence of filterbed composition and hydrophytes on the efficiency ofdomestic wastewater treatment through constructed wetland
T. VANITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MANJUNATHA HEBBARA
than 40 per cent. Bothammoniacal nitrogenand nitrate nitrogenincreasedbyaround 40 per cent indicating acceleration of mineralization processin the wetland. The reduction in other parameters was marginal(< 20%). Among filterbeds, ‘gravel-sand-(charcoal+brick)-gravel’caused higher reduction in EC, BOD and COD. The ‘gravel’ filterbedremoved more potassium and boron while, ‘gravel-sand-brick-gravel’removed more nitrogen and ‘gravel-sand-(charcoal+brick)-gravel’ morephosphorus than others. Among the hydrophytes, paragrass removedmore nitrogen and potassium while, phragmites removed more nitrogen,phosphorus and boron. Both these hydrophytes registered higher rootlength, root volume, root biomass and shoot biomass. Dehydrogenaseactivity was higher under ‘gravel’ filterbed, phosphatase in ‘gravel-sand-gravel’ filterbed and urease in ‘gravel-sand-charcoal-gravel’filterbed. The urease and dehydrogenase activities were observed higherunder phragmites. More biofilm growth was recorded on brick materialthan other filterbeds. In summary, the ‘gravel-sand-(charcoal+brick)-gravel’ filterbed with phragmites was found more efficient in treatmentof domestic wastewater.
The present study was carried out in the University of AgriculturalSciences, Dharwad to study the forms, distribution, fixation and releasecharacteristics of potassium in selected red and black soil series ofKavalur subwatershed of Koppal district during 201718. Potassiumis the most abundant element in soil but the plant availableconcentrations depends upon physicochemical properties of soil.Potassium exists in different forms viz., water soluble, exchangeable,nonexchangeable, lattice potassium and these forms areheterogeneously distributed in soils. These forms of potassium andtheir distribution were studied in twenty soil series of Kavalur subwatershed of Koppal district. Soils were generally sandy clay to clayin texture. The soil reaction ranged from slightly acidic to alkaline(6.60 to 8.05) and electrical conductivity values were well within thepermissible limit (0.18 to 0.21 dS m1). The organic carbon contentwas low to medium (3.86 to 5.16 g kg1). The average cation exchange
Studies on forms, distribution, fixation and release characteristics of potassium inselected red and black soil series of Kavalur sub-watershed of Koppal district
SHIVAPRASAD PATEEL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. R. JAGADEESH
capacity, sum of exchangeable cations and available potassium ofblack soils were high compared to red soils at both the depths.Different forms of potassium were found high in black soils comparedto red soils. The water soluble and exchangeable K was higher insurface sample compared to subsurface in both the soil types.Whereas, nonexchangeable, lattice and total potassium were higherin subsurface than surface samples in both the red and black soilseries. Potassium fixation and release was more in black soil seriescompared to red soil series indicated that, the high K buffering capacityof black soil type. The exchangeable potassium was significantly andpositively correlated with cation exchange capacity. Whereas, nonexchangeable, lattice and total potassium recorded positive correlationwith clay. The result of the study indicated that the soil series selectedfrom Kavalur subwatershed of Koppal district varied forms ofpotassium, the release and fixation parameters.
52
A study on nutrients distribution and carbon stock in different land
management units (LMUs) of Kanginhal subwatershed of Gadag
district, Karnataka was undertaken during 201718. The soil samples
collected at 500 m grid were alkaline and nonsaline to moderately
saline. Soil organic carbon content was low (58.31 % TGA) to medium
and availableN was low (96.99 % TGA) in entire subwatershed.
AvailableP and S were medium to high, whereas availableK was
high. Copper and manganese were sufficient while, zinc and iron were
deficient in entire subwatershed. Organic, water soluble and active
C forms decreased with depth in all the LMUs, whereas inorganic and
totalC did not follow any definite trend. The highest organic carbon
stock was observed in LMU5, whereas highest inorganic and total
carbon stocks were observed in LMU6. Exchangeable NH4
+N,
NO3
N, availableN and totalN content decreased with depth in all
the LMUs. Significant positive correlation was found between
Studies on nutrients distribution and carbon stock in the soils ofKanginhal sub-watershed of Gadag district
RAGINI PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. L. PATIL
exchangeable NH4
+N, NO3
N, availableN and totalN and organic
carbon (OC) content. SaloidP, FeP, AlP, RSP, OrgP and available
P decreased with depth in all the LMUs, whereas OcclP, CaP and
totalP did not follow any regular trend in most of the LMUs. The
forms of potassium decreased with depth, whereas forms of sulphur
(except organicS) increased with depth. ExchangeableCa and Mg
did not exhibit any definite trend with depth, whereas totalCa and
Mg followed a uniform distribution in almost all the LMUs. Available
Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu decreased with depth and were positively
correlated with OC. TotalFe, Zn and Cu contents decreased with
depth and were positively correlated with OC, whereas total Mn,
availableB and totalB distribution followed the trend of clay. Organic
carbon, availableN, Zn and Fe were important constraints. Therefore,
overcoming these constraints through the supplementation of
fertilizers and organic manures will help to increase the crop yield.
A field experiment on the effect of soil and foliar application of ferrous
sulphate on growth, yield and quality of safflower (Carthamus
tinctorius L.) in a Vertisol was conducted at RARS, Vijayapur,
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during rabi, 201718.
The experimental site soil was deficient in iron. The experiment was
laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications
and eleven treatments (Recommended package of practice (RPP), soil
application of FeSO4 .7H
2O @ 10, 20, 30 kg ha1 and foliar application
of FeSO4 .7H
2O @ 0.25% and 0.5% in combinations). Application of
RPP + ferrous sulphate @ 30 kg ha1 + 0.5 % FeSO4 .7H
2O + 1 % lime
spray recorded the highest plant height, number of capsules per plant,
test weight, grain yield, stover yield, crude protein, oil content, highest
Studies on effect of soil and foliar application of ferrous sulphate on growth, yield and qualityof Safflower Carthamus tinctorius L.) in a Vertisol
N. BINDU MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. GUNDLUR
uptake of major nutrients (N, P and K) and micronutrients (Zn, Fe,
Cu and Mn) by the safflower crop. Similarly higher available soil N,
P, Fe and Zn were also recorded with application of RPP + ferrous
sulphate @ 30 kg ha1 + 0.5 % FeSO4 .7H
2O + 1 % lime spray which
was on par with RPP + ferrous sulphate @ 30 kg ha1 + 0.25 %
FeSO4. 7H
2O + 0.5 % lime spray. Further, available nutrient status in
soil (N, P, Fe and Zn) and net returns were higher with the application
of RPP + ferrous sulphate @ 30 kg ha1 + 0.5 % FeSO4 .7H
2O + 1 %
lime spray. Soil application of ferrous sulphate @ 30 kg ha1 and foliar
spray of 0.25 % FeSO4.7H
2O + 0.5 % lime along with RPP recorded
highest yield (1,170 kg ha1), oil content (33.50 %) and soil available
iron (3.80 mg kg1).
A field experiment on “Studies on the effect of iron and zinc nutrition
on growth, yield and quality of chickpea in a Vertisol” was conducted
at the Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), College of
Agriculture, Vijayapur during rabi 201718. The experiment was
laid out in randomized complete block design with 10 treatments
and three replications. Apart from the recommended package of
practices (RPP), the treatments included the application of iron @
2, 4 and 6 kg ha1 and zinc @ 2, 3 and 4 kg ha1 in various combinations
along with RPP. The effect of these treatments on growth, yield and
quality of chickpea was studied. The application of different levels
of iron and zinc in combinations along with RPP (RDF @ 10:25:00::
N: P2O
5:K
2O kg ha1) resulted in significant increase in growth and
yield of chickpea over RPP alone. Among the different treatments,
Studies on effect of iron and zinc nutrition on growth, yield and uality of Chickpea in a Vertisol
C. POOJA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. I. M. SARAWAD
application of RPP + 6 kg Fe ha1 + 3 kg Zn ha1 has resulted
significantly higher plant height (34.96 cm), seed test weight (27.99 g),
seed (2,040 kg ha1) and straw (1,719 kg ha1) yield of crop. The
treatment also resulted in higher uptake of major (N, P, K and S) and
micro (Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn) nutrients by chickpea crop. Similarly,
the application of RPP + 6 kg Fe ha1 + 3 kg Zn ha1 resulted in
significantly higher iron and zinc content in both seed and straw of
chickpea, higher crude protein content in seeds and higher available
Fe and Zn status in soil after harvest of crop. Thus, the combined
application of these micronutrients (iron and zinc) along with RPP
(RDF @ 10:25:00:: N: P2O
5:K
2O kg ha1) was found to be a better
means of balanced nutrition of chickpea crop to ensure higher
productivity.
53
A study was conducted under University of Agricultural Sciences,
Dharwad at the College of Agriculture Vijayapura during 201617 to
assess the physicochemical properties, different forms and quantity
intensity relationship of potassium. Soil samples from four profiles
and sixty surface samples (020 cm) at 320 × 320 m grid intervals were
collected in Hittnalli microwatershed of Vijayapur district in Karnataka.
Pedons were deep to very deep, clear smooth to gradual smooth
boundary, brown to very dark grayish brown colour, clay textured.
Moderately medium subangular blocky to strongly medium angular
blocky in structure, slightly hard to hard in consistency, firm when
moist, moderate to very sticky and plastic with strong to violent
effervescence. The bulk density of the soils varied from 1.22 to 1.40
Mg m3 and MWHC varied from 50.31 to 72.60 per cent. Soils exhibited
moderate to strongly alkaline reaction, non saline, low to medium in
Soil profile characterization and potassium dynamics in Hittnalli micro- watershed ofVijayapur district of Karnataka
H. A. KIRAN KUMARA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. T. HUNDEKAR
OC content, very high CEC and high base saturation The fertility status
revealed that, they were low in available nitrogen (115.5 262.31 kg ha1),
medium in phosphorus and sulphur and high in available potassium as
well as in exchangeable calcium and magnesium. Mn and Cu were sufficient
whereas Zn and Fe were in dificent to sufficient range. Potassium fractions
followed the order total K > lattice K > nonexchangeable K > exchangeable
K (206.77321.71 mg kg1) > water soluble K (2.3612.84 mg kg1). Water
soluble and exchangeable K followed the decreasing trend with depth,
whereas nonexchangeable, lattice and total K follows reverse trend. Among
the different parameters of quantityintensity relationship, activity ratio
of potassium at equilibrium, specific site K and labile K were higher in
surface layer than subsurface layer whereas planar site K, potential
buffering capacity and Gibb’s free energy were found higher in subsurface
layer than surface layer.
A field experiment was conducted to study the “Response of pearl
millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) to nitrogen levels and enriched
organic manures in Vertisol under dryland condition” at the College
of Agriculture, Vijayapur, University of Agricultural Sciences,
Dharwad (Karnataka) during kharif 2018. Experiment was laid out
in split plot design with three replications. There are 12 treatments
consists of three levels of nitrogen viz., 25, 50 and 75 kg N ha1 and
subplots include four types of organic manures viz., farmyard
manure (FYM), FYM enriched with rock phosphate and phosphorus
solubilizing bacteria (PSB), vermicompost and vermicompost
enriched with FeSO4.7H
2O. The application of 75 kg N ha1 +
enriched vermicompost at 1 t ha1 resulted in significantly higher
grain yield (2860 kg ha1) which was 30 per cent higher than control
Response of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) to nitrogen levels andenriched organic manures in Vertisol under dryland condition
M. C. HOMBALAIAH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. I. TOLANUR
(1980 kg ha1) and net returns. The growth parameters like plant
height and total dry matter production were increased significantly
over control. The improvement in growth contributing attributes
resulted in higher stover yield. The uptake of nutrients (N, P, K, S,
Ca, Mg and micronutrients) also increased significantly over control.
Organic carbon, available N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg and DTPAextractable
Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn in soil were improved due to combined application
of 75 kg N along with enriched FYM and vermicompost. The highest
BC ratio (2.60) was recorded with the treatment receiving 75 kg N
ha1 + FYM enriched with rock phosphate and PSB. Hence, the
application of 75 kg N ha1 along with enriched FYM and enriched
vermicompost improved productivity and quality of pearl millet as
well as soil nutrients status.
A study was undertaken to characterize the fertility status of chickpea
growing soils of Dharwad taluk. Fifty chickpea growing soils were
selected for the study. Based on average grain yield (12.16 q ha1) of
fifty fields, soils were divided under two categories viz., below average
yield and above average yield. Out of fifty fields, 27 field soils were
grouped under below and remaining 23 fields under above average
yield category. Soils in below average yield category were acidic to
alkaline in reaction, nonsaline, calcareous in nature, low in organic
carbon, available nitrogen and phosphorus, medium in available
potassium and high in available sulphur, sufficient in available copper
and manganese, deficient in available iron and zinc. Exchangeable
calcium and magnesium content in both the category soils was found
Studies on fertility status of Chickpea growing soils of Dharwad taluk
G. VISHWANATH REDDY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. M. RADDER
high. On the other hand soils in above average yield category were
neutral to alkaline, nonsaline, calcareous in nature, low in organic
carbon and available nitrogen, medium to high in available phosphorus,
potassium and sulphur, deficient in available zinc and iron, sufficient
in copper and manganese. Mean dry matter accumulation at flowering
stage and protein content in above average yield category were higher
than below average yield category. Higher uptake of N, P, K, S, Ca,
Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn uptake was observed in above average yield
category than below average yield category. Organic carbon, available
N, P, K, S, Fe and Zn were found positively and significantly
correlated with grain yield. All major nutrients viz., N, P, K, S and Zn
were positively and significantly correlated with yield of chickpea.
54
A pot culture experiment was conducted to study the effect of humic
acid from vermicompost and commercial source on soil fertility and
productivity of groundnut (var. GPBD4) in an Alfisol during kharif
2017 at the Main Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Dharwad with
13 treatments and three replications laid out in completely randomized
design. Humic acid extracted from vermicompost contained good
amount of plant nutrients and higher recovery per cent (5.2) than
FYM (4.40) and hence humic acid extracted from vermicompost was
used in the study. Application of humic acid @ 20 kg ha1 supplemented
with 0.2 per cent foliar spray significantly improved growth attributes
namely leaf area index and relative chlorophyll content. The same
treatment resulted in higher number of pods (24.00) and pod yield
(14.80 g) per plant. There was improvement in the crop quality in
terms of kernel oil (46.12 %) and protein (25.38 %) contents. The
Effect of humic acid on soil fertility and productivity of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in an alfisol
P. CHAITRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. K. MATH
total uptake of major (N, P, K and S) and micro (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu)
nutrients were also significantly higher in the same treatment. There
was significant improvement in soil microbial population, enzymes
activity (dehydrogenase, urease, phosphatase and nitrate reductase),
available nitrogen (253.33 kg ha1), phosphorus (44.50 kg ha1),
potassium (285.00 kg ha1) and sulphur (26.80 kg ha1) and DTPA
extractable micronutrients namely Zn (0.90 mg kg1), Fe (14.70 mg kg1),
Mn (4.90 mg kg1) and Cu (1.46 mg kg1) due to application of humic
acid @ 20 kg ha1 with 0.2 percent foliar spray and statistically similar
to same rate of soil application with 0.1 per cent foliar spray.
Application of humic acid extracted from vermicompost @ 20 kg ha1
with 0.2 per cent foliar spray resulted in higher pod yield (14.80 g
plant1) with an improvement in the kernel oil (46.12 %) and protein
(28.38 %) contents.
The study on remote sensing image interpretation based land resource
inventorization was carried out during 201718 in the Department of
Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, University of Agricultural
Sciences, Dharwad. Visual interpretation by using keys like texture,
tone, pattern, shape and association was carried by using survey of
India toposheets (1:50,000 scale) and IRS P6 LISS IV satellite imagery.
Digitization has been carried out in ILWIS (3.7 version) software to
extract different thematic layers like drainage, land slope, land use and
land cover, geology, soil particle size classes, soil orders, land degradation
and geomorphology. The derived information was validated by using
information obtained from KSRSAC, Bengaluru. The major land slope
categories identified were nearly level to very steep slope with major
area under nearly level to very gentle slope. The drainage pattern has
dendritic form with sub parallel drainage patterns. The drainage density
Remote sensing image interpretation based land resource inventorization in Gadag taluk
PRIYANKA N. GHADI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. B. KULIGOD
and drainage frequency of Gadag taluk were 1.14/km2 and 0.18 km/
km2, respectively and they are rated as low. Eight geomorphic units
were identified in which shallow weathered pediplain and filled in valley
covered major area. Land was degraded by rill and sheet erosion. The
rill erosion had image grey scale value in the range of 63 to 255 while
sheet erosion had 0 to 63. Majority of area in taluk was under agriculture
and there was no significant association between grey scale value and
land use and land cover. Based on the spectral information and their
association with terrain characters, soils of Gadag taluk were classified
broadly into four soil orders Inceptisols, Alfisols, Vertisols and Entisols
and four soil particle size classes clayey, loamy, clayey skeletal and
loamy skeletal. The NDVI map was subjected to clustering and the
clustered NDVI map was associated with different thematic layers.
The NDVI values were ranging between 0.03 and 0.12.
A field experiment was conducted during late kharif 2017 at the
Irrigation Water Management Research Centre, Belvatagi, Dharwad.
The experiment was laid out in splitplot design with three replications
consisting of three irrigations 0.8 IW/CPE, 0.6 IW/CPE and rainfed as
main plots and six different land layouts as sub plots. The sunflower
hybrid Sunbred273 was used as test crop. Experimental soil was
clay in texture, alkaline in reaction (8.38), non saline (0.33 dS m1),
medium in organic carbon (6.42 g kg1), low, medium, high, medium in
available N, P, K and S, respectively. Soil was deficient in DTP A
extractable micronutrients. Higher stalk yield (35.68 q ha1), seed
yield (19.09 q ha1), oil content (38.32 %), protein content (17.19 %),
gross return (` 61,408 ha1), net returns (` 41,316 ha1) and BC ratio
(2.15) were recorded in broad bed furrows with sunhemp. Total uptake
of nitrogen (103 kg ha1), phosphorous (37 kg ha1), potassium
Impact of different land layouts and irrigation levels on Sunflower (Heliantltus annuus L.)and soil properties in a Vertisol
B. A. VEERESHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. V. DASAR
(78 kg ha1), sulphur (30 kg ha1) and micronutrients viz., iron (1277 g ha1),
zinc (248 g ha1), copper (1 09 g ha1) and boron (184 g ha1) by
sunflower crop was highest in broad bed furrows with sunhemp
when compared to other land layouts. Broad bed furrows with
sunhemp green manuring (in situ) improved soil physical properties
viz., bulk density (1. 18 Mg m1 porosity (55.35 %), maximum water
holding capacity (69.45 %). Conventional sowing with sunhemp
enhanced the available nutrients of soil at harvest viz., nitrogen
(197 kg ha1), phosphorus (42.11 kg ha1), potassium (757 kg ha1)
sulphur (19.83 kg ha1) and highest micronutrients viz., iron
(4.34 mg kg1), zinc (0.61 mg kg1), copper (0.94 mg kg1) and boron
(0.45 mg kg1). This study revealed that, broad bed furrows with
sunhemp recorded higher seed yield, oil content, BC ratio and
improved physical properties of soil.
55
A field experiment was framed to study the performance of carrier
based and liquid inoculants of biofertilizers along with different levels
of recommended dose fertilizers in Urdbean at IIPR, Regional Centre,
Dharwad during kharif 2017. The experiment was a randomized
complete block design with thirteen treatments and three replications.
The urdbean variety IPU 243 was used as test crop. Experimental
soil was sandy clay loam in texture, neutral in reaction (6.78), non
saline (0.34 dS m1), medium in organic carbon (4.51 g kg1), low,
medium, high, medium in available N, P, K and S, respectively. Higher
haulm yield (2420 kg ha1), seed yield (1427 kg ha1), protein content
(25.88 %), protein yield (369 kg ha1), total number of effective nodules
(28.56), soil microbial biomass carbon (325 mg kg1 of soil), enzymatic
activity, gross return (` 57,067 ha1), net returns (` 39,077 ha1) and
Effect of carrier and liquid based biofertilizers on growth and yield ofUrdbean and their effect on soil properties
R. T. CHANDANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. S. VENKATESH
BC ratio (3.17), total uptake of nitrogen (93.67 kg ha1), phosphorous
(8.56 kg ha1), potassium (35.30 kg ha1) and sulphur (8.72 kg ha1) by
urdbean crop were recorded in the treatment which received 100 %
RDF + FYM + liquid based Rhizobium and PSB (@ 4 ml per kg of
seeds) when compared to other treatments. Application of 100 %
RDF + FYM + liquid based Rhizobium and PSB (@ 4 ml per kg of
seeds) improved soil organic carbon (5.32 g kg1) and enhanced the
available nutrients of soil at harvest viz., nitrogen (232 kg ha1)
and phosphorus (31.98 kg ha1) when compared to initial status
(212 kg ha1 and 24 kg ha1 of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively).
This study revealed that, 100 % RDF + FYM + liquid based Rhizobium
and PSB (@ 4ml per kg of seeds) with urdbean recorded higher seed
yield, BC ratio and improved properties of soil.
A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2017 in the farmer’s
field at Agadi village (Tq: Hubballi) in Dharwad district to investigate
the “Response of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to sources and
levels of boron in a Vertisol”. The experiment consisted of 11 treatments
and laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three
replications. Application of solubor to soil @ 1.25 kg ha1 at sowing
along with foliar spray of solubor at 0.15 per cent on 30th day after
sowing produced highest pod yield (26.74 q ha1) and haulm yield
(36.86 q ha1). Application of solubor @1.25 kg ha1 at sowing coupled
with foliar spray at 0.15 per cent on 30th day after sowing significantly
enhanced the oil content (47.43 %) and protein content in kernels
(24.93 %). Application of boron sources enhanced uptake of all nutrients
at harvest compared to control that did not receive any boron application.
Response of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to sources and levels ofboron in a vertisol of transitional zone of Karnataka
B. S. HARSHITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. I. BIDARI
Among the two sources, solubor application resulted in greater uptake of
all nutrients than borax application. Highest boron uptake (103.50 g ha1) at
harvest was recorded in treatment that received soil application of
solubor @ 1.25 kg ha1 along with foliar spray @ 0.15 per cent, while
lowest boron uptake was noticed in control (67.27 g ha1). Lowest
available nitrogen (233.31 kg ha1), phosphorus (23.28 kg ha1) and
potassium (267.85 kg ha1) content were recorded in treatment that
received soil application of solubor at 1.25 kg ha1 + foliar spray at
0.15 % at full bloom stage. Highest available boron (0.52 mg kg1) was
recorded in treatment that received soil application of solubor at
2.5 kg ha1 + foliar spray of solubor (0.15%). Application of solubor @
1.25 kg ha1 along with 0.15 per cent solubor foliar spray recorded
highest BC ratio (2.25) while lowest was found in control (1.88).
CROP PHYSIOLOGY
In the present investigation three wheat genotypes were tested for
reflectance against five N gradients under the pretext that canopy
reflectance is strongly affected by leaf area index (LAI) and chlorophyll
density. Increase in green leaf area was associated with increased
spectral index NDVI (Normalized difference vegetation index). A
field experiment was conducted during rabi, 201617 at the Main
Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences,
Dharwad with three wheat genotypes viz., UAS 446, DWR 2006,
Bijaga Yellow and five nitrogen treatments (0, 10, 25, 40 and 55 N kg
ha1). Significant differences were observed between the treatments,
among the genotypes and their interactions with respect to various
morphophysiological traits such as plant height, number of tillers,
LA, LAI, LAD, LAR, SPAD values, chlorophyll content, dry matter
production, grain protein content, nitrogen uptake and spectral index,
Physiological association between crop reflectance and nitrogen status in Wheat (Triticum sp.)
ROOPASHREE M. KANIKERI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. B. DODDAMANI
yield and yield attributes. Higher dose of nitrogen application
(55 kg ha1) recorded significantly higher NDVI (0.98) and decreased
with lower nitrogen application. Genotype DWR 2006 recorded better
performance with respect to LA (30.22 dm2 hill1), LAI (1.82), LAD
(78.00 days), LAR (5.24 dm2g1). Similar trend was also obtained
with morphological traits like plant height (61.19 cm), days to tillering
(18.00), number of tillers (216.74 per hill). Total dry matter (14.21 g
plant1), relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) (53.73), chlorophyll
content (2.54 mg g1) and grain protein content (12.58%). Yield (5680
kg ha1) and yield components also differed significantly with higher N
fertilizer application. Grain yield was positively correlated with
morphophysiological traits, grain protein content, nitrogen uptake
and yield attributes. Soil nutrients N, P, K, S showed significant and
positive correlation with leaf nutrients, i.e., SPAD, N, P, K, S.
56
An experiment was conducted at the HiTech Horticultural Unit,Main Agricultural Research Station, University of AgriculturalSciences, Dharwad during kharif, 201718 with factorial CRD design.Two factors of experiments were growing systems viz., soil basedgrowing system, aggregate media hydroponics growing system(cocopeat as substrate), nutrient film technique (NFT) and lettucecultivars viz., Locarno RZ, Concorde RZ, Starfighter RZ. Themorphological parameters viz., plant height (45.8 cm), number ofleaves (35.3), leaf fresh weight (96.73 g) and root length (45.84 cm)were significantly highest in nutrient film technique and lowest insoil. Leaf area (2552.0 cm2 plant1) was significantly highest innutrient film technique whereas leaf dry matter percentage (4.55%)was significantly highest in soil grown lettuce at bolting.Physiological parameter like relative chlorophyll content (29.47SPAD value) and biophysical parameters viz., photosynthetic rate(18.57 µmol CO
2 m2 s1), transpiration rate (6.994 mmol H
2O m2 s1)
Physiological and biological quality of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars grown in different growingsystems under protected condition
TINU THOMAS MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. JANAGOUDAR
and stomatal conductance (0.647 mmol CO2 m2 s1) of lettuce
cultivars were significantly higher in nutrient film technique andleast in soil. Yield parameter like marketable number of leaves, leaffresh weight of total marketable leaves per plant and number ofmarketable leaves per square meter was 27.7, 260.66 g and 719,respectively and quality parameters viz., anthocyanin content(146.03 µg 100 g1 fw) and ascorbic acid content (7.029 mg 100 g1 fw)was significantly highest in nutrient film technique. The cultivarStarfighter RZ recorded significantly highest relative chlorophyllcontent (38.39 SPAD value), photosynthetic rate (18.27 µmolCO
2 m2 s1), marketable number of leaves harvested per plant (25.2)
and also other growth parameters compared to other cultivars.Overall performance of growing systems were in decreasing orderof nutrient film technique followed by aggregate media hydroponicsfollowed by soil based growing system. The cultivar Starfighter RZshowed best performance among the cultivars.
A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of cycocel ongrowth, development and yield of soybean variety DSb21 duringkharif, 2017 at the Main Agricultural Research Station, University ofAgricultural Sciences, Dharwad. The experiment was laid out inrandomized block design with three replication and threeconcentrations of cycocel viz., 125, 250 and 500 ppm sprayed at 30,45 and 60 days after sowing (DAS). Foliar application of 250 and 500ppm of cycocel at 45 and 60 DAS decreased the plant height (9 to 10%) whereas, the number of branches increased significantly.Application of cycocel significantly increased the leaf area, total drymatter and growth indices. Physiological traits like, relative chlorophyllcontent, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and seed qualityparameters i.e., seed protein and oil content increased. Yield and yieldattributing characters viz., number of flowers per plant, number of
Influence of cycocel on growth and development of Soybean (Glycine max L.)
G. J. RASHMI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. Y. PATIL
pods per plant, flowers to pod ratio, seed weight per plant, seedyield per hectare, harvest index and 100 seed weight were significantlyincreased due to application of cycocel at 250 and 500 ppm at 45 and60 DAS. Whereas, higher seed yield per hectare (36.71 q ha1) wasrecorded in 500 ppm of cycocel sprayed at 45 DAS. Seed germinationpercentage and seedling vigour index increased due to foliar applicationof cycocel after two months of harvest over control. The soybeangenotype DSb21 responded very well with 34 per cent increase inyield by increasing reproductive efficiency by the increased dry matterproduction, translocation of assimilates as well as increasing the sinkefficiency by foliar application of 500 ppm of CCC at 45 DAS. It isconcluded that foliar application of cycocel @ 250 ppm either at 45or 60 DAS is economical in soybean which recorded BC ratio of 3.53and 3.43, respectively.
A field experiment was carried out during kharif 2017 at the MainAgricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences,Dharwad to screen the F
2 population obtained from the crosses TMV
2 × ICGV 86031 (TIP) and JL 24 × ICGV 86031 (JIP) for limeinduced iron chlorosis (LIIC) resistance. Variation was observed amongthe selected population of F
2 generation with respect to visual
chlorotic rating (VCR) score at 45 days after sowing (DAS) andrelative chlorophyll content at 60 DAS. The iron deficiency chlorosis(IDC) resistant parent ICGV 86031 had significantly higher relativechlorophyll content (46.2) compared to IDC susceptible parents TMV2 (39.3) and JL 24 (37.7), respectively. Similarly, ICGV 86031 showedleast VCR score (1.00) compared to TMV 2 (2.10) and JL 24 (2.30).Among the progenies, TIP16 and JIP27 recorded highest relativechlorophyll content (41.8 and 42.9, respectively) with least VCRscore (1.07 and 1.00, respectively) followed by the populations
Physiological characterization of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) for lime induced iron chlorosis
N. AKSHAY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. V. KOTI
TIP23 (1.15) and JIP28 (1.00). The hydroponic experiment wasconducted, to unearth the strategy I mechanism involving rhizosphereacidification and root ferric reductase activity in parents of the crosses,ICGV 86031, TMV 2, JL 24 and check KADIRI 9. The results onphysiological and biochemical observations indicated that ICGV 86031at 45 days recorded highest leaf ferrous content (7.44 ppm),chlorophyll content (2.41 mg g1 fresh weight), relative chlorophyllcontent (42.60), root ferric reductase activity (56.9 n mol g1 freshweight hr1) and root protonation (pH 3.83), followed by Kadiri 9 andsignificantly least leaf ferrous content (4.61 ppm), chlorophyll content(1.24 mg g1 fresh weight), relative chlorophyll content (31.48), rootferric reductase activity (40 n mol g1fresh weight hr1) and rootprotonation (pH 4.32) was observed in JL 24 followed by TMV 2.Hence, the parent genotype ICGV 86031 has been identified as mostresistant for LIIC.
57
A field experiment to enhance the Zn concentration in bajra grainsthrough soil application of Zn was carried out in a randomized completeblock design with three replications at the Main Agricultural ResearchStation, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif2017. The bajra variety ICMV221 was used with nine treatments viz.ZnSO
4.7H
2O (basal application @ 5, 10, 15 and 20 kg ha1) and Zn
EDTA (basal application @ 5, 10, 15 and 20 kg ha1) and one absolutecontrol. The result revealed that morphological parameters, viz., plantheight, number of tillers, leaf area, flag leaf area, ear head length andgirth and number of green leaves plant1 were enhanced significantly byzinc treatments. Phenological traits, growth parameters viz., LAI anddry matter production and physiological traits viz., chlorophyll content,relative chlorophyll content (SPAD value), photosynthetic rate, stomatal
Biofortification of zinc in Bajra (Pennisetum glaucum L.)
BABYRANI PANDA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. B. DODDAMANI
conductance and transpiration rate also significantly differed amongtreatments. Zinc application @ 20 kg ha1 significantly increased the N,K and Zn content in all plant parts of bajra. Whereas, P, Fe, Cu and Mncontent decreased at higher doses of Zn treatments. With increase in Znfertilizer doses, soil Zn status was improved. Soil application of 20 kg ha1
Zn EDTA was the best source of Zn compared to other treatmentsrecording highest chlorophyll content of 2.12 and 2.79 mg g1 freshweight and photosynthetic rate of 26.76 and 38.96 µmol CO
2 m2 s1
respectively at 30 and 60 DAS. The same treatment also enhanced thebajra grain yield by 27 per cent with 37 per cent increase in grain Zncontent over control, recording the highest grain yield of 4,153 kg ha1
and grain Zn content of 44.43 mg kg1. Hence, soil application of20 kg ha1 Zn EDTA is beneficial for bajra crop.
A field experiment was conducted during kharif, 2017 at the MainAgricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences,Dharwad to study plant sap analysis for enhancing the physiologicalnitrogen (N) use efficiency in maize. N levels at 100, 50, 25 and 0 kg ha1
including three other treatments on plant demand viz., 50 per centrecommended N + rest through soil application, 0 N + rest by soilapplication and 0 N + foliar application, based on tissue nitrate testsby nitrate ion meter were tried in simple randomized block design withfour replications. The results revealed that soil application of N at100 kg ha1 at sowing showed significantly higher sap nitrate (1037,660 and 502 ppm at 30, 55 and 70 days after sowing respectively) andother sap indices, total leaf nitrogen (2.25%), plant height (230.6 cm),relative chlorophyll content (57 SPAD value), plant performance
Plant sap analysis for enhancing the physiological nitrogen use efficiency in Maize (Zea mays L.)
K. S. SPANDANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. V. KOTI
(13,167), total chlorophyll (3.34 mg g fresh weight1), leaf area(79.8 dm2), total dry matter (399.7 g plant1), grain weight per cob (246.7g), grain yield (106.9 q ha1), stover yield (100.1 q ha1) and nitrogen useefficiency (NUE) of grain and dry matter (35.79 and 30.83, respectively)which are on par with 50 per cent recommended N at sowing + rest bysoil application based on sap nitrate test i.e on demand. Higher grossreturns (` 1, 22,577), net returns (` 90,198) and BC ratio (2.79) wasobserved with application of 100 per cent recommended N which is onpar with 50 per cent recommended N + rest by soil application based ontissue nitrate test. It is inferred that nitrate ion meter can be used forquantification of nitrogen requirement based on crop demand with savingof 30 per cent nitrogen and avoiding environment pollution. Thus,technology is farmer’s friendly and enhances the NUE.
A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of growthretardant on growth and yield of Bt cotton hybrid during kharifseason of 201718 at the Main Agricultural Research Station,University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. The experiment waslaid out in randomized block design with three replications consistingeight treatments. The growth retardant mepiquat chloride was triedat different concentrations and growth stages to curtail vegetativegrowth. All the morphological parameters viz., plant height, plantheight to node ratio, leaf area and partitioning of dry matter inleaves and stem parts were higher in control compared to othertreatments as there is no application of growth retardant. Whereas,number of nodes per plant on main stem, number of squares perplant, number of sympodial branches per plant and partitioning ofdry matter in reproductive parts were higher in application of
Effects of growth retardant on growth and yield of Bt Cotton hybrid
R. SUPRITH GOWDA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. C. PATIL
mepiquat chloride (200 ppm) at 75 and 95 DAS compared to othertreatments. Application of mepiquat chloride (200 ppm) at 75 and95 DAS was significantly higher AGR, RGR, CGR, NAR and SLWas lower LAI was recorded in the same treatment. Higher rate ofphotosynthesis, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll content wasrecorded in the application of mepiquat chloride (200 ppm) at 75and 95 DAS which helped in increasing the photoassimilate supplyfor an extended period (to reproductive sink). Significantly highernumber of bolls and boll weight was recorded, which has resulted inhigher seed cotton yield and havest index with the application ofmepiquat chloride (200 ppm) at 75 and 95 DAS compared to othertreatments. Thus, it is concluded that application of mepiquatchloride (200 ppm) at 75 and 95 DAS is optimum to get higher seedcotton yield.
Field experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture, Universityof Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, during kharif 2017 to find out thephysiological basis for variation in productivity of foxtail millet (Setariaitalica L.) genotypes. Experiment was laid out in randomized completeblock design with three replications on black clay soil under rainfedcondition. Ten genotypes viz., MLT1, MLT2, MLT3, MLT4, MLT5,MLT6, MLT7, MLT8, MLT9 and DHFt1093 (check) were screened
Physiological basis for variation in productivity of Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) genotypes
H. N. KARUNAKARA NEELAPPA HULLUR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. M. NAWALAGATTI
for various morphophysiological, growth, phenological, yield and yieldcomponents at different crop growth stages. Genotypes MLT6, MLT7and MLT1 recorded significantly higher grain yield of 30.39, 30.11 and29.40 q ha1, respectively and these genotypes recorded significantlyhigher number of tillers per meter row length, higher leaf area and totaldry matter (leaf, stem, earhead and total). Among growth parameters,leaf area index and specific leaf weight were found to have significant
58
and positive correlation with grain yield. The high yielding genotypeslike MLT6, MLT7 and MLT1 possessed higher stomatal frequency(259.13, 246.30 and 254.43 mm2 leaf area), photosynthetic rate (37.50,35.57 and 32.23 µmol CO
2 m2 s1), total chlorophyll content (43.27,
42.87 and 41.70) and stomatal conductance (0.50, 0.40 and 0.40 molH
2O m2 s1) and moderate transpiration rate of 2.30, 2.53 and
1.93 mmol H2O m2 s1 respectively. Genotypes (MLT6, MLT7 and
MLT1) also had higher grain yield, panicle number per meter rowlength, panicle length, grain yield per plant, 1000grain weight and grainproductivity. Among the genotypes, MLT6 and MLT7 were found tobe nutritionally superior in terms of grain Fe and Zn content. Hence,these lines could be utilized in value addition.
A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of salicylicacid on growth, development and yield of chickpea genotype JG11during rabi, 2017 at the Main Agricultural Research Station,University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. The experiment waslaid out in randomized complete block design with three replicationsand five concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) viz., 0.5, 1.0,1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mM sprayed at 25, 45 and 70 days after sowing(DAS). Foliar application of 1.0 mM of salicylic acid at 25, 45 and70 DAS increased the leaf area (3.46 dm2 plant1) and total drymatter (18.65 g plant1) which resulted in increased the other growthindices viz., LAI (1.15), SLW (1.67 g dm2), AGR (18.54 g day1 ),CGR (61.81 g dm2 day1), RGR (11.84 g g1 day1) and NAR (68.75 g).Physiological traits like, total chlorophyll content (3.36 mg g1 freshweight), SPAD value (57.37), relative water content (78.89 %),
Physiological response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to external application of salicylic acid
H. S. ASHOKA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. Y. PATIL
proline content (296.99 μg. g1 fresh weight) were increased due tothe foliar application of 1.0 mM salicylic acid. Whereas, lipidperoxidase activity (3.23 µ mole g1 fresh weight) and membraneinjury index (35.17 %) decreased compared to control. Yield andyield attributing characters viz., seed weight plant1 (8.93g.), number of pods plant1 (46.17), seed yield (1,467 kg ha1) andharvest index (47.91 %) were increased due to the foliar applicationof 1.0 mM of salicylic acid at 25, 45 and 70 DAS. The chickpeagenotype JG11 very well responded with 15.12 per cent increasein yield by way of increased reproductive efficiency, translocationof assimilates as well as sink efficiency by foliar application of 1.0mM salicylic acid. Hence, among the various concentration ofsalicylic acid 1.0 mM at 25, 45 and 70 DAS is beneficial for gettinghigher yield in chickpea.
AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY
The studies on biology, varietal reaction and management of pulsebeetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (Linnaeus) infesting cowpea in storagewere carried out in the Department of Agricultural Entomology, Collegeof Agriculture, UAS, Dharwad during 201718. On cowpea, the totaldevelopmental period of C. chinensis occupied 26 to 40 days with amean of 30.90 ± 4.28 days. The females lived for a period of 8 to 12days with a mean of 9.50 ± 1.58 days whereas the males lived for 7 to11 days with a mean of 8.30 ± 1.25 days. Upon categorising thegenotypes, none of the test accessions were found highly resistant.The accessions which recorded the least per cent damages at 90days after release, viz., GC3, IC 202702, IC 259065 and DC15fell into the grade moderately resistant (MR) to C. chinensis instorage. There was a negative and significant correlation between
Biology, varietal reaction and management of pulse beetle,Callosobruchus chinensis (Linnaeus) on Cowpea in storage
NEENU AUGUSTINE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. A. BALIKAI
per cent damage and phenol content of the seeds whereas moistureand protein content of seeds were significantly and positivelycorrelated with per cent damage. Amongst all the ecofriendlytreatments for managing C. chinensis, the protectant ability of sweetflag rhizome powder @ 5 g/kg seeds, cow dung ash @ 200 g/kg andneem oil @ 10 ml/kg seeds were highly remarkable. The adultmortality was cent per cent as against zero mortality in the controlat 4 days after treatment (DAT) indicating their greater toxicity.They were also found to have considerable persistence as evidentfrom the superior adult mortality at 60 and 90 DAT. Coconut oil @10 ml/kg seeds and groundnut oil @ 10 ml/kg seed also exhibitedtheir usefulness by inducing more than 50.00 per cent mortality ofC. chinensis at 4 DAT.
The investigation on “Ecofriendly approaches in the management ofmelon fruit fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) in cucurbits” wascarried out at Kurubagatti village of Dharwad district during kharif,2017. Survey studies revealed the incidence of four fruit fly speciesviz., Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi),Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) and Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett).Among them, B. dorsalis was recorded on mango, B. correcta andB. zonata were recorded on guava while Z. cucurbitae was recordedon cucumber. The five species of parasitoids belonging to four genera
Eco-friendly approaches in the management of melon fruit fly,Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) in Cucurbits
ANEELDEV DASHAVANT MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. K. PATIL
of Hymenopteran order viz., Diachasmimorpha longicaudataAshmead species complex (Braconidae), Trichorpia sp., Spilomicrusmanii Rajmohana and Narendran, Coptera bharatvarshus Sharma(Diapriidae) and Eulophid wasp were noticed. Among these mostcommonly observed parasitoid was braconid, D. longicaudata speciescomplex. There are no reports of diapriids infesting pupae of fruitflies from India. This is the first solitory report of diapriids viz.,Trichorpia sp., S. manii, C. bharatvarshus parasitising fruit fliesfrom India as well as Karnataka, similarly first record of
59
D. longicaudata species complex from North Karnataka. The predatorslike, earwig, Euborellia annulipes (Lucas) and rove beetle were alsonoticed on fruit flies. In vitro studies of different entomopathogensindicated that, the per cent mortality of pupae ranged between 41.54to 82.48. Beauveria bassiana @ 2 × 108 CFU/g recorded highestmortality (82.48%) followed by Metarhizium anisopliae @ 2 × 108
CFU/g (62.51%). The least per cent fruit damage of 15.58 was recordedin malathion 50 EC + jaggery spray with highest yield of 18.43 t/hafollowed by spinosad 45 SC (21.10%) which was found on par withsoil application of M. anisopliae + spray of M. anisopliae +Azadirachtin 3000 ppm (21.83%) with an yield of 16.83 and 16.56 t/ha,respectively with a BC ratio of 5.93, 5.37 and 4.52, respectively.
Investigations were carried out on biophysical basis of resistance andevaluation of border and barrier crops in managing chilli murda at theMain Agricultural Research Station, University of AgriculturalSciences, Dharwad during kharif 2017. None of the test accessionswere found highly resistant. The accessions which recorded the leastincidence of sucking pests during the cropping period and significantlylower leaf curl index, viz., LHC 4940, Sarpan KDL, Manish andSyngenta 5531 fell into the grade resistant category. Nine genotypeswere grouped under moderately resistant category while, the cultivarsviz., Byadgi kaddi and Byadgi dabbi were categorized as highlysusceptible to chilli murda. The resistant genotypes exhibited cropcharacteristics such as higher plant height, leaf area, leaf thickness,maximum leaves per plant, maximum trichomes on leaves, less leafsucculence and recorded relatively lower sucking pest population aswell as lower leaf curl index, when compared to popular varieties viz.,
Biophysical basis of resistance and evaluation of border and barrier crops in managing chilli murda
H. R. ABHILASH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. S. GIRADDI
Byadgi kaddi and Byadgi dabbi. There was a negative and highlysignificant correlation between the incidence of sucking pests and leafarea, specific leaf weight and trichomes while, the positive and highlysignificant correlation was observed between the incidence of suckingpests and leaf succulence. Among the different border and barriercrops for managing chilli murda, chilli bordered and barrier croppedwith fodder maize (South African tall maize) was found superior overthe sole crop of chilli by recording lowest level of sucking pestincidence and leaf curl index. It also recorded higher dry chilli yieldand more activity of predators i.e. coccinellid and chrysopids. Amongthe twenty genotypes screened, four genotypes (LHC 4940, SarpanKDL, Manish and Syngenta 5531) were resistant against chilli murdacomplex. Border cropping with fodder maize was found effective toreduce incidence of sucking pests hence, it can be an importantcomponent in IPM.
The investigations were carried out on the survey (in Dharwad andHaveri districts), seasonal incidence from July to December andmanagement of insect pests of chilli through sequential spray schedulesduring kharif 201718 at the Main Agricultural Research Station,Dharwad. The roving survey in Dharwad and Haveri districts revealedthat, the highest population of sucking pests (number/leaf) viz., thrips(2.28 and 1.10), mites (0.71 and 2.17), aphids (0.47 and 0.75) andwhiteflies (0.21 and 0.17) were recorded in Dharwad district comparedto Haveri district during both vegetative and reproductive stages. Themaximum fruit borer population of 0.47 per plant and per cent fruitdamage due to fruit borer (6.47 %) and gall midge (5.32 %) wasrecorded in Dharwad district. The higher incidence of thrips wasobserved during last week of August (4.20/leaf), mites during thirdweek of September (3.72/leaf), aphids during last week of October
The insect pests scenario in rainfed Chilli and their management
RAVIKUMAR HAVANOOR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. M. RAFEE
(2.48/leaf) and whitefly during September second week (0.78/leaf).The peak population of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) was recordedduring first week of November (1.55/plant) and Spodoptera litura(Fabricius) during last week of October (0.47/plant). The higher numberof coccinellids was noticed during last week of October (2.02/plant)whereas, maximum population of spiders was observed during secondweek of October (1.42/plant). The spray schedule comprisingdiafenthiuron 50 WP @ 1 g/l fenazaquin 10 EC @ 2 ml/l fipronil 5SC @ 1 ml/l chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.2 ml/l registeredsignificantly least number of thrips (0.85/leaf), mites (0.84/leaf) andaphids (0.49/leaf) with highest dry chilli yield of 9.31 q/ha. Whereas,dinotefuron 20 SG @ 0.3 g/l propargite 57 EC @ 3 ml/l spinosad45 SC @ 0.1 ml/l flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.1 ml/l was found quiteeffective against fruit borers (0.18/plant) with an yield of 9.13 q/ha.
Investigations were carried out on various aspects of sugarcane earlyshoot borer (ESB), Chilo infuscatellus (Snellen) viz., seasonal incidence,reaction of 12 genotypes, influence of cultural practices and evaluationof insecticide molecules against ESB at the Agricultural ResearchStation, Sankeshwar during 201718. Survey results indicated thatincidence of ESB was higher in Raibag taluka i.e., 17.70 per cent deadheart (DH) whereas, lower incidence of 16.42 and 14.66 per cent DH,were recorded in Chikkodi and Hukkeri, respectively. Irrespective oflocation during the study, the higher incidence (23.49 % DH) wasrecorded during the month of May. Fixed plot survey revealed thatincidence of ESB was noticed from February (14.50 % DH) to May(14.70 % DH) and peak incidence was noticed during April (25.80 %DH). The studies on reaction of twelve genotypes of sugarcane againstESB indicated that the genotype, Co 09004 in early and CoM 265 in
Seasonal incidence and management of Sugarcane early shoot borer,Chilo infuscatellus (Snellen) (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera)
KALLAPPA MAGADUM MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. S. TIPPANNAVAR
midlate groups emerged as promising against ESB attack with lowermean per cent DH of 7.81 and 12.38 per cent, respectively. Amongthe different cultural practices evaluated against ESB, irrigation atweekly interval performed superior by recording lowest mean percent DH (8.11 %) due to ESB followed by earthingup at 45 DAP(9.84 % DH) and intercropping with onion (10.54 % DH). Amongthe different insecticides evaluated against ESB, chlorantraniliprole18.5 SC @ 0.2 ml/l was found superior by recording lowest mean percent DH (3.88 %) due to ESB, followed by chlorantraniliprole 0.4 G@ 20 kg/ha (5.72 % DH) and fipronil 0.3 G @ 20 kg/ha (6.04 % DH).For the effective management of ESB we can go for early planting,growing the genotypes viz., Co 09004 or CoM 265, frequent irrigationif available, intercropping with onion/coriander and lastly applicationof chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.2 ml/l.
60
The investigation on “Studies on major lepidopteran insect pests of
cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) and their management”
was carried out under UAS, Dharwad during kharif, 2017. A roving
survey was under taken in two districts of north Karnataka viz.,
Haveri and Dharwad during kharif. In both the surveyed districts,
insect pest viz., DBM, tobacco caterpillar, gram pod borer, leaf
webber, head borer were observed. The population of DBM was
higher (4.8 and 4.75 larvae/plant, respectively) than other insect
pests in both the district. The natural enemies encountered were
spiders, syrphids and coccinellids. The interaction effects of
intercrops, bioagents and botanicals indicated that, the highest per
cent reduction of Plutella xylostella larvae over control was noticed
in cabbage intercropped with Indian mustard (T1) and sprayed
successively with cow urine (10 %) followed by neem based
insecticides (3000 ppm) and Beauveria bassiana (2 × 108 cfu/g)
Studies on major lepidopteran insect pests of Cabbage(Brassica oleracea var. capitata) and their management
PRAGATHI J. SHETTY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. T. PRABHU
(B2) (85.50 %). In case of Spodoptera litura, the highest per cent
reduction of larvae over control was noticed in cabbage intercropped
with Indian mustard (T1) and sprayed successively with cow urine,
neem based insecticides, Nomuraea rileyi (B1) (82.00 %). Among
different treatment combinations, highest yield and BC ratio was
obtained in T1B
2 (21.39 t/ha and 3.15, respectively). Among the
newer insecticides, spinosad 45 SC @ 0.1 ml/l recorded the highest
per cent reduction of P. xylostella and S. litura over control (90.90
and 88.58, respectively) and also was found effective against
Trichoplusia ni, Helicoverpa armigera and Crocidolomia binotalis.
The highest yield and BC ratio (22.90 t/ha and 3.37, respectively)
was recorded from spinosad 45 SC @ 0.1 ml/l treated plot. For the
effective management of lepidopteran insect pests of cabbage we
can go for T1B
2 treatment combination and also can take up spay of
spinosad 45 SC @ 0.1 ml/l.
Studies on the extra foliar supplementation of Ferula asafoetida L. and
Allium sativum L. extracts on growth, developmment, disease incidence
and cocoon parameters of silkworm, Bombyx mori were done at the
Department of Agril. Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences,
Dharwad during kharif and rabi 2017. Studies on acceptance of oral
foliar supplementation of F. asafoetida and A. sativum by the silkworm,
B. mori revealed that out of different compounded forms of asafoetida
supplementation, Everest asafoetida extracts (cold, hot water and
ethanol extracts) in different concentrations (0.10, 0.25 and 0.50 %)
showed good feeding response. Similarly, all garlic extracts (aqueous
and ethanol extract) in different concentrations (10, 15 and 20 %)
showed good feeding response by the worms. Studies on effect of oral
foliar supplementation of different concentrations (0.10, 0. 25 and 0.
Studies on the extra foliar supplementation of Ferula asafoetida L. and Allium sativum L. extracts ongrowth, developmment, disease incidence and cocoon parameters of silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
K. H. SHIVAMMA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. M. PATIL
50 %) of Everest asafoetida extracts revealed that 0.10 per cent was
found effective in increasing the rearing and cocoon parameters. Fifth
instar larval duration was significantly less in silkworms supplemented
with 0.10 per cent Everest asafoetida ethanol extract and Everest
asafoetida hot water extract. The highest Effective rate of rearing and
lowest disease incidence was recorded in 0.10 per cent Everest asafoetida
ethanol extract. Cocoon parameters such as cocoon weight, pupal
weight, shell weight and shell ratio were maximum in silkworms
supplemented with Everest asafoetida ethanol extract of 0.10 per cent
followed by 0.10 per cent Everest asafoetida hot water extract.
Supplementation of mulberry leaves dipped in Everest asafoetida ethanol
extract at 0.10 per cent daily twice during fifth instar silkworms of PM ×
CSR2 was superior in all the quantitative and qualitative parameters.
The studies on evaluation of different plant extracts, biodynamics,
safer insecticides and biopesticides for the management of different
cowpea pests were undertaken during kharif 2017 at the Institute of
Organic Farming, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad.
Different pests recorded during the course of study were Aphis
craccivora, serpentine leaf miner, defoliators Spodoptera litura (F.),
Spilosoma obliqua (Walker), Thysanoplusia orichalcea (F.), Agrius
convolvuli (L.) and Orygia antiqua (L.). The pod bugs involved were
Riptortus pedestris (F.), Clavigrella gibbosa Spinola, Nezara viridula
(L.) and Anoplocnemis phasiana (L.). Pod borers viz., Maruca vitrata
(Fabricius), Cydia ptychora (Meyrick), Helicoverpa armigera
(Hubner) and Lampides boeticus (L.) were recorded. Efficacy of NSKE
(5%), neem oil and garlic chilli extract (0.5 %) were more consistent
among plant extracts in bringing down the incidence of all the pests
including defoliators and pod borers but their efficacy did not excel
Eco-friendly management of Cowpea insect pests with special reference to major pod borers
SINDHU S. RAJ MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHEKHARAPPA
the superiority of standard chemical check (Quinalphos 25 EC). These
treatments exhibited highest yield among all the tested plant extracts.
Among the biodynamics evaluated, panchagavya (3 %) + NSKE
(5 %) and cow urine (10 %) + NSKE (5 %) emerged as effective
treatments against all the insect pests. However, they recorded 11.14
and 11.44 per cent pod damage and were on par with quinalphos 25
EC (9.98 % pod damage) and they also recorded higher yield of 11.72
and 11.02 q/ha among all the biodynamics tested. Among insecticides
tested, emamectin benzoate 5 SG was found effective by recording
lowest pod damage (7.94 %) and highest yield (13.23 q/ha) and was
on par with spinosad 45 SC. The next best treatments were novaluron
10 EC, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC and quinalphos 25 EC. The
biopesticide, Beauveria bassiana @ 2 g/l showed better performance
than Metarhizium anisoplea @ 2 g/l in reducing pod damage but was
inferior to above insecticides.
61
The field experiments were carried out during kharif 201718 at the
Hittinahalli village near the College of Agriculture, Vijayapur. The
present study revealed that, peak moth activity was observed during
II week of December (47th meteorological standard week) (52.78
moths/trap/night). Later on, the trap catches decreased gradually with
minimum trap catch of 12.50 moths/trap/night. The rosetted flowers
ranged from (2.25 to 15.45%) with seasonal mean of (9.05 %). While,
pink bollworm incidence in green bolls was noticed from first fortnight
of September (34th MSW) and increased gradually to reach it’s peak
during second fortnight of December (48th MSW). The larval incidence
ranged from (9.00 to 51.00 larvae/50 bolls) with a mean of (34.75
larvae /50 bolls) and the green boll damage ranged from (7.60 to 42.21 %)
with mean of (30.52 %). Further, open boll damage ranged from
(48.36 to 53.48 %) with a mean of (53.45 %) during cropping season.
Population dynamics and management of pink bollworm,Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) in Bt Cotton
MUTTAPPA YALAWAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. PATIL
Similarly, locule damage ranged from 24.71 to 39.35 per cent with a
mean of 39.05 per cent. In survey, the higher green boll damage of
(45.37 %) was recorded in Gadag district followed by 41.09, 35.12
and 23.32 per cent in Koppal, Vijayapur and Bagalkot districts,
respectively. In supervisory control, extended spray schedule block
registered lowest moth activity with a seasonal mean of 19.43 as
compared to 34.89 in untreated block. The extension of spray schedule
(Profenophos 50% EC @ 2 ml l1, Spinetoram 12% SC @ 0.25 ml l1
and Chlorantraniliprole 20% SC @ 0.15 ml l1) registered significantly
lowest per cent of rosetted flower, green boll, open boll and locule
damage (5.53, 11.89, 24.71 and 22.75 %, respectively) as compared
to untreated check (8.32, 26.55, 43.43 and 29.86 %, respectively),
and extended spray schedule block recorded 5.82 quintal incremental
yield with BC ratio (1:3.5).
Investigationson the biology, screening of genotypes and
management of soybean stem fly, Melanagromyza sojae were carried
out at the Research and Development Unit, Ugar Khurd (Belagavi)
and University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif 2017.
Studies on biology of M. sojae revealed that mean incubation, larval
and pupal period were 3.10, 9.45 and 8.60 days, respectively. The
adult longevity of male and female were 11.00 and 11.85 days,
respectively. The total life cycle of stem fly ranged between 2137
days.Among soybean genotypes screened, DSb 23 was highly
resistant in the seedling stage. Irrespective of crop stage, DSb 23,
DSb 1, DSb 12, DSb15 and DSb 24 were categorized as resistant
genotypes.The morphological traits of genotypes revealed a
significant negative correlation between stem fly infestation and
stem thickness; while a significant positive correlation with
Identification of resistant sources and management of Soybean stem fly,Melanagromyza sojae (Zehntner)
H. S. ROOPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. N. KAMBREKAR
intermodal length. Under field condition, seed treatment with
thiamethoxam 70 WS @ 10 ml/kg of seed followed by two sprays of
either chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.2 ml/l (T3) or triazophos 40
EC @ 1.5 ml/l (T7) recorded least stem fly infestation (17.34 and
7.72 %), stem tunnelling (5.66 and 6.17%) and higher seed yield
(21.50 q/ha and 19.50 q/ha), respectively. Similarly, higher BC ratio
was recorded in T3 (2.07) and T
7 (2.01). The next best treatment
was seed treatment with imdachloprid 60 FS @ 10ml/kg
seed followed by chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.2 ml/l (T8) with
17.96 per cent stem fly infestation, 6.48 per cent stem tunneling,
19.45 q/ha yield and 1.81 BC ratio. During the course of investigation,
two pupal parasitoids, Eurytoma melanagromyza Narendran
(Eurytomidae: Hymenoptera) and Chlorocytus sp. (Pteromalidae:
Hymenoptera) were identified.
Investigations were conducted at the Main Agricultural Research
Station, University of Agricultural Studies, Dharwad, Karnataka during
kharif 2017 to study the effect of date of sowing on the incidence of
defoliators, screening of genotypes and management of defoliator
pests in soybean. Soybean variety, JS 335 was sown at two different
dates to study the population dynamics of defoliator pests and their
natural enemies. The study revealed that three major lepidopteran
defoliators viz., Spodoptera litura, Thysanoplusia orichalcea and
Spilarctia obliqua were associated with the crop sown at different
dates. In general, the late sown crop experienced higher incidence of
all the defoliators. Natural enemies such as coccinellids, chrysopids
and Nomureae rileyi were observed in the soybean field and the
population was relatively more on the late sown crop. The late sown
crop experienced higher per cent defoliation which resulted in lower
Screening of genotypes and management of defoliators in Soybean
V. K. SWATHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. P. MALLAPUR
grain yield. Weather parameters had significant effect on incidence of
defoliators. Among seventeen soybean genotypes screened for their
reaction to different defoliators, DSb15 was highly resistant with least
defoliation (20.04 %). Whereas, DSb1, DSb 21 and DSb 24 were resistant
genotypes. Among various biopesticides and newer molecules evaluated
against defoliators in soybean under field conditions, significantly lower
population of S. litura was recorded in flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.2 ml/l
which was on par with spinetoram 12 SC @ 0.2ml/l. Similarly, the
lowest larval population of T. orichalcea and S. obliqua were found in
flubendiamide 480 SC treated plots, followed by spinetoram 12 SC,
spinosad 45 SC and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC. Significantly higher
grain yield (22.81 q/ha) and maximum net return (` 47,335/ha) was
obtained from flubendiamide 480 SC treatment, followed by spinetoram
12 SC compared to all other treatments.
62
An investigation on Maruca vitrata (Geyer) involving population
dynamics, comparative biology on greengram and pigeonpea and its
larval response to selected chemicals under laboratory conditions
was carried out at the Main Agricultural Research Station, UAS,
Dharwad during 201718. The M. vitrata population on different
crops recorded during 201718 indicated its presence almost
throughout the year starting from 29th SMW of 2017 up to 13th
SMW of 2018. The pest infestation wasrecorded on greengram,
groundnut, cowpea during kharif and on pigeonpea during rabi
seasons. Maruca vitrata was recorded on cowpea during summer
season. Higher population of 4.50, 5.8 and 6.1larvae per plant was
recorded at 32nd, 40th and 49th SMW, respectively on greengram,
cowpea and pigeonpea.The annual cycle of the pest started from
greengram followed by groundnut, cowpea (kharif), pigeonpea and
Annual cycle of Maruca vitrata (Geyer) on selected grain legumes at Dharwad
SUMITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. G. HEGDE
ended with summer cowpea at Dharwad. The average incubation
period in greengram and pigeonpea was, respectively 2.35 ± 0.232
and 3.08 ± 0.658 days and differed significantly by “t” statistics.
The average larval duration on greengram and pigeonpea was 15.97
± 1.407 and 17.63 ± 1.174 days.The average duration of male and
female emerged on greengram and pigeonpea was 5.29 ± 0.325, 7.30
± 0.330 days and 5.19 ± 0.85, 7.04 ± 0.69 days without any
statistical significance. The total developmental duration of
M. vitrata was 34.00 ± 1.221 days on greengram and that on
pigeonpea was 36.27 ± 1.728 days and which differed significantly
by “t” statistics. Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.2 ml/l recorded higher mortality
of M. vitrata and thus proved to be very effective under laboratory
condition, followed by chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.1 ml/l and
emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.2 g/l.
Thirteen random primers used to study the genetic diversity of
Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) revealed that the polymorphism
ranged from 66.60 to 100%. UPGMA based dendrogram revealed the
presence of two principal clusters which were further subdivided
into 12 subclusters. Populations collected in the presence of multiple
hosts formed a cluster with higher genetic diversity than populations
collected from sole chickpea. Among various genotypes screened
against H. armigera, BGD 11101 recorded minimum larval
population, lowest pod damage in both seasons whereas maximum
larval population and highest pod damages was recorded in KAK2
and BGD103 in rabi and late sown crops, respectively. Activity of
Campoletis chlorideae (Uchida) was lowest in BGD 11101 and highest
in A1 and BGD103 in rabi and rabisummer crop, respectively.
Maximum and minimum yields were recorded in BGD133 and DBGV
215 and in DBGV 215 and DBGV 209 in rabi and rabi-summer
Genetic diversity of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), morphological andbiochemical characterization of Chickpea genotypes
G. SAI KARTHIK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. S. VASTRAD
crops, respectively. Analysis of morphological parameters viz.,
glandular and nonglandular trichomes on various parts like leaf, calyx
and pod, leaf and pod husk thickness revealed significant differences
among the genotypes. Studies on induced biochemical defense
mechanism indicated that phenol and malic acid contents were higher
in infested samples than uninfested samples. Conversely, uninfested
samples recorded highest reducing sugar. Conflicting trends in protein
content of different genotypes was noticed between two samples. In
rabi crop, phenol content ranged from 0.97 mg g1 in BGD1536 to
1.45 mg g1 in BGD 11101. DBGV 215 recorded highest reducing sugar
content (1.05 mg g1) whereas BGD1536 recorded lowest (0.57 mg g1).
Highest protein content was recorded in DBGV 204 (2.69 mg g1)
whereas BGD133 recorded lowest (1.84 mg g1). Per cent malic acid
content in the genotypes ranged from 0.45 (JAKI 9218) to 0.80
(BGD103).
A field experiment was conducted on Ecological engineering in
chickpea for the management of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)
during rabi 20162017 at the College of Agriculture, Vijayapur, UAS,
Dharwad, Karnataka, India. The study on effect of ecological
engineering on pest incidence and activities of natural enemies in
chickpea revealed that there were significantly lowest number of
eggs (1.50 to 2.63/ 10 plants) and larvae (0.65 to 1.80/ mrl) on
chickpea intercropped with coriander (4:1) + vermicompost
(7.6 kg/plot) with 18 per cent pod damage and 1939 kg ha1 of
chickpea grain yield and 2696 kg ha1 of chickpea equivalent yield.
Significantly highest (1.51/10 plants) coccinellid population and
pupal cases of Campoletis chlorideae were recorded in chickpea
intercropped with coriander (4:1) + vermicompost (7.6 kg/plot) at
all stages of crop growth. Significantly highest per cent parasitization
of gram pod borer larvae by C. chlorideae in laboratory (26.66 and
Ecological engineering in Chickpea for the management of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)
NARASAMMA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. D. SUNITHA
23.33 %) at 51 and 65 DAS, respectively was recorded from larvae
gathered from chickpea intercropped with coriander (4:1) +
vermicompost (7.6 kg/plot) with highest pest and defender ratio
(PDR) (1: 2.43). However, lowest parsitization (10.00 %) was
recorded in chickpea + sorghum + vermicpmpost (7.6 kg/plot) and
RPP (10.00 %). Significantly lower number of eggs (2.06 to 3.24/
10 plants) and larvae (0.86 to 2.18/ mrl) with 21.33 per cent pod
damage, with 20.00 per cent parasitization and 2151 kg ha1 of
chickpea grain yield and 2575 kg ha1 equivalent yield was recorded
in chickpea + marigold, which was statistically on par with chickpea
intercropped with coriander (4:1) plot. However, significantly
highest egg load (3.07 to 4.85/ 10 plants) and larvae (1.40 to 3.36/
mrl) with lowest natural enemies activities and PDR (1: 0.28), highest
pod damage (32.67 %) and lowest chickpea equivalent yield
(2030 kg ha1) was recorded in untreated control (UTC).
63
Roving survey carried out in the four taluks of Uttar Kannada district viz.,
Sirsi, Yellapur, Mundgod and Siddapur revealed that the higher infestation
of banana leaf roller was recorded in Yellapur taluk (43.06 %) whereas,
lowest infestation recorded in Mundgod taluk (23.20 %). Fixed plot
survey was carried out in Sirsi and Mundgod taluks covering two
fields in each place (one for Ney Poovan and another one Grande
Naine cultivar). The Ney Poovan cultivated in Sirsi recorded higher
infestation of 58.67 per cent and Grande Naine cultivar recorded
18.00 per cent infestation. In Mundgod Ney Poovan recorded the
highest per cent infestation of 39.67, but in Grande Naine infestation
was nil. The avian predators were found more effective over other
natural enemies in reducing the population of banana leaf roller. The
ant predator was found more in arecanut + banana + cocoa plantation
compared to arecanut + banana plantation. Studies on life history of
banana leaf roller was conducted in ICAR KVK, Uttar Kannada,
Studies on bioecology and management of Banana leaf roller, Erionota torus Evans
SHREEDHAR CHATTER MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. BASAPPA
Sirsi, Karnataka.The life cycle recorded during July September,
2017 ranged between 52 67 days for male and 55 70 days for
female and another one during November, 2017 January, 2018 ranged
between 55 72 days for male and 58 75 days for female were varied.
The main reason was variation in temperature, which was less during
November, 2017 December, 2018 (19 250C). The field experiment
was conducted in Kulve village of Sirsi taluk, Uttara Kannada during
November and December 2017. Among the tested insecticides Spinosad
recorded least number of larval count of 4.96 per plant which was on
par with flubendiamide with 6.49 larvae per plant. Among the
biopesticides, Nomureae rileyi + Azadirachtin (10.59 larvae/plant)
recorded least larval count. Among the treatments spinosad recorded
highest net returns (` 2,21,904/ha) and BC ratio of 2.78 and in
biopesticides N. rileyi + Azadirachtin recorded higher net returns
(` 1,65,674/ha) and BC ratio of 2.35.
A field experiment entitled “Influence of mulberry based intercropping
systems on insect pest incidence and silkworm traits” was carried out
during kharif, 201718 at the College of Agriculture, Vijayapur with
seven treatments and three replications. Study was conducted in well
established mulberry garden (S1635) with a spacing of 90 × 90 cm
under rainfed condition with protective irrigation. The results revealed
that sole mulberry was recorded significantly higher leaf yield (452.12
g/plant, 30.65 kg/plot and 6.13 t/ha) which was on par with mulberry
intercropped with cowpea (431.11 g/plant, 27.67 kg/plot and 5.95 t/ha)
and mulberry intercropped with mothbean (428.92 g/plant, 27.08 kg/
plot and 5.61 t/ha). Higher leaf yield in sole mulberry was attributed to
significant increase in plant height (106.63 cm and 132.29 cm at 50 and
60 DAP), number of branches per plant (19.55, 25.62 and 32.35 at 40,
50 and 60 DAP) and maximum number of leaves per plant (86.22,
Influence of Mulberry based intercropping systems on insect pest incidence and silkworm traits
N. K. NARAYANASWAMY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. CHAVAN
113.50 and 134.08 at 40, 50 and 60 DAP). All the intercrops in mulberry
recorded minimum pests incidence on mulberry than the sole mulberry.
There was nonsignificant influence of mulberry in reducing pests
incidence on intercrops. The chawki larval weight (2.72 g/10 larvae),
matured larval weight (36.20 g/10 larvae), effective rate of rearing
(97.23 %), fifth instar larval duration (166 hr), total larval duration
(604.33 hr), pupal weight (15.68 g/10 pupae), pupation rate (96.65 %),
cocoon weight (18.89 g/10 cocoons), shell weight (3.89 g/10 shells),
shell percentage (20.58 %), filament length (823.83 m) and denier (3.07)
were significantly superior in mulberry intercropped with cowpea.
Land equivalent ratio was significantly maximum in mulberry
intercropped with cowpea (1.66). Significantly maximum net return
and BC ratio was recorded in mulberry intercropped with cowpea
(` 1,20,520/ha and 3.72, respectively) compared to rest of the treatments.
Studies on population dynamics of sucking pests, spray schedule
sequence of new molecules and evaluation of combiproducts for the
management of sucking pests in Bt cotton were conducted at the
Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad Farm, Dharwad during kharif
2017. The peak population of thrips was recorded during 1st week of
September. The aphid population reached peak during November 2nd
week, while, leafhopper and whitefly peak population was noticed
during October 1st week and November 1st week, respectively. However,
miridbug population reached peak during 2nd week of November.
Whereas, mealybug population reached peak during November 4th week
in DCH32 and November 3rd week in ATM BGII. Sequential
application of flonicamid 50 WG @ 0.3 g/l, fipronil 5 SC @ 1 ml/l,
diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 1g/l and dinotefuran 20 SG @ 0.3 g/l noticed
significantly least number of sucking pests which ultimately reflected
Sucking pests management in Cotton with newer molecules
R. SRINIVASA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. P. GUNDANNAVAR
by recording higher seed cotton yield of 23.25 q/ha which was followed
by diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 1g/l, flonicamid 50 WG @ 0.3 g/l, fipronil 5
SC @ 1 ml/l and dinotefuran 20 SG @ 0.3 g/l (22.57 q/ha) in sequence.
The highest BC ratio of 2.24 was recorded with spray sequence having
flonicamid 50 WG, fipronil 5 SC, diafenthiuron 50 WP and dinotefuran
20 SG in sequence. The combiproduct fipronil 4% + acetamiprid 4%
W/WSC @ 2 ml/l recorded the significantly least number of thrips,
aphids and leafhopper populations which ultimately reflected by
recording higher seed cotton yield of 23.69 q/ha and was followed by,
diafenthiuron 30% + pyriproxyfen 8% SE @ 2 ml/l (22.53 q/ha) were
found to be quite effective insecticides for managing the sucking pests.
The highest BC ratio of 2.34 was registered with fipronil 4% +
acetamiprid 4% W/WSC @ 2 ml/l followed by diafenthiuron 30% +
pyriproxyfen 8% SE @ 2 ml/l (2.24).
64
The present investigations were carried out to study the surveillance
and management of sucking pests using biorationals, insecticides and
acaricides on tomato under shade house condition at the HiTech
Horticulture unit, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during
kharif 2017. The mites attained higher incidence from June to August.
The incidence of the aphids was more during June and July. The
higher population of thrips was recorded from May to August, while
the whitefly occurrence was more from June to August. Population
of mirid bug and spiders were medium throughout the cropping season.
The natural enemies mirid bug, Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) and five
species of spiders were recorded which reached higher activity in the
month of July and August. Among different biorationals evaluated,
neem oil @ 2 per cent + Lecanicillium lecanii @ 2 g/l, neem oil @ 2
Management of sucking pests in Tomato under protected condition
N. SHANTHAMURTHY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. NANDIHALLI
per cent and azadiractin 300 ppm @ 5 ml/l were the best treatments
in reducing the sucking pests population with higher fruit yield of
138.31, 137.68 and 137.15 t/ha, respectively. Net return was highest
in neem oil @ 2 per cent + L. lecanii @ 2 g/l (` 1.56 lac/ha) followed
by neem oil @ 2 per cent (` 1.52 lac/ha) and azadiractin 300 ppm @
5 ml/l (` 1.47 lac/ha). Among the insecticides and acaricides evaluated,
diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 1 g/l, chlorfenapyr 10 SC @ 1.5 ml/l and
spiromesifen 22.9 SC @ 2 ml/l were found effective against tomato
sucking pests with higher fruit yield of 142.28, 141.06 and 140.20 t/ha,
respectively. Highest net return was registered in diafenthiuron 50
WP @ 1 g/l followed by chlorfenapyr 10 SC @ 1.5 ml/l and
spiromesifen 22.9 SC @ 2 ml/l (` 2.05, 1.88 and 1.82 lac/ha,
respectively).
A study was conducted to explore and validate the Indigenous
Technology Knowledge (ITKs) in pest management of paddy in Uttara
Kannada district of Karnataka during the year 201718. The data
were collected from 141 respondents belonging to villages of Sirsi,
Siddapur and Yellapur taluks of Uttara Kannada. Out of 18 indigenous
plant protection practices recorded, 15 practices were used by the
respondent farmers for control of pests in paddy field and three
practices were found to be used by them for control of storage pests
in paddy. The study reveals that manual dislodging of leaf folder larva
by using branches of fish tail palm, spraying of cow urine and use of
plant extract like Gnidia glauca Fresen., Vitex negundo L., Strynchus
nuxvomica L., Sapindus trifoliatus L. and Randia spinosa Thunb.
were widely practiced. The practice of spreading the crushed fruits
Documentation and validation of indigenous technology knowledge (ITKs)of insect pest management in Paddy ecosystem
N. VIJAY KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. JAVAREGOWDA
of R. spinosa all around the plot after transplanting was practiced for
the control of crabs. Evaluation of the ITK practices on the insect
pest of paddy revealed that G. glauca @ 5% leaf extract was most
effective on leaf folder by recording minimum leaf damage per cent of
3.64 and 5.31 at the end of first and second spray, respectively. The
least per cent of white ear caused by yellow stem borer among the
ITK practices was observed in the plot treated with V. negundo @
5 % LE (3.78) at 21 days after spray. Chilli + garlic (5 + 2.5%)
application was found effective in reducing the paddy leafhopper
population in both first and second spray next to chlorpyrifos 20 EC
(0.04%). Chilli + garlic @ 5 + 2.5% was found superior (0.57 bugs/
hill) with 5.57 per cent damaged grains among ITK practices in the
control of ear head bug.
A study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of non chemicalapproaches against mulberry thrips, Pseudodendrothrips mori. Thenon chemical approaches viz., one yellow sticky trap/ 100 sq. ft,spraying of Lecanicillium lecanii @ 2 g/l, amalgamated plant extract 6per cent and neem oil @ 2 per cent alone and in sequence were imposedon V1 mulberry at 30th and 45th day of pruning between February toMarch 2018 and compared with dichlorvos @ 0.02 per cent. Amongnon chemical approaches, one yellow sticky trap/ 100 sq. ft + sequentialspray of L. lecanii @ 2 g/l followed by amalgamated plant extract(APE) @ 6 per cent was effective in reducing thrips population from60.22 to 18.66 thrips/top three leaves and achieved 70.16 per centreduction over control and was on par with dichlorovos 0.02 per centwhich reduced the thrips from 58.33 to 12.54 thrips/top three leaves.
Studies on management of Mulberry thrips, Pseudodendrothrips mori (Nawa)through non chemical approaches
BHARATI V. PARVATAGOUDAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. G. RAYAR
The rearing performance of silkworms from leaves obtained by placingone yellow sticky trap/100 sq. ft + sequential spray of L. lecanii @2 g/l APE @ 6 per cent recorded higher effective rate of rearing(97.91 %), cocoon weight (20.06 g/ 10 cocoons), shell weight (3.43 g/10 shells), shell ratio (17.04 %) and cocoon yield (726.19 g/dfl) and wason par with dichlorvos @ 0.02 per cent which recorded highest chawki(2.15 g/10 larvae) and mature larval weight (40.47 g/10 larvae), effectiverate of rearing (98.69 %), cocoon weight (20.69 g/10 cocoons), shellweight (3.52 g/10 shells), shell ratio (17.12 %) and cocoon yield (746.94g/dfl). Mulberry leaves sprayed with APE @ 6 per cent, neem oil @ 2per cent and dichlorvos @ 0.02 per cent were found safe for silkwormfeeding from 10, 7 and 10 days, respectively. While, L. lecanii @ 2 g/lwas found non infective to silkworms.
65
Investigation on the influence of seed soaking in insecticides andbotanicals on the insect pest incidence in rabi sorghum was undertaken during 201718 at the Regional Agricultural Research Station,Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. Laboratory study revealed that sorghumseed soaked for 5 hours was found to be optimum and those insecticideswhich were compatible with CaCl
2 @ 2 % were selected for field
study. Among insecticides, seed soaking in thiamethoxam 25 % WG@ 2.0 g / l + CaCl
2 2 % for 5 hours prior to sowing was found to be
significantly superior in reducing the shoot fly incidence (3.00%),aphid (1.07 aphids/ cm2leaf) and shoot bug population (10.40/ plant)with maximum grain yield (2,418 kg/ ha) and highest BC ratio (3.24).Further, highest score of seedling vigor (1.23) and leaf glossiness(1.06), highest phenol content (1.21, 1.43 mg/ g leaf), lowest total
sugars (0.37 mg/ g of leaf) was also recorded in thiamethoxam 25 %WG @ 2.0 g/ l + CaCl
2 2 % treatment. On the contrary, significantly
highest pest population, lowest score of seedling vigor and leafglossiness, lowest phenol content, highest total sugars and minimumgrain yield was recorded in untreated control. Among the botanicals,significantly lowest shoot fly incidence (7.35 % dead heart), aphids(6.07/cm2 leaf) and shoot bug population (12.87/plant) with highestyield (2,098 kg/ ha) and BC ratio (1:2.86) were recorded in seedsoaking in garlic extract @ 25 % for five hours prior to sowingrecorded and also highest phenol content (1.38 mg/ g of leaf) andreducing sugar (0.88, 1.21 mg/ g leaf) was registered in garlic extract@ 25 per cent seed soaking treatment but was at par with NSKE(25%) treatment.
The application of nanotechnology in crop protection holds a significantrole in management of insects and pathogens, by controlled and targeteddelivery of agrochemicals and by providing diagnostic tools for earlydetection. Nanoparticles are highly stable and are biodegradable; andcan be successfully employed in production of Nano capsules fordelivery of fertilizers, pesticides and other agrochemicals. Plant extractsare ecofriendly, easily availableand can be an economic and efficientalternative for effective management of destructive pests.Some workhas been carried out on the effect of green nanoparticles from the soybeanseed based AgNPs against Spodoptera litura and Bombyx mori at theDepartment of Agricultural Entomology, UAS, Dharwad. It resulted inlarval mortality and adult deformity of S. litura. Larval and pupaldeformity was also recorded on B. mori. In the present study an efforthas made to evaluate the effect of soybean based silver and chitosan
Evaluation of green and chitosan based nanoparticles against sucking pests
H. MANOJ MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. R. PATIL
based copper nanoparticles on sucking pests like aphid, mealybug andmites. Soybean seeds were used to synthesis silver nanoparticles withsunlight method. Chitosan was used to synthesis copper nanoparticlesusing magnetic stirring method. The peak UVvisible absorptionspectrum was recorded between 425 to 430 and 550 to 560 nm forsoybean based silver and chitosan based copper nanoparticles,respectively. The particle size was less than 100 nm in both thenanoparticles. Scanning Electron Microscope image revealed sphericalto irregular and spherical shape in case of silver and copper nanoparticles,respectively. Soybean AgNPs bioassayed against mites, aphids andmealybugs recorded higher per cent mortality at 1000 ppm within 24HAT. However, 100 ppm was on par with 1000 ppm at 72 HAT.Chitosan based CuNPs recorded higher per cent mortality at 3000 ppmwithin 24 HAT but 250 ppm was on par with 3000 ppm at 72 HAT.
PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY
The present investigation aims to study the defense mechanism againstleaf rust disease in dicoccum resistant (HW 1098 and DDK 1029)and susceptible genotypes (DIC GPM 66 and DIC GPM 64) andgenotypes were screened using molecular markers for the presence ofleaf rust resistance genes such as Lr46, Lr68 and Lr28. Sowing wasdone in two separate plots. Inoculation was done after 45 days ofsowing, control and inoculated leaves were collected after 48 hoursof inoculation, activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxidedismutase, catalase, peroxidase, phenyl ammonia lyase and nitrogenassimilatory enzymes such as nitrate and nitrite reductase and theamounts of total phenol, lignin, reducing sugar and leaf chlorophyllcontent were analyzed under infection. Activity of superoxidedismutase was 11.38 U/mg protein, catalase was 21.55 U/mg protein,peroxidase was 0.39 U/mg protein, phenyl ammonia lyase was
Biochemical investigation on antioxidative enzymes, phytochemical response and screeningfor leaf rust resistance genes through molecular markers in Wheat
K. M. PAVITHRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. KIRAN K. MIRAJKAR
4.00 U/mg protein, phenol was 2.38 g % dry weight and lignin contentwas 8.37 g % dry weight, it was found to be higher activity in leafrust infected leaves compared to healthy leaves. Activity of nitratereductase was 0.66 U/mg protein, nitrite reductase was 0.23 U/mgprotein, reducing sugar was 4.12 g % dry weight and chlorophyllcontent was1.47 g % fresh weight. It was observed least activity inleaf rust infected leaves compared to healthy leaves. Leaf rustresistance genes, Lr46, Lr68 and Lr28 were present in HW 1098 andDDK 1029 and absent in DIC GPM 66 and DIC GPM 64. It wasobserved that genotype DDK 1029 and HW 1098 showed result forthe presence of leaf rust resistant genes and also these genotypesshowed well built antioxidant enzyme mechanism and higher ligninand phenol content after inoculation with Puccinia triticina comparedto the DIC GPM 64 and DIC GPM 66.
Influence of seed soaking in insecticides and botanicals on the insect pest incidence in rabi Sorghum
YOGESH KATRALLI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. KARABHANTANAL
66
PLANT PATHOLOGY
Groundnut is an important oilseed and food crop of India. Anexperiment was conducted in the Bioresource farm, IOF, UASDharwad during kharif 2017 to know the relationship of weatherfactors with fungal foliar disease development and to manage themorganically. The results from survey indicated that, the severity ofearly leaf spot (ELS), late leaf spot (LLS) and rust ranged from 20.00to 42.22 PDI, 17.78 to 66.66 PDI and 17.78 to 60.88 PDI respectively.Maximum severity of fungal foliar diseases was recorded in Dharwadand minimum in Bagalkot district. Epidemiology studies revealedthat early sowing on 22nd June 2018 escaped the rust infection whilelate sowing on 25th July 2018 escaped leaf spot infection. Spore loadwas highest during 38th standard meteorological week (SMW) forELS and 40th SMW for LLS and rust. The correlation studies of PDIwith weather parameters indicated a significant positive correlation
Eco-friendly management of fungal foliar diseases of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
SANGHMITRA ADITYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GURUDATT M. HEGDE
with cumulative rainfall (CRF) and cumulative number of rainy days(CRD), irrespective of the dates of sowing. Regression studiesindicated that fungal foliar disease development was significantlypositively affected by CRD. In vitro spore germination studies revealedthat all the botanicals evaluated (Adhatoda vasica, Azadirachta indica,Pongamia pinnata) were more effective at five per cent concentrationagainst fungal foliar diseases. In vivo studies revealed that, minimumdisease severity was recorded in consortia of bioagents (Trichodermaharzianum - Pseudomonas fluorescens - Bacillus subtilis) treatedplots which was on par with wettable sulphur. All the plant growthand yield parameters were positively influenced in all the treatmentswhen compared to the untreated control. The highest yield (41.51 q/ha),highest net returns (` 1,21,712) and BC ratio (3.75) was recorded inthe consortia of bioagents treated plots.
Laboratory and field experiments were conducted at the Departmentof Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Main Agricultural ResearchStation, Dharwad to study the variability and integrated managementof spot blotch of wheat. Roving survey conducted in Dharwad, Belagavi,Gadag, Bagalkot and Vijayapur districts during rabi, 201718 indicatedlow severity of spot blotch disease.Variability study in 14 isolates ofB. sorokiniana through morphological and cultural characters,pathogenic ability and SSR markers had showed high distinction. Colonycolour ranged from whitish black to black. On the basis of pathogenicity,14 isolates were grouped into two different pathotypes (P1 and P2).Similarity coefficients were ranged from 0.53 to 0.98 representinglessthan 53 per cent genetic variability among isolates. Under in vitrostudies, captanat 0.3% (86.29%), hexaconazole, propiconazole and
Variability and integrated management of spot blotch of Wheat causedby Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem.
R. ASHWINI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. V. PATIL
tebuconazoleat 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.% (100%), hexaconazole 5% + captan70% WP, carboxin 37.5% + thiram 37.5 % WP andtebuconazole 50%+ trifloxistrobin 25% WG at 0.05%, 0.1 %, 0.2 % (100%), multineemoreat 1.0% (54.81%) recorded maximum inhibition of mycelial growth.Trichoderma harzianum + Pseudomonas fluorescens + Bacillus subtilis(3.3 g each/l) concentration, panchagavya (20%) inhibited 80.44 and30.29 per cent spore germination, respectively. In Integrated diseasemanagement, among the eight spray schedules evaluated under fieldcondition, two sprays of hexaconazole 5% EC (0.1%) with 15 daysinterval reduced the spot blotch severity by 13.40 per cent with highestgrain yield(13.33 q/ha), biomass (8.33 t/ha) and BC ratio (1:1.94).Hexaconazole 5% EC (0.1%) was most effective in managing spotblotch disease.
In this study, synthesis of sulphur nanoparticles (SNPs) and silvernanoparticles (AgNPs) were attempted using pomegranate peel, ariland periwinkle leaf extract at the College of Agriculture, Universityof Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Reduction process in SNPssynthesis was assisted by addition of citric acid with sodiumthiosulphate. Reduction process in AgNPs was done from AgNO
3 by
exposure to microwaves at 800 W for 90 sec. Change in the colourfrom colourless to dull white precipitate in SNPs and colourless todark brown in AgNPs indicted the formation of nanoparticles. SNPsshowed mean diameter of 61.1 83.4 nm in Particle Size Analyser(PSA) and shape was confirmed as spherical to irregular by AtomicForce Microscope (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).AgNPs showed absorbance peak of 420 435 nm by UVvisiblespectrophotometer, with mean diameter ranging from 46.8 81.8 byPSA and spherical in shape was confirmed by AFM and SEM.
Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of green sulphur and silver nanoparticlesagainst foliar fungal pathogens of Greengram
H. N. SRIKANTH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. B. NARGUND
Characterised SNPs and AgNPs did not inhibit mycelial growth ofColletotrichum truncatum in food poison technique. However, theyinfluenced the sporulation of C. truncatum. AgNPs at 3 ppmcompletely inhibited the germination of conidia of C. truncatum.Pomegranate aril based SNPs at 1000 ppm recorded the least PDI(7.15) which was on par with wettable sulphur @ 3000 ppm (6.48)and hexaconazole (8.52). AgNPs at 50 ppm completely inhibited thedevelopment of Cercospora leaf spot and anthracnose in glasshouseexperiment. SNPs showed phytotoxicity at 5000 ppm and AgNPs at500 ppm. Further, sodium thiosulphate and AgNO
3 showed
phytotoxicity at 1500 and 169 ppm, respectively. Pomegranate arilbased SNPs against powdery mildew and pomegranate peel basedAgNPs against Cercospora leaf spot and anthracnose, were effectivein management at 1,000 and 50 ppm, respectively under glasshousecondition.
67
The experiment on five important fruit diseases of pomegranate[bacterial blight (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae), anthracnose(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), Alternaria spot (Alternariaalternata), Pseudocercospora spot (Pseudocercospora punicae) andscab (Sphaceloma sp.)] was carried out during 201718 in theDepartment of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences,Dharwad. Field experiment was carried out at Chikkasavanur village(Gadag district) in Randomized Complete Block Design during ambiabahar on Bhagwa variety. Survey was conducted in majorpomegranate growing districts of Karnataka viz., Bagalkot, Belagavi,Chitradurga, Gadag and Vijayapur for the prevalence of abovementioned fruit diseases. Bacterial blight and scab severity wasmaximum in Bagalkot district whereas, anthracnose andPseudocercospora spot severity was highest in Chitradurga district.Alternaria spot severity was more in Gadag district. By standardtissue isolation, microscopic observation and by proving Kochpostulates pathogens were identified. Severity of fruit diseases were
Studies on fruit diseases of Pomegranate and their management
N. HEMANTHA NAIK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. I. BENAGI
maximum during mrig bahar. Studies on the effect of weatherparameters on progress of fruit diseases showed that during ambiabahar rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature weresignificantly positively correlated with diseases. In vitro evaluationof different fungicides and bactericides against X. a. pv. punicaerevealed that, the following fungicides and bactericides were effectivei.e. captan, hexaconazole, metiram + pyraclostrobin and copperoxychloride + streptocycline. With respect to fungi, copperoxychloride, iprobenfos, carboxin + thiram and copper oxychloride+ copper hydroxide showed maximum per cent mycelial inhibitionof C. gloeosporioides and A. alternata in different fungicides andbactericides respectively. In vivo studies revealed that, captan2 g/l hexaconazole 1 ml/l copper oxychloride 2.5 g/l +streptocycline 0.5 g/l vitavax power 2 g/l Pseudomonasfluorescens 10 g/l iprobenfos 1 ml/ l Pseudomonas fluorescens10 g/l at 15 days interval showed less per cent disease index (11.22)of fruit diseases and highest fruit yield (13.27 kg/ tree).
Field experiment on loss assessment was conducted at the MainAgricultural Research Station, UAS, Dharwad, during kharif 2017 inrandomized complete block design with three replications and seventreatments involving the different number of sprays with hexaconazole(0.1%) at weekly intervals. The results revealed, loss in the fodderyield to the extent of 37.20 per cent and reduction in sucrose content(21.17%), crude fibre content (9.64%), leaf ash content (62.91%) andcrude protein (13.00%) was observed at the PDI of 67.40.Epidemiological study indicated significantly positive correlation withmorning and evening relative humidity, rainfall and number of rainydays without any association with maximum and minimumtemperature. Grain sorghum, bajra, foxtail millet and Johnson grassexpressed the symptoms of leaf blight under artificial inoculationwith E. turcicum. However, grain sorghum and Johnson grass showedthe symptoms under natural conditions also. In vitro studies revealed,
Loss assessment and integrated management of leaf blight of sweet Sorghum caused byExserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard and Suggs
B. M. KIRAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. V. PATIL
hexaconazole 5 EC at 0.1 per cent (100%), multineemore at 0.5 percent (67.50%) recorded maximum inhibition of mycelial growth andconsortium of three bioagents, Trichoderma harzianum +Pseudomonas fluorescens + Bacillus subtilis at 3.3 g each/l andpanchagavya at 5 per cent inhibited 80.44 and 19.50 per cent sporegermination, respectively. In integrated management spray scheduleunder filed condition, hexaconazole at 0.1 per cent hexaconazole at0.1 per cent hexaconazole at 0.1 per cent effectively reduced theseverity of leaf blight (PDI26.54, AUDPC542.29) and increasedthe fodder yield (40.35 t ha1) and sucrose content (12.42%) withhighest BC ratio (1:1.42) followed by hexaconazole at 0.1 per cent multinemor at 0.5 per cent hexaconazole at 0.1 per cent, which hasrecorded the PDI and AUDPC of 29.51 and 626.84, respectivelywith fodder yield and brix value of 37.96 t ha1 and 11.15 per cent,respectively.
In this study chitosan based copper nanoparticles (ChCuNPs) andsilver nanoparticles (ChAgNPs) were synthesized by utilizing watersoluble chitosan (1%) and pomegranate aril extract (1.4%) with coppersulphate and silver nitrate as precursors at the College of Agriculture,University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, during 20172018.Synthesized nanoparticles showed absorption spectra peak of 553nm for ChCuNPs and 430 nm for Ch AgNPs by UVVisiblespectrophotometer. Particle size analyser showed mean diameter of71.60 nm and 89.39 nm for ChAgNPs and ChCuNPs respectively.Atomic Force Microscope showed nanoparticles having size rangedfrom 30 140 nm and 20 95 nm for ChCuNPs and ChAgNPsrespectively. Scanning Electron Microscope revealed spherical toirregular shape of both nanoparticles. Synthesized ChCuNPs andChAgNPs were evaluated against bacterial pathogen of citrus canker[Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac)] and pomegranate bacterialblight [Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae (Xap)] under in vitro
Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of chitosan based copper and silvernanoparticles against diseases caused by Xanthomonas spp.
CHIDANANDAPPA MAJOR ADVISOR Dr. V. B. NARGUND
condition by paper disc assay. The results revealed that, ChCuNPseffectively inhibited growth of Xac (7.67 mm) and Xap (9.67 mm) at4,000 ppm. ChAgNPs showed inhibition zone of 12.67 mm for Xacand 13.66 mm for Xap at 250 ppm. In glasshouse studies, managementof citrus canker, ChCuNPs at 3000 ppm recorded PDI of 8.67compared to untreated control (29.33 PDI). In case of ChAgNPs,the minimum disease severity was recorded at 250 ppm concentration(5.56 PDI) compared to untreated control (27.11 PDI). Evaluation ofnanoparticles against management of bacterial blight of pomegranaterevealed that, ChCuNPs were effective at 3000 ppm concentrationwith minimum disease severity (7.82 PDI) compared to untreatedcontrol (31.33 PDI). Further, ChAgNPs were effective at 250 ppmwith the least disease severity (10.00 PDI) compared to untreatedcontrol (PDI 45.00 PDI). ChCuNPs and ChAgNPs against bacterialdiseases of citrus and pomegranate, were effective at 3000 and250 ppm, respectively.
68
In the present investigation, survey for incidence and severity of
the disease, epidemiological aspects of the disease, biochemical
studies and management of disease in both in vitro and in vivo
condition were conducted during, 201718 in the Department of
Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and field studies in Silver
Jubilee Orchard and Saidapur Farm, University of Agricultural
Sciences, Dharwad. A roving survey conducted during July
December, 2017 in major mango growing regions of Karnataka
revealed that maximum PDI was recorded in Ramanagara district
(29.18) and minimum in Gadag district (13.53). In the present study,
it is for the first time proved that Pestalotiopsis guepinii (Desm.)
Steyaert along with Peziotrichum corticolum (Massee) Subramanian
can cause black banded disease of mango. The length of black band
progressively increased during JulyOctober, 2017 and remaining
period of the year growth was negligible. Among the various weather
Further studies on black banded disease of Mango
A. JAYASHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. T. NAIK
parameters studied, more number of rainy days with high rainfall of
150300 mm, more than 80 per cent relative humidity and
temperature of 2730 oC were observed to be favourable for the
development and progression of the disease. Total increase in length
of black band was 1.69 cm in one year. The total sugars, reducing
sugars, nonreducing sugars and total alkaloids were found to be
higher in healthy bark whereas, total phenols were maximum in
infected bark irrespective of the genotypes tested. Among the
fungicides, bioagents and botanicals tested against Pestalotiopsis
guepinii Copper oxychloride (50% WP), Hexaconazole (5% EC),
Carbendazim (50% WP), Carbendazim (12%) + Mancozeb (63%)
WP, Trichoderma harzianum, Lantana camara leaf extract were
superior in inhibiting mycelial growth of the fungus under in vitro
condition. In field experimentation, Bordeaux paste (10%) applied
three times at 20 days interval was effective in managing the disease.
The experiment on brown leaf spot of rice (Bipolaris oryzae) was
carried out during 201718 in the Department of Plant Pathology,
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Field experiment was
carried out at Agricultural Research Station, Mugad in Randomized
Complete Block Design during kharif 2017 on MTU1001 variety.
Survey was conducted in major rice growing districts of northern
Karnataka viz., Belagavi, Bidar, Dharwad, Haveri, Koppal, Raichur,
Uttara Kannada and Yadgir for the prevalence of brown leaf spot.
During survey, maximum disease incidence and severity was recorded
in Dharwad district, in rainfed condition and in black soil whereas,
minimum was recorded in Koppal district, irrigated condition and in
red soil. Epidemiology studies revealed that, less disease severity
was observed at early sowing as compared to late sowing. The
correlation studies of Per cent Disease Index (PDI) with weather
parameters indicated that, significant positive correlation with relative
humidity and maximum temperature, irrespective of varieties.
Variability and integrated management of brown leaf spot of Rice caused byBipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoemaker
MEGHANA SURESH NAYAK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. V. HIREMATH
Regression studies indicated that disease development was significantly
positively affected by relative humidity. Cultural, morphological and
molecular variability study revealed that potato dextrose agar medium
was found supportive to all isolates. BoSRN3 isolate had maximum
sized conidia (111.54 × 15.40 μm). Based on comparison of ITS
rDNA sequences, the isolates were confirmed as B. oryzae. In vitro
evaluation of different fungicides against B. oryzae revealed that,
maximum mycelial inhibition was recorded in captan (0.3%),
propiconazole (0.1%) and tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin (0.2%).
Among botanicals, neem oil (10 %) and among bioagents Pseudomonas
fluorescens recorded highest per cent mycelial inhibition, respectively.
Field management studies indicated that seed treatment with bioagent
P. fluorescens (10 g/l) and foliar spray of propiconazole (1 ml/l)
was significantly effective in managing the disease with lowest
PDI (15.18), highest thousand grain weight (22.07 g) and grain yield
(32.90 q/ha).
Survey for disease incidence was conducted in major chickpea growing
areas of northern Karnataka, viz, Vijayapur, Bagalkot, Kalaburagi and
Gadag, during rabi 201718. Survey revealed that Bagalkot district
recorded highest wilt incidence with (27.19%) followed by Kalaburagi
district (24.90%). Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri was grown on
different growing media, among which potato dextrose agar and czapek,s
dox agar media supported good growth and sporulation. The cultural
and morphological variability on potato dextrose agar and czapek,s dox
agar media revealed that, there is a considerable variation with respect
to colony diameter, colour, pigmentation, sporulation, mycelial growth,
formation of chlamydospores, septation in the micro and macro conidia,
size of micro, macro conidia and chlamydospores. In potato dextrose
broth F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri attained maximum growth and dry
Investigations on fusarium wilt of Chickpea and its integrated management
K. L. NANDEESHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHALINI N. HUILGOL
mycelial weight at 16 days after inoculation. The ITS rDNA sequence
of these isolates separated them into two clusters. The similarity
coefficient was upto 2.3. Among the botanicals turmeric rhizome extract
recorded the higher inhibition of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri, among the
bioagents T. harzianum recorded the highest inhibition of F. oxysporum
f. sp. ciceri, among the fungicides carbendazim 12 % + mancozeb 63%
was effective in mycelial inhibition of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri. Seed
treatment with carbendazim 12 % + mancozeb 63 %, @ 2 g per kg of
seeds, + T. harzianum @ 4 g per kg of seeds + Turmeric rhizome
extract @ 150 ml per kg of seeds, recorded the lowest per cent disease
incidence (1.46 %) with the highest yield of (10.37 q/ha), where as
highest per cent wilt incidence (12.73 %) and lowest yield (6.02 q/ha)
was obtained in untreated control.
69
The experiment to study the incidence and severity of dry root rot of
chickpea in northern Karnataka, the variability among different isolates
of Rhizoctonia bataticola, biochemical changes in diseased chickpea
plants and in vitro evaluation of bioagents, botanicals and fungicides
against the pathogen was undertaken during 201718 at the Department
of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vijayapur. The survey results
revealed that the maximum disease incidence was in Vijayapur district
(27.77%) followed by Gadag district (26.57 %), whereas minimum
disease incidence was recorded in Bagalkot district (16.64%). Rhizoctonia
bataticola was grown on different culture media, among which potato
dextrose agar and Sabouraud’s agar media supported the best growth.
The cultural and morphological variability on potato dextrose agar and
Sabouraud’s agar media revealed that, there was a considerable variation
with respect to colony diameter, colony colour, margin, type of growth
and microsclerotia formation. In potato dextrose broth, R. bataticola
Investigations on dry root rot of Chickpea caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola and its management
APARNA K. GOKUL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHALINI N. HUILGOL
attained maximum growth and dry mycelial at 12 days after inoculation.
The ITS rDNA sequence of these isolates separated them into two
clusters. Biochemical analysis revealed that roots of plants grown in
inoculated soil had lower reducing sugars (1.45 mg/g) than roots collected
from uninoculated soil (1.62 mg/g), whereas the amount of phenols
(0.42 mg/g) and amino acid content was more in diseased plants
(0.51 mg/g) as compared to healthy. In vitro evaluation of bioagents
against Rhizoctonia bataticola revealed that the maximum per cent
inhibition was shown by Trichoderma harzianum (88.80%). Among
botanicals, the highest per cent inhibition was observed in Curcuma
longa (49.83%). In vitro evaluation of fungicides indicated that
carbendazim, propiconazole, carbendazim 12 per cent + mancozeb 63
per cent and carboxin 37.5 per cent WP + thiram 37.5 % WP had
completely inhibited the growth of Rhizoctonia bataticola at both 1000
and 2000 ppm concentrations.
Cluster bean is a versatile and multipurpose legume crop cultivated
for vegetable, fodder and manure. Cluster bean powdery mildew
caused by Leveillula taurica is the major limiting factor for its
cultivation in India. The present investigation involving roving survey
in five districts, molecular characterization of pathogen,
epidemiological studies, in vitro evaluation of botanicals, bioagents
and fungicides, field screening of 41 genotypes and management
studies were carried out at the University of Agricultural Sciences,
Dharwad during the year 201718. During survey maximum disease
severity was observed in Dharwad (39.70 PDI) and least in Haveri
district (22.92 PDI). The rDNA sequencing of L. taurica indicated
that Dharwad isolate is having 94 per cent homology with Iran and
Turkey isolates. Highest conidial germination was observed at
25 °C (63.16%) and 85 per cent relative humidity. Sowing during
first fortnight of November recorded maximum disease severity.
Maximum temperature was positively correlated with disease
Studies on powdery mildew of Cluster bean caused by Leveillula taurica (Lev.) Arn.
K. N. VIJAYKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHRIPAD KULKARNI
development whereas, minimum temperature, minimum and
maximum relative humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days
showed negative correlation. Among different botanicals and
bioagents tested, maximum conidial germination inhibition was
observed with nimbecidine (80.13%) and Bacillus subtilis (56.72%).
Among different fungicides tested, maximum inhibition was observed
with hexaconazole @ 0.1 (100.00%), wettable sulphur (95.78%)
and tebuconazole 50 per cent + trifloxystrobin 25 per cent (94.72%).
None of the genotypes were immune or resistant whereas, two, 37
and two genotypes were found to be moderately susceptible,
susceptible and highly susceptible, respectively. Field evaluation of
fungicides revealed that two sprays of hexaconazole @ 0.1 % resulted
in least PDI of 11.75 per cent with an yield of 6.20 t/ha and C:B
ratio of 1:3.23 which was significantly superior over other treatments
followed by two sprays of tebuconazole 50 per cent + trifloxystrobin
25 per cent (14.27 PDI) with an yield of 5.98 t/ha.
Pomegranate wilt complex caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata Ell. and
HaIst. and Meloidogyne incognita is one of the most important diseases,
which results in complete wilting in pomegranate crop. The prevalence
and severity of pomegranate wilt complex was found to be more in
Koppal district (42.84%) followed by Bagalkot (34.13%), Vijayapur
(30.48%) and Gadag (27.73%). During survey, shot hole borer incidence
and Root knot nematode symptoms was observed only in two districts
i.e. Koppal and Bagalkot. Cultural studies revealed that oat meal agar
was found to be best solid and liquid media and source of growth
C. fimbriata. The fungus showed maximum growth on PDA broth on
16th day after inoculation. Glucose and sodium nitrate were noticed to
be the best carbon and nitrogen source for the mycelial growth of the
Investigations on Pomegranate wilt complex
ASHWATHKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. M. VASTRAD
fungus on liquid media, respectively. The dendogram constructed from
the pooled data clearly showed that there were differences among the
isolates. However, in the interaction study, greatest reduction in growth
parameters like shoot and root length and shoot and root weight was
observed in first inoculation with nematode followed by fungus
treatment as compared to all other treatments. Among the fungicides,
bio agents and botanicals tested in vitro against C. fimbriata, tricyclazole
and hexaconazole among systemic fungicides, carboxin (37.5%) WP +
thiram (37%) WP (Vitavax Power) among combi products and copper
oxychloride among nonsystemic fungicides, T. harzianum in bioagents
and ginger rhizome extract among botanicals were found superior in
inhibiting the mycelial C. fimbriata.
70
The investigations on anthracnose of mango caused by Colletotrichumgloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. and Sacc. in northern Karnataka wasundertaken during 201718 at the Department of Plant Pathology,College of Agriculture, Vijaypur. The survey result revealed that themaximum disease incidence was in Belagavi (28.06%) followed byHaveri (25.33%), whereas minimum disease incidence was recordedin Vijaypura (14.37%). The leaves sample showed typical browncolored sunken lesion, symptoms were also observed on leaf petiol,twigs and fruits. The pathogen was isolated and identified based ontheir hyaline septate hyphae and hyaline non septate conidia with oilglobule. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolates were grown ondifferent culture media, among which Rhichard’s agar supported thebest. The morphological variability among the different isolatesrevealed that, the colour of the colony varied from creamy white towhite with concentric rings and smooth margine, size of the conidia
Investigations on Mango anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. and Sacc.
M. R. SOUMYA MAJOR ADVISOR: ARUN R. SATARADDI
varied as 9.5216.88 × 4.205.15 µm with one to three oil globule. Inpotato dextrose broth, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides attainedmaximum growth and dry mycelial weight at 12 days after inoculation.Among the different carbon and nitrogen sources, maximum drymycelial weight was recorded in mannitol (560.26 mg) and potassiumnitrate (549.85 mg), respectively. The ITS rDNA sequence of theseisolates separated them into two clusters. In vitro evaluation offungicides against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides revealed that themaximum (100%) inhibition was shown by combiproduct fungicidescarbendazim 12 per cent + mancozeb 63 per cent at all threeconcentrations (500, 1000 and 1500 ppm) tested. Among the systemicfungicides maximum mean inhibition was recorded in tebuconazole(95.30%) and 100 per cent inhibition was observed at 1500 ppmconcentration. Among the bioagents maximum per cent inhibitionwas recorded in Trichoderma harzianum (81.43%).
The experiment on role of endophytes in management of soil bornediseases of chilli was carried out during 201718 in the Department ofPlant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Rovingsurvey was conducted in major chilli growing districts of northernKarnataka viz., Dharwad, Gadag and Haveri. Results indicated thatmaximum endophytic isolation (11 fungal and 12 bacterial isolates)and wilt incidence (10.56 %) was recorded from Haveri districtfollowed by Dharwad district (8 fungal, 11 bacterial isolates and 9.67 %wilt incidence) and minimum was noticed in Gadag district. Morenumber of endophytes were isolated from samples collected atvegetative and flowering stages as compared to fruiting stage whereasmean maximum wilt incidence was recorded in fruiting stage. In dualculture method, among the 27 fungal endophytes, five isolates(FRHHA2, FSHHE3, FSGAN8, FLHKA1 and FLDHO7)showed maximum mycelial inhibition against Fusarium solani andRhizoctonia solani. Among the 32 bacterial endophytes, five isolates(BRHHE2, BRDHE5, BRGKA12, BSHHA1 and BLHHA1)
Role of endophytes in management of soil borne diseases of Chilli
JAYASHREE VASTRAD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. T. NAIK
showed maximum mycelial inhibition against both pathogens. Theextent of inhibition of both pathogens by fungal and bacterialendophytes in dual culture method ranged from 0.00 to 62.35 per centand 0.00 to 52.94 per cent, respectively. In pot culture experiment, twoisolates viz., Neofusicoccum parvum (FSGAN8) andPseudoxanthomonas sp. (BRGKA12) showed highest response onplant growth parameters and also recorded the least wilt and root rotincidence. Based on cultural and molecular characterization, the effectivefungal endophytes were identified as Macrophomina sp. (FRHHA2),Fusarium sp. (FSHHE3), Neofusicoccum parvum (FSGAN8),Phomopsis sp. (FLHKA1) and Diaporthe sp. (FLDHO7). Theeffective bacterial endophytes were identified as Stenotrophomonasmaltophilia (BRHHE2), Pseudomonas fulva (BRDHE5),Pseudoxanthomonas sp. (BRGK12), Alcaligenes faecalis (BSHHA1)and Bacillus cereus (BLHHA1). This is the first report ofNeofusicoccum parvum, Macrophomina sp., Stenotrophomonasmaltophilia and Alcaligenes faecalis as endophytes in chilli from India.
Laboratory and field experiment were conducted at the Departmentof Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Dharwad and AgriculturalResearch Station, Mugad, UAS, Dharwad to study the host range andsurvivability of pathogen, epidemiology, molecular variability andintegrated management during kharif, 2017. A roving survey was carriedout for the severity of anthracnose of greengram in four majorgreengram growing districts of northern Karnataka revealed that, thedisease severity was found highest in Gadag (37.83%) and least inHaveri (29.86%) districts. Among eight pulses tested for host rangestudies, Vigna mungo, Glycine max and Macrotyloma uniflorum provedto be hosts for Colletotrichum truncatum. Viability of conidia of C.truncatum in different storage conditions showed conidia were viablefor maximum period of 360 days in freeze condition and the viabilitywas reduced to 105 days under field condition. The first onset ofanthracnose was noticed at 30 days after sowing with per cent index
Studies on anthracnose of Greengram caused by Colletotrichum truncatum (Schw.) Andrus and Moore
L. PAVITHRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. C. KAMANNA
(PDI) of 7.86 and increased gradually with the PDI of 43.24. Thecorrelation studies between PDI and weather parameters indicatedthe anthracnose development was positive correlation with rainfall,morning relative humidity, evening relative humidity and sunshine,whereas, negative correlation was noticed with maximum temperature,minimum temperature, evaporation and wind speed. Geneticvariability among eight isolates of C. truncatum showed that maximumgenetic variation exists in Dwd Ct1 followed by Gad Ct3 and TNAUCt7isolates and less genetic variation in HsnCt5 and ShvCt4 isolateswhich showed 88 per cent similarity. In vitro bioassay revealed that,propiconazole, captan, trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole were foundeffective. Among bioagents and ITKs, Trichoderma harzianum andpanchagavya respectively, were most effective against C. truncatum.Two foliar sprays of propiconazole (0.1%) at 15 days interval wasmost effective fungicide in managing the anthracnose of greengram.
71
Laboratory and field experiment were conducted at the Department
of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Main Agricultural
Research Station, Dharwad to study the variability and management
of chilli powdery mildew involving survey, survival study and yield
loss estimation during kharif, 2017. The maximum disease severity
was noticed in Dharwad district (62.03%) and the least severity was
noticed in Belagavi district (22.01%). Among the 24 isolates
morphological variability observed in terms of shape, size and colour
of the conidia, branching and length of conidiophores. Viability of
conidia of Leveillula taurica was observed up to 140 days under
freeze condition and least under field condition up to 84 days. Higher
amount of total sugars and non reducing sugars was recorded in
diseased leaves but higher amount of phenols and reducing sugars was
recorded in healthy leaves. The observations on yield loss estimation
Studies on variability of Leveillula taurica (Lev.) Arn. causing Chilli powderymildew and its management
SABEENA BADEMIYYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. A. ASHTAPUTRE
revealed that, three sprays of Sulphur 80% WP (0.3%) were found to
be effective in reducing disease severity (76.44%), increasing yield
(9.54 q/ha) and cost benefit ratio (1: 3.03). Yield loss of 50 per cent
was noticed due to powdery mildew in unsprayed plots. Maximum
germination of conidia was observed in 2 per cent sucrose solution
(50.78%) at 24 hr after incubation. Azoxystrobin (0.1%), Bacillus
subtilis (1%), nimbicidin (0.5%) were found effective with higher per
cent inhibition of conidial germination among different fungicides,
bioagents and botanicals respectively evaluated under in vitro
condition. The observations on integrated management of powdery
mildew revealed that, three sprays azoxystrobin (0.1%) at 12 days
interval was most effective with highest yield (13.25 q/ha) and cost
benefit ratio (1:3.33). Azoxystrobin (0.1%) was most effective in
managing powdery mildew of chilli.
An investigation was undertaken on loss assessment, epidemiology,
screening and management of turcicum leaf blight (TLB)
(Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard and Suggs.) and common
rust (Puccinia sorghi Schw.) diseases of sweet corn at the Main
Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Dharwad. Roving survey carried
out during kharif 2017 in Bagalkot, Belagavi, Dharwad and
Chikkaballapur districts indicated, maximum mean severity of TLB
(56.54 %) and minimum severity of common rust (37.81 %) were
observed in Chikkaballapur district. Maximum mean severity of
common rust (43.73 %) and minimum severity of TLB (49.00%)
were noticed in Belagavi district. Crop loss estimation studies
revealed that, avoidable green ear and fodder yield losses in
susceptible genotype were to an extent of 33.90 and 40.40 per cent,
respectively. Five sprays of tebuconazole 250 % EC @ 0.1 %
recorded least severity of TLB (5.35 %) and common rust (3.04 %)
Studies on turcicum leaf blight and common rust diseases of sweet Corn (Zea mays L. Saccharata)
H. U. PALLAVI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. I. HARLAPUR
diseases. The weather factors, viz., maximum temperature (27.0oC
to 29.1oC), minimum temperature (19.8oC to21.3oC), relative
humidity (>90.0 %) and rainfall (103.0 mm to 233.8 mm) were
congenial for development of both the diseases. Rainfall and number
of rainy days were significantly positively correlated with
theseverity of both the TLB and common rust. The regression models
developed were,Y = 16.101 0.098 X5+ 4.159 X
6with R2= 0.97 for
TLB and Y = 4.7710.102 X5+ 3.547 X
6with R2= 0.95 for common
rust. Among 33 genotypes screened, one genotype, SW3 was found
resistant against common rust but none of the genotypes found
resistant for TLB. Genotypes, SW2 and Hibrix39 registered
moderately resistant reaction for both the diseases. Foliar spray
with tebuconazole 250 % EC @ 0.1 % at 35 and 50 days after
sowing was effective in managing both the diseases and recorded
maximum green ear yield (16.35 t/ha) with highest BC ratio (2.75).
The study was undertaken during 201718 at the Department of
Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vijayapur. The survey results
revealed that the maximum disease incidence was in Dharwad district
(25.30 %) followed by Gadag district (13.91 %) whereas disease
incidence was minimum in Vijayapur district (7.33 %). Among
different media tested potato dextrose agar (88.55 mm) , Czapeck’s
agar (84.58 mm), Oat meal agar (83.57mm) and Sabouraud’s agar
(83.33 mm) supported the best growth. The cultural and
morphological variability on potato dextrose agar media revealed
that, there was a considerable variation in colony diameter (78.41
90.00 mm), pigmentation and colony colour, sporulation (No
sporulation to Excellent), formation of chlamydospore and their
diameter (3.2 5.8 to 4 8.6 µm), septations in micro conidia (12)
and macro conidia (2 4) and their size. The ITS rDNA sequence of
Studies on wilt of Safflower caused by Fusarium oxysporum F. sp. carthami Klis. and Hous.
C. M. KARTHIK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. VIRUPAKSHA PRABHU
the isolates separated them in to two clusters. Biochemical analysis
revealed that higher phenol content was observed in diseased roots
(2.67 mg/g) as compared to the healthy roots (2.00 mg/g), whereas the
total sugars (46.00 mg/g) and reducing sugars (31.00 mg/g) were higher
in healthy roots compared to diseased. In vitro evaluation of
fungicides revealed that copper oxy chloride (1000, 2000 and
3000 ppm) and carbendazim (500, 1000 and 1500 ppm) completely
inhibited the growth of the pathogen. Among the bioagents highest
inhibition was found in Trichoderma harzianum (78.71 %) and
among the botanicals maximum per cent inhibition was shown by
Curcuma longa (19.71 %). Among the different lines screened in
pot culture against the wilt pathogen, four entries (IVT1419, 24,
IAHT1403 and HUS305) recorded immune and three entries
(IVT1404, 18, 23) recorded moderately resistant reaction.
72
The present investigation on pathogens associated with grain
discolouration and their management in paddy was conducted during
kharif 2017. It involved survey, isolation and characterization of
pathogens, studies on epidemiology of disease, management of disease.
During survey, maximum disease severity (26.23 %) as well as maximum
per cent disease incidence (46.66 %) was recorded from Medleri village
of Haveri district. Seven fungi were isolated from blotter and potato
dextrose agar method i.e Curvularia lunata, Helminthosporium oryzae,
Fusarium moniliformae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioids and Alternaria
spp. Other saprophytic fungi like Aspergillus spp. and Rhizopus spp.
were frequently observed on discoloured paddy seeds. The seed infection
in blotter method ranged from 7.0 to 36.3 per cent and in potato dextrose
agar method 4.2 to 28.1 per cent. Among solid media, potato dextrose
agar, host extract agar and V8 juice agar were best for the growth and
Pathogens associated with grain discolouration and their management in Paddy (Oryza sativa L.)
JYOTI A. KONNUR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. B. YADAHALLI
sporulation of C. lunata and H. oryzae. The severity of paddy grain
discolouration correlated to weather parameters. Maximum temperature
and evening relative humidity showed positive correlation whereas
minimum temperature and rainfall showed negative correlation on
development of discolouration. In vitro studies of fungicides revealed
that maximum mycelial inhibition (100 %) was recorded in tebuconazole
250 EC, tricyclazole (18 %) + mancozeb (62 %) at all concentrations
and mancozeb 75 WP recorded (96.37 %) inhibition at 0.2 per cent
concentration. Field studies indicated that, seed treatment with
carbendazim (2 g/kg) with two sprays of tebuconazole 250 EC (0.1 %)
first spray during flowering stage and second spray during 15 days
after first spray recorded less PDI with increase in yield (36.11 q/ha),
thousand grain weight (24.77 g), seed germination (93.63 %) and
maximum vigour index (1123.8).
The present investigation was carried out at the University of
Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 201718, which included seed
health testing of different sorghum cultivars, evaluation of seed health
testing methods, seed germination and vigour, location of the pathogen
in the seed, seed to plant transmission, integrated disease management
through use of seed dressing fungicides, bioagents and bioagents along
with priming agents. Seed health testing of 33 different sorghum seed
samples collected from different sources in Dharwad revealed the
dominance of Colletotrichum graminicola, Exserohilum turcicum and
Curvularia lunata among the pathogenic fungi. In general, seed samples
collected from farmers and AICRP exhibited maximum infection of
C. graminicola and E. turcicum, whereas C. lunata infection was
observed maximum in seed companies and farmers seed samples.
Among the five different seed health testing methods employed to
Studies on seed borne fungal diseases of Sorghum
PAMIR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. S. L. RAO
assess their efficacy and reliability, deep freezing blotter method was
found to be suitable for the detection of seed borne infection of
C. graminicola and C. lunata whereas, for E. turcicum 2, 4D blotter
method was found suitable. The pathogenic ability of major seedborne
fungi viz., E. turcicum, C. graminicola and C. lunata were proved in
seedling symptom test and transmission study. Component plating
technique revealed the presence of C. graminicola and Aspergillus spp.
in the pericarp only whereas, A. alternata, E. turcicum and C. lunata
were noticed on pericarp and other than pericarp also viz., endosperm
and embryo. Seed dressing fungicide of tricyclazole 18 % + mancozeb
62 % @ 0.2 per cent and bioagent T. harzianum @ 0.6 per cent + coir pith
were found as effective seed treatment with field emergence of 89.68
and 77.38 per cent with grain yield of 71.33 and 70.16 q ha1, respectively
for the management of seedborne fungal diseases of sorghum.
The experiment on stem rot of groundnut caused by Sclerotium rolfsii
was carried out during 201718 in the Department of Plant Pathology,
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. The survey was
conducted in major groundnut growing districts of northern Karnataka
viz., Dharwad, Belgavi, Haveri, Gadag and Chitradurga for the
prevalence of stem rot of groundnut. During the survey, maximum
per cent disease incidence (31.64%) was recorded in Dharwad district
because of continuous growing of susceptible varieties whereas,
minimum (18.41%) was recorded in Gadag district because of
spreading type genotypes were cultivated. Variability studies on
S. rolfsii were undertaken, 15 samples of S. rolfsii were collected
from different locations of northern Karnataka and showed greater
variations in their growth rate, time taken for sclerotial initiation.
The isolates were also differed with regard to their colour, size, number
and weight of sclerotial bodies. Based on comparison of ITS rDNA
Biological control of stem rot disease of Groundnut caused by Sclerotium rolfsii (Sacc.)
ARCHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. NAGARAJU
sequences, all the 15 samples were confirmed as S. rolfsii. In vitro
evaluation of different biocontrol agents and their consortia against
S. rolfsii revealed that, among the different bioagents, Trichoderma
harzianum recorded the highest per cent mycelial inhibition (77.77%)
followed by consortium of T. harzianum + Bacillus subtilis +
Pseudomonas fluorescens (72.22%). Pot culture studies indicated
that, seed treatment with bioagent T. harzianum @ 5 g/kg was
significantly effective in managing the disease with lowest per cent
disease incidence (20.01%) at 45 days after sowing. Studies on
screening of groundnut genotypes against stem rot of groundnut under
field condition was undertaken, among the 70 genotypes, seven
genotypes were found resistant, when compared with JL 24. Nine
genotypes were found moderately resistant, 26 genotypes were found
moderately susceptible and 28 genotypes were found highly
susceptible.
73
A total of 30 fungal and 30 bacterial endophytes were isolated fromhealthy soybean plants during kharif 2017 from major soybeangrowing areas of northern Karnataka viz., Belagavi, Haveri, Bidar,Dharwad and parts of Maharashtra viz., Kolhapur and Sangli districts.Maximum number of endophytes were obtained from Belagavi district(21) followed by Dharwad district (15). Mean maximum endophyteassociation was observed in irrigated condition (1.38 for fungal and1.63 for bacterial endophytes), black soil (1.31 for fungal and 1.46 forbacterial) and at vegetative stage (1.73 for fungal and 1.27 for bacterial).In dual culture method of screening, the endophytes RFBV3,SFDM8, RBKK6, SBBS6 and LBBU1 were effective againstSclerotium rolfsii and the isolates SFDM8, SBDG11 andLBBiN8 were effective against Rhizoctonia bataticola. The effectiveendophytes against Fusarium oxysporum were RFBV3, SFBV3,SFDM8, SFDS10, LFHH5, LFDM10, LFDD13, LFKK14,RBHS1, SBBiJ9, LBBU1 and LBBV2. Based on cultural,morphological and molecular methods, the effective fungal endophytes
Studies on fungal and bacterial endophytes of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)against the soilborne pathogens
K. S. BRUNDA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHAMARAO JAHAGIRDAR
were identified as Daldinia eschscholtzi (RFBV3), Fusarium solani(SFBV3 and LFKK14), Neofusicoccum parvum (SFDM8),Diaporthe phaseolorum (SFDS10 and LFHH5), Phomopsis sp.(LFDM10) and Colletotrichum aenigma (LFDD13). The effectivebacterial endophytes were identified as Acinetobacter sp. (RBHS1),Alcaligenes faecalis (RBKK6), Stenotrophomonas sp. (SBBiJ9),Bacillus pumilus (SBDG11 and LBBiN8), Paenalcaligenes sp.(LBBU1), Bacillus cereus (SBBS6) and Brevibacillus sp.(LBBV2). Under glasshouse studies, SFDM8 was effective againstall the three pathogens (less disease incidence of 21.88 % againstS. rolfsii, 27.50 % against R. bataticola and 25.00 % againstF. oxysporum) and showed enhanced growth promotion activity(increased plant height, leaflet number etc.) with maximum diseaseincidence of 100 per cent in untreated check. The endophyteRBKK6 was effective against S. rolfsii with less disease incidence(31.25 %). The endophytes RFBV3 and SBBiJ9 were effective againstF. oxysporum with minimum disease incidence of 16.67 per cent.
Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) is a predominantly grownarid pulse crop in India. The crop suffers from number of diseasesdue to several pathogens of which Cercospora leaf spot andAlternaria leaf blight have become most severe foliar infectionsespecially during flowering stage of the crop. The investigationsundertaken during 201718 revealed 16.25 and 14.97 per cent averagedisease severity for leaf spot and leaf blight respectively in Vijaypur,Bagalkot and Kalaburagi districts. Pathogenicity, morphology andmolecular studies confirmed the identity of pathogens as; Cercosporacajani Henn. and Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keiss., responsiblefor leaf spot and leaf blight on pigeonpea. Cultural studies establishedthat potato dextrose agar was the best solid media while Richards’medium was best among liquid media. Sucrose and dextrose as carbonsource supported maximum growth of C. cajani and A. alternata
Investigations on fungal foliar diseases of Pigeonpea due to Cercospora cajani (Henn.) and Alternariaalternata (Fries) Keissler in northern Karnataka
C. GAYATHRI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. M. JAMADAR
whereas sodium nitrate was the best nitrogen source. The biochemicalanalysis indicated increased levels of total phenol, soluble proteinin diseased leaves while reducing sugars decreased as against healthyleaves in both the pathogens. In vitro evaluation revealed thatmancozeb (1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm) and combi productcarbendazim 12 % + mancozeb 63 % (500, 1000 and 1500 ppm)100 % inhibition were found to be the most effective for both thepathogens. Carbendazim and hexaconozole in case of C. cajani andpropiconozole and difenconozole (100 % inhibition) for A. alternataevaluated at 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm were highly effective. Amongbotanicals; Curcuma longa and Pongamia pinnata at 15 % werefound effective for C. cajani and A. alternata, respectively. Whereasthe bioagent; Trichoderma harzianum was found to be significantlyeffective against both the pathogens.
Survey conducted during 201617 revealed that the incidence of tipover disease of banana was ranged from 1.00 to 48.00 per cent withhighest per cent mean disease incidence in the Belagavi district (14.41 %)and lowest in Dharwad district (6.06 %). Mean maximum diseaseincidence 12.55 per cent and 13.88 per cent was observed in blacksoil and Grandnaine variety respectively and total of 134 isolates ofplant growth promoting rhizobacterias (PGPRs) were isolated fromthe rhizospheric soil of banana collected. Highest numbers of isolateswere from Bagalkote district (41) and least from Dharwad district(8). Among them 64 isolates were found to be as Bacillus spp. andremaining 70 isolates were found to be as Pseudomonas spp. Theability of isolated PGPRs to suppress the growth of Erwiniacarotovora subsp. carotovora was studied in vitro. Among 12 effectiveisolates of Bacillus spp., Belagavi isolate 13 has recorded maximum
Isolation and characterization of PGPRs from rhizosphere of Banana against tip over disease caused byErwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
SOUMYA D. ROTTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. R. RAVIKUMAR
inhibition of 16.67 mm and least inhibition (12.00 mm) was observedby Haveri isolate 5. Among seven effective isolates of Pseudomonasspp., maximum inhibition (18.00 mm) was observed by Belagaviisolate 8 and minimum inhibition (12.00 mm) was observed byDharwad isolate 2. Molecular characterization of pathogen wasidentified as Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. Biochemical andmolecular characterization of effective isolates of PGPRs wereidentified as Bacillus cereus (Belagavi isolate12, 13 and Vijayapur isolate2), Bacillus subtilis (Vijayapur isolate 4, 7, Bagalkote isolate 15 andHaveri isolate 5), Bacillus pumilis (Vijayapur isolate 8), Pseudomonasaeruginosa (Belagavi isolate 4, 8, 9, Haveri isolate 3, and Vijayapurisolate 3) and Pseudomonas putida (Bagalkote isolate 5). Under invitro maximum inhibition (39.00 mm) and (25.00 mm) was observedby Silvax® and K cycline at 500 ppm and 750 ppm, respectively.
74
The present investigation on cotton boll rot complex was carried outduring kharif 201718 at the Agricultural Research Station, Dharwadand Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Dharwad.This included, survey for the disease, isolation and identification ofpathogens involved in the disease complex and management of thedisease through integrated approach. Roving survey was conductedin five districts of northern parts of Karnataka viz., Belagavi, Dharwad,Gadag, Haveri and Uttara Kannada. Maximum disease severity wasnoticed in Uttara Kannada district at both boll initiation and maturitystages. Maximum disease incidence was observed on bolls at lowerpart of the plant compared to those of mid and upper parts. Isolationof pathogens and their identification through morphological andmolecular characters indicated the presence of fungal pathogens likeAlternaria macrospora, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum,Exserohilum rostratum, Colletotrichum gossypii, Phoma sp.,
Studies on boll rot complex of Cotton
M. NANDA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VENKATESH R. KULKARNI
Trichothecium roseum, Aspergillus niger, Nigrospora oryzae andRhizopus stolonifer and a bacterial pathogen viz., Xanthomonas citrisubsp. malvacearum in the infected boll samples collected duringsurvey. Standardization of artificial inoculation methods indicatedthat injection infiltration method as the best. Out of 118 genotypes(20 varieties of UAS, Dharwad which are under pipeline, 81germplasm lines of AICRP and 13 private Bt hybrids and 4 UAS,Dharwad released non Bt varieties/ hybrids) tested, 3 genotypes viz.,FDK 281, ANGH1607 and GShv 894/13 showed highly resistantreaction and 31 genotypes showed moderately resistant reactionagainst the disease under natural epiphytotic conditions. Among 11treatments evaluated, trifloxystrobin 25 % + tebuconazole 50 % WGat the rate of 1.0 g/ l was found effective against the disease complex.However, tebuconazole 25.9 % EC at the rate of 1.0 ml/ l was foundeconomical with the highest BC ratio.
AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY
A study was conducted under laboratory conditions in the Departmentof Agricultural Microbiology, University of Agricultural Sciences,Dharwad during 201517 to evaluate growth of microalgae and lipidproduction from dairy industrial effluents for biodiesel production.Untreated (W
1) and treated (W
2) dairy industrial effluent were
collected from Karnataka Milk Federation Unit, Dharwad and werediluted with tap water at the rate of 20 (D
1), 40 (D
2), 60 (D
3), 80 (D
4)
and 100 (D5) per cent. The initial physicochemical parameters were
analyzed and incubated for three weeks after inoculating with themicroalgal strains viz., Chlorella MA6 (S
1), Chlorella MA14 (S
2),
Botryococcus MA5 (S3), Botryococcus sp. (S
4) and Scenedesmus sp.
(S5). The physicochemical parameters of these effluent samples were
analyzed and the growth of microalgae was measured in terms ofbiomass. The highest biomass was obtained in treated effluent with
Studies on growth of microalgae and lipid production from dairy industrial effluentfor biodiesel production
S. P. SAHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GEETA G. SHIRNALLI
dilution D5 (100 %)
and strain S
1 (3.69 g/l) which was on par with
untreated effluent of dilution D2 (40%) and strain S
1 which showed
3.18 g/l. These treatments were selected for optimization of growthof microalgae using different nitrogen supplements viz., cow dung(N
1), biogas spent slurry (N
2), urea (N
3) and di ammonium phosphate
(N4) used at the concentrations of 0 (C
1), 0.1 (C
2), 0.3 (C
3), 0.5 (C
4)
and 0.7 (C5) per cent. The highest amount of biomass, lipid and
chlorophyll content was obtained in treatment W2N
1C
5. The treated
effluent without dilution supplemented with cow dung at 0.7 per centconcentration was optimum for the growth of microalgae ChlorellaMA6. The microalgae was harvested after three weeks and the lipidcontent obtained from the biomass was 23 ml (0.56 ml/g of microalgalbiomass) and the biodiesel obtained was 20.83 ml (0.504 ml of biodieselper gram of microalgae).
A study was made to isolate, characterize and select efficientfluorescent pseudomonads against Sclerotium rolfsii and Colletotricumtruncatum in soybean, in the Department of AgriculturalMicrobiology, University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad. Sixtytwo fluorescent pseudomonads were isolated from 37 rhizospheresoil sample of soybean collected from Belagavi and Dharwad districtsof Karnataka, during 2016. These isolates were subjected for theirmorphological, biochemical, physiological and functionalcharacterization. All the isolates were gram negative rods, exhibitinglight green, green, dark green and light orange coloured colonies underUV light. Fifty native fluorescent pseudomonads were tentativelyidentified as Pseudomonas fluorescens, 10 as P. aeruginosa and 2isolates as P. aureofaciens strains based on Bergey’s manual ofDeterminative Bacteriology. With respect to functionalcharacterization, 52 isolates were positive for P solubilization. Fortyseven isolates were positive for hydrogen cyanide (HCN) production,
Isolation, characterization and selection of efficient fluorescent pseudomonads against Sclerotium rolfsiiand Colletotricum truncatum in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)
PRIYANKA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GEETA D. GOUDAR
among which 10 of the isolates were strong HCN producers. All theisolates were positive for siderophore production (6.00 to 36.37 mm).Whereas, indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberlic acid (GA) productionranged from 39 to 28.03 and 0.5 to 18.52 g / 25 ml of broth,respectively. Out of 62 isolates, 51 and 38 were inhibitory toS. rolfsii and C. truncatum, respectively in dual plate technique. Sevenpotential isolates were selected for pot culture evaluation againstboth the pathogens. Under pot culture experiment, out of sevenisolates, DFP48 exhibited highest plant growth promotional activitywith least disease incidence of 13.09, 19.89, and 21.96 per cent at 15,30 and 60 DAS, respectively against S. rolfsii top soil challengeinoculated with 5 per cent of S. rolfsii. Similarly, DFP54 showedmaximum plant growth promotional activity and recorded leastanthracnose disease incidence of 11.90 and 13.87 at 30 and 60 DAS,respectively, against C. truncatum foliar spray inoculated with 105
CFU/ml (Colony Forming Unit).
75
A study was undertaken to develop consortia of nitrogen fixers (GR2for chickpea, SB120 for soyabean and NC92 for groundnut) andphosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) in liquid formulation and tostudy their influence on groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), using apot culture study at the Department of Agricultural Microbiology,University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 201617. Intrinsicantibiotic resistance of rhizobia and Pseudomonas striata (PSB) wasstudied and known to study their respective population levels in thedeveloped consortia. Rhizobial consortium 1:1:1 (GR2: SB120:NC92) and 2:1:2 (GR2: SB120: NC92) over seven ratios werefound to be efficient in terms of population of GR2 ,SB120 andNC92 (4.5 × 104 ,7 × 104 and 18 × 104 CFU/ ml ) supported by it andseedling root biomass (0.078 g plant1, 0.052 g plant1 and 0.133 gplant1 respectively). These two ratios were further used to developa mixed microbial consortia of rhizobia and PSB. The performance of
Studies on developing consortia of liquid biofertilizers and their influenceon Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
H. S. NISARGA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. R. PATIL
mixed microbial consortia was evaluated in a pot culture study ongroundnut. The highest plant height was recorded in the plantsinoculated with 4 ml kg1 seed of consortium having two parts of 1:1:1and one part of PSB at 30 (17.60 cm) and 60 (26.33 cm) days ofgrowth. The number of leaves plant1 at 30, 60 days were higher in theplants inoculated with 4 ml kg1 seed of mixed consortium containingone part of 2:1:2 and two parts of PSB. Further, higher nodule number(157 plant1), nodule weight (0.49 g plant1) and pod yield (14.97 g plant1)were recorded in the same treatment. Total rhizobial population wasthe highest in treatment containing two parts of 2:1:2 rhizobialconsortium and one part of PSB. Rhizosphere population of PSBwas the highest in treatment receiving mixed consortia with two partsof PSB. The mixed microbial consortium containing one part of 2:1:2and two parts of PSB at 4 ml kg1 seed treatment was the best forgroundnut under pot culture studies.
Field evaluation of microbial consortia developed in the Department
of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, University of
Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad was done in green gram crop in field
of MULLaRP scheme during kharif 2017. The microbial consortia
included Gluconoacetobacter sp., Azospirillum sp. (ACD 15),
Psolubilizing bacteria (Pseudomonas striata), Ksolubilizing bacteria
(KSB27), Znsolubilizing bacteria (ZnSB), plant growth promoting
rhizobacteria (JK16), pink pigmented facultative methylotrophs
(PPFM33 and PPFM58), lactic acid bacteria (LAB 82, LAB75
and LAB LS36), Sisolubilizing bacteria (SiSB) and actinomycetes
strains (AUDT502, AUDT248, A34, PSA5, PSA7 and UPM34)
with 100 per cent and 75 per cent recommended dose of fertilizers.
The consortia were inoculated to green gram by seed treatment
(4 ml kg1 seed), soil application (2.5 l acre1 with 250 kg vermicompost)
and as foliar spray (4%). The consortia inoculated treatment along
with 50 per cent recommended fertilizer dose showed significantly
Effect of inoculation of microbial consortia on growth, yield andnutrient uptake of Green gram (Vigna radiata L.)
NARAYAN M. BADIGER MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. S. JAGADEESH
highest plant height (63.75 cm plant1), number of leaves (32.67 plant1)
and nodulation (58.49) and also highest nutrient content and its uptake
as compared to uninoculated control (Package of practices only). The
treatment with 50 per cent NPS along with microbial consortia recorded
highest number of pods (29.75 plant1), total dry matter (15.84 g
plant1) and grain yield (16.68 q ha1) as compared to full dose of
recommended chemical fertilizers and also higher BC ratio (3.28) was
noticed in this treatment. The present investigation has come out
with the result that inoculation of selected microbial consortia enhanced
the growth, yield, soil health and nutrient uptake by green gram.
Hence, I recommend application of rhizosphere consortia1
(Gluconoacetobacter sp., Pseudomonas striata), KSB27, ZnSB, plant
growth promoting rhizobacteria (JK16), PPFM33 and LAB75)
which could reduce 50 per cent of recommended NPS (nitrogen,
phosphorous and sulphur) fertilizers thereby reducing input cost on
chemical fertilizers.
Actinobacteria are Gram positive, filamentous, sporulating,
heterotrophic prokaryotic bacteria. They are known for degradation
of organic materials, production of plant growth promoting
substances and reduction in the population of pest and disease.
Hence, the present study was conducted to isolate actinobacteria,
test their multifunctional activities and performance on the growth
and manifestation of biotic stress in chilli crop under pot culture at
the Department of Agricultural Microbiology, University of
Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka during 20172018. Soil
samples collected from different locations were subjected to the
isolation of actinobacteria by standard dilution and plating on Starch
Casein Agar (SCA). A total of 52 isolates were purified and used to
understand the influence on the growth parameters of chilli. Out of
52, five actinobacterial isolates were selected based on their positive
influence on germination percentage, seedling vigour index, shoot
Effect of actinobacteria on the growth and manifestation of biotic stress in Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)
E. M. JAGADEESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. U. KRISHNARAJ
length, root length, fresh weight and dry weight of seedlings. The
selected five isolates exhibited multifunctional activities such as
lAA production, GA production, antagonistic activity against fungal
pathogens and reduction of biotic stress. The five efficient
actinobacterial isolates along with five reference isolates were also
employed to study their influence on the growth parameters,
population of sucking pests (thrips, mites, aphids and whiteflies),
disease (murda complex) and yield parameters of chilli plants under
greenhouse conditions. Streptomyces shandonggensis AUDT 217
was the most promising isolate followed by AUDT 811 in terms of
production of plant growth promoting substances, antagonistic
activity against fungal pathogens (Sclerotium rolfsii and
Colletotricum capsid), growth parameters, soil enzymatic activities,
nutrient content, uptake and alleviation of sucking pests (thrips,
mites, aphids and whiteflies) and disease (murda complex) in chilli.
76
In-vitro studies were conducted to isolate protease producing bacteria
at the Department of Agricultural Microbiology, University of
Agricultural Sciences, Dharawad during 201718. As many as 68
proteolytic bacterial isolates were isolated from different sources viz.,
soybean rhizospshere, rotten green peas and soil enriched with glyricidia
and subabul using soy meal agar medium. Ten promising isolates were
selected based on enzyme potency and PPB3 was the most efficient
isolate in terms of enzyme activity. Soy meal was fermented with
PPB3 under optimized conditions and found to posses higher
nutritional, phytochemical and microbiological composition when
compared with other treatments. Cowpea germination percentage and
seedling vigour index were significantly increased due to priming of
seeds with soy meal protein hydrolysate @ 10 per cent (108 and
141.86 %, respectively) compared to control. Effect of spraying soy
Protein hydrolysates of soy meal through bacterial hydrolysis and their effect ongrowth and yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)
LAXMI S. DALAWAI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. S. JAGADEESH
meal protein hydrolysate at different concentrations on cowpea was
carried. Out of four concentrations, spraying twice @ 10 ml l1 resulted
in increased growth of plant and higher relative chlorophyll content.
The treatment also significantly increased microbial population both in
the rhizosphere and phyllosphere with a concomitant increase in the
soil enzyme activities such as dehydrogenase, urease and phosphatase.
Spraying cowpea seedling with soy meal protein hydrolysate
significantly increased pod and grain yield. The highest pod yield
(8.44 g plant1) and grain yield (12.23 g plant1) were obtained by
spraying soy meal protein hydrolysate twice @ 10 ml l1. The present
investigation clearly brought out the potential of soy meal protein
hydrolysate in stimulating rhizosphere and phyllosphere microbiological
population and their activities in terms of soil enzymes eventually
improving growth and yield of cowpea.
An investigation was carried out to isolate native AM fungal isolates
from the rhizosphere soil of soybean growing areas of Belagavi and
Dharwad districts. Further, the forty native AM fungal isolates were
screened based on their peroxidase activity and total dry matter
accumulation in soybean plant under the restricted water regime of
500 kPa. These experiments were conducted at Weed Control Scheme,
MARS and Department of Agricultural Microbiology, University of
Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. A pot culture experiment was laid out
in completely randomized design with factorial concept with three
irrigation regimes viz., 33 kPa, 500 kPa and 1000 kPa. Moisture was
maintained by adding water based on daily evapotraspiration rate. The
results of the pot culture studies have revealed that UASDAMF soybean
consortium and UASDAMF consortium significantly increased the
stomatal conductance, photosynthetic activity, transpiration rate,
Isolation, screening and evaluation of native am fungi for mitigatingmoisture stress in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merill]
SUMA R. KONNUR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. JONES NIRMALNATH
PALase activity, ACC deaminase activity, leghaemoglobin content, spore
count and per cent root colonization over uninoculated control. Further,
UASDAMF consortium and UASDAMFsoybean consortium reduced
the leaf temperature, proline (4.94 and 5.35 µmol g1 FW), glycine
betaine content (4.44 and 5.09 µmol g1 FW), peroxidase activity (3.79
and 4.05 U mg1 protein) in the plants compared to single inoculants
and UIC. The present study has indicated that UASDAMFsoybean
consortium and UASDAMF consortium are quite promising in
mitigating moisture stress under pot culture studies and also these were
found to be efficient in increasing the growth parameters, biomass and
nutrient status of soybean plants. Thus, our preliminary findings are
indicative of the effectiveness of AMF in protecting plants from water
stress and hence can be a promising strategy to develop a biological tool
for mitigation of moisture stress.
An investigation was carried out to isolate and screen lactic acidbacteria (LAB) from shrimp for their proteolytic activity and further,these proteolytic LAB isolates were used for the extraction ofastaxanthin from shrimp waste through fermentation processes. Theprotein hydrolysates obtained as a byproduct was sprayed to chilliseedlings raised in protrays in order to record its influence on growthpromotional and physiological activities. The experimented wasconducted at the Dept. of Agril. Microbiology, College of Agriculture,University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Of the 27 LAB isolates,five best selected were used for astaxanthin extraction based on theirproteolytic activity. The reference strain for proteolytic activity,Bacillus sp. (MTCC1747), was collected from Institute of MicrobialTechnology (IMTECH), Chandigarh. Among the isolates, LABS06yielded the maximum quantity (6.01 µg/ g) of astaxanthin from shrimp
Astaxanthin recovery and effect of protein hydrolysates on chilli seedlings,derived from the lactic acid bacterial fermentation of shrimp waste
RAVIKIRAN K. BHAVI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. S. JAGADEESH
waste. Further, the isolate LABS06 yielded 9.05 µg/ g of astaxanthinafter optimizing the fermentation parameters viz., 72 hours ofincubation with a glucose concentration of 10 g l1 at 30 °C. Fermentedproducts of isolate LABS06 showed the highest biochemical andmicrobiological composition compared to control. The greenhousestudies indicated that spraying of protein hydrolysates (obtainedfrom fermentation of shrimp waste with LABS06) at 15 DAS with0.5 per cent (among 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 %) recorded highest for growthparameters like root length, shoot length, relative chlorophyll contentand dry matter content at 30 and 45 DAS. The present study hasindicated that the proteolytic native LABS06 can be used in theextraction of astaxanthin from shrimp waste and also the proteinhydrolysates which is a byproduct can be used as a biostimulant toenhance the growth of chilli seedlings.
77
An investigation was carried out to isolate spore associated bacteria(SAB) of Rhizophagus irregularis. Out of 22 SAB isolates, fivewere selected based on their ability to influence the mycorrhizalparameters like sporulation and percent root colonization. SelectedSAB isolates were characterized and tested for their functional traitssuch as production of indole acetic acid, gibberlic acid, cytokinin,siderophore, Psolubilisation, ACC deaminase and antagonisticactivity against Colletotrichum sp. Results revealed that all theselected SAB isolates were positive for IAA, cytokinin and GAranging from 10.27 to 17.04 µg /ml of culture filtrate; 0.53 to 3.87µg /ml of culture filtrate and 3.40 to 8.24 µg /25ml of culture filtraterespectively. All the selected SAB isolates showed positive for ACCdeaminase activity, two isolates possessed mineral phosphatesolubilization activity and four isolates were found to be antagonistic
Isolation and characterization of spore associated bacteria (SAB) from Rhizophagus irregularis andtheir effect on micropropagated Sugarcane plantlets
A. N. AJAY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. JONES NIRMALNATH
against Colletotrichum sp. Nursery studies have indicated that thedual inoculation of R. irregularis and SAB consortium significantlyincreased relative chlorophyll content, plant growth under andimproved survivability of micropropagated sugarcane plantlets.Results of the field experiments have revealed that the precolonisedseedlings with AMF and SAB recorded the highest plant height,relative chlorophyll content, enzymatic activity, mycorrhizalparameters, biophysical parameters and P content over uninoculatedcontrol. The SAB isolates were authenticated by amplifying 16SrRNA gene sequence. The blast results have clearly indicated thatthe SABNA2, SABNA9, SABNG12, SABNG14 and SABLG19were very close to uncultured Bacillus sp., Burkholderia lata,Sphingomonas sp., Mesorhizobium amorphae and Klebsiellapneumonia, respectively.
SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Effect of season and plant growth regulators on seed yield and quality indolichos Bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet]
PRAMODA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ASHOK S. SAJJAN
activity (0.607) obtained in the rabi compared to kharif season.The plant sprayed with NAA @ 40 ppm recorded higher plantheight and higher relative chlorophyll content (SPAD value), tooklesser days to pod initiation and pod maturity followed bynitrobenzene @ 200 ppm. Higher seed yield hectare1 (1,360 kg) i.e.,14.96 per cent was increased with net returns ( 88,889/ha) and BCratio (3.33). Significantly higher seed quality parameters, test weight(25.00 g), germination (91.53 %), seedling vigour index I (4,690),seedling dry weight (33.96 mg), lower EC (0.188 dS m1) and higherdehydrogenase enzyme activity (0.607) were recorded in NAA @40 ppm followed by nitrobenzene @ 200 ppm. The interactioneffect was found to be nonsignificant for majority of the charactersstudied. However, in both the seasons, plants sprayed with NAA@ 40 ppm recorded higher crop growth, seed yield and qualitycompared to control.
The field experiments were conducted during the kharif 2016 at theMain Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad and rabi 201617 atSaidapur Farm and the laboratory studies in Seed Unit, Dharwadand Department of Seed Science and Technology, College ofAgriculture, Dharwad, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad.Between the seasons, though kharif season recorded significantlyhigher plant height and relative chlorophyll content (SPAD value),the days to flower initiation, days to 50 per cent flowering, days topod initiation and days to pod maturity took lesser days in rabiseason and recorded higher seed yield hectare1 (1,281 kg) i.e., 2.80per cent increase was recorded in rabi than kharif (1,246 kg) withhigher net returns (` 82,474/ha) and BC ratio (3.12). Significantlyhigher seed quality parameters, test weight (24.31 g), germination(90.00%), seedling vigour index I (4,301), seedling dry weight (32.08mg), lower EC (0.227 dS m1) and higher dehydrogenase enzyme
A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2017 to study the effect
of dates of sowing and haulm cutting on seed yield and quality of fodder
cowpea. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three dates
of sowing (S1: Sown on June 15th, S
2: Sown on July 15th and S
3: Sown on
August 15th) and four levels of cutting (C1: No cutting, C
2: Haulm cutting
at flower initiation, C3: Haulm cutting at five days after flower initiation
and C4: Haulm cutting at 10 days after flower initiation). The results
revealed that, the observations recorded at harvest obtained significantly
maximum plant height (202.93 cm), number of branches (12.07), number
of leaves (59.67), pod length (16.01 cm), number of pods per plant
(17.30), seed yield per plant (17.30 g), seed yield (4.29 q ha1) and
harvest index (41.63%) in 15th June sown crop with no cutting whereas,
Effect of dates of sowing and haulm cutting on seed yield and quality of fodder Cowpea
BASAVARAJ BENACHINAMARADI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VINOD KUMAR
more number of days to 50 per cent flowering (85.50), days to maturity
(120.00), higher green fodder yield (30.58 t ha1) and dry fodder yield
(5.95 t ha1) was noticed in 15th June sown crop with haulm cut at
10 days after flower initiation. The seed quality parameters of the resultant
seeds viz., highest seed germination (89.83%), shoot length (26.22 cm),
root length (19.80 cm) seedling vigour index I (4168), seedling dry weight
(0.65 mg) and 100 seed weight (11.00 g) found highest in 15th June
sowing with no cutting. The higher BC ratio (2.04) was recorded 15th
June sowing with haulm cutting at 10 days after flower initiation. It can
be recommended that the fodder cowpea can be sown on 15th June with
haulm cutting at 10 days after flower initiation in order to obtain higher
seed yield, quality and BC ratio.
78
The laboratory and field experiment studies were carried out during
kharif 2017 and rabi 201718 at the Department of Seed Science and
Technology, UAS, Dharwad and ARS, Jamakhandi respectively, to
study the effect of seed hardening (PEG8000 at 5 % with 3 and 6
hours soaking) and foliar application of chemicals (salicylic acid at
100 ppm and KNO3 at 1%) on seed quality and field performance of
wheat (Triticum spp.) genotypes (UAS347 and UAS446 (d)). The
laboratory experiment was laid out in completely randomized factorial
design replicated thrice. The experiment consisted of 40 treatments
comprising three factors. The field experiment consisted of 20
treatments in factorial randomized block design replicated thrice.
Laboratory studies indicated that genotype UAS 446 (d) seeds treated
with PEG8000 at 5 per cent for three hours recorded the highest
seed germination (94.00%), seedling root length (15.83 cm), shoot
Effect of seed hardening and foliar application of chemicals on seed quality andfield performance of Wheat (Triticum spp.) genotypes
ADIVEPPA KARABANNAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. K. DESHPANDE
length (14.20 cm), seedling vigour indexI (2815) and lowest electrical
conductivity of seed leachates (0.124 dS m1) as compared to other
treatment combinations. Field experiment results revealed that plants
of UAS 446 (d) + seed hardening with PEG8000 (5%) + foliar
application of KNO3 1% at tillering and flowering stages (T
10) exhibited
highest plant height at harvest (91.53 cm), number of tillers per meter
square (300.00), relative chlorophyll content at 45 and 60 DAS (36.33,
32.00 SPAD), number of spikes per plants (4.81), seed weight per
plant (7.43 g), seed weight per net plot (0.930 g), seed yield per ha
(23.25 q), protein content in seeds (13.14%). proline content in leaves
at 30 and 60 DAS (266.67, 326.67 µg/g fresh weight) and seed quality
parameters viz., seed germination (96.33%), seedling vigour indexI
(2928) and lowest electrical conductivity (0.160 dS m1) as compared
to other treatment combinations.
The laboratory and field experiments were conducted at RARS,
Vijayapur during rabi 201718 and seeds were stored over a period of
nine months under ambient conditions from May, 2017 to February,
2018 in the Department of Seed Science and Technology with two
kabuli chickpea varieties (KAK 2 and MNK 1) and seven treatments
involving polymer (10 and 20 ml kg1 seed), vitavax (3 g kg1) and their
combinations along with castor oil (10 ml kg1) to study their effect on
seed quality enhancement in storage. Among the treatments, vitavax
power (3 g kg1) + polymer coat (20 ml kg1) combination recorded
significantly higher seed quality parameters, higher protein content,
reducing sugar, nonreducing sugar and dehydrogenase activity
followed by vitavax power (3 g kg1) + polymer coat (10 ml kg1)
treatment combination throughout the storage. Among the two
varieties, MNK 1 showed better storability due to its bold seeded
Investigations on seed quality enhancement, storability andfield performance of Kabuli Chickpea varieties
B. ROOPASHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. B. JOLLI
nature providing more food reserves. Further, the stored seeds were
treated with bioagent Pseudomonas fluorescence (30 g kg1) to know
the effect of bioagent on the field performance of these varieties.
The treatment with the combination of vitavax power (3 g kg1) +
polymer coat (20 ml kg1) + P. fluorescence (30 g kg1) recorded
higher seed yield (22.50 q ha1) followed by the treatment combination
of vitavax power (3 g kg1) + polymer coat (10 ml kg1) + P.
fluorescence (30 g kg1) with seed yield of 21.95 q ha1 due to
significant increase in the yield attributing parameters in these
varieties. Among the varieties, MNK 1 (17.48 q ha1) responded
better compared to KAK 2 (28.26 q ha1) for the best treatment
combination with 34 and 24 per cent increase in seed yield over
their control (13.04 q ha1 and 22.70 q ha1, respectively) due to the
inherent differences in their yield potential.
The laboratory experiments were conducted to know the storability
and determination of viabilty of soybean genotypes through
accelerated ageing of polymer coated seed and ambient storage
conditions at the Department of Seed Science and Technology, College
of Agriculture, Dharwad during 20172018. Investigation on storability
of seeds of twelve soybean genotypes under ambient condition was
carried out from April 2017 to December 2017 under Completely
Randomised Design. Among the twelve genotypes tested the genotype
DSb25 and DSb24 recorded significantly superior values for all the
seed quality parameters as compared to JS9305. Investigation on
influence of accelerated ageing of seeds with and without polymer
seed coating in soybean genotypes comprised of 63 treatment
combinations with factorial CRD. First factor consisted of with and
without polymer seed coating and second factor consisted of nine
Investigation on seed storability in Soybean genotypes (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)
K. S. LAVANYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. GURUMURTHY
soybean genotypes. Seeds of soybean genotypes were treated with
polykote at 3 g/kg seed, dried under shade and then subjected to
accelerated ageing at 41 ± 1 °C temperature and 90 per cent relative
humidity up to seven days at one day interval. Seed treatment with
polymer coating recorded significantly the highest values for all the
seed quality parameters as compared to without polymer coating.
Among the genotypes local black soybean proved superior for all the
seed quality parameters and minimum germination level as per seed
certification norms up to four days of accelerated ageing followed by
DSb25 and DSb24 as compared to JS9305. The comparison revealed
that four days of accelerated ageing condition was equal to eight
months of natural ageing. The present studies clearly indicated that
local black soybean (LBS), DSb25 and DSb24 are better storers as
compared to JS9305.
79
The field experiment was conducted at the Seed Farm and the seed
quality studies were made in the laboratory of the Department of
Seed Science and Technology during kharif 2017, College of
Agriculture. Vijayapur. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with
nine treatments and three replications. The treatments consisting of
Trichoderma harzianum @ 20 per cent, Pseudomonas fluorescens
@ 20 per cent, Fluorescent pseudomonad sp. @ 20 per cent, Bacillus
sp. @ 20 per cent, Rhizobium leguminosarum @ 20 per cent,
Streptomyces sp. strain AUDT248 @ 20 per cent, Streptomyces
sp. strain AUDT502 @ 20 per cent, Hydropriming with CaCl2 @
2 per cent and control. The results of seed biopriming of green gram
revealed tha R. leguminosarum @ 20 per cent recorded significantly
higher seed quality parameters followed by P. fluorescens @ 20 per
cent. The same treatment was also recorded higher seed yield
Investigation on biopriming for maximization of seed yield, qualityand storability in Green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]
SUJAYA WADDINAKATTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ASHOK S. SAJJAN
(790 kg ha1), seed quality and net returns (` 24,046 ha1) followed
by T. harzianum @ 20 per cent. Seed biopriming with T. harzianum
@ 20 per cent recorded higher seed germination at initial (90.25%)
and maintains upto nine months (80.00%) of storage followed by
Fluorescent pseudomonad sp. @ 20 per cent as compared to control.
Seed germiqation was also predicted by accelerated ageing test. The
seed ageing upto 36 hours is comprirable with natural ageing of 5
months of storage and maintained standard germination (75.00%).
The biopriming with R. leguminosarum @ 20 per cent enhanced the
seed qualities, produced higher seed yield of 18.4 per cent with
better quality and higher net returns of ̀ 24,046 per hectare in green
gram. The seeds bioprimed with T. harzianum @ 20 per cent
maintained better seed quality parameters even after nine months of
storage in green gram.
Investigations were carried out to determine the most appropriate stage
of harvesting and threshing method with minimal impact on seed quality
characteristics of soybean seeds. The field experiment was conducted
in ‘H’ Block of seed unit in two factorial randomized complete block
design (RCBD) in three replications with the different treatments of
harvesting soybean pods at 90, 100 and 110 days after sowing (DAS)
and the threshing of seed crop was done by three methods viz., Stick
beating, Tractor trampling and Mechanical thresher and storage
experiment was conducted for a period of 180 days (from October 5,
2017 to April 5, 2018) under the ambient conditions in laboratory of
the Department of Seed Science and Technology, University of
Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. The results revealed that among
harvesting stages, soybean harvested at 90 DAS recorded the highest
germination (90.71%), seedling dry weight (1.30 g), vigour (2768), oil
Effect of stages of harvesting and threshing methods on seed quality andstorability of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] cv. DSb-21
SEEMA S. DODDAMANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. A. MALABASARI
content (20.68%) and lower mechanical damage (11.16%), electrical
conductivity (0.34 dS/m) and protein content (39.11%). Delayed harvest
viz., 100 DAS and 110 DAS resulted in increased protein and seed
leachates, mechanical damage and decreased oil content. Among threshing
methods, beating with sticks proved superior for germination (92.70%),
seedling dry weight (1.35 g), vigour (2850) and oil (20.10%), protein
content (39.60%) and lower mechanical damage (10.16%). While, tractor
trampling shown higher mechanical damage (15.71%), EC (0.38 dS/m)
and minimum germination (85.65%), seedling dry weight (1.21 g), vigour
(2508). During storage there was no significant difference in protein, oil
and moisture content of seeds but EC increased and germination
percentage, vigour were reduced in all the treatments. Results obtained
indicated that for good seed quality, soybean pods should be harvested
at 90 DAS and threshed by beating with sticks.
An study was undertaken with main objectives to know the influenceof desiccants on seed quality of vegetable during storage and to assessthe benefit cost ratio of storage method in onion, chilli and brinjal withinitial seed moisture content of 8.23, 8.5 and 8.0 per cent, respectivelyduring 2017 to March, 2018 at the Department of Seed Science andTechnology, College of Agriculture, UAS, Dharwad. Quantity ofdesiccants stored per kilogram of seed in each crop (onion, chilli andbrinjal) seeds is 0.21, 0.26 and 0.21 kg for zeolite beads (as per RhinoResearch), one kilogram bentonite, five kilograms activated charcoalper kilogram and control (without desiccant) of onion, chilli and brinjalseeds, respectively stored in air tight container.The experiment waslaid out in completely randomized design with four treatments in five
Influence of desiccants on quality of vegetable seeds during storage
NINGANNA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. S. HILLI
replications. Seed stored with zeolite beads recorded the highestgermination at the end of storage period. Lower seed moisture, 100 seedweight were observed in the seeds stored with zeolite beads at the end ofstorage period. Higher rate of germination, shoot length, root length,seedling vigour, seedling dry weight and dehydrogenase activity wereobserved in the seeds stored with zeolite beads followed by bentonitegranules at the end of storage period. The maximum benefit cost ratios of(15.3:1, 78:1 and 92:1) and (6.2:1, 47:1and 35:1) was recorded withzeolite beads followed bybentonite granules in onion, chilli and brinjalseeds, respectively at the end of storage period compared to control.Therefore, it can be concluded that the zeolite beads can be used safelyforultra drying of seeds without impairment in seed quality parameters.
80
The field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural ResearchStation, Kalloli, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad duringkharif 2017 to assess the response of plant density, nutrition anddetopping on seed yield and quality in seed production of hybridmaize NAH2049. The experiment was laid out in factorialrandomized design with three different levels of spacing (45 × 20,60 × 20 and 75 × 20 cm) and two levels of plant nutrition (150:65:65and 150:90:65 NPK kg ha1) and three different detopping treatments(No detopping, Detopping at 85 day and Detopping at 95 day).Spacing of 75 × 20 cm with application of NPK @ 150:90:65kilograms per hectare recorded the highest plant height and maximumnumber of leaves at 60 days after sowing (178.94 cm and 15.23).Similarly, the highest cob weight, cob length and cob diameter (217.10 g,23.29 cm and 4.64 cm, respectively) superior over other treatments.
Effect of plant density, nutrition and detopping on seedyield and quality inseed production of hybrid Maize (Zea mays L.) Nithyashree (NAH-2049)
S. KOUSHIKA NAIK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. R. ESHANNA
Optimum spacing of 60 × 20 cm recorded the highest seed yield perhectare (31.64 q ha1). Fertilizer application of NPK @ 150:90:65kilograms per hectare has produced the highest seed yield per hectareand 100 seed weight (29.13 q ha1 and 28.01 g). Among differentstages of detopping, no detopping of plants recorded the highestseed yield per hectare and 100 seed weight (33.38 q ha1 and29.16 g). Wider spacing of 75 × 20 cm, application of NPK @150:90:65 kilograms per hectare along with no detopping of theplants recorded significantly highest germination, shoot length, rootlength and vigour index I (96.80 %, 22.40, 24.73 and 4562 cm,respectively) as compared to other different treatment combinations.It can be recommended that spacing of 60 × 20 cm, NPK @ 150:90:65kilograms per hectare and no detopping is best for seed productionand seed quality.
An experiment on effect of spacing and fertilizer levels on seed yieldand quality of velvet bean was conducted at the Vegetables and TuberFarm, Dharwad during kharif 2017 in factorial randomized blockdesign with three spacings (60 × 45, 75 × 45 and 90 × 45 cm) andthree fertilizer levels (100:80:40, 125:100:50 and 150:120:60 kg NPKper ha, respectively). The results revealed that significantly maximumnumber of pods per plant (29), seed yield per plant (130.87 g) wererecorded in 90 × 45 cm spacing with 150:120:60 kg NPK per ha whereasseed yield (39.66 q/ha), green fodder yield (35.32 t/ha) and dry fodderyield (11.77 t/ha) was significantly maximum when the crop wassown at 60 × 45 cm with 150:120:60 kg NPK per ha. Growth andseed quality parameters of the resultant seeds were non significant.Further, the harvested seeds were subjected to dormancy breaking
Effect of spacing and fertilizer levels on seed yield and quality ofvelvet Bean (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis)
SAGAR BABANNA MELAVANKI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VINOD KUMAR
treatments including Control, scarification by using sand paper,immersion of seeds in hot water (80°C) for 15 minutes, AcidScarification (seeds were soaked in 50 % sulphuric acid for 30 minfollowed by thorough washing in running water), immersion in coldwater at room temperature for 24 hr, subjecting the seeds to heat at550 C for 16 hr in hot air oven, nicking of seeds at abaxial end. Amongthese treatments nicking of seeds at abaxial end recorded significantlyhigher germination (88.67%) and seedling vigour index I and II (2391and 23, respectively). It can be recommended that the velvet bean canbe grown at 90 × 45 cm spacing with 150:120:60 kg NPK per ha inorder to obtain higher seed yield and quality. Nicking of seeds atabaxial end enhances the seed germination (%) and seedling vigour ofvelvet bean.
The laboratory and field experiment were conducted to study theeffect of seed priming on storability, seed yield and quality of wheatat the Seed Research Laboratory of National Seed Project, Universityof Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad and Agricultural Research station,Nippani, respectively. The experiment was laid out in a splitplotdesign with three replications. Experiment was consisting of 32treatment combinations comprising of eight wheat varieties taken asmain plot treatments and four seed priming as allocated to subplots.A field experiment was carried out during rabi 201718 at theAgricultural Research Station, Nipani. Eight different wheat varietiesviz., UAS304, DWR162, MACS6222, GW322, UAS428, UAS446, UAS415 and NIDW295 as first factor and four primingtreatments viz., water, KH
2PO
4 (0.5%), PEG6000 (10%), KNO
3
(3%) as second factor. Variety UAS428 recorded highest number oftillers per m2 area (325.33), relative chlorophyll content (29.50) and
Effect of seed priming on growth, seed yield and quality of Wheat
SUNIL KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. S. HILLI
highest yield and yield components as compared to other varieties. Theseeds primed with PEG6000 (10%) recorded highest plant hieght(83.13 cm), number of tillers per m2 area (280.21) along with highestnumber of seeds per spike (48), seed yield per plant (9.24 g), seed yieldper plot (1.85 kg) and per hectare (46.14 q) over other treatments. Theprimed seeds were stored in cloth bag for seven months from MayNovember 2017. The results on seed quality during storage indicatedthat UAS428 recorded higher germination (93.34%), seedling dry weight(150.99 mg), and seedling vigour index (3280) besides recording lowerelectrical conductivity (0.722 dS m1) and pathogen infection (11.17%)at the end of 7th month of storage. While, the seeds primed with PEG6000 (10%) maintained higher germination (91.02%), seedling dry weight(156.20 mg) and seedling vigour index (3160) with minimum electricalconductivity (0.734 dS m1) and pathogen infection (9.00%) even at theend of 7th month of storage period.
81
The present investigation wascarried out in the University ofAgricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif 201617 and differentfiller materials were evaluated in Dinanath grass seeds. The studywas confined to identification of suitable filler material foreconomicand efficient for seed pelleting on farm level. The experiment includedeight indigenously available fillers such as soil, sawdust, wheat bran,charcoal, vermicompost, FYM, limestone and biogas slurry powder.Fluffed seeds of Dinanath grass were pelleted with the fillers usinggum arabica solution (50 %) and filler quantity and adhesiverequirement were standardized. Laboratory investigation on pelletingwith soil proved to be the best among the filler materials for differentparameters studied. Although lime stone pellets recorded the maximumpellet diameter (6.8 mm) and individual pellet weight (0.68 g),uniformity of the pellets for their diameter was higher in soil pellets
A comparative evaluation of seed pelleting for quality seed production inDinanath grass (Pennisetum pedicellatum L.)
KANGKAN DEBNATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. CHANDRASHEKHAR
and could attach the maximum number of seeds (7) inside. Thus, seedgermination per pellet was observed to be higher from soil pellets(2.2 seeds) compare to all other treatments. Soil pellets could dissolveeasily in less time (30 minute) when water is imbibed inside,makingthem more suitable for pelleting. Using soil as a filler material for seedpelleting, further field experiment was conducted to evaluate the impactof individual as well as combination effect of growth promoter, micronutrient, complex nutrient, botanical and bio inoculants on higherseed yield and quality. Among the treatments, combination treatmentof GA
3 @100 ppm, ZnSO
4 @ 300 mg kg1, DAP @ 60 g kg1, Pongamia
leaf powder @ 40 g kg1, Azospirillum @ 40 g kg1 and Streptomycesspp. @109 CFU performed better for most of the parameters studiedin field and lab experiments. While, higher fodder yield per hectare wererecorded 49.77 tonnes by seed pelleting with ZnSO
4 @ 300 mg kg1.
A field experiment was conducted at the Main Agricultural ResearchStation, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif,2017 to assess the effect of seed priming on the growth, yield and lipidprofile of groundnut. The experiment involved two groundnut genotypesGPBD4 and TAG24 along with four different seed priming treatmentscontrol (P
1), hydropriming (P
2), salicylic acid at 50 ppm (P
3) and
Streptomyces spp. (P4), laid out in splitplot design with three
replications. Genotype GPBD4 was found to be superior to TAG24in all the observations except for relative chlorophyll content, shellingpercentage, 100 seed weight and seedling dry weight. Among the seedpriming treatments, seeds primed with Streptomyces spp. exhibitedthe higher plant height at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing (13.18, 34.17and 43.45 cm, respectively), number of branches per plant at 30, 60and 90 days after sowing (5.27, 6.35 and 7.37, respectively), relative
Effect of seed priming on the growth, yield and lipid profile of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
T.RAGHU MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. CHANDRASHEKHAR
chlorophyll content (41.39) and least number of days to 50 per centflowering (28.77 days) and pod maturity (106 days). Significantlyhigher yield parameters such as number of pods per plant (23.93),seeds per plant (43.30), seed yield per plant (16.17 g), pod yield perplot (2.33 kg), seed yield per plot (1.79 kg), shelling percentage (77.87 %),seed yield per hectare (2667.41kg ha1) and 100 seed weight (41.01 g)were recorded in seeds primed with Streptomyces spp. The seed qualityparameters assessed on the resultant seeds after the harvest recordedhigher germination (83.88 %), root length (17.29 cm), shoot length(15.65 cm), seedling dry weight (0.42 g), seedling vigour index (2765)and lowest electrical conductivity (0.57 dS m1) in seeds primed withStreptomyces spp. The priming treatments records significant effect ongroundnut genotypes for growth and yield, but there was no significantdifference recorded for oil content and lipid profile.
The experiment was conducted during 201718 at the Departmentof Seed Science and Technology, UAS Dharwad, Karnataka. Thewheat varieties (UAS 347, NIAW 1415, UAS 446 and DWR 2006)produced under both rainfed and irrigated condition were stored incloth bag. After nine months DWR 2006 (rainfed) recorded higherand UAS 347 (irrigated) recorded lower seed germination (89.25 %and 85.0 %), seedling vigour index (2843 and 1749), seedling dryweight (309.13 mg and 300.21 mg) and seed protein content (16.49% and 12.15 %), respectively. Whereas electrical conductivity(0.554 dS m1 and 0.636 dS m1) and carbohydrate content (62.35 %and 65.90 %) were lower in DWR 2006 (rainfed) and higher inUAS 347 (irrigated) respectively. The wheat varieties UAS 304,UAS 415 and DDK 1025 were stored in cloth, HDPE, Perdueimproved crop storage (PICS) and Storezo bag for nine months.Seed germination (92.75 % and 82.75 %), seedling vigour index(3242 and 2352) and seedling dry weight (310.88 mg and 299.03
Influence of production condition, packaging material and biochemical constituents ofseed on quality in storage of Wheat varieties
S. JYOTHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. K. DESHPANDE
mg) were highest in UAS 415 (PICS bag) and lowest in DDK 1025(cloth bag) respectively. Seed protein content was highest in DDK1025 in PICS bag (13.88 %) and lowest in UAS 304 in cloth bag(12.15 %). Seed carbohydrate content was highest in UAS 304 inPICS bag (65.82 %) and lowest in DDK 1025 in cloth bag (61.85 %).Among artificially infested (rice weevil) wheat varieties (UAS 304,DWR 162, UAS 415, UAS 428, DDK 1025 and DDK 1029), thevariety UAS 304 with soft seed nature, high amylase activity(47.75 µg/g) and high carbohydrate (72.15 %) recorded highestnumber of damaged seeds (55), whereas DDK 1029 with mediumseed hardness, husk, lower amylase activity (44.21 µg/g) and lowcarbohydrate content (69.11 %) recorded lowest number ofdamaged seeds (44). The varieties produced under rainfed conditionwith high protein content recorded higher germination, vigour andstorability. Among packaging materials PICS bag maintained higherseed quality parameters and better seed storability.
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The field experiment was carried out during rabi season 201617 atthe RARS, Vijayapur. The laboratory experiment was conducted byusing chemicals; image analyzer was carried out at the College ofAgriculture, Vijayapur. The experimental material was comprisedof 94 diverse rabi sorghum landraces. These landraces were collectedfrom AICRP on sorghum, RARS, Vijayapur and Farmers, were usedfor study. These landraces were sown during rabi 2017 in a singlerow of four meter length with a spacing of 45 cm between rows and15 cm between plants in three replications. The characterizationand identification of landraces based on morphological traits,biochemical and molecular test was carried out. The results of thestudies indicated that the 94 landraces recorded variation in seed,seedling and plant morphological parameters. The seed, seedlingand plant morphological characters are useful in broad classificationof rabi sorghum landraces. The investigations are useful in genetic
Morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization of landraces in rabi Sorghum[Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]
SHASHIKUMAR S. BALMURI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ASHOK S. SAJJAN
purity and DUS testing in seed certification process. The biochemicaltest results are also useful in identification, grouping of genotypesinto different categories, which are useful in laboratory test since,less time consuming and reproducible. The landraces were categorizedinto dark brown, light brown and dark based on the color reaction tomodified phenol test while based on KOH bleach test, landraceswere also classified into dark yellow, light yellow. Grouping ofsorghum landraces into different clusters based on their diversitywithin and between clusters can be made. The selected ten rabisorghum landraces were used for molecular characterization usingSSR primers. The primer pair Xtxp114 showed maximumheterozygosity with polymorphic information content (PIC) valueof 0.72 which indicate there is an enough quantum of variabilitypresent and this primer may be used effectively to distinguishlandraces.
The field and laboratory studies on morphological and biochemicalcharacterization of guar genotypes were carried out during 201617at the Regional Agricultural Research Station,Vijayapur andDepartment of Seed Science and Technology, College of AgricultureDharwad, respectively. The experiment was laid out in RandomizedBlock Design with 26 genotypes and replicated thrice. The resultsrevealed that two genotypes, RGC936 and GG2 had white colouredflowers while others had purple colour. On the basis of pod shape thegenotypes were grouped into two groups (curved and straight). Eightwere grouped as curved viz., RGC1066, HG563, RGC1033, HG365, Maru Guar, HG870, RGC1017 and HG220 and 18 genotypeswere grouped as straight viz., HG258, GG1, BG2, HG884, GDM1, HFG119, RGC986, RGC1031, RGC197, HG100, BG3, BG1, RGM112, RGC471, HG182, RGC936, GG2 and G80.Significant difference was observed for pod length between the
Morphological and biochemical characterization of Cluster bean[Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes
T. M. SHANMUKHANAIK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. B. JOLLI
genotypes. The pod length varied from 4.24 to 5.93 cm with averagemean of 5.22 cm. The genotype RGC471 recorded the largest podlength of 5.93 cm, whereas, Maru Guar exhibited smallest pod lengthof 4.24 cm among the genotypes. The number of seeds per pod variedamong cluster bean genotypes. The mean number of seeds per podwas 7.25. The highest number of seeds per pod was recorded by HG182 (8.50) and was lowest with the genotype, RGC1017 (6.03). Inlaboratory study the genotypes were subjected to NaOH test. Theresults revealed that among 26 genotypes, four genotypes exhibitedlight yellow colour viz., GDM1, HG220, BG3 and HG182. While,ten genotypes viz., GG1, HFG119, BG1, G80, RGC471, HG258 and Maru Guar showed brown colour whereas, twelve genotypesviz., BG2, HG563, HG365, HG884, RGC1066, RGC197,RGC936, GG2, RGC1017, RGC1033, HG870 and RGC986showed dark brown colour.
The field experiment was conducted at the RARS, Vijayapur duringkharif 201718 and laboratory experiment was carried out in theDepartment of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture,Vijayapur to investigate seed mycoflora associated with the pigeonpea.The pigeonpea seeds of TS3R and BSMR736 varieties were collectedfrom northern parts of Karnataka and assayed for the presence ofseed mycoflora using blotter and water agar technique. The resultsrevealed that the seeds of TS3R and BSMR736 varieties collectedfrom Yadgir district recorded significantly better seed qualityperformance with respect to seed germination percentage (91.33 %),root length (14.70 cm), shoot length (14.00 cm), seedling dry weight(92.58 mg), vigour index (2502.35) and electrical conductivity(0.41 dSm1) and showed minimum frequency of seed mycoflora as
Investigations on seed mycoflora and its management in quality seedproduction of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp)
HEENAKOUSAR I. SARAWAD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. B. JOLLI
compared to other districts. The seeds of TS3R variety collectedfrom Kalaburagi district showed the highest frequency of seedmycoflora with predominant association of Aspergillus niger (16.16 %)followed by Aspergillus flavus (13.05 %), Rhizopus sp., (9.38 %),Penicillium sp., (7.88 %) and Fusarium sp., (5.40 %). The managementof seed borne mycoflora was carried out in a field experiment usingdifferent seed treatments by fungicides and bioagents. The resultsindicated that the seed treatment with carbendazim @ 2 g/kg recordedsignificantly highest plant height (177.00 cm), number of primarybranches per plant (19.00), number of secondary branches per plant(27.00), number of pods per plant (176.67) and seed yield per hectare(19.93 q) followed by carboxin + thiram @ 3 g/kg and Trichodermaharzianum @ 4 g/kg of seeds as compared to control.
83
The influence of seed processing and storage on seed quality parameterswere evaluated in soybean var. Dsb21 using different sieve size in seedgrader followed by different machine combinations. Seed processingwas done by seed graderwith different sieve size followed by specificgravity and spiral separator, seed samples were collected at eachprocessing sequence end and analysed for seed quality parameters. Theresults indicated seeds graded with 3.75 mm sieve followed by spiralseparator recorded higher seed recovery, germination and seedling vigourduring initial and at the end of storage periodthan other sieves andmachine combinations. The graded seeds obtained from 3.75 mm sievefollowed by spiral separator recorded the higher recovery (95.25%),germination (88.33% and 68.33%), and vigour index (3502 and 1317)during initial and at the end of storage period, respectively. Seedprocessed through seed grader alone recorded higher recovery but lower
Influence of seed processing and storage on seed quality of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]
VISHWANATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAVI HUNJE
in seed quality parameter. Seeds obtained from spiral separator afterprocessing through seed grader followed by specific gravity separatorhas recorded higher seed quality parameter but least recovery per cent.Irrespective of processing methods followed, size graded seeds with3.75 mm sieve maintained its viability for longer time as compare toseeds graded with 4.00 mm and 4.80 mm sieves. Ungraded seeds lostviability quickly compared to seeds processed with different machinecombinations. Seed processing with specific gravity separator recordedmore mechanical damage with lowest seed recovery percent. Processingof soybean seeds with seed grader followed by spiral separator can berecommended as it was superior in seed recovery with good seed qualityparameters further these seeds maintained viability up to nine monthsof storage hence, grading soybean var. Dsb21 with 3.75 mm sieve ismore beneficial than presently recommended 4.0 mm sieve.
An investigation was carried out during 20172018 at the College ofAgriculture, Vijayapur. The seed samples of groundnut varieteis(TAG24, G252) were collected from Dharwad, Bagalkot and Belagavidistricts and they were screened for seed borne diseases. Seed healthstudies of different seed lots were confirmed the dominance ofAspergillus niger (33.70 and 33.09 %), Aspergillus flavus (18.36 and17.78 %), Fusarium spp. (5.75 and 3.45 %), Rhizophus spp. (18.18and 17.61 %), Colletotrichum spp., (8.31 and 3.03 %) and Penicilliumspp (4 and 2.56 %) in standard blotter and water agar method,respectively. Among the locations, higher occurrence of seed bornediseases was observed in Bagalkot (18.39 and 17.81 %), while lowestwas in Belgavi district (12.23 and 9.39 %) in both method, respectively.Belagavi district recorded better seed quality attributes and least wasobserved at Bagalkot. Among the varieties, G252 recorded higher per
Effect of provenance and seed treatments on occurrence of seed borne diseases andstorability of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
BASAVARAJ N. GANIGER MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. K. BIRADARPATIL
cent seed infection compared to TAG24. The seed storability studiesfor ten months indicated that, the untreated seeds lost its viability ata faster rate than the treated seeds. Among the seeds treatments,captan 70 % + hexaconazole 5 % (TAQAT 75 WP) @ 3 g/kg treatedseeds retained germination upto nine months compared to othertreatments and control. The per cent infection due to interaction ofprovenance and seed treatments at the end of the storage was highestin Yedahalli location with control and lowest was seen in Budihallocation with captan 70 % + hexaconazole 5 % (TAQAT 75 WP) @3 g/kg. Due to interaction of provenance and seed treatments at theend of the storage, the highest seed germination, vigour index and testweight was observed in Budihal location with captan 70 per cent +hexaconazole 5 per cent (TAQAT 75 WP) and lowest was in Yedahalliwith control.
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
The study was conducted in 201718 to analyze the performance ofKarnataka Vikas Grameena (KVG) Bank in Dharwad district usingprimary and secondary data (20062016). Random sampling techniquewas used to select 90 farmer borrowers and opinion on performanceindicators was collected from 30 bank administrators and bank officials.Compound annual growth rate, financial ratios, discriminant analysis,cluster analysis and garret ranking technique were the tools used tothe analysis of the objectives of the study. All the physical and financialindicators showed a highly significant growth except profit. Liquidityratios were quite sound except liquid assets to total assets. The financialstrength ratios improved in 2016 due to decreased borrowings. Grossratio of 78.21 and operating ratio of 21.51 indicated the financialefficiency. Lending towards farm sector was 60 per cent of the totaladvances and 7080 per cent of the demand was recovered.Discriminant function analysis identified consumption expenditure
Performance of Karnataka Vikas Grameena Bank in Dharwad district - An economic analysis
NAVEEN KUMAR NAIK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. A. HANDIGOL
(53.94%) and over dues (18.78%) as the major factors in discriminatingdefaulters in to willful and nonwillful defaulters. The level of incomeand employment of farmers increased because of the loan availment.Education level of the employees, effectiveness of training, staffadequacy, financial problems, involvement of employees, impactindicators, general problems and miscellaneous problems were thevariables classified under low category as per the opinion of bankadministrators and bank officials which must be taken care by thebank to increase the performance efficiency. Bank administrators andbank officials identified five major problems by ranking where irregularmonsoon (I), unstable prices (II), farmer unwillingness to repay (III),high input cost (IV), lack of credit facilities (V) in that order, similarlyfarmers also gave the same ranks except high input cost (III rank),exploitation by middlemen (IV rank). The ratio measures inferredthe better performance of KVG Bank.
84
The study attempts to assess the present status of functioning of
online agricultural marketing of dry chilli, benefits of online marketing
and constrains faced by farmers, traders and market committee in
online marketing of dry chilli in Karnataka. The study was conducted
in the Deportment of Agricultural Economics at the University of
Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad from 201718, The study was based
on both primary and secondary data. Primary data pertaining to online
transaction of 201718 were collected from 60 online farmers and 60
traditional farmers. Similarly, 20 traders and 20 commission agents
chosen were from selected markets. Secondary data were collected
from the APMC Hubballi. Data were processed by using descriptive
statistics, paired t test and Garrett ranking technique. Among six
markets, Hubballi market witnessed highest share of quantity (55.85%)
and share of value (82.66%) of commodities traded followed by
Naragund market. Among nine commodities green gram traded the
Growth and challenges in online marketing of dry Chilli - A case study of selected APMCS in Karnataka
K. PAVITHRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MAHANTESH R. NAYAK
highest followed by dry chilli, both in the terms of quantity share
(43.45%) and value share (37.02%). In online marketing (Hubballi),
like lot entry, timely price information, wider market area, better
price and SMS alert were adequate, similarly gate entry, storage,
computers and epayment were partially adequate in the view of the
online farmers. Online prices for all commodities across all markets
were more than traditional prices. Major constraints faced by farmers
in online marketing were farmers outstanding loan in financial
institution followed by lack of knowledge regarding epayment. Major
challenges faced by traders in online marketing were lack of funds for
daily transactions followed by lack of loan facility for the immediate
payment to the farmers. Constraints faced by market committee in
online agricultural marketing were poor participation of farmers
followed by limited infrastructure. Online agricultural marketing found
beneficial to farmers, which needs to be extended and create awareness.
Govermnent of India wants to double the farmers’ real income by
2022. The nonagricultural worker earns three times more than
agricultural worker. To fulfill the gap between agricultural and non
agricultural sectors the Central Govermnent has shifted policy focus
to enhance farmers’ income. According to a survey conducted by
NSSO in 2013, the average annual income of the farmers was about
` 77,112, as against ̀ 5,380 in 2003. India, at the nominal growth rate
of 11.76 per cent, doubled its income in 5.20 years, while with real
growth rate of 5.2 per cent, it took 13.6 years for the same endeavour.
Major source of income was cultivation followed by wages/salaries,
nonfarm wages and livestock. The average annual income of sample
respondents was ` 3,95,224 in 201718. The total Yield Gap in crops
was 12.75 q/acre, of which Yield GapI was 7.34 q/acre and Yield
GapII was 5.41 q/acre. Collective bargaining through Farmer Producer
Organization and mechanization of farm activities were major cost
Doubling farmers’ income in India with special focus on Karnataka - Opportunities and challenges
HARSHA M. MURAGOD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. R. KIRESUR
reducing strategies. Crop diversification, value addition, marketing of
produce through farmer groups were the major profit maximizing
strategies. Marketing of farm output was the major area which needed
the attention of policy makers. According to experts and extension
scientists, infrastructure was the major area which needed the maximum
radical change followed by institutional, policy, extension and research
and education sectors. In terms of infrastructural development would
have greater contribution to doubling farmers’ income followed by
policy efforts, institutional development, technology transfer and
technology development. Unreliable poor markets, increasing input
cost and inadequate and untimely supply of inputs were the major
constraints for doubling farmers’ income. Agricultural diversification,
remunerative prices for farm produce, increasing productivity and
reduction in input cost were the major pathways for doubling farmers’
income.
DrawDown Cultivation (DDC) is a unique cultivation practice
involving cropping on the land, which hitherto submerged under water,
emerges on the edges of the dam reservoir. The present study was
conducted in Vijayapur and Bagalkot districts of northern Karnataka.
A sample of 120 farmers including 60 Draw Down Farmers (DDF)
and 60 NonDraw Down Farmers (NDDF) was selected through
multistage stratified random sampling technique. The data were
collected for the year 201617 through personal interview method
and analyzed using descriptive analytical tools, Garrett ranking
technique and regression models. The average land holding of DDF
were 7.19 acre and 6.69 acres in Vijayapur and Bagalkote districts,
respectively. The major crop grown during rabisummer season by
DDF was groundnut in Vijayapur (3.90 acre) and Bagalkote (3.82
acre) districts, respectively. The total cost incurred by DDF of
Socio-economic impact of draw-down cultivation in submerged area ofAlmatti reservoir (UKP) in Karnataka state
Y. R. HARSHITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. R. KIRESUR
Vijayapur in cultivation of groundnut, cowpea, onion and bengalgram
were ` 26259, 15540, 29546 and 17565 per acre, respectively, while
the corresponding figures for Bagalkote were ̀ 29846, 17438, 36472
and 17794, respectively. The net returns obtained by the DDF of
Vijayapur were ` 8532, 5400, 54156 and 4789 and of Bagalkot were
` 12528, 5581, 53778 and 5449 in cultivation of groundnut, cowpea,
onion and bengalgram, respectively. The total variable cost incurred
and the net returns obtained in cultivation of groundnut, cowpea,
onion and bengalgram was higher in case of NDDF as compared to
DDF. The returns obtained from DDA were an additional income for
the farmers, in turn to the nation. Poor drainage of water leading to
disease or pest attack, lack of field connectivity by proper roads and
receipt of less/unreasonable compensation were expressed as the major
problems by DDF.
85
Generally, onion faremers sell their produce in the market immediately
after the harvest. The immediate flow of raw onions into the market
results in steep fall in the market prices. This could behandled by
processing onion. The study was conducted in four districts, namely,
Vijayapur, Bagalkot, Gadag and Dharwad of Karnataka, data was
collected for the period of 20172018. The analytical tools, namely,
compound annual growth rate (CAGR), discounted cash flow and
Garrett ranking techniques were employed to analyze the data. A
positive annual growth in area, production and productivity of onion
was recorded at all India level and in Karnataka state. Likewise, the
CAGR of area and production of onion was positive in case of Vijayapur
and Bagalkot districts, whereas, it was negative with respect to Dharwad
district. Further, in Gadag district, CAGR was positive for area and
negative for production. Monthly prices and arrivals of onion in Hubballi,
Belagavi and Vijayapur markets for a period of ten years (20062016)
Economic feasibility of establishing Onion processing unit in northern Karnataka
CHUDAYYA KABBURMATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. Y. TEGGI
were collected for seasonal analysis. Arrivals were highest during October
to December and lowest during JulyAugust and MarchApril months.
Wholesale onion prices were highest during AugustSeptember and
lowest during MarchApril months, in all selected markets. The non
availability of labour during peak season, rain uncertainty and inadequate
irrigation facilities were the major production problems and price
fluctuation, nonavailability of market related information and lack of
storage units in market place were major marketing problems in the
study area. Hubballi was the suitable location for the establishment of
onion processing unit. The results of discounted cash flow techniques,
namely, Net Present Value, Benefit Cost ratio and Internal Rate of
Return showed that the establishment of onion processing unit would
be financially feasible. Hence, investing in onion processing unit would
definitely fetch profit for the investors and also help onion growers to
get remunerable prices during glut situations in markets.
Online marketing has given a new dimension to agricultural marketing
which benefits the farmers by providing remunerative price. The
present study was undertaken at the University of Agricultural
Sciences, Dharwad assessed the present status, benefits and constrains
faced by the respondents in online marketing of cotton. The primary
data pertaining to online transaction from July17 to SeptI7 were
collected from 60 online farmers, 60 traditional farmers and 30 traders.
Secondary data were collected from the APMC Hubballi. Data were
processed by descriptive statistics and Garrett ranking technique. To
overcome the major constraints of traditional marketing methods such
as lack of remunerative price (I rank) and market information (II
rank), online marketing came into existence for the betterment of
farming community. The present status of online marketing revealed
that, among all the markets, Hubballi market witnessed highest quantity
(55.85%) and value (37.02%) of commodities transacted in online
Online marketing of Cotton in APMC Hubballi - An economic analysis
P AVITRA A. MENASINKAI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MAHANTESH R. NAYAK
marketing and green gram was traded highest (43.45%) followed by dry
chilli (16.04%) and cotton (12.48%) in terms of value. Although online
marketing benefited the farmers by eliminating middlemen exploitation
and providing remunerative price (98.33%), there were constraints, such
as farmers’ outstanding loan in financial institutions (I rank) and lack of
immediate payment (II rank) were the major constraints faced by the
farmers. Diversion to traditional market owing to problems in online
market (I rank) and lack of funds for daily transaction (II rank) were the
major constraints faced by the traders in online marketing. Lack of adequate
grading (I rank) and poor farmer participation (II rank) were the major
constraints faced by the market committee in online marketing. The
study suggested the need for creating awareness regarding the importance
of grading in fetching remunerative price in online marketing and the
system of online marketing shall uniformly establish all over the APMCs
of Kamataka for the effective implementation.
The present study was conducted in the Department of Agricultural
Economics at University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2017
2108. The study was based on primary and secondary data. Primary
data was collected on socioeconomic characteristics, on the extent of
income and employment generated through different enterprises, factors
motivating for uptake of entrepreneurship, and problems confronted
by women entrepreneurs from randomly selected 120 women
entrepreneurs. Majority of women entrepreneurs belonged to middle
age group (51.66%) and adopted nuclear family (70.00%) with relatively
poor primary education (37.50%). There were mainly thirteen different
enterprises identified in the study area with tailoring as a major enterprise
(22.50%) followed by roti making (10.00%), and beauty parlour (9.16%).
Among various entrepreneurial activities, the highest average income
was generated from dairy enterprise (` 26,695/) and highest days of
employment opportunities generated in hotel enterprise (321 man days/
Economic analysis of women entrepreneurs in Dharwad district
SHRIDEVI C. KULKARNI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. JAYASHREE HANDIGOL
year/person). The major factor which contributed for establishment of
enterprise was to support family earnings (38.33%), because majority
of the entrepreneurs belonged to middle class where single partner
earning is insufficient to cope up with the increasing cost of living. The
next major motivating factor was lack of job opportunities (20.83%),
followed by pursue selfinterest (17.50%), economic independence
(12.50%), and to gain social recognition status (10.83%). Major
problems faced by women entrepreneurs were interruption from other
household activities (57.39%), discontinuous demand for the products
(55.16%), physical stress due to continuous work (53.51%), inadequate
profit (54.22%), and lack of encouragement (53.01%) by family
members. Thus there is a need for association of similar enterprises
owned by the women to access the training to improve their skills and
marketing of their products to overcome the existing problems and
earn more.
86
Rainfed areas assume special significance for livelihood of millions ofrural households in India. In this context a baseline study was takenup in selected watershed areas of SujalaIII project in Gadag districtof Karnataka under University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwadduring the period 201516 to ascertain the households livelihood status.Both primary and secondary data were used and analysed using tabularanalysis, Garrett ranking, multiple regression and gini coefficient.The growth in area and production were found nonsignificant for Btcotton, groundnut and hybrid maize while, the growth in productivitywas significant. The growth in area, production and productivitywere found nonsignificant for greengram, rabi sorghum and chickpea.The findings revealed that among the kharif crops hybrid maizeoccupied the largest area (35.87%) followed by green gram (18.10%).Among the rabi crops, rabi sorghum occupied 5.40 per cent area with
An economic analysis of rainfed farming and livelihood approaches in gadag district in selected areas ofSujala III Watershed Project of Karnataka - A baseline study
ARATI MARENNAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. N. KULKARNI
a low cropping intensity of 115.75 per cent. The dairy enterprisewith crossbreed cows was found more profitable with a BC ratio of1.98 than indigenous cows (1.81) and buffaloes (1.80). Analysis oflivelihood opportunities in case of marginal, small, semi medium,medium and large farmers revealed that the average total annual incomefrom sources received per household was ` 29313, 38419, 61397,53224 and 77000, respectively. It was observed that Gini coefficientas a measure of income inequality in different SWSs ranged between0.32 and 0.38 and the same was ranged from 0.11 to 0.16 in case offarm size categories. About 13.33 per cent of marginal farmers migratedin search of livelihood followed by small (9.17%), semi medium(2.08%) and medium farmers (0.83%). High variations in rainfallpattern and poor soil fertility status were the major constraints facedby farmers.
The present study conducted at the University of Agricultural
Sciences, Dharwad during the year 201718 analyzed the importance
of nonfarm sector activities in terms of education, consumption,
employment and income generation. Multistage random sampling
technique was employed to collect the required primary data from
160 sample respondents comprising equal number of respondents
from farming, non farming, combined activities of farming and non
farming and labour activities. Garret ranking and Investment analysis
tools were employed. The average age of the respondents involved
in the nonfarm activities was found to be 39 years. The respondents
involved in combined farm and nonfarm activities were found to be
more of marginal, small and medium farmers. The findings revealed
that the highest average annual income was earned by the respondents
following farm activities (` 71,848) which majorly include large
Role of non-farm sector activities in sustaining rural livelihoodin Dharwad district - An economic analysis
B. SHUBHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. L. PATIL
farmers followed by the respondents indulging in combined farm
and nonfarm activities (` 61,693) and of nonfarm activities
(` 28,082). The assured jobs with better annual income like salaried
work of government (` 1,04,500 ), running a small hotel (` 50,840),
saloon shop (` 26,000 ) and kirana shop (` 23,502 ) were found to
be more profitable. Most of the respondents started their activity
of nonfarm mainly with the motive of their self interest followed by
the factor of having no land, low and unassured income from
agriculture. Inadequate family labours, lack of family encouragement,
increased cost of inputs were found to be major problems under
nonfarm activities. Since nonfarm economy could be one best
strategy for doubling of farmers’ income popularization of non
farm activities by government is necessary to overcome the above
problems.
India is the largest producer of guava in the world and in India it
occupied fifth place in area and production. Study was conducted in
Dharwad and Vijayapur districts of northern Karnataka during 201617.
Primary data was collected from 80 farmers comprising 40 farmers
from Dharwad district and 40 from Vijayapur district spread over
20 villages of four taluks. For analysis of data compound annual
growth rate analysis, financial feasibility analysis and Garrette
ranking techniques were used. Positive and significant growth in
area, production and productivity was observed in India as a whole
as well as in Dharwad district. On the contrast, a negative growth in
area, production and productivity was observed in Karnataka as a
whole as well as in Vijayapur district. The NPV was higher
(`14,01,561) in Dharwad district than that of Vijayapur district
(` 9,56,233). The BCR of Dharwad (2.10) was marginally higher
than the Vijayapur district(1.76). The IRR was higher (27.73 %) in
An economic analysis of production and marketing of Guava in northern Karnataka
PRATHIBHA CHALUVADI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. GULEDAGUDDA
Dharwad district compared to Vijayapur district (22.87 %). The
PBP was minimal in Dharwad district (7.50 years) as compared to
Vijayapur district (8.40 years). The functional analysis revealed
that 81 and 86 per cent of variation in gross returns was explained
by the five independent variables included in the CobbDouglas
type response functions in both the districts. Guava growers who
followed ChannelI and ChannelII realized low share in consumer’s
rupee and accordingly higher price spread was recorded compared
to ChannelIII. In production, pest and disease attack (66.72 %)
and labour shortage (60.27 %) were the major problems in Dharwad
district, whereas in Vijayapur district, pest and disease attack (73.00 %)
and lack of irrigation facility (61.55 %) were the major problems. In
marketing, long distance from market to farm gate and price
fluctuations were major problems faced by the guava growers in
both the districts.
87
A study was undertaken to assess longterm variability (19832015)
of climate in north Karnataka, its effects on water security of women
and coping mechanisms adopted by rural farm women in Dharwad
and Belagavi districts. Study was undertaken within jurisdiction of
UAS, Dharwad during 201618. The study attempts to bridge the
knowledge gap in effect ofclimate change on water security of
women.In the analysis both secondary and primary data were used.
Trend, cyclical, seasonal, irregularity indices, water insecurity index
(WII) and tabular analysis were used to obtain results. Results from
secondary data revealed that there was a substantial variation in rainfall
in study area. There was negative correlation between temperature
and rainfall with Pearson correlation coefficient 0.025. WII worked
out revealed highest index in Khalaghatagi taluk and lowest in Dharwad
taluk (0.34) in Dharwad district. For Belagavi district, highest
insecurity was reported in Chikkodi taluk (0.60) and lowest in Belagavi
Impact of climate variability on water security in northern Karnataka - A gender perspective
DANESHWARI MALLADADAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. S. PODDAR
taluk (0.40), thereby revealing vulnerability of areas for climate change.
A temporal analysis during 20052016 revealed thatin Dharwad
district, highest negative change in WII was in Navalgund taluk and
insecurity increased by 41 per cent. In Belagavi district, highest
negative change was in Khanapur taluk and insecurity increased by
13 per cent. In general water insecurity increased over a period of
decade in both districts.Respondents opined that women had greater
responsibility of water collection in household water management
than man. An analysis of accessibility and demand for household
water revealed about 24 per cent deficit. About 95 per cent of women
respondents agreed that water availability decreased over the years.
To overcome these insecurity problems women need to be included in
water related decision making activities. Rainwater harvesting
techniques need to be promoted at village level and suitable climate
adoption measures should be developed in vulnerable taluks.
Sericulture is one of the important subsector of Indian agriculture.
The present study was carried at the University of Agriculture Sciences,
Dharwad to analyse the cost and returns in mulberry cultivation and
silk cocoon production, cost and margins in different channels of silk
cocoon marketing were analyzed using primary data collected from a
sample of 120 farmers of Haveri district in north Karnataka based on
highest area and production Haveri and Ranebennur taluka is selected
for the study. CobbDouglas production function, marketing efficiency
measures and Garrett’s ranking technique were employed to analyze
the data. The cost of establishing mulberry garden was ` 55,338 per
acre. The cost of cultivation of mulberry garden was ̀ 12,410 per acre
per rearing. The cost of production of silk cocoons per acre per rearing
for 100 DFL.s was ` 31,663. Net returns (` 14,674) realized per acre
per rearing and BC ratio was 1.45. Transportation cost was a major
Production and marketing of silk cocoons in northern Karnataka - An economic analysis
ASMA BANU MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. T. SHARMA
cost in cocoon marketing accounted for 24.85 per cent of the total
marketing cost of ` 1,879.50/70 kg. Two marketing channels are
identified in study area. Producer’s share in consumer rupee is more in
ChannelI (95.10%) when compared to ChannelII (88.68%). The main
constraint encountered by farmer revealed through Garrett’s score in
mulberry cultivation were problems incidence of pest and diseases
(65.93), shortage of DFL’s (57.43) in silk worm rearing and warehouses
and storage facilities (67.83) was in the cocoon marketing. The regression
coefficient of organic manure, fertilizer, irrigation, bullock power were
positive and also turned out to be statistically significant at five per
cent probability level. Resource optimization for both talukas together
showed the MVP to MFC ratios more than unity for organic manure,
fertilizer and bullock labour indicated the possibilities of further
increasing the use of these inputs in mulberry cultivation.
The study attempts to analyze production and marketing of maize in
Haveri district of north Karnataka. It was based on primary data
collected from 120 sample farmers, 30 market intermediaries and
secondary data on arrivals and prices of maize were collected for the
period from 2008 to 2017. The data was analyzed using tabular,
correlation and CAGR analysis, budgeting and Garrett’s ranking
techniques. Cropping SystemI (maize monocrop) and Cropping
SystemII (maize + redgram) were the two major maize based cropping
systems (CSI & CSII) identified in the study area. Among the sample
respondents, majority (96) of the farmers practiced maize mono
cropping system and rest of them followed maize with readgram. The
per acre total cost of cultivation was slightly higher in CSII
(` 23,892.5/acre) compared to CSI (` 22,165/acre). Maximum net
return per acre was highest in case of CSII (` 9,346/acre) followed by
CSI (` 7,072/acre). There was a negative association between arrivals
Production and marketing of Maize - An economic analysis
GOURI SAVADATTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. M. MUNDINAMANI
and prices of maize in all the three study markets. Three major channels
were identified in marketing of maize viz., ChannelI: Producer
Village merchant WholesalercumCommission agent Processor,
ChannelII: Producer WholesalercumCommission agent
Processor and ChannelIII: Producer Processor. ChannelIII was
the most efficient channel indicating higher marketing efficiency (13.10)
and producer’s share in consumer’s rupee (92.90%) compared to
other channels of marketing. Frequent drought condition, non
availability of labour and high yielding varieties, location of markets
at far off places, high pricefluctuations and high cost of transportation
were the major constraints in production and marketing of maize.
Based on the findings of the study, it can be suggested that farmers
are to be advised to follow CSII to enhance and stabilize their income
and minimize the risk of monocropping and market their produce
through ChannelIII to enhance producer’s share in consumer’s rupee.
88
The Direct Benefit Transfer mechanism was adopted in Farm
Mechanization Scheme (FMS), Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayi
Yojana (PMKSY), Vidyasiri Scholarship Scheme (VSS) and Direct
Benefit Transfer of LPG (PAHAL) Scheme. The study was taken
under UASD during 201617. The percentage of fund transferred to
FMS went up to 60 per cent; actual fund utilization was nearly 80
to 90 per cent of the fund transferred. Nearly 98 per cent of the
fund released under PMKSY scheme was utilized during the study.
In VSS, almost 100 per cent total benefit was transferred to the
beneficiaries. In the PAHAL scheme, out of the 4,05,076 households
in Vijayapur district, 2,46,080 households (accounting for 60.74 %)
were having LPG connection, some of them having more than one
connection. Amongst talukas, 37.44 per cent of the households in
Basavana Bagewadi, 56.15 per cent of households in Indi, 37.18 per cent
of households in Muddebihal, 38.30 per cent of households in
Direct benefit transfer (DBT) Schemes in India with special reference to Karnataka - Pros and cons
SHRUTHI S. PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. Y. TEGGI
Sindagi, 95.43 per cent of households in Vijayapur taluk were having
LPG connections. In PMKSY scheme, hurdle in utilization of
technology and beneficiaries’ lack of interest in trainings were the
constraints expressed by the beneficiaries and implementing agencies,
respectively. In VSS, server would be busy and lack of staff for
verifying application sometimes were the constraints expressed by
the beneficiaries and implementing agencies, respectively. In PAHAL
scheme, absence of physical inspection as many of the households
were still availing more than one connection in one kitchen,
beneficiaries won’t provide proper address were the major
constraints ranked by the beneficiaries and implementing agencies,
respectively. Hence to conclude the block chain system could be
implemented and the concept of bank mitras, who would go house
to house to disburse payments through micro ATMs should be
universally implemented.
Retailing includes all the activities involved in selling of the goods and
service to the final consumers for personal and nonbusiness use. The
present investigation was undertaken to compare the efficiency of
traditional and new format retailing units in vegetable marketing in
Dharwad district of Karnataka. The study selected the 45 traditional
retailers which further categorized based on quantity handled and
nature of transaction of vegetables as big, small and farmer retailers
and five new format retails and to know consumer retail choice
behaviour 30 consumer from traditional and 30 from new format retail
were also selected. The required data obtained from sample respondents.
The data pertained to the year 201718. Tabular analysis was used to
evaluate the performance of retail outlets. Garret ranking was used to
know factors responsible for consumer retail choice in vegetable
purchase. New format retails followed defined procurement pattern
in purchase of vegetables through the contract farmer with frequency
Traditional and new format retailing in vegetable marketing - A comparative economicanalysis in Dharwad district
M. REKHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. BASAVARAJA
of once in two days while, traditional retailers procurement pattern
depended upon the nature under which type of retail dealt. Study
revealed significant difference in investment pattern between
traditional and new format retails. The components of investments
were building expenses, infrastructural facility, and machinery. New
format retail supply chain emerged as efficient one with high marketing
efficiency index than traditional retails which implied that the farmer
realized highest net return in new format retail supply chain.
Demographic factors influenced the consumer retail choice. The factors
like attractive store image, high standard of service, fresh stock of
vegetables and bargain possibility play vital role in retail choice decision
making by consumers. The study recommended that there is lot of
scope for the traditional retails to shift to new format retails by
investing more capital where capital availability is not a major issue in
banking friendly era.
The study attempted to analyze the status of custom hiring service
centres (CHSCs), cost and returns of crops cultivated by using of
CHSCs machineries and constraints faced by farmers in accessing the
services of CHSCs in selected districts of North Kamataka namely,
Belagavi and Dharwad districts. Multistage sampling procedure was
adopted for selection of 120 farmers and twenty CHSCs for the data
pertained to the agricultural year 201415. On an average there were 17
farm machineries available in per CHSCs in Belagavi and Dharwad. The
worth of machineries in these districts was ̀ 46,68,981 and ̀ 46,09,859
(per CHSCs), respectively. Analysis of cost and returns revealed that,
CHSCs in both the districts were running under loss and the extent of
loss was ` 6, 19,654 and ` 5,26, 162 (with depreciation @ 12 %) per
CHSC in respective district. In case of Belagavi, the total cost of bengal
Custom hiring of farm machinery and equipments in selected districts ofnorth Karnataka - An economic analysis
MANJUNATH TALAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. A. HANDIGOL
gram cultivation was ` 59,998 /ha with a net returns ` 27,088/ha. The
cultivation of bengal gram was found to be profitable as evident from
the BC ratio (1.53). Whereas in case of Dharwad, the total cost of
cultivation of bengal gram was ` 49,115 /ha with a net returns of
` 16, 165.00 /ha with a yield of 13.00 q /ha. The BC ratio was just 1.33
for the study area. In case of soybean crop the cost of cultivationwas
` 57,684.00 /ha. Net returns obtained by farmers were ` 31 ,566 with
a yield of 26 q /ha in Belagavi district. While in Dharwad the total cost
of cultivation was ` 53,401 and the net returns was ` 16,292 /ha. In
case of soybean the BC ratio was higher in the Belagavi (1.55) as
compared to Dharwad (1.31). Major problems faced by the farmers
were lack of credit facility for hiring machineries, lack of awareness
about CHSCs and lack of timely availability of machineries.
89
AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
Contract farming in Chilli in north Karnataka - An agribusiness appraisal
K. BHEEMRAJ AGASIMANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. D. NAIK
An empirical investigation of contract farming in chilli was conductedin the Department of Agribusiness Management, University ofAgricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 201617. Dharwad, Bagalkot,Haveri and Belagavi districts were purposively selected. From eachdistrict one village was selected. 30 farmers were selected from eachvillage (n= 120). Tabular analysis, mean, averages, CobbDouglasproduction function and Gareet ranking techniques were used in thestudy. Four different companies were operating in the study areai.e.,Omni Active Health Technologies in Dharwad, AVT NaturalProducts Pvt Ltd in Belagavi, Synthite Industries Pvt Ltd in Haveriand McCormic Pvt Ltd in Bagalkot district. Cost of chilli cultivationper hectare was found to be ` 39,686.13. Net returns from chillicultivation was ̀ 53,720.12 and benefit cost ratio was 2.31. Resourceuse efficiency indicated the coefficient of multipledeterminationvalue with 0.81 (81%) for Bagalkot, 0.80 (80%)
Belagavi, 0.84 (84%) Haveri and 0.86 (86%) Dharwad districtsexplained by the independent variables considered for the study.The MVP to MFC ratios of PPC and human labour and plantprotection chemicals and FYM were substantially greater than unityimplying under utilization of these resources. In the case of seeds,fertilizers+micronutrients, bullock and tractor charges the MVP toMFC ratio was less than unity, indicating excess use of theseresources in chilli cultivation by farmers.The contract firmsexpressed that climatic factors was the major hindrance in the chilliproduction. The firm also opinied inability of farmer to undertakefarm operations, mixing of low grade with high grade by farmers andalso expressed the problems of breach of contract by the farmers.Thefarmers were getting a higher net returns in red chilli cultivationunder contract farming. Contract farming may be replicated in similararea for the benefit of other farmers.
The present study was conducted in Canara circle of Uttara Kannadadistrict in northern Karnataka during 201718. Haliyal, Yellapur andSirsi division were selected based on the highest revenue releasedafter sales. Three forest timber depots were randomly selected fromeach selected division. Five forest officials, 5 retailers, 5 wholesalers,5 big timber merchants from each depot were selected randomly.Thus, total sample size was 60. Secondary data pertaining to revenueand expenditure was collected from the records maintained by theforest depots of Dandeli, Kirwatti and Chipgi for the period from200506 to 201617. Cost involved in construction of new path washighest in the extraction of timber ` 12,379.39 per km. Cost oftransportation of timber by truck upto 10 km distance was highestamong all the means of transportation 967.56 per m3. Cost of fellingand conversion, transportation, unloading and loading charges of poles
Business performance of forest timber depots in north Karnataka - A management appraisal
SRISHTI THAKUR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. MURTHY
was highest in Ia category poles. The cost was highest in clearance of
vegetative growth in the stacked area (` 1,820.48 per ha). Only twomarketing channels were used commonly. ChannelI was more efficientcompared to ChannelII. The positive relationship was found betweenauction price, concentration of buyers, lot size, grades, number oflogs and upset price. The compound annual growth rate of revenue inDandeli, Kirwatti and Chipgi forest timber depots were (0.14, 0.14and 0.04), respectively. The positive compound annual growth ratein expenditure was observed in all the study depots. The major problemfaced by the forest officials in the depots was wastage of wood andlack of knowledge about online auctioning was the major problemfaced by most of the intermediaries. Total tax should be reduced bythe government because it accounts for the major share of expense intimber handling.
The present study was conducted at the UAS, Dharwad on
production and marketing management of watermelon in Haveri and
Ananthapur districts of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Districts
were selected purposively based on highest production. A sample of
50 farmers and 15 market intermediaries were selected from each
district randomly for collecting primary data through wellstructured
questionnaire by personal interview method, during 201718.
Compound annual growth rate, functional analysis and Garret ranking
method were employed for analysis of data. The growth in area,
production and productivity of watermelon in Karnataka (3.92, 4.35
and 0.41% per annum, respectively) and in Andhra Pradesh (4.33,
9.20 and 4.66% per annum, respectively) showed significant increase.
Cost of cultivation for watermelon in Haveri district (` 1,09,945.78)
was lower compared to Ananthapur (` 1,43,306.17) district.
Contrarily, the yield and gross returns were higher in Ananthapur
district (36.62 tonnes/ha, ̀ 2,26,128.50) than in Haveri district (27.50
Production and marketing management of Watermelon - A comparative analysisin Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
POTNURU SANTOSH KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VILAS S. KULKARNI
tonnes/ha, ̀ 1,97,532.50). Net returns were higher in Haveri district (`
87,586.72) compared to Ananthapur district (` 82,822.33) due to
difference in the selling price. Cultivation of watermelon in both the
districts were found to be profitable as supported by a magnitude of
BC ratio of 1.79 and 1.58, respectively. In Haveri district, the
MVP:MFC ratio for calcium and herbicides, and in Ananthapur district,
machine labour were more than unity indicating underutilization of
these resources. Among the marketing channels identified, more than
twothirds of the farmers in the study area traded through channelII
(Farmer Preharvester contractor cum wholesaler Retailer
Consumer) than channelI (Farmer Retailer Consumer). Price spread
was higher under channelII (` 3,669.69 and 3,519.95 in Haveri and
Ananthapur districts, respectively) than under channelI (` 2,242.71
and 2,088.63). Water scarcity, severe incidence of pests and diseases
were the major production, whereas lack of storage facility and support
price were the major marketing constraints identified.
90
The present investigation made an attempt to analyze the marketingmanagement of bakery products and buying behaviour of consumerin twin cities of HubballiDharwad. A total sample of 200 respondentsand 60 bakery units were selected for the study. The data required foraccomplishing the objectives of the study were collected from primarysources for the year 201718. There were three marketing channelsadopted by the bakery units which were ChannelI, (Bakery unitWholesalerRetailerConsumer), ChannelII (Bakery unitRetailerConsumers) and ChannelIII (Bakery unitConsumer). The monthlyaverage quantity sales of selected bakery products were more inchannelI (4214.58 kg/month) followed by channelII (3548.25 kg/month) and channelIII (2231.15 kg/month). There was a more pricespread in channelI, compared to channelII and channelIII. Thebakery units adopted four different promotional strategies, amongthem shop hanger (100 %) was used by all bakery units. The average
Marketing management of bakery products in twin cities of Hubballi - Dharwad
HANUMANTAPPA JAMANAL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. D. NAIK
monthly expenditure on bakery products was found highest in highincome group respondents. Among 200 consumers were studied, highestconsumption was biscuits (97.00 %), followed by puffs (91.00 %),bread (90.50 %), toast (89.50 %), khari (86.00 %) and cakes (84.00 %).Difficulty in preparation at home was the main reason for purchasingof khari. Taste was the main reason for purchasing of puffs, toast andcakes. In case of purchasing decision, respondents made a self decisionon purchasing of cakes (77.97 %), biscuits (76.28 %), bread (67.95 %)and khari (66.44 %). For puffs and toast, children influenced morewith 80.21 per cent and 78.77 per cent respectively. There wereidentified six problems faced by the bakery units; among them lack ofskilled labour (54.81 %) was the major problem indicated in the studyarea. The study revealed that the younger age groups preferred morebakery products than other age groups. The consumer behaviourvaried from product to product.
Jaggery is a traditional product of sugarcane. Organic jaggery issuperior in quality as it is processed without using chemicals. It isavailable in three different forms, viz., solid, powder and granularforms. The study was conducted in North Karnataka during 201718 to estimate the trend, costreturns profiles and marketingmanagement of organic jaggery production and consumer preferencesfor different forms of organic jaggery. The study is based on bothprimary and secondary data. Primary data were collected using awellstructured and pretested schedule from sample respondentsselected using multistage random sampling technique. In all, 60organic jaggery farmers, 120 market functionaries and 120 organicjaggery consumers from Jamakhandi and Mudhol taluks of Bagalkotdistrict and Gokak and Athani taluks of Belagavi district were chosen.Secondary data on area under sugarcane cultivation were collectedfrom District Statistical Office of both the districts and that on
Supply chain analysis of organic Jaggery in north Karnataka
SHWETA SINGARADDI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. S. SONNAD
organic jaggery production were collected from Organic JaggeryTechnical Park. Results revealed that, organic jaggery production isprofitable with a benefitcost ratio of 7.09 in Bagalkote and 8.74 inBelagavi district. Of the total organic jaggery produced, 70 % was insolid form, 17 % was in powder form and 13 % was in granularform. Among the three channels of marketing organic jaggery in thestudy area, ChannelIII (Producer Consumer) was most efficientas the price spread was least (` 130.65/q in Bagalkot and ` 152.35/q in Belagavi). Most of the market intermediaries were unhappy fornonavailability of labourers in Bagalkote district and for not gettingincentives for quality product supply in Belagavi district. Amongthree forms of organic jaggery, about 46.67 per cent of the consumersin Bagalkot and 51.67 per cent in Belagavi preferred powder formbecause of less moisture content (14.00 %) than solid form (21.00%), high keeping quality and ease in cooking.
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION EDUCATION
The present study was undertaken in the Department of AgriculturalExtension Education, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwadcovering Vijayapura and Bagalkot districts of north Karnataka during201617. The ex-post facto research design was used. Majorproportion of farmers belonged to middle age group (46.66 %),while, illiterates were 26.66 per cent. Majority (85.00 %) of therespondents had nuclear family and small land holders categoryoccupied the highest percentage (60.83 %). It depicted that majorityof farmers (58.33 %) belonged to medium annual income. Majority(65.83 %) of farmers possessed one to two cattle. It revealed that41.67 per cent of respondents belonged to medium extension contactcategory, 56.66 per cent respondents belonged to mediumorganizational participation and 45.00 per cent of them belonged tomedium mass media participation. More than half of the respondents(55.55%) were growing redgram in kharif season and in rabi, majorityof respondents (80.00 %) were growing sorghum. Whereas in summer,
Empowerment of farmers through organic farming in northern Karnataka
VINAYAK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. B. BELLI
33.33 per cent respondents were growing groundnut as their majorcrop. High majority of farmers possessed knowledge about vermicompost (85.83 %), application of organic manure (83.33 %) andadvantages of organic farming (66.66 %). Overall 81.67 per cent ofrespondents were empowered through organic farming. 32.83 per centof farmers gained self confidence through organic farming. Socialempowerment through organic farming revealed that 66.67 per centfarmers were aware about new schemes which help organic farmers.69.33 per cent of farmers were empowered economically throughorganic farming activity. Majority of the organic farmers sell theirproduce in cooperative society (78.33 %) followed by regulatedmarket (28.33 %). Cent per cent of them sold their produce throughorganic mela, grain fairs and raitha santhe. It showed that majorityof organic farmers faced constraints in controlling pests and diseasesorganically (87.50 %) and lack of marketing facilities for organicproduce (80.83 %).
91
This study was conducted under the University of Agricultural Sciences,
Dharwad during 201415 in Haveri district of Karnataka state. Random
sampling procedure was used to select 150 farmers and data collected
through the personal interview method. Majority of onion growers
were middle aged, 42.67 per cent of the onion growers studied up to
primary school, 38.67 per cent farmers belongs to semimedium land
holding category, 49.33 per cent of respondents had medium level of
farming experience, 52 per cent of respondents had medium level of
area under onion crop. 57.33 per cent of farmers belonged to high level
of economic orientation. Considerable per cent of respondents belonged
to medium level of extension contact, mass media participation,
innovative proneness and scientific orientation. The study revealed
that cent per cent of onion growers adopted the recommended onion
Technological gap in Onion production in Haveri district
DEEPAK KORISHETTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. V. NAGARAJA
cultivation practices of proper harvesting stage followed by
98 per cent of farmers adopted correct sowing time, spacing and seed
rate. 43.33 per cent belonged to medium category of technological gap.
98.00 per cent of technological gap was found in application of plant
promoters followed by split application of nitrogen fertilizers. Majority
of farmers got the market price information from others, 54.00 per cent
farmers sold their produce in APMCs, 56.67 per cent farmers sold their
produce immediately after harvest, 82.67 per cent of farmers graded
the onion based on size. 70.67 per cent of onion growers indicated lack
of knowledge of pest control as major production constraint followed
by high cost of inputs. 92.67 per cent of farmers expressed that price
fluctuation of onion was major marketing constraint followed by mal
practice in weighment and lack of storage facility.
The present study was undertaken by University of Agricultural
Sciences, Dharwad in Belagavi district of Karnataka state during 201718
to measure the knowledge and adoption of saline soils management
practices by the farmers. A sample of 150 respondents were
purposively selected from Saundatti, Ramdurg and Athani taluks of
Belagavi district by using random sampling method. The data was
collected by personal interview method with help of structured
schedule. The results revealed that as high as 41.33 per cent of farmers
had medium level of knowledge on management of saline soils. While,
34.67 and 24.00 per cent of them had low and high level of knowledge,
respectively. Majority (68.00 %) of the farmers were having low
knowledge on green manure and 32.00 per cent of farmers were having
high knowledge. Whereas, 57.34 per cent of farmers were having high
knowledge on irrigation management and 42.66 per cent of farmers
were having low knowledge. More than two fifth (42.67 %) of farmers
Management of saline soils by the farmers of Belagavi district
SHIVANANDA P. YARAZARI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. V. HALAKATTI
belonged to medium adoption category followed by low (36.00%)
and high (21.00%). Surface drainage was adopted by 80.00 per cent
of farmers. Only 12.00 per cent of farmers have adopted biodrainage.
High initial cost for undertaking salinity management practices was
the major problem in adoption process as it was expressed by
83.33 per cent of farmers. Nonavailability of organic manures
(63.33%) and no common outlet for removing surface drainage water
(46.67%) were the other problems in adoption of salinity management
practices. Knowledge and adoption of saline soils management practices
by the farmers was positively and significantly correlated with
independent variables such as education, annual income, mass media
exposure, extension contact, organizational participation, training
received and farm resource base. There is an immediate need to improve
the adoption behaviour of farmers by developing a strategy for the
supply of inputs on cost effective basis, if not on subsidized rates.
The present study was conducted in the year 201718 in Vijayapur
district of Karnataka state with a sample size of 120 farmers. Random
sampling procedure was used to select the sample. The data was
collected through structured interview schedule. The profile
characteristics of the pomegranate growers revealed 57.50 per cent of
the pomegranate growers belonged to middle age group, 20.00 per cent
of the growers had education up to graduation, 40.00 per cent of the
pomegranate growers were semimedium farmers. The variables like
achievement motivation category (41.66 %), social participation
(55.00 %), mass media participation (35.00 %), extension contacts
(44.16 %), cosmopoliteness (38.33 %), risk bearing ability (38.33 %)
were found medium level among pomegranate growers. 36.66 per
cent of the respondents belonged to the medium entrepreneurial behaviour
category. With respect to dimensionwise analysis, (37.50 %) were
grouped under medium production efficiency, (41.66 %) were grouped
under medium managerial ability and (45.00 %) were under high
Entrepreneurial behaviour of Pomegranate growers in Vijayapur district of Karnataka
K. V. ANUSHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. B. BELLI
market knowledge. About 39.16 per cent of the respondents belonged
to high adoption category. With respect to value added products in
pomegranate cultivation, only 8.33 per cent of the growers had full
adoption category regarding ready to eat arils, anardhana and
pomegranate squash. Only 13.33 per cent of the growers had fully
adopted exportable parameters and insecticidal or pesticidal
application before export. There was positive, significant relationship
between education, landholding, achievement motivation, social
participation, mass media participation, extension contacts,
cosmopoliteness and risk bearing ability with entrepreneurship
behaviour and adoption pattern. Whereas, age was negatively
correlated with entrepreneurship behaviour and adoption pattern.
Major constraint faced by pomegranate growers were lack of
information with the growers regarding quality production for export
(100.00 %), followed by lack of knowledge about value added
products of pomegranate (93.33 %) and bacterial blight (88.33 %).
92
The study was conducted during 201718 on use of etools in
agriculture by farmers of northern Karnataka. Eight etools were
selected for the study namely; Krishi Marata Vahini, Raitamitra, Kisan
Call Centre, WhatsApp groups, Information Kiosk, Kisan Mobile
Advisory Services, Kisan Suvidha and Agromet Advisory Services. A
sample of 120 respondents was selected randomly and was personally
interviewed using pretested schedule. Majority of farmers (60.00%)
were under middle age category, 26.66 per cent farmers had education
upto high school level, 44.16 per cent of the farmers were belonged to
semi medium farmers, 52.50 per cent of the farmers belonged to
medium level of annual income category, low extension contact
(51.66%), high mass media utilization (40.00%), medium decision
making ability (44.16%), medium economic motivation (36.66%),
medium innovative proneness (55.00%), medium cosmopoliteness
(48.33%), medium organizational participation (44.16%) and medium
Use of e-tools in agriculture by farmers of northern Karnataka - A comaparative study
B. R. SMITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. A. JAHAGIRDAR
scientific orientation (38.33%). The results revealed that 35.83 per
cent of the respondents had high level of knowledge about etools,
followed by low (32.50%) and medium (31.66%) level of knowledge.
Most of the farmers (40.83%) belonged to low utilisation category
of etools, followed by high (34.16%) and medium (25.00%)
utilisation category. A positive and significant relationship was
observed between knowledge level and utilisation pattern and socio
economic characteristics such as education, farm size, annual income,
extension contacts, innovative proneness, cosmopoliteness and
training on etools. Whereas, the variable age was found to be
negatively and significantly correlated with knowledge level and
utilisation pattern. Lack of awareness about etools, poor internet
connection, overload of information on the internet and lack of
proper training facility were the major constraints in effective
utilisation of etools by farmers.
A study was conducted on Custom Hiring Service Centres (CHSCs)
in Vijayapur district of Karnataka during 201718 with a sample of
140 respondents. The study aimed to assess the status, economic
viability, attitude of respondents, extent of utilization and constraints
in availing services at CHSCs. The results revealed that the share of
some farm machineries and implements showed hike in their sales
pattern like tractors (1.2 times), plant protection implements
(2.7 times), thresher, chaff cutter, digger and other implements,
whereas land preparation implements (1.7 times), threshing
implements (1.8 times) and diesel pumpsets (1.3 times) has shown a
decline in the sales, since from 201415 to 201718. Maximum number
of farm machineries and implements among all CHSCs in Vijayapur
district was available in Babaleshwar CHSC and the highest profit
Study on custom hiring service centres in Vijayapur district of Karnataka
CHITRA DAS MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. PATIL
gaining entity among all was Hoovin Hippargi CHSC. With respect
to the attitude towards objective, benefits, access, availability of
services in CHSCs and utilization pattern of farm implements and
machineries of respondents, majority of the farmers agree with CHSCs
helps to overcome the problem of labor in carrying out agricultural
operations (76.69 %), farmers pays only for the number of acres or
number of hours used (82.22 %), access the farm machineries and
implements from CHSCs whenever required (51.11 %), prebooking
service facility was available (84.00 %), while high majority of the
farmers (92.14 %) hired tractor, multiple crop thresher (77.85 %),
rotavator (73.57 %). Most of the farmers expressed the problem of
nonavailability of machineries during peak requirement period (95.55 %)
and more hiring charges (57.14%).
The present study was undertaken at the University of Agricultural
Sciences, Oharwad during 201718 to study the knowledge and
technology gap in IPM practices of cabbage at Belagavi and Haveri
districts of Kamataka. These districts were purposively selected for
research study as the area under cabbage crop in Belagavi and Haveri
is ranked first and second in Kamataka state. One hundred and fifty
farmers formed sample for the study. The ex-post facto research design
was used for the study. The important findings are more than half
(51.33 %) of farmers had medium level of knowledge about IPM
practices in cabbage. Hundred per cent of the farmers possessed
correct knowledge about summer ploughing. Large majority of farmers
possessed the knowledge on trimming offield bunds (96.00 %), crop
rotation (93.33 %) raised nursery bed (91.33 %) and regular destruction
of damaged plants (92.66 %). Nearly 80.00 per cent of farmers had
Technology gap in IPM practices of Cabbage
D. GIRISH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. V. HALAKATTI
knowledge about pheromone traps and spraying of NSKE. More
than one third (39.33 %) of cabbage growers were found in medium
level of technology gap category. Hundred per cent technology gap
was observed in use of Cotesia plutella eggs. Large technology gap
was observed in use of light traps (3/ acre) (80.00 %) and planting of
trap crops in correct row (77.33 %). There is no technology gap
observed in case of summer ploughing. Non availability of required
biological control agents in time was the major constraint in adoption
of IPM practices in cabbage. Education, cabbage farming experience,
annual income, extension contact, mass media exposure and farm
resource base had positive and significant relationship with knowledge.
Education, cabbage farming experience, annual income, extension
contact, mass media exposure had negative and significant relationship
with technology gap.
93
The present study was conducted in the University of AgriculturalSciences, Dharwad during 20172018 to study the knowledge andperceived usefulness of farmers about Agromet Advisory Service onclimate change in Dharwad district.This district was purposivelyselected for research study because of presence of AgroMet FieldUnit. One hundred and forty farmers formed sample for the study.The ex-post facto research design was used for the study. The resultsrevealed that as high as 36.43 per cent of farmers had high knowledgeabout the services given by Agromet Advisory. While, 33.57 and30.00 per cent of them had medium and low level of knowledge,respectively. Large majority (96.42 and 95.71 %)of farmers hadknowledge about forecast information given on disease outbreak andrainfall information, respectively. Whereas, nearly fifty per cent (48.58 %)and 44.28 per cent of farmers had knowledge on informationforecasted about recommended dose of fertilizer and horticultural
Knowledge and perceived usefulness of farmers about agro-met advisory service on climate change
KRISHNA B. DASARADDI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. DEVENDRAPPA
crops, respectively. More than one fourth of farmers (25.71 %) hadknowledge on soil management practices. More than two fifth (42.14 %)of the farmers belonged to moderately useful category, followed by31.43 and 26.43 per cent of them belong to high and low usefulcategory. Large majority of farmers perceived advice given againstdisease outbreak (86.43 %) and pest outbreak (84.28 %) as highlyuseful. Majority of farmers (81.42 %) perceived information on animalhusbandry as useful, whereas, 40.72 per cent of farmers perceivedinformation given on seed treatment process and field preparationactivities as less useful. Knowledge of farmers was positively andsignificantly correlated with independent variables such as education,farming experience, mass media exposure, extension participation,scientific orientation and risk orientation. There is an immediate needto register the farmers who are not registered and motivate them touse the services.
The present study was conducted in the University of AgriculturalSciences, Dharwad during 20172018 to study the usage and opinionof farmers towards soil health card at Mylavaram and Ibrahimpatnammandals of Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh. One hundred andfifty farmers formed sample for the study. The primary data aboutapplication of plant nutrients by soil health card holders for 2016 and2017 was collected by using the schedule developed for the study.The results indicated that utilization of macro nutrients as perrecommendation was observed in paddy and black gram. Overutilization of macro nutrients was noticed among sugarcane, cottonand maize. Recommended dosage of gypsum was applied by64.70 per cent of paddy growers, 53.84 per cent of cotton growersand 55.55 per cent of sugarcane growers in first year and it wasincreased to 70.59 per cent, 84.61 per cent, 77.78 per cent farmers in
Usage and opinion of farmers towards soil health card
B. PADMAJA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. G. ANGADI
second year in paddy, cotton and sugarcane respectively. Increase inper cent of farmers applying lime was noticed in second year. Nosignificant difference in utilization of macro nutrients and soilamendments was noticed between first and second year after distributionof soil health card with respect to all crops. In micro nutrient application,more than half of the farmers belonged to recommended utilizationcategory in all crops except maize.Significant difference in applicationofmicro nutrients was noticed among paddy, sugarcane and cotton.Forty seven per cent farmers had favorable opinion towards the soilhealth card followed by more favorable opinion and less favorableopinion among 28.00 per cent and 25.00 per cent farmers respectively.Delay in distribution of soil health cards to farmers (68.67 %) andfavoritism in provision of input subsidies (56.00 %) were indicated asmajor constraints in the usage of soil health card by farmers.
Progressiveness is the tendency of a farmer to adopt technologiessuccessively in agriculture to enhance productivity. The presentinvestigation was undertaken in Ranebennur and Hirekerur taluksof Haveri district, Karnataka state during 201718, with a samplesize of 60 progressive and 60 nonprogressive farmers selectedrandomly. List of progressive farmers was prepared in consultationwith Raitha Samparka Kendra (RSK) and key informants at villagelevel. The scale was developed and standardized to measureprogressiveness of farmer, comprising of ten components with24 statements and scoring items. Majority of progressive farmers(70.00 %) had irrigation facility,practising integrated farmingsystem with two to three enterprises with a cropping intensity of204.50 per cent while, majority of nonprogressive farmers (74.66 %)had one to two enterprise with a cropping intensity of 168.83 per cent.Study revealed significant difference in the mean scores amongprogressive and nonprogressive farmers related to components ofprogressiveness like information seeking behaviour, concern for highquality work, commitment to the work, innovativeness, continuous
An analysis of factors determinig progressiveness of farmers
B. N. GAGANASHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. DOLLI
improvement, cropping intensity and integration of farming activities.Progressiveness index had positive and highly significant relationshipwith planning orientation, researchextension linkage, land holding,information seeking behaviour, economic orientation, organisationalparticipation, education, extension participation and cosmopolitenessat one per cent significance level. Planning orientation, annual income,education, researchextension linkage and economic orientation hadpositively significant relationship with progressiveness indexandhad contributed to the extent of 61.70 per cent while, planningorientation alone had 40.03 per cent contribution. Selfconfidence,continuous improvement, integration of farming activities,information seeking behaviour and innovativeness had positive andsignificant relationship with adoption index of progressive farmerswhereas, extension contact, integration of farming activities andselfconfidence were significantly related in case of nonprogressivefarmers.Study recommended to conduct preseason training onplanning orientation and facilitate linkage with research and extensioncentres.
94
The present study was conducted in the year 201718 in Kavalagiand Honwada villages of Vijayapur district with 160 samples. Sampleswere selected by following Random Sampling procedure. The profilecharacteristics of the dry land farmers showed that 53.75 per cent ofadopted farmers belong to middle age group, 41.25 per cent of adoptedfarmers were educated up to middle school, 62.50 per cent of farmersbelong to nuclear family and 51.25 per cent of farmers were semimedium farmers. The variables like annual income (46.25 %), extensioncontact (51.25 %), extension participation (51.25 %), mass mediaparticipation (43.75 %), material possession (41.25 %) and socialparticipation (47.50 %) were found medium level among adoptedfarmers. Majority of adopted farmers were belonged to mediumknowledge (53.75 %) and medium adoption (46.25 %) level,50 per cent of farmers are aware of the impact of dry land technologies.Whereas in case of nonadopted farmers it revealed that
Study on knowledge and adoption of selected dry land technologies developed fromdry land Agriculure Research Station Vijayapur
K. MEGHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. H. GOTYAL
66.25 per cent of adopted farmers belongs to middle age group,35.00 per cent of adopted farmers were educated up primary school,51.25 per cent of farmers belongs to joint family, 46.25 per cent offarmers were small farmers. The variables like annual income (47.50 %),extension contact (42.50 %), extension participation (41.25 %), massmedia participation (40.00 %), and social participation (58.75 %) werefound low level category and only one variable i.e. material possession(45.00 %) was found medium level among nonadopted farmers.Majority of nonadopted farmers were belonged to low knowledge(43.75 %) and low adoption (47.50 %) level, 48.00 per cent of nonadopted farmers are not aware of the impact of dry land technologies.The major problem faced by both adopted and nonadopted farmers islengthy and too many procedure to avail loan (60.00 and 93.75 %) andboth farmers suggested that there is a need to simplify the procedurefor subsidy and loan (81.25 and 95.00 %), respectively.
The study was conducted in 201718 in Vijayapur district ofKarnataka with sample of 150 farmers. Random sampling procedurewas used and data was collected with help of structured interviewschedule. Socioeconomic profile of respondents revealed that, nearlyhalf (52.67 %) were middle aged and were educated up to primaryschool (25.33%). Majority (63.34 %) had high annual income, nuclearfamily type (54.67 %), medium land holding (28.67 %), high farmingexperience (61.34 %), and low extension contact (43.33 %). Nearlyhalf (47.33 %) of respondents had medium extension participation,medium mass media exposure (44.00 %), medium social participation(52.67 %), medium decision making ability (68.00 %), mediuminnovativeness (59.33 %) and medium cosmopoliteness (42.67 %).Findings revealed that 48.67 per cent of respondents belonged to mediumadoption category, whereas 30.00 per cent and 21.33 per cent belongedto low and high adoption categories. It was found that nearly
Study on adoption and information source consultancy pattern of Onion growers inVijayapur district of north Karnataka
VAISHNAVI SANGAM MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. G. ASKI
41.33 per cent of respondents belonged medium level of informationsource utilization category. Majority (74.67 %) needed marketinformation, 58.67 per cent regularly contacted friends and neighbours.Majority (91.30 %) evaluated information after discussion withneighbours and friends, 85.33 per cent preserved information bymemorizing. Twofifth (40.00 %) had medium Information source users’satisfaction. The variables extension contact, extension participation,mass media exposure and innovativeness showed positively significantrelationship with adoption levels at 0.05 level of probability andeducation showed positive significance at 0.01 level. Whereas, ageshowed negative relationship at 0.01 level of probability. It was seenthat cent per cent faced the constraint of fluctuations in market prices,followed by scarcity and high cost of labour (86.67 %). Whereas centper cent suggested that market price should be high, followed by timelyinput availability at cheaper rate (73.33 %).
This study was purposively conducted in Dharwad and Navalgundtalukas of Dharwad district of Karnataka state during 201718 with asample of 200 chickpea growers. The data was elicited throughpersonal interview method and ex-post-facto research design was usedfor the study. The frequency curve of the diffusion followed almost‘bell shape’ when plotted over time and the cumulative curve ofdiffusion nearly approached ‘S shape’ when plotted over time forboth JG11 and JAKI9218 cultivars of chickpea. Nearly twofifth(39.00 %) of the chickpea growers had medium level of knowledgeabout recommended cultivation practices of chickpea. Large majorityof the chickpea growers had knowledge about nipping andintercropping with rabi sorghum (98.50 %), intercropping withsafflower (97.00 %) and early sowing on the month of October tocontrol rust (95.00 %). As high as 35.00 per cent of the chickpeagrowers belonged to medium technological gap category. Cent per
Diffusion of Chickpea cultivars among farmers in Dharwad district
S. MANJUSHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. L. PATIL
cent technological gap was observed in use of chemicals for weedcontrol and intercropping with linseed. Whereas, huge technologicalgap was observed in spraying cycocel @ 10 ml/100 litre of water(99.00 %), intercropping with safflower (96.00 %) and chemicalcontrol of cutworm (95.50 %). Very less technological gap was foundin intercultivation (8.00 %) and season of sowing (6.50 %). Educationallevel, extension participation, extension contact, mass mediaparticipation, innovativeness and scientific orientation had positiveand significant relationship with knowledge of chickpea growers.While, extension participation, extension contact, innovativeness andeconomic motivation had negative and significant relationship withtechnological gap in cultivation of chickpea. Inadequate knowledgeabout balanced fertilizer application, high risk of crop failure due topoor rainfall, insufficient credit and fluctuation in market prices werethe major constraints faced by the chickpea growers.
95
The research study was conducted in Dharwad district of Karnataka
state during 201718 with a sample of 120 guava growers. The data
was elicited through personal interview method and Ex-post-facto
research design was used for the study. Nearly half (45.83 %) of the
guava farmers had medium level knowledge about recommended
cultivation practices of guava. Cent percent of farmers had complete
knowledge with respect to varieties, planting time, pit size, spacing
and grading of guava. Large majority of the guava farmers had
knowledge about suitable soil (99.16 %), irrigation (84.16 %), inter
crops (83.33 %). 66.66 per cent of the farmers had knowledge about
chemical fertilizer application and insect pest control measures (45.83
%). More than two fifth (43.33 %) of the guava farmers belonged to
medium adoption category. Large majority of guava farmers had
adopted the cultivation practices like suitable soil (94.16 %), grading
A study on knowledge and adoption of recommended cultivationpractices by Guava farmers
PARVATI B. PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. V. NATIKAR
of guava (90.00 %), varieties (84.16 %), planting time (80.83 %), inter
crops (80.00 %), spacing in the field and irrigation method (78.33 %).
Whereas,adoption level was very low in case of pit filling materials
(41.66 %). The variables such as extension contacts, scientific
orientation, risk orientation, innovative proneness and education had
positive and significant relationship with knowledge level of guava
growers. Further variables such as land holding, extension
participation, education, risk orientation and innovative proneness
had positive and significant relationship with adoption level of guava
growers. Major constraints faced by the guava growers were lack of
knowledge about balanced use of chemical fertilizer (Technical
constraints), costly chemical fertilizer and plant protection chemicals
(Production constraints), nonavailability of credit in time (Financial
constraints) and fluctuation in market prices (Marketing constraints).
The research study on “Awareness and utilization of AIR, FM
Radio Kisanvani programme by the farmers of Vijayapur district”
was conducted during 201718. The AIR station is located in
Vijayapur. The Kisanvani programme was started in 2004. The
programme broadcasts for 44 minutes duration in a day. Ex-post-
facto research design was employed for the study. Twelve villages
of Vijayapur taluk namely Aliyabad, Atalatti, Dasyal, Harnal,
Hittinahalli, Jumnal, Kambagi, Lohagaon, Nagatana, Dyaberi, Arakeri
and Baratagi were selected randomly for the research purpose. From
each village 10 farmers and the total sample size constituted 120
listeners. As high as 48.33 per cent of farmers had low level of
awareness about the programme. Large majority of farmers had low
awareness about value addition techniques (98.33 %), post harvest
technologies (97.50 %) programme. The study revealed that more
Awareness and utilization of AIR, FM Radio Kisanvani programme by the farmers of Vijayapur district
B. JAYASHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. DEVENDRAPPA
than half (56.67 %) of the farmers belonged to low utilization
category. 43.33 per cent of the farmers were using the market rate
information broadcasted under the programme to the maximum
extent followed by weather forecast (24.17 %), animal husbandry
(13.33 %) programme broadcasted under Kisanvani programme.
Majority (87.50 %) of the farmers expressed that short duration of
the programme was the major problem. More than half (58.33 %) of
the farmers asked to provide them radio sets in free of cost, important
points should be repeated at the end of the programme (41.67 %)
and also to rebroadcast the programme (40.83 %). The study
concludes that low level of awareness and utilization was found
among the farmers. This can be overcome by organizing farmer
listener group and by giving the information/technology which is
very simple and easy to adopt by the farmers.
The research study on analysis of production technologies adopted
by banana growers was conducted during the year 20172018 in
Bagalkot and Belagavi districts of Karnataka with 120 samples.
Samples were selected by following Random Sampling procedure.
The profile characteristics of the banana farmers showed that
41.67 per cent of banana farmers belong to middle age group,
27.50 per cent of adopted farmers were educated PUC, 66.67 per cent
of farmers belong to large family size, 51.67 per cent of farmers were
medium farmers and 40.00 per cent of farmers were low farming
experience. The variables like annual income (86.67 %), mass media
exposure (38.33 %), extension contact (38.33 %), information source
consultancy (49.17 %) and cosmopoliteness (50.83 %) were found
medium level among banana farmers. Majority of banana farmers
Technological gap in adoption of recommended cultivation practices ofBanana growers in northern Karnataka
D. K. MADHU MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. PATIL
were belonged to high knowledge (40.84 %), medium adoption (36.67 %)
level and medium technological gap (37.50%) level.In case of
constraints faced by banana farmers, majority (96.66 %) of the farmers
expressed high cost of labour, followed by price fluctuation (93.33 %),
irregular supply of electricity for irrigation (89.16 %) and storage
problem (84.16 %) as problems faced by them.It was also found that,
79.16 per cent of the farmers expressed non availability of labour in
time as the constraint, followed by high cost of manures and fertilizers
(69.16 %) and lack of technical guidance with respect to nutrient
application (59.16 %). Price fluctuation in market is one of the major
problems with majority of respondents. Hence, the government should
develop a mechanism to control prices by declaring minimum support
price or fixed rate based on production cost.
96
The study was conducted in Dharwad and Gadag districts of north
Karnataka stateduring 201718. The Ex-post-facto research design
was employed to collect data from 120 farmers selected from six
villages each from two districts wherein medicinal plants are grown.
The constraints in cultivation and marketing of medicinal plants enlisted
by contacting ten medicinal plants growers, whose success stories
was also documented. The findings highlight that majority of the
farmers (70.00 %) ‘agreed’ that cultivation of medicinal plants requires
less care and management and not grazed by animals (68.33 %). With
respect to postharvest management majority of the farmers (80.83 %)
‘agree’ that technical knowledge is required for adoption of post
harvest practices and the importanceof postharvest management
adoption in realizing profit (76.67 %). Perception of farmers towards
marketing of medicinal plants shows that majority of the farmers
(70.83 %) were ‘undecided’ with opportunities for getting high price
for the produce and increasing market demand (67.50 %). Further
Perception of farmers towards cultivation of medicinal plants in north Karnataka
KALPANA DIDGI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. BHEEMAPPA
majority of the farmers (86.67 %) ‘disagree’ with the support provided
under schemes and programmes to equip knowledge among medicinal
plants growers, collective efforts of institutions, departments
andothers to support medicinal plants growers (83.33 %). Majority
of farmers were noticed in medium perception (55.83 %) category.
Education level, mass media utilization, risk orientation and extension
contact exhibited positive and significant relationship with perception
of medicinal plants cultivation. Majority of farmers expressed the
need of timely availability of good quality seeds at reasonable price,
proper arrangement to procure the produce and subsidy and loan
facility were the most important factors for accepting cultivation of
medicinal plants. Medicinal plants growers expressed nonavailability
of genuine planting materials, lack of technical guidance for marketing,
lack of skills in postharvest management and lack of marketing facility
as the major constraints in realizing profits from medicinal plants
cultivation.
The present study was conducted during 201718 to analyse the
technological gap in dicoccum wheat production in Belagavi district.
Based on the highest area and production of dicoccum wheat two
talukas namely Gokak and Raibag of Belagavi district were selected
for the study. Total sample was 150 respondents for the study.
Ex-post facto research design was used for the study. The important
findings are, 38 per cent of the dicoccum wheat growers belonged to
medium knowledge category followed by 32 per cent and 30 per
cent of growers belonged to high and low knowledge categories,
respectively. Cent per cent of the respondents have knowledge about
Kapli variety and sowing time. Under irrigated condition 78.66 per
cent of the farmers have knowledge about irrigation during critical
stages. With respect to technological gap, 37.33 per cent of the
dicoccum wheat growers belonged to medium technological gap
Technological gap in dicoccum Wheat production
ANKUSHKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. DEVENDRAPPA
category followed by 34.00 and 28.67 per cent of the dicoccum
growers belonged to low and high technological gap categories,
respectively. No technological gap was observed in Kapli variety
and cent per cent of technological gap was observed with respect to
pedimethalin 30EC weedicide application, termites and stem borer
management. Twofifth (40.00 %) of the respondents had high
favourable opinion followed by 36.00 and 24.00 per cent belonged
to medium and low favourable opinion categories, respectively. Cent
per cent of the respondents expressed nonavailability of improved
seeds, labour charges are high (94.67 %), shortage of labours (94.00
%) and interference of middlemen in marketing of dicoccum wheat
(90.00 %) are major constraints faced by the growers. Large majority
of the respondents suggested timely supply of inputs (96.67 %)
and adequate supply of inputs (95.33 %).
The present research study was purposively conducted in Haveri
district of Karnataka state during 201718 with sample size of 90.The
data was collected through interview schedule using Ex-post-facto
research design. The findings revealed that nearly half of farmers
were noticed in medium knowledge (48.89 %) category. Cent per
cent of the farmers had knowledge about desuckering, propping,
denavelling intercultural operation and ratoon crop, whereas, large
majority of the farmers had knowledge about earthing up (98.89 %),
pit size (92.22 %) and spacing (86.67 %). Further, education and
extension contact exhibited positive and significant relationship at
one per cent level of probability and scientific orientation exhibited
positively significant correlation at five per cent level of probability
with knowledge of improved cultivation practices. Adoption of
practices clearly revealed that nearly half (47.78 %) of the farmers
A study on knowledge and adoption of improved cultivation practices ofGrand naine variety of Banana in Haveri district
REHAN MALIK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. V. NAGARAJA
belonged to medium adoption category. Cent per cent of the farmers
had adopted desuckering operation followed by an equal per cent
(98.89 %) of the farmers adopted desuckering, propping and earthing
up practices. Further, banana farming experience exhibited positive
and significant relationship at one per cent level of probability and
extension contact exhibited positive and significant relationship at
five per cent level of probability with adoption of improved
cultivation practices. Among the production constraints, more
number of farmers expressed the problem of non availability of
labour as the major constraint and followed by lack of finance/
credit facility, inadequate irrigation facility and limited and irregular
of power supply. Further, among marketing constraints fluctuation
in market price and exploitation of middle men were the major
constraints expressed by the banana growers.
97
The research study was conducted during 201718 in Belagavi districtof north Karnataka. The farmers of Belagavi district were involvedactively in organic farming. Hukkeri, Chikkodi, Raibag and Gokaktalukas of Belagavi district were selected for the study in the viewof their highest share in area and production in organic farming inthe district. From each taluka 35 certified organic farmers wereselected purposively. Thus, total 140 certified organic farmers wereselected for the study. The ex- post-facto research design was usedfor the study. The important findings revealed that more or less onethird of organic farmers were having the perception of organiccertification at not satisfactory (29.20 %), satisfactory (36.42 %) andhighly satisfactory (34.30 %) level of perception. Majority of organicfarmers marketed their major certified organic products such assugarcane and its products, wheat and its products, turmeric, maize,sorghum, soybean and chickpea at Local markets (I rank) followed
Perception of organic farmers about organic certification and marketing pattern in northern Karnataka
VEERAVVA N. KUNDAGOL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. S. YADAV
by retailers (II), factory (III), consumers (IV), exporters (V),cooperative societies (VI), village merchants (VII), online (VIII)and hotel, hospital, ayurveda centres (IX) based on demand andtheir convenience. Education, landholding, organic farmingexperience, socioeconomic status, economic orientation,innovativeness and market orientation had positive and significantcorrelation and family type and socioeconomic status had positiveand significant association with perception of organic farmers aboutorganic certification. Major certification constraints faced by organicfarmers expressed that higher cost (Fees) of certification (94.28 %),certification is lengthy process (91.42 %) and stringent standardsand rules of certification process (88.57 %). Cent per cent of organicfarmers suggested that provide premium price for certified organicproducts at local markets and separate market facility to the certifiedorganic products.
AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS
The present study was conducted at the UAS, Dharwad in 2018 tostudy the behavior of errors in different forecasting models for redgramprice forecasting based on the maximum arrivals and sales around theyear. The information on price was collected from the AgriculturalProduce Market Committee (APMC), Kalaburagi for the study periodfrom 1992 to 2017. Different forecasting models like trend analysis(linear, quadratic & exponential), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN),BoxJenkins (ARIMA) model and exponential smoothing models wereapplied to forecast, to measure the forecast accuracy among selecteddifferent models and to validate the best forecasting model. The patternof redgram prices were analyzed for price movement, including theexistence of trend and seasonality component and also the stationarityproperty. The forecast error distribution of the ARIMA model followserror distribution with parameters μ = 9.36, σ = 106.53, k = 1, the
Study the distribution of errors in different forecasting models for Redgram price
V. KIRAN KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. R. S. BHAT
errors of ANN model (μ = 20.9, σ = 97.6), double exponential smoothing(μ = 3.19, σ = 52.84) and triple exponential smoothing model (μ = 9.55,σ = 80.2) are fitted to Cauchy distribution but the errors of singleexponential smoothing model doesn’t fit to any distribution. In case ofredgram price forecasting the results reveal that while the tripleexponential smoothing and the ANNs model showed the satisfactorygoodness of fit, the models did not perform as well in predicting unseendata during validation. On the other hand, ARIMA (0,1,0) (1,0,1) modelby producing minimum value of MAPE (4.151) and RMSE (304.343)and validate to be best by producing a correlation coefficient of 0.985with the coefficient of variation 1.102 performed relatively well asthey were able to track the dynamic nonlinear trend and seasonalityand the interactions between them. The ARIMA (0,1,0) (1,0,1) modelwas found best for price forecasting of redgram in Kalaburagi market.
The study was conducted during 201718 at the Department ofAgricultural Statistics, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad.The study was based on secondary data of agrosocioeconomicindicators for 10 years from 200405 to 201415. The technique ofMarkov chain analysis, Coppock’s instability index, principalcomponent analysis and cluster analysis were used. Descriptivestatistics pertaining to area, production and productivity of foodgroups in Karnataka state over a period of years indicated that theper cent area of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables werefound highest in the district of Belagavi, Kalaburagi, Vijayapur, Kolarand Belagavi, respectively. Transitional probability matrix was usedto study the shift in area of selected food groups. Highest retentionarea was found in oilseeds (79.42%) followed by cereals and others.The highest retention area in case of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fruitsand vegetables was found in the district of Belagavi, Kalaburagi,Vijayapur, Kolar and Gadag, respectively. The Coppock’s instabilility
Inter-district disparities in agro-socioeconomic development in Karnataka
GURULINGAPPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. V. ASHALATHA
index on area of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables werefound stable in the district of Belagavi, Kalaburagi, Vijayapur, Kolarand Gadag, respectively. The principal component matrices wereobtained for agriculture, socioeconomic and agrosocioeconomicindicators together and eigen values with explained variance wasobtained. Based on the Csquare values, agriculturally developed districtsare Bagalkot, Belagavi, Vijayapur, Davanagere, Raichur, Ballari andKoppal. Agriculturally low developed districts are Kodagu, Udupi,Yadagiri and Dakshin Kannada. Based on the Csquare values of socioeconomic indicators, developed districts are Bengaluru, Dharwad,Bagalkot Dakshin Kannada, Raichur. Socioeconomically low developeddistricts are Kodagu, Tumakuru, Shivamogga, Chikkaballapura andRamanagara. Based on the composite indices of agrosocioeconomicindicators, the developed districts are Bagalkot, Koppal, Ballari,Davanagere, Kalaburagi and Dharwad. Low developed districts areTumakuru, Kolar, Kodagu, Uttara Kannada and Chikkaballapura.
98
Designing an experiment is an inevitable component of every research
endeavour in agricultural sciences. Adopting RCBD, with an aim to
statistically test the significance of several treatments, a given
treatment is replicated ‘r’ times to assess its power of repeatability
for a trait. However, it so happens that replicated values may not
follow a normal pattern but have some outliers/aberrant data, leading
to nonsignificant results in ANOVA. It is also not advised to delete
them as the basic principle of randomization will be violated and
every observation may carry some useful information for crop
scientists to exploit. This calls for employing a robust analysis
approach, which gives suitable weights to those outliers based on
observed pattern of replications, extracts some information and
ensures statistical adequacy. Foregoing thoughts were elucidated by
Statistical investigation of outliers in agriculture field experiment
S. SHREEDHAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. V. ASHALATHA
adopting robust ANOVA techniques for comparing genotypes
(treatments) on grain yield and related traits of Wheat crop. Cook’s
distance measure was computed to identify the outliers in the
experimental data. Robust analysis, across nine traits, based on
Huber’s and Andrew’s Mestimation methods resulted decreased
error mean square as high as 98.08 per cent coupled with 95.88 per
cent decrease in Probability of Type 1 error and 96.16 per cent
decrease in error mean square coupled with 30.7 per cent decrease in
Probability of Type 1 error, respectively. It was observed that by
adopting suitable Mestimation procedure, a researcher, without
removing an outlier could arrive at required inference about the
treatmental differences without violating basic principles of
experimental designs.
Pearl millet is an important coarse grain cereal and blast disease is
the major threat to the crop. The present study was envisaged by
considering effect of disease and weather parameters during the
crop growing period. The research data of pearl millet was collected
based on experiments conducted during the year 201516 to 201617
from the Department of Plant Pathology, UAS, Dharwad and weekly
meteorological data were collected from meteorological observatory
of Main Agricultural Research Station (MARS), UAS, Dharwad.
The statistical tools namely correlation analysis, regression analysis,
path analysis, ttest and six nonlinear models were employed for
the study. Correlation analysis has revealed that minimum
temperature was found to be negatively associated with yield loss
and minimum relative humidity was found to be positively
associated with yield loss in all the genotypes during the year 2015,
whereas, minimum temperature was found to be high negatively
Statistical analysis of crop loss in Pearl millet due to blast (Pyricularia grisea)
V. VENUGOPALA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. Y. N. HAVALDAR
associated with yield loss and maximum relative humidity was found
to be negatively associated with yield loss in all the genotypes
during the year 2016. Regression analysis has revealed that variation
in yield losses in all the genotypes was more explained in the year
2016 as compared to the year 2015. Path analysis has revealed that
rainfall had highest direct positive effect on yield loss followed by
maximum temperature and maximum relative humidity had highest
indirect effect on yield loss followed by minimum temperature during
the year 2015, whereas, minimum temperature had highest direct
effect on yield loss followed by maximum relative humidity and
maximum relative humidity had highest indirect effect on yield loss
followed by minimum relative humidity during in the year 2016.
Cubic model was found to be best model for prediction of per cent
disease index under protected and unprotected conditions in the
Dharwad region.
The study was undertaken to estimate water budgeting and to identify
the trend in weather parameters in Malaprabha Command Area
(MCA). The research was based on secondary data of nineteen years
(1999 to 2017) on different weather parameters such as precipitation,
temperature, relative humidity and potential evapotranspiration
obtained from the Irrigation Water Management Research Centre,
Belavatagi under UAS, Dharwad. The statistical tools namely Trend
analysis, Mann Kendall trend test, Sen’s slope estimator and water
budgeting techniques were employed. The trend analysis shown cubic
and quadratic models are suitable for most of the parameters. Mann
Kendall trend test revealed that most of the months showed no trend
for precipitation, temperature and potential evapotranspiration at
Belavatagi Farm, except for few months, temperature showed the
decreasing trend respectively in more months. At MCA, temperature
and relative humidity showed decreasing and increasing trend
Estimation of water budgeting in Malaprabha command area
ANAND MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. R. S. BHAT
respectively in most of the months whereas precipitation showed no
trend in almost all months. Water budget technique showed that
moisture index for all the years were negative indicating precipitation
was less than the potential evapotranspiration. Moisture index
recorded for overall 19 year 60.63 per cent. Accounting for water
surplus months, very few months were found in every year indicating
there were lots of months with water deficit. Highest surplus counts
were in September followed by November and August indicating
there was sufficient moisture in rabi season. Majorly, crops from rabi
season found suitable for cultivation which are wheat, safflower,
chick pea, rabi sorgum. If the farmer is unable to store or get the
additional water, he can think of less water requirement crops viz.,
Green gram followed by Millets (Bajra, Navane, Baniyan millet)
followed by Bengalgram or Redgram + Greengram / Black gram as the
best intercropping system to be followed.
99
This study was conducted during 20162018 at the Department ofAgricultural Statistics, University of Agricultural College, Dharwad.This study helps to know the stability of productivity of coconut,impact of weather parameters on the production of coconut andestimation of coconut production. Secondary data for the period of199091 to 201516 was used. Compound growth rate, Coppock’sinstability index, polynomial and nonlinear models and ARIMAmodel were used in the study. Compound growth rate and Coppock’sinstability index was calculated for two sub periods separately viz.,199091 to 200304 and 200405 to 201516 and results revealedthat the growth rate of productivity of coconut was found to benegative in the periodI for all the ten district than the periodII(200405 to 201516) which was positive growth rate and Coppock’sinstability index revealed that coconut productivity showed thehigh instability index in the periodII (200405 to 201516) compared
A statistical investigation of Coconut yield in Karnataka state
D. K. VINAY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. Y. N . HAVALDAR
to the periodI (199091 to 200304). The impact of weatherparameters on coconut production was measured using polynomialand nonlinear models. In case of production and average rainfall,compound model was found to be best fit for the following districtssuch as Chitradurga, Dakshin Kannada, Hassan and Uttar Kannadawith the highest R2 value of 0.302, 0.233, 0.205 and 0.291, MSEvalues were of 0.102, 0.208, 0.068 and 0.102, respectivelyand forproduction and average temperature, compound model was foundto be best fit for the following districts. Such as Chikamagalur,Chitradurga and Mandya with the highest R2 value of 0.181, 0.180,0.204 and MSE values were of 0.271, 0.120 and 0.314, respectively.Forecasting of coconut production for thenext five years wasemployed based on ARIMA model for the 10 districts. The predictedproduction results showed that there will be increase in theproduction of coconut.
The present investigation on weather and diseases relationships in
soybean to establish forewarning procedures for timely preventive
measures was conducted at the Main Agricultural Research Station,
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif 2017. A
field experiment in splitsplit design having three growing
environments i.e., three dates of sowing (GE1: June 22; GE
2: July 6;
GE3: July 17), two microclimates caused by planting geometry (M
1:
30 × 10 cm; M2: 45 × 10 cm) with two soybean genotypes (V
1: JS
335; V2: DSb 21) was conducted under three plant protection measures
namely unprotected, protected and insectprotected criteria. The
results showed that, soybean yield was highest in GE1 (2,607 kg ha1)
than GE2
(2,109 kg ha1) and GE3
(1,829 kg ha1), whereas M1
(2,260 kg ha1) recorded higher yield than M2 (2,017 kg ha1). Disease
grade was highest in GE2 followed by GE
1 and GE
3, and higher in M
1
Studies on weather and diseases relationship in Soybean [Glycine max (L.)]
G. AMITH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. VENKATESH
than M2. It was higher in unprotected condition followed by insect
protected and protected conditions, which suggested the role of
insecticides in reducing disease load. Micrometeorological variables
had greater influence than agrometeorological variables on disease
incidence. Relative humidity showed positive correlation, while other
variables showed negative association with disease incidence. Adoption
of Lead time concept indicated that the best model was achieved for
three days lead time (LT3) in yellow mosaic virus (YMV), and for six
days lead time in case of alternaria and corynespora leaf spots. In
temporally dynamic model, YMV was influenced by microclimate at
LT0 and LT
3, whereas LT
0 for alternaria and LT
3 for corynespora were
important lead times. Irrespective of genotypes GE1, soybean
yield was higher in M1 microclimate, but disease incidence was
lower in M2.
AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY
The present investigation on weather effects on insect pests of
soybean, to establish forewarning procedures and models to enable
timely preventive measures, was conducted through field
experimentation on two genotypes (V1: JS 335; V
2: DSb 21) at the
Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural
Sciences, Dharwad during kharif 2017. The treatments of experiment
comprised three growing environments due to different dates of
sowing (GE1: June 22; GE
2: July 6; GE
3: July 17) and two
microclimates caused by planting geometry (M1: 30 × 10 cm;
M2: 45 × 10 cm) in splitsplit design under unprotected, protected
and diseaseprotected criteria. Soybean yield was higher in GE1
(2,607 kg ha1) than GE2 (2,109 kg ha1) and GE
3 (1,829 kg ha1); it
was higher in M1
(2,260 kg ha1) than M2
(2,017 kg ha1). Insect
defoliation in GE2 and GE
3 was noticed earlier (17 DAS) than GE
1
(24 DAS). Similarly, pod damage was noticed earlier in GE2 and
Studies on relationship of weather on incidence of insect pests in Soybean
MAHESH HAROLI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. VENKATESH
GE3 (52 DAS) than GE
1 (80 DAS). Insect defoliation was at par in
both microclimates, while pod damage was higher in M1. Both insect
defoliation and pod damage was higher in DSb 21.
Micrometeorological variables had greater influence than
agrometeorological variables on insect incidence. Adopting the lead
time concept, the forecast model were developed to estimate and
forecast insect defoliation and pod damage at real time, three days
lead time and seven days lead time. For defoliation, afternoon
observatory relative humidity and diurnal range in air temperature
at bottom of the canopy were important in the dynamic estimation
model, whereas morning observatory relative humidity at LT
7 was
important for forewarning. However, for pod damage, afternoon
absorbed PAR in the crop canopy was important in estimation
model, while diurnal range in air temperature at bottom of the canopy
of LT3 was important for forewarning.
100
B. HORTICULTURE
A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of phosphorus ongrowth, yield and flower quality of different rose cultivars at theDepartment of Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences,Dharwad during 201718. The experiment was laid out in split plotdesign with four main factors of cultivars viz., Arka Parimala, MeeraBall, Mulway Blood Red and Paniar Show Flower with three subfactors of phosphorus levels viz., 5, 10 and 15 g/plant/year constituted12 treatments in three replications. Significant differences were observedamong the varieties and phosphorus nutrition on growth, yield andflower quality parameters of rose. Highest plant height (130.96 cm), numberof shoots (4.47) and leaf area (1522.89 cm2) were observed in cvs. ArkaParimala, Paniar Show Flower and Mulway Blood Red, respectively.Mulway Blood Red recorded highest stalk length (9.84 cm), stalk girth
Effect of phosphorus on growth, yield and flower quality of different Rose cultivars
ASHAFAK MALLI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SATISH S. PATIL
(0.32 cm), flower bud length (5.15 cm), flower bud diameter (3.31 cm),flower diameter (7.39 cm) and number of petals per flower (42.34).The application of phosphorus @ 15 g/plant/year recorded significantlyhigher plant height (111.32 cm), number of shoots (3.87), leaf area(1255.15 cm2), stalk length (6.96 cm), stalk girth (0.27 cm), flower budlength (3.37 cm), flower bud diameter (2.70 cm), flower diameter (6.08cm), number of petals per flower (36.40) and flower yield (15.02 t/ha).Interaction effect of variety and phosphorus nutrition showed significantdifference in yield. Variety Paniar Show Flower along with phosphorusnutrition at 15 g/plant/year recorded maximum yield (20.08 t) with BCratio (3.19). The cultivation of Paniar Show Flower along with phosphorusnutrition at 15 g/plant/year recorded highest flower yield and net returnsunder Dharwad condition.
The experiment on “Evaluation of predrying treatments and dryingmethods of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)” was carried out at theCollege of Agriculture, UAS, Dharwad during 201718. The studyincluded five predrying treatments (slicing, peeling, steaming,blanching with polythene sheet and boiling) and three drying methods(solar drying, microwave drying and open sun drying) carried outunder completely randomized design. The least drying time was insteaming (53.48 hr) among the predrying treatments whereas, amongthe drying methods microwave drying recorded the least (0.43 hr).With respect to dry recovery, blanching with polythene sheet provedto be the best among predrying treatments. Whereas, among dryingmethods, microwave drying recorded the highest dry recovery. Peelingamong the predrying treatments recorded the highest curcumincontent (4.52 %). Whereas, among the drying methods, solar dryingrecorded the highest curcumin content (3.95 %). Blanching withpolythene sheet recorded the highest essential oil content (3.22 %)
Evaluation of pre-drying treatments and drying methods of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)
ANKITHA G. BHAT MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAMAKRISHNA V. HEGDE
among the predrying treatments. Whereas, among drying methodssolar drying recorded the highest (3.38 %). Slicing among the predrying treatments, recorded the highest oleoresin content (10.33 %).Whereas among the drying methods, solar drying recorded the highest(10.82 %). Blanching with polythene sheet recorded the highest starchcontent among predrying treatments. Whereas, among the dryingmethods, solar drying had the highest starch content. With respect tocolour values, peeling recorded the highest among predryingtreatments and solar drying recorded the highest among dryingmethods. In the sensory evaluation, slicing got the highest score foroverall acceptability among predrying treatments. Whereas, amongdrying methods solar drying got the highest score overall acceptability.Slicing followed by open sun drying recorded the lowest cost(` 611.00/q). Peeling among the predrying treatments followed bysolar drying among the drying methods is the best combination forgetting good quality turmeric.
Crop growth and yield are mainly dependent on weather, which can be
estimated by considering them as resultant of agrometeorological factors
like rainfall, sunshine hours, temperature and humidity. With this in
view, a field experiment with the title “Influence of weather parameters
on growth and yield of soybean” was conducted at the Main Agricultural
Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during
the kharif 2017. With three growing environments caused by staggered
dates of sowing (GE1: June 22; GE
2: July 6; GE
3: July 17), two
microclimates caused by planting geometry (M1: 30cm x 10 cm; M
2: 45
x 10 cm) with two soybean genotypes (V1: JS 335; V
2: DSb 21). The
results showed that soybean yield was significantly high with GE1
(2,514 kg ha1) than GE3 (1,889 kg ha1) and on par with GE
2 (2,197 kg
ha1). Whereas, higher yield was noticed in M1 (closed microclimate)
Influence of weather parameters on growth and yield of Soybean
M. PRAVEEN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. I. HALIKATTI
(2,356 kg ha1) compared to M2 (wider microclimate) (2,045 kg ha1);
among varieties V1 (2,330 kg ha1) yielded higher than V
2 (2,070 kg ha1).
High yield in GE1 was attributed to higher yield attributes like number
of pods plant1 (44.38) and seed weight plant1 (9.40 g) at harvest. Very
high rainfall of 87.2 mm received in 29th SMW was more beneficial to
GE1 in vegetative stage compared to GE
2 in seedling stage and GE
3 in
germination stage. This helped in better development of roots and
shoots and tolerance to moisture stress. Lower maximum temperature
and temperature range during vegetative stage, Lower morning and
afternoon relative humidity during flowering stage, higher relative
humidity range during flowering stage resulted in higher yield in GE1
than GE2 and GE
3. High values of all agrometeorological indices at
maturity favoured higher yield in GE1.
101
The present investigation entitled “Genetic diversity studies in
genotypes of garlic (Allium sativum L.) for yield and yield related
traits” was conducted at the Department of Horticulture, College of
Agriculture, Vijayapura during rabi season, 201718 and the soil type
was medium black. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized
Block Design with three replications consisting of 24 genotypes of
garlic. Analysis of variance revealed that highly significant variation
for all the traits indicating greater variability in the existing material.
High phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation was observed
for characters viz., number of cloves per bulb and weight of hundred
cloves. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as
percentage of mean was observed for number of cloves per bulb,
weight of hundred cloves, diameter of cloves and weight of bulb,
suggested that they can be improved through direct selection. Bulb
Genetic diversity studies in genotypes of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) for yield and yield related traits
C. S. ARUN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. G. ANGADI
yield was recorded highly significant and positively correlated with
the plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf length, leaf width,
neck thickness, diameter of bulb, number of cloves per bulb, length of
cloves and weight of hundred cloves indicating that these characters
are the primary yield determinants in garlic. Study of genetic divergence
revealed a high inter cluster distance between cluster VI (OL, YS2,
GN1405 and YS1) and cluster VII (RL and MS). Traits like bulb
yield and number of cloves per bulb have also showed high contribution
towards total divergence suggested selection of parents based on these
characters for exploitation of hybrid vigour. The genotypes OL,
YS8, GN1405 and YS8, KL, GN1425, YS9 were found tolerant
to thrips and purple blotch, respectively. The maximum bulb yield
was recorded in genotype YS2 (6.95 t ha1), YS1 (6.83 t ha1) and
GN1425 (6.31t ha1).
An investigation on in vitro regeneration studies in gerbera (Gerbera
jamesonii Bolus) was carried out during 20172018 at the Tissue
Culture Laboratory of Department of Biotechnology, College of
Agriculture, Vijayapur, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad.
In the present investigation, CRD design with three replications in
order to find out best sterilant, growth regulators for shoot, root and
callus regeneration, shoot multiplication, hardening media and to
produce virus free plants. Seeds were used as the primary explants
for in vitro establishment. Among various sterilants used for
sterilization, minimum contamination (10 %) was noticed when seeds
were treated with 0.1 % mercuric chloride for two minutes. The MS
(Murashige and Skoog’s) medium supplemented with 4 mg l1 BAP +
0.3 mg l1 IAA served as the best medium for shoot proliferation from
in vitro shoots as it produced maximum number of shoots (2.67),
In vitro regeneration studies in Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus)
C. L. VIJAYALAKSHMI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. BABU
leaves (4.73) and shoot length (1.92 cm) at three weeks of inoculation.
Early shoot regeneration was noticed from in vitro shoots in the same
medium composition within 12.13 days with maximum number of
shoots per clump (4.80), leaves per shoot (10.27) and shoot length
(3.85 cm) at six weeks of inoculation. Root initiation was early (10.87
days) when shoots cultured on medium containing IBA at 2 mg l1,
which also produced highest number of roots per shoot (4.73) and
maximum root length (3.47 cm). Light green callus with vigorous
growth (++++) was noticed early (17.40 days) on medium
supplemented with BAP 2 mg l1 from in vitro leaves, which also
registered delay in necrosis (53.60 days). In acclimatization process,
highest survival rate (100%) was achieved with coco peat alone.
Further, tissue cultured plants were subjected to ELISA to confirm
that the plants were free from cucumber mosaic virus.
The present investigation was carried out to study the performance,
genetic parameters, genetic divergence, character association and
path coefficient analysis in garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) during
the kharif and rabi season, in the year 201718. The experiment
was laid out in randomized block design with two replications at the
Department of Horticulture, Main Agricultural Research Station,
UAS, Dharwad. The genotypes DWDP0007 (30.34 g), DWDP
0023 (30.34 g), Arkel (29.34 g), AP3 (29.50 g) and IIPR 45UB40
(28.34 g) during kharif while, Jhunjhunu Matar (37.06 g), DWDP
0003 (35.95 g), IIPR 45UB30 (35.67 g), Kashi Agethi (35.23 g) and
VRP5 (31.12 g) during rabi recorded high mean performance for
pod yield per plant. The GCV, PCV, heritability (broad sense) and
genetic advance as per cent of mean were high for characters viz.,
pod yield per plant, days to first flowering, days to 50 per cent
Genetic variability and character association studies in garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
IMRAN ALI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAMANGOUDA V. PATIL
flowering and plant height during both seasons, indicating presence
of high variability therefore, simple selection would be helpful for
the improvement of these characters. The D2 analysis revealed that
maximum intercluster distance was observed between the cluster
VII and cluster VIII (during kharif) similarly, between the cluster IV
and cluster VIII (during rabi). Hence, genotypes from these clusters
could be suggested for utilization in hybridization programme for
obtaining superior and desirable recombinants. Character association
analysis revealed the significant and positive association of pod
length and number of seeds per pod with pod yield per plant during
both seasons. Path coefficient analysis revealed that days to first
flowering, pod length, number of seeds per pod and number of pods
per plant exerted high positive direct effect on pod yield per plant
during both seasons.
102
Field experiments were conducted to find out the effect of foliar
application of micronutrients in the production of onion during
kharif 2017 and rabi 201718 at the Main Agricultural Research
Station, UAS, Dharwad. The experiment was laid out in Randomized
Complete Block Design with eight treatments replicated thrice.
Significant differences were observed among the different
micronutrient treatments. Among the different micronutrients foliar
application of boron at 0.25 per cent was superior for growth
parameters during kharif and rabi seasons with highest plant height
(64.42 and 63.09 cm, respectively), number of leaves (9.96 and
11.15, respectively) and dry matter content (15.40 and 17.15 g/
plant, respectively) and was followed by zinc at 0.5 per cent.
Significantly higher neck thickness (14.4 and 15.6 mm) and total
Effect of foliar application of micronutrients in Onion (Allium cepa L.) production
MAMATADEVI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. R. DHARMATTI
soluble solids (15.13 and 14.40 %) were noticed in boron spray at
0.25 per cent during kharif and rabi season, respectively. Significantly
higher total yield (28.02 and 47.96 t/ha), marketable yield (26.49
and 46.11 t/ha) and average weight of the bulb (84.07 and 118.87 g)
were noticed in the plots sprayed with boron at 0.25 per cent during
kharif and rabi season, respectively. The higher benefit cost ratio
(2.1:1 and 3.6:1) was noticed in the treatment boron at 0.25 per cent.
The pre harvest application of boron at 0.25 per cent recorded the
lower physiological loss in weight (17.60 %). However, control
recorded the highest physiological loss in weight (38.20 %) during
kharif season only. Among all the treatments foliar spray of boron
at 0.25 per cent was the best for getting higher yield and good
storability of onion bulbs.
An investigation on “Evaluation of cluster bean [Cyamopsis
tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes for vegetable pod yield, seed
yield and gum quality” was conducted during kharif-2017 at the
College of Agriculture, Vijayapur, University of Agricultural Sciences,
Dharwad. In the present investigation, RBD design was used with
three replications to study the correlation and the relative
performance of 15 cluster bean genotypes and to select suitable
high yielding genotypes for cultivation under northern dry zone of
Karnataka. Among 15 genotypes, RGC197 and RGC1033 recorded
significantly higher plant height at 30, 60 and 90 DAS (15.27, 107.
00 and 119.00 cm, respectively). The genotype HG870 (8.67)
produced more number of branches per plant. Whereas, genotypes
RGC197 (0.67) and RGC1033 (1.33) were nonbranching types.
The genotypes RGC986 and HG100 recorded significantly less
number of days for first flowering, days to 50 per cent flowering
Evaluation of Cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes forvegetable pod yield, seed yield and gum quality
ASHWINI H. WADAGERI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. N. BAGALI
and days to first vegetable pod picking. Whereas, The genotype
RGC471 recorded more number of pods per cluster (6.93), number
of pods per plant (92.93), pod length (6.45 cm), pod width
(7.87 mm), pod yield per plant per picking (64.07 g), pod yield per
plot (7.87 kg), pod yield per hectare (8.41 t) and ten pod weight
(22.27 g). In the association study, all the parameters were positively
and significantly correlated to vegetable pod yield per plant but for
number of branches per plant and days to first vegetable pod picking
shown significantly negative correlation. The yield parameters viz.,
Plant height, pod length, number of pods per plant, hundred seed
weight and number of seeds per pod were positively correlated
with seed yield per plant except days to 50 per cent flowering.
RGC471 for green pod yield, HG365 for seed yield, HG870 for
gum and RGC1002 for crude protein content were elite and top
ranking genotypes.
An investigation was carried out in the CPCRI, Kasargod, Kerala
during the period of 201617 to study the effect of preservatives,
thermal pasteurization and microwave pasteurization on the shelf
life of kalparasa during storage period under different storage
conditions viz. refrigerated (0 4 °C), cold (15 ± 2 °C) and ambient
(30 ± 2 °C) temperatures. The physicochemical, biochemical and
organoleptic properties of stored kalparasa were evaluated. Among
storage conditions, samples stored under refrigerated temperature
recorded satisfactory results as the growth of fermenting micro
organisms retarded by lower temperature. Spontaneous spoilage of
control samples irrespective of storage conditions indicated the high
perishable nature of natural kalparasa. Among preservatives,
potassium meta bisulphate maintained the maximum mean pH (6.5)
with corresponding lower acidity value (0.04 %) for three days of
storage under refrigerated condition followed by sodium meta
bisulphate. Among thermal treatments of pasteurization, temperature
Effect of preservatives and physical process on shelf life and quality of kalparasa (Coconut sap)
B. K. PRASHANTH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. S. PATIL
of 70 °C and 80 °C for five minutes were sufficient to maintain the
optimum pH, TSS, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, total sugars,
reducing sugar and total phenol content. Considering microwave
pasteurization treatments, higher microwave power and high exposure
timings could maintain the biochemical properties but couldn’t
maintain the sensorial properties. Treatment of 900 Watts for 120
seconds was able to maintain the alkaline pH of kalparasa until the
end of storage period. However, intermediate power and exposure
time i.e. 600 Watts for 60 seconds could maintain optimum biochemical
and sensorial properties of kalparasa under refrigerated storage period.
It recorded mean values of pH (6.5), titratable acidity (0.06 %), total
sugar (13.3 %) and reducing sugar (2 %) and over all acceptability
(8.40 ± 0.52). Among all the preservation methods under all storage
conditions, the treatment of microwave pasteurization at 600 Watts
for 60 seconds stored under refrigerated temperature condition was
best for preserving the kalparasa up to one week.
103
An experiment was conducted to study the influence of differentgrowing conditions and plant architecture on growth, yield and qualityof tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) at the HiTech HorticultureUnit, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during rabi 201718.The experiment was laid out in splitplot design comprised of threegrowing conditions, viz., open field (C
1), naturally ventilated poly
house (NVPH) (C2) and 35 per cent shade house (C
3) and five different
plant architectures viz., 100×45×30 cm paired row with single stem(P
1), 100×45×45 cm paired row with single stem (P
2), 100×45×60 cm
paired row with double stem (P3), 150×45 cm single row with double
stem (P4) and 150×60 cm single row with four stems (P
5). The results
indicated a significant difference in growth, yield and qualityparameters studied. Maximum number of fruits per plant (71.21),
Influence of different growing conditions and plant architecture on growth,yield and quality of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
RAGHAVENDRA V. BANNUR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. K. VENUGOPAL
average fruit weight (93.09 g), lycopene (4.16 mg/100 g), yield perplant (6.54 kg) and yield per hectare (194.35 t) was recorded in C
2.
Among plant architectures, P5 recorded maximum number of flower
clusters per plant (15.37), number of fruits per plant (71.52) andyield per plant (6.02 kg) whereas P
1 recorded higher fruit weight
(91.73 g), yield per m² (31.09 kg) and yield per hectare (217.65 t). Regardingeconomics of cultivation, highest net returns (` 21,95,263 ha1) wasobtained from T
6 (NVPH with 100×45×30 cm paired row with single
stem) whereas highest BC ratio (4.82) was recorded from T11
(35 % shade with 100×45×30 cm paired row with single stem). Thecultivation of tomato hybrid under naturally ventilated poly housewith 100 × 45 × 30 cm paired row with single stem recorded highestyield, gross returns and net returns under Dharwad condition.
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different growingconditions and mulching at two different spacing levels on growth andyield of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronarium L.) variety‘Marigold’ at the HiTech Horticulture Unit, University of AgriculturalSciences, Dharwad during the year 201718. The experiment was laidout in Complete Randomized Block Design with factorial conceptwhich comprised of three different growing conditions, viz., NaturallyVentilated Polyhouse (C
1), 35 per cent shadehouse (C
2) and openfield
(C3) with both mulching (M
1) and without mulch (M
0) and with two
spacing (45 × 30 cm and 45 × 45 cm) along with the farmer’s practice ascontrol. The results indicated a significant difference in all the growthand yield parameters studied. Except for the plant height, polyhouse(C
3) recorded the maximum plant spread (57.87cm) and number of
branches (14.03), whereas highest plant height (52.08 cm) and minimumnumber days taken for 50 per cent flowering (86.92 days) was recordedin open field condition. The highest flower yield per hectare (32.55 ton/ha)was recorded in polyhouse (C
1). Mulching treatment (M
1) recorded
Standardization of production technologies for protected cultivation of Chrysanthemum variety Marigold
N. B. CHETANKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. M. MANTUR
highest plant height (49.25 cm), plant spread (57.95 cm), number ofbranches per plant (13.27), minimum number of days taken for50 per cent flowering (92.21 days) and yield per hectare (25.17 ton/ha)over without mulching (M
0). Between the two spacing, highest plant
height (48.95 cm) was recorded at spacing 45 × 30 cm (S1) and highest
plant spread (57.97 cm) was recorded at spacing 45 cm × 45 cm (S2),
whereas number of branches per plant and minimum number of daystaken for 50 per cent flowering was not influenced significantly bydifferent spacing. The highest flower yield per hectare (27.08 t/ha) wasrecorded at spacing 45 × 30 cm (S
1). Regarding economy of cultivation,
highest gross return (` 26,24,000 ha1), net returns (` 18,41,083 ha1)and highest BC ratio (3.35) was obtained from T
3 (polyhouse with
mulch at 45 × 30 cm spacing). However, farmer’s practice recorded theleast values for all the growth and yield parameters studied. Thecultivation of chrysanthemum variety Marigold under polyhouse withmulching at 45 × 30 cm spacing recorded highest yield, gross returnsand net returns under Dharwad condition.
FOREST BIOLOGY AND TREE IMPROMENT
Solanum viarum is an important medicinal plant found throughoutIndia which is a rich source of solasodine (an anticancerous compound).Effect of bioinoculants on growth, yield and solasodine content of S.viarum was studied at the College of Forestry, Sirsi, University ofAgricultural Sciences Dharwad, Karnataka, during 201617. Sixteennatural isolates were isolated from phyllosphere and rhizosphere ofS. viarum from different locations and four were identified at IARI,out of these two isolates such as Trichoderma asperellum andT. pulvinatum were used as bioinoculants. Trichoderma harzianumresulted in significant improvement in all the germinationcharacteristics (Arka Sanjeevani variety, IIHR) viz., germination(91.67%), germination capacity (92.67%), peak value of germination(9.26), mean daily germination (1.53), germination value (15.32)compared to control. GA
3 was the most superior treatment for plant
height (151.33 cm), plant collar diameter (13.93 mm), dry weight of
Studies on effect of bioinoculants on growth, yield and solasodine content of Solanum viarum Dunal
KRISHNA KUMARI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHRIPAD KULKARNI
berries per plant (108.33 g), solasodine content (by HPLC analysis)in fruits (1.98%), solasodine content in leaves (0.22%) which was atpar with the P. fluorescens whereas, lowest was found in control.Pseudomonas fluorescens produced highest number of leaves (88.67),number of branches (27.13), number of flowers per plant (17.33),root length (84.00 cm), dry biomass (24.89 g root and 115.51 g shoot),berry diameter (3.32 cm) which were at par with GA
3 compared to
lowest in control. Highest solasodine content in fruits and leaves wasfound in Haveri collection (1.33 and 0.06%) and least from Kumta(0.89 and 0.02%) collection, this variation may be due to the prevailingclimatic conditions. It can be concluded from present the study thatP. fluorescens would be better for higher growth, yield and solasodinecontent in wild brinjal plants and local isolates also proved better forgrowth, yield and solasodine content which were isolated fromdifferent places for the study.
C. FORESTRY
104
FOREST GENETIC RESOURCESSeverity assessments, pathogenic spectra and epidemiology of heart rot and
root rot of Terminalia species
UDAY BHAT MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. SURYANARAYANA
The investigation was carried out at the College of Forestry, Sirsiduring 201617 on the severity assessment, pathogenic spectra andepidemiology of heart rot and root rot of Terminalia species. In thesurvey to assess the heart rot and root rot status in different Rangesof Yellapura Forest Division, Manchikere Range had highest heartrot incidence (35.72%) and PDI (28.14%) and the least was inMundgod Range (22 % and 19.25%) respectively. For root rot alsoManchikere Range only sustained highest incidence (21.09%) andPDI (19.72 %) with least in Yellapura Range (6.36% and 6.36%)respectively. Manchikere, Katur and Mundgod Ranges recorded thehighest disease severity grade (25). The major associated tree speciesof Terminalia found affected during survey were Xylia xylocarpa,Lagerstroemia microcarpa, Anogeissus latifolia, Carea arborea,Dalbergia latifolia and Madhuca latifolia. The associated wooddecay fungi in Terminalia spp. which were characterized in standing
trees included Ganoderma lucidum, G. applanatum, Daedaleaflavida, D. quercina, Hexagonia apiaria, H. tenuis, Cantherallussp., Polyporus hirsutus, P. xanthopus, Poria callosa and Lenzitesbetulina. Assessment of various sources favouring disease intensitysuggests that fallen dried branches, residual stumps, post felled leftout logs and branches possessing fruiting bodies and fruiting bodieson standing trees were observed to be contributing to the heart rotand root rot spread and progression in Terminalia and associatedspecies. Correlation of weather factors with the PDI of heart rotand root rot indicated minimum temperature, relative humidity andrainfall were significantly and negatively correlated with the diseaseprogression. Higher multiple ‘R’ values (0.924 to 0.980) suggeststhat regression equations generated for both heart rot and root rothas a strong impact in disease forecast and showed conformity forvalidity of model fitment.
NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
The study was conducted in Mundgod taluka to assess the changein forest cover over a period of 25 years and estimate the biomassbased on forest density cover classes. The ground truth data withrespect to forest density classes was collected and assessed in theCollege of Forestry, Sirsi, UAS, Dharwad. Forest cover change wasassessed using Landsat 5 (TM) and 7 (ETM+) data for the year1990 and 2015, respectively. Both the images were processed underArcGIS software and change detection of forest was done withNDVI mapping. There was decrease in very dense forest (14.61%)and increase in moderately dense forest (5.8%) followed byagriculture and open land (4.84%). The change was due toencroachment for agriculture and settlement. The field survey wasconducted in Mundgod taluka to collect ground truth data withrespect to density class and forest biomass. Density classes offorest cover were based on densiometer reading and biomass was
Change detection, forest vegetation classification and biomass estimation using remote sensing andGIS techniques in Mundgod taluka of Uttar Kannada district
RAUNAK KIRTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A.G. KOPPAD
estimated using DBH and tree height. Based on ground truth data, landuse land cover map was prepared using LISSIV data by supervisedclassification in ERDAS Imagine. The overall accuracy of theclassification was 91.34 per cent. The result indicated that among theforest classes, very dense forest covered maximum area (30.27%)followed by moderately dense forest (26.50%) and open forest (7.79%)whereas in nonforest classes maximum area was occupied by agriculturalland (15.74%). The biomass productivity of very dense forest was thehighest (796.28 t/ha) followed by moderately dense forest (561.81 t/ha) and open forest (225.51 t/ha). The total forest biomass and carbonstock in Mundgod taluka was 28.22 t/ha and 13.25 million tons,respectively. The carbon sequestrated equivalent to total CO
2 in the
atmosphere was 47.70 million tons. This study would help in assessingthe extent of forest loss and the data can be used for planning for propermanagement of forest.
SILVICULTURE AND AGROFORESTRY
Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) is one of the most valuable
commercially cultivated aromatic species throughout the world.
However, the availability of quality planting stock is the current
bottleneck in its establishment on large scale. The major problems,
noticed during quality planting stock production in nurseries are
low seed germination and scarce knowledge about hostparasite
relationship. In this regard two experiments were carried out at the
College of Forestry, Sirsi during 201718 to know the effect of
different presowing treatments on seed germination and to identify
the most favourable host plant species influencing growth
Standardization of nursery techniques for Sandalwood (Santalum album L.)
PRIYADARSINEE SAHOO MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. J. PATIL
performance of sandalwood. Both the experiments were laid in
Completely Randomized Design. In first experiment, seeds treated
with various chemicals (GA3, Kinetin and KNO
3) and organics (cow
dung slurry and cow urine) showed significant effect on germination.
Among all the presowing treatments, the highest values were
observed when treated with GA3 500 ppm for 12 hr with respect to
germination per cent (38.93%), mean daily germination (0.81), peak
value (0.26), germination value (0.23) and germination rate index
(0.35) followed by cow dung slurry for 48 hr with respect to
germination per cent (34.19%), mean daily germination (0.77), peak
105
value (0.24), germination value (0.18) and germination rate index
(0.29). Results of the second experiment indicated Albizia lebbeck
and Dalbergia latifolia to be the most favourable host influencing
the growth parameters, viz., collar diameter (mm), seedling height
(cm), number of leaves, root and shoot biomass, sturdiness quotient
and quality index of sandalwood seedlings in a better way as
compared to remaining hosts studied (A.lebbeck, Acacia
auriculiformis, Melia dubia, Casia fistula, Cajanus cajan, Casuarina
equisetifolia, D. latifolia, Mimosa pudica and Simarouba glauca)
and control (without any host plants). Sandalwood seedlings grown
along with legume hosts gave better results as compared to non
leguminous hosts and control.
D. HOME SCIENCE
FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION
A study was conducted during 201617 in the UAS, Dharwad, toevaluate physico chemical properties, nutrient composition, cookingquality, acceptability and flour production potential of 15 sweet potatoentries. The entries were obtained from AICRP on tuber crops, RHREC,Dharwad, UHS, Bagalkot. Single tuber weight and volume was maximumin GPHUB14 (397.90 g and 477.00 cc, respectively) and bulk densitywas higher in GPHUB66 (2.01). The TSS and dry matter were higherin GPHUB44 (11.83 DB) and MLTCIPSW A (41.52 g%),respectively. GPHUB14 exhibited higher values of moisture, titratableacidity, ash, crude fibre and phosphorus (74.1 0, 0.14, 4.38 and 4.96g% and 183.65 mg/100 g, respectively). Higher amounts of protein andvitamin C were recorded in URTTSP1210 (9.68 g% and 23.88 mg/100 g, respectively). Higher fat, total carbohydrate and energy wereseen in MLTVikram (1.65, 82.95 g% and 358 kcal, respectively). Thegenotypes GPHUD26 and GPHUB44 contained higher values of
Nutrient composition and value addition to Sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] genotypes
SAMREEN K. KlTTUR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PUSHP A BHARATI
calcium (950 mg/100 g each). Iron, zinc, soluble, total dietary fibre andpH were higher in GPHUB95 (6.81, 1.52 mg/100 g, 5.76, 15.20 g%and 7.00, respectively). Higher values of reducing, nonreducing andtotal sugar were recorded in GPHUB66 (5.00, 6.46 and 11.80 g%,respectively). Higher values of starch were seen in MLTGouri (66.50g%). GPHUD14 took longer time for cooking (21.66 min). Greaterincrease in weight on boiling was observed in the check variety (14.g4%). On hoiling, pressure cooking and baking, GPHUB44, GPHUB36 and GPHUB95, respectively, were most acceptable withacceptability indices of 86.11, 90.00 and 89.44, respectively. Greaterflour yield was observed in MLTCIPSWA (42.24 g %). GPHUB66possessed better water and oil absorption capacities (1.88 and 0.81 g/g, respectively). Solubility was higher in GPHUB95 (35.08 %) whileswelling power and pH of flour were greater in URTTSP1212 (10.55g/g and 6.98, respectively).
The study was undertaken with an objective to analyze the physicalproperties, nutrient composition, antioxidant activity, cooking qualityand acceptability of seven released varieties (AK42, AK44, DHG01,GPM06, KBHG01, CRHG22 and CRHG23) and five advancedbreeding lines (VHG1301, VHG15, VHG44, VHG935 and VHG938)of horsegram in the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Collegeof Community Science, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwadduring the year 201718. The length, breadth and length to breadthratio of horsegram varieties varied from 5.576.13 mm, 4.133.55 mmand 2.933.35, respectively. Highest functional properties wereobserved in DHG01. The line VHG44 had highest crude proteincontent (28.21 g/ 100 g), in vitro protein digestibility (67.80%) andantioxidant activity (89.41% DPPH) and VHG935 had highest crudefiber content (5.26 g/100g) and iron (9.95 mg / 100 g). The line VHG1301 had highest fat, zinc and manganese content. The total, reducingand nonreducing sugar ranged from 4.965.92, 0.350.41 and 4.33
Nutrient composition, cooking quality and acceptability of Horsegram(Macrotyloma unijlorum (Lam) Verde.) varieties
AISHWARYA V. PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. KASTURIBA
5.25 mg/ 100 g, respectively. The total polyphenols and antioxidantactivity ranged from 2.353.61 mg GAE/g and 81.3189.41 per centDPPH, respectively. The cooked weight, cooked volume, cookingtime and solid loss of grains without soaking ranged from 22.5425.59 g, 18.3322.33 ml, 100.67129.67 min and 4.165.94 per cent,respectively whereas, the cooked weight, cooked volume, cookingtime and solid loss of grains with soaking ranged from 24.4928.54g,24.4929.00 ml, 40.3359.67 min and 4.165.67 per cent. The overallacceptability score of AK42 was highest in case of boiling comparedto other varieties and the variety VHG15 scored highest for pressurecooked grains. Thus, released varieties had higher values for physicalparameters and functional properties, whereas advanced breeding lineshad higher values for nutrient composition i.e., crude protein, crudefiber, mineral content, in vitro protein digestibility and antioxidantactivity. Among the released varieties and advanced breeding lines,VHG44 had better crude protein and in vitro protein digestibility.
Nutritional status and complications related to advanced maternal agepregnancy was investigated in the Department of Food Science andNutrition at University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2017 18. About 50 primigarvida women from younger (20 29 years) andolder age groups (> 35 years) were selected for the case control studyfrom four hospitals of Hubballi and Dharwad. The general information,
Nutritional status and complications of older pregnant women
VINUTA R. YADAGOUDA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. USHA MALAGI
nutritional status, morbidity pattern, complications of pregnancy andthe knowledge and practices regarding reproductive health were collectedthrough prestructured schedule. The results revealed that older pregnantwomen delayed the conception due to late marriage, previous abortions,pursuit of higher education and occupation. The mean nutrient intakeof all the nutrients was lower than the recommended dietary allowance
106
in both the groups. Mean weight and blood glucose level were higher inolder pregnant women compared to the younger ones. Meanhaemoglobin values were lower in both the groups with more numberof severely anemic women in older category. The knowledge and practicescores regarding reproductive health were significantly higher in olderpregnant women compared to younger ones (p < 0.01). The maternalcomplications viz., preeclampsia (60% vs 20%), gestational diabetesmellitus (38% vs 24%), placenta previa (6% v/s none). Delivery
complications like lower segment caesarean section and outcomecomplications such as low birth weight babies, neonatal intensive careunit admissions were significantly higher in older pregnant womencompared to younger ones (p < 0.01). So there is a need to educate theolder pregnant women to increase the intake of adequate balanced diet,iron and folic acid supplements, regular antenatal visits throughout thepregnancy and avail health care facilities for the healthy mother andpregnancy outcome.
The study was conducted at the Department of Food Science and
Nutrition of UAS Dharwad, to assess the nutritional status and
cognitive abilities of urban and semiurban preschool children of
Dharwad, Karnataka. A sample size of 100 preschool children aged
36 years were selected. Nutritional status of preschool children
was assessed based on anthropometry and clinical examination. Height
and weight of the children were compared with the NCHS standards.
According to Waterlow’s classification, normal children were more in
urban (92%) than the semiurban (78%). Clinical examination was
done by using rapid clinical survey given by ICMR. Kaufman
Assessment Battery for children was administered to measure the
cognitive abilities of children. Urban children cognitive abilities was
higher than the semiurban. The mean nutrient intake of both urban
and semiurban children were less, when compared with the RDA. In
urban, significant correlation at five per cent level was found between
mothers education and mothers nutritional knowledge, nutritional
Nutritional status and cognitive abilities of pre-school children
D. MOUNIKA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. KASTURIBA
status and cognitive abilities of children and at one per cent level
significant correlation found between mothers nutritional knowledge
and nutritional status of children. In semiurban, significant correlation
at one per cent level was found between mother’s education and
mother’s nutritional knowledge, mother’s education and cognitive
abilities of children, mother’s nutritional knowledge and nutritional
status of children, mother’s nutritional knowledge and cognitive
abilities of children and at five per cent level significant correlation
found between nutritional status and cognitive abilities of children.
The results of the study highlighted that, at baseline, nutritional status
and cognitive abilities were higher in urban children compared to
semiurban but after supplementing with institutional food, significant
improvement in anthropometry and cognitive abilities was observed
in semiurban group and after three months of admission semiurban
children were on par with the urban children in terms of nutritional
status and cognitive abilities.
A total of three soybean genotypes including two black Kalitur and
DSM with one yellow DSb 21 procured during kharif 2017 from
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad were analyzed for
physico chemical composition, cooking quality and acceptability. A
significant variation was found in physical and functional
characteristics of black and yellow soybean genotypes. The DSM
genotype had highest weight (16.85 g), length (7.26 mm), breadth
(6.69 mm), thickness (5.53 mm) and swelling capacity (0.20 ml)
compared to Kalitur and DSb 21. Significant variation was observed
in the proximate, mineral matter and antinutrient contents of soybean
genotypes. The highest moisture was recorded in Kalitur with hull
(12.00 g) and without hull (10.72 g). The fat content of soybean
genotype ranged between 17.86 19.76 g per 100 g with maximum in
Kalitur followed by DSb 21 and DSM. Significantly high amount of
Physico-chemical characteristics and cooking quality of black Soybean
S. SUMANGALA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. UMA N. KULKARNI
protein was observed in the DSb 21 with hull (43.63 g) and without
hull (42.73 g). Black soybean DSM genotype with and without hull
had significantly high content of crude fiber (6.30 g and 4.54 g) and
ash (5.82 and 5.52 g) respectively. The dietary fiber content including
insoluble dietary fiber, soluble dietary fiber, total dietary fiber, tannin
and phytic acid were found to be highest in DSM genotype. Among
the mineral matter, calcium was found to be highest in DSb 21. The
iron content of soybean genotypes with and without hull ranged
between (268 to 341 ppm and 218 to 292 ppm). Pressure cooked
DSM genotype had high acceptability over boiling method. The DSM
black soybean hurigalu was optimized by soaking seeds for 14 hr,
shade drying for 8 hr followed by popping at 270 ºC. Utility of black
soybean in traditional (bhaji) and convenience food (hurigalu) revealed
high acceptability.
A study to assess the nutritional status, complications and to know
the impact of education intervention on polycystic ovarian syndrome
patients was conducted in the Department of Food Science and
Nutrition of University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad 20172018.
Patients willing to participate in the study were selected from the
fertility clinics and practicing gynaecologists of HubballiDharwad
(N=102). The data was collected using a self structured questionnaire.
Nutritional studies on polycystic ovarian syndrome patients
VANI GARAG MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. USHA MALAGI
Nutrition education module was developed and its impact on PCOS
women was studied. The results revealed that majority (65.69 %) of
PCOS women were in the age group of 2130 years with very few in
> 30 years category, and most of them did not have family history of
disease. More than half were nonvegetarians. Consumption of bakery
products was frequent, that of protective foods was lower and the
mean nutrient intake of all the nutrients was lower than the
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recommended dietary allowance. Most of the women were obese (70 %)
and had sedentary activity. More than half (59 %) has cysts on both
the ovaries. Irregular periods, hirsutism and scanty bleeding were the
symptoms and infertility and miscarriage were the short term
complications seen in most of the subjects. Knowledge and practices
of the subjects were poor and they belonged to low knowledge
category, after the education intervention the knowledge and practice
scores increased significantly (5 %). So there is a need to create
awareness to adolescent and young women about the importance of
dietary and lifestyle modification in management of PCOS. This will
help in early recovery and prevention of associated metabolic
complications in later part of life.
A study was undertaken in the year 201718 with an objective toanalyze the physicochemical properties, nutrient composition,cooking quality and acceptability of nine newly identified carrotgermplasms with Dharwad local variety as control for comparison.The weight, length and diameter of the carrot germplasms rangedfrom 4691.40 g, 11.8718.48 cm and 3.114.43 cm, respectively. Nosignificant difference was observed for circumference, volume, bulkdensity and phloem to xylem ratio among the germplasms. The drymatter, TSS, pH and vitamin C content of the germplasms was rangedfrom 9.9218.11 %, 5.928.440 Brix, 6.707.84 and 4.014.7 mg/100g, respectively. The total dietary fibre and sugar content of germpalsmsranged from 3.69 5.96 g/100 g and 8.3811.18 g/100 g, respectively.The minerals like calcium, phosphorous and iron content ranged from75.16101.75 mg/100g, 50.8064.60 mg/100g and 2.323.17 mg/100
Nutrient composition, cooking quality and acceptability of Carrot germplasms
KEERTIKUMARI KASALE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. USHA MALAGI
g, respectively. The antioxidant components of carrots viz. totalcarotene, beta carotene, phenols and antioxidant activity ranged from4.3513.74 mg/100 g, 0.914.16 mg/100 g, 1.973.98 mg/ 100 g and 24.1532.21%, respectively. The cooking time of the carrots ranged from8.1611.36 minutes. Germplasms UHSBC51 and UHSBC341required less cooking time. Germplasms UHSBC64, UHSBC231and UHSBC441 had a high acceptability index after cooking. Theproximate composition, minerals, antioxidants and cooking time ofcarrots differed significantly (p<0.01%) among the germplasms. Thenewly identified carrot germplasms were good source of dietary fibre,minerals and antioxidant components. Carrot germpalsms UHSBC53,UHSBC64 and UHSBC231 were on par with local carrot varietywith regard to nutrient composition, antioxidant components, cookingquality and acceptability.
An investigation on development of cookies from the special varietiesof rabi sorghum was undertaken during 201517 at the UAS Dharwadwith an objective to develop sorghum cookies, sorghum varietalsuitability for cookies preparation and to estimate nutrient contentof acceptable sorghum cookies. Special sorghum varieties viz., M 351,KMJ1, SMJ1 and AKJ1 cultivated in Regional Agriculture ResearchStation, Vijayapur were taken for the study. Physicochemicalcomposition and flour properties were analyzed by using standardprocedures. Protein content of sorghum flour varied from 11.90 to16.73 per cent and KMJ1 had high protein content (16.73 %) , crudefiber content ranged between 1.31 to 1.83 per cent highest crude fibernoticed in the SMJ1 (1.83 %), iron content ranged between 10.12 to14.23 mg, highest was found in KMJ1 (14.23 mg). Standardizationof sorghum (M351) cookies at different incorporation level revealed
Development of cookies from special varieties of rabi Sorghum
BHEEMANGOUDA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. KASHIBAI KHYADAGI
that 50 per cent substitution for refined wheat flour was highlyacceptable with acceptability index of 80.7 and enhanced nutritionalquality. With increase in proportion of sorghum flour the acceptabilityof cookies decreased. Suitability of sorghum varieties for cookiesrevealed that KMJ1 variety was highly acceptable with attractiveappearance and further studied for preparation of different cookiessuch as butter, groundnut, coconut and spicy cookies at 50 per centincorporation level. Among all, groundnut cookie was highly acceptablewith acceptable index of 90.12. Groundnut cookies prepared fromKMJ1 variety was on par with refined wheat flour cookies for allsensory attributes. Significantly higher nutrient content and higherinsoluble (6.33 %) and soluble dietary fiber (2.76 %) content wasfound in groundnut cookies from KMJ1 sorghum variety comparedto refined wheat flour (2.96 and 0.32 %, respectively) cookies.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND FAMILY STUDIES
Influence of sociodemographic factors and parenting on languagedevelopment was studied on a sample of 240 motherchild dyads(24 to 42 months) drawn from rural and urban areas of Dharwadtaluk during 20172018 in the University of Agricultural SciencesDharwad. Differential and correlation design was employed. Languagesub scale of Bayley Scale of Infant and Toddler Development wasadministered to children. Parenting, temperament and socioeconomic status were assessed by standard measures. Generalinformation schedule and self structured questionnaire on mediausage and adult’s involvement in child’s activities were used.Significant difference was observed in levels of language developmentin rural and urban young children. Higher percentage of rural childrenwere in below average level whereas urban children were in average
Influence of socio-demographic factors and parenting on language development of rural andurban young children (24-42 months)
PRIYA RAMESH HEGDE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PUSHPA B. KHADI
and above average level. Age, gender, ordinal position, age at entryto Early Childhood Care Education and attendance significantlyinfluenced language development. Female children were significantlyhigh on language development in rural area. Nutritional statuspositively impacted language development where in children withnormal level of nutrition scored higher than under nourished. Surgency(child temperament) was significantly positively correlated withlanguage development. Parental factors such as father’s age, parents’education, parents’ occupation significantly influenced languagedevelopment. Familial factors such as socioeconomic status, adultchild ratio, media usage and adults involvement in child’s activitiessignificantly influenced language development whereas type of familyand sibling size were significantly associated with language
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development in rural area. In both rural and urban area, parentingwas of medium level followed by high and low levels with urbanmothers scoring higher on parenting than rural. Parenting was foundto significantly influence language development with children
experiencing high parenting quality showing advancement in languagedevelopment. Hence the need to provide early intervention forparents to educate them regarding positive parenting and to promoteearly language development in children.
A study on “stress and anxiety among high school students and itseffect on their scholastic performance and socioemotional behaviour”was undertaken during 20172018 in the University of AgriculturalSciences Dharwad on 480 students of urban and rural kannada mediumhigh schools of Dharwad taluk. Structured questionnaires on stressors,study anxiety and academic anxiety were used to measure stress andanxiety. Child behaviour checklist teachers report form was used toassess socioemotional behavior and scholastic performance wasassessed through children Rutter proformaA. The socioeconomicstatus scale was used to measure the personal and familial factors.Results showed that, majority of urban and rural high school studentswere in high level of stress, academic and study anxiety. Students withnormal behaviour were in low level of stress and association was foundsignificant. Majority of first born girls had more stress and anxiety. The
Stress and anxiety among high school students and its effect on their scholastic performance andsocio-emotional behaviour
MUKTA G. STHAVARMATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MANJULA PATIL
students of 10th class were in high level of stress and study anxiety andassociation was found significant. Type of school and stress amongurban and rural students was found significant where students fromprivate aided school were under high level of stress and study anxietybut in rural locality, majority of students from Government schoolswere under high level of stress. Stress and academic anxiety weresignificantly corelated with socioemotional behaviour and negativelysignificant with scholastic performance of urban and rural high schoolstudents. Internalizing problem behaviour was significantly associatedwith stress and study anxiety among urban and rural high schoolstudents. So, proper learning facilities, counseling and guidance fromteachers, encouragement and support from parents/family members isneeded to reduce stress, anxiety and behavioural problems and toimprove scholastic performance of school students.
The study was conducted to know the levels of marital satisfactionand job satisfaction and their influencing factors among primaryschool teachersin rural and urban areas of Roorkee taluk(Uttarakhand) and Dharwad taluk (Karnataka) in the College ofCommunity Science, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwadin 201718. The socioeconomic status of the teachers was assessedby socioeconomic status scale. The marital satisfaction scale andjob satisfaction scale were used to assess the marital satisfactionand job satisfaction of teachers. Majority of the primary teachershad significantly higher level of marital satisfaction (84.16 %)andjob satisfaction (78.75 %) in both Roorkee and Dharwad taluk.Roorkee teachers indicated higher marital satisfaction as comparedto Dharwad teachers. Rural teachers exhibited higher maritalsatisfaction as compared to urban teachers. With respect to jobsatisfaction, urban teachers had higher job satisfaction as compared
Marital satisfaction and job satisfaction among primary school teachers in rural and urban areas ofRoorkee taluk (Uttarakhand) and Dharwad taluk (Karnataka)
POOJA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GANGA V. YENAGI
to rural teachers.It revealed that male teachers had higher maritalsatisfaction and lower job satisfaction as compared to their femalecounterparts. Factors like educational qualification, family income,socioeconomic status, length of marriage, work experience andmonthly salary of teachers had positive and significant relationshipwith marital satisfaction. In case of job satisfaction factors likesocioeconomic status, family income, work experience and monthlysalary had positive and significant relationship while educationalqualification of the teachers had negative and significant relationshipwith job satisfaction.It also revealed a positive and significantrelationship between marital satisfaction and job satisfaction ofprimary school teachers. Since, job satisfaction among male teacherswaslow, measures should be taken into consideration which promotetheir job satisfaction. As female teachers were having lower maritalsatisfaction, intervention studies are suggested.
A study on “Influence of social maturity on personality traits of urbanand rural high school students” was undertaken during 20172018 inthe University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad Karnataka on 480students of urban and rural kannada medium high schools of Dharwadtaluk. Social maturity scale was used to assess the social maturity.Millon adolescent personality inventory was used to assess thepersonality traits. The socioeconomic status scale was used to measurethe personal and familial factors. Results showed that, majority of theurban and rural high school students showed moderate behavior onsocial maturity. Social maturity was higher for urban students(x = 237.91, sd = 15.5) than rural students (x = 232.17, sd = 14.7). Girlsfrom both urban and rural area had higher social maturity when comparedto boys. First borns and 10th standard students in urban area reportedhigher social maturity. Children of educated mothers possessed highersocial maturity. With personality traits, urban students were high on
Influence of social maturity on personality traits of urban and rural high school students
FATIMA A. NADAF MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MANJULA PATIL
introversive and cooperative personality traits. Rural students werehigh on inhibited, respectful and sensitive personality traits. Girls werehigh on cooperative, confident and forceful personality traits than boys.First borns in urban area were high on cooperative and forcefulpersonality traits. Type of school was significantly associated withinhibited, cooperative, sociable, and confident personality traits in ruralarea. Where, private school students were high on inhibited personalitytrait and government school students were high on confident and forcefulpersonality traits. There was a significant positive relationship betweensocial maturity and cooperative, confident and respectful personalitytraits. In rural students, social maturity was positively correlated withconfident personality trait and negatively correlated with introversiveand sensitive personality traits. So, parents, teachers and administratorshave to know about the personality of their children and for students tohelp them in building a well balanced personality.
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A study on “Adaptive behaviour among visually impaired children”was carried out in the College of Community Science, University ofAgricultural Sciences Dharwad during 201618 in two cities ofKarnataka. The sample for the study comprised 160 visually impairedchildren in the age group of 1019 years who were attending specialschools in Belagavi and Hubballi cities. Adaptive behaviour assessmentsystemII edition teacher form (Harrisson and Oakland, 2007) wasused to assess the adaptive behaviour of visually impaired children,school environment scale (Agarwal and Pandey, 2017) was used toassess the influence of school environment and children’s perceptionof parenting scale (Pyari and Karla 2007) was employed to assessinfluence of their parents parenting on adaptive behaviour. Furthersocio economic status (SES) scale (Aggarwal et al., 2005) was used toassess socioeconomic status of the children. The results of the studyrevealed that children with different types of visual impairment differed
Adaptive behaviour among visually impaired children
SHAMBHAVI BALLIGERI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SARASWATI HUNSHAL
significantly with respect to all three dimensions such as conceptual,social, practical as well as overall adaptive behaviour where incongenitally blind children were found better in adaptive behaviouras compared to adventitious blind children. Further results indicatedthat, among child factors studied, age and onset of visual impairmenthad significant influence on adaptive behaviour. Among parentalfactors, education and occupation of parents had significant influenceon adaptive behaviour similarly among familial factors, size of thefamily had significant influence on adaptive behaviour of children.Further school environment of children in which the dimensions suchas, physical conditions of the school and functions of teacher hadsignificant influence on adaptive behaviour similarly with respect tochildren’s perception of parenting, democratic and accepting style ofparenting had positive influence on adaptive behaviour of visuallyimpaired children.
The present investigation was undertaken in the University ofAgricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 201718. A random sampleof 360 adults (180 rural and 180 urban) from Dharwad and Gadagdistricts were selected. A sample of 180 adults comprised of 60emerging, 60 young and 60 middle adults. Psychological WellbeingScale, Perceived Stress Scale, Coping Inventory for StressfulSituations and SocioEconomic Scale were used. The data weresubjected to ‘t’ test, One way ANOVA, correlation and regression.The results revealed that about half of the urban adults had mediumlevel of psychological wellbeing while half of rural adults had higherlevel of psychological wellbeing. Half of the urban adults employedaverage level of taskoriented coping, emotionoriented coping andavoidanceoriented coping strategies. Majority of rural adultsemployed above average emotionoriented taskoriented andavoidanceoriented coping strategies. Majority of the urban andrural adults had medium level of perceived stress. Among urban
Psychological well-being of urban and rural adults: an exploration ofperceived stress and coping strategies
PRATIBHA H. DEVARAMANE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GANGA V. YENAGI
adults, emerging adults had significantly better autonomy than youngand middle adults. In rural area, young adults had significantly betteroverall psychological wellbeing than emerging and middle adults.There was significant difference between urban adult groups onperceived stress. Young adults had lower level of perceived stressthan emerging and middle adults. In urban area, significant genderdifference was found for taskoriented coping strategies while inrural area significant gender difference was found for taskorientedand avoidanceoriented coping strategies. Males scored higher thanfemales on taskoriented and avoidanceoriented coping strategiesin both urban and rural areas. Age, education, income, size of family,socioeconomic status were significantly related to psychologicalwellbeing and coping strategies of adults while age and occupationwere significantly related to perceived stress. Perceived stress, taskoriented coping and emotionoriented coping strategies weresignificantly related to psychological wellbeing.
The socioemotional development and adaptive behaviour of 240
young children (2442 months) of Dharwad taluk of northern
Karnataka and Bilaspur of Chhattisgarh studied through a differential
research design during 20172018 revealed that higher percentage of
children from both rural and urban were below average in socio
emotional development, while in adaptive behaviour maximum
percentage of rural Bilaspur children belonged to average level and
urban were above average. But majorityof Dharwad children were
average level. There is a need to provide educational intervention for
parents to provide early stimulation for children. Age, gender, pre
school attendance and socioeconomic status significantly influenced
both socioemotional development and adaptive behaviour. Female
children from high socioeconomic status with preschool attendance
had bettersocioemotional development and adaptive behaviour.
Ordinal position, nutritional status and mother’s age was significantly
Socio-emotional development and adaptive behavior of young children and its correlates
ANISH FATIMA EKKA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PUSHPA KHADI
associated with socioemotional development where in first born with
good nutritional status scored better than later borns. Parenting
significantly influenced both socioemotional development and
adaptive behaviour, indicating that children experiencing high parenting
quality exhibited advancement in socioemotional development and
adaptive behaviour. So, a need to educate parents on “positive
parenting”.There was no significant association between number of
sibling’s, parent’s educational level,father’s age, and occupation and
family type with both socioemotional development and adaptive
behaviour. Socioemotional and adaptive behaviour sub scale of Bayley
scale of infant and toddler development was administered to children
and parents were interviewed. Parenting was assessed by Smith
et al. tool (2012). Chi square and correlation was used to know the
association /relation between selected factors and socioemotional
development and adaptive behaviour of children.
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A study on “Mental health, depression, anxiety and stress among
divorced women” was carried out in the College of Community Science,
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during the year 201718
in Dharwad and Haveri district. The sample for the study comprised
of 60 working and 60 nonworking divorced women in the age ranged
from 2150 years. The standard scales like mental health inventory,
depression anxiety and stress scale, loneliness scale and socio
economic status scale were used to collect the data. Modified chi
square and t test were used to analyze the data.The results of the
study revealed that, prevalence of divorce was more in Dharwad
district (16.04%) than in Haveri district (7.78%).Majority of the
divorced women had poor mental health in Dharwad (35.0%) and
Haveri district (40.0%). Majority of divorced women were very poor
in perception of reality, integration of personality, autonomy and
environmental mastery dimensions of mental health in Dharwad and
Mental health, depression, anxiety and stress among divorced women
DIVYA D. HITTALAMANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. LATA L PUJAR
Haveri district. Age, education, occupation, number of children, duration
of divorce process and type of consent had significant influence on
mental health of working divorced women. Whereas among nonworking
divorced women, residential status, duration of divorce process, type
of consent had significant difference and association with mental health.
Nonworking divorced women experienced higher loneliness than
working divorced women. Majority of divorced women (33.0% to
67.0%) belonged to the severe level of depression, anxiety and stress in
Dharwad and Haveri districts. However there was no significant
difference found between the locality. Significant association and
difference was found between education, residential status and number
of children with anxiety among working divorced women. With regard
to duration of divorce process, type of consent and custody of children
had significant association and difference with depression and stress
among both working and nonworking divorced women.
The present investigation was undertaken in the University of
Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 20172018. The study was
carried out in Bagalkot and Vijaypur districts. The sample comprised
of 150 elderly of whom 100 elderly were living alone due to migration
of children and 50 were living with children. Elderly were
administered with standardized tools such as psychological well
being scale (1995), quality of life scale (2011) and loneliness scale
(1975). The data was subjected to statistical analysis. The results
revealed that health and finance to be the major problems faced by
elderly. The major reasons for migration were low wages and
unemployment. A significant relationship was found between
psychological wellbeing and migration. Elderly living with children
had higher percent (56%) of psychological wellbeing than elderly
living without children. The quality of life of elderly living with and
without children was found to be nonsignificant. Elderly living
with children experience more loneliness compared to elderly living
Effects of migration of adult children on quality of life and psychological well-being of elderly
ASHWINI V. YANKATI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PREMA B. PATIL
without children. With regard to gender elderly male had higher
percent of psychological wellbeing (42.8 %) and quality of life
(39.3%) than elderly female. Further, education was also significantly
associated with psychological wellbeing and illiterate elderly had
higher percent (45.7 %) of psychological well being than elderly
with primary education. Correspondingly, income was also
significantly related and among them elderly with middle income
families had higher percent (42.9%) of psychological wellbeing and
quality of life. Further occupation too was significantly related and
working elderly had better psychological well being than non
working elderly. Type of migration was also significantly related to
psychological wellbeing and quality of life wherein it was revealed
that elderly whose children had migrated permanently were found
to be better than elderly whose children had temporarily migrated.
Finally the results concluded that psychological wellbeing and
quality of life of Vijayapur elderly was better than Bagalkot elderly.
An exploratory study on stressors, occupational stress and stress
management competency among agricultural faculty was undertaken
in the College of Community Science, University of Agricultural
Sciences, Dharwad during 201819. The sample of the study consisted
of 120 agricultural faculties from Dharwad, Gadag and Haveri districts.
The agricultural faculty consisted of Agricultural Officers and Assistant
Agricultural Officers. The information was collected through pre
tested selfstructured stressors scale, stress scale, stress management
competency indicator tool, socioeconomic status scale and general
information schedule. For the study stressors scale was developed to
identify the causes of occupational stress among agricultural faculty.
The statements were based on roles and responsibilities of Agricultural
Officers and Assistant Agricultural Officers. The stressors were
identified by using percentage, indexing method and internal
consistency. The Spearman Brown coefficient was 0.99. The findings
revealed that, there were four categories of stressors, which cause
Stressors, occupational stress and stress management competency among agricultural faculty
RASHMI SOBARAD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. S YADAV
stress to agricultural faculty. Those were job characteristics stressors,
personal stressors, stressors due to communication problems and
stressors due to lack of resources. Majority of male and female
agricultural faculty had experienced moderate level of occupational
stress. Male agricultural faculty had experienced high demand stress,
control stress than female agricultural faculty. Female agricultural faculty
had higher work colleague stress, role stress and change stress than
male agricultural faculty. Both male and female agricultural faculty had
similar managerial stress and relationship stress. In case of stress
management competencies, with regard to respectful and responsible
area, managing and communicating existing and future work area and
managing individual within team area male and female agricultural faculty
had reasonable competency skills and with regard to reasoning or
managing difficult situation area both male and female agricultural faculty
had developmental need competency skills. There was relationship
between occupational stress and stress management competency.
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EXTENSION COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT
The study on migratory Deccani sheep rearing families in Belagavidistrict was undertaken during 201718 in the University ofAgricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Ninety families selected for the study.The sample consisted of 90 men and 90 women (total 180). Sampleselection was by purposive snowball sampling method. Data wascollected with the help of a selfstructured, pretested interviewschedule and analyzed with suitable statistical tests. Majority ofmen (68.00 %) and about 55.00 per cent of women were middle aged(3650 years). Majority of men (84.50 %) and women (94.40 %)were illiterates, were from nuclear (71.11 %) and medium sized families(67.80 %). Majority (71.10 %) were landless and 82.22 per cent hadhigh annual income (> ̀ 80,000). Social participation was high amongwomen (75.86%) and medium among men (50.00%). Consultancypattern among men was medium level but low in women. About38.00 per cent families possess less than 165 sheep, 34.44 per centpossessed (166 243) sheep while, 27.78 per cent had more than 243
Gender perspectives in migratory Deccani sheep rearing
GEETA GADEKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ANNAPURNA KALAL
sheep and most families (75.56 %) follow permanent migration.Majority of men (95.55 %) and women (94.44 %) had medium sheeprearing knowledge. Majority of men (83.33 %) had high participationwhile women had medium participation (90.00 %) in sheep rearingactivities. Some of the major constraints expressed were: high costfor good breeding animals, lack of education facilities for children,lack of market for wool and lack of awareness of governmentprogrammes for sheep and wool production. Age, annual income,flock size, social participation were positively correlated with theknowledge level of men. Whereas, for women annual income andflock size were positively correlated with knowledge. Annual incomeand flock size were positively correlated with participation of men.While size of family and flock size were positively correlated withwomen’s participation. Therefore, study suggests to plan variousextension and mobile veterinary services and better market on identifiedmigratory routes.
The study was undertaken in the University of Agricultural Sciences,Dharwad during 201718 in Dharwad taluk of Karnataka. Two villageseach of millet growing and nonmillet growing with a sample size of60 growers 60 nongrowers of same villages and 60 nongrowers ofdifferent village were selected. The socioeconomic status wasassessed using modified scale of Aggarwal (2005). Majority ofgrowers (75.00%), nongrowers (66.67%) of same village and nongrowers (66.67%) of different village belonged to the uppermiddlesocioeconomic status. Knowledge regarding agronomic practices,postharvest management and health benefits of minor millets wasassessed through a developed self structured pretested schedule.Growers knowledge was to 63.33 per cent, nongrowers of samevillage was 53.11 per cent and nongrowers of different village was40.78 per cent. Regarding consumption pattern about 84.00 percent of growers, 87.23 per cent of nongrowers of same village and69.05 per cent nongrowers of different village consumed millets
Knowledge and consumption of minor millets among growers and non-growers
MALLAVVA PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUREKHA SANKANGOUDAR
occasionally. The major form of consumption of minor millets washolige (Sweet stuffed paratha like festival dish) was consumed bycent per cent respondents from growers and nongrowers of samevillage and 61.67 per cent nongrowers of different village. Milletgrowers age, annual income, land holding, size of family, mass mediaexposure and extension contact were positively and significantlyrelated with knowledge. Millet growers age, annual income, landholding, size of family, mass media exposure and extension contactwere positively and significantly related with consumption pattern.Among nongrowers of same village, mass media exposure andextension contact were positively and significantly related withconsumption pattern. To improve knowledge and consumption ofmillets more awareness programmes in mass media like TV, radio,mobile messages and news paper can be used. Apart from thisgovernment can include millets in POS and fixing support price canincrease consumption of millets.
A study on impact of Krishi Community Radio Station (CRS) broadcaston animal husbandry practices in Dharwad taluka was undertakenduring 201718 in the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwadby using before and after experimental design. 120 dairy farmers fromDharwad taluka who possessed radio sets / mobile sets and listen toKrishi CRS were selected for the study. Based on the identified needsfive audio dramas on dairy management practices were planned,recorded and broadcasted through Krishi CRS. The data was collectedby personal interview method using pre tested interview schedule.To assess the impact, knowledge test was conducted before and afterthe broadcast of the dramas. The listeners profile revealed that 56.67per cent were of middle aged, educated up to middle school (32.50%)and had agriculture and dairy as main occupation (91.66%). Nearly39.00 per cent were having low income and 52.50 per cent were small
Impact of Krishi community radio station broadcast on animal husbandry practices
SHIDDAPPA HONNIHALLI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. A. NITHYA SHREE
farmers. In case of farming experience 43.33 per cent and in dairyexperience 86.67 per cent were in the low category. About 61 per centand 34.17 per cent possessed a herd size of less than five and 5 10respectively. Mean gain in knowledge was highest in case of Animalfeed (3.77) followed by animal and shed management (3.00), pregnancyand care (2.83), breeds (2.69), maintenance of documents (2.54),fodder (1.97) and clean milk production (1.08). The total mean gain inknowledge was 17.88. There was significant difference between preand post test knowledge. The retention knowledge was more than90 per cent in case of all the five topics. The adoption percentage washighest in case of maintenance of documents (21.66%). Age wasnegatively related with knowledge gain and positively related withlistening behaviour. Hence, it is concluded that drama format is effectivein increasing the knowledge of dairy farmers.
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The research study was conducted in Belagavi and Dharwad districts
of Karnataka state during 201617 to assess the knowledge about
ATMA among beneficiaries and staff (ATM and BTM) in northern
Karnataka. The “ex-post-facto” research design was adopted. Data
was collected from randomly selected 90 beneficiaries through self
structured interview schedule. And a self structured questionnaire
was used to collect data from 30 ATMA staff. The results revealed
that 54.44 per cent had medium level of knowledge, 45.56 per cent
had high level of knowledge and none of them were in the low
knowledge level. Knowledge of beneficiaries was positively and
significantly relatedto education, mass media participation, number
of trainings undergone, extension contact and innovativeness of the
beneficiaries. In case of ATMA staff, majority (93.33 %) had high
level of knowledge, which only 6.66 per cent had medium level, and
Knowledge and opinion about atma among beneficiaries and staff in northern Karnataka
PRAVIN HOTAKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUREKHA SANKANGOUDAR
none of them had low knowledge. Knowledge of staff was positively
and significantly related to age, experience and number of trainings
undergone of the staff. The study also revealed that, 78.89 per cent of
the beneficiaries had highly favorable opinion about the functioning
of ATMA. Cent per cent of the staff expressed a highly favorable
opinion. Regarding constraints, majority of beneficiaries (86.66 %)
expressed lack of information about programme in advance. About
67.00 per cent of staff expressed lack of supervision by higher officers,
86.66 per cent expressed non availability of resource persons in time
andabout 57.00 per cent of the staff expressed job insecurity.
Suggestion given by beneficiaries and staff for effective implementation
of ATMA were: organizing more number of trainings at village level
about agricultural and allied activities (91.11) and timely release of
grants (83.33 %).
Gowli community’s main livelihood is dairy. They practice traditional
dairy management since many generations. The present study on
“Livelihood status of Gowli community” was conducted in Haliyal
taluk of Uttar Kannada district during 201718 in the University of
Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Sample constituted of 120 families,
with 120 men and 120 women, making the total of 240. Personal
interview method was used to collect the data and suitable statistical
tools were used for analyzing the data. The study revealed that most
of the respondents were middle aged with low level of education.
They belonged to nuclear, medium sized families and possessed no
land. The main occupation was rearing buffaloes and cows, with
majority of them having small herd size of less than nine animals.
Their income was less than ̀ 60,000/annum. The overall independent
participation indices of men and women were 30.09 per cent and
Livelihood status of gowli community
DEVIKA C. HIREMATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. CHHAYA BADIGER
26.48 per cent respectively which some activites were jointly
performed. The knowledge indices of men was 60.54 per cent and
that of women was 48.91 per cent. Some of the major constraints
expressed by the respondents were lack of green fodder, lack of
knowledge of improved equipments, infrequent visits by veterinary
staff and lack of loan facility. Although Government programmes
have been implemented for dairy activities, they lack knowledge about
Pashu bhagya and Amruta bhagya which are the most recent
programmes. There is a need to create awareness about these
programmes and provide knowledge about scientific management
practices which will help produce clean milk and minimize drudgery
& physical exertion. Off campus training programmes may also be
planned by ToT centres for transfer of scientific management practices
to improve the livelihood status of Gowli community.
One of the most fascinating tribes of our country is the Lambani
whose colourful dresses and ornaments make them distinct cultural
groups. Lambani who call themselves migrants from Rajasthan are a
unique community in Karnataka. They live scattered over the state,
but they are distinctly noticed by their dresses. They belong to
scheduled caste in Karnataka state. Lambanis are the one who remain
backward in the society. The present study on “Livelihood status of
women in Lambani tandas” was conducted in Kalaghatgi taluka of
Dharawad district and Davanagere taluka of Davanagere district. Total
of 120 Lambani women were selected for the study. Personal interview
method was used to collect the data and suitable statistical tools were
used for analyzing the data. The study revealed that the respondents
were mainly middle aged with low level of education and they are
from nuclear and small sized families. All most all the families had no
Livelihood status of women in Lambani tandas
D. R. JAYALAKSHMI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. CHHAYA BADIGER
land holding. Livelihood sources of Lambani families were agriculture
and allied sectors viz, wage earning, selling of nontimber forest
products, and income generating activities. Awareness level of the
respondents about government programmes was medium (73.33%)
followed by high (14.17%) and low (12.50%). Overall knowledge
level of respondents about government programmes was medium
(40.00%) followed by low (31.67%) and high (28.33%). Problems
faced by the Lambani women were poor economic condition (95.00%),
lack of guidance from government officials and local leaders (95.00%),
landlessness (90.83%), lack of communication skills (88.33%), lack
of information and illiteracy (85.83%) and gender bias (80.83%).
Hence, the government should take care of these problems to solve at
grass root level. There is a need to create awareness by giving
interventions and awareness campaigns.
113
A study was carried out on Gender Perspectives in Knowledge andAdoption of Organic Farming Practices during 201718 in Haveridistrict of Karnataka state under the jurisdiction of UAS, Dharwad.The research was carried out using ex-post facto research design witha sample of 160 men and women certified organic practitioners(80 men and 80 women) from the four talukas of Haveri district. Theprimary data was collected through personal interview method usingpretested schedule and analyzed using suitable statistical tools. Thestudy revealed that majority (88.75 %) of men and women (90.00 %)had medium level of knowledge with overall knowledge indices of55.10 per cent and 51.66 per cent for men and women respectively.However there was no significant difference in the knowledge level ofmen and women. In case of adoption, majority (96.25 %) of men and(100.00 %) women respondents belonged to medium level of adoption
Gender perspectives in knowledge and adoption of organic farming practices
SHASHIKIRAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUREKHA SANKANGOUDAR
with overall adoption indices of 57.85 per cent and 53.57 per cent formen and women respectively and showed significant difference(at 1 %). The overall participation of men was more than the womenin organic farming. The independent variables i.e., education, landholding, annual income, livestock possession were highly significantwith knowledge and adoption level of men (at 1%). Among women,only age and education were significant with knowledge level (at 1%)and farming, organic farming experience were significant (at 5%). Withrespect to participation level, land holding in men respondents andorganic farming experience in women was significant (at 1% level).Most of the men (97.50 %) and women (100.00 %) felt lack ofpractical oriented trainings at the grass root level as a major constraint.So there is a need of hands on training programs on scientific organicfarming practices to promote scientific organic farming.
Rural women play the dual roles of managing the farm as well ashome affairs. Need of information is vital to rural women as it is acritical input for modernizing of farm production and homemanagement in rural areas. Sources of information are tools that canpossibly meet the information needs of rural women. The presentstudy on “Information need identification and source preferencesfor home and farm management by rural women” was conducted inDharwad and Kundagol taluks of Dharawad district during the year201718. Total of 150 rural women were selected for the study.Personal interview method was used to collect the data and suitablestatistical tools were used for analyzing the data. The study revealedthat most the respondents were middle aged with low level ofeducation and belonged to nuclear, small sized families with mediumland holding. Most of the respondents need information onpreparation of handicraftsknitting, crochet, embroidery (94.00 %),
Information need identification and source preferences for home and farm management by rural women
SHIVALEELA. PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. A. NITHYASHREE
care of pregnant and lactating women (92.66 %), preparation ofconsumer chemicalssoaps and detergents, phenyl (90.66 %),information about training institutions (90.00 %) related to homemanagement. In case of farm management, 79.33 per cent of thewomen need information on vegetable cultivation, high yieldingvarieties (76.00 %) and dairy farming (65.33 %). The sources preferredfor seeking home management information was family members(95.33%), department of women & child welfare (82.00 %) andtelevision (41.33 %). Neighbors (87.33%), cooperative society (37.33%) and krishimela (34.00 %) were the sources preferred for farmmanagement information. With regard to utilization pattern ofinformation, most of the respondents utilized information frominformal sources compared to formal and mass media sources. Hence,there is a need to provide information to rural women throughpreferred sources to update their knowledge in various fields.
FAMILY RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Level of occupational stress and job satisfaction amongPanchayat Development Officers in Dharwad district
ANITA MAJOR ADVISER: Dr. GEETA CHITAGUBBI
An exploratory study on occupational stress and job satisfaction was
undertaken in the College of Rural Home Science, University of
Agricultural Science, Dharwad during 201617 covering Dharwad
district with a sample size of 90 Panchayat Development Officers to
analyse the level of occupational stress and job satisfaction among
them. Pretested, self structured questionnaire was used to collect
the data. An Occupational Stress Index and Job Satisfaction Scale
were used to identify the stressors, stress level and job satisfaction
level. The data was subjected to percentage and correlation analysis.
The results revealed that the events which caused high stress in cent
per cent of the Panchayat Development Officers were, occurrence of
sudden meetings followed by criticism by higher authority (87.77 %).
The cent per cent of the respondents said that, high stress due to
poor infrastructure facilities like lack of electricity, office cabinets
followed by chairs (52.22 %), water facility (46.66 %), separate
rooms (44.44 %) and tables (35.55 %). About 78.88 per cent of stress
was caused due to sleep disruption and 70 per cent stress was due to
the participation in decision making followed by health problems
such as head ache, back pain (64.44 %) and due to the frequent
transfer (47.77 %). The least cause for stress was unpredictable
happening (15.55 %). Majority of the Panchayat Development
Officers had high stress because of work demand stress (81.75 %)
and almost all Panchayat Development Officers had very low job
satisfaction (91.11 %). Occupational stress and job satisfaction of
Panchayat Development Officers were significantly and positively
related. Remedies for reducing occupational stress as per respondents
were improving managerial skills, offering awards to the recognition
of best work and giving the meditation for the peace of life.
114
A study on socioeconomic profile and identification of indigenous
technical knowledge and resource management related to farm and home
by Siddhi tribes and ascertain constraints in resource management
practices by Siddhi tribes was conducted during the year 201718 in
Uttar Kannada district. Explorative research design and purposive
random sampling technique was used in the study with a sample size
120 Siddhi tribes. The interview schedule was prepared and data was
collected by personal interview method. The results revealed that among
ITKs most of them were practicing storage of grains with neem leaves
and ash, soaking the seed in kumkum water or milk for a day before
sowing was observed by 53.33 per cent of tribal families. Manure made
with mango leaves being applied in the fields for weed management.
Dried and powdered leaves of banyan tree were mixed in grains for safe
storage (65%).While 52.50 per cent of tribe families had practiced
Indigenous technical knowledge and resource management by Siddhi tribes
JAYASHREE D. MORABAD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RENUKA SALUNKE
handful of rock salt placed at bottom of the storage structure. Siddhi
tribes had also adopted ITKs for soil and water conservation such as
terracing (51.70%), and crop residues burnt on soil (71.70%). Among
home management practices, plastering of mud/clay for Chula and walls
(78.33%) by majority of the samples followed by use of earthen pots
to keep water cold (46.70%), use of bamboo curtains for windows
(45%) and use of old sarees and cloths as fence protection against birds
and animals in the field (48.33%). Further, it was observed that siddhi
tribes having the practice of cleaning the water container alternate days
(71.70%). Majority of the tribes always face the problems like poor
marketing facility (71.66%) followed by electricity problem (70.83%)
and insufficient wages (57.5%). For sustainable utilization and long
term conservation of resources in these areas, the government should
assist communities in the management of resources.
The present study was conducted during the year 20172018 to study
the problems faced by elderly in existing bathroom and water closet
conditions and to develop the user friendly ergonomic bathroom and
water closet designs for the elderly. The sample consisted of 120
elderly population aged 60 years and above residing in Hubballi and
Dharwad cities. Exploratory research design and self structured
interview schedule were used to conduct the study. The results
revealed that higher percentage of the elderly family belonged to upper
class (43.33) followed by upper middle class (19.16). Majority of
the respondents suffered from health problems viz., pain in knees
(80%) followed by diabetes (66.6%) and general weakness
(65%).According to mean scores the existing water supply condition
in the bathroom was considered as highly problematic (2.50) followed
by slippery flooring (2.2), lack of grab bars (2.15), difficulty in using
An ergonomic approach to interiors of bathroom and water closets for the elderly
MEGHNA S. KELGERI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAJESHWARI M. DEASAI
Indian toilet (2.15), lighting (2.09). The independent variables viz.,
age of selected elderly and absence of facilities/ accessories in bathroom
and water closets were positively and significantly related with the
extent of problems faced in bathroom and water closets. Nearly one
fifth of the respondents (19.16 %) had met with the falls/accidents in
bathroom and water closets because of slippery flooring and lack of
grab bars. Majority of the respondents (male 97.14 %, female 50 %),
suggested the need for the provision of nonslippery floors followed
by provision of grip/grab bars to the entire bathroom (male91.43%,
female 50 %). Hence, to avoid falls/accidents in the bathroom and
water closets, two ergonomically designed floor plans and 3D model
designs of bathroom cum water closets were proposed keeping in
mind the safety, convenience and the standards recommended model
building bye laws (2016).
A study on environmental awareness, knowledge and practices amonghigh school children was conducted during the year 2018 with theobjectives to study the existing awareness, knowledge and practicesof urban and rural high school children about environment and tostudy the impact of intervention on knowledge of the selected highschool children. The sample of the study comprised of 240 childrenstudying at senior secondary schools of Dharwad city. A sub sampleof 120 children from both urban and rural schools having lowerknowledge on environment were selected. Data was collected byquestionnaire method and it was interpreted by using suitablestatistical parameters. The results revealed that both in urban andrural areas school 1 children had better awareness compared school 2children. On the basis of location it can be observed that urban childrenhad higher awareness compared to rural children. Gender wise
Environmental awareness, knowledge and practices among high school children
SHWETA PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUMA HASALKAR
comparison revealed that girls had better awareness about environmentcompared to boys. School wise knowledge level results showed thatboth urban and rural school 1 children scored higher compared toschool 2 children. Urban children had better knowledge compared torural children. Boys had better knowledge compared to girls. Theresults of environmental activity practices followed by children inschool and home showed that both urban and rural area school 2children had better practices compared to school 1 children. Locationwise it revealed that rural children had better practices compared tourban children. Boys had better practices compared to girls in theschool, whereas girls had better practices compared to boys in thehome. There was a significant difference in the pre and post testknowledge scores among all environmental parameters after theknowledge intervention programme given to the children.
115
TEXTILE AND APPAREL DESIGNING
The present study was carried out in 201617 at the University ofAgricultural Sciences, Dharwad with the objectives, to explore thepossibilities of weaving muga silk and tencel union fabrics, to assessthe functional properties of the woven union fabrics and to evaluatethe cost of production of the union fabrics. For the current study twocontrol i.e. Muga and Tencel control, and three union fabric sampleswere woven. The union samples were Muga × Tencel 20s, Muga ×Tencel 30s and Tencel 20s × Muga. All the test samples were wovenusing hand fly shuttle loom with plain weave. The control and unionsamples were subjected to laboratory testing to assess the structuraland functional properties of the newly designed fabrics. Theexperimental results revealed that the cloth stiffness was improved inunion fabric samples of Muga × Tencel 30s (warp 2.04, weft 2.58),
Functional properties of muga silk union fabrics
NOGAME A. SANGMA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GEETA MAHALE
Tencel 20s × Muga (warp1.94, weft2.28) and Muga × Tencel 20s(warp2.42, weft2.14). The Muga silk union fabrics exhibitedexcellent resistance to abrasion and pilling. Cloth tensile strength wasfound highest in the sample of Tencel 20s × Muga with 32.84 kgf inwarp and Muga × Tencel 30s with 37.88 kgf in weft. Based onsubjective evaluation and cost of production, the union fabric samplesMuga × Tencel 20s and Muga × Tencel 30s were preferred by therespondents. The cost of production of Muga × Tencel 20s and Muga× Tencel 30s were ` 956 and 1,006, respectively. The developedunion fabric is cost effective with improved properties such as abrasionresistance, drapability, air permeability and can be used for differentend uses namely, made ups, shirting materials, sarees, dresses,draperies etc.
Present investigation titled ‘Evaluation of Asteracantha longifoliaseed gum in printing of cotton fabric with arecanut slurry’ wascarried out during 20162018. Arecanut slurry was dried, powderedand used for experiments. Sodium alginate and A. longifolia wereselected as thickeners in printing process. Optimization of printingrecipe was done using three different ratios of dye sources withthree gums viz., sodium alginate, kokilaksha gum and combinationof sodium alginate and kokilaksha gum. Desized cotton fabric wasused for screen printing. 90 samples were printed using various dyeand gum combinations were subjected to visual analysis. Best 6samples were selected for further experiments based on the WeightedMean Score (WMS). Samples were subjected to after treatmentslike steaming, salt treatment and dry cleaning. Colour fastness, washdurability and UPF of printed samples were assessed. Experimentaldata was analysed by WMS, paired ttest and two factorial anova.Carbohydrate, starch, swelling index and viscosity were higher inkokilaksha gum than sodium alginate. Sedimentation volume of
Evaluation of Asteracantha longifolia seed gum in printing of cotton fabric with arecanut slurry
DEEPA S. BHAIRAPPANAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. JYOTI V. VASTRAD
sodium alginate was higher than kokilaksha gum. Flow rate ofkokilaksha gum was higher than sodium alginate at 0.5 per centconcentration. Samples printed with 50:50 and 75:25arecanut:myrobolon combinations at 0.5 per cent of 1:1 sodiumalginate and kokilaksha gum concentrations were highly acceptedby majority of the respondents. All samples printed with 50:50 and75:25 arecanut:myrobolan exhibited good (3) to excellent (4) light,wash, perspiration and rubbing fastness properties. Samples printedwith 75:25 arecanut:myrobolan combinations, with/without mordantexhibited higher colour strength parameters than 50:50arecanut:myrobolan printed samples. Samples printed withoutmyrobolan exhibited highest UVA, UVB blockage and UPF ratingscompared to 75:25 and 50:50 arecanut:myrobolan printed samples.Product development was done using 50:50 and 75:25 arecanut:myrobolan proportions and prepared samples were baby layette,baby frock, tablecloth, bedspread, headgear cum mask and protectiveapron were designed.
FOOD TECHNOLOGY
The present study was done in the UAS, Dharwad from 2017 to
2018 to know the potential of sapota fruits for wine production and
to optimize the fermentation parameters. The popularly available
sapota varieties, Cricket ball, Kalipatti, DHS1 and DHS2 were
screened based on the physicochemical properties using Completely
Randomized Design (4 treatments and 4 replications). The Kalipatti
variety showed high concentration of reducing sugars and phenolic
compounds and hence was used for optimising fermentation
parameters throughout the study. The reducing sugar content and
juice yield of all sapota varieties increased significantly after hot
water blanching. By Inoculating the yeast strain S. cerevisiae NCIM
3206 at 1.5 per cent size (1 × 10v cfu ml1) into sapota must
maintained at pH4.5, supplemented with 0.2 per cent DAHP and
incubation under 30 ÚC for 14 days were optimum for wine
Study on wine production from Sapota [Manilkara achras (Mill.) Forsberg]
ALFONSA JAMES MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GEETA G. SHIRNALLI
production with maximum alcohol (98.79 g l1) and least residual
reducing sugar (3.55 g l1) content. The sapota wine prepared can be
regarded as functional wine due to its high antioxidant activity and
presence of vitamins (A, C and K) and minerals (Ca, K, Fe and Zn).
The sensory evaluation of the sapota wine was rated 16.23 out of
20 in overall acceptability by selected panel of judges and graded as
standard wine with neither an outstanding character nor defect. A
scale up study of sapota wine to 5 litre under optimized fermentation
parameters in a 10 litre capacity bench scale fermenter verified the
finding from lab scale experiments. The cost economics study
revealed that sapota wine can be prepared with BC ratio of 1.67.
Among the varieties, Kalipatti was the best and the yeast S.
cerevisiae NCIM 3206 was effective, hence suited for wine
preparation.
116
The present study was done at the Bakery unit, University of
Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, during the year 201718 to optimize
the operational parameters viz., speed of conveyor, speed of dough
sheeter, mixing time and proofing time of dough, of roller cutting
biscuit machine and develop high fiber biscuit recipe for production
of biscuits using the same machine. The various parameters were
recorded in the industries and this data was used to optimize the
various operating parameters of the roller cutting biscuit machine.
Initially traditional method used in bakery unit, UAS, Dharwad
was tried on the machine. This recipe was not found fit to be used
in the machine as the dough sheet had no sufficient binding strength.
The recipe was optimized by optimizing various concentrations of
ingredients like margarine (60, 50, 40, 30 and 20 g) sugar (20, 25, 30,
35 and 40 g), lecithin (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 05 and 0.6 g), gluten (1, 2,
3, 4, 5 and 6 g) and water (13, 15, 17, 19, 20 and 21 ml). The sensory
Optimization of operational parameters of roller cutting biscuit machine for high fiber biscuits
GAJANAN S. SADALAGE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SATISH R. DESAI
evaluation of the optimized biscuit was based on 9 point hedonic
scale scored overall acceptability of 7.43 for whole wheat biscuits,
7.37 for foxtail millet biscuits, 7.18 for finger millet biscuits and
7.91 for chilli biscuits. The machine parameters like speed of dough
sheeter was optimized to 10 rpm, speed of screw conveyor to 120
rpm, the dough proofing time was optimized to 60 min and mixing
time of dough was optimized at 15 min. The optimized concentration
of margarine was 40 g, sugar 40 g, lecithin 0.5 g, gluten 4 g, and water
20 ml. The optimized operational parameters of machine and
optimized concentrations of ingredients had dough with good
rheological property, sheetability and cutting ability. The baked
biscuits had good textural property. The ratio of 50: 50 of foxtail
millet flour and whole wheat flour and also ratio of 50:50 of finger
millet flour and whole wheat flour was found suitable for the
production of biscuits.
Whey beverages are genuine thirst quencher, refreshing, healthful and
nutritious drink. The investigation on development of nutraceutical
enriched probiotic whey beverage was carried out at the Department
of Food Processing and Technology, UAS, Dharwad during 201718.
Optimization of whey parameters by using citric acid at various
concentration levels, 1, 2 and 3 per cent were tried and 2 per cent was
found to be highly acceptable based on pH, acidity and yield. In the
process of optimization of sugar level, 8, 10, 12 and 14 per cent
addition were tried and 12 per cent was highly acceptable. Cardamom,
ginger, pepper powder and blends of the three spices at levels 0.25,
0.50 and 0.60 per cent were added. Addition of 0.50 per cent cardamom
to the whey beverage was optimized based on the sensory scores. Addition
of probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus) at 1, 2 and 3 per cent and
fermentation time upto 6 h at an incubation temperature of 37 °C for
Development of nutraceutical enriched probiotic whey beverage
Y. SHANKRAPPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. HEMALATHA
each treatment indicated addition of 2 per cent probiotic culture with
107cfu/ml and with a fermentation time of 4 h was preferable. The
final optimized beverage samples stored at ambient and refrigeration
temperature indicated that the uninoculated sample could be stored
for one day at ambient while at refrigerated conditions it could be
stored for six days, while in the case of nutraceutical enriched probiotic
inoculated whey beverage at ambient temperature the shelf life was
one day and at the refrigeration temperature it was up to 12 days.
The optimized nutraceutical enriched probiotic whey beverage
containing 107 cfu/ml LAB, with a pH of 4.90, protein, fat, ash and
carbohydrate content of 0.90, 0.21, 0.74 and 13.20 per cent,
respectively and with an antioxidant activity of 44.61 per cent can be
a means to utilize whey in nutritionally and economically profitable
manner.
The present investigation was carried out at the Department of
Food Processing Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences,
Dharwad in 201718, to develop microgreen enriched pasta to combat
iron deficiency. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea), fenugreek (Trigonella
foenum-graecum L.), amaranth (Amaranthus gangeticus), coriander
(Coriandrum sativum L.), dill (Anethum graveolens) and lettuce
(Lactuca sativa) were studied for harvesting days, moisture, iron,
vitamin C, calcium, polyphenols, oxalic acid, phytic acid and dietary
fiber to screen for microgreens incorporation in pasta. Among the
microgreens, amaranth microgreens was selected based on high iron
content, inherent enhancers and low in inhibitors. Flour blending
time and flour mixing time was optimized at 10 and 20 min,
respectively. Among the different ratios of wheat semolina:barnyard
semolina formulations viz., 50:50, 40:60, 30:70 and 0:100,
combination of 50:50 steamed pasta with 25 ml/100 g water was
found optimum withcomparable solid loss (12.71 %) with wheat
Development of microgreen enriched pasta to combat iron deficiency
NIDASESI DEEPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. HEMALATHA
semolina pasta (10.43 %). Among the different ratios of amaranth
microgreens juice addition, pasta enriched with 25 ml/100 g amaranth
microgreens juice had higher sensory acceptability index. The bulk
density, expansion ratio, moisture retention, optimum cooking time,
cooked weight and swelling power, water absorption index (WAI),
water solubility index (WSI) and texture analysis of amaranth
microgreens enriched pasta was on par with the pasta without
amaranth microgreens. Pasta without amaranth microgreens had
higher values for L*, a* and b* than pasta with amaranth microgreens
in both cooked and uncooked pasta. The cooked pasta without
amaranth microgreen had higher L* value than uncooked pasta. Similar
trend was observed in case of amaranth microgreen enriched pasta.
Amaranth microgreens enriched pasta had significantly higher
(69.69%) bioaccessibility of iron compared to pasta without
amaranth microgreens (65.54 %) indicating nearly 70 per cent iron
bioaccessbility from amaranth microgreen enriched pasta.
117
ABSTRACTS OF THESES
Accepted for the award of post-graduate degrees inthe University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur during 2018
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
A. CROP SCIENCE
GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING
Chickpea wilt is the most destructive and widespread fungal diseasecaused by fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (foc) leads to20100 % yield loss in India. The core objective of the investigationwas to introgress and develops Fusarium wilt resistance to race4(foc4) in local chickpea cultivar Annigeri 1 (Susceptible). Annigeri 1crossed with WR 315 (Resistant, donor parent) through MABC andgenerated 55 F
1 seeds. Five hybrids were confirmed through capillary
electrophoresis (Applied Biosystems, USA) using polymorphicmarkers (TA194, TS82 and GA16). Positive F
1 plants were used for
backcross with Annigeri 1 to generate BC1F
1 and continued to BC
3F
1
seeds. Selection of backcross progenies was made using Fusariumwilt resistance linked markers (TA96, TA27 and TR19) by foregroundselection. Background selection was performed with 38 and 35polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers in earlygenerations of BC
1F
1 and BC
2F
1, respectively for recurrent parent
Introgression of Fusarium wilt resistance in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivar Annigeri-1 throughmarker assisted backcrossing
M. MAHIBOOBSA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. I. SHANKER GOUD
genome recovery, BC3F
1 were developed based on RPGR in BC
2F
1
with 91 to 93 per cent. After three rounds of selfing, selection and
field evaluation in wilt sick plot, six BC3F
4 MABC lines viz., MABC
3982, MABC1023, MABC1014, MABC66266, MABC66274 and MABC6623 showed resistance. The two markers TA19and TR27 linked to Fusarium wilt resistance were amplified withBC
3F
4 homozygous MABC lines were validated in LG2 and are found
to be located at 3.1 and 3.3 cM from foc-4 loci. Genetic variabilitywas also studied in 242 BC
3F
4 MABC lines under normal field
conditions. High heritability coupled with high genetic advancerecorded for number of pods per plant and seed yield per plant,respectively, due to the additive gene effects. Further these lines canbe evaluated for yield and yield attributing traits. The best performingand promising lines with desired traits can be utilised for synthesis ofvariety for the chickpea growing farming community.
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an annual legume and is known asPeanut, is used for oil, vegetable protein and as food. Groundnut grownunder tropical and subtropical regions of the world over more than 120countries. Asia accounts for about 50 per cent of area and 60 per centof world's groundnut production with largest share of India (>20 %),followed by China (>18 %) in area. However, in total production,China accounts highest (42.5 %) in the world followed by India (14.5%). Stability is the major constraints in crop improvement due tofluctuating climatic conditions along with biotic (pest and diseases) andabiotic (drought and temperature) stresses. An attempt has been madein the present study to evaluate different groundnut genotypes acrossthe locations to know the role of G x E interactions and also to analysethe stability of genotypes for different traits. The material GenomicSelection Training Population consisted of 340 genotypes. Theexperiment was laid in alpha lattice design with two replications fortwo seasons/year at four locations viz., ICRISAT Hyderabad, UASRaichur, ARS Kawadimatti and UAS Dharwad, all agronomic packageof practices followed for good crop stand at all locations. Theobservations were recorded for days to 50 per cent flowering, plantheight, pod yield per plant, seed yield per plant, shelling per cent, testweight and also nutritional (oil, protein, oleic acid, linoleic acid andoleic: linoleic acid ratio) quality traits. There is significant differences inall seasons among genotypes and traits indicating that differentialresponse of the genotypes to different environments. The high GCV
Multilocation evaluation of genomic selection training population for agronomic traitsin Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
RAJENDRAGOUDA PATIL MAJOR ADVISER: Dr. K. P. VISWANATHA
and PCV coupled with high heritability was recorded in all seasons andobserved more than 75 per cent variability in all seasons it indicatesthat these traits could be successfully transferred to oûspring andapply suitable selection indices to select superior genotypes. Numberof pods per plant, pod and seed yield per plant were significant positivelyassociated with each other while oil and protein, oleic and linoleic acidwere negatively associated. Stability analysis revealed that, genotypesICGV 05163, ICGV 05161, ICGV 00440, ICGV 06188 and ICGV07120 were better performed for yield and its component traits while,ICG 2381, ICG 5221, ICGV 06420, ICG 14482 and ICG 14475 wereconsistent across all environments for nutritional and quality traits.Genotypes, ICG 2381 and ICG 5221 were highly stable for oil content.Molecular analysis showed 82 per cent of variation and gene diversityfor different SSR and DArT markers. IPAHM103, GM630 andSEQ3A06 among SSR markers whereas, 100007451|F|0 and100001746|F|0 among DArT markers associated with most of thenutritional and quality traits including yield and yield component traits.The deployment of these markers in markerassisted selection willincrease intensity and accuracy of selection. The identified stablegenotypes and validated markers for yield and its related traits as wellas nutritional quality traits can be used for further breeding programme,the genomic selection module can performed using vast genomicinformation in correlation with generated phenotypic information foryield and nutritional quality traits over four locations.
118
AGRONOMY
Dry root rot (DRR) caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) Butler[Synonyms:Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid] is an emergingdiseases of chickpea gaining importance in the changed scenario ofclimate. To identify the genomic regions conferring resistance toDRR, 182 Recombinant Inbred Lines (RILs) were developed fromthe cross between a susceptible line BG 212 and moderately resistantline ICCV 08305. The RILs were screened in the laboratory using“Paper Towel Method”. Thirteen RILs were found as resistant,whereas 79, 78 and 12 RILs showed moderate resistance, susceptibleand highly susceptible reaction, respectively. The frequencydistribution for DRR disease incidence depicted a normaldistribution which showed quantitative nature. RILs were classifiedin two categories (resistance and susceptible), exhibited a ratio of1R:1S which gives good fit with the expected ratio and chisquarevalue was nonsignificant. The RIL population was genotyped withcosteffective SNP genotyping platform, comprising of 50,590 high
Molecular mapping of dry root rot resistance genes in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
ASHWINI KARADI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K.P.VISWANATHA
quality nonredundant SNPs tiled on to Affymetrix® Axiom®
genotyping array. Out of the 50,590 SNPs, 13,110 were highlypolymorphic and used for genetic map construction. As a result, ahigh density genetic map with 13,110 loci spanning 1,224.11 cMwith an average intermarker distance of 0.09 cM was developed. Aconsistent minor QTL was found for DRR on CaLG04 explainingphenotypic variation ranging from 5.87 to 7.41 per cent. Twopotentially important genomic regions were identified on CaLG05and CaLG03 contains major loci for days to 50 per cent flowering,plant height, plant biomass per plot and grain yield per plot.Resistant ICCRIL1469 recorded high grain yield per plot (292.33 g),plant biomass per plot (610 g) and maximum harvest index (62.6 %)during 2016. The identified genomic regions with linked SNP markerswill be further utilized for introgressing DRR resistant trait intoelite chickpea cultivars through MarkerAssisted Selection (MAS)to develop dry root rot resistant cultivars.
Field experiments were conducted at the UAS, Raichur farm, duringkharif seasons of 201516 and 201617 to study production andnutritional quality enhancement of nutricereals through agronomicmanipulations. In an experiment with respect to performance ofpigeonpea and nutricereals in intercropping systems, intercroppingof pigeonpea with foxtail millet (1:1) (991 kg ha1) recordedsignificantly higher seed yield of pigeonpea and was on par withpigeonpea + sorghum (1:1) (909 kg ha1), pigeonpea + foxtail millet(1:2) (847 kg ha1) and pigeonpea + pearl millet (813 kg ha1).However, pigeonpea + sorghum (1:1) (1205 kg ha1) and pigeonpea+ foxtail millet (1:1) (1193 kg ha1) recorded significantly higherpigeonpea equivalent yield and found at par with sole pigeonpea(1360 kg ha1). Land equivalent ratio indicated yield advantage, tothe extent of 28 to 45 per cent obtained due to intercropping withsorghum, foxtail millet and pearl millet. Sole pigeonpea recordedsignificantly higher net returns (56,507 ` ha1) and BC ratio (3.33)over intercropping systems and was found on par with pigeopea +sorghum (1:1) (46,597 ` ha1 and 2.74), respectively. The results ofexperiment on the performance of different nutricereals in strip
Production and nutritional quality enhancement of nutri-cereals through agronomic manipulations
MALLIKARJUN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B.G. KOPPALKAR
cropping with pigeonpea under varied fertility levels indicated thatpigeonpea + foxtail millet (2:4) with 100 % RDF to both componentcrops (1042 kg ha1) recorded significantly higher pigeonpeaequivalent yield and was found to be on par with pigeonpea +sorghum (2:4) with 100 % RDF to both component crops (1017 kgha1), pigeonpea + sorghum (2:4) with 50 % RDF through organic +50 % RDF through inorganic to both component crops (1001 kg ha1)and pigeonpea + foxtail millet (2:4) with 50 % RDF through organic+ 50 % RDF through inorganic to both component crops (969 kg ha1).However, pigeonpea + sorghum (2:4) with 100 per cent RDF toboth component crops recorded significantly higher net returns andBC ratio (` 34,641 ha1 and 2.28), respectively. However, it wasfound on par with pigeonpea + foxtail millet (2:4) with 100 per centRDF to both component crops (` 34,248 ha1 and 2.25), pigeonpea+ sorghum (2:4) with 50 per cent RDF through organic + 50 per centRDF through inorganic to both component crops (` 32,937 ha1 and2.19) and pigeonpea + foxtail millet (2:4) with 50 per cent RDFthrough organic + 50 per cent RDF through inorganic to bothcomponent crops (` 29,584 ha1 and 2.06), respectively.
Design refinement and development of reaper cum binder for Sorghum and Bajra crops
M. MAREPPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. ANANTACHAR
India is a major producer of sorghum and bajra crops in the world,which were grown in arid and semiarid regions. Harvesting and bindingare important operations of farming and has become a critical operationdue to inadequate labour availability. Timely operation helps to reducedfield losses during adverse climate. To solve these problems, a selfpropelled reaper cum binder was design refinement and developed atthe Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, College ofAgricultural Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur,Karnataka. The self propelled reaper cum binder was designed on basisof crop and machine parameters. The main feature of self propelledreaper cum binder are propulsion unit, gathering unit, bundling unit,knotting unit, traction unit and power transmission system. Threeranges of moisture contents 9, 11 and 13 per cent, forward speeds 2,
2.5 and 3 kmh1 and Header speed 90,120 and 140 cycles min1 wereoptimized on the basis of lower header loss, conveying loss andwindrowing loss. For sorghum and bajra crops, 13 per cent moisturecontent at a forward speed of 2 kmh1 at header speed of 90 cycles min1
was optimized as it resulted in lower header loss, conveying loss andwindrowing loss as 0.70 & 0.40, 0.50 & 0.35 and 0.10 & 0.07 per cent,respectively. Theoretical, effective field capacity and field efficiencywere found to be 0.30 & 0.324 ha h1, 0.34 & 0.38 ha h1 and 88.24 &85.26 per cent, respectively. It was observed that the cost of harvestingoperation by self propelled reaper cum binder unit was `1720 ascompared to the convention method of harvesting ` 5400. The savingin cost and time were 68.14 and 86.67 per cent, respectively as comparedto conventional method of manual harvesting.
119
A field experiment was conducted on medium black soil during kharif2016 and 2017 at the Agricultural Research Station, Gangavathi. Theresults revealed that among the different drip irrigation systems thesurface drip irrigation proved best over subsurface drip irrigation systemand among herbicidal treatments, pretilachlor @1.0 kg a.i./ha followedby one hand weeding @ 45 DAS significantly reduced the weed density(5.33/m2), dry weight of weeds (5.51 g/m2), weed index (20.17 %) andthe hand weeding thrice @ 20, 40 and 60 DAS recorded higher weedcontrol efficiency (65.62 %) than other treatments at harvest. This wasfollowed by pretilachlor @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha followed by one hand weeding@ 45 DAS which recorded WCE of (51.05 %). Among the treatments,hand weeding thrice at 20, 40 and 60 DAS recorded higher grain yield(5365.88 kg ha1) which was followed by pretilachlor @ 1.0 kg a.i./hafollowed by one hand weeding @ 45 DAS with a grain yield of 4273.08kg ha1 which was significantly superior to other treatments. The resultsrevealed that application of N through farmers’ method recorded higher
Agronomic investigations on micro-irrigation techniques in direct seeded Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
VINAY B PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. K. DESAI
plant height, number of tillers and plant dry weight but among real timemethods, the LCC 5, LCC 4, recorded higher plant height, number oftillers and plant dry weight and were on par to recommended methodduring both the seasons. On the other hand, the treatment with Noapplication of N but P and K applied and absolute control recordedlower plant height, number of tillers and dry weight. The pooled dataon grain yield (kg/ha) was significantly superior during both the years(4996 kg/ha) in application of N through farmers’ method (T
7) which
was superior over other treatments except LCC 5 (4699 kg/ha ), LCC4 (4649 kg/ha), SPAD 40 (4490 kg/ha ) and SSNM method (4516 kg/ha)which were on par with each other by indicating saving of N to the tuneof (31.8, 45.4, 36.3 and 22.7 %, respectively) over N through farmers’method. Higher agronomic efficiency was noticed in real time methodsthan application of N through farmers’ method. Among both the LCC5 and LCC 4 being superior in growth and yield. It is concluded thatLCC 4 to be optimum for direct seeded rice.
The study comprising of two field experiments was carried out at theAgricultural Research Station, Gangavathi, UAS, Raichur during rainyseasons of 2016 and 2017. The experiment on the effect ofestablishment techniques (4 main plots) and irrigation scheduling(4 sub plots) on GHGs emission and soil dynamics laid out in a splitplot design, replicated thrice revealed higher grain (4967 kg ha1) andstraw (5521 kg ha1) yields and harvest index (0.47) with system ofrice intensification (SRI) besides higher net returns (` 45804 ha1) andBC ratio (2.21) due to superior growth and development. However,lower total GHGs emission was recorded with dryDSR (29.70 %)compared to traditional transplanted rice and SRI was intermediate.Among the irrigation scheduling practices, alternate wetting and drying(AWD) recorded significantly higher grain (5205 kg ha1) and straw(5467 kg ha1) yields and harvest index (0.49) besides lower totalGHGs emission (29.91%) compared to traditional water impoundingpractice. AWD also recorded significantly higher water use efficiency
Production potential and spatio-temporal variation in greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from differentPaddy ecosystems (Oryza sativa L.) in semi arid tropics
JAGADISH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. M. CHITTAPUR
(31.13%) with a saving of 25.51 per cent irrigation water, higher netreturns (` 48251 ha1) and BC ratio (2.24). Further, the otherexperiment on effect of IW/CPE ratios (4 main plots) and fertigationlevels (4 sub plots) on water and nutrient use efficiency and soildynamics in DSR laid out in a split plot design, replicated thricerevealed significantly higher grain (5060 kg ha1) and straw (5937 kg ha1)yields and harvest index (0.46) and also recorded higher net returns(` 45105 ha1) and BC ratio (2.12) with 1.50 IW/CPE ratio. While,0.75 IW/CPE ratio recorded significantly higher water use efficiency(7.69 kg ha1 mm) and irrigation water saving (34.89 %). Among thefertigation levels, 125 % RDN recorded significantly higher grain(5049 kg ha1) and straw (5897 kg ha1) yields and harvest index (0.46).It also recorded significantly higher water, nitrogen, phosphorus andpotassium use efficiencies (7.22 kg ha1 mm, 26.9, 84.1 and 101.0 kg kg1,respectively) besides higher net returns (` 45231 ha1) and BC ratio(2.12).
A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural ResearchStation, Bheemarayanagudi during kharif and rabi seasons of 201314 and 201415 to study the Agronomic investigations in Maize (Zeamays L.) – Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Chickpea (Cicerarietinum L.) cropping system under UKP command” . The resultsindicated that the grain yield of maize (55.35 q ha1) and net returns(` 89,476 ha1) were significantly higher with sunnhemp as greenmanuring in 1:2 row proportions compared to sole maize (60 x 20cm) (43.85 q ha1 and ` 45,735 ha1, respectively) and it was foundon par with sunnhemp as brown manuring in 1:1 and 1: 2 rowproportions in maize. The residual effect of legume species used asgreen and brown manuring in preceeding maize was affectedsignificantly on succeeding wheat crop and followed same trend as
Agronomic investigations in Maize (Zea mays L.) – Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)and Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cropping system under UKP command
K. A. HIREMATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. S. HALEPYATI
that of maize. Varying levels of N did not vary on the performanceof wheat. The growth and yield attributes of both the crops followedsimilar trend as that of their yields. The highest grain and stoveryield of maize and net returns was obtained with target yield of 10t ha1 (69.90 q ha1, 89.5 q ha1 and ̀ 85,105 ha1, respectively) followedby target yield of 8 t ha1 (65.8 q ha1, 86.7 q ha1 and ` 80,565 q ha1,respectively) and by 150% RDF (64.0 q ha1, 85.7 q ha1 and` 74,198 q ha1, respectively). The significantly lower grain yieldwas observed in farmers’ practice (53.6 q ha1, 74.3 q ha1 and` 61,119 q ha1, respectively) followed by RDF. The growth andyield attributes followed the same trend as that of yield. The residualeffect of target yield approach did not affect on succeeding crop ofwheat and chickpea.
120
SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
The field experiments were conducted to study the effect of sowingmethods (Direct sowing and transplanting) and foliar sprays withmicronutrients (ZnSO
4 and B @ 0.5 per cent) and growth regulators
(GA3 @ 100 ppm, NAA @ 100 ppm and TIBA @ 240 ppm) at 60
and 90 days after sowing and 45 & 75 days after bulb planting formother bulb and seed production, respectively on growth, bulb yield,seed yield and quality of onion during 201617 and 201718 and labexperiment was conducted to evaluate the best method for onion seedstorage. Among the sowing methods, direct sowing was recordedsignificantly higher growth parameters viz., number of leaves (8.74)and plant height (50.00 cm) at 105 days after sowing, bulb fresh anddry weight at harvest (76.44 and 10.62 g, respectively) and bulb yield(256.4 q/ha) over transplanting (8.13, 48.42 cm, 73.56 g, 9.52 g and239.3 q/ha, respectively). While, the transplanting methodwas recorded significantly higher optimum size mother bulb yield(190.50 q/ha) compared to direct sowing (179.18 q/ha). In case of
Studies on standardization of seed production technology in Onion (Allium cepa L.)
ASHOK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BASAVE GOWDA
foliar spray, ZnSO4 @ 0.5 per cent recorded significantly higher values
for growth parameters viz., number of leaves (51.24) and plant height(79.58 cm) at 90 days after bulb planting, bulb yield (280.0 q/ha),optimum size mother bulb yield (242.23 q/ha), seed yield (512 kg/ha)and quality parameters viz., test weight (4.23 g), root length (12.83cm), shoot length (9.55 cm) and vigour index (2037) followed by GA
3
@ 100 ppm and the lowest in control (46.25, 74.42 cm, 221.3 q/ha,136.03 q/ha, 457 kg/ha, 3.27 g, 11.34 cm, 8.60 cm and 1798,respectively). The seeds stored in aluminiumlaminated pouches +silica gel (100 g/ kg seed) with vacuum packing maintained significantlyhigher seed quality parameters viz., seed germination (84.3 %), seedlingvigour index (1242), mean seedling dry weight (32.67 mg seedlings10)and electrical conductivity (0.696 dS m1) followed by seed stored inpolythene bag (700 gauge) + silica gel (100 g/ kg seed) with vacuumpacking till the end of twelve months of storage compared to clothbag (78.0 %, 858, 27.00 mg seedlings10 and 0.802 dS m1, respectively).
Field and laboratory experiments were carried out in the Department ofSeed Science and Technology, UAS, Raichur to study the effect ofplanting ratio (female : male) and foliar spray of plant growth regulator(PGR) on seed yield and quality in CMS based chilli hybrid duringkharif 2016 and 2017. The treatment (2:1 ratio + NAA @ 40 ppm spray)recorded highest seed yield (31.85 kg ha1), germination (87.00 %) andseedling vigour index (2294). In the experiment on standardization oftime of pollination of female flower bud and number of fruit pickings inCMS based chilli hybrid, significantly higher fruit set (43.48 %),germination (89.96 %), seedling vigour index (2764), seed weight fruit1
(0.451 g) and higher seed biochemical parameters were obtained in 10to 11 am pollination and fruits harvested in second picking (femaleflower crossed between midOctober to midNovember and fruitsharvested in the month of December). Processing of hybrid seeds using
Seed technological investigations in CMS based Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)hybrid UARChH42 (JCH42)
NEHA THAKUR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. N. VASUDEVAN
bottom screen aperture 2.00 mm round sieve yielded higher seed recovery(74.13 %) and germination (82.41 %) which was more than prescribedIndian Minimum Seed Certification Standards. In another experiment,R line seeds recorded maximum length and width using seed imageanalyser and a light yellow colour seed coat colour reaction was observedin potassium hydroxide (0.1 %) test for parental lines and hybrid.Hence, it can be used as an innovative tool for seed testing.Characterization of parental lines and hybrid was done using molecularmethods. Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) markersviz., CMSSCAR 130, CMSSCAR 130/140, P1 & P2 and coxII SCARwere found specific to A line and hybrid which reveals the identity offemale parent. CRFSCAR 870 marker was specific to male fertilityi.e. R line as well as hybrid that reveals identity of the male parent inhybrid seed production.
Soybean is an important oil seed crop grown during kharif season andcommonly called as golden bean, due to its high protein. Due to itsthin seed coat, its seed quality is easily effected by different harvestsand post harvest factors such as initial seed moisture contents.Method of harvest, rainfall during harvesting, method of processingetc. in view of the above, the study was under taken to identify thebest seed treatment methods to maintain the seed quality and bestsowing time to produce the quality seed during off season. Theexperiments were conducted during 201516 and 201617 to knowthe effect of seed treatment with different fungicides along withpolymer (To:. control, T
1: polymer @ 5 ml, T
2: T
l+ thiram @ 3 g kg
1, T3: T
1+ carboxin @ 2 g kg1, T
4: T
1+ carbendazim @ 2 g kg1, T
5: T
l+
(carbendazim 25 % + mancozeb 75 %) @ 3 g kg1, T6: T
1+ (thiram
Seed technological investigations in Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill)
B. VENKATESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BASAVE GOWDA
37.5 % + carboxin 37.5 %) @ 3 g kg1 of seed, on seed quality and seedyield. The off season sowing experiment was conducted during rabi-summer (November 1st fortnight to February 2nd fortnight) to identifythe best planting time on for obtaining higher seed yield and quality.From the present investigation, it was observed that the seeds treatedwith fungicide (carbendazim 25 % + mancozeb 75 %) @ 3 g per kg ofseeds along with polymer @ 5 ml per kg of seed recorded significantlyhigher seed quality parameters up to nine months of storage and alsohighest plant growth and seed yield as compared to the control. Amongthe different sowing dates, the soybean cv. JS 335 and DSb 21 sownduring November 1st fortnight was recorded the significantly higherplant growth and seed yield followed by November 2nd fortnightduring off season.
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SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING
The study was conducted for analyzing the impact assessment of SSDsystem on land and water resources and crop performance in TBPcommand area, Karnataka during 20152017. The solis are very rich inclay content of 4156 per cent. Considering Gundur, Mallapur andChagabhavi villages of TBP command area, the average drain dischargeduring kharif 2015 and 2016 was ranged between 0.69 to 1.87 mm d1
and 0.66 to 0.91 mm d1. The soils mean pH values beforetransplantation and after harvesting ranged from 8.20 to 8.69. Duringkharif 2015, the mean ECe values before transplantation ranged from9.01 to 14.82 dS m1 and 8.05 to 12.87 dS m1 after harvesting. The ESPvalues were ranged between 12.87 to 17.95 in all the three villages. Theleachate salinity at Gundur and Chagabhavi villages ranged between7.87 to 11.34 dS m1. Whereas at Mallapur village the leachate watersalinity ranged between 5.12 to 7.34 dS m1, this leachate water can beused for irrigation during scarcity of water. The nutrients loss(NH4N, NO3N, P+ and K+) in all the drains ranged between 0.340.41, 0.480.55, 0.210.36 and 0.410.54 m eq l1. The nutrients lossfrom the subsurface drains can be controlled by closing of the drains for
Impact assessment of subsurface drainage on land and water resources in Tungabhadra command area
K. MALLIKA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. S. AYYANAGOWDAR
two to three days after the application of fertilizer or pesticide. Theleachate water quality viz., SAR and RSC values were observed to be7.958.01 and 24.56 to 29.91, respectively at Gundur, Mallapur andChagabhavi villages. Finally, the cropping intensity and crop yield wasobserved to be increased by 87.02 and 40.43 per cent (Gundur village),91.24 and 158.67 per cent (Mallapur village), 89.38 and 37.94 per cent(Chagabhavi village), respectively as compared to pre drainagecondition. The average yield of leachate water treated land was reducedat all the three villages (33, 34.58 and 29.82 q ha1). The saltwaterbalance model, SALTMOD showed that the observed and predictedwater table depth were found to be in good agreement during thecalibration and validation period for both kharif and rabi seasons,while during the summer season, the deviation was relatively more.Whereas, root zone salinity showed lowering trend for both kharif andrabi seasons. The results emerged out from the model will be useful forplanning of projects related to the reuse of drainage water as conjunctiveuse for supplement irrigation, to meet the irrigation requirement of a particulararea and also this model can be used in entire TBP command area.
The study was conducted from November 2015 to May 2017 atShahapur and Shorapur taluk, Yadgir district, to prioritization ofdegraded lands in selected distributary of Upper Krishna Project(UKP) command area, Karnataka. For land use land coverclassification, supervised and unsupervised classification techniqueswas used. From supervised classification during postmonsoon of2015 and 2016, the waterlogged area was 1441.98 ha and 1489.77 hasalt affected area was 1797.03 ha and 1762.11 ha, respectively, forpremonsoon 2016 and 2017 waterlogged area was 52.87 ha,53.46 ha and salt affected areas was 3486.96 ha and 3602.86 ha,respectively. The two different indices were used for delineation ofwater bodies and waterlogged areas of D7 i.e normalized differencewater index (NDWI) and normalized difference vegetative index(NDVI). The NDWI approach during November 2015 and 2016was 1502.45 ha and 1526.54 ha and waterlogged area during May
Prioritization of degraded lands in selected distributary of Upper Krishna Project(UKP) command area, Karnataka
AYYANNA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. POLISGOWDAR
2016 and 2017 was 98.8 and 59.64 ha, respectively. From NDVIapproach during November 2015 and 2016, and May 2016 and2017 area under water bodies were to the tune of 138.72 and 98.58ha, and 121.80 and 58.62 ha, respectively. Different indices wereused for delineation of salt affected areas: Normalized differencesalinity index (NDSI) and Soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI).NDSI during November 2015 and 2016, and May 2016 and 2017,salt affected area was 1747.02 and 1663.14 ha, and 3458.93 and3523.27 ha, respectively. SAVI during November 2015 and 2016,and May 2016 and 2017, salt affected areas was 1777.02 and1680.14 ha, and 3485.93 and 3598.27 ha, respectively. Reclamationmeasures were suggested considering the lateralwise prioritizationof waterlogged and salt affected areas. For reclamation of waterloggedand saline soils the introduction of engineering measures such assurface and subsurface drainage systems are suggested.
Hydrological modelling of Patapur micro-watershed using QSWAT modelin north eastern dry zone of Karnataka
PREMANAND. B. DASHAVANT MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. U. SATISHKUMAR
Physically based Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) modelwas setup and assessed the runoff and sediment yield from Patapurmicrowatershed (488.75 ha) situated in northeastern dry zone ofKarnataka. The stream flow parameters namely SCS curve number,effective hydraulic conductivity of main channel (CH_K2), availablewater content of soil (SOL_AWC), groundwater delay (GW_ Delay)and soil evaporation compensation (ESCO) were found to be themost sensitive. The sediment yield parameters namely, average slopesteepness (HRU_SLP) , USLE_P and soil erodibility factor were
found to be most sensitive. The statistical indicators of R2, NS,PBIAS and RSR for daily discharge during calibration period werefound to be 0.88, 0.87, 21.30 and 0.36, respectively. Similarly, forvalidation period value of R2, NS, PBIAS and RSR are found to be0.63, 0.64, 24.00 and 0.56, respectively. For daily sediment yieldthe R2, NS, PBIAS and RSR during calibration were 0.68, 0.68, 30.12 and 0.57, respectively. The values of R2, NS, PBIAS and RSRduring validation period were 0.76, 0.72,32.45 and 0.69, respectivelyindicating the model performance was good for both stream flow and
122
sediment yield simulation which are adequate for SWAT modelapplication for management planning. Such successful evaluation ofSWAT model as illustrated in this study can widen model applicabilityinto other ungauged basins. After implementation of BMPs atwatershed and HRUs level the percent decrease in runoff generationvaried from 21.23 to 88.44 per cent. Similarly, the per cent decrease
in sediment yield varied from 38.24 to 82.07 per cent. The magnitudesof average annual surface runoff and sediment yield before and afterland use scenario (aforestation) were 138.06 mm and 2.55 t ha1 and26.45 mm and 1.024 t ha1, respectively. The per cent reductionin average annual runoff and sediment yield were 80.84 and59.84 per cent, respectively.
A study was carried out on evaluation of land, water and cropmanagement practices in different reaches of command areas of twoselected laterals of the Upper Krishna Project (UKP), Karnatakaduring 201214. The results revealed that, the soils in the head,middle and tail reach from 3 to 7 field irrigation channels (FICs) inlateral1 and 2, clearly shows moderately suitable (S2) for growingcrops like pigeon pea and rice during kharif and less irrigated cropslike chickpea and maize during rabi by managing limitations usingBest Management Practices (BMP) including proper drainagemeasures,whereas the soils at tail reach are not suitable for groundnut cultivation. In the study area, it was observed that, there was anexcess inflow at the lateral heads than actually required, which wasranging from 27.94 to 51.76 per cent and 42.49 to 56.44 per centwith water demanddelivery ratios of 0.48 to 0.72 and 0.44 to 0.58in kharif and rabi seasons, respectively. If the excess losses are
Evaluation of land water and crop management in a command area and evolving decision supportsystem for sustainable agriculture development
N. K. RAJESHKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR Dr. P. BALAKRISHNAN
controlled, additionally 4.88 to 62.90 ha in kharif and 10.34 to69.18 ha in rabi season could have been cropped with high to lightirrigated crops. From 2014 onwards, the water table of the area waswithin 3 m (bgl) due to its rise because of excess irrigation, whichcould be classified as ‘potential for waterlogging’. After optimisationcropping intensity in both the laterals from 174.55 ha (0.04 %) to216.56 ha (19.43 %) and 1.24 times more area can be irrigatedaccording to conjunctive water use goal programming model(CWUGP) when compared to the existing area of 174.48 ha. Fromthe DSS optimisation study, there is significant decrease in grosscrop water requirement by 1.16 times, 2.5 times increase in cropproduction and 1.37 times improved net returns with CWUGP model.DSS suggested optimisation of cropping pattern, if adopted in thestudy area can feed around 5947 people, which is 2.56 times morepopulation from the study area.
AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY
Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) is an important pulse crop in thesemiarid tropics and subtropical farming systems and Maruca vitrata(Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a serious pest of pigeonpea intropic and subtropics, because of its extensive host range, destructivenessand distribution on cowpea, mungbean, urdbean and field bean.Investigations were undertaken at the Agriculture Research Station,Kalaburagi, Karnataka India during 201516 and 201617 onstandardization of cost effective artificial diet for mass multiplicationof M. vitrata, Life table studies and host preference and exploration ofalternative hosts in the offseason. In the present investigations,comparisons were made on biological parameters of M. vitrata rearedon artificial diet viz., pigeonpea, chickpea, french bean, cowpea andsoybean diets and pigeonpea host plant. These results imply that costeffective artificial diet based on chickpea flour, with additive pigeonpealeaves, flower and buds powder and best cost effective results were
Standardization of artificial diet and life table studies of Maruca vitrata (Geyer)(Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
SHWETHA SURPUR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUHAS YELSHETTY
obtained when wheat germ was replaced by red gram husk, agar wasreplaced by low cost agar shreds and increase of sorbic acid instead ofantibiotics. Agespecific fecundity of M. vitrata was studied for twogenerations, the second generation nearly reduced individuals comparedto first generation. The mortality observed was highest in earlier stagescompared to later instars. Key mortality factors from life table studiesof M. vitrata revealed that the early larval mortality was by Phanerotomahendecasisella parasitoids and later instars by Trathala flavoorbitalisand Bassus relatives parasitoids. The exploration of alternative hostsduring offseason for M. vitrata indicated the incidence recorded wasmaximum on pendal field bean followed by field bean and french beanand minimum on green gram and black gram. Sprouted green gram wasexcellent host preference as alternative host for rearing of M. vitrataand most suitable for offseasonal rearing followed by french beanpods and french bean flowers.
PLANT PATHOLOGY
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important foodlegumes being cultivated in almost all over the world. Dry root rotdisease caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola is recently becoming seriousdisease. Symptom was yellowing and partial or complete wilting ofthe stem or one or more branches. In advanced stage of the disease,
Status, variability and management of dry root rot of Chickpea caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola [(Taub.)Butler] with changing climate
DEEPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GURURAJ SUNKAD
affected plants are became straw coloured, but in some cases thelower leaves and stems showed brown discolouration. In survey,Bhusnur village of Aland taluk recorded highest average dry root rotincidence of 45.55 %. The least disease incidence was noticed inAldahal village of Yadagiri taluk (0.50 %). Cultural and morphological
123
chararcters showed variation among R. bataticola isolates. Identificationof 20 R. bataticola isolates by PCR produced amplified product sizeof 550 600 bp. In studies on molecular diversity, Amplified productswith all the primers have showed polymorphic and distinguishablebanding pattern indicating the genetic diversity among all the isolatesof R. bataticola. The maximum colony growth of R. bataticola anddisease severity was observed at 3035 ºC which is considered asoptimum temperature. Maximum dry root rot and lesser root length,shoot length and total biomass were recorded at 40 %, 50 % and 60 %moisture Elevated CO
2 @ 550 ± 25 ppm with 2 ºC rise in temperature
showed higher disease severity and reduced growth parameters. The
least disease severity and higher growth parameters were observed inopen plot. Preliminary screening of 100 germplasm lines resulted inthe identification of fourteen resistant and five moderately resistantgermplasm lines. Advanced screening of 19 genotypes underphenotyping technique yielded only four genotypes resistant andfive moderately resistant genotypes. In the integrated diseasemanagement, seed treatment with mancozeb 50 % + carbendazim25 % WS @ 3.5 g/kg soil drenching water to infected and surroundingplants was highly effective by recording least disease incidence ofdry root rot (7.79 %) with highest seed yield (12.26 q/ha), test weight(38.90 g) and highest benefit cost ratio (3.40).
Trichoderma species are known as an effective biocontrol agent againstseveral plant pathogens of important crops. Despite the commercialsuccess of Trichoderma restricted efficacy and inconsistency underfield conditions limits the extensive field application. A total of 50indigenous Trichoderma isolates were used comprises differentsubstrata of northeastern dry zone of Karnataka. Among the isolatesT. asperellum and H. lixii species was found to be predominantlydistributed based on tef1 sequences. Isolates T46, T41, T47 and T31 of T. asperellum, T. lexii and T. harzianum were found effectiveagainst chickpea pathogen in dual culture assay. Isolates T17, T48,T46, and T45 were found potential VOC producers in invertedplate assays. Drastic reduction of mycelial growth and distinctmorphology was noticed above 800 mM salt. Isolates T10, T1, T4,T28 showed maximum salt tolerance ability. None of the isolatesshowed any growth at extreme temperature of 5, 10 and 40 ºC.Trichoderma isolates were incompatible with carbendazim andhexaconazole. Among insecticides and herbicides tested werecompatibility with all the concentrations. Field trial, T45 isolate
Genetic enhancement of biocontrol potential of Trichoderma spp. by induced mutation
RAMANAGOUDA GAVIYAPPANAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. K. NAIK
performed well against Fusarium wilt of chickpea. The T5 isolatewas used to induce the mutation from 1st round mutation 27 gammairradiated and 3 NTG induced mutants were obtained. Mutants Tm14, Tm8 and Tm13 as well as TM23, Tm8 and Tm5 were best indual culture and VOC against chickpea pathogens. The 1.2 K gray of60Co of gamma irradiation was ideal dose to increase the bioefficacy,but not ideal to obtain enhanced abiotic stress tolerance ability inTrichoderma. The highest EC
50 value to carbendazim was recorded
from 2nd mutation, mutant (2NTG2, 2NTG3 and 2NTG1). The betatubulin sequences of T5, 1NTG2 and 2NTG2 of TaTub1 and TaTub2depicted that there is no mutation in TaTub1. Deduced amino acid’sstructural superimposition of Tatub2 of 1NTG1 with T5 and 2NTG2with T5 gave 37 and 183 residues respectively. Treatments T
7 (2NTG2
+ 0.5 RD carbendazim) found better in dry root rot management inglasshouse conditions. Characterization of indigenous isolates andmutation of are best way to improve the fungicide tolerance and traitbased consortium preparations to use in integrated diseasemanagement.
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
NHM is a centrally sponsored scheme, launched by the Department
of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture and
Government of India during 200506. The scheme aims at holistic
development of horticulture sector duly ensuring forward and
backward linkages, with the active participation of all the stakeholders
including farmers and private entrepreneurs. The mission has a strong
technical support at the national and state level provided by the
National Horticulture Board, with suitably strengthened experts and
technical personnel to advise, formulate, appraise and monitor the
implementation of the mission’s programme (Mruthyunjaya et al.,
2011). Multi stage random sampling technique has employed for
identifying the sample respondents covered under NHM Scheme.
The Primary data on cost, returns, income, employment and other
infrastructural facilities generated collected from the sample
respondents. Thus a total sample size of 240 beneficiaries and 90 non
beneficiaries of NHM scheme will be interviewed. The result revealed
Impact of National Horticulture Mission on growth and development of horticultural crops inKarnataka-An economic analysis
G. B. RAMESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. LOKESHA
that the distribution of land holding among beneficiaries is highest
with 1.42 hectares per year in comparison with nonbeneficiaries
with 0.94 hectares per household per year. The higher income generated
by beneficiaries from horticulture crop enterprises is mainly due to
technological components provided under NHM scheme. The
beneficiaries of NHM scheme have generated higher employment
with 98 man days /ha/year in comparison with 70 man days /ha/year.
Higher employment generation is mainly attributed to perennial nature
of horticultural crops whose farm practices are carried out throughout
the year cultivation of horticultural crop enterprises also reduce
migration in rural areas. Karnataka state is one among the major states
involved in production and export of horticulture produce in India.
The growing demand for horticultural crops such as mango,
pomegranate, grapes and processed products has increased in
International market. The processed products like pickles, chutney,
raisin, have more demand in the international market.
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Chemical fertilizers have played a vital role in the success of India’sgreen revolution and consequent selfreliance in foodgrainproduction. The study used both primary and secondary data tofulfil the objective of the study. The necessary secondary data aboutconsumption of NPK in Karnataka were collected from Directorateof Economics and Statistics, Karnataka for the year 198990 to201516 and trend was estimated using the compound annual growthrate function. The primary data collected through survey methodfrom paddy cultivated 60 farmers, cotton cultivated 60 farmers andredgram cultivated 60 farmers, thus the total 180 samples werecollected. The results of CAGR revealed that, the consumption ofNPK fertilizer witnessed significant growth during periodIcompared to periodII and periodIII. In overall period the growthin consumption of NPK fertilizer from 198990 to 201516 wasnoticed positive across all the divisions which was highest 24.74
Dynamics of chemical fertilizers consumption in north eastern Karnataka(NEK) region - An economic analysis
RAVINDRA CHAVAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SURESH S. PATIL
per cent per annum in Kalburagi division (24.74 %) and has lessvariability as compared to other divisions. In paddy cultivationamong small farmers over usage was observed in nitrogen (120.66 %)and phosphorous (168.41 %) consumption. While under usage hasobserved in potash consumption (48.35 %). There was significantdifference in gross and net returns obtained by small and large farmersin paddy cultivation, gross and net returns were found higher amonglarge farmers (` 51,027 and 23891) when compared to small farmers.Similarly in cotton and redgram cultivation also noticed significantdifference in gross and net returns obtained by small and large farmers.Economic efficiency in paddy cultivation under the assumption ofvariable returns to scale results revealed that, there is still potentialto increase the paddy production by 41 per cent in small farmersand 37 per cent in large farmers at the existing level of their resourcesand technology.
Livestock sector plays a prominent role in the rural economy insupplementing the income of rural households, particularly forlandless labourers, small and marginal farmers. The study wasconducted to know the role of livestock in farmer’s economy and toassess the economic interlinkages of livestock with other enterprisesin Northeastern Karnataka (NEK) region. During investigation, 24villages were randomly selected from three districts of NEK region.Among the selected villages, ten farmers were selected to make upthe predetermined 240 sample respondents. The data was analyzedusing tabular presentation and social accounting matrix (SAM). Thestudy revealed that the majority of farmers possessed education upto middle school. Further, around 70 per cent of the sample farmerswere small and marginal. The importance of dairy was emphasizedby the fact that it was the major source of income to more than halfof the sample farmers. While, the integration of livestock with crop
Economic interdependence of agriculture and livestock enterprises in north eastern Karnataka
YASMEEN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SURESH S. PATIL
production was clearly established through forward and backwardlinkages, thus paddy straw was the main source of fodder producedonfarm. The highest gross return from the milk was observed inlarge farmers since they maintained more than seven crossbred cows.Thus, the milk consumption per family was more in large farmersthan other categories. Determinants of rearing of crossbred cowswere worked out and the significant factors responsible were familysize, total land, literacy of the head of the family, paddy straw yieldand household like farming. As per the opinion of 75 per cent of thefarmers, the high cost of animal, lack of availability of feed andfodder were the major production problems in livestock rearing. Incontrast, the marketing constraints such as difficulties intransportation of animals and inadequate space for shelter and socialand political constraint were labour scarcity and delay in governmentsubsidy.
Capital is the prerequisite for any progressive activity and economicdevelopment of the country or state. It is necessary to look into apolicy for capital formation in relation to process of agriculturaltransformation. An attempt has been made through the present researchto study the state level capital formation in agriculture and alliedactivities and irrigation systems; private capital expenditure by farmhouseholds; impact of capital investment on agriculturaltransformation and influence of government developmentalprogrammes on capital formation in agriculture. The study wasundertaken with the aid of both micro and macro level data in NorthEastern Karnataka (NEK) region covering three agro climatic zones.Two taluks were selected in each zone where each taluk has 30 samples.The total sample size for the study was 180. The study revealed thatthe total public and private capital expenditure on various heads ofagriculture and allied activities in Karnataka has been increasing overthe period of study. Pattern of investment across the different
Dynamics of capital formation in agriculture in north eastern Karnataka- An economic analysis
K. SHRUTHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. AMRUTHA T. JOSHI
categories of farms and zones revealed that majority of investmentshare was on farm machineries and irrigation structures and accessoriesin irrigated areas and on livestock and construction of farm buildingsin rainfed areas. Cropping intensity, income of farmers, size oflandholdings and education were observed to be the major factorswhich influenced the capital formation in agriculture. The Markovanalysis of changes in cropping pattern revealed that the area undercereals and minor millets and pulses had shifted towards commercialcrops and fruits and vegetables from period I (199697 to 200506)to period II (200607 to 201516). Government schemes anddevelopment programmes had indirectly influenced the capitalformation in agriculture through the funds released for each schemeduring the recent time period. It was concluded that there is a positivelink between capital formation in agriculture and agriculturaltransformation. Capital investment at macro level had promoted thefarmers investment across different farm capital assets.
125
FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING
Investigations on ‘Productivity enhancement and management of leafreddening in Bt cotton under TBP irrigation command’ comprised oftwo field experiments and an onfarm survey were carried out at theAgricultural College Farm, University of Agricultural Sciences,Raichur, Karnataka during growing seasons of 201416 under irrigation.Cotton productivity and leaf reddening (LR) as influenced by nutritionmanagement for targeted yields revealed that SSNM for yield targetof 5 t ha1 and supplementary nutrition of MgSO
4 both to the soil
and to the foliage and foliar application of major nutrients (19:19:19and KNO
3) thrice at flowering, boll development and boll bursting
stage recorded significantly higher plant height (158 cm), number ofmonopodials (3.0) and sympodials (27.5), nodes on main stem (37.8),good opened bolls (61.1 61.9), total developed bolls (66.2 66.9),lower leaf anthocyanin (0.015, 0.023, 0.038 and 0.048 mg g1 freshweight, respectively), lower LRI indices (0.23, 0.37, 0.68 and 1.10,respectively at 90, 105, 120 and at 135 DAS, respectively),productivity efficiency (0.52 during first year), seed cotton yield(5349 kg ha1) and gross and net returns (` 3,01,896 and 2,45,120,respectively) amongst all yield targets and LR management practices,
Productivity enhancement and management of leaf reddening in Bt Cotton underTBP irrigation command
VINAYAK HOSAMANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B.M.CHITTAPUR
and recommended control (2836 kg ha1). While, the study oninteraction effect of genotypes and time of sowing on crop productivityand LR revealed significantly higher leaf area (20.6, 95.1, 112.2 and78.1 dm2 plant1, respectively), LAI (0.38, 1.76, 2.08 and 1.45 at 45, 90and 135 DAS and at final picking, respectively), monopodials andsympodials (2.86 and 31.9 plant1, respectively), nodes on main stem(35.3), TDM (41.6, 231.5, 318.5 and 338.9 g plant1 at 45, 90 and 135DAS and at final picking, respectively, GDD (2084 2093 0days),chlorophyll ‘a’ (1.23, 1.57, 1.58 and 1.48 mg g1 fresh weight,respectively) and ‘b’ (0.37, 0.60, 0.52 and 0.45 mg g1 fresh weight, at90, 105, 120 and 135 DAS), lower boll shedding (11.4 and 11.8 at 90and 135 DAS, respectively), lower leaf anthocyanin (0.017, 0.043,0.067 and 0.092 at 90, 105, 120 and 135 DAS, respectively), noreddening up to 105 DAS, maximum boll count (62.8), highestproductivity efficiency (0.48 kg ha1 dm2day1), seed cotton yield(4173 kg ha1) and gross and net incomes (` 2,31,498 and 1,87,119,respectively) with early sowing during II fortnight of June with cv.Bindas compared to delayed sowings with same or different Bt cultivars.Data from survey were mapped using special krigging and presented.
Gum guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub) is commonly knownas cluster bean. Gum guar is recently introduced in north easternKarnataka (NEK) on experimental basis in view of occurrence ofintermittent and early drought in the region. In this study, gum guaris considered as an alternate crop to pigeonpea and cotton. Thisstudy was undertaken with an overall objective of analyzing thefeasibility of production and marketing of gum guar in NEK region.In addition, the study analyzed the production potentiality of gumguar, its export performance and constraints faced by the farmers inproduction and marketing, processing of gum guar into its derivatives.The study is confined to four districts of the NEK region includingKalaburagi, Yadgir, Raichur and Koppal. Multistage samplingtechnique was employed to select the sample respondents. Thefarmers cultivating gum guar, pigeon pea and cotton each numbering
An economic feasibility of production and marketing of Gum guar in north eastern Karnataka
N. MANJUNATHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. LOKESHA
60. The collected data on cost and returns of selected crops isconfined to the production year 201314. The results highlightedthat the total cost of cultivation of gum guar was quite less with` 28,354 per hectare in comparison with ` 42,052 and ` 68,275 perhectare, in pigeonpea and cotton, respectively. This has resulted inlower return per rupee of investment of 0.50 in gum guar incomparison with 1.06 and 1.21 in pigeonpea and cotton, respectively.The gum guar grown by the farmers was marketed mainly throughtwo marketing channels. The transition probability matrix for gumguar exports revealed that USA, Other countries category, Germany,Russia, China P Rp, Canada and United Kingdom were the stablemarkets for Indian gum guar. The study has suggested few policyimplications for improving the production potentiality of gum guarin NEK region.
The tractor drawn ginger harvester cum elevator was designed anddeveloped by considering soil, biometric and machine parametersand performance evaluation of the machine was carried out in theexperimental area of farmers field at Chitta village of Bidar districtin red clay soil. The developed machine mainly consists of diggingunit and conveying unit. The effect of three blade geometries viz.,straight blade, inverted V blade and crescent blade at three rakeangles of 15, 20 and 25 degree and at three forward speeds of 2.0,2.5 and 3.0 km h1 were considered for evaluation and evaluated interms of draft, digging efficiency, damage of rhizome and fuel
Design, development and evaluation of Ginger Harvester cum elevator
KAWALE NAGENDRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. ANANTACHAR
consumption of tractor mounted harvester for harvesting gingerrhizome. The best optimal condition was observed at a forwardspeed of 2.5 km h1 with 20 degree rake angle for inverted V typeblade. The conveyor unit of the ginger harvester cum elevator wasevaluated based on the optimized parameters obtained during diggingoperation. The conveyor unit was tested with different operationalparameters viz., angle of elevator (15, 20 and 25 degree) and speedratio of elevator (1.0, 1.25 and 1.5). The best optimal operationalconditions were observed at a speed ratio of 1.25 with angle ofelevator of 20 degree. The maximum draft of 3670.84 N was recorded
126
PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING
The present work was aimed to study the engineering properties offoxtail millet viz., physical, proximate, aerodynamic and frictionalproperties of foxtail millet. Optimized the fractionation process forfoxtail millet and study the characterization of foxtail millet fractions.Standardize the process technology for development of nutririchextruded product using different fractions of foxtail millet. Study thequality parameters for developed extruded product. The fractionatedfibre from foxtail millet having good per cent of soluble fibre(39.53±1.72 %), isoluble fibre (60.47±3.31 %) and total fibre(100.00±4.90 %). The optimized treatment (0.15 % NaOHconcentration, 22 h steeping time and 0.05 N HCl concentration) forfractionation of foxtail millet starch was found to be good in massyield (67.28 %), carbohydrate (94.72 %), L* value (78.34), waterabsorption index (201.64 %), water solubility index (15.53%), swellingpower (4.51), amylose content (16.48) with a desirability of 0.78 ascompared to other treatment combinations. The optimized starchfraction were found good pasting properties viz., peak viscosity,breakdown viscosity, final viscosity and setback viscosity wereobserved to be 9314.00±8.50, 3725.00±6.26, 11540.00±3.28 and7791.00±3.78 cP, respectively. The pasting temperature was recordedto be 82.50±2.65 °C. The morphological behaviour of optimizedstarch fraction were in spherical shape of the particles. Xraydiffraction angles of optimized starch fraction at 15°, 18°, 23°, 24°,
Fractionation and characterization of Foxtail millet and its applicability in extruded products
GOUDRA PRAMOD GOUDA MAJOR ADVISER: Dr. SHARANAGOUDA HIREGOUDAR
33° and 48° 2θ values was found to be 5.81±0.18°, 4.80±0.71°,3.80±0.84°, 3.64±0.59°, 2.68±0.45° and 1.87±0.41°, respectively.Thermal properties of optimized starch fraction viz., peaktemperature, onset temperature, glass transition temperature andenthalpy of gelatinization was found to be 333.55±4.82 °C,320.34±18.65 °C, 320.22±18.55 °C and 63.44±7.44 J.g1,respectively. The optimized protein fraction (90% ethanolconcentration and 1.5 h steeping time) was found highest prolaminprotein fraction (42.32 %), crude protein (91.39 %) emulsifyingcapacity (79.26 %), foaming capacity (45.33 %) and foaming stability(30.66 %) as compared to other treatment combinations and otherprotein fraction. The protein solubility of optimized prolamin proteinfraction was found to be highest (64.38±4.5 %) at pH 9.0. The starch,fibre and protein fortification combination of foxtail millet fractionbased on nutririch extruded product was found to be 64.66 g ofstarch, 17.67 g of fibre+17.67 g of prolamin protein fraction with thehelp of twin screw extruder. The developed nutririch extruded productprepared from the treatment T
7 i.e., 64.66 g starch, 17.66 g fibre and
17.66 g prolamin protein formulation were found to be highest interms of physical, textural, chemical, morphological and sensoryattributes followed by treatment T
5 i.e., 82.33 g starch+17.67 g
prolamin protein fraction as compared to the other treatmentcombinations.
Asthma plant (Euphorbia hirta L.) is a small annual documentedweed exhibits various pharmacological activities and contains manyphytochemical constituents that have various disease preventingproperties. The aim of the present investigation was to standardizethe process technologies for drying, extraction and encapsulation ofbioactive compounds from asthma plant. The optimized dryingmethod was found to be dehumidified air dryer with the drying timeof 10.5 hours. The maximum extraction yield of 10.5 g /100 g andextraction efficiency of 93.75 per cent were obtained in supercriticalfluid pressure of 225 bar and temperature of 50 °C. The recovery ofbio active compounds viz.,total phenolic content (58.37 mg GAE.g1),antioxidant activity (64.46 %), total flavonoids (31.83 mg QE.g1),
Studies on extraction and encapsulation of bioactive compounds from Asthma plant (Euphorbia hirta L.)
PARAMAYYA MATHAD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. UDAYKUMAR NIDONI
alkaloids content (4.56 mg/g ), and total tannins content (6.32 mgTAE/g) were found highest in 225 bar pressure and 50 oC. Thedesirability at optimum operating condition was found to be 0.925.The highest powder yield (77.49 %), the functional properties viz.,total phenolic content (50. mg GAE.g1), antioxidant activity (48.52%), total flavonoids (19.64 mg QE.g1) and alkaloids content of (3.59mg /g) retained more in microencapsulated E. hirta powder obtainedusing maltodextrin concentration of 1:1 and at 160 ºC inlet airtemperature. similarly particle size, flow properties, morphologyand reconstitution properties were found superior optimized processparameters. The benefit cost ratio of 3.23 was obtained for themicroencapsulated E. hirta powder.
in straight blade while the minimum of 2431.57 N was observed ininverted V blade. The maximum digging efficiency of 99.20 per centwas noticed in inverted V blade, whereas the lowest (80.60 %) instraight blade. The least damage ginger rhizome (1.0 %) was observedin inverted V blade whereas highest (8.12 %) was obtained in crescentblade. Among the different type of blades used the less fuelconsumption of 4.72 l h1 was noticed for inverted V blade, whereas
the maximum of 6.04 l h1 for straight blade. Theoretical field capacity,effective field capacity and field efficiency of developed gingerharvester cum elevator were noticed to be 0.22 ha h1, 0.18 ha h1 and81.80 per cent, respectively. The cost of operation was found to be` 910.44 per hour as against ` 2,205.88 per hour required for manualdigging of ginger. The saving in labour for ginger harvester cumelevator was worked out to be 96 per cent.
127
MASTER OF SCIENCE
A. CROP SCIENCE
GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING
The field experiment was conducted at the Main Agriculture ResearchStation, Raichur during rabi 2016. Three multibranched CMS lineswere crossed with 15 multibranched testers in an L x T mating designand obtained 45 crosses and evaluated along with their parents andchecks in simple lattice design with three replications and observationsare recorded on 13 different traits. Both additive and nonadditive geneaction were found to control the expression of the traits under studybut predominantly governed by non additive gene action for most ofthe characters like days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity,
Heterosis and combining ability of branched CMS lines and branched restorer lines ofSunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
SAI SUSHMA MUTYALA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. I. SHANKER GOUD
head diameter, volume weight, test weight, number of primary branchesper plant, seed yield per plant and oil content. CMS 57 Br A, CMS R
3
Brown Br A, R393, DOR R3, and R8 are found to be the best generalcombiners. The crosses, R
3 Brown Br A x R8292 and R
3 Brown Br A
x R78 for seed yield, 57 Br A x PM135, R3 and Black Br A x R630 for
oil content has found with high sca values and also recorded highestheterotic effect over check for seed yield and oil content respectively.These identified superior crosses can be further utilized for thedevelopment of multibranched hybrids.
The experiment was conducted at the Department of Genetics andPlant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Raichur during kharif-2016.The experimental materials comprised of 28 chilli genotypes alongwith two susceptible checks. The experimental was laid out incompletely randomized design in two replication with the objectivesof evaluation of chilli genotypes for fruit borer resistance and qualityparameters, to understand the association between qualityparameters and fruit yield and to assess the genetic diversity forquality parameters. Analysis of variance showed highly significantdifference among the thirty genotypes for most of the charactersunder study indicated that there is ample scope for selection. Desiredtraits like plant height, number of fruits, number of seeds and fruitcolour showed high heritability coupled with high genetic advanceas percent of mean. Correlation analysis revealed that yield wasdependent on the yield attributing traits like fruit weight, dry matter,capsaicin content and chlorophyll content indicated that these are
Evaluation of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes for fruit borer[Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)] resistance and quality parameters
B. S. UMESH BABU MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. V. TEMBHURNE
important parameters in improvement of chilli. Path analysisrevealed that characters like plant height, number of primary branches,number of fruits, fruit diameter, fruit weight, number of seeds, drymatter, fruit pericarp thickness, fruit length, fruit colour, ascorbicacid, phenol content, chlorophyll content, soluble solids and fruitwrinkle showed positive direct effects on yield per plant. Amongthe 30 genotypes screened for fruit borer resistance, two genotypesnamely Raichur Bullet and 07L showed resistant reaction to fruitborer. Quality parameters like phenol, capsaicin and oleoresincontents were positively correlated with fruit borer resistance.Genetic divergence studies revealed that the genotypes were groupedinto seven clusters based on yield and yield attributing charactersand seven clusters based on quality traits suggested that thegenotypes differed significantly among themselves when all thecharacters were considered simultaneously and there is considerableamount of diversity in these genotypes.
The study was conducted during kharif-2017 at the Main AgriculturalResearch Station field, Raichur to evaluate ninety six upland cottongenotypes for fifteen characters in an augmented design with 75 x30 cm spacing. The germplasm consisted of 47 diverse lines fromCICR, Nagpur and forty nine advanced breeding lines indigenouslybred and developed at MARS, Raichur along with two checks.Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for all traitsexcept UHML, micronaire and seed cotton yield per plant revealinga high degree of variability among the genotypes tested. Highvariability, heritability and GAM were observed for number ofmonopodia per plant, sympodial length at ground level, sympodiallength at fifty per cent of plant height and number of bolls perplant. Association analysis denoted the significant positiveassociation of seed cotton yield per plant number of monopodia,
Characterization and genetic diversity analysis in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
P. G. NIKHIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. M. NIDAGUNDI
number of bolls per plant, boll weight and lint index while, significantnegative correlation was registered with UHML. The path analysisindicated positive direct effect on seed cotton yield per plant throughnumber of monopodia, number of sympodia, sympodial length atground level, sympodial length at 50 per cent of plant height, internodal distance, number of bolls per plant, boll weight, micronaire,ginning outturn and seed index. Diversity analysis pointed out thatplant height contributed the most towards the total divergencefollowed by sympodial length at ground level. Based on D2 values,the ninety eight genotypes were grouped into four clusters and forall the characters studied, cluster III was ranked first. Also thegenotypes in cluster II showed maximum genetic divergence withcluster IV genotypes, opening possibilities for their extensive usein future breeding programme.
128
Field experiments involving 64 hybrids and six checks of maize wereconducted during summer 2017 at three locations viz.,Bheemarayanagudi, Raichur and ICRISAT, Hyderabad to assessperformance of maize hybrids, association of traits with yield and toassess stability of hybrids under heat stress conditions. Theexperiments were laid out in alphalattice design with two replicationsat each location. Per se performance revealed that hybrids, viz.,ZH16911 and ZH1635 were superior for days to 50 per cent anthesisand days to 50 per cent silking. The hybrids, viz., ZH16843 andZH16869 were found to be good for plant height. Whereas, threehybrids, viz., ZH1655, ZH16817 and ZH16840 were found to begood for grain yield per hectare under heat stress condition. Associationbetween yield and other traits revealed that grain yield per plant hadpositive and significant association with a plant height, ear height,
Stability analysis of Maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids across locations under heat stress for grain yield
DIVYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. H. KUCHANUR
cob length, cob girth, number of kernel rows, number of grains percob, shelling per cent and 100grain weight under heat stress. Numberof grains per cob also showed positive and significant correlationwith cob length, cob girth, number of kernel rows, shelling percentageand 100grain weight with shelling percentage under heat stress. On thebasis of stability parameters, hybrid, ZH163 was identified as stablefor days to 50 per cent anthesis and days to 50 per cent silking acrossthe environments. The hybrids, viz., ZH1652, ZH16843, ZH16869and ZH16897 exhibited stability for anthesis to silking interval. Thehybrid, ZH16910 had regression coefficient equal to unity and highmean value indicating their stability in performance across three locationsfor cob height. The hybrids, viz., ZH1673 (4.32 t ha1), ZH16878(5.69 t ha1), ZH16930 (4.58 t ha1) and ZH16900 (3.26 t ha1) wereidentified as stable for grain yield per hectare.
In the present study 46 rice genotypes along with four checks werereceived from IIRR, Hyderabad and were evaluated. Among variousgenotypes studied the promising genotypes with highest grain iron andzinc content along with higher yields and with intermediate amylosecontent were identified. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed theexistence of significant differences among the genotypes for all thetraits studied. The grain yield per plant ranged from 22.10 to 40.14 (g)with a mean value of 34.74 (g). The correlation analysis for yield andyield attributing traits revealed that grain yield per plant exhibitedsignificant positive correlations with tiller number per plant, paniclenumber per plant, panicle length and grain number per panicle both atgenotypic and phenotypic levels. The estimation of micronutrients byXRF (X Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry) revealed that grain Ironcontent ranged from 7.50 to 13 ppm while the grain zinc content ranged
Genetic and molecular analysis of biofortified Rice genotypesfor yield, grain quality and micronutrients
M. S. UMAR FAROOQ MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. R. DIWAN
from 12.70 to 23.00 ppm. The amylose content of grains was alsoanalyzed which revealed significant variations ranged from 11.3 to 25.2per cent with an average of 18.3 per cent. The promising genotypesidentified can be released to farmers after testing in multiplications fortheir stable performance or they can be used as parents in hybridizationprogram. Molecular assessment of these rice genotypes was carriedout by using trait specific primers containing three candidate genemarkers and seven SSR markers, out of which three candidate genemarkers (OsZIP3b, OsZIP4b, OsZIP8a) and four SSR markers (RM490,RM217, RM35, RM23) have shown polymorphism. The marker andtrait association analysis revealed that the molecular markers viz.,OsZIP3b, OsZIP4b and RM 23 exhibited significant association withthat of grain zinc content. Therefore, these markers can be utilized inmarker assisted breeding programme for effective biofortification in rice.
The present investigation was carried out at the ARS, Kalaburagi,during kharif 2017, to study the genetic variability, genetic diversityand character association of nine yield and yield related traits in 197germplasm lines and three checks of pigeonpea. Genetic variabilitystudies revealed high genotypic coefficient of variability, phenotypiccoefficient of variability, heritability and genetic advance for numberof pods per plant, secondary branches, pod bearing length, days to50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, plant height and seed yieldper plant, indicating ample scope of improvement for yield throughselection of these traits. All characters except 100 seed weight hadsignificant and positive correlation with seed yield per plant atphenotypic level. Number of pods per plant, days to 50 per centflowering, number of primary branches and number of secondarybranches exhibited positive direct and indirect effect on seed yieldper plant .Whereas, days to maturity, pod bearing length and 100seed weight revealed negative direct effect on seed yield per plant.
Genetic diversity studies and morphological characterization in germplasm lines ofPigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]
C. HARIPRASAD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. MUNISWAMY
The grouping of 197 germplasm lines into six clusters indicated awider genetic diversity for the different traits studied, in whichcluster I was the largest comprising of 104 genotypes while clusterVI was solitary with one entry. Out of nine characters studied,number of pods per plant has contributed highest towards thegenetic divergence, followed by plant height, days to maturity andseed yield per plant. The maximum inter cluster distance wasobserved between Cluster I and V (535.98), while, Cluster IIshowed the maximum intra cluster distance (91.57) The observationfor qualitative characters revealed that presence of morphologicalvariation among the genotypes for qualitative traits such as podcolour, stem colour, flower colour and seed morphology. CanopyTemperature Depression (CTD) study revealed germplasm lineswith low CTD, can be further evaluated under water stress areasas they maintain less canopy temperature and they may beconsidered for further studies on drought tolerance.
129
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the important oilseedcrops ranks second as a source of edible oil at the global level. Inpresent investigation field experiment consisting of 117 inbred linesalong with four checks RSFV901, Morden, DRSF108 and DRSF113 was carried out during kharif 2017 in a simple lattice design withtwo replications at MARS, UAS Raichur. Morphologicalcharacterization of the inbred lines based on the DUS guidelines ofsunflower reported high variability for all the characters except stigmapigmentation, bract pigmentation and pollen color. Analysis of variancefor eight quantitative characters revealed highly significant variationfor all the traits viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity,plant height, head diameter, test weight, volume weight, yield perplant and oil content. High estimates of GCV and PCV were observedfor head diameter, 100 seed weight, seed yield per plant. Highheritability with high genetic advance as per cent of mean were recordedfor seed yield per plant followed by plant height, head diameter, 100seed weight and volume weight. Seed yield per plant recorded highlysignificant positive association with plant height followed by headdiameter, days to 50 per cent flowering and 100 seed weight both at
Genetic variability and powdery mildew resistance studies of advancedSunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) inbred lines
LAKSHMI GANGAVATI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VIKAS V. KULKARNI
phenotypic and genotypic level. Path analysis studies indicated plantheight had highest positive direct effect on seed yield per plant followedby volume weight, head diameter, days to maturity at both genotypicand phenotypic level. While, days to 50 per cent flowering, testweight and oil content recorded negative direct effect on seed yieldper plant. Screening for Alternaria leaf spot during kharif 2017identified four resistant lines viz., PM6, PM26, PM160, PM163where susceptible check morden recorded highly susceptible hostreaction with 68.3 per cent PDS. Artificial screening of theexperimental material for powdery mildew resistance was carried outduring rabi 201718 and disease infection levels were recorded. Fourlines PM2, PM66, PM81 PM82 were found to be resistant with lessthan 10 % of PDS, 22 lines were moderately resistant with 1125 %PDS where susceptible check Morden (PDS=61.4 %) recorded highlysusceptible reaction. The rate of apparent infection (r) ranged from0.085 to 0.245. Molecular characterization using 20 sunflower SSRprimers reported 10 polymorphic markers with highest PIC value of0.50 for ORS1088 and ORS 938. Grouping of 121 inbred lines intosixteen clusters revealed wide diversity among the inbred lines.
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most important oilseedcrops of the world. The present experiment was undertaken toevaluate the response of 29 groundnut genotypes to terminal drought.The genotypes were screened for terminal drought tolerance usingline source sprinkler irrigation system in Randomized Block Designwith two replications during kharif 2017 at MARS, UAS Raichur.Data were recorded for morphological and physiological traits atdifferent growth stages. Analysis of variance revealed significantdifferences among genotypes for all the characters studied indicatingpresence of high degree of variability among the genotypes tested.The quantitative traits like matured pods per plant, hundred kernelweight, dry pod yield, kernel yield and haulm yield showed moderatePCV and GCV values under both the conditions. Using MahalanobisD2 statistics 29 groundnut genotypes were grouped into eight clustersand cluster I contained maximum number of genotypes (11). Thecharacter hundred kernel weight contributed maximum towards the
Phenotyping and genotyping of terminal drought tolerant Groundnut (Arachis hypogeae L.) genotypes
SOUMYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. HASAN KHAN
total genetic divergence (46.55 %). For molecular diversity, 30groundnut specific SSR primer pairs were used and only eight primerpairs showed polymorphism (26.67 %). Based on the score ofpolymorphic SSR markers the genotypes were grouped into six clustersat 0.93 coefficients of similarity and cluster I contained maximumnumber of genotypes (13). Correlation studies revealed that, dry podyield per plant had significant positive association with mature pods,kernel yield, haulm yield and harvest index at both phenotypic andgenotypic level under both conditions. Path analysis study revealedhigh positive direct effect of kernel yield followed by haulm yield ondry pod yield under both the conditions. Based on drought tolerantindices (viz., MP, DTE, DSI, STI) for dry pod and kernel yield, rootparameters and physiological traits the genotypes Mutant3, ICGV07235, ICGV02317, ICGV13241, ICGV05057 and ICGV97092were identified as terminal drought tolerant and suitable for end seasondrought prone areas of Hyderabad Karnataka region.
A field experiment was conducted to assess the general combiningability of parents, specific combining ability of hybrids and toestimate heterosis of hybrids under heat stress condition. Theexperiment consisted of 16 hybrids developed by crossing fourfemale and four male doubled haploid lines in NCDII design. Thehybrids were evaluated along with the commercial check, P1855 inalpha lattice during summer 2017 at the Agriculture College Farm,Bheemarayanagudi. The magnitude of GCA variance was less thanSCA variance for tassel blast, ear height, ear girth, number of kernelsper cob and shelling percentage indicating the predominance of nonadditive gene action in controlling these traits. However, themagnitude of GCA variance was larger than SCA variance for daysto 50 per cent anthesis, anthesis to silking interval, plant height, ear
Genetic analysis involving doubled haploid lines of Maize (Zea mays L.) under heat stress
N. GEETHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. H. KUCHANUR
length, 100grain weight indicating the predominance of additivegene action than nonadditive gene action in the inheritance of thesetraits. Among females, ZL155203 was a good general combiner fordays to 50 per cent silking. Whereas, ZL155347 was a good generalcombiner for days to 50 per cent anthesis, days to 50 per centsilking, plant height, ear length, ear girth, number of kernels per coband grain yield per plant among the male haploid maize lines. HybridZL155201 × ZL155320 exhibited significant negative sca for daysto 50 per cent silking. With respect to heterosis over standard check,hybrid ZL155201 × ZL155347 recorded significant positiveheterosis for plant height, number of kernel per cob, grain yield perplant, whereas ZL155203 × ZL155347 exhibited significant positiveheterosis for grain yield per plant only.
130
The experiment was carried out with a view to study themorphological and molecular characterizations in 49 high oleategroundnut genotypes. The experiment was carried out during kharif,2017 in a simple lattice design at the MARS, UAS Raichur. Datawere recorded for different quantitative traits and quality traits.Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among thegenotypes for majority of the traits studied. Matured pods perplant, immature pods per plant, root volume (cm3), palmitic fattyacid (%) and lenoleic fatty acid (%) showed high PCV, GCV,heritability and GAM. The Mahalanobis’s D2 analysis revealedthat 49 genotypes were distributed into ten clusters. Cluster IIIcontained maximum number of genotypes (19 genotypes). The drypod yield (g/plant) contributed the maximum towards the divergencefollowed by hundred kernel weight (g). The 30 groundnut specificSSR primers pairs were used and only ten primer pairs showed
Morphological and molecular characterization of high oleateGroundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes
ANNAPOORNA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. HASAN KHAN
polymorphism between the test genotypes (33.33%). Based onSSR score four major clusters were formed at 0.89 coefficients ofsimilarity and Cluster I consist of maximum number of genotypes(42). The highly significant positive association recorded for daysto physiological maturity, mature pods per plant, kernel yield(g/plant), haulm yield (g/plant), harvest index (%) and oil content(%) with dry pod yield per plant at both phenotypic and genotypiclevels. The path analysis study indicated that high positive directeffect by haulm yield (g/plant) on pod yield. Based on total oil,protein, O/L ratio, dry pod yield and oleic acid content the fallowinggenotypes i.e. ICGV15033 (82.75 % OA), ICGV16045 (82.40 %OA), ICGV15035 (82 % OA), ICGV16018 (81.85 % OA), ICGV16035 (81.60 % OA) and ICGV16690 (81.35 % OA), were identifiedas high oleate lines. The identified groundnut genotypes may directlyused as a variety or as a parents in hybridization programme.
Fifteen chilli genotypes were screened for temperature resilience duringsummer season in of 201718. The genotypes were subjected to twotemperature levels, i.e. optimum temperature (inside the growthchamber) and summer temperature (in open field condition). Thetraits like plant height, fruit length, fruit weight, pedicel length, numberof seeds per fruit, rate of photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, pollenfertility, pollen viability and fruit set per cent were decreased and leafproline content, leaf phenol content and ascorbic acid contents wereincreased under high temperature. However, variable response wasobserved with respect to oleoresin and capsaicin content dependingupon the genotypes under temperature stress condition. GenotypesLCA960, UARChH42 and 9608U were found more temperatureresilient in chilli. The genotype PBC80 registered highly sensitive to
Screening for temperature resilient genotypes in Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)
G. D. DILEEP KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. V. TEMBHURNE
temperature stress. Phenotypic coefficient of variation was morethan genotypic coefficient of variation for all the characters studied.High heritability coupled with high genetic advance in per cent ofmean was observed for characters like plant height, fruit length, fruitweight, pedicel length, number of seeds per fruit, rate ofphotosynthesis, chlorophyll, leaf proline, leaf phenol, ascorbic acid,oleoresin, capsaicin, pollen fertility, pollen viability and fruit setper cent. The analysis of phenotypic correlation revealed that thecharacters viz., number of seeds per fruit, fruit weight, plant height,pedicel length, pollen fertility, pollen viability, rate of photosynthesisand chlorophyll content showed highly significant and positiveassociation with per cent fruit set under both temperature stress andcontrol condition.
For the identification of fertility restorer lines 43 sunflower inbred
lines were crossed with three CMS lines belonging to PET 1 cytoplasm
viz., CMS 103A, CMS 104A, and CMS 38A in a L x T mating design.
The derived 129 hybrids were evaluated using simple lattice design to
assess the fertility restoration and their sterility maintenance behaviour
during rabi 201718. The obtained 129 hybrids were evaluated for
fertility restoration and sterility maintenance reaction by counting
the number of sterile/fertile plants in the respective crosses. Out of
43 inbred lines studied, 22 inbred lines viz., PM4, PM13, PM16,
PM31, PM36, PM43, PM53, PM63, PM64, PM65, PM71,
PM81, PM95, PM121, PM128, PM 129, PM131, PM134,
PM146, PM147, PM159 and PM163 restored complete fertility
with all the three CMS lines, while none of the inbred lines behaved
as sterility maintainers across all three CMS lines. The identified
stable restorers across the all three CMS lines can be further studied
for level of heterosis and combing ability and maintainers for
conversion through backcrossing. CMS 38A exhibited significant gca
Identification of fertility restorer lines in newly derived inbred lines of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.).
S. K. KESHAVAMURTHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VIKAS V. KULKARNI
effects in desirable direction for all the characters except days to 50
per cent flowering and days to maturity. Among the testers the parents
PM 36 is the best general combiners for maximum traits viz., days
to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, plant height, head diameter,
test weight, seed yield/plant, oil content and chlorophyll content.
However, the cross combination CMS 103A × PM13 was identified
as the best specific combination for some of the important economic
characters, viz., seed yield/plant, 100 seed weight, head diameter, oil
content, plant height and days to 50 per cent flowering. CMS 104A ×
PM53 was best specific combination for all the characters except
days to 50 per cent flowering and days to maturity. Variance due to
gca and sca indicated the predominance of non additive gene action in
the inheritance of all the traits. The range of hetersosis for days to 50
per cent flowering ranges over the midparents ranges from 23.88
per cent (CMS 103A x PM147) to 12.12 per cent (CMS 103A x
PM33). Standard heterosis over best check GK202 ranged from
17.14 (CMS 103A x PM147) to 19.35 per cent (CMS 103A x PM
131
33). For test weight magnitude of heterosis over the midparents
ranges from 48.78 per cent (CMS 104A x EC 276983) to 55.88 per
cent (CMS 103A x PM147). The range of Standard heterosis over
check KBSH44 ranged from 58.32 (CMS 104A x PM134) to 1.23
per cent (CMS 104A x PM147). The range of heterosis for seed yield/
plant ranges over the midparents ranged from 54.98 per cent (CMS
103A x PM128) to 71.04 per cent (CMS 104A x PM123). The range
of standard heterosis over the check RSFH1887 was from 47.22 per
cent (CMS 103A x PM134) to 60.46 (CMS 38A x PM95). For oil
content magnitude of heterosis over the midparents ranges from 35.91
per cent (CMS 104A x EC 399512) to 27.47 per cent (CMS 38A x PM
163). Standard heterosis over check GK202 ranged from 35.80 (CMS
38A x PM33) to 8.19 per cent (CMS 104A x PM65). The present
study has identified promising hybrids viz., hybrids CMS 38A x PM
95 (34.05 g/plant), CMS 104A x PM123 (32.45 g/plant), CMS 38A x
PM64 (31.05 g/plant) for seed yield/ plant and CMS 104A x PM 53
(42.82%), CMS 104A x PM 64 (42.52%) and CMS 104A x PM 81
(42.13%), were best hybrids for oil content its attributing traits could
be tested in large scale yield trials over locations and seasons to confirm
their potentiality for commercial cultivation.
An experiment was carried out using 18 advanced breeding lines and
three local check varieties of pigeonpea over four environments viz.,
MARS, Raichur (E1), ARS, Dharwad (E
2), ARS, Kalaburagi (E
3) and
ARS, Bheemarayanagudi (E4) during kharif 2017. The study was
intended to know/ identify stable genotypes across the environments,
to study the reaction of genotypes for Fusarium wilt, to assess the
loss due to pod borer (H. armigera), to assess the genotypic
differences for CTD and its association with yield. Mean Sum of
Squares (MSS) due to genotype was significant for all the characters
except for primary branches, pod bearing length and plot yield,
indicating some genetic variability was present among the genotypes
for these characters. The genotype × environmental interaction was
non significant for all the characters under study except number of
secondary branches indicating that most of the characters were
unaffected by the changing environments. Further, Environmental +
(Genotype × Environment) interaction reported significant difference
for days to 50 per cent flowering, primary branches, secondary
Stability analysis and disease reaction studies in advanced breeding lines ofPigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.)
T. JYOTHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. MUNISWAMY
branches, plant height, number of pods per plant, seed yield per
plant and plot yield (kg/plot). The significant mean squares due to
pooled deviation were observed for most of the traits except plant
height, primary, secondary branches, number of pods per plant and
seed yield per plant indicated that the deviation from linear regression
also contributed towards the difference in stability of genotypes. The
genotypes KRG221, KRG223, KRG33 and ICPL870 showed
stable performance across environments. Out of 21 genotypes,
seventeen showed resistant reaction to Fusarium wilt (FW). The per
cent disease incidence (PDI) ranged from 5.00 (GRG177) to 10.00
(KRG251) for resistant genotypes compared to the resistant check
TS3R (8.01%). The result of per cent pod damage due to pod borer
revealed that ICPL332 genotype showed highest per cent pod damage
and least damage was reported in TS3R genotype. Genotypes with
lower CTD values were found relatively tolerant to drought / moisture
stress. Association studies between the CTD and plot yield revealed
non significant negative association between these traits (r= 0.186NS).
The study was conducted during rabi 2017 at four locations viz.,
Agricultural Research Station, Kalaburagi, Main Agricultural Research
Station, Raichur, Agricultural Research Station, Hagari and Agricultural
Research Station, Malnoor to evaluate stability, correlation, path
studies and screening for charcoal rot in seventeen advanced mutant
lines with ten checks for ten characters using RBD. The pooled analysis
of variance revealed that mean sum of squares (MSS) due to genotypes
were significant for days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity,
plant height, number of leaves, stem girth, panicle length, panicle
neck length and 100 seed weight except seed yield per plant and
panicle width. It indicates the considerable amount of variability in
the material chosen for the study. The mean sum of square due to
environment + (genotypes x environment) was significant for most of
the characters except for days to 50 per cent flowering, days to
maturity and 100 seed weight. On the basis of stability parameters
Stability analysis of advanced mutant lines and screening for charcoal rot resistance in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)
ANJANEYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. GIRISH
the two mutant lines J35 and J11 and their parent JP15 showed
high seed yield per plant and stable performance across environments.
Correlation coefficient revealed that days to maturity, plant height,
and number of leaves, stem girth, panicle width and 100 seed weight
were positively correlated with seed yield per plant over environments
at both genotypic and phenotypic level. Path analysis revealed the
positive direct effect of plant height, stem girth, panicle width and
100 seed weight at both phenotypic and genotypic level. Therefore
these traits can be considered as principal yield determining
components and it is suggested to use these as selection criteria for
grain yield improvement. Out of 17 advanced mutant genotypes and
10 checks were screened against charcoal rot disease incidence, the
following genotypes J81, C28 and GS23 showed resistant reaction
when compared with resistant checks E 361 and SPV86. These lines
can be utilized for charcoal rot resistant breeding programme.
132
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm, Departmentof Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Raichur duringkharif2017. The experimental materials comprised of eleven chilligenotypes. The experiment was laid out in randomized block designin three replications with the objectives of evaluation of chilligenotypes for anthracnose and fruit borer resistance, to find out thebiochemical and physiological basis for resistance against anthracnoseand fruit borer, to assess the genetic diversity and correlation studieson yield and its attributing characters. Seven genotypes each wereselected and screened for anthracnose and fruit borer resistance inchilli. Among genotypes that are selected to screen resistance againstanthracnose, two genotypes PBC80 and G4L showed resistantreaction. Among genotypes selected for screening resistance againstfruit borer, Raichur Bullet and G4L showed resistance. Biochemical
Re-evaluation of selected genotypes of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) for anthracnose [(Colletotrichumcapsici) (Sydow) Butler and Bisby] and fruit borer [Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)] resistence
D. H. M. CHANDRASHEKHARAIAH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. V. TEMBHURNE
basis of resistance against anthracnose and fruit borer revealed thatthe resistant and moderately resistant genotypes showed highphenol, oleoresin, tannin, capsaicin and leaf wax content as comparedto susceptible genotypes. High genotypic and phenotypic varianceobserved for the characters viz., fruit length, fruit diameter, fruitweight, fruit yield per plant, phenol, tannin, total sugar, capsaicinand ascorbic acid content, which gives ample scope for improvementof these traits by simple selection. High heritability coupled withhigh genetic advance as per cent of mean was noticed for most of thecharacters suggested the improvement of these characters throughselection. Phenotypic correlation between yield and its attributingtraits revealed that yield per plant showed highly significant positivecorrelation with the number of fruits per plant and fruit weight perfruit indicating.
Aspergillus flavus is a pathogenic fungus and produces a potent toxinaflatoxin and contaminatescereals (maize, wheat, barley and sorghum),nuts (pea nuts,almonds, pistachios and walnuts) and oil crops(groundnut, sesame, sunflower and cotton)on consumption or accidentalingestion acts as carcinogenic and causes aflatoxicosis.It also leads torejection of import of chilli, peanut and maize exciding the limit ofaflatoxin contamination. Rhizoctonia bataticola is a polyphagous soilborne pathogen infecting over 500 plant species worldwide, causes dryroot rot of chick pea and wilt leads to 10 per cent, which amounts toapproximately 5,20,000 tons annually (Sharma and Manju, 2017). InIndia, both chemical and biological pesticides are used to control pestsand these causing loss of US$ 42.66 million (Sushil, 2016). Althoughchemical pesticides are well known for their effectiveness, their impacton soil and environment and presence of residue in food products are
Screening of essential oils, plant extracts and synthetic chemicals forthe management of Aspergillus flavus and Rhizoctonia bataticola
T. U. UDAY KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. KISAN
matters of concern. Hence, the present study was designed to evaluatenontoxic, nature friendly and low persistence synthetic chemicals,plant extracts and essential oils. In the present study synthetic chemicalsand plant extracts did not showed antifungal activity, whereas essentialoils tested at 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 per cent concentrations viz.,peppermint oil, orange oil, citronella oil, methyl eugenol, eugenol, ajowainseed oil, cumin seed oil, rose oil, lavender oil, clove oil, cinnamon oil andeucalyptus oil for inhibition of the A. flavus and R. bataticola growthby three methods (microtiter plate, poison food technique and resazurinassay) showed antifungal activity. Among these essential oils eugenol,ajowain seed oil, rose oil, clove oil and cinnamon oil showed cent percent inhibition at 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 per cent concentrations by all thethree tested methods. These can be further evaluated in pot and fieldtesting for their efficacy.
New nematode control measures are required due to the likely removalof effective nematicides from the market because of increasing concernsof possible effects on human health and the environment. Biologicalcontrol, naturally occurring nematicides, induced resistance,interruption of host recognition will be a part of integrated managementof plant parasitic nematodes in the near future. We have tested essentialoils, plant extracts and lactone based chemical entitiesto controlnematodes by using model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as ascreening model for nematicidal activity. The mortality rates weretested at various concentrations (0.1, 0.05, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 %) andtime dependent (0.17, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, 24 and 36 h) observationsof live and dead were recorded by acridine orange staining. Theobtained results showed that the tested essential oil caused a highlysignificant mortality on C. elegans and complete mortality was
Screening of synthetic chemicals, plant extracts and essential oils on model nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans for nematicidal activity
MAHENDRA KUMAR HIREMATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. KISAN
observed at 0.5, 1 and 2 per cent at different time intervals startingfrom 0.17 h of exposure to 36 h and then tested for lowerconcentrations viz., 0.05, 0.1 and 0.25 per cent at different timeintervals, but only in 0.25 per cent concentration gave 100 per centmortality at 24 h of exposure for essential oils.The test for syntheticchemicals 64 tested, 49 synthetic chemicals gave 100 per centmortality at 100 ppm and exposure time of 24 h. Plant extracts tested,gave no mortality. Enzyme assay was done for the estimation ofPeroxidase (POX) and Catalase (CAT) activity, in which a decrease inperoxidase enzyme activity and an increase in catalase enzyme activityin C. elegans was observed in case of Orange oil and Dalchinni oilswere tested in vitro. This suggests that further formulation and testingon plant parasitic nematode is requisite for effectiveness in field controlof Nematode.
133
AGRONOMY
Paddy crop acreage and yield estimation in Shorapur taluk of Yadgir
district, Karnataka was carried out by selecting 20 ground truth sites,
using LISSIII data of RESOURCESAT1 and LANDSAT8 of 31st
January 2017, 24th February 2017 & 20th March 2017 and LANDSAT
8 data of 15th April 2017. ERDAS IMAGINE 2014 and Arc GIS 9.0
software’s were used in data analysis. To assess the condition of the
paddy crop different proximal sensor were used like NDVI meter,
SPAD meter; infrared gun and canopy analyzer were used during the
study. The acreage estimation was done by running the supervised
classification with maximum likelihood algorithm and yield estimation
by developing yield model using the relationship between crop cutting
experiments yield data and NDVI and LAI of paddy crop. There were
20 surface soil samples collected randomly from different paddy sites
Paddy (Oryza sativa L.) crop acreage and yield estimation using geo-spatial technologiesin Shorapur taluk of Yadgir district
KRISHNA DESAI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. U. K. SHANWAD
to demarcate soil fertility levels before transplanting revealed that the
soil pH varied in the locations 7.8 to 8.9. The analysis of soil samples
from the selected ground truth sites revealed that the soils are neutral to
alkaline in reaction with normal electrical conductivity, low to medium
organic carbon content, low to medium available nitrogen, medium to
high available phosphorus and high available potassium content. The
estimated acreage under paddy crop in Shorapur taluk was 19,398 ha.
The acreage estimates using remote sensing data and GIS when compared
with acreage estimates reported by Department of Agriculture showed
a relative deviation of +17.00 per cent. Thus, the study has showed
that real time spatial and temporal management of paddy crop at
cadastral level is possible using soil data, weather parameters and
vegetation indices derived from high resolution Indian satellite data.
A field experiment was conducted to study “Effect of varying row
spacings and nutrient management practices on growth, yield and
quality of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) under rainfed condition”
during rabi, 2017 at the College of Agriculture farm, Raichur, on
medium black soil. Fourteen treatment combinations consisting of
two row spacings i.e., S1 (30 cm) and S
2 (45 cm) and seven nutrient
management practices i.e., N1 (Recommended FYM (3 t ha1)), N
2
(Recommended NPK), N3 (Recommended NPK + FYM (3 t ha1)),
N4 (125 % Recommended NPK), N
5 (125 % Recommended NPK +
FYM (3 t ha1)), N6 (Recommended NPK + FYM (2 t ha1) +
Vermicompost (1 t ha1)), N7 (125% Recommended NPK + FYM (2
t ha1) + Vermicompost (1 t ha1)) were tried in split plot design with
three replications. The results revealed that crop sown with row
Effect of varying row spacings and nutrient management practices on growth, yield and quality ofLinseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) under rainfed condition
N. DARSHINI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. A. BIRADAR
spacing of 30 cm recorded significantly higher seed yield, straw yield,
fibre yield and oil yield (711 kg ha1, 1496 kg ha1, 927 kg ha1 and 236
kg ha1, respectively). Whereas, application of 125 % Recommended
NPK + FYM (2 t ha1) + Vermicompost (1 t ha1) recorded significantly
higher seed yield, straw yield, harvest index, fibre yield, fibre
percentage and oil yield (968 kg ha1, 1520 kg ha1, 0.39, 975 kg ha1
64% and 324 kg ha1, respectively). Crop sown with row spacing of
30 cm recorded significantly higher net returns (` 19,687 ha1) and BC
ratio (2.22) while application of 125 % Recommended NPK + FYM
(2 t ha1) + Vermicompost (1 t ha1) recorded significantly higher net
returns (` 28,510 ha1) and BC ratio (2.43). Interaction effect of varying
row spacings and nutrient management practices on growth, yield
and quality parameters was found to be nonsignificant
A field experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture Farm,
Raichur, on medium black soil during kharif 2017, to study the effect
of date of sowing and nutrient management on growth and yield of
foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.).The experiment was laid out in split
plot design with three replications. The treatments consisted of four
sowing dates (second fortnight of June, first fortnight of July, second
fortnight of July and first fortnight of August) and three levels of
RDF (75, 100 and 125 per cent RDF).The results revealed that, early
sowing during second fortnight of June (D1) recorded significantly
higher grain yield (2368 kg ha1) and stover yield (8916 kg ha1).
However, it was found to be on par with first fortnight of July (D2).
Growth and yield parameters also followed the same trend as that of
grain yield.Economicsof the system revealed that second fortnight of
Effect of date of sowing and nutrient management on growth and yield of Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.)
P. MUBEENA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. S. HALEPYATI
June (D1) recorded significantly higher net returns (` 24,978) and BC
ratio (2.46). Application of 100 per cent RDF (F2) recorded
significantly higher grain yield (2140 kg ha1),stover yield (7176kg ha1),
ear head weight (9.09 g), grain yield per plant (8.33 g) , thousand grain
weight (4.44 g), plant height (135.98 cm), number of tillers (2.58), dry
matter production per plant (20.71 g plant1),net returns (` 19,394)
and benefit cost ratio (2.13). Whereas, it was found to be on par with
125 per cent RDF (F3).Sowing during second fortnight of June in
combination with application of 100 per cent RDF (D1F
2) recorded
significantly higher grain yield (2424 kg ha1), stover yield (9350kg ha1),
ear head length (23.03), ear head weight (10.6 g), grain yield per plant
(11.44 g) , 1000 grain weight (5.39 g), gross returns (` 43,109), net
returns (` 25,967) and BC ratio (2.51).
134
Agronomic fortification with zinc and iron on yield and quality offoxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.)] genotypes was studied at theAgricultural Research Station, Hagari, Ballari, during rabi, 2017. Theexperiment was laid out in split plot design and comprised of twofactors viz., Main plot treatments: Genotypes (G) and Subplottreatments: Micronutrients application (M). The genotypes recordednon significant difference with respect to the growth and yieldparameters. Among the micronutrients application the treatment whichreceived RDF + Soil application of ZnSO
4 @ 15 kg ha1 and FeSO
4 @
10 kg ha1 + Foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO4 and FeSO
4 each 30 at
DAS recorded significantly higher leaf area at harvest, number oftillers plant1 at harvest, total dry matter accumulation at harvest,grain yield, stover yield, zinc content and iron content in grain (27.82
Studies on identification and enrichment of Foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.)] genotypes with zinc andiron through agronomic fortification
G. S. SATHISHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. K. DESAI
cm2 plant1, 4.21, 29.69 g plant1, 2272 kg ha1, 9298 kg ha1, 31.10ppm and 796 ppm, respectively). In interaction (30.19 cm2 plant1,4.32, 30.52 g plant1, 2321 kg ha1, 9363 kg ha1, 31.70 ppm and 802ppm, respectively) was recorded with Sia2644 in combination withRDF + Soil application of ZnSO
4 @ 15 kg ha1 and FeSO
4 @ 10 kg ha
1 + Foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO4 and FeSO
4 each 30 DAS. With
respect to the economics the treatment which received RDF + Seedtreatment with 0.5% ZnSO
4 and FeSO
4 each + Foliar application of
0.5% ZnSO4 and FeSO
4 each at 30 DAS recorded significantly
higher net returns and BC ratio (` 25734 ha1 and 2.73). In interaction(` 26889 ha1 and 2.81) recorded in HN46 in combination with RDF+ Seed treatment with 0.5% ZnSO
4 and FeSO
4 each + Foliar
application of 0.5 % ZnSO4 and FeSO
4 each at 30 DAS.
A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural College Farm,Raichur during kharif 2017 to study the nutrient management practicesin pigeonpea and fieldbean intercropping system. The experimentwas laid out in randomized block design with three replications andten treatments. Results revealed that, the sole crop of pigeonpea andfieldbean produced significantly higher grain yields (1364 and 1266kg ha1, respectively) when compared to their intercropping treatments.Among the various intercropping treatments, the treatment whichreceived 125 per cent RDF to pigeonpea and no fertilizer to fieldbean(T
4) recorded significantly higher grain yield of pigeonpea (1140 kg
ha1) compared to other intercropping treatments and was found onpar with treatments, T
3 (1059 kg ha1), T
5 (1063 kg ha1) and T
6
(1076 kg ha1), and the treatment which received 100 per cent RDF toboth the crops (T
6) recorded significantly higher grain yield of fieldbean
Studies on nutrient management in Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]and Fieldbean [Dolichos lablab (L.)] intercropping system
SAROJANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. G. KOPPALKAR
(1122 kg ha1) compared to other intercropping treatments. The highergrain yield of pigeonpea/fieldbean was attributed to superior growthand yield components. The pigeonpea equivalent yield wassignificantly higher in intercropping system as compared to their solecrops. The total uptake of nutrients in intercropping system wasrelatively higher as compared to sole cropping of both the crops.Higher land equivalent ratio (LER) (1.66) was noticed in theintercropped treatment (T
6). The LER recorded under intercropping
system varied from 1.14 to 1.66. The higher net returns was recordedunder T
6 (` 68,562 ha1) and the treatment, T
5 recorded on par net
returns (` 63,092 ha1) with T4 (` 62,702 ha1) and T
3 (` 58,957 ha1).
Highest BC ratio of 2.91 was observed under T6 which received 100
per cent RDF by each crop and T3 (2.85), T
5 (2.83) and T
10 (2.86)
recorded on par BC ratio with one another.
A Field experiment was conducted in organic block of the MainAgricultural Research Station, UAS, Raichur, during 201718 to studythe nutrient management practices through organics and rockphosphate in pigeonpea cultivation under rainfed situation. Theexperiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD)with nine treatments and three replications. The treatment consistedapplication of jeevamrutha and mulching with compost (100% RDN)and compost (50% RDN) + vermicompost (50% RDN) alone andwith PSB, compost (100% RDN) and compost (50% RDN) +vermicompost (50% RDN) + PSB with 50 and 100% of remaining ‘P’requirement through rock phosphate (RP). The results indicated thatapplication of jeevamrutha + mulching + compost (50%) +vermicompost (50%) equivalent to 100% recommended dose ofnitrogen + PSB +100% of remaining ‘P’ requirement through rockphosphate recorded significantly higher seed yield (1498 kg ha1) butresulted in on par with the treatment receiving jeevamrutha + mulching+ compost (50%) + vermicompost (50%) equivalent to 100%
Nutrient management practices through organics and rock phosphate in organicPigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.)] cultivation under rainfed condition
ROOPA HOSAMANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SATYANARAYANA RAO
recommended dose of Nitrogen + PSB + 50% of remaining ‘P’requirement through rock phosphate (1494 kg ha1). Jeevamrutha +mulching + compost (50%) + vermicompost (50%) equivalent to100% recommended dose of nitrogen + PSB + 50% and 100% ofremaining ‘P’ requirement through rock phosphate showed theirsignificant superiority with respect to growth and yield parametersand also uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by the crop.There was higher improvement in soil nutrient status (available N,P
2O
5 and K
2O) after harvest of pigeonpea and higher net returns and
benefit cost ratio were realized with jeevamrutha + mulching +compost (50%) + vermicompost (50%) equivalent to 100%recommended dose of nitrogen + PSB + 50% of remaining ‘P’requirement through rock phosphate (` 42079 ha1) and BC ratio (2.77),but showed on par with that of 100% of remaining ‘P’ requirementthrough rock phosphate (` 40693 ha1) and BC ratio (2.59). Similarly,soil microbial populations including beneficial organisms weresignificantly higher with these treatments.
135
Water management tends to become crucial in sustainable riceproduction in Tungabhadra irrigation command in view of watershortage. ‘More crop per drop’ in paddy can also be realized byalternative water application techniques. Further, scheduling ofirrigation by fixing irrigation interval is a concern for standardize dripin paddy. We hypothesized that drip irrigation and interval wouldincrease crop and water productivity of rice. Field experiment wasconducted to assess feasibility of drip irrigation and scheduling strategyfor saving irrigation water and enhance rice productivity. Experimentwas laid out in RCBD replicated thrice at ARS, Dhadesugur in kharif2017. Treatments consisted of drip irrigation one, two and four hoursdaily, two and four hours on alternate days, four hours in every threedays in DSR compared with DSR farmer’s practice, surface irrigationand transplanted rice (TPR). Total water used was lowest in drip(119.9 cm) then farmers practice (192.5 cm) and TPR (240.3 cm).
Assessment of drip irrigation and scheduling strategy for saving irrigation water andproductivity enhancement of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
R. N. PRASHANT MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. R. UMESH
Results indicated that paddy grain yield was significantly influencedby drip irrigation as well as irrigation scheduling. Drip irrigationscheduled 4 h daily recorded significantly higher grain yield than restof the schedules and control treatments. Overall, drip irrigationenhanced 24.54 % higher grain yield (5521 kg/ha) over surfaceirrigation and 7.2% over TPR. Further, irrigation water applied 4hdaily was found significantly superior over rest of the schedules.Whereas, WUE was greater in 1h daily schedule (19.2%) over surfaceirrigation mainly due to lower water application in spite of lowergrain yield. Plant height, productive tillers, LAI, drymatter productionwas also influenced by irrigation schedule. Comparatively higher netreturns and BC ratio was recorded in drip irrigation and irrigationscheduling. It can be concluded that irrigation schedule of 4 h dailythrough drip was found effective to achieve greater yield and waterproductivity of DSR.
The field experiment was conducted at the Main Agricultural ResearchStation, Raichur on medium black soil during kharif 2017 to study“Response of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) varieties to sowingdates and nutrient levels”. The experiment was laid out in randomizedblock design with factorial concept with three replications. The treatmentcomprised of two cotton varieties (BGDS1063 and SCS 793, two dateof sowing (1st fortnight of July and 2nd fortnight of July) and threenutrient levels (100% RDF, 125% RDF and 150 % RDF). Among thevarieties, BGDS1063 produced significantly higher plant height, leafarea, leaf area index ,dry matter production per plant and higher seedcotton yield (SCY) (126.62 cm, 66.06, 1.22, 288.22 g plant1 and2143 kg ha1, respectively) over SCS793 (124.22 cm, 64.13, 1.19,279.06 g plant1 and 1690 kg ha1, respectively). Significantly higherplant height, leaf area, leaf area index, dry matter production per plantand higher SCY was noticed in case of cotton sown on 1st fortnight ofJuly (128.14 cm, 66.91, 1.24, 292.6 g plant1 and 2159 kg ha1,
Response of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) varieties to varied sowing dates and nutrient levels
C. NAVEEN KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G.S.YADAHALLI
respectively) as compared with cotton sown on 2nd fortnight of July(122.69 cm, 63.27, 1.17, 274.68g plant1 and 1675 kg ha1, respectively).Application of 150 per cent of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF)noticed significantly higher plant height, leaf area, leaf area index, drymatter production per plant and higher SCY (129.33 cm, 66.84, 1.24,294.8 g plant1 and 2049 kg ha1, respectively) over 100 per cent RDF(1744 kg ha1). However, it was on par with 125 percent RDF (125.87 cm,65.23, 1.21, 283.47 g plant1 and 1958 kg ha1, respectively). None ofthe interaction effects were found be significant. Similar trend wasnoticed with respective uptake of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus andpotassium) and quality parameters by the cotton varieties with differentsowing dates and nutrient levels and significantly higher net returns(` 1,03,741ha1), gross returns (` 1,41,900 ha1) and BC ratio (3.72)registered by application of 150 per cent RDF with cotton varietyBGDS1063 and it was followed by application of 100 per cent RDFand it was on par with application of 125 per cent RDF.
A field experiment was conducted in vertisols during kharif 2017 at theAgriculture Research Station, Siruguppa, UAS, Raichur, Karnataka tostudy the “Precision Nitrogen management through Leaf Colour Chart(LCC) threshold in hybrid Maize (Zea mays L.) under irrigatedcondition”. The experimental site was low in available N (231 kg ha1)and P
2O
5 (24 kg ha1) where as high inK
2O (364.1 kg ha1). The
experiment consists of nine treatments viz., T1: N application at LCC
threshold 4, T2: N application at LCC threshold 5, T
3 : N application
at LCC threshold 6, T4: N application at LCC threshold d” 4 upto V6
there after d” 5, T5 : N application at LCC threshold 5 upto V6 there
after 4, T6: N application at LCC threshold 4 upto V6 there after
6, T7: N application at LCC threshold 6 upto V6 there after 4,
T8: RDN (150 kg ha1) and T
9: Absolute control. Trial was laid out in
Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Theexperimental results revealed that significantly higher maize grain yield
Precision nitrogen management through leaf colour chart (LCC) threshold inhybrid Maize (Zea mays L.) under irrigated condition
AMARESHAPPA MAJOR ADVISER: Dr. M. A. BASAVANNEPPA
(11,427 kg ha1) and stover yield (12,914kg ha1) was recorded with Napplication at LCC threshold 5 upto V6 there after 4 (T
5) compared
to rest of the treatments and it was at par with T2 and T
6. Higher grain
yield was attributed to higher dry matter production, LAI and coblength and cob girth, grain rows, number of seeds and grain weight percob. Higher N uptake in grain, stover and total N uptake in maize wasnoticed with T
5 (137.1, 118.8 and 255.9 kg ha1, respectively) than
other treatments. Higher availability of nitrogen in soil was observed inN application at LCC threshold 6 upto V6 there after 4, (208.6 kgha1) followed by N application at LCC threshold 5 (206.1 kg ha1), Napplication at LCC 4 (204.1 kg ha1). Significantly higher protein,starch and oil content in maize grain were observed with T
5 (12 %,
72 % and 6.9 %, respectively). Similar trend was also noticed in highergross returns (` 1, 49, 293 ha1), net returns (` 1, 06,312 ha1) and BCratio (3.47) compared to other treatments.
136
A field experiment was conducted during growing season of 201718to study the influence of different N supplementation practices andnutritional approaches on growth, yield attributes and yield, qualityparameters and economics of Bt cotton at the Main AgriculturalResearch Station, Raichur, Karnataka. The experiment consisted of12 treatments viz., N supplementation at SPAD thresholds of 40, 60 throughout, 40 up to 60 DAS later 50, and 50 up to 60DAS later 40; GreenSeeker thresholds of 0.6 and 0.8; petioleN of 2 and 3 per cent throughout and site specific nutrientmanagement (SSNM) and soil test and crop response (STCR)approaches with 4 t ha1 yield target along with recommended(180:90:90 kg ha1 NPK) and unfertilized control laid out inRandomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Theresults revealed significantly higher plant height (141.5 cm), number
Precision nutrient management in Bt Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) through decision support tools inVertisols under TBP irrigation command
A. AMARESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. M. CHITTAPUR
of monopodials plant1 (2.7), number of sympodials plant1 (29.7),leaf area (78.0 dm2 plant1), leaf area index (1.57) and total dry matter(354.63 g plant1), boll weight (4.55 g), number of good opened bollsper plant (42.5) and seed cotton yield (3627 kg ha1) with applicationof fertilizers for 4 t ha1 yield target using STCR approach comparedto all other nutrient scheduling practices except SSNM based nutritionfor similar yield target. It also registered significantly higher lint index(14.62), seed index (9.36 g), ginning percentage (59.38), fibre fineness(4.02 micronaire) and bundle strength (29.40 g/tex), besides grossreturns (` 155961 ha1 ) and net returns (` 95537 ha1). SPAD,GreenSeeker and petiole N based N management treatments werecomparable to recommended nutrient management practice withconsiderable N savings at lower thresholds and, hence hold promisefor realtime N management in cotton.
A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2017 at new Farm ofAICRP on weed management, MARS, UAS, Raichur to study the“Evaluation of new post emergent herbicides against weeds and theireffect on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.)”. The experimentwas laid out in RCBD with three replications and twelve treatments.The results of experiment revealed that, amongst broad leaved weeds,Euphorbia geniculata was the dominant one while in grasses,Brachiaria eruciformis was most prevalent and the lone sedge weednoticed was Cyperus rotundus. All weed management practicessignificantly reduced the total weed population and dry matteraccumulation by weeds as compared to weedy check. Based on theresults, it is concluded that sequential application of atrazine 50 %WP @ 500 g a.i. ha1 (PRE) at 03 DAS fb tembotrione 34.4 % SC @125 g a.i. ha1 (POE) at 30 DAS provided excellent control of all typesof weeds at all stages of the crop growth, recorded higher weed control
Evaluation of new post emergent herbicides against weeds and their effect ongrowth and yield of Maize [Zea mays (L.)]
ARUNKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. B. NEGALUR
efficiency (79.54 %), higher nutrient uptake by maize plant at harvest,lowest nutrient uptake by weeds at 60 DAS, higher growth, yield,yield attributes and also recorded higher dehydrogenase, phosphataseactiviry in soil at flowering stage with higher in N2 fixers, PSM, totalbacterial count in rhizosphere soil and it was found to be on par withapplication of atrazine 50 % WP @ 500 g a.i. ha1(PRE) at 03 DASfb topramezone 33.6 % SC @ 75 g a.i. ha1 (POE) at 30 DAS andatrazine 50 % WP @ 500 g a.i. ha1 (PRE) at 03 DAS fb halosulfuron75 % WDG @ 90 g a.i. ha1 (POE) at 30 DAS. Higher BC ratio (3.07)was obtained in atrazine 50 % WP @ 500 g a.i. ha1 (PRE) at 03 DASfb tembotrione 34.4 % SC @ 125 g a.i. ha1 (POE) at 30 DAS and itwas at par with atrazine 50 % WP @ 500 g a.i. ha1(PRE) at 03 DASfb topramezone 33.6 % SC @ 75 g a.i. ha1 (POE) at 30 DAS (2.87),hand weeding twice at 25 and 50 DAS (2.70) and lowest in weedycheck (1.40).
A field experiment entitled “Studies on tillage and nutrientmanagement practices in polebean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)’’ wasconducted during rabi 2017 on deep black soil with alkaline inreaction (pH 8.23), organic carbon (0.43%), available nitrogen(165 kg ha1), available phosphorous (55.2 kg ha1) and availablepotassium (300.4 kg ha1) at the Agricultural Research Station,Dhadesugur. The experiment was replicated thrice in split plotDesign. There were ten treatment combinations consisted of tillagepractices in main plot (conventional and reduced tillage) and nutrientmanagement practices in sub plot (Recommended dose of fertilizer(RDF + FYM), recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer (RDF),integrated nutrient management (INM), organic nutrient management(ONM), control). Among the tillage practices, conventional tillagerecorded significantly higher plant height, total dry matteraccumulation, leaf area, number of pods cluster1, number of podsplant1, pod length, green pod yield, stem yield, harvest index, grossreturn, net return and BC ratio (159.0 cm, 138.8g, 17.37 dm2 plant1,
Studies on tillage and nutrient management practices in Polebean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
NILESH SHIRAGAVI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. KRISHNAMURTHY
3.83, 36.82, 15.61, 11.8 t ha1, 26.1 t ha1, 0.314, ` 1,18,400 ha1,` 80,350 ha1 and 3.04, respectively) over reduced tillage. Amongnutrient management practices, application of recommended doseof fertilizer with FYM recorded significantly higher plant height,drymatter accumulation, leaf area, green pod yield, stem yield,harvest index, gross return and net return (165.6cm, 143.5g,21.53dm2
plant1, 4.72, 42.43, 16.72, 15.4 t ha1, 33.6t ha1, 0.317, ` 1,54,000ha1 and ` 1,05,310 ha1, respectively) over all other treatments.Among interactions, significantly higher plant height, drymatteraccumulation, leaf area, green pod yield, stem yield, harvest index,gross return and net return (167.4 cm, 144.8g, 22.52dm2 plant1,5.33, 44.19, 17.17, 16.5t ha1, 35.5 t ha1, 0.323, `1,65,000 ha1and` 1,15,560 ha1, respectively) were observed in conventional tillagewith recommended dose of fertilizer and FYM compared to allother treatments. Whereas, benefit cost ratio was significantly higherin conventional tillage withrecommended dose of fertilizer (3.84)followed by integrated nutrient management (3.61).
137
A field experiment entitled “Agronomic Biofortification ofPigeonpea with Zinc and Iron” was conducted at AgriculturalResearch Station, Kalaburagi, during kharif 201718 with an objectiveto study the influence of Zn and Fe on pigeonpea productivity, toenrich Zn and Fe in pigeonpea through soil and foliar application.The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Designwith ten treatments and three replications comprising of both foliarand soil application of Zn and Fe. Among the treatments, RDF +soil application of ZnSO
4 @ 15 kg ha1 followed by foliar application
of Zn EDTA @ 0.5% recorded significantly higher grain yield (1897
kg ha1), stalk yield (4761 kg ha1), husk yield (1655 kg ha1), proteinyield (446 kg ha1) and yield attributes like number of pods plant1
(169.67), seed yield plant1 (51.41 g), pod yield plant1 (86. 27 g)and 100 seed weight (12.05 g) as compared to rest of the treatments.
Agronomic bio-fortification of Pigeonpea with zinc and iron
SAAKSHI R. ALMAD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PANDIT S. RATHOD
But it was found on par with RDF + soil application of ZnSO4 @
15 kg ha1 + FeSO4 @ 15 kg ha1, RDF + foliar application Zn
EDTA (0.5%) and Fe EDTA (0.1%) at flowering, RDF + soilapplication of ZnSO
4 @ 15 kg ha1 and RDF + foliar application of
0.5% Zn EDTA at flowering. Significantly higher concentration ofZn was noticed in RDF + soil application of ZnSO
4 @ 15 kg ha1
followed by foliar application of 0.5% Zn EDTA (33.14 ppm) andsignificantly higher Fe concentration (70.33 ppm) was found inRDF+ soil application of FeSO
4 @ 15 kg ha1 followed by foliar
application of 0.1% Fe EDTA, whereas significantly lower Zn and
Fe concentration was recorded in recommended dose of NPK.Significantly higher net returns (` 87,183 ha1) and BC ratio (3.92)was obtained in RDF + soil application of ZnSO
4 @ 15 kg ha1
followed by foliar application of 0.5% Zn EDTA.
A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2017 to study the“Nitrogen management through different decision support tools in directseeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) under Tungabhadra Project (TBP)command area of Karnataka” at Agricultural Research Station,Gangavathi. The soil type in the experimental site was medium blacksoil with soil pH and EC of 7.90 and 0.43 respectively. The initial soilavailable nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was 213.2, 31.05 and 374.8kg ha1, respectively which is in the range of low in nitrogen, mediumin phosphorous and high in potassium content. The experimentconsisted of 12 treatments laid out in randomized block design withthree replications. The results revealed that application of nitrogenthrough LCC 6.0 threshold recorded significantly higher grain yield,straw yield, Panicle length, ten panicle weight and number of grains perpanicle (6230 kg ha1, 6323 kg ha1, 21.0 cm, 43.3 g and 262.0,
Nitrogen management through decision support tools in direct seededRice (Oryza sativa L.) under Tungabhadra Project (TBP) command area
GURUPADAPPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. R. ANAND
respectively) compare to RDF (4410 kg ha1, 4853 kg ha1, 17.8 cm,30.0 g and 219.7, respectively) and farmer practice (5086 kg ha1, 5330kg ha1, 18.2 cm, 35.8 g and 247.3, respectively) which was on par withapplication of N through LCC 5.0, SPAD 40, SPAD 50 andGreen Seeker 0.8. However, gross returns, net returns and BC ratiowas significantly higher with application of nitrogen through LCC 6.0 threshold (` 102847 ha1, ` 59332 ha1 and 2.36, respectively),which was on par with LCC 5.0 threshold, SPAD 40, SPAD 50and Green Seeker 0.8 as compared to RDF (` 82422 ha1, ` 39682 ha1
and 1.92, respectively) and farmers practice (` 87341 ha1, ` 43020 ha1
and 1.97, respectively). Similar trend was also observed in growthparameters and nutrient uptake. Hence, precision nitrogen managementin DSR can be done through LCC 5.0 or SPAD 50 and green seeker 0.8 threshold for obtaining higher growth, yield and economics.
A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2017 to study theeffect of enrichment of baby corn (Zea mays L.) with zinc and ironthrough fertifortificationas soil and foliar application on growth,yield, quality and economics of baby corn at the IFS Unit, Raichur,Karnataka. The experiment consisted of 10 treatments viz., T
1
Control (RDF) (150:75:37.5 of NPK), T2Soil application of ZnSO
4
@ 25 kg ha1, T3 Foliar application of ZnSO
4 @ 0.5 %, T
4Soil
application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha1 + foliar application of ZnSO
4 @
0.5 %, T5Soil application of FeSO
4 @ 10 kg ha1, T
6Foliar application
of FeSO4 @ 0.5 %, T
7Soil application of FeSO
4 @ 10 kg ha1 +foliar
application of FeSO4 @ 0.5 %, T
8Soil application of ZnSO
4 @ 25 kg
ha1 and FeSO4
@ 10 kg ha1, T9Foliar application of ZnSO
4 and
FeSO4 @ 0.5 % each and T
10Soil application of ZnSO
4 @ 25 kg ha1
and FeSO4 @ 10 kg ha1 + foliar application of ZnSO
4 and FeSO
4 @
0.5 % each. The Experiment was laid out in Randomized CompleteBlock Design with three replications.The results revealed thatsignificantly higher plant height (201.96 cm), leaf area (80.92 dm2
plant1), leaf area index (8.99), dry matter production (132.95 g plant1),
Enrichment of Baby corn (Zea mays L.) with zinc and iron through ferti-fortification
J. B. GANESHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. S. LATHA
green cob (14.12 t ha1) and stover yield (29.42 t ha1), crude protein(14.71 %), ascorbic acid (13.48 mg/100g), reducing (0.41 %) and nonreducing sugar (2.63 %); content of N (0.983 and 2.353 %), P (0.205and 0.358 %), K (0.978 and1.530 %), Zn (39.77 and 35.50 ppm) Fe(129.23 and 51.39 ppm); uptake of N (55.29 and 52.22 kg ha1), P(11.53 and 9.98 kg ha1), K (54.77 and 42.58 kg ha1), Zn (222.94 and35.50 g ha1) and Fe (723.29 and 51.39 g ha1) by stover and cob,respectively was recorded with soil application of ZnSO
4 @ 25 kg ha1
and FeSO4 @ 10 kg ha1 + foliar application of ZnSO
4 and FeSO
4 @
0.5 % each (T10
). Similarly with respect to economics, higher grossreturns, net returns and BC ratio (` 2,41,278 ha1, ̀ 1,99,127 ha1 and4.72, respectively) was registered withsoil application of ZnSO
4 @
25 kg ha1 and FeSO4 @ 10 kg ha1 + foliar application of ZnSO
4 and
FeSO4 @ 0.5 % each (T
10) which was also on par result with T
8:Soil
application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha1 and FeSO
4 @ 10 kg ha1 (` 2,28,738,
` 1,88,254 ha1 and 4.65, respectively) and T4: Soil application of
ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha1 + foliar application of ZnSO
4 @ 0.5 % (` 2,19981,
` 1,78,010 ha1 and 4.24, respectively).
138
A field experiment was conducted during kharif, 2017 on mediumblack soil at the Agriculture College Farm, UAS Raichur. Theexperiment consisted of eleven treatments viz., sequential applicationof pre emergence herbicides such as pendimethalin followed by postemergence herbicides viz., fenoxoprop ethyl, propaquizafop andquizalofop ethyl in combination with cultural practices for theirinfluence on weed growth and productivity. The experiment was laidout in randomized block design. Among different weed managementpractices, application of pendimethalin 38.7 CS @ 0.75 kg a.i ha 1 asPE fb propaquizafop 10 EC @ 62 g a.i ha1at 15 20 DAS as POErecorded lower density of grasses, sedges, broad leaf weeds and total
Bio-efficacy of herbicides in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) weed management
VIDYAVATI S. HAKKE MAJOR ADVISOR Dr. N. ANANDA
weeds (1.58, 2.26, 2.39 6.23 number per sq m, respectively ) at 30DAS, dry weight of weeds (2.25 g per sq m) lower weed index (4.50)and higher weed control efficiency ( 95.65 %) at 30 DAS as comparedto weedy check. Among different weed management practices,application of pendimethalin 38.7 CS @ 0.75 kg a.i ha 1 as PE fbpropaquizafop 10 EC @ 62 g a.i ha1 at 15 20 DAS as POE recordedsignificantly higher seed yield (1632 kg ha1). Weed free check recordedsignificantly higher net returns (` 33412 ha1 ) and BC ratio (2.36)followed by application of pendimethalin 38.7 CS @ 0.75 kg a.i ha1 asPE fb propaquizafop 10 EC @ 62 g a.i ha1 at 15 20 DAS as POE(` 31881 ha1 and 2.35, respectively).
A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station,Kalaburagi, UAS, Raichur. during kharif season of 201718. To studythe response of pigeonpea to different levels of phosphorus andirrigation. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with threereplications and consisted of 12 treatment combinations and oneoutside control. With four main plot treatments and three sub plottreatments and one outside control. The main plot treatments wereirrigation levels as irrigation at branching (M
1), irrigation at pre
flowering (M2), irrigation at 50% pod formation
(M
3) and irrigation at
branching + preflowering + 50% pod formation (M
4) and outside
control and Sub plot treatments were three phosphorus levels i.e. 50kg/ha (P
1), 75 kg/ha (P
2) and 100 kg/ha (P
3). The results revealed that
the significantly higher plant height, number of primary branches,number of secondary branches/plant, leaf area, leaf area index, numberof pods/plant, seed weight/plant and seed yield (214.06 cm, 22.44,18.68, 25.93 dm2, 1.08, 156.67, 39.54 g and 1857 kg, respectively),beside gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio with irrigation
Response of Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L). Millsp.] to different levels of phosphorus and irrigation
BHEEM MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. M. DODAMANI
at branching + preflowering + 50% pod formation compared to otherirrigation levels and control (no irrigation), followed by irrigation atpreflowering. Among phosphorus levels phosphorus at 100 kg/harecorded significantly higher plant height, number of primary branches,number of secondary branches/plant, leaf area, LAI, number of pods/plant, seed weight/plant and seed yield (206.84cm, 21.04, 17.08,23.58dm2, 0.98, 140.50, 34.07g and 1749kg, respectively) and grossreturns compared to phosphorus at 50 kg/ha but was on par withphosphorus at 75 kg/ha. But net returns and benefit cost ratio weresignificantly higher in phosphorus at 75 kg/ha compared to 50 kg/habut was on par with 100 kg/ha. Treatment combination of irrigationat branching + preflowering + 50% pod formation (M
4) with higher
application phosphorus (at 75 kg/ha or 100 kg/ha), followed byirrigation at preflowering with higher application phosphorus (at75 kg/ha or 100 kg/ha) recorded significantly higher seed yield and netreturns. Interaction effects of phosphorus and irrigation was foundto be significant.
SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY
Soils derived from diversified geological parent materials such as lowsiliceous basalt, intermediately siliceous greyshale, pinkshale andschist, high siliceous granite and sandstone as well as calcareouslimestone in selected area of Budhihal microwatershed (4D7A312F)under the same climate and vegetation in addition to almost the sametopography were studied and found that these soils were sedentaryin nature. Basalt derived soil registered finer texture, well developedsoil structure as well as low bulk density in addition to high values forboth soil water parameters and percent total pore space as comparedto both granite and sandstone derived soils. The above said physicalproperties were moderate in schist and shale derived soils as well aslimestone derived soil. Soil reaction, CEC, as well as percent BS werecomparatively low in both granite and sandstone derived soils. Shalederived soils registered the highest OC content and hence higher valuesfor available N, P
2O
5 and S as well as DTPA extractable micronutrients.
Characterization of soils developed on diversified lithology in Budhihal micro-watershed of Shorapurtaluk in Yadgir district of Karnataka
NAGRAJ MAJOR ADVISOR Dr. H. V. RUDRAMURTHY
At subgroup level basalt, greyshale, limestone, granite and sandstonederived soils were keyed out as Typic Haplusterts, Vertic Haplustepts,Lithic Usthorthents, Typic Haplustalfs and Lithic Haplustalfsrespectively while the soils derived from both pinkshale and schistwere qualified for Typic Haplustepts. Both shale and schist, limestoneas well as sandstone, basalt and granite derived soils were groupedunder Bilebhavi, Nagarbanda, Karekal and Revunayak seriesrespectively. Soils were grouped under three land capability classessuch as III, IV and V. Irrespective of the parent materials soils understudy were rated as marginally suitable (S3) for both cotton andpigeonpea. Schist derived soil was rated as moderately suitable (S2)while rest of the soils were rated as marginally suitable (S3) forgroundnut crop. The basalt, schist and sandstone derived soils wererated as moderately suitable (S2) and rest of the soils were rated asmarginally suitable (S3) for sorghum.
139
Site specific nutrient management through fertigation for cotton
under saline vertisol was carried out at the Agricultural Research
Station, Gangavathi during kharif, 2016. Initial analysis revealed
that both surface (015 cm) and subsurface (1530 cm) soil samples
were slightly alkaline in pH and saline at the time of sampling. The
organic carbon content was low and the content of available NPK
was low, medium and high respectively. Secondary and
micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) contents were medium and low
respectively. Gravimetric soil moisture content was significantly
higher under mulch treatment compared to no mulch at all three
stages of crop growth but was not differed significantly among
target yield levels and interaction effects. Irrespective of mulching
and target yield levels, surface soil ECe decreased slightly over the
season. The treatment M1 (mulch) had significantly lower soil ECe
as compared to M2 (no mulch) and T
3 (4.0 t ha1)
had significantly
Site specific nutrient management (SSNM) through fertigation for Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)under saline vertisols of TBP command
BHIRAPPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. VISHWANATH
higher soil ECe compared to T4 (RDF) but was on par with T
1 (3.0
t ha1) and T2 (3.5 t ha1) across the growth stages. Available NPK
did not vary significantly between mulch treatments but in general,
T3 recorded significantly higher levels compared to T
1, T
2 and T
4
across the growth stages. Growth and yield attributes of cotton
were significantly affected due to mulching and set target yield
levels. In general, due to improved soil conditions, mulch had
significantly higher seed cotton yield (3.13 t ha1) compared to no
mulch (2.71 t ha1). Among target yield levels, T3 (4.0 t ha1) recorded
significantly higher (3.30 t ha1) compared T1 (2.58 t ha1),
T2 (2.92 t ha1) and T
4 (2.90 t ha1), respectively. In general,
significantly higher contents and uptake of NPK were recorded in
M1 over M
2 and T
3 over T
1 and T
2, respectively. The BC ratio was
significantly higher under M1 (2.46) compared to M
2 (2.08) and T
3
(2.43) over T4, T
2 and T
1, respectively.
Evaluation of paddy varieties for salt tolerance and their response
to nitrogen application in saline vertisols of TBP command area
was carried out at the Agricultural Research Station, Gangavathi
during kharif, 2016. Initial surface (015 cm) and sub surface (1530
cm) soil samples were alkaline in pH and saline at the time of
sampling. The organic carbon content was medium and the available
NPK was low, low and medium, respectively. The DTPAZn and
Fe contents were low and Mn and Cu contents were medium. The
exchangeable Ca and Mg were medium. Soil pH did not differ
significantly either with N levels or varieties at different growth
stages. Soil salinity increased from its initial value at AT stage and
declined under different N levels and varieties. Available N, P2O
5
and K2O contents increased at AT stage from its initial level but
Evaluation of Paddy (Oryza sativa L.) varieties for salt tolerance and their responseto nitrogen application in saline Vertisols of TBP command
SANTOSH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. VISHWANATH
declined from AT to FL stage of crop. Among nitrogen levels, N3
(150% RDN) had significantly higher available N compared to N1
(100% RDN) but was at par with N2 (125% RDN). The available
P2O
5 and K
2O contents were significantly high in N
1 over N
2 and N
3.
Among varieties, BPT5204 had significantly higher soil available
N, P2O
5 and K
2O contents over other varieties. Among N levels, N
3
had significantly higher grain yield (5490 kg ha1) compared to N1
(4906 kg ha1) and N2
(5166 kg ha1). Among variety GGV0501
recorded significantly higher (5684 kg ha1) grain yield compared to
CSR27 (5228 kg ha1), CSR23 (5036 kg ha1) and BPT5204 (4285
kg ha1) but on par with CSR36 and CSR22. The variety GGV05
01 recorded significantly higher grain NPK content and uptake
compared to other varieties.
The field experiment was conducted during kharif 2017 at the
Agricultural Research Station, Siruguppa, Karnataka to evaluate the
response of maize to the general GradeI micronutrient mixture of
Karnataka State Department of Agriculture consisting of Fe2%,
Zn3%, Mn1% and B0.5%. The experiment was laid out in a
randomized block design involving nine treatments with three
replications. Results showed that foliar application of micronutrients
had significant effect on growth, yield and quality parameters of
maize. Among the various treatments, the growth parameters viz.,
plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf area index and dry
matter production was recorded highest in the treatment that received
RDF + Soil application of FeSO4 and ZnSO
4 each at 25 kg ha1 plus
foliar spray of GradeI @ 10 ml l1 at 40 and 60 DAS. Moreover, it
also recorded highest grain yield (10875.20 kg ha1) and stover yield
Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) to foliar application of micronutrients underirrigated condition in Vertisol
G. S. ADARSHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. VEERESH
(12626.72 kg ha1) than the other treatments. In the case of quality
parameters, the treatments that received N, P and K @ 200:100:75
kg ha1 along with foliar spray of GradeI 10 ml l1 recorded higher
protein content in grain samples than the other treatments. The
highest lysine (3.15) and tryptophan (1.875) content in grain was
recorded in treatment that received RDF + soil application of FeSO4
and ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha1 each with foliar spray of GradeI @ 10 ml l1.
Moreover, it also recorded the highest gross returns (` 144972.16),
net returns (` 92780.16) and benefit cost ratio (2.78). The
concentration and uptake of micronutrients in leaf and stem samples
of maize increased with increase in the concentration of foliar spray
of GradeI at 40 and 60 DAS. However, the highest was recorded in
RDF + FeSO4 and ZnSO
4 at 25 kg ha1 each with foliar spray of
micronutrient GradeI @ 10 ml l1.
140
A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted in black and lateritesoils for 90 days under submerged condition to study the fractionationof phosphorus and electrochemical properties (pH, EC, Eh) asinfluenced by different phosphatic fertilizers along with FYM andPSB and the correlation of different fractions with selected soilproperties (pH, EC, CaCO
3, OC). Required quantity of phosphorus
was added through different sources viz., single super phosphate(SSP), diammonium phosphate (DAP) and mussoorie rock phosphate(MRP) alone or in combination with FYM (6 t ha1) and PSB (5 mg kg1)through 13 treatment combinations. The results of the study revealedthat during the incubation the inorganic P fractions followed the orderin black soil: CaP> occluded P> RSP> FeP> AlP> saloid P whereasin laterite soil: FeP> RSP> AlP> occluded P> CaP > saloid P. Allthe inorganic P fractions found to be decreased with incubation time
Fractionation of phosphorus in submerged black and laterite soilsamended with different phosphatic fertilizers
B. BINCY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. V. RAVI
in submerged black soil. In case of submerged laterite soil FeP increasedwith incubation time whereas all other inorganic P fractions followeda decreasing trend. All the inorganic P fractions except CaP werehigher under DAP treatment whereas SSP and MRP treatmentrecorded higher CaP in both the soils. Application of FYM and PSBalong with phosphatic fertilizers increased P fractions in both thesoils. Submergence showed significant effect on the electrochemicalproperties of black and laterite soil. pH of both soil converged toneutral range upon submergence whereas redox potential decreaseddrastically with incubation time. EC showed an increase upto 4560th
day of incubation after which it decreased with passage of time.Correlation study revealed that all the P fractions are significantlycorrelated with each other in black and laterite soil under submergedcondition.
A field experiment was conducted at the KVK, Kalaburagi duringrabi, 201617 to study the effect of nutrient management in chickpeaunder black soil rainfed situation. Among all the treatments,application of FYM @ 5 t ha1 + VC @ 2.5 t ha1 + Jeevamruthasignificantly recorded higher plant height (26.70, 40.93, 44.68),branches plant1 (4.83, 6.80, 8.40 ), DMP (1.36, 10.20, 28.90) at 30,60 DAS and harvest, root nodules plant1 (14.83, 18) at 40 and 60DAS, seed and stover yield (1525.67 kg ha1 and 2243 kg ha1) overrest of the treatments because application of organic manures incombination with inorganic fertilizers to the soil, resulted inincreased and steady availability of nutrients, from organic manure
Nutrient management in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in black soil under rainfed situation
TIRUPATI METI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. A. BELLAKKI
(FYM+VC+LF) which had influenced in mobilizing the nutrientsfrom the unavailable to available forms. Soil physicochemicalproperties viz., pH, EC, OC did not differ significantly, whereasuptake and availability of N (119.11 kg ha1 and 219.52 kg ha1),P
2O
5 (24.56 kg ha1 and 29.57 kg ha1), K
2O (129.07 kg ha1 and
543.20 kg ha1) and S (32.67 kg ha1 and 17.06 kg ha1) were recordedsignificantly higher in the treatment with application of FYM @5 t ha1 + VC @ 2.5 t ha1 + Jeevamrutha. It is concluded that theapplication of application of FYM @ 5 t ha1 + VC @ 2.5 t ha1 +Jeevamrutha was found best combination for higher chickpea cropyields compared to other of treatments.
Characterization and mapping of salt affected soils of Siruguppa andHospet taluks in TBP irrigation command area was carried out duringsummer 2017. The mean soil pHsw at all the depths of Siruguppa andHospet taluks was in the category of moderately alkaline (8.0 to 8.5)and mildly alkaline (7.5 to 8.0), respectively. However, the meanpHe (saturation paste) at all depths in both the taluks was in thecategory of mildly alkaline. The mean EC
SW and ECe values were
<4.0 dS m1 at all the depths in both the taluks. In both the taluks, Na+
and Cl ions were the dominant among cation and anion respectivelyfollowed by Ca+Mg and K+, HCO
3 and SO
42 respectively. Per cent
distribution of soil samples revealed that about 28.3, 7.70. 10.7 and20.0%, 14.6, 9.80, 12.50 and 20.0% of samples had ECe >4.0 dS m1
at 015, 1530, 3060 and 60+ cm depths in Siruguppa and Hospettaluks respectively. In Siruguppa taluk, the per cent samples with
Characterization and mapping of salt affected soils of Siruguppa and Hospet taluks in TBPirrigation command area
SHRIDHAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. VISHWANATH
Na+/(Cl+SO4
2) >1 were to the extent of 64.1 (015 cm) to 84.6 (1530cm) and SAR>13 were 30.8 (015 cm) to 33.30 (1530 cm) respectivelyreflecting that these soils tend to become sodic/alkali unless suitablereclamative measures are undertaken. Similarly, per cent of sampleswith (CO
3+HCO
3) / (Cl+SO
42) >1 and Na+/(Cl+SO
42) >1 were to
the extent of 20.0 (60+ cm) to 25.0 (3060 cm) and 19.5 (1530 cm) to62.5 (3060 cm) respectively in Hospet taluk. The per cent of sampleswith SAR>13 were to the extent of 7.30 (1530 cm) to 60.0 (60+ cm)in Hospet taluk. Soil pHe had a significant and positive correlationwith ECe (r = 0.410* and 0.332*), Na+/(Cl+SO
42) (r = 0.414* and
0.446**) and SAR (r = 0.565** and 0.573**) at surface and subsurface soils in Hospet taluk respectively. Soil ECe had significantlynegative correlation with (CO
3+HCO
3)/ (Cl+SO
42) at surface and
subsurface soils in both the taluks.
A field experiment on “response of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.)to foliar application of micronutrient mixture” was conducted duringkharif 2017, at the MARS farm, Raichur. Experiment was laid out inRandomized complete block design with three replications and ninetreatments. Results revealed that foliar application of Grade I multi
Response of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to foliar application of micronutrient mixture
E. RAJATH MAJOR ADVISER: Dr. K. NARAYAN RAO
micronutrient mixture (Fe2%, Zn3%, Mn1% and B0.5%) at 30,45 and 60 days after sowing @ 10 ml l1 and soil application of RDF(90:90:60 and 100 kg ha1 of NPK and gypsum, respectively) alongwith zinc sulphate @ 10 kg ha1 has recorded highest seed yield (2243kg ha1), stalk yield (3995 kg ha1), protein yield (389 kg ha1), oil yield
141
(793 kg ha1) and harvest index (35.96 %) compared to treatmentswithout foliar spray and absolute control. The yield and qualityparameters like test weight (5.59 g), oil content (35.37 %), proteincontent (17.37 %) and uptake of nutrients viz., nitrogen (109 kg ha1),phosphorous (21 kg ha1), potassium (125 kg ha1), iron (1377 g ha1),
zinc (382 g ha1), manganese (273 g ha1), copper (152 g ha1) and boron(188 g ha1) were also recorded highest compared to other treatments.Apart from the yield and nutrient uptake BC ratio also increased to2.51. From these results it can be concluded that foliar spray of GradeI multi micronutrient mixture @ 10 ml l1 is economically feasible.
The present experiment was conducted during kharif 2016 at theARS Gangavathi with the following treatments viz., T
1: 100 % N
through organics T2: 75 % N through organicsT
3: Integrated N
management (50 % N through organics and 50 % N through inorganics), T
4: 100 % N through inorganics along with FYM @ 7 t/ha
T5: 100 % RDF (150: 75:75 kg/ha).The experiment was laid out in a
Randomized Block Design and treatments were replicated four times.Results revealed that there was no such variation in physicalproperties but organic carbon per cent was significantly highest 0.85per cent. Available N was highest 228 kg/ha1 in treatment treatedwith completely organic farming whereas available P and K wherehighest 55.87 and 688.4 kg/ha1 in treatment treated with 100 per centN through inorganics along with FYM @ 7 t/ha. Whereas exchangeable
Long term effect of organic, in-organic and integrated nutrient management practices on soilcharacteristics, yield and quality of Paddy (Oryza sativa L.) in a Vertisol of TBP command area
PRAVEEN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. N. BHAT
Ca and Mg were non significant but available S was highest 35.68 kg/ha1 in treatment treated with 100 per cent organics. DTPA extractablemicronutrients Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were significantly highest intreatment treated with 100 per cent organics (7.4, 4.43, 0.73 and 0.56ppm) yield attributing characters viz., grain yield, number of panicle,seed count and 10 panicle weight were significantly highest inapplication 100 per cent N through organics respectively. And alsobiological properties viz., microbial count dehydrogenase, alkalinephosphatase and glycosidase were significant in 100 per cent Nthrough organics. Compared to inorganics in the experimentconducted. It is concluded that the organic farming is the best practiceof fertilization in paddy to achieve higher yield, nutrient use efficiency,as compared to inorganics farming practice.
A study was undertaken to characterize the benchmark soil seriesdeveloped on Basalt and Limestone parent materials in HyderabadKarnataka region. The soils of the Raichur series were deep (100 to150 cm) in depth and Kagalgomb series soils varied from deep (100to 150 cm) to very deep (150 to 180 cm) in depth. The texture wasclay to clay loam in Raichur series and only clay texture was observedin Kagalgomb series. In both the Benchmark soils, hue of 10YR wasobserved throughout the profile. In Raichur series, the dominantcolour was dark grey (10YR 4/1) to very dark greyish brown(10YR 3/2) and in Kagalgomb series, only very dark greyish brown(10YR 3/2) colour was observed. In Raichur series and Kagalgombseries pedons, the bulk density varied from 1.16 to 1.35 Mg m3 andfrom 1.20 to 1.32 Mg m3, respectively. Water content at 0.33 barsranged from 21.59 to 36.27 per cent in the Raichur series and from21.26 to 42.71 per cent in Kagalgomb series. In Raichur series
Characterization of benchmark soil series developed on basalt andlimestone parent materials in Hyderabad-Karnataka region
A. P. ROHITH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. BASAVARAJ
pedons, the pH ranged from slightly alkaline (7.4) to strong alkaline(8.6). In Kagalgomb series pedons, the pH ranged from 8.7 to 9.2which indicate that the soils were strongly alkaline in nature. Organiccarbon content in Raichur series ranged from 0.12 to 0.67 per centand in Kagalgomb series ranged from 0.23 to 0.93 per cent. FreeCaCO
3 content of Raichur series ranged from 1.0 per cent to
5.75 per cent whereas in Kagalgomb series it ranged from 5.0 percent to 18.0 per cent. Available nitrogen was low (96 to 189 kg ha1)in Raichur series and low to medium (101 to 448 kg ha1) in Kagalgombseries. Available phosphorus was low to high (8.90 to 85.81 kg ha1 inRaichur series and 20.13 to 80.53 kg ha1 in Kagalgomb series); theavailable potassium content ranged from 318 to 638 kg ha1 in Raichurseries and 324 to 671 kg ha1in Kagalgomb series. The DTPAextractable Fe, Cu and Mn were sufficient and Zn was deficient inboth the Benchmark soil series.
The study was conducted to evaluate the impact of subsurfacedrainage (SSD) system on physicochemical properties of salinevertisol in the TBP command area of Gotur village, Ballari, Karnataka.A block of 80 ha area comprising of different farmers’ fields hasbeen selected wherein the subsurface drainage system was installedat a depth of 1.20 m with 50 m drain spacing during 2016. The soilsamples were collected at different depths of 030, 3060, 6090and 90120 cm from each grid point during 2016 before theinstallation of subsurface drainage. The post subsurface drainagesoil samples were collected after the harvest of first crop i.e. during2017. The comparison of soil parameters of preSSD and postSSDsoil samples was carried out and the impact of SSD on soil properties
Effect of subsurface draiange on physico-chemical properties of saline Vertisol under TBP command
SAHANA MAJOR ADVISER: Dr. H. VEERESH
was assessed. The study revealed that there was improvement inthe soil physical properties viz., bulk density and water holdingcapacity of postSSD soils. In the case of soil pH and EC, the meanpH (1:2.5) of soil samples at 030 cm ranged from 7.80 to 8.25 inpreSSD soil samples and from 7.52 to 8.12 in postSSD soil samples.Similarly, the EC (1:2.5) had a range of 19.86 to 26.0 ds m1 in preSSD soil samples and a range of 9.46 to 15.25 ds m1 in postSSDsamples. Thus indicating a small impact of SSD on soil pH and ECat surface depth, however the impact is quite low in below soildepths. The provision of SSD positively impacted on soil propertiessuch as SAR, ESP and total soluble salts of postSSD soil samplesin all the depths by leaching of water soluble salts as well as
142
exchangeable Ca+Mg and Na. It is also observed that improvementin soil organic carbon content in surface soil depths owing to SSD.However, there is decline in content of primary and micronutrientsin postSSD soils due to leaching. Thus, as a whole, the installationof SSD has positively impacted the soil through significant leachout of soluble salts more effectively in surface soil depths,
improvement in soil physicochemical properties and thusimprovement in crop performance. It is pertinent to mention herewith that the above observation is from first crop after the installationof SSD. The impact of SSD may be more noticeable in subsequentsoil samples after two or more crops owing to significant removal ofsoluble salts from the soil layers.
A field experiment was conducted during kharif, 2017at the AgriculturalResearch Station, Gangavathi.The experiment was laid out in a splitplot design with nine treatments and three replications. Initial surface(015 cm) and subsurface (1530 cm) soil samples were alkaline in pHand ECe is >4 dS m1 reflectingthat the soils are saline at the time ofsampling. The organic carbon content was medium and the availableNPK was low,medium and high, respectively. The DTPAZn, Fe andMn contents were low and Cu contents were medium. Analysisof bothsurface and subsurface soil had higher percent soil moisture underFarmer’s practiceover PRB+Mulch and PRB+Nomulch before andafter each irrigation and Among irrigation modes EFI had higher percentsoil moisture over ASFI and PSFI before and after each irrigationrespectively. In both thedepthsunder PRB+Mulch had lower soil ECeover PRB+Nomulch and Farmer’s practice before and after each
Soil salinity management through permanent raised bed and different furrow irrigation modes formaximization of cotton yield in TBP command area
TURVIKERE HALESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. VISHWANATH
irrigation respectively. PSFI had lower ECe over ASFI and EFI beforeand after each irrigation respectively. Plant height, monopodialsympodial branches and number of bolls per plant were significantlyhigherunder PRB+Mulchover PRB+Nomulch and Farmer’s practiceover the crop growth stages. Among modes of irrigation PSFI recordedsignificantly higher growth and yield attributes. The cotton yield underPRB+Mulch (2685 kg ha1)was higher compared PRB+No mulch (2495kg ha1) and farmers’ practice (2280 kg ha1). Among subplot cottonyield under PSFI (2580 kg ha1) was higher compared to ASFI(2485 kgha1) andEFI (2396 kg ha1). Significantly higher net return and BC ratiowas obtained with PRB+Mulch (` 78770 ha1 and 2.76, respectively)compared PRB+No mulch and Farmers’ practice respectively. Thetreatment PSFI (` 70856 ha1 and 2.50, respectively) had significantlyhigher net return and BC ratio over EFI and ASFI, respectively.
Study on leaf nutrients status and spectral characteristics of Bt Cotton in relation to soil fertility statusfrom Jewargi taluk, Kalaburagi district
N. MAHANTAYYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. A. BELLAKKI
A study was undertaken in Bt cotton growing soils of Jewargi taluk innorth eastern dry zone of Karnataka during 2017. One hundred surfacesoil samples were collected from the Bt cotton growing fields ofdifferent villages in Jewargi taluk. Petiole leaf samples were alsocollected from same fields at flowering stage. Spectral observationswere recorded from a height of 1 m using portable green seeker(Trimble) during flowering stage of cotton crop where leaf and soilsamples were collected. Sampling locations were recorded by usingglobal positioning system (GPS). Available nitrogen status wasmedium in 67 per cent samples whereas 85 per cent of the fields weremedium in available phosphorus. Available potassium and sulphurcontents were medium in 36 and 70 per cent of the fields, respectively.
All the fields registered sufficient exchangeable calcium and magnesium,available iron manganese and copper. Zinc was deficient in more thanhalf of the fields sample. Nitrogen concentration in Bt cotton petiolewas rated above critical limit in 78 per cent of the samples. Most of thesamples showed sufficient content of P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu andZn concentrations in petiole of Bt cotton plants. All the available majorand micro nutrients in the analyzed soil was significant and positivecorrelation with the respective elements in leaf petiole except S andMn. The SPAD meter values were significant and positive correlationwith the leaf petiole N. NDVI value showed positive and significantrelation with only N and P content in petiole and rest of the elementswere no relation with NDVI values of Bt cotton crop canopy.
Assessment of salt affected soils of Upper Krishna Project commandarea under Lingasuguru taluk using Remote Sensing and GeographicalInformation System was carried out during April May, 2017. Themean pHe at all depths in both the soils were in the category ofmildly alkaline. The mean EC and ECe values were <4.0 dS m1 at allthe depths in both the soils were nonsaline. Sodium ion (Na+) wasthe dominant cation followed by (Ca2++Mg2+) and K+. Sulphate (SO
42)
was the dominant anion followed by HCO3
and Cl in both black andred soils. Generally both cations and anions not showed any increasingor decreasing trend with depth. However, 7.6 per cent samples inblack soil and 8.33 per cent in red soils were having pHe > 8.5 and23.07 per cent samples in black soils and 8.33 per cent samples in red
Assessment of salt affected soils of Upper Krishna Project command area under Lingasuguru talukusing remote sensing and geographical information system
LOHIT MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. R. BALANAGOUDAR
soils were having ECe > 4 dS m1 in surface samples only, reflecting thatthe soils were sodic and saline to that extent in the study area. Themean Na+/ (Cl+SO
42) ratio was >1 at all depths and varied from 2.31,
2.27 to 2.58 and 1.94 to 2.01 for both black and red soils, respectively.The per cent distribution of samples for SAR ranged from 11.11 (3090cm) to 15.38 (1530 cm) for black soil samples which were >13 indicatingthe sodic nature of soil. In both black and red soils of study area sodiumadsorption ratio (SAR) had significant and negative correlation with(CO
32+HCO
3)/ (Cl+SO
42) (r = 0.790** and 0.749**) at both 015
and 1530 cm depths of black soils, respectively but in red soilssignificant and positive correlation with Na+/ (Cl+SO
42) (r = 0.910**
and 0.918**) at both 015 and 1530 cm depth was observed.
143
SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING
Field studies have been conducted at the research field, CAE, UAS,
Raichur, to evaluate the effect of different levels of drip irrigation
viz., 60, 80, 100 and 120 % ET and furrow irrigation under shade net
condition. The water requirement of the crop was calculated based on
the daily evaporation data inside the shade net. The per plant water
requirement of cauliflower for the whole crop season under different
drip irrigation levels were found to be 28.06, 35.49, 42.92, and 50.34
liters for 60, 80, 100, and 120 % ET, respectively. The water delivered
for furrow irrigated treatment was 73.86 liters for the whole season.
The crop biometric parameters (plant height, number of leaves, leaf
width and length, leaf area index, Root length) were recorded under all
treatments at 30, 60 and 90 DAT (Days after transplanting). The
Studies on water use efficiency using drip irrigation for Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis)under shade net at Raichur condition
N.V. ASHOKA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. POLISGOWDAR
highest biometric parameters were observed under drip treatment
80 % ET followed by 100, 120, 60 per cent, and furrow irrigation.
The results indicated that drip treatment at 80% ET gave highest
yield of 52.27 t ha1 followed by 100 % ET (42.90 t ha1), 120 % ET
(38.24 t ha1), 60 % ET (34.97 t ha1) and furrow irrigation (30.76 t ha1).
The highest cost benefit cost ratio of 5.07:1 was observed in highest
case of drip irrigation treatment in 80% ET followed by 3.06:1, 3.98:1,
3.44:1 and 2.65:1 in case of 60, 100, 120 % ET level and furrow
irrigation respectively. The general trend considering the different
parameters tested suggests that the drip irrigation at 80 % ET level
can be used to achieve higher yield of cauliflower in clay soil, under
shade net of Raichur conditions.
Land and water are the two basic natural resources essential for survival
of humankind on the earth. The deterioration of these natural resources
in an area can be controlled effectively by adopting watershed
approach. The present study was carried out for Chhatra sub
watershed of Raichur district. The total area of sub watershed was
found to be 2134.60 ha and lies between 76°24'E to 76°29'E East
longitudes and 15°51'N to 15°55'N North latitudes. Further, the geo
morphological characteristics of watershed have been studied using
GIS technique and the drainage pattern of the study area was found
to be dendritic with trunk order stream as number 4. With the help of
the remote sensing and GIS techniques, the land use capability
classification, soil map and slope maps of the watershed were
prepared. The major soil texture in the study area was sandy loam
Evaluation of geo-morphological characteristics and planning of suitable soil and water conservationmeasures for Chhatra sub watershed in Raichur district, Karnataka
THEJASWI JAGALURKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. V. SRINIVASA REDDY
(59.50%) and agriculture land forms a major landuse pattern
contributing to 67.00 per cent of total sub watershed. The topography
is highly undulated and it varies from level (<1%) to steep slope
(upto 32%). The appropriate soil and water conservation measures
adoptable in the sub watershed were proposed based on the rainfall,
land use type, soil and slope of the watershed. Contour bund, graded
bund and trench cum bunds were proposed for arable land; whereas
contour trench (staggered and continuous) and Vshaped ditches were
proposed for nonarable land. For the treatment of drainage line, by
adopting the integrated mission for sustainable development (IMSD,
1995) guidelines, decision rules were framed. Based on the decision
rules, 10 check dams, 5 percolation tanks, 8 nala bunds and 4 farm
ponds were proposed.
In the present study, the UV stabilized HDPE woven 300 micron geo
membrane polythene sheet was used as a lining material for the existing
farm pond at the College of Agricultural Engineering, UAS Raichur to
study the conjunctive use of rainwater and groundwater for crop
production. The harvested water in the farm pond was utilized for
irrigating the chilli, pigeon pea, capsicum, cauliflower and ashwagandha
during 201718.The chilli crop was laid out in spilt plot design with ten
treatment combinations. The two main plots treatmentswere 75 per
cent of RDF (F1) and 100 per cent of RDF (F
2). The subplot treatments
has five drip irrigation levels viz., at 60 per cent ET (I1), at 70 per cent
ET (I2), at 80 per cent ET (I
3), at 90 per cent ET (I
4) and 100 per cent
Conjunctive use of rainwater harvested in plastic lined farm pond and groundwater for crop production
S. T. VINAYAK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. MAHESHWARA BABU
ET (I5). Total rain water harvested in the farm pond for the period 9th
August to 16th October, 2017 was found to be 1552.63 m3. The total
water utilized for irrigating the crops from lined farm pond for the
period August 2017 to February 2018 was recorded as 1302.86 m3 and
total storage water loss due to evaporation was found be 414.34 m3.
The total quantity of groundwater utilized by different crops during
March and April, 2018 were 157.76 and 47.63 m3. In chilli, maximum
yield of 660 g/plant which is worked out as 16.31 t/ha was observed for
the treatment 80 per cent ET with 100 per cent RDF (I3F
2). The results
revealed that treatment I3F
2 enhanced the plant height, number of
branches, fruit length, fruit size, number of fruits and crop yield.
144
Studies on analysis of engineered wetland system for bioremediation and irrigationalreuse of municipal wastewater
A. G. MALEKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PRASAD S. KULKARNI
Bioremediation and reuse of wastewater at their source provide the
opportunity to use simple, cost effective technologies and reduce the
load on available treatment facilities and fresh water resources.
Engineered Wetland is a bioengineering technology, mimicking natural
wetlands for the treatment and reuse of wastewater. The main
objectives of this study was to analyse Engineered Wetland System
for pollutants removal mechanism and assess the possibilities of reuse
of wetland effluents for irrigation. The research was carried out in
UAS, Raichur campus, Karnataka at existing Engineered Wetland (20
x 4.2 x 1 m) planted with Typha latifolia and used to treat municipal
sewage. Performance was evaluated for 12 weeks duration. Water
samples were collected by installing observation wells in the wetland
system at four section of 5 m interval with three depths. The spatial
and temporal pollutants removal performance of the system was
carried out considering critical water quality parameter viz., pH,
Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Turbidity,
Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD),
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Carbonate, Bicarbonate, Nitrate
(NO3") and Phosphate. The pollutants removal analysis trend showed
that there was promising pollutant removal with respect to turbidity
(83.07%), nitrate (53.80%) and phosphate (41.66%) whereas removal
efficiency of COD and BOD were found 29.16 per cent and 23.54 per cent,
respectively. The DO enhancement observed was 183.42 per cent.
All measured parameter indicated direct relationship between mass
load and mass removal rate, however, performance in the terms of
removal efficiency was decreased as the loading rate increased. As per
observation, parameters like pH, EC, TDS, bicarbonate and nitrate
fulfilled the BIS (IS: 2296) and FAO guidelines for irrigation reuse.
All parameters showed gradual increment in removal efficiency due
to system stabilization as time progress.
The field experiment was carried out to study the effect of drip
irrigation system on yield and water use efficiency of cluster bean
(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) under Raichur agroclimatic conditions.
The experiment was laid out randomized complete block design. The
different drip irrigation levels included T1 70 per cent ET, T
2 80 per cent
ET, T3
90 per cent ET, T4 100 per cent ET and T
5 furrow
irrigation (control). The objective was to workout the water
requirement of cluster bean, yield, water use efficiency and economics
of drip and furrow irrigation. The water saving over furrow irrigation
was maximum for 70 per cent ET treatment (39.84 %), followed by
80 per cent ET (32.14 %), 90 per cent ET (24.44 %) and 100 per cent
Studies on effect of drip irrigation system on yield and water use efficiency of cluster bean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) under Raichur agro-climatic conditions
M. VEENA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. NEMICHANDRAPPA
ET (16.74 %). The response of cluster bean to different drip irrigation
levels in growth parameters were significantly superior in respect of
100 per cent ET level. The highest yield of cluster bean 24.84 t ha1
was obtained in 100 per cent ET level as compared with furrow
irrigation. Among all the drip irrigation levels higher water use efficiency
was found in 100 per cent ET treatment (6.98 kg m3) and lowest in
furrow irrigation (3.55 kg m3). The drip irrigation treatments recorded
higher benefit cost ratio (4.06 2.51) compared to furrow irrigation.
The different parameters suggests that 100 per cent ET level can be
used to achieve higher yields of cluster bean in sandy loam soil under
Raichur agroclimatic conditions.
Comparative study of various empirical models for estimating potential evapotranspiration(PET) for semi-arid region of Raichur
JYOTHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. V. SRINIVASA REDDY
Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important component of the hydrologic
cycle. In this research, an attempt has been made to estimate the Potential
Evapotranspiration (PET) by various approaches. It is a complex and
nonlinear process since, it depends upon various interdependent
climatic factors. Hence, precise estimation plays a vital role in various
water resource planning and management studies viz., irrigation
scheduling, crop production and water budgeting. By considering 20
years (19982017) climatological data, empirical, ANN and fuzzy logic
(FL) models were evaluated for semiarid region of Raichur. In this
research, the PET data calculated were compared with FAO 56 Penman
Montleith model as a reference. Through suitable statistical analyzers
(CC, MAE and RMSE), the results obtained by six empirical models
were compared with FAO 56 Penman Monteith model and the following
rank of the performance was observed: Open Pan, Hargreaves, Blaney
Criddle, Modified Penman, Turc and Christiansen models, respectively.
Performance of validation was used as a measuring tool to select best fit
model. Hence, based on correlation and statistical parameters viz., CC,
CE, MAE, RMSE and R2, the results revealed that, among artificial
neural networks (ANNs) and fuzzy logic (FL) models feed forward
neural network with Bayesian regularization model (FNNBR) was
considered as best fit model for the study area. During sensitivity
analysis, different input combinations were carried out for all the
selected models. Model3 (FNNBR model) was found to be best, to
estimate PET with combination of maximum temperature (T1),
minimum temperature (T2), wind speed (W) and sunshine hour (SS) as
governing factors with higher accuracy than the other combination
models for study area at Raichur. The present study confirms that, the
use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and fuzzy logic (FL) models
with different input combinations be used for estimation of potential
evapotranspiration (PET) at semiarid region of Raichur.
145
CROP PHYSIOLOGY
A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station,
Gangavati, UAS, Raichur, Karnataka, during kharif 2017 to study
the effect of different agrochemicals in rice (var. GNV1089). The
experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with
three replications and 10 treatments along with control i.e., T1: 25 %
extra nitrogen (N) soil application, T2: NPK (19:19:19) @ 1 %, T
3:
triacontanol (2 ml/l), T4: GA
3 (50 ppm), T
5: nitrobenzene (20 ppm),
T6: salicylic acid (500 ppm), T
7: 6BAP (20 ppm), T
8: borax (0.2 %),
T9: T
3 + T
8 foliar applications and T
10: control. This variety showed
chaffyness problem of about 35 per cent therefore, foliar and soil
application of agrochemicals at 65 and 85 days after transplanting
(DAT) to improve the morphological, physiological, biochemical and
yield and yield attributing parameters.The results obtained at 95 DAT
Physiological approaches for yield maximization in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
YASMEEN BEGUM MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. P. PATIL
indicated that among the different treatment,T2 (NPK 19:19:19 @
1.0 %) recorded the significantly greaterresults as compared to other
treatment as follows: Morphological parameters viz., number of green
leaves (69.8), least number of senescent leaves (7.7) and higher number
of productive tillers per hill (17.4) except plant heightwhereas, the
highest plant height (98.2 cm) was recorded by T4 (GA
3 50 ppm)
over rest of the treatment. The highest grain yield (8709.8 kg ha1) and
less per cent of chaffyness (20.9 %) were recorded in T2 (NPK
19:19:19 @ 1.0 %) than other treatment. It was concluded that among
foliar and soil application of different agrochemicals T2 (NPK 19:19:19
@ 1.0 %) was found to be the best treatment and most ideal and
economically feasible at 65 DAT and at 85 DAT. It has increased the
22.9 per cent higher yield over control.
A field experiment was conducted with an objective to study the
influence of foliar nutrition on morphophysiological changes and
cob development in maize (Zea mays L.) during kharif 2017 at the
Agriculture College farm, Raichur. An experiment was laid out in
randomized complete block design with 13 treatments including
control. The treatments were foliar nutrition of NPK (19:19:19)
(1 %), H3BO
3 (0.1 %) and ZnSO
4 at (0.5 %) sprayed at different
vegetative stages (V5, V6, V11 and V12). The results revealed that
foliar application of ZnSO4 at 0.5 per cent in addition to recommended
dose of fertilizers (RDF) during V6 stage recorded significantly higher
plant height, total dry matter and its partitioning, minimum number
of days to attain 50 per cent silking and physiological maturity,
higher leaf area index and specific leaf weight. Other physiological
Studies on influence of foliar nutrition on morpho-physiological changes andcob development in Maize (Zea mays L.)
M. NAVEENAA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. AMARAEGOUDA
parameters like higher photosynthetic rate and NDVI was also
observed in this treatment. Biochemical parameters like Chlorophyll
a, b and total, reducing and nonreducing sugar content in leaves, N
and K content in stover and starch content in grains were also
significantly increased under this treatment. Similarly, higher yield
and yield components were recorded with the foliar application of
ZnSO4 at 0.5 per cent during V6 stage. However, it was on par with
foliar application of ZnSO4 at 0.5 per cent during V5 stage. Maize
growth, yield and yield components were increased when foliar
nutrition was given at early stages (V5 and V6 stage) than late stage
(V11 and V12 stage) of leaf growth. It was concluded from the results
that foliar nutrition during 25 to 30 days after sowing could increase
maize productivity significantly.
A field experiment was conducted to know the effect of influence of
different establishment methods and irrigation management on
morphological and yield parameters in rice (Oryza sativa L.) at the
Agricultural Research Station Dhadesugur, during kharif 2017. The
experiment was laid out in a split plot design and treatments were
replicated thrice. Rice plants were grown under three establishment
methods viz., transplanted rice, direct seeded rice (DSR) and system
of rice intensification (SRI) with different irrigation management
practices viz., Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) critical stage
approach, continuous saturation and farmers irrigation practice. SRI
method of rice establishment and AWD of irrigation practice
registered significantly superior performance in terms of
morphological parameters at all the crop growth stages over rest of
the establishment and irrigation methods. Similar trend was observed
with yield attributes viz., total number of grains panicle1, panicle
length, test weight and no. of productive tillers hill1. DSR with
Morpho-physiological studies in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under differentestablishment methods and irrigation management
VEERESH SAJJANAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. AMAREGOUDA
critical stage approach took lesser number of days to panicle
initiation, days to 50 per cent flowering and days to physiological
maturity where as farmer’s irrigation practice and transplanted rice
took more number of days. SRI method and AWD irrigation approach
recorded significantly higher NDVI values, photosynthetic rate,
chlorophyll content at all the growth stages as compared to other
establishment methods but leaf temperature and transpiration rate
were higher in DSR and critical stage irrigation approach followed
by SRI method. Transplanted rice and farmers irrigation practice
recorded lower leaf temperature and lower transpiration rate. Root
attributes viz., root volume, root length, and root dry matter were
significantly superior in SRI method with AWD irrigation approach
followed by DSR with farmers irrigation practice. Therefore, crop
can be successfully grown by adopting an appropriate SRI method
of establishment and AWD method of irrigation to overcome the
problem of water scarcity.
146
A field experiment was conducted with an objective to study the
influence of foliar organic nutrition on growth and yield of groundnut
during kharif 2017 at the College of Agriculture, Raichur. The
experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design and
was replicated thrice. There were 12 treatments comprising, foliar
spray of organic extracts viz., Vermicompost extract (1:10), FYM
extract (1:10), Neem cake extract (1:10), Cow dung extract (1:10),
Pongamia cake extract (1:10), Panchagavya (3 %), Jeevamrutha (3
%), Panchamrutha (3 %), Humic acid (0.004 %), inorganic treatment
Pulse magic (2 %), Water spray and Control. The treatments were
imposed at 25 and 45 days after sowing. Among the organic
treatments, the foliar application of panchagavya (3 %) recorded
significantly higher dry pod yield over control and was on par with
Physiological assessment of foliar organic nutrition on growth andyield of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
P. R. DEEKSHITH GOWDA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. M. DHANOJI
pulse magic (2 %) spray. The increase in the yield with foliar spray
of panchagavya (3 %) spray may be attributed to improvement in
the yield traits like number of pods per plant, dry pod yield per
plant, shelling percentage, hundred kernel weight and corresponding
improvement in morpho physiological growth parameters viz., plant
height, total dry matter and its partition into different parts, leaf
area, leaf area index, leaf area duration, specific leaf weight, crop
growth rate, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, chlorophyll
content, nitrate reductase activity and NDVI. Further, protein and
oil content as well as oil yield were also higher in panchagavya
(3 %) spray. Therefore, panchagavya (3 %) spray can be used as a
substitute for inorganic pulse magic (2 %) spray particularly in
organic farming of groundnut.
A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural College Farm,
University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka during Kharif
2017, to study the influence of organic foliar nutrition on growth and
yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrid KBSH44. The
experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with
twelve treatments and was replicated thrice. The sources for organic
nutrition were vermicompost extract (10.0 %), farm yard manure
(FYM) extract (10.0 %), neem cake extract (10.0 %), cow dung extract
(10.0 %), pongamia cake extract (10.0 %), panchagavya (3.0 %),
jeevamruta (3.0 %), panchamruta (3.0 %), humic acid (4.0 ppm) and
were compared with boron (0.1%), water spray and control. Treatments
were imposed during the grand growth stage (40 DAS) and ray floret
stage (60 DAS). The results revealed significant improvement in
Physiological assessment of foliar organic nutrition on growth andyield of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
VIJAYAKUMAR SHINDHE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. M. DHANOJI
morphological, physiological, biochemical, quality, yield and yield
components with the foliar application of different organic nutrient
sources. Among organic treatments, panchagavya foliar spray
(3.0 %) recorded the higher yield (1,707 kg ha1) followed by jeevamruta
foliar spray (3.0%) (1,693 kg ha1) compared to control (1,480 kg ha1).
The significant increase in the seed yield per hectare by panchagavya
foliar spray (3.0%) may be attributed to the improvement in the
plant height (189.4 cm), total dry matter accumulation
(155.38 g plant1), head diameter (28.43 cm), achene filling percentage
(85.52 %), test weight (5.78 g) and seed yield per plant (31.21 g
plant1) as compared to other organic treatments. However, foliar
spray of inorganic boron (0.1 %) showed numerically higher values as
compared to foliar spray of organic panchagavya (3.0 %).
The present investigation was conducted at the Agricultural
Research Station, Kalaburagi, University of Agricultural Sciences,
Raichur, during the rabi 201718 for the screening of chickpea
lines for drought tolerance. Among two experiments conducted,
the first experiment was laid out in split plot design which consists
of twelve genotypes sown in the field under irrigated and non
irrigated condition to evaluate morphophysiological, biochemical
and yield parameters, whereas second experiment was conducted
for root characterization study of same genotypes in PVC pipes.
The field experiment was replicated thrice. The interaction effects
between irrigation and genotypes and growth behavior was studied
during 35, 55, 75 DAS and at harvest stage. Significant changes in
the plant height, biomass, growth parameters and root traits (root
length and root mass) under both irrigated and nonirrigated
conditions were recorded, indicating the effect of moisture stress
Screening of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) lines for drought tolerance
MAHESHANKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. R. PATIL
on plants. Among the genotypes, RKD1 shows significantly higher
plant height, number of branches, growth parameters such as AGR,
CGR, LAI and also proline content (8.66 µ mole g1 fresh wt.),
relative water content (71.28%) and least values were recorded
inRVSSG52 (6.46 µ mole g1 fresh wt., 59.94%, respectively)
under both irrigated and non irrigated conditions. Similarly, lower
membrane injury index (31.73%) was recorded in RKD1 compared
to of JG11 (check) (33.47%).Under both irrigated and non
irrigated condition higher yield parameters such as number of pods
per plant, seed yield and harvest index were recorded in RKD1
(48, 1991 kg ha1 and 43.34%) compared to of JG11 (check) (46,
1954 kg ha 1 and 41.32%). Genotypes showing higher amount of
proline content, relative water content along with lower leaf water
potential and membrane injury index coupled with deeper root
length are attributed for the drought tolerance.
147
AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY
A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station,Kalaburagi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, during thekharif 201718 on source and sink relationship in pigeonpea (Cajanuscajan L.) as influenced by major nutrients, minor nutrients and plantgrowth regulators by using TS3R variety. The experiment was laidout in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 10treatments and was replicated thrice. The treatments viz., foliar sprayof 2.0% 19:19:19 mixture (T1), 20 ppm 6BA (T2), 100 ppm Salicyclicacid (T3), 10 g/l Pulse magic (T4), 2% MAP (T5), 0.5% ZnSO
4 (T6),
0.01% Boric acid (T7), Water spray (T8), Control (T9), Absolutecontrol (T10) with three replications using TS3R variety with spacingof 90×30 cm. Observations were recorded regularly at 45 days intervalfrom 45 DAS onwards upto harvest. Treatments were imposed during
Source and sink studies in Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L) influenced bymajor nutrients, minor nutrients and plant growth regulators
AVINASH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. R. PATIL
50 per cent flowering stage and 15 days after first spray. The resultswere analysed for variance and were significant for morphological,physiological, biophysical, biochemical, yield and yield componentswith application of different major nutrients, minor nutrients andplant growth regulators. Among treatments, pulse magic recorded thehighest yield (1442 kg ha1) compared to other treatments. Thesignificant increase in the seed yield per hectare by pulse magic foliarspray may be attributed to the improvement in the plant height(188.20 cm), leaf area (29.24 dm2 plant1), total dry matter accumulation(229.05 g plant1), number of pods per plant (212.91), test weight(12.48 g), straw yield (4871 kg ha1) and harvest index (27.80). thehigher gross returns (` 78840), net returns (` 53903) and BC ratio(3.10) were also highest in pulse magic treated plot.
Blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) is capable of fixing atmospheric
nitrogen through bacteria living in its root nodules. To study the
influence of Rhizobium inoculation on the nodulation, growth and
yield of rabi blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper), a field experiment
was conducted during rabi season of 2017 at ARS, Kalaburagi. In
the present study a total of 40 rhizobial isolates were obtained from
blackgram root nodules grown in different locations of Hyderabad
Karnataka region. These isolates were studied morphologically and
biochemically for purity confirmation. All the isolates were further
screened for their plant growth promoting properties such as in
vitro nitrogen fixation, P solubilisation, IAA, HCN, EPS and
Studies on effect of native rhizobium isolates on rabi Blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper)
SUSHMA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. C. GUNDAPPAGOL
siderophore production. Basedon screening test results five efficient
isolates were selected for the field experiment. The experiment was
laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Designwith seven
treatments at three replications. Among the seven treatments,
T5 (RB24) significantly increased plant height, root length (37.43 cm
and 17.20 cm ) nodule number, nodule dry weight (23.43 and 29.80
mg/plant) shoot biomass, root biomass (10.13g/plant and 1.64 g/
plant) and pod number, pod length, pod weight, grain yield (9.23,
6.23 cm, 7.69 g/plant and 1686 kg/ha ) over control. This treatment
was found superior to all other treatments in respect of growth,
nodulation and yield.
Investigations were carried to study pink pigmented facultative
methylotrophs (PPFM) and their beneficial effects on direct seeded
rice (DSR). Rhizosphere and phyllosphere samples of direct seeded
rice were collected from different DSR growing regions of Hyderabad
Karnataka. About 50 isolates were isolated on selective ammonium
mineral salt (AMS) medium. Further, the isolates were characterized
based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics. The results
revealed that all the isolates were Gram negative, rod shaped, accumulated
PHB, colonies were pink, pale pink or dark pink in colour due to
pigmentation. Biochemical characteristics revealed that all the isolates
showed positive results for oxidase test, urease test and indole
production. The isolates were negative for casein hydrolysis, MRVP
and nitrate reduction test. Based on color intensity, 20 PPFM isolates
were selected for further in vitro studies. These isolates were tentatively
identified as Methylobacterium sp. based on carbon utilization tests.
Effect of pink pigmented facultative methylotrophs on growth and yield of direct seeded Rice
J. RAGHAVENDRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. P. SANTHOSH
The results for the beneficial characters revealed that PPFM31 recorded
highest nitrogen fixation and IAA production of 1.32 mg N/g of malate
medium and 28.23 μg/ml of culture filtrate respectively. The isolates
were also tested for Psolubilization activity and HCN production.
The maximum Pi release was observed in PPFM 31 (13.00 %). None of
the isolates produced HCN. Based on these beneficial characters, two
efficient isolates (PPFM31 and PPFM16) were selected for pot culture
experiment along with PSB (Bacillus megatarium var. phosphaticum)
and Reference strain (Methylobacterium extorquens). Results revealed
that combined inoculations performed better over single inoculations.
Among combined inoculation treatments, T6 (PPFM31 + PSB) and T
7
(Reference strain + PSB) recorded higher growth and yield parameters.
The results indicates that the combined inoculations of pink pigmented
facultative methylotrophs with PSB exert favorable effect on growth
and yield of direct seeded rice.
148
Fly ash is the inorganic solid waste mineral produced from coal
combustion during power generation in thermal power plants. Fly
ash collected from Raichur Thermal Power Station, Shaktinagar,
Raichur was characterized for its physicochemical properties, mixed
with soil at 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 per cent (w/w), incubated for 11
days under laboratory conditions at room temperature and investigated
for its effect on soil microbial population dynamics. The results
demonstrated that application of fly ash @ 10% was found to be
optimum for microbial population, soil dehydrogenase activity and
microbial biomass carbon where as these activities decreased
significantly at 15, 20 and 25 per cent fly ash treatment with respect
to control. A pot culture experiment was conducted to study the
effect of beneficial microorganisms in combination with fly ash on
growth and yield of chickpea under green house conditions at
Evaluation of efficient PGPM in combination with fly ash on growth andyield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
J. R. ASHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NAGARAJ M. NAIK
University of agricultural sciences, Raichur during 201718. The crop
was raised amending with fly ash (10%), inoculated with Rhizobium
ciceri, Pseudomonas putida and Mycorrhiza along with recommended
dose of fertilizers. The experiment was laid out in completely
randomized block design with ten treatments and three replications.
Growth parameters i.e., plant height, number of branches, total dry
matter and number of nodules were significantly highest in T9 (10 %
Fly ash + Rhizobium ciceri + Pseudomonas putida + Mycorrhiza +
75 % RDF) at all growth stages. Similar trend was also recorded for
pods per plant (24.33), seed yield per plant (8.10 g), seed yield
(26.99 q ha1). It could be inferred from the study that 10% fly ash,
inoculated with consortium of R. ciceri, P. putida and mycorrhiza
along with recommended dose of fertilizers can increase growth and
yield of chickpea.
A study was conducted for isolation, characterization and screening
of PGPR isolates from major pigeon pea growing areas of Hyderabad
Karnataka region. For this study 40 isolates of PGPR were collected
and tested for their beneficial traits like, IAA production, P
solubalisation, siderophore production based on the in vitro analysis.
Further, the efficient strains were selected and examined for their
inoculation effect on plant growth, biomass and nutrient content under
pot culture conditions at the Department of Agricultural
Microbiology, AC, Raichur. The results revealed that the highest plant
height, number of leaves, root length, number of nodules, recorded in
T2, efficient Pseudomonas isolate NBP4 strain (63.33 cm, 47.67,
17.00 cm and 15.33, respectively) followed by T7 –reference strain P.
fluorescens (59.17 cm, 45.00, 16.67 cm and 13.83, respectively). The
lowest plant height, number of leaves, root length, number of nodules
was observed in control at harvest. The Pseudomonas strains tested
PGPR potentials of Pseudomonas fluorescens from rhizosphere soils of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.)of Hyderabad Karnataka region
NAGARAJ BANNIHATTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MAHADEVASWAMY
for maximum dry weight was also recorded in the treatment T2
efficient strain of Pseudomonas isolate (NBP4) significantly
increased dry weight of plant 1.97 g/plant followed by T3 efficient
strain of Pseudomonas (NBP17) 1.83 g/plant, T6
Efficient
Pseudomonas isolate (NBP35) 1.81 g/plant, T7 Reference strain (P.
fluorescence) 1.49 g/plant, T4efficient strain of Pseudomonas (NBP
14)1.43 g/plant and T5efficient strain of Pseudomonas (NBP27)
1.41 g/plant which were significantly different from each other and
lowest dry weight were recorded in uninoculated control (1.36 g/
plant at harvest). The treatment T2 inoculated with efficient
Pseudomonas isolate (NBP4) recorded maximum nutrient content
of 1.36 % of N and 0.26 % of P per plant followed by the treatment
T7 Reference strain (P. fluorescence) (1.25% of N and 0.24% of P
per plant). The Ncontent and Pcontent was lowest in uninoculated
control with 1.04 and 0.15 per cent per plant.
Several microbes promote plant growth and many microbial products
that stimulate plant growth have been marketed. Plant growth promoting
rhizobacteria (PGPR) are the soil bacteria that colonizes on plant root
enhance plant growth and live symbiotically with plant. The present
study was carried out to isolate and characterize the Gram positive
PGPR from different rhizospheric soils sorghum and effect of single
and combined inoculations using Arbuscular mycorrhizae (Glomus
mossae) and gram positive plant growth promoting rhizobacterium
(Bacillus megaterium) were evaluated. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
(AMF) and plant growthpromoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can be
considered as important rhizospheric beneficial microorganisms. Soil
Interaction effect of gram positive PGPR and AM fungi on growth and yield of Sorghum
C. BINDUSHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MAHADEVASWAMY
microorganisms particularly PGPR, can influence AM formation and
function and consequently, mycorrhizae can affect PGPR populations
in the rhizosphere. Forty isolates were thoroughly characterized on the
basis of their response to a number of morphological and biochemical
tests, out of these two efficient isolates (BSR3 and BSS34) were
selected based on their ability to produce plant growth promoting
substance like IAA, siderophore and solubilization of phosphorous.
Best performance in terms of increased nutrient uptake, highest plant
growth and yield was observed in the treatment inoculated with efficient
Gram positive PGPR isolate and AM fungi along with 75% RDF (75%
RDF + Bacillus spp. (BSR3) + AM fungi), respectively.
149
Plants are constantly confronted with environmental constraints of
both biotic and abiotic origin. In particular, drought is considered as
one of the most acute environmental stress presently affecting
agriculture. Several adaptations and mitigation strategies are required
to cope with drought stress. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria
(PGPR) could play a significant role in alleviation of drought stress in
plants. Present study was conducted to determine the effect of PGPM
like Pseudomonas and Mycorrhizal fungi in alleviating the drought
stress in black gram crop. Totally fourty rhizospheric soil samples
and ten rhizospheric root samples of black gram were collected from
different districts of Hyderabad Karnataka region. And these fourty
isolates were grown on King’s B medium and Tryptic Soy Broth
(TSB) with different water potential. Among the 40 isolates, 12 isolates
could grow under maximum water stress condition and these 12 isolates
Isolation and characterization of drought tolerance inducing PGPMs from major Black gram growingares of Hyderabad Karnataka region
SAVITHRI PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. C. GUNDAPPAGOL
were screened for drought beneficial traits like IAA, ACC deaminase
activity, and proline production. Among 12 isolates the isolate PSB
38 showed maximum IAA production of 18.90 µg /50 ml medium,
5.27 µmol/mg of ACC deaminase activity and osmolytic proline of
about 101.18 µmol/mg of fresh weight of cell. And fungal isolate
MYCK7 showed highest per cent root colonization and spore count.
These two isolates were selected for pot culture experiment with 12
treatments and three replications. Out of 12 treatments, T12
(PSB
38+MYCK7 + 75 % RDF) significantly enhanced the growth and
yield of black gram even under moisture stress condition as compare
to the other treatments and uninoculated control. The present
investigation showed significant increase in the growth and yield of
the black gram crop inoculated with PGPM isolates with 75 (%) of
the recommended dose of fertilizer under moisture stress condition.
Azospirillum developed elsewhere have not been very consistent in
their perfonnance everywhere, due to their poor adaptability to the
changing soil and agroclimatic conditions. Looking into these perspectives
present study was carried out during 201718 on, isolation,
characterization and screening of native strains of Azospirillum trom
foxtail millet roots at Department of Agricultural Microbiology,
Agricultural college, Raichur. From foxtail millet growing areas of Raichur
and Koppal districts, 40 samples were collecte4 for isolation and
enumeration of Azospirillum. Out of 40 isolates of Azospirillum, 17
were tentatively identified as Azospirillum lipoferum and remaining 23
as Azospirillum brasilense. In the present investigation 21 isolates
were found to be negative for denitrification and thus selected for further
study while, remaining nineteen isolates showed positive for the test.
Screening of twenty one selected Azospirillum isolates for their nitrogen
fixing ability, IAA and siderophore producing capacity were carried out
PGPR potentials of Azosprillum on growth and yield of Foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.]
N. R.VIJAYALAKSHMI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MAHADEVASWAMY
under in vitro conditions along with reference strain. The amount of
nitrogen fixed by the selected isolates ranged from 2.09 to 21.41 mg of
N per g of malate used. lAA production ranged trom 1.14 to 18.44 µg
per 50 ml while production of siderophore ranged trom 47.33 to 72.67
per cent. Based on in vitro studies, six efficient strains of Azospirillum
were selected for pot culture experiment on foxtail millet growth
parameters at 30 and 60 days after sowing and at harvest. All the
isolates including reference strain showed significant increase in plant
height No. of leaves per hill, No. of tillerslhill, Plant biomass, No. of
panicleslhill, No. of filled seeds/panicle, No. of chaffy seeds/panicle,
test weight, seed yield/plant, straw yieldlhill and nitrogen content of
foxtail millet was observed over control. Selected Azospirillum isolates
including reference strain showed significant increase in the growth and
yield parameters of foxtail millet. The strain MARV18 was found to
be efficient nitrogen fixer for foxtail millet crop.
The field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research
Station, Kalaburagi during 201718 to study the microbial population
dynamics and its relation to growth and yield of sorghum in organic
farming system. The results showed improvement in the soil
microbiological and biochemical properties in the treatments applied
with organic manures. Among the different treatments, fully organic
manures (100% NP) recorded significantly higher population of general
and beneficial microbes viz., bacteria (114.25 X 106 cfu/g), fungi (75.50
X 104 cfu/g), actinomycetes (54.50 X 104 cfu/g), Azotobacter (17.50
X 104 cfu/g), Azospirillum (30.75 X 104 cfu/g) and Phosphorus
Solubilising Microorganism (PSM 52.25 X 104 cfu/g) and also highest
microbial biomass carbon (361.50 µg CO2C g1 soil for 24 hrs) and
enzymatic activity (Dehydrogenase 35.75 μg TPF g1 soil for 24 hrs,
Urease 221.63 μg NH4 N g1 soil for 2hrs, Phosphatase 92.13 μg
Microbial population dynamics and its relation to growth and yield ofSorghum in organic farming system
L. K. NAGARAJ MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. C. GUNDAPPAGOL
PNP g1 soil for 1 hr). The crop responded well to the different
treatment combinations and found higher growth and yield parameters
in the treatment applied as per recommended package of practices
recorded (plant height 212.75 cm, number of leaves 10.09/plant, dry
matter accumulation91.32 g/plant, grain weight per ear head31.00 g,
stover yield5.06 t/ha, grain yield 1568 kg/ha) but however it was on
par with the treatment applied with fully inorganic fertilizers (T4) and
the treatment given with 50 per cent organic manures and 50 per cent
inorganic fertilizers (T3) and treatment applied with fully organic
manures of 100% N and P (T2 in case of yield and yield parameters).
Finally, to find the comparative profits between the treatments, the
economics of the crop was worked out and found that the treatment
which was maintained fully organically with 75 per cent N and P (T1)
was superior among all the treatments with highest BC ratio (2.84).
150
Effect of zinc solubilizing bacteria on growth and yield of Paddy
S. G. MANASA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MAHADEVA SWAMY
Investigations were carried out in the Department of Agricultural
Microbiology and ARS Dhadesugur. A total of 40 zinc solubilizing
bacterial isolates were isolated from forty paddy rhizospheric soil
samples using TRIS minimal media supplemented with 0.1 per cent
of ZnO. All the isolates were able to solubilize zinc oxide with
solubilization efficiency ranging from 109.85 to 384.61 per cent. Ten
isolates showing higher zinc solubilization efficiency were subjected
for broth assay and PGPS. Efficient zinc solubilizing isolates i.e.
MZSB 6 and MZSB 8 showed highest zinc solubilization in broth
assay with 16.920 ppm and 17.675 ppm, respectively and also found
to be efficient in production of IAA with 8.21 µg ml1 and 7.92 µg ml1,
respectively. The isolate MZSB8 produced higher siderophore of
76.73 per cent followed by the isolate MZSB6 that produced 72.36
per cent and these were significantly superior to the reference strain
(67.80 %). MZSB8 showed the highest phosphate solubilization
zone (12.3 mm) followed by MZSB6 (10.3 mm). Gluconic acid was
found to be the most common organic acid produced by all the ten
isolates. MZSB 6 and MZSB 8 were evaluated for effect on the
growth and yield of paddy in field conditions. Growth and yield
parameters of paddy showed a significant increase in the T8 which
received combined treatment of MZSB 6, MZSB 8 and 75 per cent
RDF as compared to control and other treatments. Available zinc in
plants was estimated using ICPMS in PRFQAL, UAS, Raichur.
Results showed that the highest of 46.18 mg of Zn kg1 of plant was
found in the treatment T8 when compared to reference (T
5) which
showed 27.46 mg/kg of available zinc and the control (27.08 mg/kg).
Thus, the isolates MZSB 6 and MZSB 8 can be used as PGP
bioinoculants in zinc deficient areas with 75 per cent RDF.
The present investigation was carried out in the Department of
Agricultural Microbiology and PRFQAL, UAS Raichur, Karnataka.
Two major rice growing districts viz., Raichur and Koppal were
surveyed and selected for soil sample collection. Twentyfive bacterial
isolates were isolated from a total of 40 soil samples by enrichment
technique using MSM agar supplemented initially with 200 ppm
chlorpyrifos. Screening was carried out with different concentrations
of chlorpyrifos in the media. Seven isolates were found to be efficient
in tolerating up to 600 ppm of chlorpyrifos. Further, these seven
efficient isolates were analysed for in vitro degradation of chlorpyrifos
using UVspectrophotometer at 200 ppm concentration. CDB6,
CDB11 and CDB18 showed 68.5, 72.4 and 70.2 per cent CP
degradation, respectively at 37 °C by the end of 10th day. Based on
morphological and biochemical characterization of these isolates, they
were tentatively identified as Bacillus spp and Pseudomonas spp.
A study on chlorpyrifos degrading bacteria under Rice ecosystem
S. H. AVINASH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NAGARAJ M. NAIK
These isolates scored positive for the qualitative tests of beneficial
traits such as production of siderophore, IAA and phosphate
solubilization. The three isolates viz., CDB6, CDB11 and CDB18
were found to be superior among the efficient isolates. These isolates
were further tested under pot culture conditions to assess their
chlorpyrifos degrading activity in the soil at 500 ppm CP concentration
and their effect on the growth attributes of rice. Among all the
treatments, triple combination of isolates (CDB6, CDB11 and CDB
18) recorded a significant increase in the growth parameters at 90th
DAT viz., plant height (86.3 cm), number of tillers per hill (12.3),
number of leaves per hill (58.6) and total dry matter production
(29.45 g hill1). The isolate CDB11 recorded significantly higher
degradation of 98.73 per cent followed by coinoculation of all the
three isolates (96.64 %). Thus, the isolates can be used as
bioremediating agents after field and multilocation trials.
The present investigation was carried out in the Department of
Agricultural Microbiology and PRFQAL, UAS Raichur, Karnataka.
Arsenic contaminated sites in two district viz., Raichur and Yadagir
were surveyed and selected for soil sample collection. Twentynine
bacterial isolates were isolated from a total of 37 soil and 10 water
samples by enrichment technique using MSM agar supplemented
initially with 10 ppm of sodium arsenite. Screening was carried out
with enhancing concentrations of sodium arsenite in the media. Twelve
isolates were found to be efficient in tolerating up to 500 ppm of
sodium arsenite. Further, qualitative estimation of arsenic concentration
in the media supplemented with efficient isolates separately was carried
out using ICPMS. Based on morphological and biochemical
characterization of these isolates, they were tentatively identified as
Isolation, screening of arsenic resistant bacteria and evaluation of itseffect on growth of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
ARATI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NAGARAJ M. NAIK
Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. These isolates also screened for the
beneficial traits such as production of IAA and siderophore. The three
isolates viz., ASR5, ASR7 and ASR9 were found to be superior
among the efficient isolates. These isolates were further tested under
pot culture conditions to assess their arsenic resistant activity in the
soil at 500 ppm sodium arsenite concentration and their effect on the
growth attributes of tomato. Among all the treatments, triple combination
of isolates recorded a significant increase in the growth parameters at
90th DAT viz., plant height (96.37 cm), number of branches and leaves
(11.17, 62.23), shoot and root length (73.67 and 25.90 cm), shoot and
root fresh weight (22.44 and 2.90 g/plant ) and shoot and root dry
weight (12.33 and 1.35 g/plant). Thus, the isolates can be used as
bioremediating agents.
151
AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY
The field experiment was conducted at the Main Agricultural Research
Station, Raichur, to study the seasonal incidence of insect pests on
groundnut and evaluation of ecofriendly management practices
against major pests of groundnut. The thrips population reached its
peak in 38th SMW and 3rd SMW during kharif and rabi/summer,
respectively. The higher nymphal population was observed during
36th to 38th SMW during kharif and on 3rd and 5th SMW during rabi/
summer season. Peak population of leaf miner was observed during
36th to 38th and 6th SMW in kharif and in rabi/summer seasons,
respectively. The Spodoptera litura larval population appeared in
two peaks, during kharif season. The maximum larvae were noticed
during 6th SMW during rabi/summer. The higher activity of
coccinellids was observed during 36th to 40th SMW and 8th SMW
during kharif and rabi /summer seasons, respectively. The higher
Studies on seasonal incidence and eco-friendly management of Groundnut insect pests
ASHA KOLKUR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SOMASEKHAR
activity of spiders was observed from 35th to 39th SMW during
kharif. The parasitization was higher during 35th and 6th SMW during
kharif and rabi/summer, respectively. For the management of major
insect pests of groundnut, (Metarhizium anisopliae 2 g/l
profenophos @ 2 ml/l commercial neem 5 ml/l in intercropping
system) was the best treatment which recorded least population of
insect pests on groundnut crop and said to be the safest treatment
spray during both the seasons. Therefore, sequential application of
bioagent, botanical in combination with safer insecticidal molecules
conserve the natural beneficial fauna and pesticide load to overcome
insecticide resistance and pest resurgence problems. The highest pod,
haulm yield and net returns were recorded in T7 treatment which includes
sequential application of profenophos @ 2 ml/l followed by profenophos
@ 2 ml/l followed by quinalphos 25 EC @ 2 ml/l.
Nutrition plays an important role in improving the growth and
development of the mulberry silkworm like any other organisms. Silk
production is dependent on the larval nutrition and nutritive value of
mulberry leaves. In view of this, a study has been initiated at the
Sericulture unit of the Department of Entomology, College of
Agriculture, Raichur with extra foliating the probiotics viz., Spirulina,
azolla, yeast and soy milk at five different concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4
and 5 %) through mulberry leaves. The larvae of mulberry silkworm
hybrid, PM × CSR2 were fed with probiotics at different
concentrations from fourth instar onwards daily once in the morning
feed up to the spinning stage during both the rearings with proper
controls. Among the probiotics tested, azolla was found to be superior
for all the larval, cocoon, pupal, grainage and silk technological
Effect of probiotic feed supplements to Mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L.for growth, development and yield traits
SHRUTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. ASHOKA
quantitative traits. The next best probiotics were soy milk, yeast and
Spirulina in comparison with control (unsupplementation) during
both the rearings. Among the concentrations of probiotics tried, 2 per
cent concentration was found to be superior in both the rearings for
improving the quantitative traits. The interaction of feed additives
(probiotics) along with their concentrations indicated that azolla at
two per cent concentration was superior for all quantitative traits
studied. The benefit cost ratio of probiotic feed supplements indicated
that the BC ratio was highest in azolla (2.34) followed by soy milk
(1.93). The present study indicated that the probiotics as a feed
supplements may be conveniently utilized to enhance the silk
production and azolla at two per cent was found to be the best and
may be commercialized after large scale verification.
An investigation was undertaken at the Agricultural College and Main
Agricultural Research Station, Raichur to identify the resistant source,
mechanism of resistance and evaluation of chemical insecticides for the
management of whitefly in sunflower. A total of 150 sunflower germplasm
lines were screened during rabi 2017 by visual observation of whitefly,
but none of them were found immune against whitefly. However,
sunflower germplasm lines viz., PM4, PM18, PM19, PM26, PM
30, PM37, PM 39, PM42, PM43, PM52, PM67, PM69, PM73,
PM97 and 85 others were found to be promising by being relatively
resistant to whitefly. Among various biochemical constituents, higher
amounts of phenols, tannins and high pH were positively and significantly
correlated with resistance. The other biochemical constituents viz., total
Evaluation of Sunflower germplasm lines against whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) and its management
PRAVEEN B. HUDED MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. N. GHANTE
soluble sugars, reducing sugars, non reducing sugars, total soluble proteins,
leaf nitrogen and oil content were positively correlated with susceptibility
of the germplasm lines to whitefly. Among morphological characters,
trichome density had positive relationship with susceptibility,
while, leaf serration, leaf colour, orientation of leaf blade, leaf petiole
pigmentation and stem pigmentation had no relationship with the
incidence of whitefly. Among various chemical insecticides evaluated for
the management of whitefly, diafenthiuron 50 % WP @ 1 g/l and
triazophos 40 % EC @ 1.5 ml/l were found to be best and most effective
against whitefly in sunflower, followed by floncamid 50 % WG @ 0.4 g/
l, fipronil 5 % SC @ 1 ml/l, buprofezin 25 % SC @ 1 ml/l, profenophos
50 % EC @ 2 ml/l and azadirachtin 0.03 % @ 5 ml/l.
152
The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), is one ofthe major pests of rice throughout Asia. Extensive use of insecticidesfor suppressing N. lugens has resulted in the development of insecticideresistance leading to frequent control failures in the field. The aim of thepresent study was to evaluate resistance in the field populations ofN. lugens from major rice growing regions of Karnataka to variousinsecticides and determine the activity of detoxifying enzymes (esterases[ESTs], glutathione S transferases [GSTs]). Bioassay was assessedfor three field populations of rice brown planthopper, N. lugens of ricegrowing areas of Karnataka viz., Gangavathi, Sindhanur and Shorapurand was compared with susceptible population obtained from ZARS,Mandya during 2016. Resistance ratio at 48 hours exposure periodvaried across the locations for different insecticides viz., chlorpyriphos(20.03 to 40.75 fold), acephate (9.67 to 21.04 fold), monocrotophos(4.47 to 6.90 fold), imidacloprid (22.22 to 52.88 fold), thiamethoxam(25.33 to 41.66 fold), dinotefuron (4.99 to 10.14 fold) and fipronil
Studies on insecticide resistance of rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)(Hemiptera: Delphacidae) in Rice ecosystem
K. VINODA KUMARA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. S. GURUPRASAD
(4.74 to 5.49 fold). Similar trend was observed at 72 hours of exposureperiod. The activity of the esterases in the susceptible population wasfound to be 0.018 µ moles of αnapthol formed/min/µg of protein,whereas, same activity in field populations viz., Gangavathi, Sindhanurand Shorapur was 0.07, 0.05 and 0.04, µ moles of αnapthol formed/min/µg of protein, respectively. The activity of GST in the susceptiblepopulation was low recording 1.48 µ moles of CDNB conjugated/min/µg of protein compared to field populations viz., Gangavathi, Sindhanurand Shorapur which recorded 6.37, 5.82 and 5.29 µ moles of CDNBconjugated/min/µg of protein, respectively. Highest activity of theenzyme was observed in the Gangavathi population followed bySindhanur and Shorapur population. In present investigation overallobservations indicated that among different insecticides, imidaclopridshowed higher fold of resistance across the location. However, amongdifferent locations, Gangavathi population had shown higher foldresistance to different selected insecticides.
Investigations on the evaluation of intercrops in onion ecosystem,screening of onion genotypes against thrips and defoliators andformulation of IPM module for onion crop was carried out at theMain Agricultural Research Station, University of AgriculturalSciences, Raichur, during kharif 201617. The intercrops such ascarrot, tomato, chilli, bhendi, palak, radish, French bean and corianderwere sown at 3:1 (onion + intercrop) ratio to study their influence onthe population of insect pests and their natural enemies on onion.Among them carrot had influenced in recording less number of thrips(25.43/plant) and S. litura larvae (0.90/plant) by diverting the pests.In addition it could harbour more number of natural enemies viz.,spiders and coccinellids. So, due to this onion recorded significantlyhigher bulb yield (8.90 t/ha). The next best intercrop which couldreduce pest load was tomato followed by palak and radish. Reactionof different onion genotypes against insect pest of onion revealedthat Arka Kalyan registered less population of thrips (24.52/plant)and S. litura (1.13 larvae/plant). Because it had more phytoalexins
Studies on development of integrated pest management in Onion
VIJAYALAKSHMI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. G. SREENIVAS
viz., phenol (6.50 mg/g) and tannin (1.21 mg/g) with less total sugar(3.10 mg/g) content. Similarly, maximum natural enemies populationviz., spiders and coccinellids were also noticed in Arka Kalyangenotype. The highest bulb yield of 12.73 tons per ha by Arka Kalyan.This was followed by genotypes viz., Bhima Super (12.06 t/ha) andBhima Shakti (11.93 t/ha). Integrated pest management modulecomprising of seed treatment of imidacloprid 60 FS @ 15 ml per kg ofArka Kalyan resistant varieties followed by seedling root dip prior intransplanting. Followed by intercropped with carrot (3:1 ratio) andselective use of insecticides for thrips and defoliator was formulatedand tested. This resulted in minimum thrips (5.19/plant) and S. lituralarvae (0.13/plant) population compared to recommended plantprotection (RPP) block, whereas, maximum natural enemiespopulation viz., spiders and coccinellids were noticed in IPM block.All these factors are responsible for increasing bulb yield of 27.10 tonper ha which was followed by RPP block (22.60). This resulted inhigher BC ratio of 1.20 in IPM as against 1.08 in RPP.
Studies undertaken at the Main Agricultural Research Station, Raichurduring 201718 on effect of different dates of sowing on pink bollwormincidence, monitoring through sex pheromone traps and managementof pink bollworm, P. gossypiella in cotton indicated that incidencelevel of pink bollworm on both Bt and nonBt cotton was less innormal sown cotton i.e., June I fortnight (FN) and increases as sowingdelays from June I FN to September I FN irrespective of Bt and nonBt cotton. Whereas in summer sown crop, infestation was high in theearly summer crop in both Bt and nonBt cotton i.e., December II FNand infestation goes on decreasing as the sowing delayed in summercrop from January I FN to January II FN in both Bt and nonBtcotton. The activity of pink bollworm moths monitored through sex
Studies on incidence and management of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella(Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Cotton
G. N. KIRAN KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. BHEEMANNA
pheromone traps from July 2017 to April 2018 indicated that theactivity of moths seen from September continued till the end of Aprilwith four peaks viz., last week of January, fourth week of December,first week of January and third week of December. The activity wasmaximum during December and January months and it declined fromMarch onwards. Whereas the activity of moths was noticed throughoutthe year in the cotton ginning mills. Among the different insecticideevaluated for their efficacy against pink bollworm, P. gossypiella.Lamdacyhalothrin 5 EC at 25 g a.i. ha1, profenophos 50 EC at 1000g a.i. ha1, emamectin benzoate 5 SG at 9.5 g a.i. ha1 and thiodicarb 75WP at 750 g a.i. ha1 were found to be more effective in reducing pinkbollworm incidence.
153
The management of brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB), Leucinodes
orbonalis (Guenee), involving ecofriendly methods was studied
during kharif and rabi seasons of 201718 at the Main Agricultural
Research Station (MARS), Raichur and in Farmers’ Fields at Manvi
in Raichur district. During the Kharif, the mass trapping tools viz.,
Delta, Sleeve and water traps and mating disruption tool SPLAT (250 g
and 500 g/acre) were evaluated for their efficiency in moth catch and
mating disruption. During rabi season two doses of SPLAT (250 g
and 500 g/acre) were evaluated in large scale of about one acre in
farmers field to standardize the effective dose. Observations were
recorded for moth catches, per cent shoot damage and per cent fruit
damage. The results revealed that among mass trapping tools, water
trap was found to be superior in moth catches of about 5.89 moths/
Evaluation of mass trapping and mating disruption tools for the management of brinjal shoot andfruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
M. SHRIDHARA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. G. HANCHINAL
trap/ week and recorded fruit yield of 27.12 t ha1. But both per cent
shoot damage and fruit damage was low in SPLAT (500 g/acre) applied
field with higher yield of 35.73 t.ha1 with more BC ratio (4.47)
compared to untreated control with 12.48 t.ha1 yield and 1.82 BC
ratio. Six new insecticides were evaluated against BSFB. Among them,
chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC, flubendiamide 39.5 SC and emamectin
benzoate 5 SG (14.32, 15.78 and 16.30 % fruit damage, respectively)
were found superior in reducing the fruit infestation. Fruits harvested
from SPLAT applied field and farmer's practice were analysed for
pesticide residue. Results indicated that fruits harvested from SPLAT
applied field did not show any pesticides and fruits collected from
farmers field recorded five pesticides. Hence, SPLAT can be used as
one of the important organic component in brinjal IPM.
Investigations were carried out at the Agricultural Research Station,
Kalaburagi during kharif 201718 on “Screening of pigeonpea
genotypes against major sucking insect pests and their management”.
The results on reaction of 61 genotypes against pod bug revealed
that none of the genotypes were free from infestation. However,
GRG152, ICPL870, ICPB2043, ICPB2048, ICPR4305,
ICPL99044, PANTH A2, ICPB2199, UPAS120, LRG13333,
BRG102, LRG105 and DA332 were moderately resistant with
2.014.00 per cent pod damage, whereas all remaining genotypes are
susceptible with more than 6 per cent pod damage. Leafhopper
population was not enough to cause hopper burn symptoms in any
of the genotypes in the experimental arena hence, the genotypes are
not categorized. Among nine different insecticides evaluated for
efficacy against sucking pests (pod bug, Clavigralla gibbosa and
leafhopper, Empoasca kerri) under field condition, flonicamid 50
Screening of Pigeonpea genotypes against major sucking insect pests and their management
B. R. CHETHAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. RACHAPPA
WG @ 100 g a.i./ha, acephate 75 SP @ 750 g a.i./ha and tolfenpyrad
50 EC @ 150 g a.i./ha were found to be most effective in reducing
pod bug population (67.07, 63.17 and 53.29 per cent, respectively)
and also recording higher yield of 1313.27, 1270.31 and 1239.94 kg/
ha, respectively. Whereas, flonicamid 50 WG @ 100 g a.i./ha (100%)
and thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 50 g a.i./ha (92.44 %) were found
effective in reducing leafhopper population. Management of sucking
pests using seven different biopesticides, NSKE @ 5 % (44.94 %)
and Lecanicillium lecanii @ 2 g/l (40.51%) were found to be most
effective in reducing pod bug population and recorded higher yield
of 1167.05 and 1161.16 kg/ha, respectively. Whereas, L. lecanii
@ 2 g/l, NSKE @ 5 % and neemazol @ 1 % were effective in
reducing leafhopper population up to 71.76, 61.83 and 58.02 per cent,
respectively and obtained higher benefit cost ratio of 2.22, 2.24 and
2.16, respectively.
Radiobiological studies on cotton pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
K. S. SARIKA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. G. HANCHINAL
Study was conducted to assess the different gamma doses onreproductive behaviour of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) andto know the dose which induce the sterility in parent and F
1 generation
for the management of pink bollworm by sterile insect technique. Thethree day old pupae and one day old adults of P. gossypiella wereirradiated with 50, 100, 150 and 200 Gy of gamma radiation andmoths were crossed in different combinations N × N (Control),T × N , N × T and T × T in oviposition cage. The fecunditywas significantly decreased with increasing irradiation dose and treatedmales when mated with normal females laid fewer eggs than other twocrosses. The decrease in per cent egg hatch and increase in per centsterility induced by gamma radiation were found to be positivelycorrelated with the dose level in all the three crosses than control. At
♂
♂
150 Gy, the per cent corrected sterility was 53 to 66 per cent in all thethree crosses. Effect of irradiation on survival of F
1 progeny was
significantly decreased with increasing doses. At 200 Gy, the egg,larval and pupal period of F
1 progeny was significantly prolonged,
but adult longevity was significantly reduced. Mating competitivenessstudy of P. gossypiella indicated that when males were treated at 100Gy and released in different ratios along with normal male and female,the fecundity and fertility was significantly reduced. The data revealedthat at 5:1:1 and 10:1:1 (T :N :N ) ratio mating competitivenessvalue was 1.07 and 1.12, respectively and at these ratios sterile maleswere more competitive with normal male for mating with female. Thesub sterilizing doses of 100 and 150 Gy induced deleterious effectsthat were inherited through the F
1 generation of P. gossypiella.
♂
♀
♂ ♀ ♂ ♀ ♂ ♀
♀
154
Life table studies of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) on groundnut cv.
TMV2 was conducted under laboratory conditions at 26±1°C to
study the different population growth statistics from two generations
and also field life tables were conducted to know the different mortality
factors. In the first generation, survival of different life stages was 3,
17 and 10 days, respectively. Females contributed highest birth
(mx=346.12) on 39th day. The mean length of generation (Tc) was
38.86 days. The innate capacity (rm) and finite rate for increase in
number (λ) was 0.1738 and 1.19 females/female/day, respectively.
Stable age distribution of various stages viz., eggs, larvae, pupae and
adult was 52.46, 45.71, 1.60 and 0.20 per cent, respectively. In the
second generation, survival of different life stages was 3, 19 and 10
days, respectively. Females contributed highest birth (mx=338.13)
on 41st day. The mean length of generation (Tc) was 40.86 days. The
Life table studies of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Groundnut
K. SUNIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PRAMOD KATTI
innate capacity (rm) and finite rate for increase in number (λ) was
0.1615 and 1.17 females/female/day, respectively. Stable age
distribution of various stages viz., eggs, larvae, pupae and adult was
50.25, 48.14, 1.19 and 0.20 per cent, respectively. In field lifetable
studies total of 83.02 per cent mortality of S. litura was recorded.
The highest mortality was in the larval stage (64.95%), followed by
pupa (26.33%), egg (17.54%) and adult (10.30%). The survivorship
curve indicated type III curve. The major mortality factor in the
larva was tachinids, Sl NPV and braconids, but large proportion of
the mortality was categorized as unknown factor. Total of 15
mortality factors were identified in S. litura. Larval parasitoids
(Cotesia sp., Chelonus sp. and tachinids), virus (NPV), malformed
pupa, adult malformation and unknown causes contributed to
mortality factors.
Bioefficacy of green synthesized zinc, copper and silica green
nanoparticles on important storage pests like pulse beetle, rice weevil
and rice moth was carried out during 20172018 in the Department
of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture and Centre for
Nanotechnology, College of Agricultural Engineering, UAS, Raichur.
Green nanoparticles of zinc, copper and silica were synthesized
from spinach leaves, tulasi leaves and rice husk, respectively, and
the particle size within nanolimits was confirmed by using UV
visible spectroscopy, zetasizer, scanning electron microscope and
Xray diffraction. The biophysical characterization revealed that
the mean particle size of zinc, copper and silica green nanoparticle
was 20.67, 82.41 and 26.19 nm, and surface morphology of zinc,
copper and silica nanoparticles were spindle, spherical and
amorphous in shape, respectively. Among the different
Bio-efficacy of green nanoparticles on important storage pests
WAZID MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUSHILA NADAGOUDA
concentrations (125, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1250 and 1500 ppm) of
zinc, copper and silica green nanoparticles evaluated against pulse
beetle, rice weevil and rice moth, 1500 ppm proved to be superior
by recording highest adult mortality, lowest number of eggs, least
emergence of adults, lowest seed damage and lowest seed weight
loss in the different storage condition, Similarly, there was no effect
on seed germination and dehydrogenase enzyme activity. The
mortality of pulse beetle, rice weevil and rice moth significantly
increased as the concentration of nanoparticles increased and also
period of exposure. The LC50
values of zinc, copper and silica green
nanoparticles on pulse beetle, rice weevil and rice moth was 1456,
1525 and 1356 ppm, respectively for an exposure period of 48 h.
These green nanoparticles can be effectively used as an alternate
strategy to chemical control.
Spatiotemporal distribution of leafhopper, thrips and pink bollworm
of Bt cotton in five districts of northeastern Karnataka was assessed
using GIS technology. Pest surveillance data gathered through eSAP
(Electronic Solutions against Agricultural Pests), an IT application
for 201213 to 201516 on target pests was utilized in developing
distribution maps. Out of 7373 data points considered, 5641 were of
Amrasca biguttulla biguttulla, 539 were of Thrips tabaci and 1193
were of Pectinophora gossypiella. Incidence of leafhopper across the
five districts was low and less than ETL during 201213 and 201314.
However, in next two years i.e. 201415 and 201516 the pest became
very serious, widespread reaching ETL and more than ETL in all
cotton growing regions. The incidence level of thrips was less than
ETL in Raichur district during 201415. However, in 201516 the
near complete cotton growing region of Raichur district recorded a
very low incidence of thrips. The pink bollworm incidence was more
than ETL in Raichur district, whereas, in Yadgir district majority of
Spatio-temporal assessment of major pests of Bt Cotton
S. LAXMI TELI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. PRABHURAJ
the area under cotton recorded low incidence. The pest incidence was
correlated with weather parameters viz., rainfall, maximum and
minimum temperature, Relative humidity and crop age. The incidence
of leafhopper was found to have significant positive influence with
maximum temperature and negative influence with remaining weather
factors. Incidence of thrips had significant positive association with
rainfall. The incidence of pink bollworm was highly positively
correlated with maximum temperature, maximum relative humidity
and crop age and negatively correlated with minimum relative
humidity. Using the pest distribution and weather data, risk assessment
maps were developed for target pests across space and time. There
was a clear indication of the influence of maximum temperature and
rainfall on the incidence of all the three pests. Developing risk
assessment map helps in predicting the pest population well in
advance which not only enables better pest management strategy but
also reduces the cost of plant protection.
155
The importance and success of H. armigera is in large measure due to
its welldeveloped survival strategies, diapause and dispersal, which
enable it to exploit food sources separated both by unfavorable times
and by distance, and thereby also to escape its natural enemies.
H. armigera is effectively a facultative migrant, not displaying typical
migratory behaviour, but responding largely to local environmental
cues and undertaking either short or longer distance flight in directions
largely governed by prevailing weather systems. A good understanding
of insect migration facilitates the development of forecasting systems
and management strategies. Tethered flight mill technique can offer
great insights into the underlying physiological and morphological traits
determining individual variation in movement patterns like foraging or
Studies on age and food related flight behaviour of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) using flight mill
ATHIRA G. MENON MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. PRABHURAJ
migratory activity. When both males and females were compared under
fed condition across the age with various flight parameters, four day
old moths covered highest mean flight distance of 9.96 km followed by
two day old moths (9.06 km). In case of females, one day old moths
showed maximum mean flight activity followed by four and two day
old moths. Adult feeding has greater influence on the flight behaviour.
Unfed moths exhibited reduced flight performance when compared to
that of fed individuals of the same age. Across different ages, moths
have shown an increase in long distance migration during the early stage
of life cycle and the local dispersal or short range flights predominant in
the later stages. Flight activity of moths were more during dusk period
and come down over the night.
Studies on effect of silica, zinc oxide and copper nanoparticles against
cotton aphid, mealybug and Spodoptera litura was carried out during
20172018 at Department of Agricultural Entomology and Centre
for Nanotechnology, UAS, Raichur. The silica, zinc oxide and copper
green nanoparticles were synthesized from rice husk, spinach leaves
and tulasi leaves, respectively, and their characterization was carried
out with zetasizer, UVvisible spectroscopy, Xray diffraction and
scanning electron microscope. The results revealed that the average
particle size of green silica, zinc oxide and copper nanoparticle was
26.19, 20.67 and 82.41 nm, maximum UV absorption peaks was
310, 375.4 and 560 nm and surface morphology were agglomerated
with spherical shape, spindle shape and spherical with uniform
shape, respectively. The different concentrations (250, 500, 1000,
1500 and 2000 ppm) of both green and metal form of silica, zinc
oxide and copper nanoparticles and chemical check was assessed
Effect of green nanoparticles on selective sucking and defoliator insect pests of Cotton
G. PAVITRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUSHILA NADAGOUDA
against cotton aphid, mealybug and Spodoptera litura. Later the
findings revealed that as the concentration of nanoparticles increased,
mortality increased and chemical check was significantly superior
in causing nymphal and larval mortality followed by metal and
green nanoparticles at 2000 ppm. Larval, pupal and adult deformity
decreased with increased concentration and total deformity was
highest in green nanoparticle at 250 ppm. The LC50
values of silica,
zinc oxide and copper green nanoparticles on cotton aphid was
415.17, 795.45 and 1232.46 ppm respectively, on mealybug it was
581.84, 824.38 and 1755.31 ppm respectively and on second instar
Spodoptera litura larvae it was 229.47, 435.18 and 865.43 ppm,
respectively for an exposure period of three days. Further, the
effective dosage of green nanoparticles persisted upto 15 days after
treatment and hence may be incorporated as one of the tools in
integrated pest management.
Investigations were carried out on the occurrence of morphospecies
of brown planthopper(BPH), their biology and seasonal incidence in
the TungaBhadra Project areas of Karnataka (ARS, Gangavathi,
Kesaratti, ARS, Dhadesugur and farmer’s field in Dhadesugur) during
June 2017 to May 2018. It was found that the existence of two
different morphs in the rice ecosystem and were studied for
morphometric and genital variability. In morphospecies study there
were no such variations in morphometrics including genital structures.
These are just mere colour variants of brown planthopper (BPH),
Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) and are not different species or subspecies
in all the locations. In biological studies of brown and black morphs
of BPH, brown morph showed ovipositional period (14.519 days),
fecundity (140170 days), incubation period (79 days), nymphal
period (13.518 days) adult female and male longevity (2023 and 17
19 days). The black morphs also showed the similar biological
Studies on biology and seasonal incidence of rice planthoppers inTunga-Bhadra Project (TBP) areas of Karnataka
MALLIKARJUN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUJAY HURALI
parameters as that of brown morph. So, there were no such variations
in the biological parameters of both the morphs. The incidence of
white backed planthopper (WBPH) and BPH was observed during
kharif and rabi-summer season. The population of WBPH attacks
the paddy at initial stage of the crop and reached maximum during 40
45 DAT with a population of 0.34, 0.76, 0.36, 0.52 per hill in ARS,
Gangavathi, Kesaratti, ARS, Dhadesugur and farmer’s field in
Dhadesugur. The BPH population started appearing during later stages
of the crop and reached maximum at 7585 DAT with a maximum
population of 4.46, 26.4, 3.4, 24.8 per hill in ARS, Gangavathi,
Kesaratti, ARS, Dhadesugur and farmer’s field in Dhadesugur during
last week of December during kharif. In rabi-summer WBPH
population was negligible but BPH population reached a maximum
population of 0.84, 2.76, 3.78, 4.62 per hill during last week of
February (4550 DAT).
156
The studies on comparative biology of pink bollworm, Pectinophoragossypiella (Saunders) was carried out at climate change laboratory,MARS Raichur and evaluation of different mass trapping and matingdisruption tools was carried out in farmers’ fields of Kurdi village,Manvi taluk, Raichur district during kharif 201718. Resultsrevealed that life cycle of PBW on cotton (46.82 ±1.20 days) wasfound to be more compared to okra (40.58 ± 2.93 days), but itshowed no significant difference in respect of morphometricmeasurements of life stages. Since recent past (201415) the PBWhas emerged as notorious pest of Bt cotton which farmers wereunable to control because of its resistance development to cry toxinsand insecticides. Under these paradoxical situations farmers haveno choice either to leave Bt cotton cultivation or to continue withnew chemistries which add to total cost. In this context, sleeve trap(8/acre) and delta sticky trap (10/acre) as mass trapping tools were
Studies on comparative biology and evaluation of different mass trapping and matingdisruption tools against pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)
(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Bt Cotton ecosystem
SHRINIVAS MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. G. SREENIVAS
evaluated in one acre each in comparison with SPLAT (SpecialisedPheromone and Lure Application Technology). Results revealedthat among three dosages of SPLAT (500, 750 and 1250 g/acre)applied in four splits (@ 3540, 6570, 95100 and 125130 DAS,covering 400 source points/acre). The lowest dosage of 500g peracre could able to manage pest by recording minimum rosette flowers(6.38 %), green boll damage (6.86 %), locule damage (12.28 %) andmoth catches (3.62/trap/week), which greatly influenced more yieldof 46.25 q/ha with BC ratio of 2.48, without any statistical differencewith higher dosage treatments. The mating disruption tool was foundfar superior to mass trapping tools. Dissipation of pheromone fromSPLAT source was initially found more (22.06 % in first week),which gradually decreased. Even by the end of fifth week (40.36 %pheromone left) it could still be able to confuse male moths, whichresulted in less moth catches.
Studies on pesticide usage pattern, residual analysis and dissipation ofselected insecticides in Pigeonpea ecosystem
RAHUL CHAWAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. HARISCHANDRA NAIK
Pigeonpea cultivation have a major biotic constraint viz., insect pestwhich causes the significant yield reduction. The use of high amountof pesticides among the farmers’ favour the occurrence of pesticideresidue in pigeonpea ecosystem. Rapid roving survey on pesticideusage pattern at Kalaburagi and Bidar revealed that 58.66, 50.00,20.83 and 3.83 per cent of farmers used macrocyclic lactone,organophosphate, diamide and oxidiazine pesticides, respectively.The increase in usage of crop labelled pesticides viz., profenofos2500 g a.i., emamectin benzoate 30 g a.i., chlorpyrifos 800 g a.i.,chlorantraniliprole 55.5 g a.i. and flubendiamide 60 g a.i./ha as againstthe recommended dose 1000, 10, 500, 27.75 and 40 g a.i./ha.,respectively. Estimation of pesticide residue in pigeonpea grainsdetected the organophosphate, synthetic pyrethorids and macrocycliclactone in 39.43, 63.33 and 10.83 per cent of samples and 23.33 percent samples among 120 found above MRL. Further, 87.5, 65.5 and67.5 per cent of soil sample detected with synthetic pyrethorids,organochlorine and triazole, respectively among 60 different soilsamples and 71.99, 36.66 and 20 per cent of water samples detectedwith synthetic pyrethorids, organochlorine and organophosphate,
respectively among 60 different water samples. An analytical methodwas standardized to estimate the residues of profenofos andchlorantraniliprole in pigeonpea and validated using high throughputanalytical technique (LCMS/MS) with a C18 column. The pigeonpeasample was extracted following QuEChERs technique. The methodhas the linear correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.999, LOD and LOQwere 0.002 and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively with relative standarddeviation below 10 per cent and recoveries were between 70120 percent and all parameters found acceptable as per the validationguidelines. Method has proved suitable, simple, sensitive, efficientand economic for the determination of profenofos andchlorantraniliprole residue analysis. The supervised field trial wasconducted to know the dissipation pattern of profenofos whichrecorded 20.28 and 41.64 mg/kg with half life of 5.18 and 4.93 days atrecommended and double the recommended dose, respectively on theday after spray. Chlorantraniliprole recorded the initial deposition of0.93 and 1.70 mg/kg with half life of 0.64 and 1.90 days at recommendedand double the recommended dose, respectively. Profenofos persistedin the pigeonpea ecosystem for longer period than chlorantraniliprole.
The present investigation on thrips species diversity on cucurbitswas carried out in farmer’s fields of major cucurbits growing districtsof Karnataka. Further, the population dynamics of thrips onwatermelon and chemical management in respect of optimising plantprotection schedule was carried out at the Main Agricultural ResearchStation, Raichur, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur,Karnataka during 20172018. Survey was carried out to collect thripsspecies occurring on cucurbits from different districts of Karnatakaviz., Raichur, Koppal, Belgaum, Haveri, Davangere, Chitradurga,Bengaluru and Kolar. During the survey, a total of ten species ofthrips were recorded on their respective hosts. The species belongs
Studies on thrips species complex and its management in Cucurbits
V. VISHAL KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ARUNKUMAR HOSAMANI
to two suborders like Terebrantia and Tubilifera. The suborder likeTerebrantia was recorded with nine species viz., Bathrips melanicornisShumsher, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, Frankliniella schultzeiTrybom, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, Thrips florum Schumtz, Thripshawaiiensis Morgan, Thrips palmi Karny, Thrips parvispinus Karnyand Thrips subnudula Karny. While, Tubilifera was represented byHaplothrips gowdeyi Franklin. Among the ten species, T. palmi wasfound to be predominant in all the eight districts of Karnatakaconstituting major population. Results with respect to different datesof sowing during 20172018 indicated that, the infestation of thripswas minimum during early crop period and incidence increases
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PLANT PATHOLOGY
gradually and maintained its peak activity during flowering period,thereafter thrips population decreased as crop get senescence.Correlation studies indicated that maximum temperature (r = +0.52)showed positive and nonsignificant correlation while minimumtemperature (r=0.83), relative humidity (r=0.87) and rainfall(r = 0.67) showed negative and significant correlation on influence ofthrips population. Field evaluation of different insecticides indicated
that spinetoram (98.12 %) was found to be most effective in reducingthrips infestation among all the treatments evaluated. Fipronil(91.34 %) and spinosad (84.30 %) were also identified as effectiveinsecticides against thrips. Cyantraniliprole (67.30 %) andspirotetramat (66.18 %) were moderately effective whereas lamdacyhalothrin (49.18 %) was found to be least effective in managing thethrips population on watermelon.
Chillis are one of the major spice crop and contain 80 per cent of thecapsaicin, an antioxidant having medicinal properties. Besides, chilliesare good source of vitamins, minerals and betacarotene. Rapid rovingsurveys on per cent usage of pesticides revealed that farmers of allthree chilli growing districts used g a.i./ha of insecticides higher than therecommended dose and Yadgiri district had a comparatively higher percent increase in use of organophosphate, carbamates, spinosyns,oxadiazine, abamectin and chlorothalonil compared to Raichur andBellary districts. Farmers of Bellary district used a comparatively higherper cent increase of synthetic pyrethroids and farmers of Raichur useda comparatively lower per cent usage of organochlorines. Quantitativeestimation of pesticide residues in chilli crops revealed that triazoles,organophosphates, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids were the majorinsecticides detected in chilli samples and few samples were foundabove MRL. Further neonicotinoids, organophosphates,organochlorines, pyrethroids were detected in soil samples and the
Studies on pesticide usage pattern, residue analysis and dissipation ofselected insecticides in Chilli ecosystem
S. B. ANUSHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VIJAYKUMAR N. GHANTE
chemical belonged to triazoles, dinitroanilines, organochlorines,organophosphates were detected in water samples. An analytical methodwas developed to know the residues of acephate and diafenthiuron inchilli. A C18 column as mobile phase and QuEChERs technique wasused. The provided acceptable result with LOD of 0.003 mg/kg andLOQ of 0.0008 mg/kg with recoveries between 70 to 120 per cent inchilli matrix. Satisfactory validation parameters were obtained accordingto the SANCO guidelines. Method has proven to be simple, sensitiveand efficient for the determination of acephate and diafenthiuron residuesin chilli. Field experiment was conducted to study the dissipation patternof acephate and diafenthiuron in chilli at recommended and double therecommended dose. The residue analysis showed initial deposits of5.128 and 7.249 mg/kg with half life of 4.02 and 5.84 days for acephateand the initial deposition of 0.684 and 1.168 mg/kg with half life of 1.35and 2.40 days for diafenthiuron at recommended and double therecommended dose, respectively.
Sorghum is an important cereal crop in India. Among biotic stresses,turcicum leaf blight is attaining severity in sorghum production. Theroving survey conducted during kharif and rabi 201617 in the regionsof northern Karnataka revealed that, maximum severity of Turcicumleaf blight was observed in Kalaburagi (25.97) followed by Vijayapur(24.17) and least in Raichur district. Eight isolates of Exserohilum spp.were isolated from different locations of three districts. All the isolatesof Exserohilum spp. varied considerably with regard to cultural andmorphological characters. The maximum radial growth (87.67 mm) ofthe pathogen (Et8) was observed on PDA with excellent sporulation.Among liquid media tested, potato dextrose broth showed maximumdry mycelial weight (689.67 mg) of the pathogen. Nonsystemicfungicides like mancozeb, combination fungicides like tricyclozole 18%
Studies on turcicum leaf blight of Sorghum caused by Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard and Suggs
RAGHAVENDER YELGURTY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. K. JAYALAKSHMI
+ mancozeb 62% and trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% ECshowed 100 per cent inhibition of the pathogen at all the concentrationsviz., 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% tested. Among systemic fungicides propiconazoleshowed maximum inhibition (97.75%) at all the concentrations viz.,0.05, 0.10, and 0.15% tested. Among two species of Trichoderma,T. harzianum (Th5) was found more effective in inhibiting mycelialgrowth (83.04%) of the pathogen. Among Pseudomonas fluorescensand Bacillus subtilis isolates tested P. fluorescens (Pf-3) and B. subtilis(Bs-8) were recorded maximum per cent inhibition of 71.48 and 77.27,respectively. The maximum per cent germination (96.67%), vigour index(2896.23), maximum phenol (1.91 mg/g), protein (0.91 mg/g), totalsugars (1.10 mg/g), reducing (0.50 mg/g) and nonreducing sugar(0.60 mg/g) content was recorded in T. harzianum (Th-5) treated seeds.
A systematic study was carried out to investigate the status of brownspot disease of rice in Karnataka, characterization of pathogens andidentification of resistance source and effective fungicides for diseasemanagement under different crop establishment methods. The diseaseseverity was measured in percent disease index (PDI) and was rangedfrom 20.8639.05. Mean maximum PDI (39.05) was noticed in Koppaldistrict followed by Dharwad district (38.77) and mean least PDI(20.86) was noticed in Shivamoga district. Isolation andcharacterization of the pathogens associated with disease revealed
Investigations on brown spot disease of Rice
M. KIRANA KUMARA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. PRAMESH
the association of two pathogens i.e. Bipolaris oryzae and Curvularialunata in causing the brown spot disease of rice. Forty isolates ofB. oryzae and 15 isolates of C. lunata were collected from differentrice ecosystem and characterized on the basis of cultural, morphologicaland conserved genetic features. Based on the cultural characters i.e.variations in colony colour and growth pattern, 40 isolates ofB. oryzae were categorized into eight groups. Most of the isolateswere belonging to Group4 i.e. grayish white with cottony growth.Based on morphological characters such as sporulation and size of
158
conidia, all 40 isolates of B. oryzae were categorized into four differentgroups. Genetic variability at internally transcribed sequences of B.oryzae shows that, all isolates of the study were grouped into twoclusters i.e. clusterI and cluster II indicating the existence of geneticvariability among different geographical isolates. In C. lunata, basedon cultural characters, isolates were categorized into five groupsand most of the isolates were belonging to the Group1 i.e. blackishwith flat growth. Based on sporulation and conidial size, all isolateswere categorized into three different groups. Genetic diversity studyrevealed the divergence of all isolates into two clusters indicating
the significant genetic diversity among the geographical isolates.Among 1360 rice germplasm tested, 12 germplasm showed resistantagainst brown spot disease after challenge inoculation with both thepathogens. Among the different fungicides tested at different nitrogenlevels, two sprays of tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% wasfound to be effective in the management of brown spot diseaseunder transplanted and direct seeded condition. As per the availableliterature, this is the first study to report the detailed informationon the multiple pathogens associated with brown spot disease ofrice India.
A study was carried out to isolate and screen the efficacious fluorescentPseudomonads against major soil borne fungal pathogens of chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.). Forty isolates of fluorescent Pseudomonadswere isolated from different parts of north eastern Karnataka. Theisolates showed positive result for the morphological characters suchas fluorescence under UV light and yellowgreen pigmentation onKing’s B media. Whereas the other isolates showed negative resultsfor Gram’s reaction and spore formation. Further, all the isolateswere positive to biochemical test such as catalase, gelatine liquefaction,starch hydrolysis, urease production and casein hydrolysis testconfirmed their identity as fluorescent Pseudomonads. The survey inRaichur district indicated maximum wilt incidence in Deodurga taluk(24.13 %) and the least incidence in Sindhanur taluk (15.74 %). Sixisolates viz., Pf2, Pf7, Pf14, Pf15, Pf28 and Pf40 were foundcommonly efficacious in inhibiting the mycelial growth of all thethree fungal pathogens of chickpea (Fusarium, Rhizoctonia andSclerotium) under in vitro. All the six isolates have shown positive
Biocontrol potentiality of fluorescent pseudomonads against major soil bornefungal pathogens of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
S. ARCHITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. MALLESH
for the mechanisms like siderophore, hydrogen cyanide, IAA andvolatile production as well as plant growth promoting activities. Pf2 and Pf7 were compatible with captan 50 WP and carbendazim 50WP. All the six isolates were not at all compatible with mancozeb andcarbendaizm 25 %+ mancozeb 25 % (Sprint). Pf40 was found to becompatible with carboxin 37.5 %+ thiram 32.5 % WP (Vitavax Power).Pf2 and Pf40 was found to be compatible with acephate 75 WP andimmidacloprid 17.5 SL. Pf14 which was compatibile with fipronil 5SC and Pf40 was compatible with carbofuron 3 G. Pf 2 wascompatible with atrazine 50 WP, glyphosate 71 SG and imazethapyr10 SL while Pf14 was compatible with pendimethalin 30 EC. Pf7isolate which was compatible with combination herbicide i.e.,imazethapyr 35 % + imazamox 35 % WG. Pf14 and Pf28 isolatestreated chickpea plants have shown highest plant growth promotionunder pot culture and field condition respectively. Pf28 isolate hassuppressed the soil borne diseases (Fusarium wilt, Rhizoctonia dryroot rot and Sclerotium collar rot) under field conditions.
Sclerotium rolfsii causing stem and pod rot of groundnut is a potentialthreat to groundnut production. During survey, mean stem and podrot incidence was maximum in Ballari district (31.5 and 29.39 %,respectively) and least incidence (12.78 and 3.04 %) was in Bagalkotdistrict. A total of nineteen isolates of each of the rhizobacteria werescreened against S. rolfsii in vitro. Maximum mycelial inhibition of S.rolfsii was recorded by PF2 (75.18 %), BS3 (58.51 %) and S2(56.66%) and least inhibition was recorded in PF13 (2.59 %), BS14(1.48 %) and S17 (2.2 %) (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilisand Streptomyces spp., respectively). Five superior isolates ofP. fluorescens produced fluorescens under UV light, yellowish greenpigmentation, rod shaped cells. The B. subtilis isolates were rod shapedand colony was rough. The colony colour was white in BS6 andcreamy in rest of the isolates. The S3 isolate of Streptomyces spp.was creamy, S6 was light grey and rest three were white in color. All
Exploitation of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for the management of stem and pod rot ofGroundnut caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.
KHADARBI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GURURAJ SUNKAD
the isolates produced rough colonies, showed yellow pigmentationwhen the plates held in reverse condition and the S3 produced browncolored pigmentation. All the isolates of P. fluorescens showed gramnegative reaction, positive for KOH test, catalase test, starchhydrolysis, urease test, casein hydrolysis, gelatin liquefaction, indoleand H
2S test. Whereas, B. subtilis and Streptomyces spp. isolates
showed positive for all the tests except for KOH and indole test. Allthe tested isolates of each of the rhizobacteria produced HCN,siderophore, IAA and volatile compounds. The shelf life of PF2, BS2 and S3 was maximum in talc (1.9, 1.8 and 1.4 x108 cfu/g, respectively)and least was in rice bran (1.2, 1.1 and 1.0 x108 cfu/g, respectively) upto 150 days. In pot culture management of stem and pod rot, chemicalfungicide carbendazim 25 % + mancozeb 50 % showed very lessincidence (20.00 and 14.50 %, respectively) and highest disease wasnoticed in pathogen alone treated seedlings (80.00 and 66.33 %).
Tomato is one of the most popular vegetable crop grown in the world,next to potato. Among different diseases affecting tomato, root knotand wilt complex caused by Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium
Fluorescent pseudomonads for the suppression of Fusarium wilt androot knot nematode complex in Tomato
I. N. JAYANTA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. MALLESH
oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici was observed in severe form. A surveyconducted in four districts of North Eastern Karnataka revealed theassociation of M. incognita and Fusarium wilt complex varied from
159
8.33 to 38.66 per cent. Maximum wilt incidence was observed inKalaburgi district (26.21 %) and least incidence in Raichur district(21.25 %). High density of root knot nematode prevailing in thisregion was identified as M. incognita based on the perineal patternstudies. A total of 20 isolates of fluorescent pseudomonads (FP)were isolated and all were morphologically and biochemicallycharacterized. In vitro evaluation of fluorescent pseudomonadsagainst the Fusarium revealed that maximum inhibition of78.52 per cent was observed in FP 13 and least in FP19 (20.74 %).The greatest decrease in egg hatching was recorded in isolate FP3(2.24) and maximum number of juveniles hatched in control (50.00).Maximum nematode juvenile mortality was observed in FP3
(71.05 %) and minimum in FP11 (62.16 %). Seven efficientfluorescent pseudomonads viz., FP1, FP3, FP4, FP5, FP6,FP13 and FP18 were obtained, which are highly inhibitory againstboth wilt pathogens. Mechanisms of efficient FP isolates depictedthat, they are strong producer of siderophores, HCN and volatilecompounds. Plant growth promoting activity under paper towelmethod indicated that FP13 isolate was found to be highly effectivein enhancing plant growth with maximum vigour index of 1254.11.Among eight tomato genotypes screened viz., Arka Samrat, ArkaSaurabh, PKM1 and Arka Abha were highly susceptible with rotindex of 4. Rest of the cultivars viz., Arka Rakshak, Arka Vikas andPTR6 were susceptible with rot index of 2 to 3.
Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.) is an important grain legume
crop of rainfed agriculture in the semiarid tropics. Being a legume,
pigeon pea enriches soil through symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Diseases
are major biological constraints to production and more than 60
pathogens including fungi, bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma and
nematodes can infect pigeonpea. Among them, major soilborne
disease like Fusarium wilt, dryroot rot and collar rot disease are
now widely spread in most pigeonpea growing areas of India. During
the survey, it was noticed the maximum severity of Fusarium wilt
of pigeonpea was observed in Kalaburgi district Sedam taluk (30.44
%) and the least was in Raichur district of Devadurga taluk (5.59%).
The maximum severity of dry root rot / stem canker was observed
in Kalaburgi district Sedam taluk (25.45) and the least was in Yadgir
district of Shorapur taluk (6.46%). The maximum severity collar rot
incidence was observed in Kalaburgi district Sedam taluk (25.94%)
and the least was in Raichur district of Devadurga taluk (1.42%).
Among the 20 isoltes of the Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, Bacillus
collected during the survey the Trichoderma sp. isolate Tr12
(T. harzianum) and Tr8 (Trichoderma sp.) showed the maximum
per cent inhibition of all three test pathogens (83.6% and 82.3%).
Among Pseudomonas sp., Isolate Pf8 (P. flourescens) and Pf11
(Pseudomonas sp.) showed the maximum percent inhibition of all
Compatibility of pesticides with bioagents against major soilborne diseases ofPigeonpea (Cajanus cajanus L.)
S. MALLIKARJUN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. K. JAYALAKSHMI
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is one of the oldest cultivated vegetable
crops belongs to family cucurbitaceae. Powdery mildew is a serious
disease caused by Erysiphe cichoracearum (DC). The present
investigation involving roving survey in three districts, epidemiological
studies, in vitro evaluations and management was carried out at the
University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur during the year 201718.
In survey maximum disease severity was recorded in Raichur (36.61
PDI) followed by Yadagiri (34.83 PDI) and least in Kalaburgi (30.31
PDI) districts. Highest conidial germination (51.23 %) was observed at
25 0C and (55.21 %) at 85 per cent relative humidity. The correlation
study revealed that, the powdery mildew development was positively
correlated with maximum temperature and negatively correlated with
minimum temperature, minimum relative humidity and maximum relative
humidity. The maximum AUDPC value (529.90) was obtained during
Epidemiology and management of Cucumber powdery mildew
BASAVARAJ KODSA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. Y. S. AMARESH
3rd December 49th SMW, lowest AUDPC (140.45) at one week after
initial infection was observed. With respect to apparent rate of infection
(r) maximum (0.160) was recorded after first weak after initial infection
between 43rd and 44th SMW. In in vitro evaluation azoxystrobin showed
mean maximum conidial germination inhibition (94.91 %), among the
contact fungicides dinocap (90.21 %), among the combi fungicides,
tebuconazole 50 % + trifloxystrobin 25 % resulted in maximum inhibition
(91.20 %). In bio agents tested mean maximum inhibition observed
with Bacillus subtilis (55.72 %) and in botanicals nimbecidine resulted
in 67.12 per cent inhibition. Field evaluation of fungicides revealed that
three sprays of tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% recorded least
PDI (6.67) and yield up to 11.20 t/ha with BC ratio of 1:3.62 which
was significantly superior followed by three sprays of azoxystrobin
(9.53 PDI) with an yield of 10.42 t/ha.
three test pathogens (77.2 and 71.3%). Among Bacillus sp. isolate
Bs17 (Bacillus subtilis) and Bs2 (Bacillus sp.) showed the maximum
percent inhibition of all three test pathogens (73.9 and 66.2%).
Among the fungicides, mancozeb and propineb showed the least
inhibition of T. harzianum at all the concentration (0.1, 0.2 and
0.3%). Among different herbicides imazathapyr and metribuzin
showed high compatibility with T. harzianum. Imidacloprid,
indoxicarb and carbofuron showed the high compatibility at all the
concentrations of insecticides. Strain P. fluorescens was compatible
with tebuconazole, trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole EC (Nativo).
Strain P. fluorescens was compatible with three insecticides viz.,
imidacloprid, indoxicarb and fipronil at all the three concentrations.
Strain P. fluorescens was compatible with three herbicides viz.,
ammonium salt of glyphosate, pendimethalin, and glyphosate at all
the three concentration. The results pertaining to compatibility of
B. subtilis with twelve fungicides. Strain B. subtilis was compatible
with copper oxychloride based on its colonies formation and rated
as good at all concentration. Strain B. subtilis was compatible with
herbicides viz., pendimethalin, metribuzin, imazathipyr and
fluchloralin at all the three concentrations. Strain B. subtilis was
compatible two insecticides viz., indoxicarb, and carbofuron at all
the three concentrations.
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Yellow mosaic disease (YMD) of ridge gourd is an important viraldisease caused by Begomovirus which belongs to the familygeminiviridae. The Global Positioning System (GPS) based surveywas conducted during rabi 201718 for incidence of YMD in fourselected districts of north eastern Karnataka. Among the four districtssurveyed, highest incidence of 44.50 per cent was recorded in Koppaldistrict followed by Ballari, Raichur and Bidar with 40.50, 27.00 and19.50 per cent incidence respectively. Under glasshouse studies, YMVof ridge gourd was found sap transmissible using Phosphate buffer0.1M at PH 7.8 within the host sp. Further, the virus was transmittedthrough a vector whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Virus vector relationshipsindicated, single viruliferous whitefly can transmit the YMV. However,ten viruliferous whiteflies were required for 100 per cent transmission.A minimum period of 1h was necessary for B. tabaci to acquire and to
Studies on yellow mosaic disease caused by begomovirus on Cucurbits withspecial reference to Ridge gourd (Luffa accutangula L.)
VIDYA SAGAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. R.GOVINDAPPA
inoculate YMV on healthy seedling. Whitefly remained viruliferousupto 8 days for transmission of virus. Molecular diagnosis techniquePCR confirms the yellow mosaic disease is caused by a Begomovirus.A band of 770 bp was consistently amplified from total DNA extractedfrom field and inoculated ridge gourd samples by using begomoviruscoat protein specific primer. Allied crop plants viz., ridge gourd (Luffaacutangula), sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrical), cucumber (Cucumissativus), pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) and bottle gourd (Leginariasasanaria) and two weed hosts viz., Croton bonplandianum andAlternenthera sessile are confirmed as potential source for virusinoculum during off season. Among total 30 genotypes evaluated forresistance against YMD during rabi 201718 under rainfed conditions,the genotypes RG4, RG14, RG23 and RG24 showed themoderately susceptible reaction.
Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important spice and vegetablecrop of family Solanaceae. Chilli is susceptible to various pathogens,of which involvement of viruses, which cause heavy production losses.So far 65 viruses have been reported throughout the world includingbegomoviruses causing chilli leaf curl virus disease (ChiLCVD).ChiLCVD is the most destructive virus disease appearing in severeform in chilli growing areas of Northern Karnataka since two yearsand causing yield loss. The incidence of ChiLCV in all the surveyedvillages of Raichur and Ballari districts ranged from 2.00 to 100 percent with grand mean incidence of 18.60 per cent. The Chilli leaf curlvirus infected plants in surveyed fields produced characteristicsymptoms but, the symptoms were also varied from location tolocation and variety to variety. Similarly the grand mean incidence ofthrips, mites and murda affected plants were 18.31, 3.68 and 6.30 percent respectively. The diseased chilli plants exhibited characteristicssymptoms of vein clearing, vein thickening, upward curling, twistingof petioles, enations, leathery and small sized leaves and stuntedgrowth. A positive correlation existed between pre acquisitionstarvation period, number of whiteflies used in transmission, AAPand IAP with disease incidence. For five whiteflies 8 h of preacquisition starvation period resulted in 100 per cent transmission.Minimum of eight whiteflies required for 100 per cent transmission.The maximum disease transmission was observed at 6 h of AAP and12 h of IAP. The virus was found to be remains persists in the vector
Studies on leaf curl disease of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)
V. S. MANJESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. S. ASWATHANARAYANA
for ten days. In the host range study the virus infected tomato, differenthybrids/varieties of chilli, papaya, tobacco, and Parthenium, thisserves as source of inoculum of the disease in the absence of maincrop. Molecular analysis depicts that leaf curl caused by monopartitebegomovirus associated with DNA A and betasatellite virus particles.A band of 1.2 kb was obtained from the DNAA components specificprimers MK, OY and GEMA respectively. A band of 1.3 kb wasamplified for betasatellite virus particles and there was noamplification of DNAB and alpha satellite components from infectedsamples. The investigation on the complete nucleotide (nt) sequenceshowed that, the chilli isolates, ChiLCuVRA and ChiLCuVDE fromIndia share more than 95 per cent nucleotide sequence identity amongthemselves. The betasatellites shared high per cent nucleotide identityof 98.1 among themselves and low nucleotide identity of 80.482.6per cent with ToLCBDB isolates originating from the India infectingchilli crop. In epidemiology, correlation of maximum temperaturewith whitefly population and disease intensity was highly significant.Positive correlation obtained for maximum, minimum temperature,Sunshine hours and evapotranspiration for whiteflies development.Negative correlation obtained for relative humidity for whiteflydevelopment. Positive correlation for ChiLCVD was obtained withmaximum temperature, Sunshine hours and evapotranspiration.Positive correlation exists between ChiLCVD and whiteflypopulation.
Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.)R. Br.] is a C4 cereal, belongs to
family Poaceae (formerly gramineae) and it is known through differentnames like Bajra, Bulrush or Spiked millet. The investigations onblast of pearl millet comprised of disease survey, cultural studies,host range of the pathogen, screening of pearl millet genotypes andmanagement of blast under in vitro and in vivo. The results of theinvestigation are summarized here under. During kharif 2017, maximumdisease severity was recorded in Krushnapur (77.77%) village ofYadgir district, followed by Alipur (75.55%) and Halakarti (75.55%)villages of Yadgir district. Least disease severity was observed in
Investigations on blast of Pearl millet caused by Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc
MALATESHA LAMBANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. MAHESH
Sirwara (11.11%) village of Raichur district. Among the differentmedia tested, czapeck’s dox agar was found to be best for growth andsporulation. Among eight hosts, the pathogen isolated from pearlmillet was able to infect Eleusine coracana, Setaria italica, Paspalumscrobiculatum, Cyprus rotundus and Cynodon dactylon. Among the16 genotypes screened against Pyricularia grisea, 13 germplasmswere found moderately resistant with grade 2, two genotypes arefound moderately resistant with a grade of 3 and one germplasm wasmoderately susceptible with grade 4. Among different fungicidesevaluated in vitro, Tricyclazole 75% WP, Mancozeb 75% WP and
161
Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP were found to be most effectiveat all the concentrations. Among the bioagents evaluated in vitro,Trichoderma harzianum recorded the maximum inhibition of mycelialgrowth. Among different fungicides and bioagents evaluated in vivo,spray of tricyclazole (18%) + mancozeb (62%) WP @ 0.2 per cent,
carbendazim (12%) + mancozeb (63%) WP @ 0.2%, tricyclazole 75 %WP @ 0.06% and carbendazim 50 % WP @ 0.1% were found significantlysuperior in reducing leaf blast and achieving the higher yield over rest ofthe treatments. In the present study, highest rate of return of 2.27 wasobtained in carbendazim (12%) + mancozeb (63%) WP (0.2%).
Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is one of the most important commercialcrop, popularly called as ‘white gold’ and ‘king of fibre’. A surveycarried out during kharif 2017 revealed the severity of Alternaria leafspot (12 to 51 %), Cercopsora leaf spot (8.5 to 30 %) and bacterialblight (3 to 13 %) in parts of Raichur, Yadgir, Koppal and Kalaburgidistricts of north eastern Karnataka. In case of cultural variabilitystudies, maximum radial growth was noticed in isolates A2, A5, A12,A15, A17, A18, A21, A25, A26, A27, A30, A 32, A35 and A36 withcolony diameter of 90 mm and the least mycelial growth was recordedin isolates A19 (58 mm) and A33 (56 mm). Most of the isolatesrecorded good sporulation and isolates A19, A28 and A33 showedpoor sporulation. Maximum size of the conidia was observed in isolateA 26 (45.7755.42 × 7.4611.60 µm) and isolate A 10 showed theminimum size of 12.3437.48 × 9.8013.37 µm. The weather studiesrevealed that the maximum temperature, minimum temperature and
Investigations on major foliar diseases of Bt Cotton with special reference toleaf spot caused by Alternaria macrospora Zimm.
INDIRA AKKALKOT MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. C. SREEDEVI
evening relative humidity were negatively correlated with per centdisease index. Positive and significant correlation was recorded withsunshine hours whereas, negative and non significant correlation wasobtained with rainfall. Among 24 Bt hybrids screened against Alternarialeaf spot, only seven hybrids viz., Jadoo, RCH659, ATM (KCH311 BG II), Kaveri (KCH108 BG II), Lakshmi gold (RCH5678 BGII), Chaitanya (MRC7377 BG II), Ajeeth 155 showed moderatelyresistance reaction. Among the botanicals Garlic bulb extract,Trichoderma viride (Tri4) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf4) amongbioagents, difenconazole, hexaconazole, propiconazole andtebuconazole among systemic fungicides, mancozeb and thiram amongnon systemic fungicides, nativo and taquat among combi fungicideswere effective in vitro. Under the field conditions nativo 50 % WP at0.5 g/l recorded least disease severity (17.00 %) and high yield(24.54 q/ha).
Geminiviruses are a large family of singlestranded DNA viruses thatcause significant losses in economically important crops worldwide.The majority of these diseases are caused by geminiviruses that arewhiteflytransmitted and are placed in the genus Begomovirus. Theyoften exist in disease complexes and undergo high levels ofrecombination and mutation, allowing them to adapt rapidly to newhosts and new environments. Among the diseases caused bybegomoviruses leaf curl of chilli, tomato, sunflower, cotton and mestawere focused in this study. Survey was conducted in three districts ofnorth eastern Karnataka revealed that the highest incidence ofleaf curl disease of chilli (32.12 %), tomato (21.93 %), sunflower(9.61 %) and mesta (7.14 %) was noticed in Raichur district. Leastincidence of leaf curl disease of chilli (18.21 %), sunflower (3.17 %)and mesta (1.9 %) was noticed in Ballari. Least tomato leaf curlincidence was noticed in Koppal (10.42 %) and there was no incidenceof cotton leaf curl virus incidence among the surveyed areas. Molecularcharacterization of leaf curl viruses using deng primer was amplified
Diversity of leaf curl viruses and their vectors in major crops
SUDHA PATEEL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MALLIKARJUN KENGANAL
with amplicon size of chilli (580 bp), tomato (520 bp), sunflower(570 bp) and mesta (560 bp). betasatellite particle was successfullyamplified using beta satellite specific primers (Beta 01 and Beta 02)with amplicon size of ~1.4 to ~1.5 kb. Result revealed that all theviruses are monopartite in nature except one sample of chilli confirmedbipartite nature of Begomovirus by amplifying DNA B particle(~1.2 kb) of Begomovirus there by confirming bipartite nature ofBegomovirus. Characterization of whiteflies (vector) at molecularlevel confirmed presence of whitefly B biotype using specificprimers (2195 F and 3014 R) and universal primers (LCO 1490 andHCO 2198), Management of sunflower leaf curl virus was carriedout with different green labeled chemical molecules where seedtreatment with imidachloprid 600 FS at 5 ml/kg of seeds along withfoliar spray of flonicamide 50 WG at 0.25 g/l followed by seedtreatment with imidacloprid 600 FS at 5 ml/kg seed along with foliarspray of spiromesifen 24 SC at 1 ml/l were found effective in managingthe disease.
Leaf spot disease of ginger caused by Phyllosticta zingiberi Ramakris one of the important foliar diseases affecting the crop to a greaterextent by reducing the size and weight of the rhizomes. The maximumdisease severity was observed in Bidar district (30.75 %) and theleast severity was observed in Kalaburgi district (9.25 %). Potatodextrose agar supported the maximum radial growth (90.00 mm) ofP. zingiberi with higher sporulation. Maximum dry mycelial weightand sporulation was recorded in potato dextrose broth (716.17 mg).Maximum mycelial growth was recorded (90.00 mm) at temperature
Studies on leaf spot of Ginger caused by Phyllosticta zingiberi Ramakr
S. M. NIRUPADEESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. A. KULKARNI
25 °C followed by 30 °C (88.33 mm). At extreme temperature of 5°C and 40 °C there was less growth of mycelia. The temperaturerange of 2530 °C was optimum for the growth of P. zingiberi. Withrespect to different pH levels, Maximum mycelial growth andsporulation were observed at pH 7.0 (89.50 mm) followed by pH8.0 (86.67 mm). The optimum pH for growth of my pathogen wasbetween 6 and 8. With respect to illumination the treatment with 12hrs alternate light and dark condition was good for growth andsporulation the pathogen. Out of seven cultivars screened, two
162
SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
cultivars viz., Humnabad local and Maran were moderately resistant.Among the systemic fungicides evaluated difenconazole showedcomplete inhibition, among non systemic fungicides tested copperoxy chloride showed maximum inhibition. In combi fungicidesAzoxystrobin 11 % + Tebuconazole 18.3 % showed maximum
inhibition. Among different bio agents tested, Trichoderma harzianum(Tri5) inhibited maximum mycelial growth of the pathogen. Amongthe fungicides evaluated under the pot culture conditionsdifenconazole 25 % EC resulted in the least per cent disease indexwith highest yield.
The laboratory experiment was conducted at the Department of Seedand Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Bheemarayangudi,UAS, Raichur to know the influence of specialized packaging materialon storability of groundnut. Freshly harvested seeds of K9 varietygroundnut kernel and pods were stored in specialized packagingmaterials like super grain bag, Purdue improved crop storage (PICS)bag and polylined (700 gauge) gunny bags (PLGB) with fourreplications. The results revealed that, pods stored in PICS bagsrecorded significantly higher germination percentage (90.0, 78.0 %,)shoot length (6.0, 3.3 cm), root length (18.3, 11.8 cm), seedling vigourindex (2130, 1173), moisture content (7.03, 6.41 %), seed infection(2.61, 28.03 %) lower side and seed infestation (0, 13.05%) lower
Influence of packing material on seed longevity and seed enhancement techniqueson growth and yield of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
SHARANAPPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. PATIL
side at initial and nine months of storage, respectively. Both kerneland pods which were stored in PICS bag showed best result comparedto other bags. Pods showed best result compared to kernels duringstorage. The field experiment was conducted at the College ofAgriculture, Bheemarayanagudi to know the effect of seedenhancement techniques on three groundnut genotypes (G252, K9and TG37). Higher yield and seed quality parameters viz., days to 50% flowering (34.5), pod yield (25.5 q/ha), seed yield per plant (20.0g),test weigh (40 g), seed germination ( 94.5%) and seedling vigourindex (2438), respectively was higher in K9 with combination ofCalcium chloride @ 2% + Amonium molybdate @ 2 g/kg compare toother genotypes.
Influence of foliar application of boron and plant growth regulators on hybrid seed yield and qualityof Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) under protected cultivation
M. VANITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. N. VASUDEVAN
A study on influence of foliar application of boron and plant growthregulators on hybrid seed yield and quality of bitter gourd underprotected cultivation was carried out at the Main AgriculturalResearch Station, Raichur in a randomized block design with threereplications. The experiment consisted of seven foliar spraytreatments sprayed at three different stages viz., 23 leaf, peakflowering and fruit initiation stage. The results revealed that amongthe various treatments imposed, T
3 boron (1 g/l) + GA
3 (50 ppm)
gave significantly higher vine length (375.0 cm). While, T6boron (1
g/l) + homobrassinolide (0.5 ml/l) gave significantly higher numberof fruits per plant (14.47), fruit length (25.8 cm), fruit diameter (7.2cm), fruit weight (151.9 g), number of seeds per fruit (24.7), seedweight per fruit (5.48 g), 100 seed weight (22.32 g), hybrid seedyield (79.6 g/per plant) and (497.3 kg/ha) with better seed quality
parameters viz., seed germination (99.3 %), shoot length (24.8 cm),root length (16.9 cm), seedling dry weight (1052.3 mg), seedlingvigour index (4141) and dehydrogenase enzyme activity (0.939 ODvalue) compared to all other treatments and control. The secondexperiment consisted of 12 treatments laid out in two factor CRDwith three maturity stages (partial yellow, half yellow and completeyellow) as main factor and six post harvest ripening periods (0, 3 ,6 and 9 days) as sub factor replicated four times. Among theinteractions, fruits harvested at complete yellow colour with zerodays of post harvest ripening (M
3R
1) recorded significantly higher
100 seed weight (18.1 g), seed weight per fruit (8.4 g), seedgermination (86.5 %), dehydrogenase enzyme activity (0.677 ODvalue), shoot length (26.7 cm), root length (17.9 cm), seedling dryweight (101.4 mg) and seedling vigour index (3858).
A study on the influence of foliar spray of boron and plant growthregulators on hybrid seed yield and quality of bottle gourd underprotected cultivation was carried out at the Main AgriculturalResearch station in a randomized block design with three replications.The experiment consisted of seven foliar spray treatments sprayedat three different stages viz., 23 leaf, peak flowering and fruitinitiation stage. The results revealed that among the varioustreatments imposed, T
4boron (1 g/l) + NAA (0.3 ml/l) gave
significantly higher vine length (534.7 cm). While, T6boron (1 g/l) +
Influence of foliar spray of boron and plant growth regulators on hybrid seed yield and quality of
Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria L.) under protected cultivation
VISHNU RITTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. R. DODDAGOUDAR
homobrassinolide (0.5 ml/l) gave significantly higher number of fruitsper plant (1.54), fruit length (42.7 cm), fruit diameter (28.4 cm),fruit weight (760.7 g), number of seeds per fruit (443.1), seed weightper fruit (60.5 g), 100 seed weight (13.62 g), hybrid seed yield (93.1g/per plant) and (1164.3 kg/ha) with better seed quality parametersviz., seed germination (92 %), shoot length (21.9 cm), root length(21.7 cm), seedling dry weight (615.0 mg), seedling vigour index(4012) and dehydrogenase enzyme activity (1.610 OD value)compared to all other treatments and control. The second experiment
163
consisted of 18 treatments laid out in two factor CRD with threematurity stages (partial white, half white and complete white) asmain factor and six post harvest ripening periods (0, 7, 14, 21, 28and 35 days) as sub factor replicated four times. Among theinteractions, fruits harvested at complete white colour with 7 days
of post harvest ripening (M3R
2) recorded significantly higher 100
seed weight (18.9 g), seed weight per fruit (89.4 g), seed germination(97.5 %), dehydrogenase enzyme activity (0.989 OD value), shootlength (23.6 cm), root length (18.6 cm), seedling dry weight (623.0mg) and seedling vigour index (4123).
The laboratory experiments were carried at the Department of SeedScience and Technology, College of Agriculture, University ofAgricultural Sciences, Raichur, to know the dormancy duration andeffect of priming on seed quality of spinach. The experiment waslaid down in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with threereplications. The first experiment was conducted to assess theduration of dormancy in spinach. The dormancy duration of 35days was observed with 65.5 per cent of germination. The secondexperiment consisted of 21 dormancy breaking treatments, amongthem thiourea (1%) recorded significantly highest seed qualityparameters viz., normal seedlings (88.25%), speed of germination(26.95), root length (7.33 cm), shoot length (8.22 cm), seedling dryweight (11.56 mg), seedling vigour index (1372) and lowest electricalconductivity (0.219 dS m1) compared to control. The third experimentwas conducted to standardize the hydropriming duration where theseeds were soaked at different durations from 0 to 32 hours with
Studies on seed dormancy and priming on seed quality of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)
A. K. KULSUMBI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SANGEETA I. MACHA
4 hours interval differences, the results showed significantlyhighest seed quality parameters at 24 hours duration. Anotherexperiment was conducted where seeds were primed with 11priming treatments for 24 hours duration. The results showedKNO
3 (1%) to be the best priming treatment to get significantly
maximum seed quality parameters viz., field emergence (87.5%),germination (98.5%), speed of germination (42.55), root length(7.0 cm), shoot length (8.39 cm), seedling dry weight (21.38 mg),seedling vigour index (1517), germination rate index (4276), peakvalue of germination (24.69), mean germination time (1.58),dehydrogenase activity (0.443 OD value), alpha amylase activity(8.31 mm), catalase enzyme activity (481 nmol/g), peroxidaseenzyme activity (630 nmol/g) and lowest electrical conductivity(0.231 dS m1) compared to other treatments and control wherefield emergence and germination showed 11 and 10 per cent increaserespectively, over control.
Studies on diagnostic characters and effect of plant growth regulators on seed yield and quality inChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes
PRIYANKA BOLETTIN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. M. SHAKUNTALA
Field and laboratory experiments were conducted at the MainAgricultural Research Station, Raichur and in the laboratory ofDepartment of Seed Science and Technology, College of agriculture,UAS, Raichur during rabi 201718. In experimentI six chickpeagenotypes (A1, JG11, BGD103, GBM2, JG14 and MNK1)were laid out in randomized block design with four replications formorphological characterization. Based on qualitative parameters andqualitative parameters, six chickpea varieties were characterizedand classified into different groups. The results revealed that therewas diagnostic variation with plant growth habit, seed shape andseed surface. JG11 took least days for 50 % flowering (44.22) andmaturity (97.50). Number of pods per plant (122.37 pods)and seed yield per plant (35.23 g) were highest in A1 and least inMNK1 (39.07 pods and 16.16 g, respectively). The field study on
effect of foliar spray of different growth regulators on seed yieldand quality in chickpea CV. JG11 for experimentII was laid out inrandomized block design with three replications with eleventreatments. Foliar spray of pulse magic @ 8g/l recorded significantlyhigher plant height (53.73 cm) leaf area index (1.75 μmol m1s1),chlorophyll content (38.87 SPAD values) at 80 days after sowingand effective number of pods/ plant (87.67), test weight (26.14 g)and seed yield (19.05 q/ha) compared to control (48.73 cm, 1.11μmol m1s1, 32.73SPAD values 75.33, 22.60 g and 17.02 q/harespectively). The resultant seeds harvested from experimentII wereassessed for seed quality parameters. The foliar spray of pulsemagic @ 8g/l recorded significantly highest germination (97.00 %)and seedling vigour index (2580) compared to other treatments andlowest in control (91.00 % and 2066, respectively).
Characterization of local and improved varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) of Hyderabad Karnataka area
CHENNU PAWAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. M. SHAKUNTALA
The field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research StationGangavati and laboratory experiment was conducted at Department ofSeed Science and Technology, College of agriculture, UAS Raichur. Thepresent investigation was under taken for morphological, chemical,biochemical, and molecular characterstics of 35 local and elevenimproved varieties of rice of Hyderabad Karnataka area during201718. The genotypes showed significant difference in all qualitativeparameters except ligules, auricle, collar, anthocyanin pigmentation andbranching habit. Significant difference was observed in all quantitativeparameters, like plant height in hegge (123.5 cm) and BPT5204 (95.5
cm), days to 50 per cent flowering in Karikalludodigya (111 days) andChittimutsav (91 days), number of panicles per plant in Chittimutsav(20) and Sannakibatta (11), length of panicle in Ganagavatianna (27.5cm) and Hegge (22.25 cm), number of grains per panicle and grain yieldin BPT5204 and hegge were highest and lowest respectively. Seedmorphometric character like seed length, breadth, 1000 seed weight,shape and colour was grouped using biovis see image analyzer. Chemicaltests like KOH, NaOH, Phenol and modified phenol tests distinguishedthe varieties based on seed coat colour. Biochemical parameters likedehydrogenase activity ranges from 0.82 to 0.32, αamylase activity
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from 22.25 mm to 14.25 mm, amylose content 26.25 to 22.25 per centand gelatinization temperature from 80 to 52 0C. The molecularcharacterization of ten improved varieties and seventeen local varietiesshowed polymorphism in all genotypes for two primers RM190 andRM223, PIC value ranges from 0.36 to 0.39 and major allele frequency
ranged from 0.44 (RM 190) to 0.48 (RM 223) with an average of 0.46per marker. The genetic dissimilarity estimates for twenty sevengenotypes were employed to generate dendrogram by using treeconstruction with NTSYS Software. Cluster I consisted of 19, ClusterII consisted of 6 and Cluster III consisted of two genotypes.
Influence of boron and plant growth regulators on hybrid seed yield and quality of Sponge gourd
(Luffa cylindrica L.) under protected cultivation
S. JEEVITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. N. VASUDEVAN
A study was carried out to know the influence of PGR and boron onhybrid seed yield and quality in sponge gourd (hj hybrid Nithya)under protected cultivation. The field experiment was conducted inRBD with three replications at MARS, UAS, Raichur during rabi201718. The experiment consisted of seven treatments sprayed atthrice at 23 leaf, peak flowering and fruit initiation stages. The resultsrevealed that, spraying of boron (1 g/l) + NAA (0.3 ml/l) significantlyincreased the vine length (376.6 cm), fruit length (36.2 cm), fruitdiameter (17.9 cm), fruit weight (29.8 g), number of fruits per plant(6.83), number of seeds per fruit (148), 100 seed weight (8.91 g), seedweight per fruit (13.1 g), hybrid seed yield per plant (90 g), hybridseed yield per ha (844.3 kg), seed germination (97.0 %), root length
(21.7 cm), shoot length (17.6 cm), seedling dry weight (904.5 mg),seedling vigour index (3802) and dehydrogenase enzyme activity(1.319 OD value) compared to all other treatments and control. Thesecond experiment consisted of 12 treatments laid out in two factorCRD with three maturity stages (100 % complete yellow, 50% brownand 100 % brown) as main factor and four post harvest ripeningperiods (0, 5, 10, 15 days) as sub factor. Among the interactions, thefruits harvested at 100 per cent brown with 0 day (M
3R
1) recorded
significantly higher 100 seed weight (12.5 mg), seed weight per fruit(24.5 g), seed germination (88.1 %), dehydrogenase enzyme activity(1.003 OD value), shoot length (24.2 cm), root length (24.3 cm),seedling dry weight (910.9 mg) and seedling vigour index (4275).
A study on the effect of foliar spray of boron and plant growthregulators on hybrid seed yield and quality of ridge gourd (hybrid :Bio RG 55) under protected cultivation was carried out at MainAgricultural Research Station in a randomized block design with threereplications. The experiment consisted of seven treatments viz., T
1:
control, T2 : boron (1 g/l), T
3: boron (1 g/l) + GA
3 (50 ppm), T
4: boron
(1 g/l) + NAA (0.3 ml/l), T5: boron (1 g/l) + triacontanol (1.5 ml/l), T
6:
boron (1 g/l) + homobrassinolide (0.5 ml/l) and T7: boron (1 g/l) +
humic acid (2 ml/l) which were sprayed at three different stages viz.,23 leaf, peak flowering and fruit initiation stage. Among the differenttreatments, T
3: boron (1g/l) + GA
3 (50 ppm) recorded significantly
higher vine length (422.0 cm), number of fruits per plant (5.83), fruitweight (27.8 g), number of seeds per fruit (46.7), 100 seed weight(11.60 g), hybrid seed yield (31.5 g/plant ; 294.6 kg/ha), seed
Effect of foliar spray of boron and plant growth regulators on hybrid seed yield and quality of
Ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula L.) under protected cultivation
MANJULA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. R. DODDAGOUDAR
germination (88.0 %), dehydrogenase enzyme activity (1.293 ODvalue), shoot length (27.5 cm), root length (15.1 cm), seedling dryweight (942 mg) and seedling vigour index (3749) compared to controland other treatments.The second experiment consisted of 12treatments laid out in two factor CRD with three maturity stages(partial brown, half brown and complete brown) as main factor andfour post harvest ripening periods (0, 7, 14 and 21 days) as sub factorreplicated four times. Among the interactions, fruits harvested atcomplete brown colour without any post harvest ripening (M
3R
1)
recorded significantly higher 100 seed weight (11.40 g), seedgermination (85.3 %), dehydyrogenase enzyme activity (0.820 ODvalue), shoot length (25.6 cm), root length (22.0 cm), seedling dryweight (805.4 mg) and seedling vigour index (4060) compared to allother treatment combinations.
Seed technological investigation in Greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilckzek) cv. BGS-9
during summer season
VEERESHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BASAVE GOWDA
A field and laboratory experiment was conducted during summer201617, to study the effect of different dates of sowing, spacing andfertilizer levels in greengram during summer (Vigna radiata L. Wilckzek).There were three dates of sowing D
1:20th March, D
2:30th March and
D3: 10th April and three spacing S
1: 25X10 cm, S
2: 30X7 cm, and S
3:
30X10 cm with six levels of fertilizer doses, F1: control (No fertilizer
application), F2: recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) as basal dose
(12.5 kg ha1 N and 40 kg ha1 P20
5), F
3: seeds treated with rhizobium
and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), F4: seed treated with
rhizobium and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) + RDF as basaldose, F
5: seeds treated with rhizobium and phosphate solubilizing
bacteria (PSB) + RDF + 50% more as basal dose, F6: seeds treated
with rhizobium and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) + RDF asbasal dose + borax spray (100ppm) at flower initiation. Treatments
were replicated thrice in splitsplit plot design. Study indicated thatamong the three dates of sowing greengram BGS9 sown during 30th
March recorded higher plant growth parameters, yield parametersand quality parameters. Further, the planting geometry of S
3: 30X10
recorded higher growth, higher seed yield and seed quality parameters.The seeds treatment of (seeds treated with rhizobium and phosphatesolubilizing bacteria (PSB) + RDF as basal dose + borax spray (100ppm) at flower initiation) recorded higher growth, higher seed yieldand yield components and seed quality parameters. From the presentstudy it can be concluded that greengram seeds treated with rhizobiumand phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) + RDF as basal dose +borax spray (100 ppm) at flower initiation, with the spacing of 30x10cm recorded highest seed yield and seed quality parameters duringsummer sown on March 30th.
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The laboratory experiments were carried at the Department of SeedScience and Technology, College of Agriculture, University ofAgricultural Sciences, Raichur, to study the seed dormancy and primingeffect on seed quality of brinjal genotypes. The first experimentconducted to study the dormancy duration in eight genotypes (R2581, Swarna shyamli, R2580, Arka shirish, Swarna mani, L2232,Pant samrat and Mattigulla). Among the eight genotypes, longestdormancy duration of 35 days was observed in the genotype Swarnamani and slight dormancy for 14 days was noticed in the genotype R2581. Another experiment consisted of 21 treatments to break thedormancy in four genotypes (Swarna mani, L2232, Pant samrat andMattigulla). Among the genotypes and dormancy breaking treatments,the genotype Mattigulla seeds treated with GA
3 150 ppm recorded
significantly highest germination (87.50 %), speed of germination (26.25),root length (6.31 cm), shoot length (5.55 cm), seedling dry weight(18.31 mg) and seedling vigour index (1038) and significantly lowest
Studies on seed dormancy and priming on seed quality of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)
SHIVARAJA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SANGEETA I. MACHA
abnormal seedling (3.56 %), fresh ungerminated seed (4.63 %), deadseed (4.31 %) and electrical conductivity (0.235 dSm1).Standardisationof soaking duration for priming was carried out for various hours viz.,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 hours. Among various soaking durations, 4 hours ofsoaking duration recorded better seed quality parameters as compare tocontrol (unsoaked seeds). Hence four hour of soaking duration is takenas standard soaking duration for priming of brinjal. Another experimentwas conducted to study the effect of priming on seed quality of Arkakeshav brinjal variety. The experiment consisted of nine treatments.Among them, the seeds primed with GA
3 at 100 ppm for 4 hours
recorded significantly highest field emergence (82.00 %), germination(90.00 %), speed of germination (25.61), root length (6.67 cm), shootlength (5.91 cm), seedling dry weight (18.39 mg), seedling vigour index(1132), electrical conductivity (0.218 dS m1), dehydrogenase enzymeactivity (0.935 OD value), alpha amylase activity (11.68 mm), catalaseactivity (751 n mol/g) and peroxidase activity (942 n mol/g).
Morpho-physiological and molecular assessment of Rice genotypes for seed and seedling characters
ELIZABETH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. M. SHAKUNTALA
The laboratory experiments on morphophysiological and molecularassessment of rice genotypes for seed and seedling characters werecarried out at the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Collegeof Agriculture, Raichur. One hundred genotypes having different vigourlevels were obtained from AICRP (Rice), Agricultural Research StationGangavathi, to study the physical, physiological and molecularcharacters and their interrelationship with vigour. Seed morphometriccharacters viz., seed length, breadth, length/breadth ratio and thousandseed weight was observed to be highest in genotype Gangavathiemergency and lowest in genotype IET220551, which weredifferentiated into different categories. The physiological charactersviz., germination percentage, shoot length, root length, seedling length,seedling dry weight, seedling vigour index I and II was noticed to behighest in genotype Gangavathi emergency and lowest in genotypeIET220551 and were grouped into different categories. In biochemicaltest like alphaamylase activity was found to be highest in genotypeGangavathi emergency and lowest in genotype IET220551 which
were classified into different groups. Chemical tests like phenol andmodified phenol tests were carried out which showed different colourvariation such as light brown, dark brown, black and no colour change.Correlation studies was worked out for seed and seedling charactersand their inter relationship was found that seedling dry weight washighly significantly related with thousand seed weight and shootlength, seedling vigour index was highly significantly related withseed breadth and shoot length and speed of germination wassignificantly related to seed length and seed length/breadth ratio. Tengenotypes used for molecular characterization by using SSR markers,showed genetic diversity and polymorphism. By using trait specificmarkers the genotypes were differentiated into high and low vigourgenotypes based on amplification of DNA bands. And marker traitassociation was noticed between the trait seed vigour and trait specificSSR marker. Therefore, these markers can be further validated andutilized in marker assisted breeding programme for getting high vigourgenotypes.
Laboratory and field experiments on seed morphometric,physiological, biochemical and morphological characterization of13 genotypes were carried out at the Department of Seed Scienceand Technology and the Main Agricultural Research Station,University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur during 201718. Theresults revealed that, seed morphometric characters viz., seed lengthwas highest in IC405214 (7.37 mm) and lowest in IC616039 (5.05mm), seed breadth was highest in IC623126 (4.95 mm) and lowestin IC565022 (3.62 mm) observed under Biovis image analyzer.Presence of spines and seed colour were noticed in Leica microscope.Physiological parameters like, germination per cent was highest inLocal variety (83.00 %) and maximum seedling vigour index I(1302.17) and II (229.47) in Local variety. Biochemical tests viz.,carotenoid content was highest in Local variety (0.334) and lowest
Morphological and biochemical characterization of Carrot (Daucus carota L.) genotypes
DHARINI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. VIJAY KUMAR
in IC623126 (0.074), IC623127 had the maximum total solublesugars of 11.60 °B and sensory organoleptic evaluation which arehelpful in characterizing the genotypes. There was wide variation inplant morphological characteristics, foliage growth habit was erectin three genotypes, semierect in five genotypes and prostrate intwo genotypes. Root characters viz., root color was noticed yellowin nine genotypes and orange in two genotypes, root length (22.89cm) and root weight (173.71 g) was maximum in local variety. Theresults obtained made evident that qualitative and quantitativecharacters are more efficient in characterization of genotypes.Significant variations were observed in carrot genotypes for theirmorphometric characters, physiological parameters, biochemicaltests and plant morphological characteristics and can effectivelyutilized for characterization on genotypes.
166
Assessment of impact of seed storage on seed quality parameters of Sunflower hybrids
J. A. SUREKHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. VIJAY KUMAR
The laboratory experiments were carried out at the Department ofSeed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, UAS, Raichur,to assess the impact of seed storage on seed quality parameters ofsunflower hybrids. The first experiment consisted of four hybridsRSFH130, RSFH1887, KBSH53, KBSH44 stored in polythenebag and cloth bag. The storage study was carried out for 10 months.The revealed that, the seeds of RSFH1887 stored in polythene bag(G
2C
2) recorded lowest moisture content (7.44%), highest
germination (80.25 %), seedling length (19.42 cm), seedling vigourindex (1558), total dehydrogenase activity (1.58), least electricalconductivity (EC) (0.72 dS m1), and least seed infection percentage(16.00 %) at the end of 10 months. Whereas, RSFH130 stored incloth bag (G
1C
1) showed highest moisture content (8.84%), lowest
germination (57.2 %), seedling length (15.84 cm), total dehydrogenaseactivity (1.36), seedling vigour index (907), higher EC (0.85 dSm1)and higher seed infection (50 %) at the end of 10 months. Anotherexperiment was conducted to study the impact of packaging materials
on storability of sunflower hybrid RSFH1887 stored in five differentpackaging materials which involved cloth bag, polythene bag, gunnybag, polylined gunny bag and super grain bag. The results revealedthat, the seeds stored in super grain bag recorded lowest moisturecontent (7.12 %) highest germination (83.66 %), seedling length(22.37 cm), seedling vigour index (1871), total dehydrogenaseactivity (1.62), least EC (0.66 dS m1), and least seed infection (8 %)at the end of 10 months. Whereas, seeds stored in cloth bag recordedhighest moisture content (8.78 %), lowest germination (76.15 %),seedling length (17.44 cm), total dehydrogenase activity (1.47),seedling vigour index (1328), higher EC (0.79 dS m1) and higher seedinfection (10 %) at the end of 10 months. It can be concluded thatout of four hybrids used for study, RSFH1887 was found to bebest in all qualitative parameters during 10 months of storage periodand in packaging materials used, Supergrain bag has given the beststorability for period of 10 months in comparison with otherpackaging materials.
The studies were conducted at the Department of Seed Science andTechnology, College of Agriculture, University of AgriculturalSciences, Raichur, to evaluate and identify the suitable packagingmaterials for storage of chickpea cv. JG11 and pigeonpea cv. TS3Rseeds under ambient conditions. The seeds were packed in sevenpackaging materials viz., gunny bag, polylined (700 gauge) gunnybag, HDPE bag with lamination, PICS (perdue improved crop storage)bag, grain pro bag, zerofly bag, trial bag under ambient storageconditions with initial seed moisture content of 7.8 per cent forchickpea and 7.9 per cent for pigeonpea. Seeds were treated with arecommended fungicide and insecticide (thiram @ 2g/kg + emamectinbenzoate 5SG 40 mg/kg of seeds) before storage. The differentobservations viz., seed moisture content, seed germination, root length,shoot length, seedling vigour index I and II, abnormal seedlings, insectdamage, seed infection, 100 seed weight, seedling dry weight and
Evaluation and identification of suitable packaging materials for storage of Chickpea and Pigeonpea
seeds under ambient conditions
U. B. MANJUNATHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BASAVE GOWDA
other quality parameters were recorded by following proceduresprescribed by ISTA at bimonthly interval. The results revealed that,chickpea and pigeonpea seeds which were stored in PICS bag recordedhigher seed germination (91.83 and 95.17 %, respectively), rootlength, shoot length, seedling vigour index I and II with no insectdamage and minimal seed infection, lowest abnormal seedlings, highest100 seed weight, seedling dry weight, α amylase enzyme activity,dehydrogenase enzyme activity, lowest electrical conductivity, lowerseed moisture content (7.88 and 7.95 %, respectively) which was onpar with seeds stored in grainpro bag and trial bag. Whereas, seedsstored in gunny bag recorded lowest seed germination (86.83 and91.00 %, respectively) and highest seed moisture content (9.20 and9.09 %, respectively). Considering the cost of packaging materialstrial bag found economical (` 104.00/q) compared to grainpro bag(` 240.00 /q) and PICS bag (` 280.00/q).
The laboratory experiment was carried at the Department of Seed Scienceand Technology, College of Agriculture, University of AgriculturalScience, Raichur, to evaluate the effect of storage conditions andpackaging materials on seed longevity of onion. The onion seeds cv.Arka kalyan were packed in three packaging materials viz., P
1cloth bag,
P2polythene bag (700 gauge) and P
3 aluminium foil and stored under
three storage conditions viz., C1 ambient condition, C
2 conditioned
cold storage (1820 °C, 4550 % RH) and C3 commercial cold storage
(57°C, 65 % RH) for a period of 10 months. In the present study, theresults revealed that seeds packed in aluminium foil stored undercommercial cold storage (C
3P
3) recorded highest germination (97.02 %),
speed of germination (35.52), root length (7.99 cm), shoot length(7.60 cm), seedling dry weight (22.70 mg), SVI (1518), test weight(3.52 g), dehydrogenase enzyme activity (1.311 OD value), alphaamylase activity (25.02 mm) and lowest moisture content (6.02 %) and
Effect of storage conditions and packaging materials on seed longevity of Onion (Allium cepa L.)
C. GEETANJALI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SANGEETA I. MACHA
electrical conductivity (0.386 dS m1) whereas C1P
1 recorded lowest
seed quality parameter ( 94.03 %, 33.16, 7.94 cm, 7.53 cm, 21.02,
1455, 3.54 g, 1.282 OD value 23.01 mm, 8.76 %, and 0.392 dS m1) atthe end of first month of storage. Similarly at the end of tenth month ofstorage period, C
3P
3 recorded significantly highest germination (91.80
%), speed of germination (27.06), root length (7.52 cm), shoot length(7.36 cm), seedling dry weight (16.82 mg), SVI (1367), test weight(2.51 g), dehydrogenase enzyme activity (1.179 OD value), alphaamylase activity (21.34 mm) and lowest moisture content (6.12 %) andelectrical conductivity (0.562 dS1m) whereas lowest seed qualityparameter noticed in C
1P
1 (50.01 %, 12.41, 5.12 cm, 4.53 cm, 9.02 mg,
484, 3.42 g, 0.763 OD value, 13.09 mm, 10.10 % and 0.612 dS m1).The seeds packed in aluminium foil stored under commercial cold
storage (57 °C, 65 % RH) were found to be ideal for maintaining theseed quality parameters for longer period.
167
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
This study was conducted in Yadgir district of Karnataka state. Thestudy found that groundwater in Yadgir district was severelypolluted by various chemical contaminants, arsenic and salinity beingthe major ones. Majority of the respondents in polluted block (56%)perceived that ground water in their locality is of bad quality. Thegroundwater pollution had detrimental effect on human health, whichis confirmed by the enormous amount of disease cases reportedamong respondents. The percentage of persons suffering from diseasecondition was higher in polluted block (63.48%) than in controlblock (38.48%). This study establishes the relationship betweengroundwater pollution and human health problems through regressionanalysis. The analysis revealed that a household situated in pollutedblock had an additional total cost of illness of ` 45,718.36 and 58sick days per year compared to a household situated in controlblock. The negative externality associated with ground water
Ground water pollution and its effect on human health in Yadgir district of Karnataka:An economic analysis
SHAHAMEED ALI MAJOR ADVISOR: H. LOKESHA
pollution in Yadgir district was ̀ 47,540.31 per household per year.The percentage of households adopting at least one coping mechanismwas higher in polluted block (72%) than in control block (50.66%).The households were adopting filtering of water using cloth, bringingcontaminant free water from alternate distant source and bringingpurified water from community water purification plant aspreventive measures to the extent of 18.66, 2.66 and 50.66 per cent,respectively. The willingness to pay for 20 liters of purified drinkingwater was significantly influenced by household head’s age,household head’s education and block type in entire Yadgir districtwhile in polluted block household head’s education had significantand positive influence on willingness to pay. The avertiveexpenditure was significantly influenced by household head’s age,household head’s education, block type and number of sick daysper household per year in entire Yadgir district.
Economic performance of Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)
in Hyderabad-Karnataka (H-K) region
A. G. ADEETH CARIAPPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. B. LOKESH
Crop production is prone to huge risks due to erratic rainfall, climatechange, natural disasters, market imperfection, pest and diseases. Cropinsurance is a major risk mitigation tool available to farmers. This studyhad analysed the physical and financial performance of one such cropinsurance scheme namely Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)by comparing with the performance of previous crop insurance productModified National Insurance Scheme (MNAIS) in Karnataka. To analysethe effectiveness and risk minimisation under PMFBY in HK region,data were collected from 80 insured (40 each of loanee insurers andnonloanee insurers) and 40 noninsured farmers. Overall, theperformance of PMFBY in Karnataka during the year 201617 revealedthat there was an increase of 77.20 per cent in number of farmersinsured and an increase in area insured by around 65 per cent from201516 to 201617. Further there was an increase of around 41 percent in farmers insured and around 50 per cent in area insured fromkharif 2016 to kharif 2017 in Karnataka. However, the trend wasopposite in HK region as there was a 5.84 per cent decrease in farmers
covered and 3.69 decrease in area insured due to pending claims ofkharif 2016. The overall claims to premium ratio was less than unity0.99 and 0.64 in Karnataka and HK region respectively during kharif2016, implying PMFBY was financially viable. Education level, farmsize, compensation and percentage of irrigated area were the main factorswhich significantly influenced farmers’ participation under PMFBY.On an average, 52 per cent of risk in Zone 1(Bidar) and 40 per cent ofrisk in Zone 3 (Koppal) was reduced by PMFBY during kharif 2016.Delay in claim settlement, lack of grievance settlement mechanism atlocal level and awareness were the major constraints faced by the samplefarmers. Overall, in spite of improved performance of PMFBY comparedto previous years, only 29 per cent of the net sown area of Karnatakawas insured during the year 201617. Thus, to make PMFBY moreeffective it is suggested to provide premium discounts for group coverageof farmers and also to consider shortfall in revenue of farmers ratherthan shortfall in yield to widen the risk coverage of farmers whichwould bring in more farmers under crop insurance.
An economic analysis of production and marketing of Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.)in Hyderabad-Karnataka region
D. J. MANASA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. B. LOKESH
Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.) is a highly valued medicinallyimportant seed spice grown in arid and semiarid regions of India.The seeds are used in small quantities for flavoring various foods, inmedicine and as preservatives. The study used both primary andsecondary data to fulfill the objectives of the study. Primary datarelating to socioeconomic characteristics of farmers, economics ofajwain and its competing crops, marketing cost, margin and pricespread of ajwain etc., was collected from 80 farmers in Raichurdistrict, among which 40 were ajwain growers and 40 were nonajwain growers and 10 wholesalers in Kurnool market and 10 retailersin Raichur city. The data were collected through personal interviewmethod with the help of pretested structured schedule. The resultsrevealed that the per acre cost of cultivation of ajwain is ` 25628and it is higher than bengal gram (` 18933) and lower than cotton
(` 40057). Ajwain is a labour intensive crop with 48.60 per cent ofthe total cost of cultivation incurred on labour cost. The net returnsrealized per acre of ajwain (` 23659) is higher than both bengal gram(` 7233) and cotton (` 14725), attributed to a higher market price ofajwain of about ` 12415 per quintal. The major marketing channelidentified in the marketing of ajwain is channel I: Producer Wholesaler (APMC) Retailer Consumer, through which 95 percent of the farmers have sold their produce. Total market margin is52.30 per cent. Price spread is ` 17,585 per quintal and producer’sshare in consumer rupee is 41.38 per cent in ajwain marketing. Themajor constraints in ajwain cultivation are: crop is more prone togermination failure and lack of nearby markets. There is a urgentneed for declaration of ajwain as notified commodity in Raichurregulated market area.
168
Supply chain management of Mango in NEK region
MUKUND MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. REDDY
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) belonging to family Anacardiaceae isthe most important commercially grown fruit crop. India is the largestproducer and exporter of mango in the world and Karnataka is one ofthe important mango producing state. The study was conducted inNEK region with the sample size of 60 mango producing farmers and20 market intermediaries. Majority of the mango growing farmers areliterate belonged to age group of 4160 years with an average familysize of six members. The establishment cost was high in Alphonso(` 1,74,069) variety compared to Bennishan (` 1,63,391), Dassehari(` 1,58,858) and Kesar (` 1,58,787) varieties. On an average per acreestablishment of mango orchard was `165,183 across the varieties.The mean technical efficiency of mango famers was 0.38, whileallocative and cost efficiency were 0.69 and 0.28 respectively. Thefinancial feasibility analysis indicated higher NPV of ̀ 1,62,053 with
discounted benefitcost ratio of 2.68 and payback period was 8.30years. The Internal Rate of Returns generated in the project was24.00 per cent which is higher than the prevailing interest rate. Fourimportant marketing channels were identified, out of which 85.00 percent of the produce move through ChannelI and ChannelII. ChannelI: Producer Preharvest contractor Wholesaler RetailerConsumer. ChannelII: Producer Commission agentWholesaler Retailer Consumer. The average per quintalmarketing cost incurred by the mango producer accounted 595.46.The magnitude of marketing cost was high in Koppal ( 615.27) districtcompared to other study districts. The producer’s share in consumerrupee was 61.88 and 64.11 per cent in ChannelI and ChannelIIrespectively. The Shepherd’s and other marketing efficiency ratiowere high in ChannelI (14.56) compared to ChannelII (10.77).
An econmoic analysis of non-farm activities among farm households in rainfed andirrigated situations of Hyderabad-Karnataka region
M. GEETHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. B. LOKESH
Rural nonfarm activities are gaining importance in recent yearssince it provides gainful employment and income to the farmhouseholds throughout the year which improves their standard ofliving and alleviate poverty. The significance of the rural nonfarmsector can hardly be denied when seen in relation with the increasingsaturation in growth of agricultural employment and the growingruralurban divide in a globalizing India. Keeping in view of this, thestudy was conducted in Koppal, Raichur and Ballari districts of HK region to identify and determine the nature and extent of nonfarm activities, employment and income pattern, capital formationthrough nonfarm activities and influence of nonfarm activities inminimizing risks in farming among sample farm households in rainfedand irrigated situations. Multistage random sampling method wasemployed to collect the primary data by using pretested schedule.The results revealed that among farming with Non Farm Activities
(NFA), own business followed by wage earnings, salary earningsand cottage industries were major NFA in both rainfed and irrigatedsituations. The value of capital assets was high among the farmhouseholds with nonfarm activities when compared to farming alone.Income generation was highest among households who werepracticing farming with NFA (trade/own business/cottage industries)both in rainfed and irrigated situations. By comparing employmentopportunities in both rainfed and irrigated situations it unfolds thatNFA provided gainful employment for the people under rainfedsituation during offseason. Income risk was less in farming withNFA compared to farming alone under rainfed situation since theincome generated from nonfarm activities contribute major share intotal income of rural households. Hence, it is suggested to encouragegroup based nonfarm activities in rural areas to uplift the livelihoodof farm households in rural areas.
Production and marketing of Betel vine in Hyderabad-Karnataka region-an economic analysis
SHIVA KUMAR GOUDA PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SURESH S. PATIL
The present study on betel vine cultivation was undertaken inHyderabadKarnataka region (Koppal and Ballari districts) whichhas the highest area of betel vine in the HK region. The study assessedthe cost and returns, resource use efficiency (RUE), investmentfeasibility analysis, marketing channels and efficiency in betel vinecultivation. Primary data was collected from 45 farmers each in twodistricts. The results indicated that the cost of cultivation of betelvine was higher in Kariyele (` 1,37,748/acre) than in Ambadiyele(` 1,17,401/acre) and the cultivation was more profitable in Kariyelethan in Ambadiyele (` 4,42,800/acre and ` 3,28,320/acre). RUEanalysis indicated that the farmers were inefficient in using the inputsin both the varieties as inputs like men labour, planting material andFYM were underused in Ambadiyele, men labour and planting materialwere underused in Kariyele. The betel vine cultivation was
economically feasible with IRR of 76% and 64% and with BC Ratioof 3.18 and 2.68 in Kariyele and Ambadiyele cultivation respectively.In Ambadiyele, the efficiency of channel I was high 20.02 mainly dueto involvement of less number of intermediaries as compared to channelII and III was 12.59 and 12.08. Whereas in Kariyele, the efficiency ofchannel I was high 28.79 mainly due to involvement of less number ofintermediaries as compared to channel II and III was 22.18 and 21.07respectively. Three marketing channel were identified in which theProducer’s share in consumer’s rupee was highest in channel1 (61%).The major problems confronting the cultivators are high commissioncharges and non existence of well developed marketing system.Provision of adequate credit would help in expanding area and alsoincreasing productivity of betel leaves, besides strengthening marketingsystem.
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Supply chain management of turmeric in north-eastern transitional zone of Karnataka
M. ASHWINI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. M. HIREMATH
Turmeric is a very important medicinal and dietary spice in India.
Considering the importance of this spice in food preparation, homeremedies and medicine it is important to manage quality, productionand supply. The present study was undertaken to study the supply
chain management of turmeric in NET Zone of Karnataka. The turmericgrowers were identified using snow ball sampling till the requiredsamples were obtained. The total number of turmeric growers were 60
farmers from the leading taluks of NET zone. The market functionarieswere selected using convenient sampling procedure. Primary data werecollected from the selected farmers and market functionaries using pre
tested schedule through personal interview method. Per acre cost ofcultivation of turmeric worked out to be ` 74200.43, the average yieldof turmeric realized by the farmers was 18.72 q per acre. On an average,
gross and net returns of turmeric cultivation was worked out to be
` 1,22,460.02 and 48,259.63, respectively. The returns per rupee spentwas worked out to be ` 1.65. The total marketing cost incurred by
different intermediaries was ` 1194.94 per quintal, total marketingmargin was ̀ 12262.56 per quintal and price spread was worked out tobe of ̀ 13458.33 per quintal. Producer share in consumer rupee worked
out to be ̀ 29.36 per quintal. Shephered Index and Measure of ModifiedMarket Efficilency Index were worked out to be 1.49 and 0.49,respectively. The problems faced by turmeric growers are both
production and marketing problems. Among them 100 per cent of thefarmers were facing non availability of market near by places, hightransportation cost, not aware of new technologies and delay in
payments. The other problems were limited technical advise, highcommission charges and non availability of market information asexpressed by 71.67, 63.33 and 58.33 per cent of farmers, respectively.
Impact of Krishi Bhagya Yojana on farm income, employment and livelihood of farmers innorth-eastern Karnataka-an economic analysis
BELURU ASHA MAJOR ADVISOR: G. M. HIREMATH
In India, Karnataka state has the second largest area under rainfed
agriculture but its soils are highly degraded and crop yields are low.Considering this fact, Government of Karnataka launched a new scheme“Krishi Bhagya Yojana” (KBY) with an aim to achieve sustainable
growth in agriculture. This scheme supports farmers to make up krishihonda with polythene lining, install pump, sprinkler irrigation systemand shade net/ polyhouse. The present study was conducted in NEK
region of Karnataka with an overall objective of studying the impact ofKBY on farmers’ economy. The purposive multistage random samplingprocedure was adopted to select the sample farmers. The total sample
constituted 48 beneficiaries of krishi honda and 12 beneficiaries ofpolyhouse/shade net and equal number of nonbeneficiaries wereselected for the comparison and hence the total sample comprises of
120 farmers. The results revealed that beneficiaries had grown more
water intensive crops and high diversification in cropping pattern was
observed after the implementation of scheme. The cropping and irrigationintensities were changed to the tune of 10.44 and 92.42 per cent,respectively, after the KBY. The extent of increase in employment of
family labour was 24.62 per cent for beneficiaries over nonbeneficiaries.Migration and mobility were reduced after the KBY, it was also observedthat mobility was more among nonbeneficiaries when compared to
beneficiaries. The majority of farmers have expressed that selection ofbeneficiaries was proper (78.33 %) and sanctioning of subsidy was ontime (70 %). Overall, the farmers have satisfied with the implementation
of scheme. However, some of the farmers have expressed that there isa need to add some of the components to existing KBY viz., fencing tokrishi honda and providing of white net instead of green for shade net/
polyhouse.
Land use pattern in north-eastern Karnataka region - an economic analysis
ANUPAMA GHIRADIMATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. REDDY
Land is the most important resource in any production system andavailability of land and its resources decides the development of theeconomy in any region. The study was conducted in NEK region
with the sample size of 50 respondents. The time series data for aperiod of 20 years from 199596 to 201415 on land use patternwas used for the study. About 84 per cent of sample farmers were
literate and average size of land holding was 7.48 acres. Redgram isthe dominant crop in Bidar (22.11 %) and Kalaburagi (31.07 %)districts whereas, Paddy in Raichur (30.13 %), Ballari (23.66 %)
and Koppal (29.58 %) districts during kharif season. However,Jowar is the dominant crop in rabi season across the districts. Thegrowth rate in land put to nonagricultural uses was significantly
increased. In contrary, area under permanent pastures and othergrazing lands declined in the study districts. The positive growth in
net area sown was noticed in Kalaburagi (0.20 %) and Koppal (0.56%) districts while negative growth was observed in Ballari (1.36%), Bidar (0.70 %) and Raichur (0.56 %) districts. The area under
forest, other uncultivable land excluding fallow land and net sownarea were stable during study period. However, net sown area andfallow land were more stable in 199596 to 200405 compared to
200506 to 201415. The predicted area under net sown area islikely to decline with area of about 2.79 lakh ha by 202425 in NEKregion. The factors responsible for change in land use pattern were
net irrigated area, population density, literacy rate, number offactories and number of land holdings. The land put to nonagricultural uses (0.94), cultivable wastes (0.16) and current fallows
(0.98) have shown negative impact on crop output while net sownarea (1.98) influenced positively on production of major crops.
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Impact of Krishi Bhagya Yojana (KBY) on farm income, employment and livelihood of farmers innorth eastern Karnataka-An economic analysis
M. THIMMESHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. JAGRATI B. DESHMANYA
Water is recognized as an elixir of life, human, social development and
environmental sustainability. Hence, water should be treated as aneconomic and social good. Its management must aim for the worthwhileuse envisaging equity concerns, efficiency and environmental
sustainability. Only 26.5 per cent of sown area is subjected to irrigationin Karnataka. Comprehensive research studies that focus on KrishiBhagya Yojana (KBY), particularly on Krishi Honda. Hence, the
study was undertaken with main objectives of assessing impact ofKBY on yield, income, employment and livelihood of the benefitedfarmers and analyzing the constraints in availing the benefit of KBY
scheme. The study was conducted in NorthEastern Karnataka viz.Bidar, Kalaburgi and Yadgir districts. The primary data pertaining toagriculture year 201617 were collected using pretested structured
schedules through personal interview method from 75 KBY farmerbeneficiaries and 75 nonbeneficiaries. The data were analyzed using
various tabular analysis including averages and percentage. Thepercentage increase in yield of kharif and rabi crops was about 12.92and 32.73 per cent respectively as compare to before the
implementation of KBY. The income of kharif and rabi crops increasedabout 26.72 and 34.47 per cent, respectively. The employmentgeneration was increased about 11.87 to 12.69 per cent as compared
to before KBY implementation. In the same way, the farm building,farm, household, and financial asset position changed over nonbeneficiaries about 106.60, 62.83, 16.60 and 54.93 per cent,
respectively. The constraints faced by farmers are illiteracy, improperdisbursement of subsidy and poor extension services. Hence, theKrishi Bhagya Yojana is changed socioeconomic conditions of
beneficiaries as compared to nonbeneficiaries. Therefore, governmentmust take proper measures to provide benefit of KBY to all thefarmers in Karnataka for welfare of farming community.
Economic impact of Bengalgram technologies developed by UAS, Raichur in NEK region
S. BRUNDA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. M. HIREMATH
New agricultural technologies and improved practices play a key rolein increasing agriculture production and hence, improving nationalfood security in developing countries. Where, successful adoption ofimproved technologies could stimulate overall economic growththrough inter sector linkages while conserving natural resources. Thepresent study was undertaken in leading districts of bengalgramproduction viz., Kalaburagi and Raichur of NEK region. The samplefarmers were post classified as low (39), medium (50) and high (31)adopters. The extent of adoption of technologies was found to behigh in high adopter categories followed by low and medium adoptercategories. The spread of GBM2 variety was found to be least instudy districts as well as in other districts of NEK region and in otherparts of Karnataka and India. The per hectare total cost (` 42103.49)and net profit (` 17485.32) were found to be higher in JG11 varietyas compared to GBM2 and Annigeri1 varieties. The BC ratio wasfound to be higher in JG11(1.42) variety as compared to GBM2
(1.14) and Annigeri1 (1.00). The results of partial budgeting revealedthat there was net gain of ` 8071.03 per hectare observed in JG11variety over GBM2 variety. Similarly, there was net gain of ̀ 6120.15per hectare observed in GBM2 variety over Annigeri1 variety.It was also found that there was net gain of ` 10504.09 per hectareamong high over low adopters.Similarly, there was net gain of` 5239.82 per hectare observed in high over medium adopters andalso there was net gain of ` 4838.27 per hectare observed in mediumover low adopters. The results of proportional odds model indicatedthat age, education, extension contact and landholding weresignificantly influencing in adoption of bengalgram technologies. Nonavailability of labour, less remunerative price, high price fluctuation,lack of knowledge regarding improved agrochemical practices ofbengalgram and lack of knowledge about seed treatment have beenopinioned as major problems faced by the farmers in adoption ofbengalgram technologies.
Economics of production and marketing of Sweet orange in Raichur district
S. N. RANJEETA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. AMRUTHA T. JOSHI
The present study was undertaken to estimate the economic feasibility
of sweet orange cultivation in Raichur district of NEK region. ThoughRaichur district stands first in sweet orange area, production andproductivity in NEK Region, much research has not been conducted
especially with respect to the economics of cultivating sweet orange.Hence Raichur district was purposively selected for the study. Theresults are based on the data collected from 30 sample farmers from
each of the two talukas viz., Raichur and Manvi of Raichur district.Fieldlevel data were elicited through personal interview method. Foranalyzing the data collected during the study, tabular analysis, growth
rate analysis and financial feasibility analysis were employed. Thetotal cost of establishment of sweet orange orchard was high in smallfarmers ̀ 1,19,049 followed by ̀ 1,16,756 and ̀ 1,14,252 in medium
and large group farmers. The average yield obtained was 5.13 ton/ ac,
4.62 ton/ac and 4.12 ton/ac in small, medium and large farmer groupsrespectively. Similarly the net returns were also high with respect tosmall farmers (` 60,108, ` 50,737 and ` 43,249) than medium and
large group farmers.The investment criteria such as Net Present Value,Internal Rate of Return, Benefit Cost Ratio and Payback period wereused to analyse the feasibility of cultivating sweet orange. It was
observed from the study that the net present worth was positive at `289596, internal rate of return was 37.32 per cent, which was wellabove the bank rate, BC ratio was well above one i.e., 2.58 and a very
short payback period of two years indicated the worthiness ofinvestment in sweet orange. Thus, it is economically feasible tocultivate sweet orange in Raichur District.
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AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION EDUCATION
Diffusion of agricultural information through ICT’s among extension functionarries innorth eastern Karnataka
VIKAS MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K.K. SHASHIDHAR
The present research study entitled “Diffusion of agriculturalinformation through ICT’s among extension functionarries in northeastern Karnataka” the study was conducted in north eastern Karnatakaof Kalaburagi and Raichur districts and all the RSK’s were selectedfrom the districts for the study. Out of the total number of technicalstaff 40 from Raichur district and 40 from Kalaburagi district wereselected as respondents for the study. The data was collected throughquestionnaire developed for the study. The data thus collected wasanalysed using appropriate statistical tools. The salient findings of thestudy were cent per cent of the extension personnel were aware aboutthe ICT tools like television, radio, handycam, digital camera, printer,video player, projector, CDROM, GPS, computer, mobile phone,pendrive and tab and services like internet, email, emagazines, e
bulletins, whatsapp, facebook, voice and text messages and searchengines. Regarding accessibility cent per cent of the extension personnelhave the accessibility of ICT tools like television, mobile phone, pendriveand tab. Regarding diffusion of agricultural information majority of theExtension personnel were always using television (63.75 %) for diffusionof Agricultural information, followed by mobile phone (58.75 %),computers (50.00 %) and printer (46.23 %). Regarding extent of usageof ICT tools more than half (57.50 %) of the extension personals wereof the respondents very frequently used television, followed by mobilephone (55.00 %), GPS and computer (50.00 %). More than forty(45.00 %) per cent of the respondents belonged to young aged groupnearly half (47.50 %) of the respondents were M.Sc (Agri)/M.Tech(Ag.Eng).
A cr1itical analysis of women collective farming in Palakkad district of Kerala state
T. SHAHLAS BINTH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BASAVARAJ HULAGUR
Collective farming aims to bring significant changes amongfarmwomen through increased agricultural production andproductivity. The present study was conducted in Palakkad districtof Kerala during 201718 by using the ex-post-facto research designwith the sample size of 90 groups. The study revealed that 42.22per cent of the farmwomen had high level of overall perceptionabout the collective farming. With respect to the overall knowledgelevel of farmwomen, about the cultivation practices in collectivefarming, the respondents were categorized into the high level in allthe three crops viz., banana, tapioca and rice which were expressedby 43.75, 43.33 and 39.29 per cent, respectively. The result revealedthat farmwomen were engaged in all farming operation and theirimputed value was much higher than any other labour. It hassignificantly reduced their dependency on hired labour. It was
observed that majority (84.44%) of the groups opt to disburse theentire revenue generated from sale proceeds immediately afterrealization. With respect to the cost and returns of collective farming,the groups who cultivated banana had highest benefit cost ratio whichwas expressed by 1.51 per cent. With regard to mode of functioningof collective farming groups, threefourth (75.56%) of respondentsexpressed that decision making in groups done with consensus whichbrings strong coherence among the members. Attendance of membersin group meetings/activities was expressed by 84.44 per cent of therespondents. Further, the function of record maintenance wasexpressed by 92.20 per cent of the respondents. The study showedthat with respect to collective farming, farmwomen had high level ofextension participation, mass media participation, risk orientation,scientific orientation and innovative proneness.
Assessment of readability of farm magazines
SHRUTI PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: S. B. GOUDAPPA
Mass media is powerful instrument for transformation of knowledge,creating awareness and dissemination of technical knowhow to thefarmers. The farm magazine is one of the important mass median todisseminate the information to farming community on agricultureand other related aspects. Krishi Pradeepike farm magazine isKannada magazine publishing by University of Agricultural Sciences,Raichur regularly since 2014 with the aim to disseminate andpopularize the scientific methods of agriculture among the farmingcommunity. The study was conducted in two districts (Raichur andKalaburgi) of NorthEastern Karnataka during 20172018 by thedescriptive research design with the sample size of 120. The findingsof the present research study about readability of five Kannnadamagazine, 27.50 per cent of the respondents opinion was KrishiPradeepike magazine was very easy to read. About reading habits54.17 per cent of the respondents partially read the magazine.
Majority of respondents opinion was content has very relevancyto the needs of the farmers (76.67%) and it has complete information(75.83). About physical appearance of the magazine, it was mostattractive (45.00), good colour combination (80.83%), easy to readthe text (76.67%) and most preferred by the respondents (59.17%).About readability, majority of the respondents opinion was easy toread (86.67) and easy to understand (80.00%). About preferencesof the articles by the respondents, they most prefer articles on cropproduction (20.83%), plant protection (13.33%), success stories offarmers (7.50%), etc. About content analysis of the articles fromfive Kannada magazines, Krishi Pradeepike covered more article onagril. Engineering (26.00%), Krishi Munnade covered more articleon crop production (18.75%), Krishi Vignana on crop production(20.83%), Negila Miditha on horticulture (18.63%) and Udyan Lokaon horticulture (27.41%).
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A diagnostic study on retaining the rural youth in agriculture
H. N. SHARATH MAJOR ADVISOR: SHIVANAND KAMMAR
India lives in villages as more than two third of the population stilldepend on agriculture and allied enterprises. India is also a youthdominated country with rural youth contributing 41 per cent of totalpopulation which has got lot of potential and opportunities to contributetowards nation’s progress as youth are the fountain of energy and wantto achieve excellence in their chosen field. But, the present scenario ofrural youth migrating towards urban areas indicates a disturbing trendof decline in the interest of rural people especially rural youth towardsagriculture due to host of difficulties and challenges in agriculture.However, youth are to be the essential spoke in wheel of agriculture forits sustenance and growth in the challenging times. Hence, the presentstudy was planned and conducted with an objective of investigatingways and means of retaining youth in agriculture during 201718 inRaichur and Yadgir districts of Karnataka. Diagnostic research designwas used. Multistage purposive sampling technique was used to select120 respondents. The data collected were analyzed by using appropriate
statistical methods. The study revealed that 36.67 per cent of ruralyouth had medium level of selfesteem, whereas, 32.50 per cent and30.83 per cent of rural youth had high and low level of selfesteemrespectively. 41.67 per cent of rural youth had medium level ofaspirations, whereas, 37.50 per cent and 20.83 per cent of them hadhigh and low level of aspirations towards farming respectively. 37.50per cent of rural youth had high level of attitude, whereas 31.67 percent and 30.83 per cent of them had low and medium level of attitudetowards farming, respectively. Lack of employment opportunitiesduring off season, lack of irrigation facilities and increased debt burdenon familywere the main reasons quoted by the rural youth for theirmigration. Provision for more credit facilities at low interest rate bycommercial banks/cooperatives and loan waiver,provision of pumpsets and other inputs subsidies for agriculture enterprises, regular anduninterrupted electricity supply for irrigation purpose may act as majorways and means to retain them in farming.
Performance analylis of Krishi Bhagya Scheme beneficiaries in agro-climatic zone-3 of Karnataka
H. K. MANOHARA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BASAVARAJ HULAGUR
The study was conducted in Bagalkot and Vijayapur districts ofKarnataka in 201718. These two districts were selected purposivelywith the criteria of highest number of Krishi Bhagya Scheme (KBS)beneficiaries. From each district 60 KBS beneficiaries were selectedthus making total sample of 120 respondents. The design employedfor the present study was Ex-post facto design. The data was collectedfrom beneficiaries before and after implementation of Krishi BhagyaScheme. The major findings of study revealed that, 67.50 per cent ofbeneficiaries constructed 21 x 21 x 3 m size of farm pond and 24.17per cent of them constructed 18 x18 x 3 m of farm pond based on sizeof land holdings. Majority of the beneficiaries (95.83 %) usedpolythene sheet to avoid water loss in farm pond. Afterimplementation of Krishi Bhagya Scheme, change in cropping patternwas noticed in major kharif and rabi crops viz., groundnut (71.62 %),redgram (33.88 %) and bengalgram (16.67 %), onion (103.33 %)respectively. Changes in productivity was observed in positive
direction as 14.72 per cent in groundnut and 22.85 per cent inbengalgram. Due to farm ponds irrigated area was increased. So, familymembers were actively involved in agriculture. Hence, intensive cropcultivation needs a greater number of labourer and additionalemployment and income generated in the field of agriculture and alliedsector. Most of the beneficiaries facing constraints such as subsidyamount in not sufficient to construct farm pond (86.67 %), followedby absence of fences around the pond (81.67 %). High initialinvestment cost (74.17 %) and availability of skilled labour are themajor constraints in case of poly house (37.50 %). The suggestionsas expressed by the beneficiaries for effective functioning of KBSwere subsidy amount should be increase (95.83 %). Whereas, 81.67per cent of them expressed as construction fence around the pond isnecessary to avoid death of children and animals. Creating awarenessabout such schemes well in advance (54.17 %) is most important toreap good benefits from government.
A Study on scientific management practices of sheep rearing farmers
CHANNAPPA MAJOR ADVISOR: K.K. SHASHIDHARA
The present study was undertaken to know the scientific managementpractices of sheep rearing farmers in Raichur district. Raichur andLingasugur taluks were selected for the study. A purposive samplingmethod was used for the selection of 120 sheep farmers. The socioeconomic study revealed that, most of sheep farmers were youngaged (38.335%), primary school (39.17%), small land holding(46.67%), medium annual income (43.33%), medium flock size(45.83%), medium mass media exposure (56.67%), medium extensionparticipation (56.66%), medium economic motivation (41.67%),medium scientific orientation (50.83%), medium market orientation(46.67), and medium cosmopliteness (46.67%). The finding alsoindicated that majority of sheep farmer were large family size (54.16%),high sheep farmers experiences (50.83%), high risk orientation(56.67%). The study revealed that in case of lamb managementpractices cent percent of them providing of fresh and clean water
whereas, cent of the sheep farmers not practicing castration and itsmethods of castration of male kid for sale purpose. With regardsfeeding management of the sheep, cent percent of them allows sheepfor grazing at least 56 hrs whereas, 91.66 per cent of them notallowing sheep for grazing in summer before 10 AM and after 5 PM.Cent per cent of them regularly cleaning padlock in case of housingmanagement practices. With regards to breeding management practiceslarge majorities (87.50 %) of them provide treatment for reproductivedisorder. In case of health management practices cent per cent ofthem practicing regularly health checkup, vaccination, maintain hygienein and around animal shelter. In case of market of sheep (71.67%) ofthe farmers’ sell their animals to producervillagetraderbutcherconsumer. The study concluded that sheep farming is remunerativeenterprise and there is a need to educate the scientific managementpractices.
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Farm mechanisation is an important element of modern agriculture.Farmers are facing acute labour shortage and drudgery during theagricultural operations. As an effort by Government of Karnataka,Custom Hiring Centres (CHCs) are established to address theseissues. The study was conducted in six talukas of Mandya districtwith a sample size of 120 respondents using expost facto researchdesign to know the functioning and usefulness of CHCs for thefarming community. There are two different service providers viz.,SKDRDP and VST tillers and tractors limited in Mandya district.Four CHCs from each of the service provider have been selectedfor data collection. The perception of the respondents aboutfunctioning elements viz., booking machineries (80.00 %),
Critical analysis of functioning of functioning of custom hiring centres in Mandya district of Karnataka
G. S. SHREYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. GOUDAPPA
dissemination of information and display (70.00 %), other facilities(71.67 %) and operation and maintenance of accounts (67.91 %)were relatively higher than other functioning elements. Majorityof the respondents had medium (47.50 %) and high (51.67 %)usefulness of services and farm machineries, respectively. Morethan half of the respondents desired to have farm machineries viz.,fodder cutting machine (70.83 %), Ragi harvester (66.67 %) anddrum seeder (55.83 %). Major constraints faced by the respondentsin CHCs were nonavailability of machineries and drivers duringpeak season (65.83 %), nonaffordability of hiring charges ofmachineries (53.33 %) and nonavailability of technicians for repairof machineries (45.00).
Farm decision making is one of the most important aspects in farmers’life. The present study on behavioural dynamics in decision makingprocess was conducted in Raichur and Bidar districts of Karnatakastate during 201718. The districts were purposively selected basedon criteria of diversity of crops that provide options for decisionmaking among farmers. Based on highest cropped area of the majorcrops, two taluks were selected in each of the district viz., Raichurand Sindhanur from Raichur district. Aurad and Bhalki from Bidardistrict. From each of the selected taluk 30 farmers were chosen byusing simple random sampling method. Thus, total sample sizeconstituted 120 respondents. The ex-post facto research design wasused for this study. The findings of the study revealed that, abouttwo fifth (40.00 %) of the respondents had medium level of
A critical analysis of behavioural dynamics in decision making process of farmers innorth-eastern region of Karnataka state
SUPREET PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. M. CHANDARGI
knowledge, among them 45.84 per cent of the respondents hadconsultative pattern of decision making. Two fifth (39.17 %) of therespondents had more favourable attitude towards farming, among themmajority (57.45 %) of the respondents were taking consultative decision.Two fifth (40.83 %) of the respondents had medium degree of skills,among them 46.93 per cent of the respondents were taking consultativedecision. Majority (77.50 %) of the respondents were influenced bythe factor of relative advantage of practice/technology, followed bycost involved in farming (68.33 %). In case of decision making patternof farmers in farm activities, majority (65.00 %) of the respondentswere involved in selfdecision making with respect to land preparationactivities and 59.17 per cent of the respondents were involved inconsultative decision making regarding plant protection measures.
A study on attitude and aspiration of agriculture and allied studentstowards higher education in HK region was carried out during 201718. Colleges were selected through stratified simple random samplingtechnique and data was collected from 50 students each of agriculture,horticulture and veterinary degree programme, constituting 150 samplesize. The study revealed that there was an increasing trend inadmissions to students for agriculture degree programme followed bydecreasing trends in horticulture (4.23%) and veterinary degreeprogrammes (11.11%). Compound growth rate in agriculture and alliedstudents admitted in the last six years (201213 to 201718) in HKregion revealed that Raichur was found to have higher growth rate andsignificant. Majority of the agriculture and allied students hadfavourable to highly favourable attitude towards higher education. Ineducational aspiration, majority (83.33%) of agriculture and alliedstudents aspired for higher studies and willing to join for postgraduation. With regard to occupational aspirations, 78.00 per cent
A study on attitude and aspiration of agriculture and allied students towards higher educationin Hyderabad-Karnataka region
NARANA GOUDRA KAVITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. M.CHANDARGI
of agriculture students and horticulture students (74.00%) aspired tosecure administrative jobs in Government Departments, whereas,veterinary students (96.00%) aspired to be veterinary doctor inGovernment organization as their top preferred occupation. Majorityof the agriculture (86.00%) and horticulture students (76.00%) wereinterested to take up agriculture as an enterprise whereas, veterinarystudents were interested in dairy enterprise (82.00%). Major socialaspiration of agriculture students were to provide full support regardingimproved agriculture to the needy villagers (26.00%) whereashorticulture (34.00%) and veterinary (40.00%) students had socialaspiration to work for social upliftment of village. Education andoccupation of father, education of mother, academic performance andfamily income were found to have significant relationship with attitudeat 5 per cent level of probability. Family income, education of fatherand family size were found have significant relationship withaspiration at 5 per cent level of probability.
174
The cucumber genotypes were evaluated during kharif 2016 at theHorticulture garden College of Agriculture, Bheemarayanagudi, UAS,Raichur. The objective was to estimate genetic variability, correlation andpath analysis for 15 important characters and to assess the yield andyield attributing traits of 29 different genotypes, using Randomised BlockDesign and which were replicated thrice. The results showed thatmagnitude of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher thanthe corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all thecharacters studied. High GCV was recorded for number of leaves (30.29%), leaf area (29.49 %), leaf area index (29.49 %), circumference of fruit(26.04 %), average weight of fruit (29.15 %) indicates high amount ofvariation. Further high heritability (>60.10 %) coupled with high geneticadvance (>20.10 %) was observed for the characters vine length (69.50and 14.14%), number of leaves (76.30 and 54.49 %), internodal length
Variability studies in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
B. SHARATHKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. P. JAIPRAKASH NARAYANA
(92.90 and 22.96 %), leaf area (98.30 and 60.25 %), leaf area index(98.30and 60.25 %), node number at first female flower appears (96.80 and34.82 %), days taken for first female flower appearance (85.70 and26.77 %), dry weight (85.10 and 28.63 %), sex ratio (49.60 and 20.33 %),length of fruit (93.80 and 35.31 %), weight of fruit (96.50 and 58.98 %),circumference of fruit (96.10 and 52.58 %) and yield per plant (56.70 and28.64%). These results confirms the presence of sufficient variability inthe germplasm, predominance of additive gene action and hightransmissibility of the characters. Therefore direct selection will berewarding depending upon these traits. The traits viz., per cent fruit set,sex ratio, number of fruits per plant and days taken for first harvestingshowed low estimates for all the variability parameters and selection willnot be effective. Hence, hybridization followed by selection will bepromising for improving yield and quality related traits.
An experiment on nutrient management through fertigation and foliarapplication in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was conducted atNew Orchard of the Main Agricultural Research Station, Raichurduring the year 201516. The growth parameters like plant height,number of branches per plant, leaf area, leaf area index, chlorophyll aand b increased significantly with increase in fertilizer dose from 75per cent RDF to 125 per cent RDF through fertigation. The resultindicated the necessity for higher level of RDF through drip irrigation(100 % RDF) with foliar spray of humic acid at 0.3 per cent toenhance growth factor. Yield parameters like average fruit weight,yield per plant, yield per ha, were found high in fertigation compared
Studies on nutrient management through fertigation and foliar application inTomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
SUDHAKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. Y. PAMPANNA
to F1 (100 % RDF + Surface irrigation). The result indicated the
necessity for higher level of RDF through drip irrigation (100 %RDF) with foliar spray of humic acid at 0.3 per cent enhance yieldand yield attributes. Application of 100 per cent RDF throughfertigation along with foliar spray of humic acid recorded significantlymaximum TSS (7.00 %), acidity (0.55 %), total sugar (83.62 %) andlycopene content (8.25 mg/100g). Among the all treatmentcombination of fertigation along with foliar spray, the treatment with100 per cent recommended dosage of NPK through drip irrigation incombination with foliar application of 0.3 per cent of humic acidgives higher yield and superior quality of the fruits.
The present investigation entitled “Studies on heterosis and combiningability in sponge gourd [Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem.]” conducted duringkharif season, 2017 at the Horticulture farm of Main AgriculturalResearch Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur,Karnataka, India584104. Nine diverse parents were crossed in adiallel fashion (excluding reciprocals) for generating the 36 F
1 hybrids.
All the nine parents, 36 hybrids and one standard check were grownin a randomized block design with three replications. Observationwere recorded on 27 characters viz., vine length, number of leaves perplant, internodal length, number of branches per plant, leaf area, daysto first female flower appearance, node at which first female flowerappeared, sex ratio, days to first harvest, days to last harvest, fruitingperiod, fruit set, fruit length, fruit diameter, average fruit weight,number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant, number of seeds perfruit, rind thickness, flesh thickness, total soluble solids, physiologicalloss of weight, organoleptic evaluation, downy mildew, mosaic disease,leaf miner and fruit fly incidence in sponge gourd. Out of 27 charactersstudied genotypic and phenotypic variation were high for fruit yield
Studies on heterosis and combining ability in Sponge gourd [Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem.]
M. VENUGOPALA REDDY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. G. PATIL
per plant. Parent SG3 exhibited the highest mean for fruit yield perplant. Among the hybrids, Kulgod local × Pusa Chikni recorded thehighest mean for total yield per plant. Estimates of general combiningability effects showed that parent SG3 followed by Pusa Chikniwere the best general combiner as they showed significant GCA effectsin desirable direction. Six cross combinations showed significant andpositive standard heterosis for fruit yield per plant. The extent ofheterosis over the three best crosses for total yield per plant (58.89 90.16 % over mid parent; 40.23 78.27 % over better parent and70.08 100.74 % over check variety) revealed that there was a greatscope of realizing higher yield in sponge gourd through heterosisbreeding. The range of standard heterosis was from 23.91 (SG3 ×KRCCH2) to 100.74 per cent (Kulgod local × Pusa Chikni). The topthree hybrids were Kulgod local × Pusa Chikni (100.74 %), SG5 ×SG3 (95.11 %) and Kulgod local × KRCCH1 (70.08 %). Fruit yieldhad positive and highly significant association phenotypically andgenotypically with vine length, internodal length, number of branchesper vine, number of nodes per vine, fruit length, fruit diameter, average
B. HORTICULTURE
175
fruit weight, number of marketable fruits per vine and total numberof fruits per vine. Molecular characterization of parentalgenotypes revealed that nine lines were grouped into three clusters.ClusterI consisted of four genotypes viz., Kulgod local, SG4,SG6 and SG5. The clusterII contained two genotypes viz., SG3 and Pusa Chikni, while clusterIII consisted of three genotypes
viz., KRCCH2, Swarna Prabha and KRCCH1. ClusterII wasthe smallest comprising of only two genotypes (SG3 and PusaChikni) are high genetically diversified compared to other clustersand these two parents showed high per se performance and GCAeffect. Hence, these genotypes can be used as parents to obtainheterotic hybrids.
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the rooting media, periodof propagation and nursery conditions on rooting habit andsurvivability of air layers in guava cv. Allahabad Safeda at the MainAgricultural Research Station. The study was conducted underexperiment I and II with 15 and 8 treatments respectively underFactorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. Theresults of experiment I revealed that, among period of layering, 15th
July with rooting media of coco peat with vermiwash @ 1 % showed
significantly early root initiation (45.63), maximum number ofprimary roots (32.23), secondary roots (52.33), length of longestprimary roots (9.57cm), diameter of primary roots (1.94 mm), freshweight of roots (14.68 g), dry weight of roots (7.09 g), Fresh weightto dry weight ratio (6.33 g), rooting percentage (94.43 %), while,minimum value of these characters were observed in use of sawdustalong with vermiwash @ 1 %. It was concluded that 15th July with
Evaluation of rooting media, period of propagation and nursery conditions on rooting habit andsurvivability of air layers in Guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Allahabad Safeda
PRIYA BYADAGI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. R. KURUBAR
rooting media of coco peat with vermiwash @ 1 %, showed maximum
rooting percentage and root attributes in guava air layers. The resultsof experiment II revealed that, among nursery conditions, plantskept under shade net with bagging media of soil, sand, FYM (1:1:1)and vermiwash @ 1 % showed significantly less number of daystaken for appearance of sprouts (11.70), maximum number ofsprouts (5.78), leaves (23.12), shoots (5.42), primary roots (42.12),secondary roots (79.94), average length of roots (10.81cm), diameterof primary roots (1.93mm), survival percentage of rooted air layers(81.98%) at 60 days after bagging (DAB) while, less number ofsprouts was recorded in open condition with mixture of soil, sand,poultry manure (1:1:1) and vermiwash @ 1 % of 30 DAB. It isconcluded that plants kept under shade net with bagging media ofsoil, sand, FYM (1:1:1) and vermiwash @ 1 % showed highersurvivability of air layers.
The investigation entitled “Evaluation of bachelor’s button(Gomphrena globosa L.) genotypes” to study the ten differentbachelor’s button genotypes viz., AGS1, AGS5, AGS6, AGS7,AGS8, AGS9, AGS10, AGS13, AGS14 and AGS15 for theirgrowth, flower yield and quality was carried out in RandomizedBlock Design (RBD) at the Horticulture farm, Department ofHorticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur during201718 to identify suitable genotype for commercial cultivationand the data collected from this experiment was utilized for thevariability analysis viz., PCV, GCV, heritability and correlationstudies. Among the vegetative characters genotype AGS10 recordedmaximum plant height, maximum plant spread, number of leavesplant1, leaf area plant1, leaf area index, number of primary branchesplant1 and number of secondary branches plant1 were observed inthe genotype AGS1, whereas, maximum stalk length was recordedin AGS5 genotype. Minimum plant height, plant spread, numberof leaves plant1, leaf area plant1, leaf area index, number of primary
Evaluation of Bachelor’s button (Gomphrena globosa L.) genotypes
ASHWINI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. R. KURUBAR
branches plant1, number of secondary branches plant1 and stalklength were observed in AGS14. Significant difference was observedamong different genotypes. The genotype ‘AGS13’ took minimumnumber of days to flower bud initiation and days for 50 per centflowering. Genotype AGS1 flowered for a maximum period butminimum flowering duration was noticed in AGS14. The maximumnumber of flowers plant1, flower diameter and test weight wererecorded maximum in AGS1. Maximum flower yield plant1, plot1
and hectrae1 was found in genotype AGS1. Shelf life for maximumdays noticed in AGS1 and minimum PLW was observed in AGS8.Among genetic parameter stalk length had high GCV, PCV,heritability and GAM. In correlation studies, number of flowersshowed positive and highly significant association with flower yield.In path coefficient analysis, number of secondary branches directlyinfluenced the flower yield. Further, among all the genotypes studiedAGS1, AGS15 and AGS10 were found to be promising regardinggrowth and yield parameters.
A study was conducted to assess the magnitude of heterosis, combiningability, correlation, path coefficient analysis and genetic diversity amongthe parental lines. A set of 7 x 7 half diallel was attempted in summer,2016 and the resulting 21 hybrids along with seven parents wereevaluated in RBD with three replications during kharif-2017 at theHorticulture garden, MARS, Raichur. Diversity analysis among seven
Heterosis and combining ability studies in Ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula L.)
D. B. POOJA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. G. PATIL
parental lines was done by using 24 RAPD primers at Department ofHorticulture, College of Agriculture, Raichur. Analysis of varianceindicated the significant amount of variation among the genotypes foryield and yield contributing traits. Among the hybrids Pusa Nasdar ×Anjali Long, Mulbagal Local × DMRG 1and DMRG 1 × JRG 3 wereidentified as best heterotic cross combinations for fruit yield and its
176
components. Thus it is proposed to evaluate these hybrids overlocations and seasons to confirm other potentiality for exploitation ofheterosis in ridge gourd. Analysis of variance for combining ability dueto sca was higher in magnitude than gca for all the traits except vinelength and number of fruits per vine. Further, evaluation of parents forall the 22 characters showed that Anjali Long and DMRG 25 was foundto be good general combiners for yield characters. Thus these parentallines can be utilized as a potential source for heterosis breeding. Similarly,the cross combinations Pusa Nasdar × Anjali Long, Mulbagal Local ×DMRG 1 and Mulbagal Local × JRG 3 were expressed as the bestspecific combiners. The fruit yield per vine had significant positive
correlation with all the traits except node to first female flowering anddays to first harvest, suggesting the importance of these traits in selectionfor yield and can be identified as yield attributing characters for thegenetic improvement of yield in ridge gourd. The traits like number offruits per vine and average fruit weight appeared to be the main factorsfor their strong association with fruit yield per vine while the others hadnegligible and indirect association. The parent Anjali Long was highlydiverse among the parents under study and the assessment of molecularlevel diversity is more important for preservation of genetic assets,recognition of best germplasm resources and the collection of superiorcultivars for hybridization purpose.
A field experiment was conducted to see the effect of canopy
management in high density planting of guava (Psidium guajava L.)
cv. Allahabad Safeda during the year 2017, at the Main Agricultural
Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur. The
experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with
ten treatments. In different canopy managements shoot thinning,
pruning and use of growth retardants, the treatment 100 per cent
unproductive tertiary shoot thinning at 75 days after first pruning
recorded the highest values of growth parameters viz., Plant height
(3.15 m), plant spread in East West (4.15 m), plant spread in North
South (4.19 m), girth of productive shoot (1.64 cm), length of
productive shoot (126.31 cm), leaf area index (4.25), light interception
(82.01 %), canopy volume (43.80 m3), chlorophyll meter (SPAD)
readings (41.92), transpiration rate (4.82 m mol H2O m2 s1) and net
Studies on canopy management practices in high density Guava(Psidium guajava L.) cv. Allahabad Safeda
M. M. GANGARAJA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. R. KURUBAR
photosynthetic rate (10.71 µ mol CO2 m2 s1) at 180 days after
pruning, recorded highest values of yield and yield attributes viz.,
Maximum number of fruits plant1 (267.07), fruit diameter (6.30 cm),
fruit length (7.15 cm), average fruit weight (161.23 g), fruit yield
plant1 (42.98 kg) and fruit yield hectare1 (47.75 t). and also recorded
highest values of quality parameter viz., TSS (11.21 oBrix), reducing
sugar (5.40 %), non reducing sugar (5.04 %), total sugar (10.43%),
ascorbic acid (227.38 mg / 100 gm pulp), titrable acidity (0.23), TSS:
acid ratio (48.12). During the storage period, significant difference
was recorded with physiological loss in weight, shelf life and overall
acceptability of fruit in 100 per cent unproductive tertiary shoot
thinning at 75 days after first pruning. However, net income
(` 5, 08,818 ha1) with BC ratio (` 3.42) was also recorded maximum in 100
per cent unproductive tertiary shoot thinning at 75 days after first pruning.
A field experiment on “Studies on planting age of plug plants and
stage of pinching on growth and flower yield of African marigold
(Tagetes erecta L.)” was conducted at the Herbal Garden, MARS,
University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, during kharif 2017. The
experiment was laid out in Factorial RBD with nine treatments and
three replications. Results revealed that the higher flower yield (15.74
t ha1) and seed yield (5.53 q ha1) were recorded in the interaction of
three weeks old plug plants with pinching at 35 days after planting
than other interactions. The increase in the flower yield and seed
yield in these treatments was associated with the increase in the
growth parameters like plant height, stem girth, number of branches
per plant (20.67) and leaf area per plant (24.54 dm2) and yield
parameters like number of flowers per plant (45.00), diameter of
Studies on planting age of plug plants and stage of pinching on growth and floweryield of African Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)
J. PAVITRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ASHOK HUGAR
flower, weight of 10 flowers (102.39 g) and flower yield per plant
(0.49 kg). The similar increase was also seen in the seed yield attributes
(Ist picking) like seed yield per plant (14.92 g), weight of 100 capsules
(118.11 g), seed weight of 100 capsules (62.83 g), seed recovery
percentage, 1000 seed weight (3.51 g), seed germination percentage
(86.00 %), shoot length, root length, seedling length, seedling vigour
index and dehydrogenase enzyme activity. The economic analysis
indicated the superiority of the interaction of three weeks old plug
plants with pinching at 35 days after planting for flower and seed
production where it recorded the higher net returns (` 3,07,975 ha1
and ` 6,05,775 ha1, respectively) and BC ratio (1.66 and 3.70,
respectively). The higher shelf life of flowers was also recorded in the
same interaction (5.62 days).
A field experiment was conducted at the Herbal garden, MARS,
University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, during rabi 2017 on “Effect
of inorganic fertilizers, biofertilizers and humic acid on growth and
Effect of inorganic fertilizers, bio-fertilizers and humic acid on growth and flower yield ofAfrican Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) hybrid
C. P. ABHISHEK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ASHOK HUGAR
flower yield of African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) hybrid”. The
experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 9 treatments
and 3 replications. In the experiment, the treatment T5 : 75% N + 75%
177
PK + Biofertilizers (Azo 5 kg ha1 + PSB 5 kg ha1 + KMB 5 kg ha1)
+ humic acid @ 0.2% significantly recorded higher flower yield per
hectare (8.81) and was followed by the treatment T3 : 75% N + 75%
PK + Biofertilizers (Azo 5 kg ha1 + PSB 5 kg ha1 + KMB 5 kg ha1)
and T9 : 50 % N + 75% PK + Biofertilizers (Azo 5 kg ha1 + PSB 5 kg
ha1 + KMB 5 kg ha1) + humic acid @ 0.2% when compared to
T6 : 50% N + 75% PK. The increase in the flower yield in these
treatments was associated with improved yield components viz., yield
per plant (0.313 kg) number of flowers per plant (48.33), flower
diameter (5.10 cm), test weight of flowers (84.21 g), flower initiation
(36.00 days), days to 50 per cent flowering (40 days) and improved
growth components viz., plant height (44.10), number of branches
(19.50), plant spread (33.12 and 32.79 cm in NS and EW directions,
respectively), number of leaves per plant (60.87) and leaf area per
plant (22.05 dm2). The same treatment T5 also recorded better shelf life
(7.10 days), increased post harvest uptake of nitrogen (47.89 kg ha1),
phosphorus (18.50 kg ha1) and potassium (110.70 kg ha1) in the whole
plant indicating the beneficial effect of biofertilizers and humic acid in
increasing the flower yield. Higher net returns (` 235114 ha1) and BC
ratio (2.14) were also found to be more in the treatment T5.
The experiment entitled “Evaluation and variability studies inturmeric (Curcuma longa L.)” including 24 different turmericgenotypes viz., Alleppey Supreme, Bidar Local, BSR2, Co1, Co2, Cuddappah, Erode Local, Kanti, Kedaram, Krisshna, PhuleSwaroop, Prabha, Prathibha, Rajapuri, Salem, Sobha, Sona,Sudarshan, Suroma, Suvarna, Tekurpet, Varna, Gujarath, CLI325for their growth, yield and quality was carried out in RandomizedBlock Design at Horticulture garden, MARS, UAS, Raichur during201718 to identify suitable genotype for NorthEast Karnatakaregion and data collected from this experiment was utilized for thevariability analysis viz., PCV, GCV, heritability and correlationstudies. Among growth, yield and quality parameters the genotypeSalem recorded maximum plant height, number of leaves per plant,number of tillers per plant, number of mother rhizome per clump,
Evaluation and variability studies in Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) cultivars
PRASANNAKUMAR BORALE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHEKHARAGOUDA PATIL
number of primary rhizome per clump, weight of mother rhizomeper clump, weight of primary rhizome per clump, weight ofsecondary rhizome per clump, fresh rhizome weight per clump (g),fresh rhizome weight per hectare (t). Suvarna recorded maximum inLAI, number of secondary rhizome per clump and curcumin percent. Pratibha recorded maximum in oleoresin per cent. Among geneticparameter weight of secondary rhizome per clump had high GCV,PCV, heritability and GAM. In correlation studies, fresh rhizomeweight per hectare showed positive and highly significant associationwith fresh rhizome weight per plant. In path coefficient analysis,fresh rhizome weight per hectare was directly influenced by thefresh rhizome weight per plant. Further, among all the genotypesstudied Salem followed by Suvarna, Prathibha, Phule Swaroop andPrabha were found to be promising genotypes.
The present experiment entitled “Genetic variability studies inGladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflora L.)” twenty seven differentgenotypes viz., Peter Pears, Careless ,Red Beauty, Aldebaran, PunjabBeauty, White Prosperity, Pacific, Candyman, G. acidanthera, Agni,Nova Lux, Arka Amar, Arka Arti, Arka Darshan, Arka Poonam, ArkaGold, Arka Ayush, Pusa Vidhushi, Pusa Kiran, Urmi, Pusa Srijan,Green Willow, The Berton, Melody, Little Fawn, Dhanvantri andHunting Song for their growth, spike yield and quality was carriedout in RBD in the Experimental block of Department of Horticulture,College of Agriculture, UAS, Raichur during the year of 201718 toselect suitable genotype for commercial cultivation and the datacollected from this experiment was further utilized for the geneticanalysis viz., heritability, PCV, GCV, correlation studies. Among thevegetative characters, White prosperity was recorded maximum plantheight, number of leaves plant1, spad readings at different stages ofcrop growth. Significant variation was observed for floral characters
Genetic variability studies in Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflora L.)
ISHWAR RADDY
among different genotypes. Number of days taken for spike emergence,lowest floret to open minimum in the genotype Punjab Beauty. Thegenotype White prosperity recorded the highest spike length, rachislength. Arka Amar recorded highest number of spike per plant. Floretdiameter and vase life is maximum in genotype White prosperity. Highestnumber of corms per plant, cormels per plant and weight of corms,cormels was recored in Arka Amar. With respect to genetic parametersweight of cormels had high PCV, GCV, heritability and GAM where inimprovement in these characters which can be brought through simpleselection programme. In correlation studies, weight of cormels showedsignificant positive correlation with yield both at phenotypic level. InPath coefficient analysis, lowest floret to show colour directly influencedthe spike yield as first ranking components. Further, among all thegenotypes studied White Prosperity, Amar Amar, Pusa srijan, werefound to be promising regarding growth and yield characters and thesame may be recommended for commercial cultivation.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of foliar applicationof nine different micronutrients with and without combination atdifferent doses on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanumlycopersicon L.) grown under shadenet house as laid out in
Micronutrient management through foliar application in Tomato(Solanum lycopersicon L.) grown under shade-net house
CHINMAYI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. Y. PAMPANNA
completely randomized block design at Horticulture Farm, UAS,Raichur, during the year 201718. The results revealed that, foliarapplication of vegetable special at 5 gms per litre has recorded themaximum plant height (3.37 m), number of primary branches (9.70/
178
plant), number of compound leaves (102.49/plant), leaf area (188.01cm2/plant), leaf area index (0.070), chlorophyll ‘a’ (1.76), chlorophyll‘b’ (0.67), SPAD reading (50.59), number of flowers (5.71/cluster),number of fruits (5.45/cluster), per cent fruitset (95.50), numberof fruits (28.11/plant), average fruit weight (88.57 g), fruit length(5.25 cm), fruit width (6.72 cm), yield per plant (2.49 kg), yield permeter square (11.08 kg), yield per plot (49.90 kg) and yield perhectare (110.88 t). Longest shelflife of 23.62 days was noticed inthe treatment consisting of mixture of micronutrients (B + ZnSO
4 +
NH4Mo + CuSO
4 + Fe
2SO
4 + MnSO
4 + MgSO
4 at 100 ppm each),
which was having minimum physiological loss of weight (12.32 %),TSS (8.30 °Brix), ascorbic acid (28.50 mg/100g). The treatmentconsisting of multiplex at 5ml per litre recorded the highest lycopene(12.57 mg/100g) and fruit colour (42.74, 35.43 and 31.46 for L*, a*
and b*, respectively). Vegetable special at 5 grams per litre recordedthe highest firmness (787.71 N). Minimum plant height (2.54 m),number of primary branches (7.20), number of compound leavesper plant (78.26), leaf area (111.98 cm2/plant), leaf area index(0.041), chlorophyll ‘a’ (0.93), chlorophyll ‘b’ (0.18), SPAD reading(41.30), number of flowers per cluster (2.20), number of fruits percluster (1.17), per cent fruitset (53.11), number of fruits per plant(18.36), average fruit weight (64.03 g), fruit length (2.67 cm), fruitwidth (3.81 cm), yield per plant (1.18 kg), yield per meter square(5.25 kg), yield per plot (23.65 kg) and yield per hectare (52.56 t),minimum shelflife (12.15), PLW (11.53), TSS (5.43 °Brix), ascorbicacid (19.27 mg/100g), lycopene (5.40 mg/100g), fruit colour (34.03,27.43 and 22.02 for L*, a* and b*, respectively) and firmness (502.15N) were observed in control.
The abundant availability of crop residues (pigeon pea and cotton)which are available in Indian farm can be effectively utilizes for variousbioenergy applications. However there is a lack of understanding in
energy requirement of preprocessing of biomass feedstock at variousparticularly biomass application. Hence, this investigation helps toaddress energy requirement for chopping of biomass in relation particle
size. A power operated biomass was designed and developed byconsidering machine parameters, for chopping Pigeon pea (TS3R)and Cotton (KCH14K59) stalks and to facilitate them for compost,
producer gas and gasification etc. The development work was carriedout at Department of Farm Machinery and Power engineering, Collegeof Agricultural Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences,
Raichur and the lab trials were also conducted during 201617. Thechopper consists of main frame, feeding chute, electric motor, pulley,feed roller, cylindrical cutter head, cutting blade and gear box. The
performance of power operated chopper was evaluated at three cutterhead speed (535, 710 and 855 rpm) and three feed rate (200, 300 and
Investigation on energy requirement for chopping of selected agricultural biomassin relation to particle size
T. NAVEEN KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: DEVANAND MASKI
400 kg h1) for both pigeon pea and cotton stalks. Results showed
that as feed rate increased from 200 to 400 kg h1 energy and specificenergy (per unit area) required to cut biomass stalk was also increased.As the cutter head speed increased from 535 to 855 rpm energy and
specific energy (per unit area) required to cut biomass stalk wasdecreased. But specific energy (per unit mass) will decreased, as feed
rate increased from 200 to 400 kg h1. The desirability of 0.845 wasobserved for cylindrical cutter head speed of 855 rpm and feed rate200 kg h1 for chopping 21.71 mm size of pigeon pea stalk with
required energy and specific energy (per unit area) of 1.31x103 kWhand 6.07x105 kWh mm2 respectively. The costs of chopping withpower operated chopper for both biomass stalks found to be ` 195 h1.
The breakeven point for chopping was estimated to be 181 h perannum with payback period of 1.34 years. The effect of cutter headspeed and feed rate on chopping agricultural biomass can help
providing use full information, in energy requirement of preprocessingof agricultural feed stalk for the utilization of bio energy conversation.
Investigation on thermal gasification of selected biomass feedstock for power generation
H. MANJUNATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VIJAYAKUMAR PALLED
Agricultural and forest biomass material were reported to be the potentialfeedstock for gasification by various researchers. The physicochemicaland thermal properties of biomass material play very important role onprocess of energy conversion. The agricultural and forest biomass materialviz., Pigeon pea stalk (Cajanus cajan), Cotton stalk (Gossypiumhirsutum) and Vilaytee babool (Prosopis juliflora) for different lengthof sizes ranging from 2550, 5075 and 75100 mm are selected,properties were determined using standard procedures. The moisturecontent of selected biomass material ranged from 3.28 to 9.45 per cent.While the bulk density varied from 501 to 556 kg m3. The volatilematter content was in the range of 80.20 to 80.81 per cent and ashcontent varied from 1.39 to 1.83 per cent. The calorific value was in therange of 16.05 to 17.49 MJ kg1 for biomass methods studied. Theenergy consumption for cutting of elected biomass material in different
sizes varied from 0.01 to 0.06 kWh kg1. Investigation on thermalgasification of selected biomass feedstock of sizes (25100 mm) at airvelocity of 2.4, 7.4 and 12.4 m s1 was conducted to evaluate theperformance of the downdraft gasifierpower generation system underlaboratory conditions. The experiments revealed that among the threedifferent biomass materials Vilaytee babool was found to be the bestsuitable biomass for gasifier power generation with optimizedparameters as 2550 mm of size, with air velocity of 7.4 m s1. Resultspertaining to gasification of Vilaytee babool biomass material showedthe biomass consumption rate of 5.34 kg h1, gas flow rate of 11.9 Nm3
h1, gasification yield of 2.23 Nm3 kg1, power of 0.98 kW, specificbiomass consumption of 5.45 kg kWh1, specific gas consumption of12.14 Nm3 kWh1, with cold gas efficiency of 56.60 per cent and overallefficiency of engine generator set of 6.60 per cent.
C. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING
179
Investigation on operating parameters of small tractor operated boom sprayer for field crop
G. S. BHUMARE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. V. PRAKASH
In agricultural production, the efficient application of pesticides is amajor social and economic concern in the present agricultural scenariofor controlling the pest. In India, diverse farm mechanization scenariois due to varied size of farm and socioeconomic disparities. So, mostof the Indian farmers belong to small and marginal farmer. The farmmechanization reduces the labour requirement and production costand it is key step towards doubling farmer’s income and better ruralprosperity. The chickpea crop is widely grown in Raichur ofKarnataka and the spraying operation on chickpea crop has beencarried out in the research farm. The operational parameters weretested both in laboratory and field trials. The machine and cropparameters were noted using standard techniques. Firstly, small tractoroperated boom sprayer was tested in the laboratory on patternator tostudy the effect of independent variables operating pressure, type of
nozzles and height of spray nozzle for find effect of differentindependent variables. All treatment combination in experiment wasoptimized for their significance by statistically using Design expertsoftware and data were analyzed. From study it was found thatdischarge rate of 20.3 l min1, swath width of 922.9 mm and sprayangle of 113.9 degree produced more uniform spray at optimizednamely parameters operating pressure 17 kg cm2 hollow cone nozzlesand 15 cm height of spray nozzle with droplet density of 38.8 to 87.1No cm2 and droplet size of 160 to 178. During field study, the effectivefield capacity and field efficiency of sprayer were found 1.62 ha h1
and 83.1 per cent at 7.8 m swath width with forward speed of 2.5 kmh1. Also, application rate, fuel consumption, energy requirement andcost of spraying operation were found to be 461 l ha1, 2.2 l h1,405.6MJ ha1 and 257.72 ` ha1.
Development and evaluation of solar powered remote controlled sprayer for field crops
LUBNA SADAF ANCHAL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. VEERANGOUDA
The application of pesticides using remote controlled sprayingtechnology powered by solar energy that would prove to beenvironmental friendly was developed and evaluated for its performance.Cost economics were also determined. The operating pressure wasmaintained at 3, 4 and 5 kg cm2 and three types of nozzles were usedfor the study were hollow cone, solid cone and flat fan nozzle. Theheight of the spray were maintained at 20, 30 and 40 cm and evaluationwas conducted under laboratory condition. The average nozzle dischargerate ranged from 3.71 to 7.15 l min1. While the swath width variedfrom 1.64 to 4.36 m. The average droplet size ranged from 165.8 to247.7 µm and 167.1 to 248.9 µm and droplet density ranged from24.10 to 93.30 nos. cm2 and 22.8 to 91.9 nos. cm2 for chilli and groundnutcrop respectively. The experiments revealed that the operating pressure
of 5 kg cm2, hollow cone nozzle and 40 cm height of spray were foundto be optimum parameters suitable for spraying operation. The resultsrevealed that under the field conditions the application rate required forchilli and groundnut were found to be 343.75 and 345.37 l ha1
respectively. The field capacity were found to be 1.15 and 1.26 ha h1
and field efficiency of 79.86 and 87.5 per cent in chilli and groundnutcrops respectively. The VMD, NMD, droplet density and uniformitycoefficient of spray droplets for hollow cone nozzle were measuredand was found to be 237.8 and 160.7 µm, 225.6 and 170.9 µm, 63.2 and57.5 nos. cm2 and 1.48 and 1.32 respectively in the chilli and groundnutcrops. The cost of operation for chilli and groundnut were found to be110 and 101 Rs ha1 respectively. The breakeven point and paybackperiod were estimated as 516 ha per annum and 2.15 years, respectively.
Decision support system for cost and time estimation of selected farm operations
K. REVANTH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUSHILENDRA
The cost of the production of any crop is highly dependent onvarious agricultural inputs. One of the major input is the cost incurredon machinery for various farm operations. Hence, there is a necessityto scientifically estimate the cost incurred during various farmoperations through a computer based application to take properdecisions. This study presents a decision support system (DSS)for calculating the cost and time estimation of selected farmoperations which was developed in accordance with IS: 9164 1979(Reaffirmed in 2002) and for predicting matching tractor for animplement and viceversa. The developed database contains theinformation regarding agricultural tractor and farm equipments andall the data was compiled in the tabular format in MS Access. TheDSS has been developed in the VB.net programming language as
front end and MS Access as back end, by linking databases such asuseful life of the equipment/machine in years and hours andpercentage of accumulated repair cost to support the decision oncustom hiring of farm implements and machinery. The DSS predictedaverage fuel consumption, calculation of custom hiring charge,breakeven point, payback period and time estimation for a selectedfarm operation and finding out the matching tractor for implementand viceversa. The software successfully predicted the averagefuel consumption, time of field operation and implement width andthe results were validated by considering real time case studies.Paired Ttest was carried out between predicted and actual valueswhich indicated that there was no significant difference betweenthem at 5 per cent level of significance.
180
Chickpea is an important grain legume crop in India. Among pulses,chickpea is one of the most important proteinrich cool season foodlegumes grown under rain fed conditions. Presently, there is no databaseavailable on energy requirements for chickpea production in Raichurregion. Hence, a study was undertaken to work out energetics ofimplement package commonly used by the farmers as well as improvedimplement package for chickpea production using energy equivalentswith a view to identify the energy efficient implement package sothat the farmers can grow this cash crop more economically. Themean farm power availability in Kalmala village was 1.23 kW/ha. Thetotal input energy spent by the different categories of farmers (MF,
SF, MSF & LF) were 4836.66, 5595.85, 5764.67 and 5721.01 MJ/hafor chickpea production. The results indicated that total input energyrequired by the different farming systems consisting of different setsof implement packages (T
1, T
2, T
3 and T
4 ) were 4340.10, 3634.80,
4759.98 and 510.780MJ/ha for chickpea production. Major energyconsuming operations for chickpea production under different farmingsystems were seedbed preparation, sowing and intercultivation. Thetotal energy ratio of different systems T
1, T
2, T
3 and T
4 were 3.50,
4.20, 3.48 and 3.51, respectively, while the specific energy and energyproductivity for T
1, T
2, T
3 and T
4 were 5.42, 4.51, 5.49 and 5.52 MJ/
kg and 0.19, 0.22, 0.18 and 0.18 kg/MJ, respectively.
Development and evaluation of solar powered lawn mower
SURESHRADDI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VIJAYAKUMAR PALLED
A solar powered lawn mower was developed for grass cutting to suitthe local condition. The solar powered lawn mower was designed byusing CAD software. The performance of solar powered lawn mowerwas evaluated at three different speeds (1000. 1400 and 1800 rpm)for different number of blades (straight, curve and wire) with twonumber of blades (2 and 4) in grass cutting. The independent variableswere optimized based on the better performance of solar poweredlawn mower in terms of cutting efficiency, uniformity coefficient and
operating time. The better performance of solar powered lawn mowerwas achieved at a motor speed of 1800 rpm with 4 number of bladesfor straight blade. The cutting efficiency, uniformity coefficient andoperating time of the grass cutter at optimized operational parameterswere 88.50 %, 90.50 % and 4.8 h. The cost of solar powered lawnmower were found to be ` 470 ha1. The breakeven point for solarpowered lawn mower was estimated to be 472.72 h per annum withpayback period of 1.24 years.
Energetics of Chickpea production under different farming systems
GANGAREDDI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VIJAYAKUMAR PALLED
Development and evaluation of small tractor operated intercultivator cum
fertilizer applicator for selected field crops
ANANDRADDI JUMANAL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUSHILENDRA
The intercultivator cum fertilizer applicator for small tractor withhigh clearance was developed and tested on the basis of agronomicand machine parameters. The existing clearance of the small tractorwas increased with developed high clearance attachment. Aintercultivator cum fertilizer applicator was developed and attachedto the tractor, to remove the weeds in between the rows of cottonand redgram crops and apply fertilizer simultaneously in singleoperation. The evaluation was carried out at three different forwardspeeds (1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 km h1) with three soil moisture contents(12 % ±1, 14 % ±1 and 16 % ±1) for three types of blades (straighttype, Vshape type and crescent type) in cotton and redgram cropsresearch farm at UAS Raichur and in farmers’ field. The betterperformance of small tractor operated intercultivator cum fertilizer
applicator was achieved at a forward speed of 2.0 km h1 with amoisture content of 14 % ±1 for straight type blade. The draft,weeding efficiency and plant damage in cotton at optimizedoperational parameters were 1831 N, 90.17 % and 2.3 % where asin redgran crop these were 1781.65 N, 92.57 % and 1.8 %respectively. The cost of weeding with small tractor operatedintercultivator cum fertilizer applicator in cotton and redgram cropswere found to be ` 939.4 ha1 and ` 880.68 ha1, respectively, whichresulted in net saving in costs of 41.28 and 44.95 per cent,respectively over conventional method of intercultivation andfertilizer application operations The breakeven point for small tractoroperated intercultivator cum fertilizer applicator was estimated to be194.50 h per annum with a payback period of 1.16 years.
181
Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Uttarani (Achyranthes aspera) root and its applications
P. M. SMITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHARANAGOUDA HIREGOUDAR
PROCESSING & FOOD ENGINEERING
The purpose of investigation was towards the development of a fieldbean dehuller for efficient removal of hull from field beans. The fieldbean dehuller was developed and evaluated which worked on theprinciple of cylinderconcave mechanism. The engineering propertiesof fresh and soaked (4, 8 and 12 h) field beans relevant for dehullerdevelopment were identified and measured. The moisture content,length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, thousand beansweight, bulk density, porosity, angle of repose were ranged from64.22 to 71.88%, 11.43 to 12.14 mm, 8.71 to 9.25 mm, 5.53 to 5.83mm, 8.19 to 8.68 mm, 326 to 354 g, 636.74 to 597.15 kg. m3, 37.01to 47.76% and 33.28 to 37.74°, respectively. The field bean dehullerhaving roller brush and concave covered with 5 mm thick metallic
Development and performance evaluation of Field bean (Lablab purpureas. L.) Dehuller
N. RAVIKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. S. ROOPA BAI
strips was fabricated and evaluated for its performance with cropmachine parameters viz., soaking time (4, 8 and 12 h), roller speed(80, 100 and 120 rpm) and concave clearance (4, 5 and 6 mm). Cropmachine parameters were optimized based on the dehulling efficiency(%), unhulled beans (%) and broken beans (%). The dehullingefficiency (%), unhulled beans (%) and broken beans (%) were foundto be 60.80%, 32.54% and 9.87%, respectively with machine capacityof 3.78 kg h1 for soaking time of 8 h, roller speed of 120 rpm andconcave clearance of 4 mm. Operation cost of the dehuller wasdetermined on the basis of fixed and variable cost and found to be` 38 h1. The capacity of field bean dehuller was 12.5 times more thanmanual dehulling of field beans.
Nanotechnology is a broad interdisciplinary area of research,development and industrial activity which has grown very rapidlyall over the world . The present investigation was aimed to study thebiosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Uttarani (Achyranthesaspera) root extract. The biosynthesis was carried out at differentAgNO
3 concentrations (0.16, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50 and 1.84 mM),
temperature (25, 45, 75, 105 and 125 ºC) and pH (4, 5, 7, 9 and10). From the analysed data, the best treatment combination interms of stability was observed at 1.50 mM AgNO
3, 45 ºC temperature
and pH of 9. Characterization of standard and biosynthesized AgNPs was done using zetasizer, UVVisible spectrophotometer, atomicforce microscope (AFM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) andXRay diffraction (XRD). For standard and biosynthesized AgNPs, particle size was found to be 50.37 and 23.21 nm, zeta potentialwas 24.20 and 27.10 mV, absorbance peak was at 407.40 and
420.80 nm and surface roughness was 50.00 and 66.16 nm,respectively. The results of SEM and XRD analysis revealed thatboth the standard and biosynthesized Ag NPs were spherical and facecubic centred in nature, respectively. The effect of standard andbiosynthesized Ag NPs on various applications viz., groundnut seedquality parameters, storage pest in groundnut, fungal infection,bacteria and quality parameters of tomatoes were carried out at differentconcentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 ppm). Among allconcentrations, 150 ppm is recommended for seed treatment ofgroundnut, insecticide, antifungal and antimicrobial activity and 100ppm was optimum in maintaining the qualit y parameters of tomatoesfor a period of 12 days. Estimated cost of production of 1 kg ofbiosynthesized Ag NPs using Uttarani was ̀ 2166.20. Hence, it wasconcluded that biosynthesis was an ecofriendly and most economicalway to produce Ag NPs over the other methods.
Packaging is the third largest industry in the world. Out of totalproduction of plastic, more than 40 per cent of plastic we are usingfor food packaging. Until now, petrochemical based plastics havebeen increasingly used as packaging materials. However, they are nottotally recyclable and/or biodegradable and create serious ecologicalproblems. Chitosan is the second most abundant natural biopolymerafter the cellulose. In this research, chitosan film was prepared witha combination of two nanoparticles such as silver (Ag) and zinc oxide(ZnO), three plasticizers viz., glycerol, sorbitol and polyethyleneglycol (PEG) and synthetic polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and itsphysical, mechanical and antimicrobial properties were investigated.Reduction in moisture upatake by 45% and 63.73% was observed forfilms prepared with Ag and ZnO nanoparticles with sorbitol plasticizerrespectively. Improvement in tensile strength by 75 % and 73.21%
Development of chitosan based nanocomposite film for packaging of Perishable foods
PATIL RUTUJA SANJAY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. T. RAMAPPA
was observed for films prepared with Ag and ZnO nanoparticles withPVA respectively. Reduction in WVTR by 70.22 % and 62.86 % wasobserved for films prepared with Ag and ZnO nanoparticles withPVA and sorbitol plasticizer respectively. Films showed highantimicrobial effect against both gram negative and gram positivebacteria. Efficacy developed film were tested by packaging of breadand fig fruits. ChitosanPVAAg NPs composite film maintained thequality attributes of bread such as pH (6.13), water activity (0.885),firmness (0.395 N) and microbial count (71.25 × 104 cfu/g) andincreased the shelflife of bread up to 10 days. Similarly, for fig fruits,chitosanPVAAg NPs composite film increased the shelflife of figfruit up to 7 days by maintaining its quality attributes such as TSS(18.13 °Brix ), pH (6.32), firmness (1.34 N) and microbial count(28.25 × 103 cfu/ml).
182
Energy conservation and environmental protection are the keys tosustainable development of domestic economy. Applications of nonconventional energy sources is the only alternative to meet the energydemand. This research aimed at performance evaluation solarphotovoltaic powered cold storage unit to attain favourable conditionsfor enhancement of shelf life of tomato. The solar photovoltaicpowered cold storage unit consist of PV panel of 48 modules (0.6 mlength× 0.4 m width) having dimension with a total dimensions of(5.5 m length × 3.0 m width) having capacity to produce provided 40W peak power. The power output of the panel was measured undernoload and fullload conditions. The minimum and the maximumsolar intensities recorded were 340 W.m2 and 630 W.m2 with thepanel efficiency of 29.69 per cent and 41.90 per cent on a clear sunnydays during summer at no load conditions. The coefficient ofperformance of the system varied from 4.4 to 8.5 at different loadconditions. The heat leakage load, product heat load and the total heatload of solar photovoltaic powered vapour compression refrigeration
Performance evaluation of solar photovoltaic powered cold storage unit forTomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
C. H. KEERTHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. T. RAMAPPA
system were 7265.73 kJ.24 h1, 31155 kJ.24 h1 and 38420.73 kJ.24 h1,respectively. The work done by the compressor, mass flow rate ofrefrigerant, volume flow rate, compressor capacity, condenser capacity,evaporator capacity and refrigeration effect of solar photovoltaicpowered vapour compression refrigeration system were 23 kJ.kg1,1.42× 103 kg.s1, 8.09 × 106 m3.s1, 32.6 J.s1, 231.4 J.s1, 198.8 J.s1
and 140 kJ.kg1, respectively. The effect of temperature and relativehumidity on quality parameters of tomato were investigated. The freshlyharvested tomato were exposed to different treatment combinationsT
1, T
2, T
3 and T
4 viz., 5 °C 80 % RH, 5 °C 90 % RH, 10 °C 80 % RH
and 10 °C 90 % RH. The TSS content of tomato was less at T2 (4.70)
as compared to other treatments. The maximum value of firmness (5.08N) was observed at treatment T
2 (5 °C, 90 % RH) after 22 days of
storage. The pH value (3.82), L* value (33.76) and weight loss (2.17)observed was less in treatment T
2 (5 °C, 90 % RH) as compared to
other treatments. The minimum microbial population of 8.69 × 103
cfu\ml after 22 days was observed for treatment T2 (5 °C, 90 % RH).
183
ABSTRACTS OF THESES
Accepted for the award of post-graduate degrees inthe University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot during 2018
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
HORTICULTURE
Studies on diversity, heterosis and combining ability in Okra (Ablemoschus esculentus (L.) Moench)
SHIVAPPA M. KARADI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. N. HANCHINAMANI
The investigation on ‘Studies on diversity, heterosis and combining
ability in okra (Ablemoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.)’ was
undertaken at the Department of Vegetable Science, Kittur Rani
Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi, Belagavi (Karnataka).
Genetic variability, correlation, path analysis and diversity were
assessed by evaluating 65 genotypes. Among 22 characters studied
for genotypic and phenotypic, coefficient of variation were highest
for fruit yield per plot, fruit yield per hectare and vitamin C. High
heritability (h2 bs) coupled with high genetic advance over mean were
observed for plant height at 90 days after sowing, internodal length,
fruit yield per plot, fruit yield per hectare and vitamin C. Fruit yield
per plant had significant and positive association with plant height
at 45, 60 and 90 DAS and number of fruits per plant both
genotypically and phenotypically. Path analysis studies revealed
high direct effect of number of fruits per plant on fruit yield per
plant at phenotypic level. Vitamin C contributed maximum to the
total genetic diversity among genotypes. Using estimated D2 values
65 genotypes were grouped into 3 clusters. Intra cluster distance
was highest in cluster II followed by cluster I. The highest inter
cluster distance was noticed between cluster I and III followed by
cluster II and III. Heterosis and combining ability were determined
using 18 lines and three testers and subjected to line × tester analysis.
Among 54 hybrids, the hybrid which exhibited maximum positive
and significant heterosis for fruit yield per hectare over commercial
check was noticed in the hybrids L43 × T44 followed by L22 ×
T36, L22 × T44, L53 × T36 and L31 × T23 and also exhibited
significant SCA effects for fruit yield per hectare. Among the lines
L6, L14, L16, L22, L31, L43 and L53 were identified as good
combiners for over all characters based on comprehensive study
considering GCA effects of 22 characters. Out of 54 crosses, 11
were moderately resistant, 25 were moderately susceptible and 18
were susceptible to fruit borer. Three were resistant, seven were
moderately resistant and 44 were moderately susceptible to yellow
vein mosaic virus disease. L43 × T44, L22 × T36 and L22 × T44
which are the best hybrids selected for yield per hectare and resistant
to YVMV. The fourth best hybrid L53 × T36 and L31 × T23 was
found to be moderately resistant to YVMV. Non-additive gene action
was more predominant for majority of the yield contributing
characters indicating its amenability for recurrent selection apart
from heterosis breeding for further development.
Studies on storage and processing of Custard apple (Annona squamosa L.)
H. P. JAISHANKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. LAXMAN KUKANOOR
Custard apple fruit is highly perishable and seasonal crop, it cannot
be stored for more than three days and preservation of pulp is one of
the major problem due to discolouration and microbial spoilage.
Therefore, processing of custard apple plays a major role in increasing
the availability of product during off season. In this context, the
present investigation was undertaken in the Department of Post
Harvest Technology, KRC College of Horticulture, Arabhavi during
2016 and 2017, to study the effect of pre-harvest (calcium chloride,
borax, salicylic acid and potassium silicate) and post harvest
(putrescine, spermine, Aloe vera gel and 1-MCP) treatments on quality
and shelf life of custard apple fruits and processing of fruit for pulp
preservation and conversion of pulp into powder by spray dryer.
Among the pre-harvest sprays, 0.60 per cent potassium silicate (T9)
and 2.0 per cent calcium chloride (T3) extended the shelf life up to
6.33 and 6.17 days, respectively by maintaining the physical,
physiological, biochemical and organoleptic qualities under ambient
storage. Post harvest dipping of custard apple fruits with 20 and 10
per cent Aloe vera gel extended the shelf life up to 8.50 and 8.00 days,
respectively and it was found superior over all other treatments in
maintaining better physical, physiological, chemical and organoleptic
qualities under ambient condition. Custard apple pulp treated with
potassium metabisulphite at 1000 ppm + pasteurisation at 90 °C for
25 min (T8) had scored better result with respect to physicochemical
parameters, PPO activity and organoleptic quality up to 90 days of
freeze storage followed by potassium metabisulphite @ 750 ppm +
pasteurisation at 90 °C for 25 min (T7). Good quality of custard
apple powder was obtained by adding maltodextrin as a carrier agent
(20 %) along with 180 °C of inlet temperature (T8).
184
Performance of Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L. Sprague) varieties at varying nitrogen levels andintercropping of leafy vegetables under semiarid tropics of northern Karnataka
HONNAPPA ASANGI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. N. KATTIMANI
The current study on response of ajwain varieties for differentnitrogen levels and intercropping of leafy vegetables in ajwain wascarried out at the University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot,during kharif 2016 and 2017 under irrigated condition. Theexperiment on varieties and nitrogen was carried out with fivevarieties (Ajmer Ajwain-1, Ajmer Ajwain-93, Lam selecion-1, Lamselection-2 and Local cultivar) as main plots, four nitrogen levels(50, 75, 100 and 125 kg ha-1) as sub plots and laid out in split plotdesign with three replications. The results revealed that growth andyield related traits were significantly influenced by the varieties andnitrogen levels. The highest pooled average plant height (81.69 cm),plant spread (72.25 cm), number of primary branches, secondarybranches and umbels (11.13, 51.67 and 174.51 plant-1, respectively),seed yield (14.35 q ha-1) and thymol content (67.79 %) were recordedin Ajmer Ajwain-1 followed by Lam selection-1. The maximumessential oil content (5.17 %) was recorded in Local cultivar and oilyield (60.68 kg ha-1) in Lam selection-1. Application of nitrogen @
125 kg per hectare recorded highest pooled average plant height (81.42cm), plant spread (70.27 cm), number of primary branches, secondarybranches and umbel (10.98, 53.76 and 187.41 plant-1, respectively),seed yield (13.75q ha-1), essential oil content (4.65 %) and yield(63.58 kg ha-1), which was on par with 100 kg nitrogen per hectare.The intercropping of leafy vegetables in ajwain was studied withthirteen treatments (ajwain + leafy vegetables viz., fenugreek,coriander, dill and amaranthus in 1:1 and 1:2 ratios along with each assole crop) laid out in randomized block design with three replications.Sole crop of ajwain recorded the highest pooled average plant height(84.59 cm), primary branches, secondary branches and umbels (11.10,52.59 and 165.74 plant-1, respectively) and seed yield (12.92 q ha-1),which was on par with ajwain + coriander (1:1). The highest netreturn (` 1,13,977 ha-1) was obtained in ajwain + fenugreek (1:2). Theintercropping system of ajwain + coriander (1:1) recorded the highestLER (1.61) and BC ratio (2.99) followed by ajwain + fenugreek (1:1)ratio (1.60 and 2.98, respectively).
Studies on propagation and nutritional management along with PGPR inSarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentina Benth.)
RAHUL S. PHATAK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. K. HEGDE
The studies on propagation and nutritional management along withPGPR in sarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentina Benth.) were conductedwith two experiments. The first to know the effect of seed treatmentson germination and another to find out the effect of planting materialand nutrient levels along with PGPR on growth, yield and quality ofsarpagandha. The experiment on effect of seed treatment ongermination was conducted at the KRC College of Horticulture,Arabhavi from October to December, 2015 and repeated in thesubsequent year (October to December, 2016) for confirmation.The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design withthree replications and seven treatments viz., Water soaking, GA
3
(1000 mg l-1), H2SO
4, KNO
3 (1%) + HNO
3 (1%), Cow urine, Cow
dung slurry treatment and control. Among the different treatmentstested, GA
3 treatment showed the significant effects for seed
germination and seedling parameters. Overnight soaking in GA3
resulted in early completion of germination (29.33 days), lesser number
of days to four leaf stage (53.50), maximum shoot length (11.03 cm),root length (7.80 cm), speed of germination (1.92), germinationpercentage (52.33 %) and vigour index (985.35). Another experimenton effect of planting material and nutrient levels along with PGPRwas conducted during June-2015 to December 2016, at the College ofHorticulture, Sirsi. Experiment was laid out in split plot design withtwo types of planting material as main plot treatments viz., rootcuttings (M
1) and stem cuttings (M
2) and four levels of nutrients
along with PGPR as subplot treatments viz., PGPR application (S1),
45:25:25 kg NPK per ha + PGPR (S2), 60:30:30 kg NPK per ha (S
3)
and 60:30:30 kg NPK per ha + PGPR (S4), replicated three times.
Among the treatment combinations, M1S
2 produced the significantly
highest root biomass (33.61 g/plant), average root length (12.99 cm),fresh root yield (23.23 q/ha), dry root yield (11.74 q/ha), net returns(` 5,34,226/ha) and alkaloid content (50.33 mg/g DW) with a benefitto cost ratio of 2.57 as compared to lowest in M
2S
4 (0.10).
Divergence, heterosis and genetic studies in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
SHABARISH P. RAI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAVINDRA MULGE
The investigation on ‘Divergence, heterosis and genetic studies incucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)’ was undertaken at the VegetableScience Department of Kittur Rani Channamma College ofHorticulture, Arabhavi. Genetic variability and diversity were assessedby evaluating 56 genotypes. Out of 18 characters studied genotypicand phenotypic coefficient of variation was highest for average fruitweight and number of fruits per vine. Fruit yield per vine had significantand positive association with vine length, fruit length and averagefruit weight both genotypically and phenotypically. Using estimatedD2 values 56 genotypes were grouped into 10 clusters. Intra clusterdistance was highest in cluster VIII followed by cluster V. The highestinter cluster distance was noticed between cluster IV and VIII followedby cluster IV and IX. Heterosis and combining ability were determinedusing 12 lines and three testers and subjected to line x tester analysis.Among 36 hybrids, maximum positive and significant heterosis overbest parent and commercial check was noticed in the hybrids ACS12-51 x POI followed by ACS12-51 x B 19. Lines ACS12-51, ACS12-31
and ACS12-29 were identified as good general combiners and twocrosses ACS12-13 x B 19, ACS12-48 x BL were good specificcombiners. Generation mean analysis was carried out for three crossesviz., Cross-I (ACS12-29 x BL), Cross-II (ACS12-31 x B 19) andCross-III (ACS12-51 x POI). Scaling test revealed that presence ofepistasis for most of the traits in crosses. Additive (d) gene effect wasfound significant in all three crosses for vine length, days to first maleflowering, number of fruits per vine, average fruit weight and fruitlength. Dominance gene effect (h) was found significant for sex ratio(M:F), number of fruits per vine, fruit yield per vine and pericarpthickness in Cross-I and Cross-III. Additive x additive (i) interactionwere significant for number of branches per vine, nodes upto firstfemale flower in all the three crosses, for vine length in Cross-II andCross-III. Additive x dominance (j) gene effects was significant forpericarp thickness and fruit yield per vine in Cross-I. Dominance xdominance (l) gene effects was significant for vine length, number ofbranches per vine and fruit length in all three crosses.
185
Assessment of Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) genotypes for green and grain yield and nutritional studies
SHEELA N. MALAGHAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. REVANAPPA
Forty four amaranth genotypes were evaluated for genetic variabilityand correlation during kharif and rabi seasons of 2015 - 16 in RBDwith two replications. The study was conducted at the College ofHorticulture, Bagalkot. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant(at P=0.01) difference among the genotypes for all growth, leaf yieldand grain yield characters for both seasons. Broad genetic base wasevident as the values of genotypic and phenotypic coefficient ofvariation were high for leaf yield, stem yield and total yield at eachclipping as well as grain yield traits such as panicle length, number ofpanicles per inflorescence, number of inflorescence per plant andnumber of branches per plant during both seasons. High heritabilitycoupled with high genetic advance over mean was observed for plantheight, stem diameter, leaf length and breadth, leaf: stem ratio, stemdry matter, leaf and stem yield as well as grain yield traits like plantheight, stem diameter, number of branches per plant, number ofinflorescence per plant, number of panicles per inflorescence, paniclelength and breadth, thousand seed weight, seed protein and seed yieldindicating predominance of additive gene action for these traits.Correlation studies revealed significant and positive association of
total yield per plant with total stem weight per plant and total leafweight per plant at both kharif and rabi season. Grain yield hassignificant and positive association with panicle breadth and paniclelength during both kharif and rabi seasons. Based on the performance,five top genotypes each, for leaf yield and grain yield were identifiedand these were further tested with five levels of nitrogen during kharifseason of 2016, in factorial RBD with two replications. The resultsof the study showed that, highest leaf growth and yield can be obtainedwith higher N application of 150 kg ha-1
. Among the varieties Arka
Arunima recorded highest yield per plant, whereas CO 3 maintainedhigh level of yield up to fifth clipping. Among the combinations, CO 3with 150 kg N ha-1 has registered the highest total leaf yield per plant.With regard to the seed yield, application of N3 (125 Kg N ha-1) recordedhighest seed yield and it was on par with N4 (150 Kg N ha-1) and N2(100 Kg N ha-1). Among the genotypes, AG-303 was significantlysuperior for seed yield per plant. However, combined effect ofgenotypes and nitrogen did not show any significant influence ondifferent growth, seed yield and seed quality parameters except lengthof panicles and leaf length.
Study on effect of in vitro subcultures and hormones on vigour and fidelity inGerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex. Hooker F.)
R. RASHMI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. V. DHANANJAYA
The study was carried out at the ICAR-Indian Institute of HorticulturalResearch, Bengaluru, during 2016-18, with an objective to developefficient micro propagation protocol for mass multiplication of gerbera,to know the effect of in vitro subcultures and hormones on vigour,morphological and yield characters. Further, plants were subjected togenetic fidelity test using Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSRs) markerassay. The capitulum of six gerbera varieties viz., Arka Krishika, ArkaNesara, Arka Ashwa, Basics, Morelia and Stanza were utilized for theinvestigation. It was observed that capitulum size of 1.0 to 1.5 cm wasbest for regeneration in all the varieties studied. For maximum shootinduction and proliferation from capitulum explants, MS mediumsupplemented with 3 mg/l 6-Benzylamnopurine (BAP) + 0.3 mg/lNaphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) was found to best. The capitulumderived in vitro shoot of Arka Ashwa from 5th sub culture were culturedin various concentration of hormones for 15 subcultures continuously.Even though low concentrations of 0.1 mg/l of BAP was proved to beeffective for the establishment of shoot tip explants, however higherconcentration of 0.3 mg/l BAP was the best for maximum shoot
proliferation without any vitrified shoots and loosing vigor. The plantsproduced using kinetin performed well in terms of vigor butmultiplication rate was lower compared to BAP. In the sustainableculture, no significant variation on vigour in terms of shoot proliferationand growth was observed from 6 to 15th subculture under varioushormones studied. Morphological and yield performance continued toremain unaltered from 12 to 15th sub cultures. The clonal fidelity testusing 20 ISSR primers were successfully attempted in micro propagatedplants from 13 to 15th sub cultured plants and found that none of theprimers showed any difference in the banding pattern, proving thegenetic uniformity of the in vitro regenerated clones. From the presentstudy it is confirmed that fifteen subcultures can be continuouslyperformed from shoot tip without losing vigour in MS mediumsupplemented with BAP 0.3 mg/l. Commercially, an approximately47000 tissue cultured plants can be obtained in a span of 45 weeksfrom 100 shoot tips, without losing vigour and quality of flower. Infuture, same studies can be conducted from 15 to 25th subculturesacross different varieties.
Genetic inheritance of yellow vein mosaic virus resistance and yield component studies inOkra (Abelmoschusesculentus (L.) Moench)
PRAKASH KERURE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. PITCHAIMUTHU
Okra (Abelmoschusesculentus (L.)Moench) is an annual crop belongingto the family Malvaceae. The total production of okra is drasticallyreduced due to various biotic and abiotic stresses. The presentinvestigation was carried to understand the magnitude and extent ofgenetic variability, heritability, genetic advance and path coefficientanalysis between yield and its components traits and also studied theinheritance of YVMV resistance for developing high yielding resistanthybrids. The 45 genotypes exhibited large amount of variation for allthe thirteen characters studied. Yield per plant was positively and
significantly associated with stem girth, number of branches per plant,plant height, first fruit producing node, fruit length, fruit diameter,average fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, number of seeds perfruit and 100 seeds weight. 45 hybrids were developed by crossing 10selected parents in half-diallel mating design. The crosses viz., IIHR-875 x IIHR-478, IIHR-478 x IIHR-567 and IIHR-604 x IIHR-347were identified as top three best hybrids based on their yield potential.Estimation of gene effects using six parameter models revealed theinteraction components to be significant in both the crosses
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IIHR-875 x IIHR-478 and IIHR-604 x IIHR-347, the A, B, C and Dscaling tests indicated presence of non-allelic interaction among thecomponents. The parents, F
1, F
2 and back cross generations (B
1 and
B2) of the crosses were sown at ‘Natural Hot Spot’ area in order to
know the inheritance pattern for Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (YVMV)resistance. In cross, IIHR-875 x IIHR-478 the Chi-square analysis
disease incidence confirmed that, the F2 population segregates into 3
(resistant): 1 (susceptible) ratio plant indicating that single dominantgene governs the YVMV resistance. Whereas in cross, IIHR-604 xIIHR-347, the F
2 population segregates into 15 (resistant): 1
(susceptible) ratio plant indicating that duplicate dominant genegoverns the YVMV resistance
Development and evaluation of RIL and BIL populations from a bi-parental cross betweenCitrullus lanatus var. citroides and Citrullus lanatus (cv. Arka Manik) for mapping yield, quality
and disease resistance traits
R. N. THONTADARYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. M. INDIRESH
The study included development and evaluation of sub-specificmapping populations in watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.)Matsum & Nakai] for mapping of yield, quality traits and resistanceto fusarium wilt.The mapping population was developed throughsingle seed descent method. Subsequently, a total of 141 BackcrossInbred Lines (BIL’s) and 154 Recombinant Inbred Lines (RIL’s) ofmapping populations were screened artificially using two isolates(KNL and N) of Fon. Thirty three BIL and 18 RIL genotypes showedless than 33 per cent mortality after 15 days of inoculation in isolate-KNL. Whereas, for isolate-N 25 BIL and 32 genotypes of RIL showedless than 33 per cent mortality after 15 days of inoculation. Twentybackcross inbred lines and nineteen recombinant inbred linespossessed combined resistance to both isolates (Isolate-KNL andIsolate-N) for fusarium wilt resistance. A total of 147 markers from
BIL population and 156 markersin RIL population were used todevelop linkage map.The developed map comprised of 11chromosomes covering a distance of 2518 cM and 2160 cM havingmean marker interval of 17.13 cMand 13.84 cMin BIL and RILpopulation, respectively. In RIL population for isolate-KNL, onemajor QTL was detected on chromosome 1 (Kfon1.1). For N isolate,two major QTLs were detected on chromosome 10 (Nfon 10.1 andNfon10.2) in BIL population. One major QTL was detected forfruit weight in BIL population on chromosome 8 (Fwt8.1). Onemajor QTL (TSS2.1) in BIL population and one minor QTL in RILpopulation were detected on chromosome 2 (TSS2.2).The resistantlines of the populations can be used as pre bred lines for resistancebreeding and the course map developed, can be refined with increasein marker number and population size.
Studies on the effect of zinc, iron and gibberllic acid on growth, flowering, yield and qualityin Anthurium (Anthurium andreanum Lind.) cv. Jewel
H. M. VIKASA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. P. KUMAR
The experiment was carried out during the year 2012-2014 under 80 %shadenet with 27 treatments and three replications, with combinationsof GA
3 (0, 100 and 200 ppm) and micronutrients [ZnSO
4 (0, 0.20 and
0.40 %) and FeSO4
(0, 0.15 and 0.30 %). Among the treatments,application of ZnSO
4 @ 0.40% + FeSO
4 @ 0.15% + GA
3 @ 200 ppm
recorded significantly maximum plant height (96.58 cm), number ofleaves (11.21), leaf length (45.27 cm), leaf breadth (25.40 cm), leafarea (977.38 cm2) and sucker production (6.10) at 720 days afterplanting, respectively, flower bud initiation and days taken to harvestof cut flowers was minimum (98.57 and 14.59 days, respectively).Flower quality characters like stalk length and girth (67.85 cm and0.75 cm, respectively) was maximum with longest spathe length andwidth (16.39 cm and 14.07 cm), highest yield per hectare (15.75 lakhcut flowers/ha). Similarly, post-harvest qualities were superior and
recorded fresh weight of flowers (39.40 to 19.92 g), higher wateruptake, transpiration loss of water (76.09 g and 77.61 g, respectively),and exhibited largest vaselife (23.77 days). With respect to costeconomics, highest gross return (` 1,57,56,625), net return(` 66,82,470) with highest BC ratio of 1: 1.74 over two years of thestudy was observed in the same treatment. The highest anthocyanincontent of spathe and chlorophyll content of leaves (6.56 mg/100 gand 32.52 mg/cm2), zinc and iron (107.01 ppm and 289.68 ppm)content of leaves at 720 days after planting recorded with foliarsprays of ZnSO
4 @ 0.40% + FeSO
4 @ 0.30% + GA
3 @ 200 ppm.
Taking into consideration the results obtained for all the aboveaspects, treatment with ZnSO
4 @ 0.40% + FeSO
4 @ 0.15% + GA
3
@ 200 ppm proved to be best with respect to growth, flowering,yield, vase quality and cost economics of anthurium cultivation.
Studies on graft compatibility and improvement of fruit quality incoloured Grape cvs. Red Globe and Crimson Seedless
HARIKANTH PORIKA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. SAMPATH KUMAR
Grape is an important commercial fruit crop of India. The rootstocksgain significance in grape cultivation to address issues related to bothbiotic and abiotic stresses. When rootstocks were employed, the aspectof compatibility plays an important role. Improvement in berry qualityis also one of the major important issues considering the export aswell as consumer preference. Experiments in the thesis entitled“Studies on graft compatibility and improvement of fruit quality incoloured grape cvs. Red Globe and Crimson Seedless” were carriedout at the ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research,
Hesaraghatta, Bengaluru during the period 2015-17 to address theissues related to graft compatibility of grape rootstocks in colouredgrape cultivars and improvements in their quality using growthregulating chemicals. From the investigations, it was observed thatthe compatible rootstocks along with scion treatments improvedgraft success to overcome the delayed graft incompatibility. Thecharacterization and selection of rootstocks before grafting on thebasis of morpho-physiological, histological and biochemical studieshelped in identifying the efficient marker(s) for graft success and in
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revealing the factors deciding better growth and production incommercially important grape cultivars. On the basis of findingsfrom first experiment, it was observed that scion cultivars ‘Red Globe’and ‘Crimson Seedless’ on ‘110R’ and ‘66/4’ were significantlysuperior over the other rootstocks, in terms of better graft successand compatibility. However, keeping in view the importance of‘Dogridge’ rootstock in overcoming the abiotic stresses viz., salinityand water scarcity, the second experiment resulted in overcoming theproblem of delayed incompatibility of Red Globe grafted on it. Graftunion is a key factor in successful graft take and subsequentperformance of grafted seedlings. The obtained result from scanningelectron microscope helps in identifying the best combination ofstock-scion through callus development. The outcome of this study
revealed that, pre-conditioning as well as treating of scions with 100ppm BAP would overcome the problem of delayed incompatibilityand improved the graft success when Dogridge was employed as arootstock. Uniform berry colour and bunch compactness can bemanipulated by good viticultural practices. In the third experiment,removal of basal leaves at veraison stage followed by berry thinningand dipping of bunches in 500 ppm ethrel solution resulted in reducedcluster compactness and in production of bold berries, attractive bunchshape and uniform colour. Hence, such practices would help thegrowers to fetch good economic returns by producing quality anduniform coloured grapes. Thus, good viticultural practices like use ofappropriate rootstocks and canopy practices are important forproducing quality grapes in coloured cultivars.
Genetic variability, heterosis and combining ability studies for yield andquality traits in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
MAHANTESH JOGI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. B. LINGAIAH
Investigations0were0conducted0to0assess0the0"Genetic variability,heterosis and combining0ability0for0yield0and0quality0traits intomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)” between 2015-2017 at the Collegeof Horticulture, Bengaluru. Two0hundred0genotypes0collected0fromdifferent0institutes0were0evaluated for genetic variability. Significantdifferences were observed among the genotypes for all the charactersstudied. The estimates of GCV and PCV were moderate to high forall13 characters. High heritability with high GAM was recorded formost of the growth, yield and quality characters indicating thepredominance of additive gene components in governing these traits.Genetic divergence studies categorised these 200 genotypes into 8distinct clusters. The0cluster II showed maximum intra cluster diversity(D2=2965.87) followed by cluster-I (D2=2384.00). Inter cluster distancerevealed the maximum divergence between clusters-VII and cluster-VIII (D2=37547.80) followed by between Cluster-V and cluster-VIII (D2=25781.20). The characters like number of fruits per plant(54.76 %), plant height (25.62 %) and average fruit weight (18.26 %)contributed maximum towards expression of genetic divergence. Fruityield per plant had a positive and highly significant association with
number of branches0per0plant, fruit0width, pericarp0thickness,number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight0and firmness indicatingthe possibility of simultaneous improvement of these traits in improvingfruit yield per plant. Analysis of variance for general combining abilityand specific combining ability revealed the predominance0of0bothadditive0and0non-additive gene action for the characters under thestudy. Parents viz., ARTD-6, EC-620446, IIHR-2195, IIHR-2199,Punjab Ratta0and0Kashi0Sharad were good general combiners (GCA)for yield per plant and quality parameters. The maximum specificcombining ability (SCA) effects was observed in the crosses viz., IIHR-2199 x PTR-6, ARTD-6 x Punjab Ratta, EC-620446 x Punjab Ratta foryield per plant, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight andfruit quality traits like pericarp thickness, TSS and firmness. Sixty sixhybrids were developed by using eleven lines and six testers. Thecrosses, EC-620446 x Punjab Ratta followed by ARTD-6 x PunjabRatta, H-86 x Kashi Sharad, IIHR-2199 x PTR-6, EC-620446 x KashiSharad, ARTD-6 x Kashi Sharad and IIHR-2195 x Kashi Sharadexpressed significant heterosis over commercial check (Abhilash) foreconomic characters like yield and its attributing traits.
Standardization of pre and postharvest treatments to increase shelf life and postharvest qualityof Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Bhagwa
H. MOHAMAD TAYEEB ULLA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. N. SREENIVAS
Standardization of pre and postharvest treatments and nano-silverpackaging was studied to increase shelf life and postharvest quality inpomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Bhagwa” at the Department ofPostharvest Technology, College of Horticulture, Bengaluru during theperiod 2015 to 2017. During the course of investigation, the effects ofdifferent pre and post-harvest treatments on various physical,physiological and biochemical parameters were evaluated. Twelvedifferent pre-harvest chemical sprays were carried at monthly intervaltill harvest and fruits were stored in ambient conditions. Fruits sprayedwith potassium nitrate (350 ppm), Gibberellic acid (100ppm) incombination with Benzyl adenine (75ppm) was found to maintainsignificantly higher amount of free radical scavenging compounds viz.,ascorbic acid content, total anthocyanins content and antioxidantactivities, lower peel browning and PLW with good marketable quality
were recorded during storage of pomegranate fruits. Among the differentpostharvest treatments evaluated, methylcellulose (1 %), chitosan(2 %) in combination with aloe-vera gel (10 %) was found superioramong all the post-harvest treatments by maintaining physiologicaland higher retention of biochemical constituents for 25 days after storagein ambient conditions. With respect to postharvest treatment and fruitspacked in nano-silver packaging and postharvest coating withmethylcellulose (1 %) and chitosan (2 %) in combination was foundthe best over the other treatments in reducing the metabolic activity,biochemical changes, delaying in loss of rind moisture, browning of rindand fruits had retained significantly higher biochemical constituents(TSS, acidity, ascorbic acid, antioxidants and phenols) and marketablequality (lower loss of rind moisture, physiological loss in weight andspoilage percent) of fruits up to 64 days after harvest.
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Sporophytic and gametophytic screening for Fusarium wilt resistance in Carnation(Dianthus caryophyllus L.)
G. POORNACHANDRAGOWDA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. V. DHANANJAYA
Twenty carnation genotypes were screened at their sporophytic level
for resistance against three isolates of Fusarium wilt (Fusarium
oxysporum f. sp. dianthi) viz., IIHR, Pune and Solan. Among the
carnation genotypes inoculated with isolate-IIHR, Pune and Solan,
the genotype Dark Dona recorded the highest per cent disease severity
(67.33, 65.95 and 63.82 %, respectively), whereas, for the isolates-
IIHR and Pune, the lowest per cent disease severity was recorded in
the genotype Gioele (8.56 and 8.98 %, respectively). On the other
hand, the genotype White Dona recorded the lowest per cent severity
(11.68 %) for the isolate- Solan. Investigation on the role of secondary
metabolites viz., flavonoids, phenols and plant defence enzymes viz.,
peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and
superoxide dismutase activity revealed that the genotypes Gioele and
Praga found resistant to Fusarium wilt recorded higher levels flavonoids
(44.74 and 42.10 mg CE/100 g, respectively), phenols (139.87 and
127.43 mg GAE/100g respectively), peroxidase (1.032 and 0.873 Δ
abs/min/g FW, respectively), polyphenol oxidase (0.897 and 0.827 Δ
abs/min/g FW, respectively), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (0.255
and 0.215 µg cinnamic acid/g/min, respectively) and superoxide
dismutase activity (8.87 and 7.465 units/gm FW, respectively).
Gametophytic screening of eight carnation genotypes in the presence
of fusaric acid at 0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 25 and 50 % concentrations
revealed that the genotype IIHR-CG-202, recorded the highest
germination per cent (33.15 %), relative changes in pollen germination
per cent (68.44 %) and relative changes in pollen tube growth (70.94
µm) in the presence of fusaric acid.
Genetic studies on yield and quality parameters with special reference to lycopene in Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)
M. H. IBAAD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. B. LINGAIAH
An investigation was undertaken at the College of Horticulture,
Bengaluru during 2016-18 to study the genetics of yield and quality
parameters with special reference to lycopene in tomato. Evaluation
was done for growth, yield and quality parameters in 22 tomato
genotypes. Among them, nine lycopene rich genotypes viz., 55P2,
Kashi Hemanth, EC321425, 16P2, Arka Meghali, EC-528388,
COHM7, 11P4 and COHMUD-3 were selected and used for crossing
in a half diallel mating design to develop 36 hybrids. The cross COHM7
× COHMUD3 took least number of days for days to flowering and
days to fifty per cent flowering. Cross 16P2 × COHM7 had highest
average fruit weight and yield per plant. Cross EC321425 × 11P4 had
highest TSS content and the maximum pericarp thickness was recorded
in Kashi Hemanth × 16P2. While, cross Arka Meghali × COHM7 had
highest lycopene content. Analysis of variance for general and specific
combining ability revealed the predominance of both additive and
non-additive gene action for all the characters under the study. Three
parents viz., 16P2, Kashi Hemanth and COHM7 were good general
combiners for yield per plant. Whereas, Arka Meghali, 11P4 and
EC528388 were good general combiners for lycopene content. Highest
specific combining ability for both average fruit weight and yield per
plant was observed in the cross 16P2 × 11P4. While, highest specific
combining ability for lycopene content was recorded in Kashi Hemanth
× 11P4. With respect to variability in early segregating generations,
the magnitude of phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than
their respective genotypic estimates for all the characters under the
study. Traits like plant height at last harvest, number of branches per
plant, number of clusters per plant, number of fruits per plant, average
fruit weight and yield per plant have shown higher level of PCV and
GCV indicating larger amount of variation in both F2 and F
3 crosses
of Kashi Hemanth × COHM7 and Kashi Hemanth × 16P2.
Studies on metaxenic effect and interspecific hybridization in Annona species
G. M. VINAY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. SAKTHIVEL
Annona belongs to the family Annonaceae, which comprises about
120 genera with 2000 species. Annonaceous fruits are characterized
by a serious problem of fruit set and assisted pollination is commonly
practiced for improving the set. Four species of annona;- Annona
squamosa L., A. atemoya Hort., A. cherimola Mill and A. reticulata
L. were used to study the metaxenic effect. Results showed that
maximum fruit set was recorded when A. squamosa (81.73 %), A.
cherimola (82.86 %) were crossed with the pollen of A. reticulata
and A. atemoya (97.54 %) A. reticulata (69.66 %) were crossed with
A. squamosa L. In another study, four hybrids were evaluated for
fruit yield, quality and selffruitfulness. Results showed that Arka
Sahan (54.85 kg/tree) performed well with assisted pollination,
whereas the Hybrid 19/26 (48.64 kg/tree) and Hybrid 16/14 (48.99
kg/tree) were rated as very good followed by Hybrid 16/10 (21.66
kg/tree) rated as good under natural pollination. Chromosome
number, floral biology and hybridity confirmation of hybrids and
their parents were studied and the results showed that the somatic
chromosomes were 7 (2n=14) in all interspecific hybrids including
Arka Sahan and their respective parents. Pollen viability, pollen
fertility, pollen germination were found relatively maximum in the
parents than in their hybrids. The stigma receptivity was found
maximum on the day of anthesis in the early morning. ISSR UBC-
826 primer clearly confirmed the hybridity of different annona
hybrids.
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BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CROP IMPROVEMENT
Morphological, molecular characterization and genetic analysis for growth, yield and quality traits ofBrinjal (Solanum melongena L.)
PARVATI PUJER MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. C. JAGADEESHA
The research work on “Morphological, molecular characterization
and genetic analysis for growth, yield and quality traits of brinjal
(Solanum melongena L.)” was carried out in MHREC and Center for
Biotechnology Research (CBR) field of College of Horticulture,
Bagalkot. The present study was under taken, to know the genetic
variability, character association, morphological and molecular
diversity and gene action using generation mean analysis. Genetic
variability estimates revealed high GCV, PCV, heritability coupled
with high genetic advance for fruit yield and quality traits. Fruit yield
per plant recorded high significant positive correlation at both
phenotypic and genotypic levels with number of flowers per branch,
number of primary branches at 90 DAT, plant spread at 90 DAT,
number of fruits per plant, fruit diameter, reducing sugar and ascorbic
acid. The path co efficient study revealed the significant high positive
direct effect of plant spread at 60, 90 DAT, number of primary
branches at 60, 90 DAT, total phenol, number of fruits per plant,
plant height at 60, 90 DAT, number of flowers per branch and stem
girth at 60 DAT on fruit yield per plant. Based on D2 values for
19 agro-morphological traits, 55 genotypes were grouped into 14
distinct clusters revealed prevalence of substantial genetic diversity
among the experimental material used. The genotypes CBB-23 (cluster
XIV), A2 (cluster XIII), CBB-2 (cluster XII), CBB-50, CBB-49,
A11, CBB-43, CBB-52 and CBB-64 (cluster XI) showed high genetic
diversity giving room to improvement through hybridization between
these genotypes. Twenty nine SSR markers were used for molecular
characterization of 55 genotypes among them, five markers were
polymorphic. The high polymorphism information content (PIC)
value was found by the marker SSRB 7 (0.63) followed by the marker
SSRB 10 (0.56) and marker SSRB 1 (0.37). These markers helped in
identification of diverse genotypes. The individual scaling test viz.,
A, B C and D and joint scaling test indicates that the simple additive-
dominance model was adequate in plant height 60 and 90 DAT, fruityield per plant in the cross CBB-43 x CBB-30 and CBB-16 x CBB-17of the yield and quality. In inadequacy of additive-dominance model,6-parameter model was fitted and the results of non-allelic interactionrevealed significant of additive, additive x additive, additive xdominance and dominance x dominance type of gene effects for mostof the yield and quality character in the crosses CBB-43 x CBB-30,CBB-12 x CBB-2 and CBB-16 x CBB-17. The dominance [h] anddominance x dominance [l] showed opposite signs for traits like fruityield per plant, number of flowers per branch, anthocyanin content,reducing sugars indicates duplicate type of gene interaction and remainingtraits showed similar sign of [h] and [l] shows complimentary type ofgene interaction. The cross CBB-16 x CBB-17 showed predominantrole of non-additive gene action, over dominance, dominant basedduplicate gene actions in controlling the inheritance for plant height at60, 90 and 120 DAT, stem girth at 60, 90 and 120 DAT, number ofprimary branches at 60 and 90 DAT, number of flowers per branch at60, 90 and 120 DAT, fruit diameter, total sugar, total phenol, reducingsugar and dry matter content parameters. The cross CBB-12 x CBB-2showed duplicated gene action with non-additive and over dominanceinteraction for quality parameters and for most of growth parameters.The cross CBB-43 x CBB-30 showed positive heterobeltiosis, digenicinteraction model with duplicated gene action, suggesting the scopeof hybrids as well as reciprocal recurrent selection for getting desirablesegregants in subsequent generations. The positive significantheterobeltiosis was observed in plant height at 60, 90 and 120 DATin all three crosses. Prevalence of heterobeltiosis for fruit yield perplant and anthocyanin content in CBB-43 x CBB-30 cross, totalsugar in the cross CBB-16 x CBB-17, for ascorbic acid in CBB-43 xCBB-30 and CBB-12 x CBB-2 crosses, indicated the presence ofdominance gene effects which is pre requisite for development ofsuperior hybrids with high yield.
ENTOMOLOGY
Studies on fruit flies and their management in Guava, Bitter gourd and Drumstick ecosystems
MAHESH MATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. Y. K. KOTIKAL
The studies related to species diversity and population dynamics,evaluation of traps and trap designs, effect of irradiation on melon flyand integrated management of fruit flies in guava, bitter gourd anddrumstick ecosystems were conducted at the College of Horticulture,University of Horticultural Sciences (UHS), Bagalkot during 2015-16and 2016-17. Five species of fruit flies were identified from guava andbitter gourd, and 11 species from drumstick ecosystems. In guava,Shannon index of diversity (H’) of the fruit fly population was maximumduring 48th standard meteorological week (SMW) of 2015 and25th SMW of 2017. The Pielou’s evenness (J’) was maximum during40th, 51st SMW of 2015 and 1st, 3rd and 48th SMW 2016 and 25th SMWof 2017. The maximum Simpson diversity index value 1-D was during1st SMW 2016 and 23rd SMW of 2017. The highest number of B.dorsalis males was trapped during 27th and 28th SMW of 2015 and2017 respectively, whereas that of B. correcta was noticed during26th SMW of 2017 with another small peak during 29th SMW. In bitter
gourd H’ was maximum during 6th SMW of 2016. Maximum J’ valuewas recorded during 6th SMW of 2016 and 52nd SMW of 2015. Themaximum 1-D value was recorded during 6th and 38th SMW of 2016.Maximum H’ value was maximum during 38th SMW followed by36th SMW of 2016. Maximum J’ value was recorded during 38th SMWand 36th SMW of 2016. Relatively high B. cucurbitae activity wasnoticed during the 34th SMW of 2016. The maximum H’ was during17th SMW of 2016 and 12th SMW of 2017 in drumstick. Maximum J’value was recorded17th and 42nd SMW of 2016. The maximum (1-D)was recorded during 17th SMW of 2016. During 2016-17 maximum H’value during 43rd SMW of 2016. The first appearance of B. gavisa wasduring 43rd SMW of 2015, with its peak during 6th SMW of 2016 andB. correcta 43rd SMW of 2015 with the peak during 10th SMW of 2016and 2nd SMW of 2017. Methyl eugenol (2 %) and fermented jaggery@ 25 g per trap attracted significantly higher number of B. dorsaliswhile in drumstick ecosystem trap baited with fermented banana (25g)
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was the most superior as it attracted significantly highest number ofpod flies. Among the two designs of bottle traps tested, bottles withholes 12 mm in bottom portion and loaded with 2 per cent ME trappedsignificantly highest number of fruit flies. The transparent trap with2 per cent ME of 12 mm captured significantly highest number ofB. dorsalis followed by transparent traps with 5 per cent ME and theyellow coloured trap with 2 per cent ME. The highest number wastrapped in Barrix catchTM fruit fly trap followed by PCI trap and ME
bottle trap. When B. cucurbitae was subjected to different radiationdoses, the treatment of 30 Gy resulted in highest emergence percentageand 90 Gy was the most suitable gamma radiation dose to obtain thehighest sterility of males of B. cucrbitae applied to three days oldpupae. The maximum mating competitive value was recorded for90 Gy with a cross ratio of 2:1:1 and 1:2:1. Among the IPM modulesevaluated M3 (UHS-POP) in guava, M2 (Integrated IPM module) inbitter gourd and drumstick could be recommended.
PLANT PATHOLOGY
Etiology, epidemiology, molecular characterization and integrated disease management of tip over diseaseof Banana caused by Pectobacterium Carotovorum subsp. Carotovorum (Jones 1901) Hauben et al., 1999
PRADNYARANI NIDAGUNDI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. S. KULKARNI
A survey carried out in major banana growing districts of Karnatakato know the incidence of tip over disease of banana during 2015-16revealed that the severity of disease which was found to be more intissue culture raised plantlets. The incidence of tip over disease rangedfrom 0.40 to 99.27 per cent in the field. Banana plantations of one tosix months age were found to be more susceptible for infection. Thetip over/ tip rot disease symptoms included initial yellowing, browningand rotting of the unopened leaves that progressed upward in thepseudostem destroying leaf bases causing rhizome rotting and laterdecay of the plant with disagreeable odour. The pathogenicity ofPectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Jones 1901)Hauben et al., 1999 as well as Klebsiella variicola was proved inbanana and pathogen characters were studied and it was confirmedthat P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Klebsiella sp. were thecausal agents of tip over disease of banana. The disease incidencedecreased progressively with the increase in the age of the crop.Maximum temperature and average humidity were positively correlatedwith the disease development. Maximum growth of P. carotovorumsubsp. carotovorum was noticed at temperature of 32ºC and a pH of
7.0 under in vitro conditions. The pathogen was found to survive in allthe seventeen tested host species. Molecular characterization of P.carotovorum subsp. carotovorum were done using 16S rRNA andcomplete sequencing of the 10 isolates of the pathogen was undertakenand the sequences were deposited in national gene bank. Under in vitroconditions PM-2A (bacterial bio-agent), kokum (botanical) and bronopolwere found to show inhibitory effect against P. carotovorum subsp.carotovorum. Compatability studies under in vitro conditions did notshow any inhibitory effect against the pathogen, hence under fieldconditions treatments were drenched individually. Among the fieldexperiments, Bronopol @ 500 ppm + Copper hydroxide @ 2 g/lexhibited maximum inhibitory effect when drenched sequentially forfour times at 15 days intervals, where as in the second plot experiment,streptocycline @ 500 ppm+ copper hydroxide @ 2000 ppm has shownmaximum inhibitory effect with higher fruit yield and net returns. Redbanana, Yelakki bale and Hanuman genotypes exhibited resistant reactionto P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum under artificial inoculationconditions where as Grand Naine bale and Rajapuri bale genotypesrecorded highly susceptible reaction.
PLANTATION SPICES MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS
Effect of organic manure and biofertilizers on growth, herb, nutrient uptake, oil yield and quality ofFrench basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)
BARAA ALMANSOUR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M.A. SURYANARAYANA
Sustainability of agricultural systems has become an important issuethroughout the world. Basil has been used as a medicinal herb, so ithas to be free from novice chemical substances. In this context, fieldexperiment was carried out at the ICAR - Indian Institute ofHorticultural Research, Bengaluru, during kharif seasons of 2015 and2016. Nine treatments with three replications were adopted in arandomized block design to find out the effect of different levels of Nthrough FYM (100, 75 and 50% of the recommended N) along withand without bio-fertilizers, recommended dose of NPK (160:80:80kg /ha) and recommended FYM (10 t/ha) + recommended NPK(160:80:80 kg /ha) on the growth, herb, nutrient uptake, oil yield andquality of French Basil (Ocimum basilicum L). The results from theexperiment revealed that among the nine treatments, application ofrecommended dose of FYM (10 t/ha) along with recommended dose
of NPK (160:80:80 kg /ha) recorded maximum fresh herb yield (62.56and 56.08 t/ha) with average yield of 59.32 t/ha, maximum dry herbageyield (13.02 and 11.37 t/ha) with average yield of 12.19 t/ha andmaximum oil yield (356.3 and 258.27 l/ha) with average yield of307.28 l/ha and highest nitrogen uptake in the main crop (155.67 and113.19 kg/ha) and ratoon (56.43 and 26.65 kg/ha) during 2015 and2016 respectively. With respect to oil quality, the maximum methylchavicol percentage (52.3 %) in the main crop 2015 was recordedwith application of recommended dose of FYM (10 t/ha) along withrecommended dose of NPK (160:80:80 kg/ha). While, in the secondseason application of FYM (10 t/ha) +100% recommended N throughFYM + bioferilizer recorded the highest per cent of methyl chavicol(63.78 %) in the main crop, as well as, in ratoon crop (59.39 and59.67 %) during 2015 and 2016, respectively.
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Two field experiments were conducted to study the integrated nutrientmanagement in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on herb and seed yield atthe farm field of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Konehalli, Tiptur taluk, Tumkurudistrict during kharif and rabi from March 2016 to July 2017. Theexperiments were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Designcomprising nine treatments in four replication. The results revealedthat, the maximum plant height, number of branches, number of leaves,fresh and dry weight of leaves, stem, herb and seed yield were recordedwith the application of 50 % RDF + 25 % N through vermicompost +Rhizobium + PSB + VAM during kharif and rabi as compared to othertreatments. The early flowering, 50 per cent flowering, early podinitiation and pod maturation, the maximum pod set percent, number
Studies on integrated nutrient management in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
NAGAPPA DESAI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. P. MALLIKARJUNA GOWDA
of pods, pod length, pod weight, pod yield, number of seeds, seed setper cent, nitrogen and crude protein content of plant were recordedwith the application of 50 % RDF + 25 % N through vermicompost +Rhizobium + PSB + VAM during both the season. The maximum rootlength, fresh and dry weight of roots, number of nodules, fresh and dryweight of nodules, maximum uptake of N, P and K by the plants andhighest net return per hectare and BC ratio were obtained during kharifand rabi seasons with the application of 50 % RDF + 25 % N throughvermicompost + Rhizobium + PSB + VAM in both the experiments.The present investigation indicated that, the cultivation of alfalfa forherb yield production is more economical as compared to seed productionin both kharif and rabi.
192
MASTER OF SCIENCE
A. CROP SCIENCE
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CROP IMPROVEMENT
Morphological characterization of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) genotypes for productivitytraits, powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni DC.) resistance and seed storage studies
JADHAV SULOCHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. DILEEPKUMAR A. MASUTHI
A field experiment was undertaken during the year 2016-17 in rabi
season to study the morphological characterization of fenugreek
(Trigonella foenum graecum. L) genotypes for productivity traits
and powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni) resistance. The experiment
was laid out in Randomized Block Designs with two replications and
laboratory experiment was undertaken during 2017-18 to study the
longevity in fenugreek genotype which was laid out in factorial designs
with three replications. The field experiment included 34 fenugreek
genotypes. The study revealed wide range of variability, heritability
and genetic advance as per cent over mean for plant height, plant
girth, number of branches, EW and NS plant spread at 30, 45 and 60
DAS, respectively, leaf area at 30 and 60 DAS, days to first flowering,
days to 50 per cent flowering, days to fruit maturity, pod weight,
number and length, respectively, 100 seed weight, seed yield per
plant and per plot. Correlation studies revealed significant and positive
association of seed yield per plant with plant height at 45 and 60
DAS, pod weight and 100 seed weight. The maximum direct effect on
seed yield per plant was exhibited by plant height at 30 DAS, EW
plant spread at 60 DAS, pod weight and 100 seed weight. Mahalanobis
D2 analysis indicated considerable diversity and 34 genotypes were
grouped into three different clusters. The cluster I showed maximum
(241.03) intra cluster distance. Inter cluster distance revealed maximum
divergence between clusters III and cluster II (D2 = 3067.42). Among
34 genotypes Kasuri methi and Gujarat genotype showed resistance
to powdery mildew under field condition. Laboratory experiment
was conducted to study longevity in fenugreek cv. Pusa early bunch
which includes different treatments viz., tulsi leaf powder, yekke leaf
powder, pongamia leaf powder, arappu leaf powder, boric powder,
cow dung flakes (1/4th flake) and tulsi leaf, bavistin along with control.
Among these treatments cow dung flakes and tulsi leaf showed high
germination, seedling vigour index, seedling dry weight. Tulsi leaf
showed lower electrical conductivity.
Micropropagation, somatic embryogenesis and genetic stability analysis in Chrysanthemu(Dendranthema grandiflora T.) cv. Marigold
SUBHASINI GHOSH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. N. MAHANTESHA NAIKA
Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora T.), is the second most
important flower crop and having different colours grown globally.
The introduced cultivar Marigold, which is gaining its popularity in
the southern India due to its bright yellow colour and high shelf-life.
It is generally propagated through vegetative means, which is a time
consuming and having low production rate. Present study was
undertaken to standardize the micropropagation and somatic
embryogenesis protocol and genetic stability analysis in order to
optimize a better substitution for mass multiplication of quality
planting material and mitigating the demand of farmers as well as
consumers. Nodal segments from the healthy mother plant were
sterilized using different surface sterilants and then cultured in MS
and B5 media with different growth regulator concentrations for shoot
initiation, elongation and rooting followed by hardening in various
media. Somatic embryogenesis was undertaken using five different
explants and cultured in MS medium with different concentration growth
components as well as phytohormones. Among the different media
used for micropropagation, B5 media augmented with 1.5 mg/l BAP
was found to be best for shoot bud initiation and showed higher rate
of multiplication. MS medium with 0.5 mg/l kinetin resulted maximum
shoot length whereas B5 medium promoted more number of shoot
regeneration. In vitro root initiation was best in MS media and half
strength MS media with 1 mg/L IBA was next best and was on par
with MS media. However, half strength media with 1 mg/L IBA was
considered more economical. Among the different explants used for
somatic embryogenesis, leaves produced the best quality callus in
MS media containing 1 mg/l 2,4-D, 200 mg/l Caesin hydrolysate
and 290 mg/l L-Proleine. Shoot tips as explants produced the highest
number of shoots per clumps in MS media containing NAA (1.5 mg/l);
BAP (3 mg/l); Casein hydrolysate (150 mg/l) and L-Proline (50 mg/l).
Ray florets showed the earliest callogenesis as well as plant
regeneration in each media. Totally 10 in vitro regenerated plants
were randomly selected and tested for genetic stability using two
cultivar specific SRAP primers. Tested micro propagated plants were
100 per cent similar with field grown mother plants indicating high
efficiency of the optimized micro propagation protocol.
193
Assessment of genetic variability in local collections of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) genotypesfor productivity traits
MEENAKSHI S DODDAMANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. SATISH
A field experiment was undertaken during the year 2017-18 in kharifseason to study the genetic variability, correlation, path co-efficientanalysis and genetic diversity for productivity traits in 21 localcollections of cucumber genotypes. The experiment was laid out inrandomized block designs with two replications. Analysis of variancerevealed highly significant difference among the genotypes for allthe traits studied. Wide range of variability, high heritability andhigh genetic advance as per cent over mean was observed for vinelength, number of leaves per vine, number of branches per vine,node at first male flower, node at first female flower, number ofmale flowers, number of female flowers, fruit diameter, number offruits per vine, average fruit weight, fruit yield per vine, fruit length,number of seeds per fruit, seed yield per fruit and test weightindicating predominant additive gene action offering scope forimprovement of these characters through direct selection. Correlationstudies revealed significant and positive association of fruit yield
per vine with number of female flowers per vine, vine length, numberof leaves per vine and average fruit weight. The maximum directeffect on fruit yield per vine was exhibited by average fruit weightfollowed by number of fruits per vine. Mahalanobi’s D2 analysisindicated presence of considerable diversity in cucumber genotypesand 21 genotypes were grouped into six clusters. The cluster IIshowed maximum (2242.20) intra cluster diversity. Inter clusterdistance revealed the maximum divergence between clusters IV andcluster III (D2 = 32489.21) followed by cluster III and cluster II(D2 = 24315.24). Among all the 19 productivity traits studied, fleshthickness, fruit diameter, fruit length and average fruit weightcontributed greatly towards divergence. The genotype KRCCH-CC-17 in cluster V recorded highest cluster mean. KRCCH-CC-8,KRCCH-CC-18, KRCCH-CC-3 and KRCCH-CC-13 are some ofthe top high yielding genotypes. These, genotype can be used as abase material for future breeding programme.
Morphological and molecular characterization of Oriental pickling melon (Cucumis melo var. conomon)genotypes for productivity traits
SUNIL KAMAGOUD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RATNAKAR M. SHET
A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2017-18 to studythe morphological and molecular characterization of Oriental picklingmelon (Cucumis melo var. conomon) genotypes for productivitytraits with 40 genotypes in randomized block design with tworeplications. Analysis of variance had shown highly significant(P=0.01) difference among genotypes for all 21 parameters relatedto growth, yield and quality traits except number of primarybranches and 100 seed weight. The estimate of PCV is higher thanGCV in all the characters studied indicating influence of environmentof expression of characters. High GCV and PCV (>20%) wereobserved as for nodes at first female flower appearance, number ofmale flowers, number of female flowers, average fruit weight, numberof fruits per vine, fruit yield per vine, Vitamin –C and seed weightper fruit. High heritability (>60%) coupled with high GAM (>20%)were observed for almost all the traits like number of nodes at30 DAS, vine length at 30 and 60 DAS, number of male flowers,number of female flowers, sex ratio, fruit length, fruit width, averagefruit weight, number of fruits per vine, fruit yield per vine, fleshthickness, seed cavity diameter, seed weight per fruit, Vitamin C
and TSS. The traits like number of nodes at 60 DAS, average fruitweight, fruit length, flesh thickness, seed cavity diameter and seedweight per fruit had significant and positive correlation with fruityield per vine with positive direct effect revealed by correlation andpath analysis studies. Direct selection of these traits is effective forincreasing the fruit yield per plant. Mahalanobis D2 analysis indicatedconsiderable diversity and 40 genotypes were grouped into sevenclusters. The cluster V showed maximum intra cluster diversity.Inter cluster distance revealed the maximum divergence betweenclusters IV and VI followed by cluster III and VI. Molecularcharacterization was carried out to know the genetic diversity usingPCR based SRAP markers. The similarity matrix coefficient rangedfrom 0 to 100 per cent, suggesting a low to higher genetic variationwithin oriental pickling melon genotypes. Cluster analysis of orientalpickling melon genotypes by employing Jaccard’s Co-efficientmethod led to the grouping of the genotypes into two distinct majorclusters. In the present study it can be concluded that genotypesManabagi-1, SS-14, Local-5, Siddapur-1 and SS-16 recorded higheryield and found superior over all other genotypes.
DNA fingerprinting and nutritional profiling of different cultivars of Banana Musa sp. L.
B. R. CHAITRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. R. MULLA
A study entitled “DNA fingerprinting and nutritional profiling ofdifferent cultivars of banana Musa sp. L.” was conducted at theDepartment of Biotechnology and Crop Improvement, College ofHorticulture, Bagalkot during the year 2017-18. Analysis of geneticdiversity of different banana genotypes was carried out based onmorphological traits and molecular markers. Around 40 ecotypes offour genotypes (Elakki, Rajapuri, Red banana and Rasabale) werecollected from different geographical regions of Karnataka and someparts of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Growth parameters like pseudostemlength, girth, leaf length, breadth, number of leaves, fruit length, weight,number of fruits per hand, hands per bunch and bunch weight wereobserved at different growth stages. Nearly 20 SSR primers werescreened, out of which 14 were polymorphic between genotypes.From the cluster analysis, dendrogram was obtained and it showed
that 40 ecotypes were grouped into four clusters, each containing 10ecotypes of same genotype. This revealed that there was closerelatedness between ecotypes, which could not differentiate themirrespective of their different places of origin. Apart from geneticdiversity analysis, nutritional composition of different genotypeswas analyzed. Nutritional parameters like sugars, beta-carotene, TSS,minerals (P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn and B) and colour changesof peel and pulp during different ripening stages were carried outusing L*a*b* coordinates. Elakki ranked first in sugars and TSS, Redbanana in beta-carotene, boron and zinc, Rajapuri in sulphur,potassium, copper, iron, magnesium and manganese, and Rasabale inphosphorous and calcium. Peel lightness was highest in Rasabale asthe fruit ripened whereas, pulp lightness was highest in Red bananaas the fruit ripened.
194
Morphological and molecular characterization and nutritional composition analysis of local ecotypes ofCucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
MAHADEV RUDAGI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. C. JAGADEESHA
Forty-four cucumber local ecotypes were collected from differentregions of Karnataka and evaluated in augmented block design tostudy the variability, diversity, character association, path analysis,nutritional composition and molecular diversity at the Departmentof Biotechnology and Crop Improvement, College of Horticulture,Bagalkot during 2017-18. Analysis of variance revealed that significantdifference observed among ecotypes for all characters except calciumcontent of the fruit. High PCV, GCV, heritability and high geneticadvance over mean were recorded for parameters like sex ratio, numberof fruits per plant, yield per plant, fruit colour (L, A and B), ascorbicacid, node number first female flower appearance, number of branchesper plant, number of nodes per plant, internodal length, individualfruit weight, fruit diameter, carbohydrate and magnesium content offruit in the population. Yield per plant was positively and significantlyassociated with plant height, number of branches per plant, number
of nodes per plant, number of fruits per plant, individual fruit weightand fruit diameter. Path analysis revealed that, highest positive directeffects on total yield per plant was shown by number of fruits perplant, individual fruit weight, fruit diameter, plant height and fruitlength. Genetic divergence analysis using Mahalanobis’s D2 statisticgrouped 44 local ecotypes of cucumber into six clusters, of whichfive local ecotypes of cluster VI showed maximum intra-clusterdistance. The inter cluster average D2 value was maximum betweencluster III and V. DNA finger printing of 45 local ecotypes of cucumberwas carried out by using 27 SSR markers. Dendrogram revealed twomajor clusters. The local ecotypes UHSCS-12, UHSCS-40 andUHSCS-38 were distantly related, which can be used for furtherimprovement of cucumber. The promising ecotypes were UHSCS-23and UHSCS-39 which were superior for both growth and yieldparameters.
Identification of candidate resistance genes in Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) against bacterialblight caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae
M. NANDAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. RAGHAVENDRA
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) has gained worldwide popularitybecause of its highly nutritive and medicinal values. Bacterial blightcaused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae (Xap) is impedingproduction of pomegranate with estimated losses up to 80 per cent.Breeding for bacterial blight resistant pomegranate varieties iseconomically viable and sustainable approach for management ofbacterial blight. However, no genetic resistance sources are yet availableand tolerant wild collections (Nana and Daru) are burdened withundesirable agronomic traits like small fruit size, high acidity andhard seed. For efficient utilization of wild accessions in breeding,identification of candidate genes for bacterial blight resistance and thecorresponding bacterial effectors is crucial. The present studyenvisages screening of wild accessions of pomegranate for bacterialblight resistance, identification of bacterial effectors in Xap genomesand corresponding resistance gene analogues (RGAs) in pomegranate.Bacterial type III effectors were predicted using pEffect and TALeffectors were predicted using AnnoTALE suit. A total of 28 type IIIeffectors and two TAL effectors were identified in Xap genome and
were validated. Pomegranate RGAs were identified using RGAugurypipeline based on prediction of conserved motifs and domains, usingpomegranate genome sequence, 958 host R genes were identifiedbelonging to 277 nucleotide binding site (NBS) family proteins, 495receptor-like kinases (RLK) and 81 receptor-like protein (RLP)families. Digital differential expression analysis of 958 RGAs usingRNAseq data of bacterial blight tolerant pomegranate accession (IC-524027) and susceptible ‘Bhagwa’ revealed differential expression of385 RGAs. Ten differentially expressed RGAs (fold change >5.0, 5each of up-regulated and down regulated in tolerant) were furthervalidated by semi-quantitative PCR reverse transcription (RT-PCR).However, no significant difference in expression of RGAs wasobserved in RT-PCR between bacterial blight tolerant (UHSP-1) andsusceptible Bhagwa varieties of pomegranate. Further, these RGAshave to be validated using more accurate quantitative real time PCR(qPCR). After validation, potential R genes could be used in breedingfor bacterial blight resistance by marker assisted breeding, geneticengineering or genome editing.
Characterization of Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa Linn.) genotypes based on phenotypic andmolecular characters
J. SATHYAVATHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. C. JAGADEESHA
The present research work on “Characterization of tuberose(Polianthes tuberosa Linn.,) genotypes based on phenotypic andmolecular characters” was carried out at the College of Horticulture,Bagalkot during 2017-18. Tuberose is originated from Mexico haschromosome number 2n=30 and belong to Amaryllidaceae. Amongthe bulbous flowering crops, it occupies a most important positiondue to its highly fragrant waxy flowers. It is commercially cultivatedfor cut flowers, loose flowers and also for extraction of its high valuednatural flower oil. Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advanceas percent of mean were assessed by field evaluation for all thecharacters considered for the study. Genetic variability revealed highgenotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient
of variation (PCV) for number of leaves per plant followed by weightof bulblets per clump. High heritability was recorded for length offloret, number of leaves per plant, flower yield per plant and plantheight. The genetic advance was high for number of leaves per plantand plant height. The study showed a highly significant and positivegenotypic correlation for plant height was observed with number ofleaves per plant followed by spike length. The path co efficient studyrevealed that the maximum positive direct effect was observed forflower yield per plant through weight of florets per spike followedby length of floret, number of florets per spike and number of leavesper plant. The ISSR marker analysis of tuberose varieties was doneusing 20 primers and they generated 243 bands with 97.08 per cent
195
polymorphism. All primers were shown 100 per cent polymorphismexcept primer UBC 814, UBC 836 and UBC 899. It is clearly evidentfrom the dendrogram that all the tuberose accessions are grouped intotwo major clusters as A and B. The highest dissimilarity co-effeicient
Morphological, nutritional and molecular characterization of rainbow Carrots (Daucus carota L.) andtheir phylogenetic assessment
SHAHENAZ BEGUM MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SARVAMANGALA CHOLIN
An investigation by utilizing the 21 carrot genotypes representing
seven root colours viz., dark orange, light orange, red, yellow, purple,
black and pink was conducted at the College of Horticulture, Bagalkot
during 2017-18 in a randomized complete block design with three
replications. The objective of the study was to assess the genetic
variability, heritability and correlation for 18 morphological
(quantitative and qualitative) and 15 nutritional parameters including
micro, macro nutrients, β-carotene and TSS. A total of 45 different
molecular markers were also used to understand the phylogenetic
relationship of seven root colours of carrot. Frequency distribution
showed coarse textured, low hairiness in most of the genotypes.
Analysis of variance revealed significant variation for all the
quantitative traits and 13 nutritional traits and genetic variability
estimates (GCV and PCV) showed higher variability among the 21
genotypes indicating their utility for future breeding. Higher
heritability along with high genetic advance was observed for plot
yield, five roots weight, number of petioles and most of the nutritional
components. Genotypes viz., UHSBC-32-2, UHSBC-53-2 showed
superior performance for five roots weight, root width, root length
and root weight. UHSBC-17, UHSBC-66-1, UHSBC-42-1, UHSBC-
28-1 were superior for β-carotene, iron, copper, manganese, potassium
and sodium while UHSBC-100 and UHSBC-117 showed superiority
for both. Yellow, orange and red carrots showed significantly superior
performance for both morphological and nutritional traits. Correlation
studies revealed positive correlation for root yield with phloem width,
root weight etc; among nutritional parameters, strong negative
correlation was observed for TSS with calcium and protein, calcium
with iron and β-carotene. Shoot weight, root weight, xylem width
showed negative association with phosphorous, indicating the
strategies to be followed for transfer of these traits. Molecular profiling
of 45 polymorphic markers across 21 genotypes identified 165 alleles
with PIC value ranging from 0.05 (Y-indel) to 0.83 (GSSR-154 and
BSSR-94) and average number of alleles of 3.67 per locus. Across
seven colours, highest number of private alleles was detected for
yellow carrots. Genetic diversity analysis using Darwin 6.0 showed
three clusters across 21 genotypes, whereas, colour wise phylogenetic
analysis clustered seven colours into two groups. AMOVA showed
greater genetic variation among individual genotypes within
subpopulations (71 %) indicating the possible gene flow among the
genotypes of population. Principle Coordinate Analysis among colours
clustered into three groups with 100 per cent cumulative variation.
The present study of characterization of multiple coloured roots for
nutritional components, morphological and molecular markers would
help a breeder to explore them for breeding or for transfer of important
nutrients to orange coloured varieties to increase the nutritive value
of these popular varieties.
Allele mining of RdRP, expressional analysis of selected transcription factor genes in leaf curl diseasemanifestation and evaluation of line × tester derived F
1 hybrids for Tomato leaf curl virus (TOLCV)
resistance and yield in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
P. SHREEDHARA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. FAKRUDIN
Combining ability and heterosis effects in Line × Tester derived 64 F1
hybrids involving eight each ToLCV susceptible and resistant
genotypes revealed similar effects due to mating design at Hogalagere
(65.97%) and Bengaluru (68.76 %). Reaction of F1 hybrids to ToLCV
incidence was comparable at both locations: in all 8-28 immune,
26-32 resistant, 10-23 moderately resistant and 1-10 moderately
susceptible F1 hybrids were recorded at 60 days after transplanting
(DAT). Anagha × COHBT-75, PKM-1 × COHBT-75, COHBT-27 ×
COHBT-75, COHBT-33 × COHBT-75, COHBT-33 × COHBT-36,
COHBT-33 × COHBT-75, COHBT-33 × H-24, COHBT-127 ×
COHBT-75 and COHBT-132 × COHBT-36 crosses found
consistently resistant to ToLCD. Highest fruit yield per plant
(3.06 kg) was recorded by COHBT-33 × COHBT-75 followed by
DMT-2 × COHBT-75 (2.23 kg), COHBT-64 × COHBT-134 (2.04
kg) and Anagha × COHBT-134 (2.01kg). DMT-2, COHBT-27 and
PKM-1 were the best lines and COHBT-36, COHBT-75, COHBT-
134 and H-24 best testers for ToLCV resistance. RdRP being 29272
bp comprising of three genes viz., Solyc06g051170 (11848 bp)
Solyc06g051180 (608bp) and Solyc06g051190 (4243bp) was allele
mined in 16 genotypes. A total of 50 nucleotide changes across the
genotypes was recorded; 18 in Solyc06g051170; 16 in Solyc06g051180;
16 in Solyc06g051190. In Solyc06g051180 a nucleotide change at 125th
position from Thymine to Guanine in all resistant genotypes changed
Arginine (R) to Threonine (T) in the predicted protein. A set of 15 TF
genes of WRKY, AP2/ERF and WIRLY families revealed differential
expression patterns in response to ToLCV incidence.
value was 0.79 in between Suvasini and Sikkim selection. Further,crop improvement through hybridization and mutation can be takenup and attempts should be made to improve cultivars in all aspectsby selection.
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Molecular diversity, population genetic structure and plasticity for (-) - Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) contentin ecotypes of Garcinia indica and Garcinia cambogia prevailing in Western Ghats of Karnataka
K. A. APOORVA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. FAKRUDIN
The study on molecular diversity, population genetic structure andplasticity for (-) – Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) content in ecotypes ofGarcinia indica and Garcinia combogia conserved in the ex situ fieldgene bank at the College of Horticulture, Bengaluru revealed significantvariation for morphological, DNA and bio chemical traits. Theecotypes of G. indica and G. cambogia conserved at ex situ field genebank at COH, Bengaluru were subjected to morphologicalcharacterization. The accessinons of G. indica and G. cambogia revealedsignificant variation for branching pattern, leaf blade shape, leaf bladelength and leaf blade width varied significantly across the regions oftheir sampling. The microsatellite marker analysis of 120 sampleseach of G.indica and G.cambogia revealed significant heterozygosity,indicating the presence of greater genetic diversity among eight sampledpopulations of G. indica and G.cambogia. The ANOVA across all thepopulations indicated the significant genetic clustering within andamong the populations with a mean fixation index value of 0.014 forG. indica and 0.01 for G, cambogia. The signigicant mean values, F
IS
(0.04), FST
and FIT
(0.08) for G.indica and FIS
(0.01) and FST
(0.01) and
FIT
(0.13) for G. cambogia, which indicated the level of clusteringacross the populations revealed the existence of distinct geneticclustering at each hierarchy of the population revealed the existenceof distinct genetic clustering at each hierarchy of the populationsrevealed the existence of distinct genetic clustering at each hierarchyof the population i.e., individual, sub-population and total population.The combined results of NJ tree, structure analysis and PCA indicatedsignificant clustering across the sampled populations. The populationgenetic structure analyses indicated the presence of three geneticclusters (K=3) in G. indica and two (K=2) in G. cambogia whichspread across all the sampled populations forming geneticallyadmixture populations in both the species. The average HCA contentof fruit rinds (on dry weight basis) of ecotypes of G. indica andG. cambogia estimated by HPLC method was found to be 16.40 and23.58 per cent respectively, which varied significantly among theecotypes. The highest HCA content was recorded in ecotype fromSirsi (23.96 per cent) in G. indica and ecotype from Udupi (27.27 percent) recorded highest HCA content in G. cambogia.
Physiological characterisation of Cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub) genotypesfor growth and yield
L. ASHWINI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. FAKRUDIN
The study on physiological characterisation of cluster bean genotypesfor growth and yield was carried out at the College of Horticulture,Bengaluru. Where in, 75 genotypes including three checks were usedfor the study. The ANOVA for all the morpho physiological,biochemical, and yield traits studied revealed significant variationsamong the genotypes. The phenotypic coefficient of variation washigher than the genotypic coefficient of variation for all the charactersstudied. The phenotypic coefficient of variation ranged from 5.89(Plant height) to 60.98 (Number of branches per plant). Genotypiccoefficient of variation ranged from 3.20 (Test weight) to 60.53(Number of branches per plant). The estimates of heritability rangedfrom 96.7 (Pod yield per plant) to 18.75 (Test weight). Genetic advanceexpressed as percentage over mean ranged from 166.0 (Epicuticular
wax content) to 14.55 (Plant. Correlation studies revealed highlysignificant and positive association of SPAD value (0.249), numberof pods per plant (0.430), days to first flowering (0.245), total drymatter (0.248), leaf area (0.272), number of branches per plant (0.400)with pod yield per plant. Selection based on these traits can beeffective for developing high yielding varieties. Among 75 genotypes,COHBCBC M15, COHBCBC 6S2, COHBCBC M5, COHBCBC23, COHBCBC 19, COHBCBC 26, COHBCBC 25, COHBCBCM33, COHBCBC 35 and Pusa Navabahar performed better withrespect to both drought related and yield traits. COHBCBC M15and COHBCBC 33 out performed than checks for quality parameterslike tenderness and fibre content, respectively. Hence, thesegenotypes could be used in further breeding programme.
Spectral variability for horticultural traits and spikelet sterility in induced mutant populationof Cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.]
N. M. MEGHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. K. RAMACHANDRA
The study on spectral variability for horticultural traits and spikeletsterility in induced mutant population of cluster bean [Cyamopsistetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] revealed significant variation formorphological and horticultural traits. The 190 M
4 mutant line of
cluster bean obtained from Department of BCI, College of Horticulture,Bengaluru. The ANOVA for all the mutants from field study revealedsignificant variation for all the characters except for days to 50 percent flowering. The genotypic coefficient of variation was higherthan phenotypic coefficient of variation for all the characters studied.Genotypic coefficient of variation ranged from 18.46 (days for 50 %flowering) to 49.17 (pod yield per plant). Phenotypic coefficient ofvariation ranged from 18.16 (days for 50 % flowering) to 49.05 (podyield per plant). The estimates of heritability ranged from 62.70 percent (branches per plant) to 99.60 per cent (pods per cluster and
clusters/plant). Genetic advance expressed as percentage over meanranged from 36.74 per cent (days for 50 per cent flowering) to 99.10per cent (pod yield per plant). Correlation studies revealed highlysignificant and positive association of vegetable pod yield per plant,which exhibited significant and positive correlation for all the charactersbut it is positively and non-significantly correlated with plant heightand number of branches per plant. Among all the mutants studied thesuperior mutants obtained are C
84 (368.72 g) is having highest yield per
plant, C114
(29.16 g) is having highest seed yield/plant and 100-seedweight was observed highest in the mutant E
179 (7.92 g). The following
are the 12 superior male sterile mutants observed in the present studyA
5, A
16, A
23, B
52,B
60, B
61,C
93, C
94, C
102, D
124, D
136 and D
141and the
sterility was confirmed by acetocarmine smear test. These sterile linesshall be further advanced and utilized in the hybrid development.
197
Genetic variability among Melon (Cucumis melo L.) genotypes for downy and powdery mildewdisease resistance, morphological traits and selected phytochemicals
J. SACHIN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M .SHIVAPRIYA
Melons are the most diverse species in the genus Cucumis. Geneticvariability among melons were accessed for downy and powderymildew disease resistance, morphological traits and selectedphytochemicals at the College of Horticulture, Bengaluru and fourgenotypes were found to be resistant to downy mildew and 12 werefound to be resistant to powdery mildew. In screening of melongenotypes for molecular markers linked with powdery mildewresistance, ten genotypes were having the band size same as that ofresistant check COHB38. Melon genotypes showed a wide range ofvariability for morphological traits. The PCV and GCV were high forovary length, ovary width, fruit length, fruit diameter, flesh thickness,fruit number per wine, fruit weight, total soluble solids and yield.The high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per centmean were observed for fruit morphological traits. The genotypic
correlation co-efficient was higher than phenotypic correlationco-efficient for all the fruit morphological traits. Fruit yield wassignificantly and positively correlated with fruit weight, flesh thickness,fruit diameter, fruit length and ovary length at both phenotypic andgenotypic level. Kashi Madhu had highest polyphenol, totalcarotenoids, total soluble solids, reducing sugar, total carbon, nitrogenand iron. Genotype IC321371 had highest chlorophyll-a, antioxidantactivity, total potassium, phosphorus, sulphur and zinc. IC321367had highest non reducing sugars, chlorophyll-b, magnesium andmanganese. Highest ascorbic acid content was observed in COHB03.Total calcium, magnesium and copper content are found to be equal inorange and green pulp coloured melon. Screening of melon genotypesis helpful in selecting lines for diseases resistance and superior fruittraits.
ENTOMOLOGY
Bio intensive approaches for the management of Chilli pest complex
C. MANASA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. H. TATAGAR
An investigation on evaluation of bio efficacy of local isolates ofentomopathogenic fungi against thrips and fruit borer of chilli anddevelopment of bio intensive IPM module for the management ofchilli pests was carried out at KRCCH, Arabhavi during 2017-18.Bioefficacy of local isolates of EPF was evaluated against thrips andfruit borer along with commercial formulation of EPF (UAS, Dharwad)and Azadirachtin as a check under the laboratory conditions. Thisstudy proved that local isolates were more effective than commercialformulations and Azadirachtin by registering 50 per cent mortality.The study on the development of the Biointensive IPM moduleagainst chilli pest complex was undertaken and results revealed that,
the Bio intensive module consisting of seedling treatment with rawcow milk (15 %) in combination with Trichoderma (4 g), applicationof organic sources such as neem cake (2.50 q/ha) and vermi compost(2.50 t/ha), two rows of maize as a barrier crop and marigold as trapcrop at every 16 rows of chilli, scheduled spray of Garlic ChilliKerosene extract at 5 WAT, Azadirachtin 10000 ppm+ Lecanicilliumlecanii (5X108 cfu/ml) at 9 WAT and Chlorfenapyr 10 EC at 11 WATproved to be quite effective by registering a minimum population ofthrips (0.39/leaf), mites (2.66/leaf) and fruit borer (0.32/plant) withthe maximum yield (32.40 q/ha) when compared with the recommendedplant protection measures.
Studies on biophysical and biochemical basis of resistance in Ridge gourd genotypes againstfruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) and its management
G. DEVARAJU MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GANGADHAR NARABENCHI
The present investigation on “Studies on biophysical and biochemicalbasis of resistance in ridge gourd genotypes against fruit fly, Bactroceracucurbitae (Coquillett) and its management” was carried out atUniversity of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot (Karnataka, India)during 2015-2016. Twenty ridge gourd genotypes screened againstmelon fruit fly under field conditions at the College of Horticulture,Bagalkot showed significant variation in respect of fruit damage amongthe genotypes. On the basis of reaction showed by the ridge gourdgenotypes against fruit fly damage, the eleven genotypes such asUHSBRG-5, UHSBRG-15, UHSBRG-12, UHSBRG-18, UHSBRG-19, UHSBRG-17, UHSBRG-9, UHSBRG-1, UHSBRG-6, UHSBRG-16 and UHSBRG-13 were classified under resistant category. Whereas,the genotypes such as UHSBRG-3, UHSBRG-4, UHSBRG-2,UHSBRG-14, UHSBRG-8, UHSBRG-20 and UHSBRG-7 werecategorized as moderately resistant and UHSBRG-11 and UHSBRG-
10 were classified as susceptible genotypes. Further, it was evidentfrom the correlation studies that, the genotypes categorized as resistantand moderately resistant genotypes had lesser fruit length, fruitdiameter, height of longitudinal ridges and higher fruit toughness,pericarp thickness and also lesser amount total sugars, reducing sugar,higher level of phenol, tannins and higher level of ascorbic acid contentsas compared to the genotypes which were classified under susceptiblecategory. The biophysical and biochemical traits which found to beas a sources for resistance to fruit fly can be further used as markertraits in plant breeding programmes to develop resistant ridgegourd genotypes to fruit fly. The foliar application of cyantraniliprole10.26 OD @ 1.5 ml/l and spinosad 45 SC @ 0.25 ml/l were found tobe superior over other insecticides evaluated in reducing the fruit flydamage on ridge gourd under field condition besides obtaining higherfruit yield and benefit cost ratio.
198
Studies on elite genotypes of Chilli (cv. Byadgi dabbi) against pest complex and their management
AKSHATA KURBETT MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. B. GOPALI
The studies on elite genotypes of chilli (Cv. Byadgi dabbi) againstchilli pest complex and their management was conducted during theyear 2016-17 at the Horticulture Research and Extension Centre,Devihosur (Haveri), University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot.Among 70 genotypes screened against chilli pests, four genotypesviz., BDS-02, BDS-14, BDS-32, BDS-47 exhibited moderate resistanceto thrips. Similarly, BDS - 01, BDS - 27, BDS - 41, BDS - 68 genotypeswere identified as moderately resistant against mites. Further, 24genotypes viz., showed moderately resistance to chilli fruit borer.None of the germplasm showed complete resistance to chilli pestcomplex. Evaluation of new molecules against chilli thrips revealedthat thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.20 g/l recorded maximum yield(9.55 q ha-1) and BC ratio (3.71). Similarly, spiromesifen 24 SC @ 1.0ml/l was found to be significantly superior in suppressing chilli mitepopulation by recording highest yield (11.94 q ha-1) and BC ratio
(4.23). Further, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.20 ml/l registeredmore than 90.0 per cent reduction in chilli fruit borer damage withhighest yield (11.74 q ha-1) and BC ratio (4.40). Among the differentmodules evaluated against chilli pest compex, adaptable modulecomprising of i) growing one row of marigold (1:16) as a trap cropand two rows of maize as barrier crop, ii) application of neem cake @2.5 q ha-1, iii) root dip with imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.5 ml/l for 30minutes at the time of transplanting, iv) azadirachtin 10,000 ppm @1.0 ml/l + Lacanicillium lecanii (1x108 CFU/g) @ 5 g/l, v) thiamethoxam25 WG @ 0.20 g/l vi) diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 1.0 g/l and viiChlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.2 ml/l proved to be quite effectiveagainst chilli pests and obtained higher yield (11.84 q ha-1) and BCratio (3.29). Next best module was biointensive module-M1. Thus,both bio-intensive and adoptable modules have been considered to bea sound tool of IPM.
Biophysical and biochemical basis of resistance against thrips and mites in Grapes
MANTU CHOUDHURY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. M. NADAF
An investigation on biophysical and biochemical basis of resistanceagainst thrips and mites in grapes was carried out at Sector No. 70,University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot during the year 2016-17 (fore pruning). Twelve grape genotypes were studied for incidenceof thrips and mites simultaneously along with recording thebiophysical and biochemical traits of vine. The genotypes like RedGlobe, Manjari Naveen, Sharad Seedless and Krishna Sharad werefound to be superior by recording significantly lesser thrips incidence(3.28, 3.52, 3.72 and 3.98 thrips/shoot, respectively). Whereas,Fantasy Seedless, Kishmish Rozavis white, Flame Seedless andManik Chaman clearly emerged as inferior genotypes by recordingsignificantly the highest thrips incidence (4.76, 4.60, 4.52 and 4.36thrips/shoot, respectively). Significantly the lowest mites wasrecorded in Red Globe (8.63 mites/sq. inch of leaves), whereassignificantly the highest mites was recorded in Fantasy Seedless
(14.48 mites/sq. inch of leaves). Among the biochemical traits, sugarand amino acid in leaves exhibited significant positive correlation(r= 0.837 and r= 0.927, respectively) with incidence of thrips, whilephenol and tannin in leaves showed significant negative correlation(r= -0.881 and r= -0.948, respectively). The incidence of mites wassignificant and positively correlated with amino acid and sugar (r=0.865 and r= 0.762, respectively), while phenol and tannin in leavesshowed significant negative correlation (r= -0.793 and r= -0.788,respectively). The leaf thickness varied significantly between thegenotypes of grape. Significantly higher leaf thickness was recordedwith the genotypes, Manik Chaman (141.40 µm) followed by SharadSeedless (132.60 µm). Whereas the lower leaf thickness was recordedwith genotypes Crimson seedless (110.40 µm) followed by FlameSeedless (116.20 µm). Leaf thickness exhibited a positive correlationwith the incidence of thrips.
Studies on insect pests of wild melon, Cucumis melo subsp. Agrestis (Naudin) Pangalo
S. G. SUNIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. Y. K. KOTIKAL
The present investigation entitled, “Studies on insect-pests of wildmelon, Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis (Naudin) Pangalo” was carriedout during the kharif 2016 at the Main Horticultural and Researchand Extension centre of University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot(Karnataka). The wild melon was found to be attacked by 24 speciesof insect pests and 11 species of natural enemies. Among the insectpests, nine species were defoliators, thirteen sucking pests and twotissue feeders. The effect of weather parameters on pest populationwas studied. The population of leaf miner, pumpkin beetle and thripsdid not show any significant association with any of the weatherparameters but in the case of fruit fly, the relative humidity wasfound to be negatively correlated. The studies on screening of twenty-four wild melon genotypes against major pests, indicated that leafminer infestation was least on genotypes, HUB-2, HUB-3, HUB-14and HUB-13. Whereas, genotypes HUB- 2, HUB-3 and HUB-14
recorded significantly lowest pumpkin beetle while, the lowest percent fruit fly infestation was found in genotypes, HUB-22, HUB-15,HUB-2 and HUB-16. Correlation studies on biophysical andbiochemical traits of fruit with fruit fly infestation showed that fruittoughness, number of trichomes, total phenols and tannins had negativeinfluence on fruit fly damage. Studies were also conducted to knowthe bio-efficacy of different insecticides against major insect pests.Among all the treatments, T
2 (Imidacloprid 17.8 % SL @ 0.25 ml/l-
Emamectin benzoate 5 % SG @ 0.2 g/l) was found to be the mosteffective for reducing thrips and pumpkin beetles. While the lowestfruit fly infestation of 7.53 per cent was recorded in treatmentT
5 (Diafenthiuron 50% WP @ 1.25 g/l-Azadirachtin 10000 ppm
@ 1 ml/l-cue-lure trap @ 20/ha) which recorded highest yield (14.17t/ha) and highest benefit cost ratio (3.65) being significantly superiorover other treatments.
199
Studies on seasonal incidence and management of Pomegranate fruit borer,Deudorix (= Virachola) isocrates (Fab.) during Hasta bahar
K. VANITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VENKATESHALU
The investigation on seasonal incidence and management ofpomegranate fruit borer was conducted at the Department ofEntomology, College of Horticulture, Bagalkot, Karnataka during theyear 2016-17. Studies on incidence of fruit borer on pomegranaterevealed two peaks with major peak during first week of Septemberfollowed by first week of February. Among the different newinsecticides evaluated against fruit borer on pomegranate, cyazypyr10.26 % OD @ 1.50 ml/l recorded significantly highest fruit yield(12.16 t/ha) and lowest fruit borer damage of 2.51 per cent followedby rynaxypyr 18.5% SC @ 0.30 ml/l (10.76 t/ha and 2.07 %,respectively). The next best treatments were emamectin benzoate5 % SG @ 0.25 g/l and spinosad 45 SC @ 0.25 ml/l. Spraying ofcyazypyr 10.26% OD @ 1.50 ml/l recorded highest net returns of` 7,41,100 per ha followed by rynaxypyr 18.5 % SC @ 0.30 ml/l(`. 6,38,865/ha) and emamectin benzoate 5 % SG @ 0.25 g/p
(` 5,62,563/ha). In terms of benefit cost ratio, cyazypyr 10.26 % OD@ 1.50 ml/l proved best (4.20) followed by rynaxypyr 18.5 % SC @0.30 ml/l (3.88). Among the five IPM modules formulated and evaluatedagainst fruit borer on pomegranate, M
4 - (Emamectin benzoate 5 % SG
@ 0.25 g/l - cyazypyr 10.26 % OD @ 1.5 ml/l - spinosad 45 SC @ 0.25ml/l - collection and destruction of affected fruits) recorded significantlyhighest fruit yield (15.50 t/ha) and lowest fruit borer damage (1.07 %)followed by M
3 - (Release of Trichogramma chilonis @ 2.5 lakh/ha -
cyazypyr 10.26 % OD @ 1.50 ml/l - spinosad 45 SC @ 0.25 ml/l -collection and destruction of affected fruits) (14.05 t/ha and 1.00 %,respectively). IPM module M
3 recorded highest net returns of `
10,85,491 per ha followed by M4 (` 10,16,268/ha). So, adoptable IPM
module, M3 has proved effective and can be recommended for
pomegranate to reduce fruit borer damage and safer to natural enemiesand for higher net profit during Hasta bahar.
Integrated management of root grubs in Onion ecosystem
K. T. MADHUSUDHAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. B. GOPALI
Studies on “Integrated management of root grubs in onion ecosystem”was conducted in endemic areas of Bagalkot district during the year2017-18. During the survey on root grubs, it was confirmed thatHolotrichia serrata (F.) was a major species prevailing to an extent of91.0 per cent followed by Anomala bengalensis (Blanchard) (7.0 %)and Anomala dorsalis (Fabricius) (2.0%) are the species that werefound damaging in onion crop in all the surveyed areas of Bagalkotdistrict. Among the new molecules tested against root grubs in onionecosystem, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC at 0.4 ml per litre registeredthe significantly minimum per cent mortality of onion plants(1.30 %), significantly minimum number of root grub population persquare metre area (0.53) and significantly higher yield levels (43.83 t/ha) with maximum net returns (` 3,63,571/ha) and highest BC ratio(5.86) compared to standard check, chlorpyriphos 20 EC at 10 ml perlitre. Next best new molecule was flubendiamide 480 SC at 0.4 ml per
litre. Further, study on different modules against root grubs in onionecosystem revealed that M2-adaptable module (comprising ofapplication of Metarrhizium anisopliae at 10 kg per hectare appliedthrough FYM (Farm Yard Manure) before sowing followed bychlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC at 0.4 ml per litre at the time of sowing)proved to be quite effective against root grub population in onionecosystem by registering the significantly lowest per cent mortalityof onion plants (0.91 %), significantly minimum number of root grubsper square metre area (0.64) and significantly maximum yield (40.25t/ha) with higher net returns (` 3,26,738/ha) and BC ratio (5.31).Although, M3-Chemi-intensive module bestowed with significantlyhigher yield (41.06 t/ha) but resulted in lower BC ratio (5.13).Therefore, It can be concluded that M2-Adaptable module was foundto be most effective, economical, eco-friendly and easily adoptableby the farming community.
Integrated management of sucking pests of Capsicum under protected cultivation
MIRALA SRUTHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. B. GOPALI
Studies on “Integrated management of sucking pests of capsicum underprotected cultivation” were conducted during the year 2017-18 at theCollege of Horticulture, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot.Among the various insecticides tested against capsicum thrips,thiamethoxam 25 WG at 0.20 g per litre recorded significantly maximumyield (47.80 t ha-1) and BC ratio (2.86). Similarly for the managementof mites, spraying of vertimec 1.9 EC at 0.5 ml per litre was found to besignificantly superior in recording highest yield (47.76 t ha-1) and BCratio (2.82). Among the different modules evaluated against suckingpests of capsicum, M
1-Bio-intensive module comprising of i) both
neemcake and vermicompost application at 50 g per plant each at 30days interval from transplanting to flowering stage and root dip withimidacloprid 17.8 SL at 0.5 ml per litre for 30 min at the time of
transplanting, ii) azadirachtin 10000 ppm at 1.0 ml per litre +Lecanicillium lecani at 5.0 g per litre, iii) spraying of Pseudomonasfluorescens at 5.0 g per litre, iv) chilli-garlic extract at 0.5 per cent,v) azadirachtin 10000 ppm at 1.0 ml per litre + Lecanicilium lecani at5.0 g per litre, vi) cyantraniliprole 10.26 OD at 1.5 ml per litre,vii) ecomite at 3.0 ml per litre, viii) azadirachtin 10000 ppm at 1.0 mlper litre + Lecanicilium lecani at 5.0 g per litre and ix) ecomite at 3.0 mlper litre proved to be significantly quite effective against capsicumsucking pests and obtaining higher yield (54.53 t ha-1), higher net returns(` 2171810 ha-1) and BC ratio (2.97) as compared to recommendedplant protection. Thus bio-intensive module has been considered to bea sound IPM tool which is socially acceptable, ecologically balanced,easily adaptable and sustainable.
200
Development and evaluation of formulations of Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson against Spodopteralitura (Fabricius) on Cabbage
RASHMI S. HAGARAGUND MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. H. RAMANAGOUDA
The present investigation on development and evaluation of formulationsof Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson against Spodoptera litura(Fabricius) was carried out at the Bio control laboratory, Departmentof Entomology, Kittur Rani Chanamma College of Horticulture(KRCCH), Arabhavi during 2017-18. A total of 26 different formulations(edible oil, talc powder and combination of edible oil + talc powder) ofN. rileyi were developed and screened against laboratory reared thirdinstar larvae of S. litura. Among all the formulations tested againstS. litura, the formulations of groundnut oil recorded highest meanmortality of 83.33 per cent followed by combination of groundnut oil+ rice grain (80.00 %), combination of groundnut oil + wheat grain(73.33 %), mustard oil + rice grain (73.33 %), combination of mustardoil + ragi grain (70.00 %) and mustard oil + wheat grain (70.00 %). Themost of the formulations of N. rileyi developed were recorded morethan 50.00 per cent mean mortality of S. litura under laboratory
conditions. Four best formulations (groundnut oil formulation,combination of groundnut oil + rice grain, mustard oil + rice grain andmustard oil + wheat grain) of N. rileyi were tested for their virulenceunder different storage period (3 months) and temperature. The storage
of selected formulations in refrigerator (4 °C) and mud pot filled withwet sand recorded the highest mortality of S. litura compared to
storage under room temperature (27.0 ± 1.0 °C) and incubator
conditions (35 °C) after three months of storage period and storageconditions. Further, selected formulations of N. rileyi were evaluatedagainst S. litura on cabbage under semi-field condition. Among the differentformulations of N. rileyi, the maximum mean per cent mortality wasrecorded in the groundnut oil (31.73 %) followed by combination ofgroundnut oil + rice grain (29.07 %), mustard oil + rice grain (27.20 %)and mustard oil + wheat grain (27.47 %) formulations. However, it isinferior to the NSKE (39.20 %) and indoxacarb 14.5 % SC (69.07 %).
Development and evaluation of pest management modules against major insect pests of Watermelon
N. SAVITHA MAJOR ADVISORY: Dr. GANGADHAR NARABENCHI
The present investigation on the development and evaluation of pestmanagement modules against major insect pests of watermelon wasconducted during 2017-18 at the University of Horticultural Sciences,Bagalkot (Karnataka). Field evaluation of new molecules of insecticidesand biorationals against major insect pests of watermelon revealed that,three sprays of cyantraniliprole 10.26 OD @ 1.5 ml/l at seven daysinterval was found to be superior in managing most of the major insectpests viz., thrips, leaf miner, whitefly and fruit fly occurring onwatermelon throughout experimental period, besides safer to coccinellidsand spiders prevailing in the cropping ecosystem. Further, it recordedhighest yield (52.68 t/ha) and BC ratio (3.32). It was followed byapplication of acephate 75 SP @ 1 g/l with yield of 41.65 t/ha and BCratio (3.17). Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.2 g/l and diafenthiuron 50 WP@ 1 g/l which also provided significant control of these pests. Of thedifferent biorationals, spinosad 45 SC @ 0.2 ml/l recorded relatively
higher yield of 41.84 t/ha with the benefit cost ratio of 3.11 andazadirachtin 10,000 ppm @ 1 ml/l recorded yield of 39.65 t/ha with theBC ratio of 3.01 besides offering good control and safety to naturalenemies. Among the different pest management modules evaluatedagainst major insect pests, adaptable module comprising of installationof yellow sticky trap @ 8 traps/acre at 15 days after transplantationfollowed by single spray of azadirachtin 10,000 ppm @ 1 ml/l at 15DAT, cyantraniliprole 10.26 OD @ 1.5 ml/l at 25 DAT, Lecanicilliumlecanii (2×108 CFU/g) @ 2 g/l at 35 DAT and diafenthiuron 50 WP @1 g/l at 45 DAT proved to be quite effective in managing major pests ofwatermelon by obtaining higher yield (44.89 t/ha) and BC ratio (3.16).Next best module was chemi-intesive module with the yield of 45.32 t/ha and BC ratio of 3.15 thus, adoptable module can be considered torecommend to watermelon growers as it was found to be effective,economical and relatively safer module.
Development and evaluation of formulations of Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimm.) Zare and Games againstMyzus persicae (Sulzer)
Y. B. VARUN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. H. RAMANAGOUDA
The research entitled “Development and evaluation of formulationsof Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimm.) Zare and Games against Myzuspersicae (Sulzer)” was carried out at the Bio control laboratory,Department of Entomology, Kittur Rani Chanamma College ofHorticulture (KRCCH) Arabhavi, UHS, Bagalkot during 2017-18.The objectives of present investigation were development andlaboratory evaluations of formulations, virulence of formulations ofL. lecanii and evaluation of their effectiveness in controlling M. persicaein field condition. Among the 26 formulations screened, theformulations of ground nut and sesamum oil recorded highest meanmortality of 96.66 per cent followed by sunflower oil (95 %), coconutoil (94.15 %) and mustard oil (93.33 %). However, most of theformulations of L. lecanii developed recorded more than 81.50 %mean mortality of M. persicae under laboratory conditions. Thevirulence of four selected formulations of L. lecanii were highest inthe sesamum and groundnut oil based formulations followed bygroundnut oil in combination with rice grain based formulation at
different storage condition and storage period. The storage of selectedformulations in refrigerator and mud pot filled with wet sand recordedthe highest mortality of M. persicae compared to storage under roomtemperature and incubator conditions after three months of storage.Further, selected formulations of L. lecanii were evaluated againstM. persicae under semi field and field conditions. Among the selectedformulations, the maximum per cent reduction M. persicae wasrecorded in sesamum oil followed by groundnut oil, combination ofgroundnut oil with rice grain, rice grain alone and commercialformulation of L. lecanii. However, Imidacloprid and NSKE treatmentsrecorded highest per cent reduction of M. persicae as compared toselected formulations of L. lecanii. Considering the cost of cultivationand the gross returns in different treatments, the benefit cost ratioand net returns was calculated. Among the different treatments,Imidacloprid recorded highest net returns and benefit cost ratio while,sesamum oil formulation of L. lecanii recorded highest net returns andBC ratio as compared to other selected formulations of L. lecanii.
201
Thrips fauna, survey, seasonal incidence and management in Floribunda Rose
K.S. SHARATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PRASAD KUMAR
Present investigations on “Thrips Fauna, Survey, Seasonal Incidenceand Management in Floribunda Rose” was conducted in Mysuru andBengaluru region. Among the three species of thrips, Thrips palmiKarny, Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) and Scirtothrips dorsalisHood found on rose ecosystem, Scirtothrips dorsalis was found to bea predominant species in the present investigation. Results of fieldsurvey carried out in Mysuru locality revealed that, the highest numberof thrips 16.20 per compound leaf and 42.00 per flower was observedin K. R. Nagaraduring the month of March. Similarly, in Bengalurulocality, the highest number of thrips 19.30 per compound leaf and53.50 per flower observed in IIHR polyhouse condition in the monthof March. The highest per cent thrips damage of 98.57 and 99.51wasrecorded on top leaves in K. R. Nagara and IIHR polyhouse condition,respectively during the month of March. Similarly, in the case flower,
the maximum percentage of damage was also observed during themonth of March both in Mysuru (79.03 %) and Bengaluru region(82.93 %). In respect of the seasonal incidence of thrips, the highestpercentage of top leaves damage (98.43), thrips population on flower(48.75/flower) and flower damage (84.17 %) was recorded in secondfortnight of March. Maximum and minimum temperature had apositive correlation with thrips damage on leaves and flower and alsowith thrips population. Whereas relative humidity and rainfall hadnegative effect. Among the different insecticides evaluated against thripson rose in open field condition, the Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.2 ml/l found tobe most cost effective in terms of reducing the thrips populationsignificantly besides having highest BC ratio (1:12.10) followed bydiafenthiuron 50 WP @ 1.20 g/l (1:9.0) and thiamethoxam 25 WG @0.20 g/l (1:8.4).
Studies on seasonal incidence of major pests of Capsicum (Capsicum annum L.) and developmentof IPM modules for thrips, mites and fruit borers
IMTIYAJ C. CHANGAPURI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. THULASI RAM
The studies were conducted at the Horticulture Research andExtension Centre, Hogalgere, Srinivaspura (Tq.), Kolar (Dt.),Karnataka. During the study, thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood) andmite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks) were prevalent throughoutthe cropping season reaching peak population at 75 DAT (3.75/leafand 3.42/leaf, respectively) and damage at 120 DAT (3.44). Aphidsand whitefly were rarely encountered during the study period. Fruitdamage by gall midge (14.40 to 25.01 %) and fruit borers (10.67 to21.10 %) was recorded from 45 DAT onwards. Natural enemiesrecorded during the study period were coccinellids viz., Coccinellaseptumpunctata (Linnaeus), Coccinella transversalis Fabricius,Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius) and Illeiscincta Fabricius,Chrysopid, Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi, Reduviid bug, Rhynocorisfuscipes Fabricius, Pentatomid bug Eocanthecina furcellata (Wolff)and unidentified spiders. Among five modules tested against thrips,
mites and fruit borers, Module-2 which comprised of neem cake (250kg/ha), vermicompost (2.5 t/ha), seedling drenching with thiamethoxam25 WDG (0.3 g/l); marigold trap crop (1:16); two rows of maizeborder crop; yellow and blue sticky traps (120/ha); fipronil 5 SC (1.5ml/l) at 15 DAT; fenazaquin 10 EC (2 ml/l) at 25 DAT; spinosad 45SC (0.2 ml/l) and Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera liturapheromone traps (10 each /ha) at 35 DAT; chlorfenapyr 5 EC (1 ml/l) and IIHR vegetable special (5 g/l) at 45 DAT; indoxacarb 15.8 EC(0.5 ml/l) at 55 DAT; IIHR vegetable special (5 g/l) at 60 DAT;thiamethoxam 25 WDG (0.3 g/l) at 65 DAT; emamectin benzoate 5SG (0.1 g/l) and IIHR vegetable special (5g/l) at 75 DAT; diafenthiuron50 WP (1.0 g/l) at 85 DAT and NSKE (5%) at 95 DAT has recordedlowest thrips, mites, gall midge and fruit yield (20.67 t/ha) next onlyto farmers practice (Module-5: 21.31 t/ha) and registered highest BCratio (3.61) among the five modules developed.
Studies on seasonal incidence, varietal screening and management of major insect pests ofFrench bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
NIVEDITHA N. JOOGER MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. ASWATHANARAYANA REDDY
Studies on seasonal incidence, varietal screening and management ofmajor insect pests of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) wereconducted in open field condition with protective irrigation atHorticulture Research and Extension Centre, Hogalagere,Srinivasapura taluk, Kolar district, Karnataka during kharif 2017.Twelve species of insect pests belonging to orders Lepidoptera (2species), Hemiptera (6 species), Thyasanoptera (1 species),Coleoptera (2 species) and Diptera (1 species) were recorded onFrench bean. Peak activity of thrips (Megalurothrips usitatus Bagnall)was noticed during 44th standard meterological week (SMW) andHelicoverpa armigera (Hübner) during 44thSMW. Maximum activityof Myllocerus discolour F. was observed during 39th SMW andClavigralla gibbosa Spinola during 43rd SMW. Peak activity ofAnoplocnemis phasiana F. and Eurybrachys tomentosa F. during 44th
SMW. Incidence of Maruca vitrata (Geyer) damage was peak during
43rd SMW. Minimum temperature and morning and evening relativehumidity had positive correlation with incidence of M. usitatus. Theincrease in morning and evening relative humidity had positivecorrelation with H. armigera, Myllocerus discolor and pod bugs(C. gibbosa, A. phasiana and E. tomentosa). Population of M. vitratahad positive correlation with rainfall, morning and evening humidity.Among different genotypes evaluated, L7P1 recorded maximum greenpod yield (11.56 kg/ 4 m2) as well as lower per cent flower (12.18) andpod damage (5.29) by M. vitrata, followed by Arka suvidha (11.11 kg/4 m2) and L5P1 (10.88 kg/4 m2) compared to remaining genotypes. Themaximum pod yield (10.98 t/ha) and minimum infestation (52.36 %)by M. vitrata was recorded in thiamethoxam 25 WG (0.25 g/l), followedby spinosad 45 SC (0.3 ml/l) and profenophos 50 EC (2 ml/l) overother treatments. The CB ratio was highest in profenophos 50 EC(1:4.81) and thiamethoxam 25 WG (1:4.35) treatments.
202
FRUIT SCIENCE
Evaluation of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties for growth, yield and quality underhigh density planting
R. KAVITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Mr. K. H. NATARAJA
A field experiment was conducted to study the performance of differentvarieties of mango under high density planting during the year 2017-18at the Department of Fruit Science, Kittur Rani Channamma Collegeof Horticulture, Arabhavi, University of Horticulture Sciences,Bagalkot. Five varieties viz., Alphonso, Amrapali, Kesar, Mallikaand Totapuri were planted at a spacing of 3 x 2 m. Among the varietiesevaluated the maximum plant height (2.32 m), stem girth (6.86 cm)and number of tertiary branches (24.99) was recorded in Alphonso,plant spread in both North-South (219.80 cm) and East-West (210.12cm) directions and canopy volume (3.78 m3) was recorded maximumin Kesar. The maximum number of panicles (79.79) and panicle lengthafter the completion of flowering (40.22 cm) was recorded in Kesarand panicle width (28.17 cm), number of hermaphrodite flowers perpanicle (260) and fruit set (6.80 %) was maximum in Totapuri. Themaximum fruit weight (386.00 g), fruit length (13.38), fruit breadth(7.92 cm), fruit volume (383.00 cc), pulp weight (200.33 g), pulp to
peel ratio (6.35) and pulp to stone ratio (6.23) are recorded in Mallika.Peel weight (19.87 g), stone width (3.01 cm) and stone weight(20.04 g) was recorded minimum in Amrapali and stone length(6.72 cm) was recorded minimum in Alphonso. The maximum numberof fruits per plant (48.10) was recorded in Kesar whereas, fruit yieldper plant (10.15 kg) and per hectare (16.91 t) was recorded maximumin Mallika. The highest TSS (16.23 0B), low acidity (0.18 %), higherTSS : acid ratio (92.05), maximum reducing sugars (6.22 %), nonreducing sugars (15.92 %) and total sugars (22.14 %) were recordedin Mallika. In orgenoleptic characters the pulp colour (8.42 score)was found superior in Alphonso whereas, pulp taste (8.17), aroma(7.83) and overall acceptability (8.08) got highest score in Mallika.The incidence of pest and disease was minimum in Totapuri. Overallamong the varieties evaluated, Mallika is suitable for high densityplanting as it shows medium vigorous growth with high yield andgood quality fruits.
Studies on macropropagation in Red banana (Musa AAA)
H. A. KIRAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Mr. K. H. NATARAJA
The present investigation entitled “Studies on macropropagation inRed banana (Musa AAA)” was carried out during 2017-18 at theDepartment of Fruit Science, Kittur Rani Channamma College ofHorticulture, Arabhavi, University of Horticultural Sciences,Bagalkot, Karnataka. Kamalapur Red banana is a geographicalindicator crop and getting more popular in Karnataka. As demandfor red banana planting materials is increasing, there is an urgentneed for the production of low cost disease free healthy plantingmaterials. In correspond to this problem studies were conducted toknow the effect of different substrate, growth hormones and bioagents on plantlet regeneration in red banana through macropropagation. Among different substrates, potting media [soil + FYM(2:1)] (T
1) showed significantly best result in terms of number of
days taken for first bud emergence (24.40), number of primary buds
per corm (3.40), number of plantlets after secondary decapitation(6.26) and total number of plantlets per corm (9.80). Among differentgrowth chemicals and bio-agents treatments, potting media BAPtook less number of days for first bud emergence (27 days) whereas,treatment combination of VAM + BAP + P. fluorescens +T. harzianum (T
10) recorded maximum of primary buds per corm
(3.93), number of plantlets after secondary decapitation (12.26),total number of plantlets per corm (15.58) and took less number ofdays for secondary decapitation (49.43). Root colonisation (98 %)and number of chlamydospores/50 g of soil (1008) of VAM alsorecorded more in T
10 Population of T. harzianum, P. fluorescens and
A. brasiliense were recorded maximum (9×106 cfu/g, 6×106 cfu/g and4×106 cfu/g, respectively) in the treatments where these microbesare inoculated alone, respectively.
Studies on vegetative propagation in Rambutan (Nephilium lappaceum L.)
PANCHAAL BHATTACHARJEE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. SAKTHIVEL
Being a crop of exotic origin, the area expansion of rambutan is significantlyrelied on the supply of quality planting material. Studies on Vegetativepropagation in Rambutan (Nephilium lappaceum L.) were carried out inorder to standardize suitable vegetative propagation technique (viz.budding, air layering, grafting) and a micro propagation protocol for invitro rambutan rootstock multiplication. The experiments were conductedat two different locations during 2017-18. Investigations on budding, airlayering, grafting techniques in rambutan was carried out at CentralHorticultural Experiment Station (CHES), Chettalli, Kodagu, Karnataka.Whereas, the micro-propagation experiments of rambutan was carriedout in the plant tissue culture laboratory at ICAR-IIHR, Bengaluru,Karnataka. Patch budding was the best among the three different buddingmethods viz. patch, forkert and chip budding carried out with significantlyhigher rate of budding success (70.00 %), minimum days taken forsprouting (36.86 days) andsignificantly lowest rate of mortality(6.28 %). In air layering, among the two different rooting media substrates
used coir fibre was better than coco peatin terms of success in rooting(22.50 %), survival (53.12 %). Amid of the different concentration ofIBA was tried, significantly better response was observed in treatmentof IBA 2500ppm. Within the interaction treatments, M
1T
1-Coir fibre
with IBA 2500 ppm was significantly the best treatment with highestpercent success of rooting (37.21 %), higher numbers of primary roots(13.33), and higher percentage of survival (87.50 %). Approach graftingmethod was superior among different methods of grafting studied withmaximum rate of graft success (72.86 %), minimum days required forsprouting (46.29 days) and higher number of sprouted bud (4.29) alongwith a very low mortality rate (5.87 %). In micro-propagation studies9different types of rambutan explants were tried, single nodal segmentsfrom both lab grown current season seedlings and one year old seedlingsshowed better survival rate of 46.67 and 43.33 per cent, respectively.Surface sterilization of the explants was effectively achieved when treatedwith Carbendazim 50 WP (2 %, 30 min) + Gentamicin (2000 ppm,
203
Effect of plant geometry and nutrients on growth, yield and quality of Guava(Psidium guajava L.) cv. Sardar
M. BHAGYASHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NAGESH NAIK
Field experiment was conducted to study effect of spacing andnutrients on growth, yield and quality of guava cv. Sardar, during theyear 2017-18 at the Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture,Arabhavi, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot. Significantlyhighest plant height, stem girth, plant spread (N-S and E-W), canopyvolume maximum number of secondary and tertiary branches were recordedin wider spacing 6 x 6 m. Total number of flowers per plant, fruit weight,pulp weight, seed weight, pulp to seed ratio and yield per plant were foundto be significantly higher in spacing of 6 x 6 m, which was followed by6 x 3 m, whereas significantly highest yield per hectare was found in thecloser spacing (2 x 1 m). Significantly higher TSS, ascorbic acid, brix acidratio and lower titratable acidity was recorded in 6 x 6 m spacing. Highestvalues for plant height, stem girth, plant spread (N-S and E-W), canopy
volume and maximum number of secondary and tertiary branches werefound in F
1 (200:80:150 g NPK/ plant). The treatment F
1 (200:80:150 g
NPK/ plant) nutrition showed significantly minimum days taken for flowerinitiation, maximum number of flowers per plant, per cent fruit set, yieldper plant, yield per hectare, fruit weight, pulp weight, seed weight andpulp to seed ratio. Significantly highest TSS, ascorbic acid, brix acid ratioand lowest titratable acidity was recorded in the F
1 (200:80:150 g NPK/
plant) nutrition. The treatment S5F
1 (6 x 6 m spacing with 200:80:150 g
NPK/plant) recorded significantly highest plant height, per cent fruit set,TSS, ascorbic acid, brix acid ratio and lowest titratable acidity wasrecorded in the S
5F
1 (6 x 6 m spacing with 200:80:150 g NPK/plant)
nutrition. Significantly highest yield per hectare was recorded in theS
1F
1 (2 x 1 m spacing with 200:80:150 g NPK/plant) nutrition.
Innovations on suitability of wrapping materials for scion storage and its impact on grafting successin Jamun (Syzygium cuminii Skeels) cv. AJG-85
VIJAYALAXMI UDDAPPA KANKALI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NAGESH NAIK
An experiment on effect of different wrapping materials, storageconditions and duration of storage of jamun scion sticks on graftingsuccess was conducted during the year 2017-18 at the Kittur RaniChannamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi, University ofHorticultural Sciences, Bagalkot. Among the wrapping materials, thescion sticks stored in 100 gauge polythene sheet recorded minimumphysiological loss in weight (PLW) of scions, less spoilage per centand least number of days taken for sprouting. Whereas maximumvalues for graft success, graft survival and all the growth parameters likenumber of sprouts, number of leaves, graft height and length of sproutsat 30, 60 and 90 days after grafting (DAG) were recorded in scion sticksstored in 100 gauge polythene sheet followed by sticks stored in wetcotton cloth + 100 gauge polythene sheet. With respect to storageconditions, the scion sticks stored under refrigerated condition recordedminimum PLW and less spoilage per cent, maximum graft success, graftsurvival percent and all the growth parameters like number of sprouts,
number of leaves, height of the grafts and length of sprouts at 30, 60 and90 DAG. However, minimum number of days for new sprout initiationwas recorded in scion sticks stored under ambient condition. Theinteraction effects of different storage period and conditions, the sticksstored in 100 gauge polythene sheet under refrigerated condition for twodays got maximum values for graft success (70.63 %), graft survival(61.26 %) and all the growth parameters like number of sprouts (6.85),number of leaves (16.70), graft height (46.67 cm) and length of sprouts(6.5 cm) at 90 days after grafting. The least values for graft success(12.59 %), graft survival (12.14 %) and growth parameters like numberof leaves (5.06) and graft height (19.13 cm) was recorded by the scionsticks stored without any wrapping material under ambient condition for6 days. Whereas; least number of sprouts (1.98) and length of sprouts(2.01 cm) were recorded in scion sticks stored in wet news paper underambient condition followed by sticks stored without any wrappingmaterial under ambient condition for 6 days at 90 DAG.
20 min) + Mercuric Chloride (0.1 %, 5 min) with a lower rate ofcontamination (31.67 %), higher survival rate (61.67 %). Ascorbic acid(0.05 %) + 0.5 % PVP + 2 % Sucrose proved to be the best treatmentto reduce phenolic browning (10.00 %), with a higher (85.55 %) rate ofsurvival. Best media for shoot initiation was found to be WPM + BAP(2 mg/l) in both nodal explants from lab grown current season seedlingand one year old seedling sources, exhibiting 91.67 and 86.67 per centof survival, respectively with least numbers of days (9.33 and 9 days,
respectively) required to initiate shoot growth. GA3 was found effective
for the purpose of shoot elongation at a concentration of 2 mg/l, theshoots were significantly longer (3.18 cm) with highest mean diameterof shoot (0.46 cm). Best in vitro rooting was achieved with MS + IBA(4 mg/l) + IAA (4 mg/l), in terms of highest rooting (78.33 %) withlesser days required for root initiation (38.67 days) and rooted plantletswere successfully hardened by transferring them to plastic cupscontaining coco peat.
Effect of zinc and boron on growth, yield and quality of Jamun (Syzygiumcumini Skeels)
G. N. HEMAVATHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S.V. PATIL
Jamun is indigenous important minor fruit crop and belongs tomyrtaceace family. Major constraint in jamun cultivation is irregularbearing or cropping periodicity due to staggered or erratic floweringbehaviour and heavy fruit drop which leads to considerable loss oftheir production potential.This deserves for research on “Effect ofzinc and boron on growth, yield and quality of jamun (Syzygiumcumini Skeels)”. The field experiment was conducted at the RegionalHorticultural Research and Extension Centre, University ofHorticultural Sciences Campus, GKVK, Bengaluru during October,2017 to June, 2018.The design adopted for the study was RandomizedComplete Block Design with nine treatments and three replication.
The foliar application of 0.50 % ZnSO4 + 0.20 % Boron treatment
combination has recorded maximum increment in plant height (53.57cm), plant spread in N-S direction (48.47 cm) and E-W direction(49.40 cm). Maximum stem height (0.44 m), canopy height (4.44 m),number of new flushes (256.60), number of panicleper plant (223.33),number of flowers per panicle (55.67), length of flowering panicle(16.50 cm), fruit set per panicle (42.33 %), yield per plant (48.63 kg)was higher in 0.50 % ZnSO
4 + 0.20% Boron. Further, the quality
parameters of fruits such as higher total sugar (8.14 %) and reducingsugar (6.54 %) of fruits was significantly improved with the abovesaid combination of micronutrients.
204
Evaluation of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) genotypes for growth, yield and quality under northerndry zone of Karnataka
TULASIGERI GUNNANNAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. P. PRAKASH
A study on evaluation of papaya (Carica papaya L.) for growth,
yield and quality parameters under northern dry zone (Zone 3) of
Karnataka was carried out at the Haveli Fruit Orchard, University of
Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka during May 2016 to May
2017 with 6 papaya varieties viz., Red Lady, Arka Surya, Arka Prabhat,
Vinayaka, Coorg Honey Dew and Amrita. Among the genotypes
evaluated, the highest plant height (146.15 cm), number of leaves
(29.50), number of flowers (172.07), average number of flowers per
plant (103.11) and average number of fruits per plant (25.71) was
recorded in the variety Amrita. The maximum plant girth (41.39 cm),
early flowering (72.64 days), early fruit formation (79.79 days), early
fruit harvesting (134.54 days) and minimum crop duration (214.34
days) was recorded in the variety Red Lady. The highest internodal
length and maximum number of fruits was recorded in the genotype
Coorg Honey Dew (7.29 cm) Vinayaka (36.31), respectively. The
important characters like maximum fruit weight (2.36 kg), yield per
plant (53.30 kg), fruit length in (23.46 cm), fruit diameter (12.69 cm),
pulp thickness (3.20 cm), the highest estimated yield per hectare
(164.46 t/ha) was recorded in the genotype Vinayaka. The maximum
fruit breadth (17.23 cm), maximum level of total soluble solids (9.600brix), acidity (0.16 %), fruit colour and appearance (7.82), pulp
colour (8.68), taste and flavour (8.31), over all acceptability highest
score (8.29) was recorded in the variety Red Lady. The maximum
cavity diameter (7.52 cm) and shelf life (8.11 days) was recorded in
the variety Arka Prabhat. Among the genotypes evaluated, Vinayaka
performed best with respect to yield and genotype Red Lady was
found to be best with respect to quality under northern dry zone of
Karnataka.
Studies on tissue culture propagation in Banana cv. Rajapuri bale (Musa spp., AAB group)
AMAN THAPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. PRABHULING
Banana (Musa spp.) cv. Rajapuri Bale (AAB) is a popular cultivarof banana grown in northern parts of Karnataka especially inBagalkot, Vijaypur and Belagavi. The demand for the plantingmaterial of this cultivar is high and tissue cultured plantlets are notavailable because of the inherent problem in the initial establishmentof the culture and multiplication rate is also low. For facilitatinglarge scale multiplication of this cultivar, the present investigationwas carried out using different antioxidants and cytokinins to enhanceshoot proliferation. In the present experiment, shoot tip explantswere cultured on MS basal medium supplemented with differentkind and concentrations of antioxidants (ascorbic acid, citric acid,activated charcoal and dark incubation). Among the differenttreatments, ascorbic acid at 225 mg/l resulted in effective control ofbrowning (0 - no browning), higher number of sprouts per explants(0.33) and the highest aseptic culture establishment (40 %). However,least polyphenol oxidase activity (39.55 unit/ml/min) and days taken
for bud sprouting (21 days) were recorded with dark incubationfollowed by ascorbic acid (225 mg/l). Multiple shoot clump explantsinoculated on MS basal medium fortified with different kinds andconcentrations of cytokinins (6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP),Thiadiazuron (TDZ) and BAP with α- Naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA). Among different cytokinins, BAP 4.00 mg/l was found bestfor shoot growth parameters like per cent regeneration (100 %),days taken for bud sprouting (5.41), number of shoots per explant(3.13), number of leaves per shoot (2.07), shoot length (4.72 cm),chlorophyll content and fresh weight of the plantlets (3374.80 mg/plantlet). The results obtained using RAPD markers showed 94.08per cent monomorphism and 5.92 per cent polymorphism whichwas under the permissible limit. The exposure of banana culturesduring in vitro culture to different concentrations of antioxidantsand cytokinins was found to be not associated with the risk ofgenetic instability as revealed by RAPD markers.
Studies on effect of plant growth regulators and chemical on induction of flowering duringHasta bahar in acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle)
OBADIYA RAI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. N. PATIL
A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of plantgrowth regulators and chemical viz. GA
3, cycocel, and KNO
3 on
flowering and fruiting of acid lime at the Horticulture Research Station,Tidagundi in Vijayapur district during 2017-18. The experiment waslaid out in a split plot design with two main treatments (Phule Sharbatiand Sai Sarbati) and nine sub plot treatments. The results revealedthat GA
3 @ 50 ppm during June (S
1) showed significant and positive
influence on vegetative parameters viz. plant height (3.59 m), north tosouth canopy spread (4.27 m), canopy volume (28.53 m3) and shootlength at flowering (13.00 cm). However, reproductive parameterslike number of flowers per shoot (8.18), number of fruits per tree
(416.66), initial fruit set (54.74 %) and fruit retention (39.73 %) wasrecorded maximum with the application of GA
3 @ 50 ppm during
June - Cycocel @ 1000 ppm during Sept followed by KNO3 @ 2 %
during October (S6). The maximum days to flowering was recorded in
S1 (153.16) with GA
3 @ 50 ppm during June and the minimum days
taken to fruit set in S6.
Economics and quality parameters of acid limehave enhanced with GA
3 @ 50 ppm during June - Cycocel @ 1000
ppm during September - KNO3 2 % during October resulting in highest
titrable acidity (7.19 %) and total soluble solids (7.25 º Brix), decreasedrind thickness (1.46 mm), seed weight (0.62 g) and number of seedsper fruit (8.06) and the highest benefit cost ratio (3.75).
205
Effect of foliar application of gibberellic acid (GA3) and nutrients on yield and quality of Pomegranate
(Punica granatum L.) cv. Bhagwa under northern dry zone of Karnataka
M. G. DEEPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. N. PATILThe investigation was conducted in the farmer’s field of Tulsigirivillage, in taluk and district of Bagalkot during 2017-18 with anobjective to study the effect of foliar application of gibberellic acidand nutrients on yield and quality of pomegranate cv. Bhagwa. Theexperiment consisted of sixteen treatments with three replicationslaid out in Randomized Block Design and spray was taken at 45, 90,103, 135 days after fruit set. Among the different treatments, foliarapplication of GA
3 @ 100 ppm + CaCl
2 2 % + Borax 0.2 % + MgSO
4
0.5% has recorded the highest fruit length (93.74 mm), fruit diameter(92.38 mm), fruit volume (387.63 ml), number of arils (594.60), totalaril weight (232.98 g), peel weight (136.02 g), fruit weight (363.55 g),yield per plant (28.90 kg) and yield per hectare (21.38 t/ha) comparedto control which recorded lowest yield (16.57 t/ha) and yield attributes.The quality parameters of pomegranate viz., high total sugar (15.73%),reducing sugar (15.33 %), total soluble solids (15.70 °Brix) and juice
(44.66 %), highest shelf life (29.00 days) and lowest physiologicalloss in weight (10.30 %) were also recorded in GA
3 @ 100 ppm +
CaCl2 2 % + Borax 0.2 % + MgSO
4 0.5 % and the highest physiological
loss in weight (14.29 %) and minimum shelf life (21.22 days) wasrecorded in control. The highest calcium (1.65 g/L) and boron (1.47mg/l) were recorded in T
11 - GA
3 @ 100 ppm + CaCl
2 - 2 % + Borax
- 0.2 % and T15
- GA3 @ 100 ppm + CaCl
2 2 % + Borax 0.2 % +
MgSO4 0.5 %, respectively, where as lowest were found in
T16
(Control). The highest total income (` 8,55,498.5), net income(` 6,52,908.4) and benefit cost ratio (4.22:1) was recorded in thetreatment GA
3 @ 100 ppm + CaCl
2 2 % + Borax 0.2 % + MgSO
4
0.5 %. Among the different treatments, the plants treated with GA3
@ 100 ppm + CaCl2 2 % + Borax 0.2% + MgSO
4 0.5 % influenced the
improved fruit growth, increased yield, better quality and benefitcost ratio as compared to other treatments.
Studies on bio-hardening in tissue culture propagated Banana plantlets
T. P. FERAH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. PRABHULING
Micropropagated plants experience high mortality during laboratoryto land transfer. Inorder to improve growth and reduce mortality atthis stage, bio-hardening holds great promise. Two banana cultivarsnamely Rajapuri Bale and Ney Poovan were treated with differentcombinations of bioagents viz., Azospirillum lipoferum, Bacillusmegaterium, Trichoderma harzianum, Pseudomonas fluorescens andVAM during primary and secondary hardening. There were 18treatment combinations of which the first nine treatments wereimposed to Rajapuri cultivar and the remaining to Ney Poovan cultivarduring primary hardening. The best four treatments of each of thecultivars from primary hardening were carried forward for secondaryhardening with and without further augmentation. Among the differentbioagent treatments, the best four treatments from primary hardeningin Rajapuri Bale were combinations of A. lipoferum + VAM, A.lipoferum + B. megaterium, A. lipoferum + T. harzianum and A.lipoferum + B. megaterium + T. harzianum. Whereas, in Ney Poovanthe best treatments were A. lipoferum + B. megaterium, A. lipoferum+ T. harzianum, A. lipoferum + B. megaterium + T. harzianum and A.lipoferum + B. megaterium + P. fluorescens (All bioagents were used
at 1 g/planlets, except VAM 2 g/plantlets). For secondary hardening,four best treatments were carried forward as such from primaryhardening and the remaining four were further augmented withbioagents during secondary hardening (2 g each, except VAM 5 g). Inaddition to the growth parameters, major nutrient concentration,microbial count and VAM colonization were recorded. The results ofsecondary hardening revealed that the combinations of A. lipoferum 2g/plantlet + VAM 5 g/plantlet and A. lipoferum @ 2 g/plantlet + B.megaterium @ 2 g/plantlet + T. harzianum @ 2 g/plantlet in RajapuriBale was found to be the best treatment. Whereas, in Ney Poovancultivar combination of A. lipoferum @ 2 g/plantlet + B. megaterium@ 2 g/plantlet + T. harzianum @ 2 g/plantlet and A. lipoferum @ 2 g/plantlet + B. megaterium @ 2 g/plantlet + P. fluorescens @ 2 g/plantlet was recorded to be the best among the treatments in improvingthe growth and nutrient concentration. It is evident that the growthand nutrient uptake can be improved in both the cultivars using A.lipoferum and T. harzianum (1 g each/plantlet) during primaryhardening and further augmentation with A. lipoferum + B. megaterium+ T. harzianum (2 g each/plantlet) during secondary hardening.
Fertigation studies in Banana cv. Red banana (Musa AAA)
S. V. HUMAJAHAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. R. PATIL
Banana is a fast growing plant that requires high and continuous nutrientand water supply for year long sustainence and ensures economicallyhigh yield. These nutrients may be partly supplied by the soil, but
fertigation is generally needed to satisfy the needs of the plant and toobtain profitable production. The field experiment was conducted tostudy the effect of fertigation on growth and yield of banana cv. Red
banana at the Fruit Orchard, University of Horticultural Sciences,Bagalkot. The results revealed that the banana under fertigation systemrecorded significantly higher growth and yield attributesover soil
application. Growth parameters like pseudostem height (m),pseudostem girth (cm), number of leaves per plant, leaf area (m2),flowering and fruit parameters were significantly higher in plants
supplied with 100 per cent RDF through fertigation in eight equalsplits at fortnightly interval and it was on par with that of 75 per cent
RDF through fertigation in eight equal splits at fortnightly interval.The higher pseudostem height at shooting was recorded in plantssupplied with 100 per cent RDF through fertigation in eight equal
splits at fortnightly interval (2.18 m) followed by 75 per cent RDFthrough fertigation in eight equal splits at fortnightly interval (2.08 m)while, lower pseudostem height was recorded in surface irrigation with
100 % RDF through soil application in four equal splits at monthlyinterval (1.54 m). Early shooting was recorded in treatment suppliedwith 100 per cent RDF through fertigation in eight equal splits at
fortnightly interval (296.17 days), higher pseudostem girth (68.08 cm)and lower crop duration (387.41 days) in 100 per cent RDF throughfertigation in eight equal splits at fortnightly interval. However, higher
bunch weight (8.30 kg) and yield (22.84 t/ha) was recorded in treatmentsupplied with 100 per cent RDF through fertigation in eight equal
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Effect of gibberellic acid on quality of different varieties of Grape under northerndry zone of Karnataka
D. C. KIRAN SAGAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. I. ATHANI
The field experiment was conducted to study the effect of gibberellic
acid on different grape varieties under Northern dry zone of Karnataka
during October 2017 to March 2018. The experiment was laid in 4x2
factorial RBD with two different schedules of gibberellic acid
treatment viz., schedule-1 [10 ppm GA
3 at parrot green stage as
spray+ 20 ppm GA3 1 week after 1st spray as spray + 30 ppm GA
3
at 3-4 mm berry size stage as bunch dipping + 40 ppm GA3 at 8-10
mm berry size stage as bunch dipping + 50 ppm GA3 as bunch
dipping during 1 week after 4th treatment] and schedule-2 [20 ppm
GA3 at anthesis stage as dipping + 50 ppm GA
3 at berry set stage as
dipping] were applied to four different varities of grape viz.,
Thompson seedless, Manik Chaman, KR White and 2-A Clone to
determine the effect of gibberellic acid on bunch, berry, quality, yield,
shelf life, organoleptic parameters and to workout benefit cost ratio.
The results revealed that, maximum pedicel thickness (5.64 mm),
bunch length (22.89 cm), bunch weight (523.14 g), bunch volume
(471.06 cm3), weight of 100 berries (317.11 g), pulp weight
(296.1 g), pulp peel ratio (13.39: 1), juice content (66.85 %), TSS
(20.77 0 Brix), ascorbic acid (3.71 mg/100 g), total sugars (19.36 %),
reducing sugars (18.22 %), non reducing sugars (1.13 %), berry
firmness (0.990 kg/ cm2), shelf life of the bunches with minimum loss
in bunch weight (10.66 %) and minimum number of rotten berries
(5.31), yield (37. 17 tonnes/ ha) and benefit to cost ratio (2.37:1).
Further, superior organoleptic characters and minimum bunch
compactness (1.27) and minimum acidity (0.56 %) were recorded in
the grapes treated with schedule-1 set of gibberellic acid treatment
compared to that of schedule-2 set of gibberellic acid treatment. Among
the varieties, Manik Chaman was found superior with respect to
yield and quality followed by Thompson Seedless and K R White.
While, 2 -A Clone variety was found inferior over other varieties.
Studies on variability in seedling progenies of Mango under north eastern transitionalzone of Karnataka
P. N. MAHESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. KULAPATI HIPPARAGI
The investigation entitled “Studies on variability in seedling progenies
of mango under north eastern transitional zone of Karnataka” was
carried out at farmers field in Chitta, Gonnahalli, Yadlapura and
Mudbe villages of Bidar district and College of Horticulture, Bidar
during 2017-18. Among the 71 seedlings selected for the study, the
vegetative growth was vigorous in ‘CMS-33’ and ‘MMS-02’ (230.26
m3 and 4272.43 m3 in young and old tree groups respectively).
Majority (70.42 %) of trees were regular bearing in nature. The fruit
yield was highest in ‘CMS- 67’ and ‘GMS-02’ (238 kg/tree and
364.00 kg/tree in young and old trees group, respectively). The
maximum fruit weight (862.00 g), pulp weight (647.72 g) and fruit
volume (880.00 ml) were found in ‘CMS-5’. The maximum fruit
width (149.12 mm) was recorded in ‘CMS-60’. The highest pulp
percentage (81.77 %), lowest stone percentage (7.51 %), non edible
percentage (18.23) and fruit to pulp ratio (1.22) were recorded in
“GMS-04'. ‘YMS-05’ had the maximum TSS (24.00 oB) and non
reducing sugars (14.39 %). The ‘CMS-47’ recorded the maximum
total sugar (20.91%) and reducing sugars (7.49 %) while titrable
acidity was lowest (0.14%) was found in ‘CMS-25’. The highest
ascorbic acid (84.86 mg/100g) was recorded in ‘CMS-01’ . The
maximum carotenoid content (6496.36 µg/100g) was observed in
‘CMS-63’. Tree characters viz., tree length, tree spread (north-
south), tree spread (east-west), tree canopy, tree girth, age of a tree,
number of panicles per tree, number of fruits per panicle and number
of fruits per tree recorded highly significant and showed positive
correlation with yield per tree per year (with correlation coefficient
of 0.831, 0.822, 0.819, 0.665, 0.731, 0.745, 0.573 and 0.920,
respectively). Quality characters viz., total sugar, reducing sugar,
non reducing sugar, ascorbic acid and TSS to acid ratio found highly
significant and had positive correlation with TSS of fruit pulp (with
correlation coefficient of 0.945, 0.896, 0.931, 0.347 and 0.827,
respectively). CMS-01, CMS-47, CMS-67 and GMS-02 seedling
selections were superior in yield and quality attributes. They can
be utilized in the crop improvement programme in future.
splits at fortnightly interval, which was followed by 75 per centRDF through fertigation in eight equal splits at fortnightly interval(22.23 t/ha). Application of 100 per cent RDF through fertigation in
eight equal splits at fortnightly interval in banana cv. Red banana resultedinto the highest yield (22.84 t/ha) which was statistically on par withthat of 75 per cent RDF through fertigation in eight equal splits at
fortnightly interval (22.23 t/ha). This could save 25 per cent of fertilizerwithout reducing the yield of banana. Further, 100 per cent RDF or 75
per cent RDF through fertigation in eight equal splits at fortnightlyinterval which were statistically on par registered in better growth and
improved quality parameters. Nutrient content in the soil was alsoincreased in fertigated treatments than soil application indicating thatnutrient uptake efficiency was more in fertigated treatments and resulted
in higher nutrient residues in soil. Therefore, 75 per cent fertilizersthrough fertigation in eight equal splits at fortnightly interval seemed tobe optimum which resulted into higher net income and BC ratio.
Studies on media and pre treatments of GA3 on seed germination, growth and seedling vigour
of aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) and Custard apple (Annona squamosa L.)
M. PAVITHRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. N. PATIL
The present investigation entitled “Studies on media and pre
treatments of GA3 on seed germination, growth and seedling vigour
of aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) and custard apple (Annonasquamosa L.)” was carried out during the year 2017-18 at the
Department of Fruit Science, University of Horticultural Sciences,
Bagalkot. Among the different growing media, Soil: Sand: FYM(1:1:1) recorded significantly the highest germination percentage
(39.25) and survival percentage (88.72) in aonla and similar wasregistered in custard apple (53.20 and 90.88). The highest shootlength (36.10 cm) and number of leaves (61.98) in aonla was recorded
207
Evaluation of red fleshed Guava (Psidium guajava L.) varieties for growth, yield, quality, shelf life andprocessing potential under north-eastern transitional zone of Karnataka
G. K. RAVI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PRAVEEN JHOLGIKER
An experiment entitled ‘Evaluation of red fleshed guava (Psidiumguajava L.) varieties for growth, yield, quality, shelf life and processingpotential under north-eastern transitional zone of Karnataka’wasconducted at the Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture,Bidar during 2017-18. The experiments were laid out in a randomizedblock design and observations on growth, yield, quality, shelf-life andprocessing potential of promising red fleshed guava varieties wereevaluated. Among the different accessions evaluated, the H-17-16was found to be significantly superior in plant height (2.36 m) andnumber of quaternary branches (76.45).While, the variety Arka Kiranwas significantly superior in stem girth (6.21 cm), plant spread (EW-3.06 mand NS-2.52 m) and Canopy volume (13.85 m3) which wasstatistically on par with H-17-16. The performance with respect toyield pointed out that the accession H-17-16 had recorded themaximum percent fruit set (90.47 %), maximum number of fruitsharvested per plant (104.67) and the highest yield (11.45 kg/plant
and 12.72 t/ha) which was followed by Arka Kiran. With respect tofruit quality parameters, the maximum fruit length (7.45 cm) and TSS(15.20 0B) was found in H-17-16, whereas the maximum ascorbicacid (243.47 mg/100 g) andtotal sugars (12.37 %), was observed inSRD-HYD-1. The lycopene content was maximum in Arka Kiran (5.14mg/100g). The organoleptic scores on overall acceptability was highestfor fruits of Arka Rashmi followed by H-17-16 and Arka Kiran. Studieson effect of pre harvest spray on selected red pulp varieties revealed theminimum physiological loss in weight in fruits of Punjab Pink (Day 1 -Day 8) when sprayed with Ca(No
3)
2 -0.5 % and n-Propyl gallate-300
ppm. The treated fruits alsoretained the maximum firmness and shelflife.The investigation on quality, storability and organoleptic assessmentof processed products prepared from different red fleshed varietiesrevealed that the squash, RTS and jelly prepared from fruits of H-17-16and Arka Rashmi recorded high scores while the lycopene retention wasmaximum in Arka Kiran in all the three products, respectively.
Studies on canopy management in Custard apple cv. Arka Sahan
YALLALING MALLAPUR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. KULAPATI HIPPARAGI
The investigation entitled “Studies on canopy management in custardapple cv. Arka Sahan” was carried out in farmer’s field at Akkimaradivillage of Bagalkot district and College of Horticulture, Bagalkotduring 2017-18. The experiment was laid out in a randomized blockdesign and observations were recorded on growth, reproductive,yield, fruit and quality parameters of custard apple cv.Arka Sahan.Among the different levels of pruning and GA
3, the treatment with
25 per cent of canopy removal showed the maximum plant spread(NS-4.33 m and EW-3.94 m) except control at harvesting stage andthe treatment 75 per cent of canopy removal exhibited the maximumleaf area (95.24 cm2) and leaf area index (2.96) except control atharvesting stage. In reproductive and yield parameters, the maximumtotal number of flowers per plant (587.74), number of flowers perbranch (89.54), number of fruits per plant (108.35) and yield (25.51kg/plant and 10.20 t/ha) showed in control. The maximum percentageof fruit set per branch (25.73 %) and fruit set percentage (25.69%)obtained in 25 % of canopy removal + 1500 ppm GA
3 (T5), whereas
the maximum time taken for maturity (125.67 days) was found in75% of canopy removal (T4). With respect to fruit and qualityparameters, the maximum fruit weight (301.26 g), fruit length (9.02cm), pulp weight (204.59 g), weight of peel (79.12 g) and test weight(47.55 g). The maximum TSS (30.53 ºB), TSS to acidity ratio (105.61)and total sugar (22.90) obtained in the control. Whereas non-reducing sugar percentage (2.81) in T6 treatment and shelf life (4.00days) in T7 treatment. With respect to cost of cultivation 25 % ofcanopy removal + 2000 ppm GA
3 (T6) treatment (` 22,900) obtained
the maximum result, whereas the maximum gross monetary return(` 7,72,800), net monetary return (` 7,53,050) and benefit to costratio (39.13:1) were obtained in 75 % of canopy removal + 500ppm GA
3 (T8) treatment. As far as the economics was concerned,
75 % of canopy removal + 500 ppm GA3 obtained the maximum
GMR, NMR and BC in profit per hectare. This was due to highmarketable prevailing price based on the grades (A, B, C, D) in theHOPCOMS, Bengaluru.
in Soil: Sand: Cocopeat: Vermicompost (1:1:1:1) and similar wasrecorded in (25.88 cm and 19.08) custard apple. The highest length
of tap root (25.50 cm) and length of secondary root (11.29 cm) inaonla was recorded in Soil: Sand: Cocopeat: Vermicompost (1:1:1:1)and similar was recorded in (30.97 cm and 10.62 cm) custard apple.
Among the pre treatments, GA3 of 200 ppm recorded significantly
the highest germination percentage (75.75) and minimum daysrequired for germination (6.53) in aonla and similar was recorded in
custard apple (68.12 and 25.48). The highest length of tap root(37.65 cm) and length of secondary roots (18.50 cm) in aonla wasregistered in GA
3 of 200 ppm and similar was recorded in custard
apple (43.63 cm and 14.37 cm). Among the treatment combinations,
the highest germination percentage (77.00) and survival percentage(96.87) was recorded highest in Soil: Sand: Cocopeat: Vermicompost(1:1:1:1) with 200 ppm GA
3 treatment combination in aonla and
similar was recorded in custard apple (71.75 and 96.21). From theobservations of the present studies it can be concluded that, Soil:Sand: FYM (1:1:1) proved better for germination while Soil: Sand:
Cocopeat: Vermicompost (1:1:1:1) proved better in shoot and alsoroot parameters. Among the different pre treatments, GA
3 of 200
ppm recorded maximum germination, shoot and root parameters.
Soil: Sand: Cocopeat: Vermicompost (1:1:1:1) with 200 ppm GA3
treatment combination performed well in root and shoot parameterscompared to all other treatment combinations.
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Influence of bio-fertilizers and auxin on propagation of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cuttings
ABDUL HAKIM MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. JAGANATH
Studies on the influence of bio-fertilizers and auxin on propagationof pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cuttings cvs. Bhagwa andRuby was conducted at the Department of Fruit Science, College ofHorticulture, Bengaluru during 2015-2016. The result revealed thatsignificantly maximum number of primary roots (10.73 and 11.67),secondary roots (54.67 and 58.60), root length (25.80 and 27.60cm), diameter of longest root (1.75 and 1.83 mm), fresh (2.75 and2.56 g) and dry weight of roots (1.85 and 1.62 g) recorded in cvs.Ruby and Bhagwa respectively, in cuttings treated with IBA 1500ppm + NAA 1500 ppm + Biomix. Similarly, the same treatmentshowed significantly early sprouting of cuttings (7.80 and 8.60days), days for last sprouting (25.80 and 26.73), number of cuttingssprouted (17.67 and 18.33), shoot length (41.53 and 39.73 cm),number of leaves (44.60 and 41.67), fresh (12.60 and 10.80 g) anddry weight of shoots (6.60 and 5.80 g), total chlorophyll content of
leaves (5.66 and 5.13 mg/g), leaf area (42.49 and 41.31 cm2), wererecorded in cvs. Ruby and Bhagwa respectively compared to control.The final microbial count of PGPR was highest in the cutting treatedwith IBA 1500 ppm + NAA 1500 ppm + PSB + PGPR in cv.Bhagwa (12.67) and IBA 1500 ppm + NAA 1500 ppm + PGPR incv. Ruby, (14.67) and the final microbial count of PSB was highestin IBA 1500 ppm + NAA 1500 ppm + PSB in cv. Bhagwa (14.33)and IBA 1500 ppm + NAA 1500 ppm + PSB + PGPR in cv. Ruby(16.33). While the final microbial count of Biomix (PGPR + PSB +VAM) was highest in the cutting treated with IBA 1500 ppm +NAA 1500 ppm + Biomix with count of 16.33 and 18.67 in cvs.Bhagwa and Ruby, repectively, compared to control. Hence, it couldbe concluded that the combined effect of bio-fertilizers and auxinshowed better result with respect to root and shoot parameters inboth cultivars under study.
Studies on utilization of wild species of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) for crop improvement
M .A ALFIA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. VASUGI
“Studies on utilization of wild species of guava (Psidium guajava L.)for crop improvement” was carried out at the Division of Fruit crops,ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru during2015-2017. The phenology of wild species, its crossability and thevolatile aroma profile was carried out. The results revealed thatsynchronization was noticed for peak flowering (28 days), durationof flowering (60 days) and anther dehiscence (7.00-8.00 am) of P.guineense and P. chinensis (22, 58 and 8.00-10.00 am, respectively)with Arka Kiran (30, 65 and 7.00-9.00 am, respectively). On thebasis of hybridization, P. chinensis was found to be a good combinerwith cultivated varieties, among which, Arka Rashmi revealed highvalues (fruit set-97.07 %). Cytological studies on cultivars and wildspecies revealed that chromosomes obtained were not in active mitoticmetaphase. The fruit morphological studies revealed that fruits ofwild species were small (P. cattleianum-22.90, P. guineense-31.41 and
P. chinensis-29.70 g) with hard seeds (P. guineense-13.33 and P.cattleianum-11.17 kg cm-2) except P. chinensis (5.00 kg cm-2). TheTSS, titrable acidity, vitamin C, total sugars, reducing sugar and nonreducing sugar of wild species (P. cattleianum- 7.73 0B, 1.28 %, 242.53mg 100-1 g, 5.49 g 100-1g, 4.45 g 100-1g, 1.48 g 100-1g, respectively,P. guineense-11.13, 0.60, 77.27, 7.67, 5.26 and 3.52, respectively andP. chinensis-9.67, 0.69, 232.47, 8.56, 5.13 and 3.13, respectively)was comparable whereas, total carotenoid and lycopene (P.cattleianum-7.60 and 2.30 mg 100-1 g, respectively and P. chinensis-5.30 and 3.00 mg 100-1 g) content was found to be inferior to thecultivars. The volatile aroma profile revealed that P. chinensis was richin monoterpenoid (limonene-19.81%), P. guineense in sesquiterpenoid(α-Cedrene-41.10%) and alcohol (β-Bisabolol-3.12%), P. cattleianumin esters ((Z)-Valerenyl acetate-3.37%). Hence, the wild species couldbe exploited for transfer of these traits to the hybrids.
Effect of enriched biochar on seedlings growth of Mango, Jack and Jamun
B.G. JASMITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. K. HONNABYRAIAH
The experiment entitled “Effect of enriched biochar on seedlings growthof Mango, Jack and Jamun” was conducted at the College ofHorticulture, UHS Campus, GKVK, Bengaluru during July 2017 toApril 2018. The coconut husk was used as a raw material for productionof biochar using drum method. The biochar enriched with cow dungslurry showed high pH value (10.17), bulk density (0.62 gcc-3), cationexchange capacity (12.14 Cmol/kg),total carbon (58.12 %), nitrogen(0.80 %), phosphorus (0.29 %), potassium (0.58 %), calcium (2.51 %),magnesium (0.51 %), sulphur (0.09 %) and copper (40.15 ppm).Whereas, total zinc (55.45 ppm) and boron (34.15 ppm) was foundmaximum in biochar enriched with 19:19:19 (NPK) + zinc and boron.
The potting mixture containing Soil: Sand: Biochar organic (2: 1:1)showed maximum seedling vigour (3100, 3667and 3100) seedling height(45.63, 64.67and 54.83 cm) seedling girth (7.95, 8.07and 5.33 mm)number of leaves (24.00, 7.13and 35.89), leaf breadth (6.99, 6.97and4.00 cm), leaf length (21.33, 17.28and 19.44 cm), leaf area (159.51,123.44 and 83.40 cm2), root length (31.00, 31.67 and 38.67 cm) rootbiomass (27.00, 18.00and 26.00 g) and seedling biomass (79.00, 46.33and67.67 g) at 150, 120 and 210 days after germination in mango, jack andjamun respectively. The highest benefit: cost ratio was recorded inmango (1.85), jack (1.97) and jamun (2.04) seedlings and found to be agood quality planting material as rootstocks.
Evaluation and characterization of putative mutant populations in Mango (Mangifera indica L.)
JOME RIME MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. SANKARAN
The present investigation on “Evaluation and characterization ofputative mutant populations in mango (Mangifera indica L.)”wascarried out in the Division of Fruit crops, ICAR-IIHR, Hessaraghatta,Bengaluru, 2017-18. Two different mutagenic populations have beenusedfor the study which includes EMS and colchicine treatedpopulations. The morphological, physiochemical and molecular
variations reveal that reduced plant height, longer leaf length, leafwidth, shorter internodal length and petiole length were observed inboth the populations generated from different concentrations of EthylMethane Sulphonate (EMS) and colchicine. The total phenol contentin leaf was maximum in 0.8 percent EMS and 1 per cent colchicinetreated mutants, which was correlated with dwarf plants. The mean
209
Exploration of surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora L.) as a rootstock for Jamun, Guava and Rose apple
S. PAVITHRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. S. K. SWAMY
An experiment on exploration of surinam cherry (Eugenia unifloraL.) as a rootstock for jamun, guava and rose apple was carried out atthe Department of Fruit Science, COH, Mysuru. The experiment oneffect of seed sowing from the day of extraction to 90 days afterextraction at 10 days interval on seed viability revealed thatsignificantly minimum number of days for initiation of germination(13.67 days), complete germination (30.67 days), 50 per centgermination (21.00 days), maximum germination percentage (100.00%) and survivability percentage (95.83 %) was noticed in the seedswhich were sown on the day of extraction and also recorded maximumseedling growth parameters like longest root length (8.03 cm), shootlength (7.08 cm), fresh weight (46.83 mg), dry weight (15.67 mg),seedling height, number of leaves and seedling girth at 30, 60, 90 and120 days after transplanting. The effect of different pre-sowing seed
treatment on seed germination and seedling growth characters werealso studied, in which seeds soaked in water for overnight takenminimum number of days for early germination (18.33 days), completegermination (43.00 days) and fifty per cent germination (25.00 days).GA
3 treatment at 500 ppm shown maximum germination percentage
(100.00%), survivability percentage (87.50 %) and vegetative growthparameters like, longest root length (8.38 cm), shoot length (7.82cm), seedling height, number of leaves and girth at 30, 60, 90 and 120DAT. The third experiment, study on graft compatibility of surinamcherry with jamun, guava and rose apple revealed that percentagesuccess and percentage survivability of the grafts was maximum (72.00and 68.00 %, respectively) in surinam cherry as scion and also numberof sprouts, sprout length and number of leaves were also maximum at30, 60 and 90 days after grafting, compared to other treatments.
Effect of gibberellic acid and assisted pollination on fruit yield and quality of Custardapple cv. Arka Sahan
A. P. SHIVAKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VENKAT RAO
Arka Sahan is a promising interspecific hybrid of Annona which hashuge demand in domestic markets. Natural fruit setting is meagre andis the main bottleneck in its cultivation. This hindrance can be overcomeby hand pollination after anthesis to improve the fruit set. Use ofgrowth hormones and assisted pollination paved a new tool forstabilizing the fruit growth pattern and offer great advantage inincreasing fruit yield per unit area. This also enables the grower to gethigher returns over a natural cultivation practices. In this backgroundan experiment was conducted at the College of Horticulture, UHSCampus, GKVK, Bengaluru with an objective of standardizing theeffect of different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA
3). The
present study also aimed at evaluating the combined use of gibberellicacid and assisted pollination with Annona squamosa cv. Balanagar
pollen grains on fruit set, yield and quality parameters of Arka Sahan.The study revealed that the spraying of GA
3 1000 ppm + assisted
pollination proved to maximize the reproductive parameters such asfruit set (98.23 %) and fruit retention (98.16 %). The samecombination also recorded the highest fruit weight (409.13 g), pulprecovery 75.21 (%), yield (8.18 kg/ plant) and reduction in percentseed content (3.24 %). The overall increment in the fruit yield sharplyelevated the benefit: cost ratio (3.55) than the control. The qualityparameter of fruit such as TSS (33.03 0B), total sugars (23.67 %),reducing sugars (21.46 %) and ascorbic acid (38.25 mg/ 100 g) wasobserved. Hence, the treatment combination of GA
31000 ppm +
assisted pollination holds immense potential in increasing fruit set,yield and improving quality in custard apple cv. Arka Sahan.
stomata size was observed to be bigger in plants treated with EMSand colchicine in comparison to the control. Biochemical parameterssuch as total chlorophyll content got reduced with high doses ofmutagen and the increase in activity of enzymes like peroxidase andpoly phenol oxidase was also noticed. The negative correlation ofplant height with the phytohormones like ABA content and positivecorrelation of GA was observed. The molecular characterization was
employed using SSR markers to confirm the variability within themutant progenies. The Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) valuesranges from 0.6644 to 0.7238 and 0.6507 to 0.7106 in mutantprogenies of mango cvs.Arka Puneet and Alphonso, respectively andfound to be informative primers. So, from the present study it can beconcluded that both EMS and colchicine (0.8 to 1.0 per cent) can beused to create variability and broaden the genetic base in mango.
FLORICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
Studies on genetic variability and propagation techniques in Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelve)
MALLIKARJUN HEBBAL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MUKUND SHIRAGUR
An investigation was carried out on “Studies on genetic variabilityand propagation techniques in chrysanthemum (Dendranthemagrandiflora Tzvelve)” during 2017-18 at the Department ofFloriculture and Landscape Architecture, Kittur Rani ChannammaCollege of Horticulture, Arabhavi.Analysis of variance showedsignificant differences among ten genotypes of chrysanthemum forall the characters studied. Magnitude of the Phenotypic Coefficientof Variation (PCV) was higher than Genotypic Coefficient of Variation(GCV) for all the traits, indicating genotype and environmentinteraction. Heritability estimates ranged from a moderate 55.10 percent (number of secondary branches/plant) to high as 99.74 per cent
(Days to flower bud initiation). Estimates of high heritability coupledwith high genetic advance as per cent of mean (GAM) were observedfor all the growth, flowering, yield and quality parameters studiedindicating the possible role of additive gene action. Days to flowerbud initiation and number of flowers showed highly significant andpositive association with flower yield per plant (g) at both genotypicand phenotypic levels. Genotypic and phenotypic path coefficientanalysis revealed that flower yield per plant was directly andpositively influenced by number of flowers per plant, individual flowerweight, days to flower bud initiation and shelf life of flowers.Morphological diversity clustered ten genotypes in three clusters,
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Standardization of fertigation schedule in Chrysanthemum (Dendrathema grandiflora Tzvelve)var. Marigold under polyhouse condition
SHRINIVAS BAGADE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. C. PATIL
An investigation was carried out on “Standardization of fertigationschedule in chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelve)var. Marigold under polyhouse condition” during 2017-18 at theDepartment of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Kittur RaniChannamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi.The experiment waslaid out in a completely randomized design with nine different levelsof fertigation along with micronutrients with three replications. Theresults were analyzed for morphological characters, quality, yieldparameters and economics of chrysanthemum var. Marigold. Theresults revealed that morphological parameters like plant height,number of primary branches and plant spread were found maximumin T
7 (75:112.5:75 kg/ha fertigation along with foliar spray of
micronutrients) and significantly differed from other treatments.Whereas leaf area also shown significant difference which was foundhighest in T
8 (100:150:100 kg/ha fertigation along with foliar spray of
micronutrients). Parameters which determines earliness in floweringlike, days taken for 50 per cent flowering, and days taken for firstharvest, where found significant in treatment T
7 (75:112.5:75 kg/ha
fertigation along with foliar spray of micronutrients). The flowerweight was found highest in treatment T
8 (100:150:100 kg/ha fertigation
along with foliar spray of micronutrients).The quality parameterslike, vase life, shelf life, stalk length, flower diameter were foundhighest in treatment T
7 (75:112.5:75 kg/ha fertigation along with foliar
spray of micronutrients) and found significantly superior to rest ofthe treatments.Further, the number of flowers per plant was foundhighest in T
8 (100:150:100 kg/ha fertigation along with foliar spray of
micronutrients) and also it was found that, treatment T7 (75:112.5:75
kg/ha fertigation along with foliar spray of micronutrients) was ableto produce maximum flower yield per plant and per hectare withhighest benefit cost ratio.
the genotypes of common origin grouped in separate cluster. Molecularcharacterization using PCR based SRAP markers. The primercombination Me
4 + Em
5 produced high (08 bands) polymorphism.
Similarity matrix ranged from 40 to 81 per cent. Cluster analysisshowed grouping of genotypes in two major clusters. The clustering
was not clearly based on origin or colour indicating more number of SRAPprimers need to be screen. The rooting media Cocopeat + Vermicompost incombination with IBA at 2500 ppm gave good rooting of chrysanthemumcv. Marigold cuttings. Ten genotypes of chrysanthemum showed goodrooting performance in the standardized media and IBA level.
Genetic studies in F3 population of China aster [Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees.]
K. R. VARUN MAJOR ADVISOR: Mr. A. M. SHIROL
An investigation on “Genetic studies in F3 population of China aster
[Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees.]” was carried out during 2017-18at the Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, KitturRani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi with the aim tostudy the genetic variability in two F
3 population obtained from the
crosses viz., AAC-1 × Arka Poornima and Arka Kamini × P G Purple.The analysis of variance revealed highly significant difference amongthe genotypes for all the characters studied indicating the highermagnitude of variability in the genotypes. The estimates of GCV andPCV values were higher with high heritability and high GAM forplant height, plant spread in North - South, East - West and flowerstalk length in Arka Kamini × P G Purple and for number of branchesand leaf area in AAC-1 × Arka Poornima were found high indicatingthe possible role of additive gene action in their genetic control. Yieldper plant had positive and highly significant correlation with number
of flowers per plant, individual flower weight and flower diameter inboth the F
3 segregating population of China aster, suggesting the
possibility of simultaneous selection for these characters. Path analysisrevealed that duration of flowering, number of flowers per plant andindividual flower weight had high direct effects, which indicated thepossibility of increasing flower yield by selecting the F
3 population for
these characters directly in both the crosses. Expression of flowercolour indicated ratio of 16:5:4 (Deep pink: Light pink: White) in AAC-1 × Arka Poornima and 19:5:1 (Purple: Pink: Light pink) in Arka Kamini× P G Purple. The F
3 population of AAC-1 × Arka Poornima had
performed better for yield traits compared to Arka Kamini × P GPurple. In the cross AAC-1 × Arka Poornima the lines like Line 42,Line 196, Line 161 and in the cross Arka Kamini × P G Purple lines likeLine 10, Line 74 and Line 37 were found superior with respect toflower yield and quality parameters.
Evaluation of Asparagus and Dracaena species/varieties for production of quality cut foliage undershade net condition
S. PRATHIBHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SATEESH R. PATIL
Cut foliages are one of the most important components of floristindustry for use as fillers in bouquets, background and lining material invarious flower arrangements. Asparagus and Dracaena are excellent cutfoliages which are extensively used for this purpose due to their lushgreen foliage. An experiment entitled “Evaluation of Asparagus andDracaena species/varieties for production of quality cut foliage undershade net condition” was carried out at the experimental block of theDivision of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College ofHorticulture, Bagalkot, Karnataka during the year 2017-18. Theexperiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design infive replications with four treatments in Asparagus and five treatmentswith four replication in Dracaena. Among different species/varieties ofornamental Asparagus, Asparagus densiflorus ‘Sprengeri’ produces
maximum plant spread (4094.61 cm2), maximum number of cladophyllsper plant (75.56) and maximum leaf area index (4.69). However,maximum cladophyll length (80.44 cm), stalk length (14.34 cm), stalkgirth (2.61 cm), internodal length (4.36 cm) and fresh weight (23.00 g)recorded in A. myriocladus. Among Dracaena, Dracaena terminalisperformed maximum plant spread (3886.28 cm2), plant height (72.81cm), internodal length (1.15 cm). D. massangeana recorded themaximum leaf length (47.20 cm), leaf width (8.85 cm) and fresh weight(10.65 g) but minimum plant height (38.41 cm) and least number ofleaves per plant (23.49). Pulsing treatment with 10 % Sucrose + 200ppm 8-HQC significantly improved the vase life of A. densiflorusSprengeri (11.87 days). Likewise pulsing with 10 % Sucrose + 25 ppmBA increased the vase life (29.61 days) in D. terminalis.
211
Evaluation of Gaillardia (Gaillardia pulchella Foug.) genotypes for growth, yield and qualityparamaters under northern dry zone of Karnataka
SANIYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SATEESH R. PATIL
An investigation was carried out to evaluate gaillardia (Gaillardia
pulchella Foug.) genotypes for growth, quality and yield
parameters under northern dry zone of Karnataka under the
Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College
of Horticulture, Bagalkot, during the year 2017-18. The experiment
was laid out in simple randomized complete block design with
two replication and fifteen treatments Among the fifteen genotypes
studied, UHSBGL-14 raecorded maximum plant height (52.64 cm),
number of primary (17.15) and secondary branches (27.75), plant
spread East-West (47.91 cm) and North-South (48.32 cm), number
of leaves per plant (463.35) and LAI (9.16 cm2). The minimum
days for first flower bud initiation (59.00 days), minimum day
for 50% flowering (69.05 days), maximum flowering duration
(131.00 days) and maximum shelf life (14.90 hr) was found in
UHSBGL-14. Genotype UHSBGL-1 recorded minimum days to
harvest (3.58 days). Maximum individual flower weight was
recorded in genotype UHSBGL-5 (8.99 g). Genotype UHSBGL-
10 recorded maximum length and width of ray floret (3.00 cm and
0.81 cm) respectively and flower disc diameter (4.35 cm). Number
of flower per plant (203.30). Flower yield per plot (2.10 kg) and
per hectare (5.26 t) was found maximum in genotype UHSBGL-
14. Overall consumer acceptance for loose flowers and garden
display was found maximum in genotype UHSBGL-14. Among
the genotypes evaluated UHSBGL-14, UHSBGL-5 and UHSBGL-
15 were found most suitable to grow under northern dry zone of
Karnataka.
Studies on floral morphology and biology in Jasminum spp.
A. KALAIYARASI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. V. DHANANJAYA
An investigation was carried out to assess the morphology and
biology of flowers in 38 genotypes of Jasminum spp. at the Division
of Floriculture and Medicinal Crops, ICAR-IIHR, Bengaluru. The
studies made on morphology and biological characters revealed high
level of variation among the genotypes. Jasminum grandiflorum
var. CO.1 Pitchi recorded the longest flower bud length (4.81 cm)
and corolla tube length (2.92 cm). Jasminum nitidum recorded
longest corolla length (4.93 cm) and biggest flower size(2.15 cm).
Number of forks per cyme and number of petals were recorded
maximum in J. auriculatum var. CO.1 Mullai (40.13) and J. sambac
- IIHR JS - 1(30.95). Calyx number was highest in Gundumallige
(8.79) whereas, longest calyx lobe was in Soojimalli (1.49 cm).
Flower bearing habits observed were 3-5 forked cyme, many flowered
cyme and clusteredcyme. Shapes of flower buds were pointed and
long, round and short, pointed and short. Colour of the flower bud
varied from green white (157 B), white (155B, 155 C, 155D) and
pink (186B). Flower types observed were single, double and multi-
whorled (3-6). All genotypes recorded solitary style and had 2.00
to 3.00 stamens. CO.1 Pitchi recorded the longest stamen (2.13 cm)
and style length (2.32 cm). The peak time of anthesis was recorded
between 6:00 to 7:00 pm and anther dehiscence between 4:00 to
7:00 pm. The stigma was receptive 12 h before and 24 h after
anthesis and the maximum receptivity was observed between the
anthesis to 12 h after anthesis. Shapes of pollen were observed viz.,
spherical, triangle and tricolpate. Bigger size of pollen was recorded
in IIHR JS - 4 (61.50 µm). Pin and thrum type of flowers were
observed. The above information generated is useful for the breeders
to take up systematic crop improvement in Jasminum spp.
Studies on pollen viability and compatibility in Jasminum spp.
S. PAVITHRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. V. DHANANJAYA
The investigations on pollen viability and compatibility in Jasminum
spp. was carried out during 2016-17 at ICAR-IIHR, Bengaluru. Six
species i.e. Jasminum sambac, J. auriculatum, J. grandiflorum, J.
malabaricum, J. multiflorum, and J. flexile were used in this study. The
results revealed that anther dehiscence started before anthesis in all the
six species. Stigma was receptive 12 hours prior to anthesis and peak
was observed at the time of anthesis except J. multiflorum while it was
12 hours after anthesis. J. malabaricum exhibited highest percentage
of pollen viability (96.57 %) and germination (91.58%) than other
species, followed by J. flexile (84.92 % and 81.86 %) and J. auriculatum
(71.32 % and 71.08 %) under in vitro condition. The species J. sambac
recorded the lowest pollen viability (34.27 %) and germination
(34.09 %). J. malabaricum exhibited maximum pollen germination
(91.58 %) in modified Brewbaker and Kwacks medium (100 ppm
H3BO
3 + 300 ppm Ca(No
3)
2 + 200 ppm MgSO
4) supplemented with
10 % sucrose and 15 % Polyethylene glycol. Highest percentages of
normal shaped pollen grains were observed in J. auriculatum (96.93 %)
and J. malabaricum (96.89 %). No fruit setting was observed in J.
sambac when used as both male and female parent. Highest seed set
was observed in open pollination in all the species studied compared to
self-pollination and artificial cross pollination. Fruits were aborted in
many crosses before entering into matured stage. Compared to other
species, seed set and high degree of cross compatibility was observed
in the crosses involving J. auriculatum with J. grandiflorum, J.
malabaricum and J. malabaricum with J. flexile and also its reciprocal
crosses. This information gathered on pollen viability, stigma receptivity,
compatibility and seed set in different mode of pollination would help
the breeders in further crop improvement in Jasminum species.
Effect of plant growth regulators on growth, flowering, quality and corm multiplication of Gladiolus(Gladiolus hybridus L.)
A. ASHWINI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. M. MUNIKRISHNAPPA
The present experiment entitled “Effect of plant growth regulatorson growth, flowering quality and corm multiplication of gladiolus(Gladiolus hybridus L.)” was carried out during 2017-2018 in theDepartment of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of
Horticulture, Bengaluru. The experiment was laid out in RandomizedCompletely Block Design (RCBD) and was planted by using thecorms soaked for 24 hrs with different growth regulators at differentconcentrations viz., BAP (25, 50 and 75 ppm), GA
3 (50, 100 and
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Standardization of fertigation levels in Jasminum sambac cv. Mysuru Mallige
K. KEERTHISHANKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BALAJI S. KULKARNI
An experiment entitled “Standardization of fertigation levels injasminum sambac cv. Mysuru Mallige’’ was carried out during June2017 to May 2018 in the farmer field, Doddamaragowdanahalli, nearCollege of Horticulture, Mysuru. Experiment was laid out inRandomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) comprising of ninetreatments and replicated thrice. The significant variations wereobserved among different levels of fertigation for growth, flowering,quality and yield characters. Among the treatments, the treatmentconsisting of 100 per cent RDF through fertigation along with foliarspray of humic acid @ 0.5 per cent, chelated zinc and borax @ 0.75 g/plant / year recorded the maximum plant height (80.43 cm), plantspread in (47.00 cm) North - South and (55.30 cm) East - West
direction, number of branches (9.13), number of suckers (1.33),individual leaf area (28.50 cm2), chlorophyll content (57.45 SCMRvalue). The same treatment has recorded early bud initiation (203.33days), first flowering (212.33 days), early 50 per cent flowering (253.33days) and maximum duration of flowering (112.67 days). Similarly,the flower quality parameters viz., bud length (1.62 cm), bud diameter(3.13 cm), corolla length (1.16 cm), flower diameter (4.39 cm), withminimum physiological loss of weight (8.50 %), and extended shelflife up to 36.10 hours. The same treatment has also increases hundredbud weight (29.92 g), month wise flower yield, cumulative floweryield per plant (725.80 g), yield per hectare (3.23 t) and benefit costratio (2.46:1) was also maximum with same treatment.
Evaluation of China aster [Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees.] genotypes for growth,yield and flower quality
PRABHU C. HALLIKERI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. M. MUNIKRISHANAPPA
An experiment entitled “Evaluation of China aster [Callistephuschinensis (L.) Nees.] genotypes for growth, yield and flowerquality’’ was carried out during 2017 - 2018 in the Department ofFloriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of Horticulture,Bengaluru in randomized complete block design replicated twice.Among the twenty-eight genotypes evaluated, maximum plantheight (73.86 cm) was recorded in cv. Arka Violet Cushion, cv. ArkaAadya took least number of days to first flowering and days to 50per cent flowering (42.90and 49.60 days, respectively). Maximumflowering duration (35.50 days) was recorded in cv. AAC-1.Maximum flower diameter (7.33 cm) was recorded in Phule GaneshWhite. Maximum stalk length (42.19 cm) was recorded in cv. AAC-
1. Maximum individual flower weight (7.42 g) was recorded in cv.Phule Ganesh White. Maximum number of flowers per plant (70.80)was recorded in cv. Arka Archana. Flower yield and seed yield onweight basis was highest in cv. AAC-1(216.40 g/plant and 19.21 g/plant, respectively). In variability studies, high GCV and PCV wasrecorded for all the characters studied except shelf life. In correlationstudies, the number and weight of flowers per plant was significantand positively correlated with plant spread in (North- South) flowerdiameter and stalk length. In path analysis, plant spread in (North-South) recorded maximum positive direct effect on weight of flowersper plant, followed byplant spread in (East- West) days to 50 percent flowering and number of primary branches per plant.
150 ppm) and NAA (50, 100 and 150 ppm) along with untreatedcontrol as treatments and was replicated thrice. Significant differenceswere observed among treatments with respect to growth, floweringquality and corm parameters. The results revealed that GA
3 at 150
ppm recorded early sprouting of corms (9.00 days), significantlymaximum sprouting percentage (83.91 %), maximum plant height(77.80 cm), stem girth (2.19 cm) and BAP at 75 ppm recordedmaximum number of leaves per plant (12.76), leaf area (2173.45
cm2) and GA3 at 150 ppm took minimum number of days for spike
initiation (54.73 days) and also recorded significantly maximumspike length (68.10 cm), rachis length (53.97 cm), number of floretsper spike (15.07), size of floret (10.80 cm), weight of spike (82.69g) and vase life (14.03 days). The maximum number of spikes perplant (1.47), spikes per ha (2.45 lakh spikes), corms per ha (4.05lakh Nos.) and cormels per ha (1.94 t/ha) were recorded in thetreatment BAP at 75 ppm.
Intraspecifice hybridization and compatibility studies in Tuberose (Polianthes tuberose L.)
ROSALIND LALLAWMZUALI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. USHA BHARATHI
The present investigation was carried out in the Division of Floricultureand Medicinal crops, ICAR-IIHR, during the year 2017-18. Anexperiment was conducted in eight single genotypes of tuberose viz.,Arka Shringar, Arka Prajwal, Arka Nirantara, Arak Sugandhi, IIHR-6,IIHR-12, Mexican Single and Variegated to study the floral and pollenbiology, intraspecific hybridization, compatibility, pollen-pistilinteraction and seed germination. All genotypes recorded 6 petalsper floret except Arka Nirantara which showed 7 to 8 petals, arrangedin a single whorl. An thesis was observed in the evening hours startingfrom 16:30 hours whereas anther dehiscence started from 17:04 hoursand stigma receptivity was observed on the 3rd and 4th day of anthesis. Arka Nirantara showed the highest pollen viability over theother genotypes on 1st day of anthesis (87.14 %), whereas, IIHR-6showed maximum in vitro pollen germination on the 1st day of anthesis(60.07 %). Low pollen viability and in vitro germination was observed
for the genotypes Arka Prajwal and IIHR-12. The shape of the pollengrains varied from oblate speroidal to sub-oblate with two simpleapertures. The mature pollen grains were bicellular in nature.Intraspecific hybridization showed that the highest pod set wasobtained in the cross between Arka Sugandhi x IIHR-6 (82.67 %) andthe number of seeds per pod and filled seeds per pod were the highestin the cross Arka Nirantara x Variegated (44.00 total seeds and 40.10filled seeds). Pod set was not observed both in the direct and reciprocalcrosses of Arka Prajwal and IIHR -12 due to cross incompatibility inthe genotypes. Pollen- pistil interaction studies revealed that pre- andpost-fertillization bbarriers governed the incompatibility. Seedgermination was highest in the cross combination IIHR-6 x MexicanSingle (70.00 %) and the seeds germinated within 31.33 to days.Seedling vigour was observed maximum in the seedlings obtained fromArka Sugandhi x IIHR-6 (1227. 87).
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POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY
Standardization of protocol for the preparation of Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata D.) candy and biscuits
S. B. HARSHITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Smt. MANJULA KARADIGUDDI
An investigation to standardize the protocol for the preparation ofpumpkin candy and pumpkin fortified biscuits and to study theirstorage stability was carried out in the Department of Post HarvestTechnology, KRC College of Horticulture, Arabhavi during 2017-18.Physicochemical and sensory qualities of both the products werestudied during three months of storage. Pumpkin candy was preparedwith modification in the procedure such as blanching time (7 and 10minutes), steeping cubes in sugar syrup and covering with dry sugar(40-70 °B), addition of citric acid (0.5 and 1.0 %) and theircombinations. Among the treatments blanching pumpkin cubes forseven minutes and steeping them in sugar syrup of 40-70 °B withaddition of 1 per cent citric acid had scored the maximum recovery(80.10%), highest L* a* b* values (79.04, 1.11 and 6.84, respectively),maximum titratable acidity (0.68 %), β–carotene content (5.83 mg/100 g), least non-enzymatic browning (0.146), total bacterial (0.65 x105 CFU/g) and total fungal count (0.92 x 103 CFU/g) and highest
overall acceptability (8.04) at three months of storage. The result ofthree months storage under ambient condition reveals that chemicalconstituents viz., moisture percentage, reducing sugar, total sugar, a*value, non- enzymatic browning, microbial population found toincrease whereas titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, β–carotene, non-reducing sugar, L* and b* values and organoleptic scores weredecreased. Pumpkin fortified biscuits were prepared by incorporatingpumpkin powder and pulp into the standard recipe to replace wheatflour at levels of 5, 10, 15 and 20 per cent. Physicochemical analysisreveals that combination of 20 per cent pumpkin powder and 80 percent refined wheat flour was found to be better with respect tonutritional quality compared to other treatments. Whereas, the resultof sensory evaluation revealed that 15 per cent pumpkin powder hasshown higher score for taste, texture and overall acceptability. Productwas found to be stable and safe for the consumption without anymicrobial growth up to 90 days of storage.
Nutritional profiling and quality assessment in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) genotypes
K. M. MONICA PATEL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. RAMACHANDRA NAIK
The investigation entitled “Nutritional profiling and qualityassessment in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) genotypes” wascarried out in the laboratory of the Department of Post HarvestTechnology, Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture,Arabhavi during the year 2017-18. An investigation was conductedto identify the best storage condition for tubers of cassava genotypes.Irrespective of storage conditions, wide range of variations wereobserved among the genotypes with respect to all physico-chemicalparameters. Cassava tubers stored under ZECC recorded significantlylower values of per cent PLW, rotting, firmness, moisture and maximummarketable tubers, shelf life, dry matter content and higher values oftotal soluble solids ascorbic acid, reducing sugars, total sugars, β-carotene, total minerals and starch content. Further, an investigationwas also conducted to identify the best cassava genotype whichperforms best under ZECC and ambient storage condition. The
genotypes exhibited wide range of variations in all the parameters.However, among the ten genotypes studied, TCMS-1 is superiorover all other genotypes in terms of physico-chemical parameters andthe same genotype was used for the preparation of cassava chips.Among the different pre-treatments, cassava chips blanched for fiveminutes (T
2) showed highest recovery, maximum dry matter and β-
carotene contents of chips (38.17 %, 42.40 % and 0.82µg/g,respectively), lowest dehydration ratio, rehydration ratio, nonenzymatic browning, moisture and water activity of chips (2.62, 7.57,0.05, 6.47 and 0.16, respectively), which was followed by T
6
(blanching for 5 minutes + soaking in 1% salt solution for 20 minutes)The least score with regard to above negative characters were obtainedwith control (T
1 ). While, sensory evaluation reveals that, maximum
scores for colour, mouth feel and taste were secured by treatment T2
and for texture maximum score were recorded in T6.
Nutritional profiling and quality assessment in Carrot (Daucus carota L.) germplasms
SUNIL GANDAVVAGOL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K.RAMACHANDRA NAIK
A research investigation entitled “Nutritional profiling and qualityassessment in carrot (Daucus carota L.) germplasms” was carriedout in the Department of Post Harvest Technology, Kittur RaniChannamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi (UHS, Bagalkot)Karnataka, during the academic year 2017-18. An investigationwas carried out to know the better storage condition for differentcarrot germplasms. A wide range of variations was observed amongthe germplasms with respect to all physico-chemical parameters.During the investigation period, carrots stored under ZECCrecorded significantly lower PLW, per cent rotting, firmness, highermoisture content, maximum marketable roots, more days ofeffective shelf life, dry matter content, higher TSS, ascorbic acid,reducing sugars, total sugars, β-carotene and total minerals. Thegermplasms also exhibited wide range of variations in all theparameters during the storage. However among the ten germplasms
studied, UHSBC 32-2 recorded minimum PLW, per cent rotting,maximum moisture content, dry matter per cent, TSS, ascorbicacid, reducing sugars, total sugars, total minerals and minimumnon- reducing sugar contents throughout the storage period.UHSBC 32-2 maintained highest shelf-life of 9.40 days, whichwas followed by UHSBC-17 (8.30) under ZECC storage condition.Second experiment was carried out to select best germplasm suitedfor dehydration. All carrot germplasms were subjected to two minblanching and dehydrated at 60 °C under electric tray drier. Amongthe germplasms, UHSBC-63 showed highest recovery,reconstitution ratio, maximum dry matter, β-carotene, ash contentsand lowest dehydration ratio, minimum rehydration ratio, non-enzymatic browning, moisture retention, water activity and higherscores for organoleptic evaluation of dehydrated slices comparedto other germplasms.
214
Standardization of pre-treatments for quality improvement in raisins and dehydrated Fig
A. BHARATHKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. L. JAGADEESH
An experiment entitled “Standardization of pre-treatments for qualityimprovement in raisins and dehydrated fig” was conducted in theDepartment of Post Harvest Technology, COH, Bagalkot, Karnatakaduring the year 2017-18. Grape bunches were pre-treated with dippingsolution (ethyl oleate + potassium carbonate) at normal temperature
(T1), dipping solution at 45 °C (T
2) and 55 °C (T
3) for five minutes,
dried in raisin making shed and analyzed for different physico-chemicalqualities. T
2 recorded maximum recovery (25.19 %) at minimum drying
time (12.10 hours) with maximum sensory score for overallacceptability (8.08), maximum Grade-A (55.92%), minimum Grade-B (28.52%) and Grade-C (15.56%) raisins. Among treatments, T
2
(1.5% ethyl oleate + 2.5% potassium carbonate dipping solution at
45 °C) was found superior with respect to various physico-chemicaland sensory properties. Raisins so prepared were packed in LDPEbag (400 gauge) and stored for three months under refrigerated
condition (4 °C). During storage, T2 recorded minimum moisture
(initial-18.55% and 3MAS-19.44%), non-enzymatic browning (NEB)value (initial-0.01 and 3MAS-0.02) and significantly maximumsensory score for colour and appearance (initial-8.50 and 3MAS-8.18) and overall acceptability (initial-8.86 and 3MAS-8.08). Freshfig fruits were blanched for four minutes, cut into different size/
shapes (T1-whole fig, T
2-pricked whole fig, T
3- longitudinal halves,
T4- longitudinal quarters) and were subjected to osmotic pre-treatment
(40 °B sugar syrup containing 0.2 % KMS+ 0.25 % citric acid for 24hours), dried in solar tunnel dryer and analyzed for different physico-chemical qualities. In dehydrated fig, T
4 (Longitudinal quarters)
recorded significantly maximum recovery (23.52 %), moisture content(25.57 %) and solid gain (11.04 %), minimum drying time (83.70hours), titratable acidity (0.27 %) and maximum sensory score foroverall acceptability (8.00). Among treatments, T
4 (longitudinal
quarters) was found superior with respect to various physico-chemicaland sensory properties. Dehydrated figs were then packed in Aluminumfoil pouches and stored for three months under ambient conditions.During storage, dehydrated figs from
T
4 recorded maximum moisture
content (initial-25.57% and 3MAS-22.54%) and maximum TSS (initial-
24.46 °B and 3MAS-28.58 °B), minimum NEB values (initial-0.16 and3MAS-0.24) and maximum sensory score. Better quality raisins wereobtained by pre-treatment with 1.5 % ethyl oleate + 2.5 % potassium
carbonate dipping solution at 45 °C. Whereas, moderately acceptabledehydrtated figs were obtained by blanching for 4 minutes, cut into
longitudinal quarters followed by steeping in 40 °B sugar syrupcontaining 0.2 % KMS+ 0.25 % citric acid for 24 hours.
Standardization of weaning food enriched with Banana, Sweet potato and Drumstick leaf powder
H. BINDU MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. BHUVANESHWARI
An experiment entitled “Standardization of weaning food enrichedwith banana, sweet potato and drumstick leaf powder” was conductedin the Department of Post Harvest Technology, College ofHorticulture, Bagalkot, Karnataka during the year 2017-18. In thepresent experiment, efforts were made to produce nutri-densedweaning food by incorporating banana powder (BP), sweet potato(SP), drumstick leaf powder (DLP) and other ingredients. Physicaland sensory parameters of weaning food were observed. Themean minimum bulk density (0.52 g/cc), water absorption capacity(43.88 %) and cooking time (2.54 min) was observed in T
1 [Malted
wheat flour (MWF) (10 %) +Malted ragi flour (MRF) (10 %) +Malted greengram flour (MGF) (10 %) + Banana powder (BP) (50%)+ Sweet potato powder (SPP) (10 %) + Drumstick leaf powder (DLP)(5 %) + Roasted flaxseed powder (RFP) (5 %)]. The maximum scorefor sensory evaluation was observed in T
5 [MWF (30 %) + MRF
(10 %) + MGF (10%) + BP (30 %) + SPP (10 %) + DLP (5 %) + RFP(5 %)]. In quality analysis, the least moisture (2.68 %) and wateractivity (0.22) and highest fat content (9.03%) was reported in
commercial weaning food whereas highest protein (17.04 %), ash(3.13 %), crude fibre (3.00 %), calcium (425.60 mg/100 g), magnesium(82.56 mg/100 g), iron (7.73 mg/100 g) and zinc (2.82 mg/100 g) wasobserved in treatment T
5 and the same treatment was adjudged best
for the sensory characteristics. The weaning food of treatment T5 and
control (T7) exhibited good storage stability by less mold counts for
three months under ambient condition. The animal experiment revealedthat the rats fed with prepared weaning food T
5 (10 g/rat) had higher
feed efficiency ratio (0.15), serum total protein (8.67 g/dl), vitamin A(675 pg/ml), calcium (13.25 mg/dl), iron (80.83 µg/dl) and zinc (1.03µg/ml) than the rats fed with commercial weaning food (Cerelac). Theresults obtained in the present study suggest that the acceptableweaning food in terms of physical and sensory properties, highernutritional quality with good storage stability and higher body weight,serum biochemical parameters could be obtained by incorporating 30per cent banana powder, 10 per cent sweet potato powder and 5 percent drumstick leaf powder into the weaning mix which can beaffordable even to the low income groups.
Standardization of process protocol for honey based aonla preserve
L. KEERTHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. BHUVANESHWARI
An experiment entitled “Standardization of process protocol for honeybased aonla preserve” was conducted in the Department of Post-Harvest Technology, College of Horticulture, Bagalkot, Karnatakaduring the year 2017-18. Aonla were prepared by cutting into differentshapes [S
1-wholes (pricked) and S
2-slices], subjected to seven different
chemical pre-treatments for a specified duration and steeped in honey.Aonla preserve was stored in glass jars at ambient condition for 90days and analyzed for different physico-chemical qualities and sensoryattributes. Aonla preserve, the wholes (pricked) (S
1) recorded maximum
fruit acidity (1.23%), minimum honey acidity (0.95), non enzymatic
browning (0.03), fruit hydroxymethylferfural (HMF-0.23), honeyHMF (0.86), pH (2.43) and maximum ascorbic acid content (127.93).Through sensory evaluation, significantly higher sensory score forcolor (7.70), texture (7.50), taste (7.53), flavor (7.63) and overallacceptability (7.15) was recorded in the wholes (pricked). Amongthe pre-treatments, T
5 (Blanching for 5 minutes + steeping in 2%
potash alum for 1 hour + steeping in honey), T6
(Steeping in 4%potash alum for 1 hour + steeping in honey) and T
7 (Blanching for 5
minutes + steeping in 4% potash alum for 1 hour + steeping in honey)were found superior with respect to various physico-chemical
215
Nutritional enrichment studies in biscuits and bread by incorporating Pineapple pomace powder
J. R. DARSHINI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. DEEPA TERDAL
Now a days, consumption of bakery products gaining more importanceamong all the sections of people. Pineapple pomace is rich source ofnutrients and they need nutritional tool to carry the nutrients to thebody. Hence, the study was conducted entitled “Nutritionalenrichment studies in biscuits and bread by incorporating pineapplepomace powder” was carried out through three systematically laidout experiments in the Department of Post Harvest Technology, Collegeof Horticulture, Bagalkot, Karnataka during the year 2017-18. Nutri-enriched biscuit was prepared by incorporating pineapple pomacepowder (PPP) in different proportions. Among nine treatments, T
5
[82.5 % all-purpose flour (APF) +12.5 % pineapple pomace powder(PPP) + 5 % defatted soya flour (DSF)], T
4 [85 % APF +10% PPP +
5% DSF], T3[87.5 % APF +7.5 % PPP + 5 % DSF] and T
1 (100 %
APF) found superior with respect to sensory and physical qualities.Selected 4 treatments were subjected to nutritional quality analysiswhere, treatment T
5 (82.5 % APF + 5 % PPP + 5 % DSF) found
superior compared to other treatments. Then, the best treatment T5
(82.5 % APF + 5 % PPP + 5 % DSF) along with control T1 (100 %
APF) further kept for storage and packaging studies respectively for3 month in an ambient condition where T
5 (82.5 % APF + 5 % PPP +
5 % DSF) placed in P1-alluminum foil was found superior.
Finally,T5 (82.5 % APF + 5 % PPP + 5 % DSF) found to be the
best treatment. Nutri-enriched bread was prepared by incorporatingpineapple pomace powder (PPP) in different proportions. Among5 treatments, T
2 (90.0 % APF + 5 % PPP + 5 % DSF) and T
3 [87.5
% APF +7.5 % PPP + 5 % DSF] found superior with respect tosensory and physical qualities. All the 5 treatments were subjectedto nutritional quality analysis where, treatment T
2 (90.0 % APF +
5 % PPP + 5 % DSF) and T3 [87.5 % APF +7.5 % PPP + 5 % DSF]
found superior compared to other treatments. Selected four furtherkept for storage studies in LDPE covers for 15 days in an ambientcondition where T
2 (90.0 % APF + 5 % PPP + 5 % DSF) was
found superior. Finally, T2 (90.0 % APF + 5 % PPP + 5 % DSF)
found to be the best treatment.
Studies on use of elicitors and bio-formulations on shelf life and quality of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) fruits
K. KAVYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MALLIKARJUN G. AWATI
A study entitled “Studies on use of elicitors and bio-formulationson shelf life and quality of papaya (Carica papaya L.) fruits” in var.Red Lady was carried out at farmer’s field, Kaladagi Hobli, Bagalkotdistrict and Department of Post-harvest Technology, College ofHorticulture, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot during2017-18. In the experiment on effect of pre harvest foliar applicationof elicitors and bio-formulations under field conditions. Among thetreatments, salicylic acid @ 300 ppm treated fruits showed minimumphysiological loss in weight (13.99 %), respiration rate (11.58 mlCO
2/ kg/ hr), maximum firmness (4.34 N), sensory quality, lesser
changes in colour values and minimum per cent disease index(34.83%), whereas, brassinosteroid treated fruits @ 0.1 per centrecorded the maximum total soluble solids (14.850B) andPseudomonas fluorescens treatment @ 1x108 cells/ml recorded themaximum beta carotene content (1.19 mg 100 g-1). Similarly, salicylicacid @ 300 ppm and brassinosteroid @ 0.1 per cent treated fruits
also showed higher shelf life of 9 days when compared to controlfruit (7 days). In the second experiment on combined effect of preand post-harvest application of best treatments (salicylic acid @300 ppm, brassinosteroid @ 0.1%, chitosan @ 2 %) of pre harvestexperiment and its application on wrapping paper, chitosan treatmentfor both fruits and wrapping paper maintained the minimumrespiration rate, physiological loss in weight, maximum firmness,titratable acidity, sensory quality and lesser changes in colour values.However, salicylic acid treatment for fruits showed a minimum percent disease index. Among the wrapping of paper and treatments,chitosan treated fruits having without wrapping paper and withtreated wrapping paper showed the higher shelf life of 9.80 daysand 10.60 days, respectively at ambient condition when comparedto control fruits. In conclusion, pre harvest application of salicylicacid @ 300 ppm and pre and post harvest application of chitosan@ 2% enhanced the quality and shelf life of papaya fruits.
parameters viz., titratable acidity, non-enzymatic browning, totalphenol content, HMF, ascorbic acid content and sensory parameters.Aonla preserve (T
5, T
6 and T
7, whole pricked) were subjected to
storage in glass jars for 90 days. During storage, T7 recorded the
values for total phenols (initial-1.66mg/g and 3MAS-1.52 mg/g), NEB(initial-0.081 and 3MAS-0.093), ascorbic acid (initial-129.28% and3MAS-128.12%), acidity (initial-1.64 and 3MAS-1.35), pH (initial-
2.47 and 3MAS-2.68), HMF (initial-36.41 and 3MAS-40.56) andhighest sensory score for overall acceptability (initial-7.17 and 3MAS-7.48). From the observations of present studies we can conclude thataonla preserve prepared from whole pricked aonla fruits and pretreated(blanching for 5 minutes + steeping in 4% potash alum for 1 hour +steeping in honey) has good chemical and sensory properties andstored for 90 days under ambient condition
Studies on dehydration of Onion and Tomato using solar tunnel dryer
B. K. POOJA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. L. JAGADEESH
An experiment entitled “Studies on dehydration of onion and tomatousing solar tunnel dryer” was conducted in the Department of PostHarvest Technology, College of Horticulture, Bagalkot, Karnatakaduring the year 2017-18. Fresh onion and tomatoes were prepared fordehydration by cutting into different size/shapes (S
1 - Dices and S
2 -
Slices in case of onion and S1 - 0.5 cm slices, S
2 -1 cm slices and S
3 -
Longitudinal quarters in case of tomato) and subjected to differentchemical pre-treatments for a specified duration. Onions and tomatoes
thus prepared were dehydrated in solar tunnel dryer and analyzed fordifferent physico-chemical qualities. In dried onion, the slices (S
2)
recorded significantly minimum moisture content (13.80 %), minimumdrying time (57.17 hours), higher rehydration ratio (2.98) andsignificantly higher sensory score. Among pre-treatments, T
2 (0.25
% KMS for 15 min), T3 (0.1 % KMS + 2 % CaCl
2 for 5 min) and T
6
(0.5 % Na2S
2O
5 for 20 min) were found superior with respect to
various physico-chemical and sensory properties. Onion slices
216
Effect of different post harvest treatments and packaging materials to extend the shelf life ofTuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) florets
G. R. REETHU MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MD JAMEEL JHALEGAR
An investigation to study the effect of different pre-cooling methods(pre-cooling at 4°C, hydrocooling at 4°C and by use of gel ice packs),followed by treatments with sucrose (10 % and 4 %) and boric acid(4 % and 2 %) further florets packed in five different packages such as(Nylon bags, polythene and polypropylene bag with ventilation (0.2% and 0 %), butter paper lined CFB boxes and aluminium foil linedthermocol box was carried out in Dept. of Post Harvest Technology,College of Horticulture, Bagalkot, during 2017-18, further entire protocolused was taken to conduct transport studies (rail). Among the threepre-cooling method used treatment T
4 (pre-cooled at 4 °C + 4 % boric
acid) better shelf life upto four days with least mean physiological
loss in weight (22.02 %), least respiration rate (94.43 CO2 kg-1 h-1),
highest L* value (88.13), with minimum wilting (30.37%), polyphenolenzyme activity 0.05U/g FW with better retention of fragrance andfreshness with scores (3 and 5) on modified scale. In second experimentPre-cooled florets treated with different chemicals and packed in CFBboxes among these treatment T
7 (pre-cooled at 4 °C + 4 % boric acid
+ GA3 100 ppm)
showed minimum PLW(25.00 %), less respiration
rate (92.00 CO2
kg-1 h-1), highest L* value (87.23), with minimum
wilting (25.16 %), less enzyme activity 0.05U/g FW and extendedthe shelf life of tuberose florets upto 7 days of storage with betterretention of fragrance and freshness with scores (4 and 5) compare tocontrol. Among different packaging materials used during rail transporttreated florets packed in aluminium foil lined thermocol ice box showedmaximum shelf life with lowest PLW was recorded in C
3T
7 (2.05%),
less respiration rate (35.5 ml CO2 kg/hr), highest L* value (92.2),
freshness score (3) fragrance score (2.95), better retention of moisture(91.75 %). From the above results of this study, it is concluded thatpre-cooling at 4 °C found best among pre-cooling methods andchemical treatments combination of 4 % boric acid as well as GA
3 at
100 ppm , followed by packing in thermocol box lined with aluminiumfoil, padded with gel ice pack was found to be the best protocol fortransport of tuberose loose florets to distant market especially throughrail.
dehydrated after pre-treatments (T2, T
3 and T
6) were subjected to
storage in stand on PE-pouches for three months. During storage, T6
recorded significantly minimum moisture (initial-11.38% and 3 MAS-14.02%) and NEB value (initial-0.08 and 3 MAS-0.15), significantlyhigher pungency (initial-6.35and 3 MAS-4.83) and maximum sensoryscore for overall acceptability (initial-8.56 and 3 MAS-8.06). In driedtomatoes, the S
3 (Longitudinal quarters) recorded significantly
maximum recovery (5.01), titratable acidity (0.80%) and lycopenecontent (3.23 mg/100 g) followed by S
2 (1cm). Most of the physico-
chemical and sensory properties of dried tomatoes due to pre-
treatments and control did not show significant differences. Therefore,tomatoes (S
2 and S
3) dehydrated without any pre-treatment
(T1-control) were packed in stand on PE-pouches and stored for three
months under ambient conditions. Though S3 tomatoes absorbed more
moisture and higher NEB values during storage, they were found betterin retention of titratable acidity (Initial-0.77 and 3 MAS-0.48) andlycopene (Initial-3.04 and 3 MAS-2.65) representing characteristictaste and nutritional benefits associated with acidity and lycopenerespectively. Therefore T
6 of S
2 in onion and T
1 (Control) of S
3 in
tomato are concluded as best for dehydration under solar tunnel dryer.
Studies on management of postharvest anthracnose disease of Papaya (Carica papaya) usingbiolgcal control agents
RESHMA N. YADRAVI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. L. RUDRESH
An experiment entitled “Studies on management of postharvestanthracnose disease of papaya (Carica papaya L.) using biologicalcontrol agents” was conducted in the Department of Agriculturalmicrobiology and Post-Harvest Technology, COH, Bagalkot,Karnataka during the year 2017-2018. The Isolates of anthracnosecausal agent Colletotrichum gleosporiodies were isolated frominfected papaya fruits collected from different places. The virulentpathogen isolate exhibiting higher per cent disease index (30%) andvirulence index (4.29) was selected for isolation of biocontrol agentsfrom different sources by Poisoned food technique. Out of 59 samplestested, 19 biocontrol agents exhibited clear zone of inhibition inpoisoned food technique and were selected for further evaluationagainst pathogen under in vitro by Dual culture technique. Amongthe biocontrol agents tested, Trichoderma harzianum was mosteffective with maximum per cent inhibition of radial growth ofC. gloeosporioides (62.50 %) followed by isolate No. 10 (50.00%), isolate No. 9 (47.85 %), isolate No. 7 (47.14 %) and isolate No.16 (46.43 %). Five efficient biocontrol agents selected from in vitrostudies were screened in vivo against infection of anthracnose diseaseof papaya fruits and their inoculation effect on the conditions. Theresults of the in vivo evaluation of biocontrol agents against naturalinfection of anthracnose (C. gloeosporioides) showed the lowest
per cent disease index of 13.89 per cent in fruits treated with T5
(BCA5-
Isolate No. 9), followed by T
4 (BCA-Isolate No.10) (16.67
%) and T7 (Carbendazium at 0.1 per cent for 5 min) (20.83 %). The
papaya fruits treated with T5 (BCA
5-Isolate No.10) exhibited higher
shelf life of 10 days with minimum physiological loss in weight(16.23 %), higher firmness (2.16 N) and higher TSS (14.10o brix),total sugars (11.63%), ascorbic acid (38.19 mg/100 g) and carotenecontent (1.85 mg/100 g) and higher sensory score at 9 days of storagefollowed by T
4 (BCA-Isolate No.10) and T
7 (Carbendazium at 0.1
per cent for 5 min). In vivo screening of efficient biocontrol agentson papaya fruits challenge inoculated with C. gloeosporioidesshowed that fruits treated with BCA
5-Isolate No. 10 (T
5) recorded
lower per cent disease index (33.33 %) followed by BCA4 -Isolate
No.9 (T4) and Carbendazium at 0.1 per cent (T
7) with PDI of 50.00
per cent and 52.77 per cent, respectively at 9 days of storage. Thepapaya fruits treated with T
5 (BCA
5 -Isolate No. 10) recorded higher
shelf life of 9.67 days with lowest per cent physiological loss inweight (16.13%), higher firmness retention (2.22 N), higher TSS(12.47 obrix), total sugars (10.40 %), ascorbic acid content (30.19mg/100 g) and carotene content (1.42 mg/100 g) and higher sensoryscore 9 days of storage followed by BCA
4 -Isolate No.9 (T
4) and
Carbendazium at 0.1 per cent (T7).
217
Studies on optimization of nutri-enriched fruit leather
S. N. SUPRITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. BHUVANESHWARI
The “Studies on optimization of nutri-enriched fruit leather” wasconducted in the Department of Post Harvest Technology, College ofHorticulture, Bagalkot during the year 2017-18. Fruit leather wasenriched with defatted soya slurry and sweet potato flour to papayaand guava pulp. Sensory evaluation and physico-chemical parametersof leather was carried out. The highest sensory scores were recordedin T
7 [PP (60 %) + GP (20 %) + SS (10 %) + SP (10 %)], T
8 [PP
(70 %) + GP (10 %) + SS (10 %) + SP (10 %)] and T9 [PP (80 %) +
SS (10 %) + SP (10%)]. In physico-chemical parameters, significantlymaximum yield was observed in T
8 (64.67 %). The minimum moisture
content (8.27%) and water activity (0.50) and maximum shear force(0.51 N) and ascorbic acid content (166.00mg /100g) were found inthe treatment T
5 [GP (80 %) + SS (10 %) + SP (10 %)]. Best three
treatments along with control were analysed for nutrient composition.The minimum moisture content (9.66 %) and the highest protein
(5.36 %), fat (2.50 %), ash (7.06 %) and crude fibre (0.94 %) wasobtained in the treatment T
7 and maximum calorific value (343.82
Kcal/100 g) was observed in T8. The highest score for calcium (19.65
mg/100 g), magnesium (21.70 mg/100 g), iron (0.33 mg/100 g) andzinc (0.06 mg/100 g) was recorded in T
9. The leather was packed in
polypropylene bag and studied to know the effect of storage periodon quality parameters. The study revealed that the minimum moisturecontent (12.80 %), water activity (0.66) and maximum shear force(0.25 N) and overall acceptability (6.70) after 90 days of storage wasobserved in T
7. Microbial study reported that there was no growth of
microbes among all the treatments at initial and 90 days after storageperiod. In conclusion, treatment T
7 was found to be superior in physical
and nutritional quality parameters. In storage study, T7 and T
8 were
found to be superior over other treatments in quality and sensoryparameters.
Development of nutritional premix product using encapsulated Jamun juice powder
S. A. NITHIN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. J. SURESHA
A study on “Development of nutritional premix product usingencapsulated jamun juice powder” was conducted during 2016-17 inthe Department of Postharvest Technology, College of Horticulture,Bengaluru (UHS, Bagalkot), Karnataka.The objective of the studywas to develop a nutritional jamun premix powder incorporated withmicroencapsulated jamun powder (0, 2, 4 and 6 %) with otheringredients viz., soy protein isolate (20 %), skimmed milk powder(13 %), fructose oligosaccharide (5 %), pea protein (8 %), MCT oilpowder (7 %), fructose (5%), minerals (3 %), vanilla flavor powder(2 %), chocolate flavor powder (5 %), vitamins (0.17 %), maltodextrin(35.83, 33.83, 31.83 and 29.83 %). The product was packed inaluminum laminated pouches and stored at ambient (28±1°C) and
accelerated (40 °C) conditions for three months to study the stabilitywith respect to various physico-chemical parameters. Storage of theproduct revealed changes w.r.t. physicochemical qualities viz., moisturecontent, water activity and color values ( L*a*b*), total soluble solids,titratable acidity, total sugars, total fat, carbohydrate and proteincontent. The premix powder registered high (0.2g/100g) Ca content.The treatment (T
8) that consists of encapsulated jamun powder (6 %)
+ MD (29.83 %) + chocolate flavor (5 %) was considered moreacceptable by the sensory penal and found minimum changes w.r.t. tophysicochemical qualities. The product found to be stable with regardsto physical and chemical qualities and also found microbiologically safefor up to three months under both ambient and accelerated conditions.
Development of blended carbonated drink from Pomegranate and Plum
ABDULLAH MASOUMI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. K. SADANANDA
Carbonated soft drinks available in the market may contain syntheticcolors and flavors and are high in sugar content, which may havenegative health effects. Pomegranate and plum juice could be blendedfor production of nutritious carbonated drink alternatives. In thepresent study three experiments were performed to develop blendedcarbonated drink from pomegranate and plum. In the first experiment,pomegranate and plum juice were blended in 10 varying ratios totaling20 per cent juice content and remaining 80 per centwas made up withand without kokum water. The best blend obtained was having 10 percent each of pomegranate and plum juice with 80 per cent kokumwater and it was taken as a base for the syrup preparation for secondexperiment in which TSS (13, 15, 17°B) and carbon dioxide pressurelevel (80, 100, 120 psi) was altered to get the carbonated drink. In the
third experiment, the best treatment obtained from second experiment(15 °B and 100 psi pressure) was added with different concentrationof sodium benzoate preservative (0, 40, 80, 120 ppm) and stored for90 days at ambient and low temperature condition (4-7 °C). Thecarbonated drink stored with 80 ppm sodium benzoate at lowtemperature conditionwas highly nutritive which retained 4.87 mg/100 ml ascorbic acid and 31.28 mg AEAC/100 ml total antioxidantsactivity and organoleptically was acceptable and safe for consumptionafter 90 days of storage. It is concluded that the 10 per cent each ofpomegranate and plum juice added with 80 per cent kokum watermaintained at 15 °B and 100 psi pressure with 80 ppm sodiumbenzoate blended carbonated drink could be commercialized as anutritious alternative to synthetic carbonated drinks.
Effects of pretreatment and drying methods on Raisin production
AHMAD SHAFIQ FOUSHANJE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. C. KRISHNA
Fresh grapes contain about 80 per cent moisture which promotesmicrobial spoilage and early deterioration of shelf-life. Drying is acommon method to convert fresh grapes into raisins which has highnutritive values and longer shelf life. Study was carried out tostandardize the effect of pretreatment viz., treating grapes withcombination of K
2CO
3 with ethyl oleate oil and olive oil, hot water
treatment and no dipping along with three drying methods such ascabinet tray dryer, solar tunnel dryer and open sun drying on raisonproduction and evaluate its drying time, sensory attributes, nutritivequality and microbial load using factorial CRD design. Pretreatedgrapes were dried until the moisture level was reduced below 16 percent. The results from interaction effects of pretreatments and drying
218
Studies on postharvest spoilage and shelf life of Strawberry fruits (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.)
BASIR AHMAD RAHIMI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. H. SHANKARAPPA
Strawberry fruit is highly perishable and spoils rapidly due tocontamination by pathogenic and nonpathogenic microorganisms,causing serious reduction in quality. We measured the effects of fourtreatments on shelf-life: 1) Aloe vera gel (AV)-based edible coatingsin combination with ascorbic acid (AA); 2) CaCl
2; 3) chitosan (CH);
and 4) cassava starch (CS) with potassium sorbate (PS). Strawberrieswere coated with AV (15 and 25% v/v) + AA (3% w/v), CaCl
2 (0.5 and
1 % w/v), CH (1 and 1.5 % v/v) and CS (2 and 3% w/v) + PS (0.1 %)and uncoated fruit served as a control. After treatment, fruit weightloss, firmness loss, colour values, TSS, moisture content, titratableacidity (TA), ascorbic acid content, total anthocyanin, reducing sugar,total sugar and total microbial count were evaluated at 0, 1 and 3 daysof storage (under room temperature) and 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days ofstorage ( 9 ± 1 °C, 70 to 80 % RH). Compared to uncoated strawberries,
all coating treatments significantly (P < 0.01) reduced weight loss,firmness loss, moisture loss, and total bacteria, yeast and mold. Coatedstrawberries also had significantly (P < 0.01) higher TSS, ascorbicacid, and TA. Among all coating treatments, 1.5 per cent chitosan wasmost effective (P < 0.01)in maintaining higher ascorbic acid, TSS,titratable acidity and reducing microbial load compare to othertreatments. These results indicate that edible coatings have potentialas a means to reduce postharvest spoilage in strawberry fruits. Twentysix different microbial isolates were observed in strawberry, of which10 are bacteria which belong to Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcusspp. and Micrococcus spp., six are fungi (Fusarium spp., Aspergillusspp., Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp., Rhizopus spp. and Botrytisspp.) and ten are yeasts which belong to Saccharomyces spp.,Rhodotorula spp., Pichia spp. and Candida spp.
Effect of modified atmosphere package on storage life of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruits
NASIR AHMAD SAHEL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. C. KRISHNA
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an important table fruitaccepted across the globe due to its nutritional quality. To enhanceits storage and shelf life using modified atmosphere packaging (MAP)an experiment was conducted at the Department of PHT, College ofHorticulture, Bengaluru. To analyse the physic-chemical propertiesduring storage of pomegranate fruits, firm ripe pomegranates fruitswere harvested from field with stalk and washed with 150 ppmsodium hypochlorite, air dried, and graded based on uniformity.Fruits were subjected to four modified atmospheric packagingtreatments viz. polyethylene bag, polypropylene bag, Xtend® bagand Silver nano bag (Hima Fresh®). Pomegranates without packagingserved as control. All pomegranates were stored at 7 ± 2 °C and90±5% relative humidity in corrugated fibre board box. MAP packedfruits were found to have a storage life of 100 days over 40 days inunpacked control. MAP packed fruits recorded increased CO
2 and
decreased O2 during prolonged storage. Silver nano bags had
maximum CO2
(7.68 %) and lower O2
(5.18 %) after 100 days ofstorage while minimum CO
2 (4.04 %) and maximum O
2 (13.92%)
Xtend® bag. The respiration rate of the unpacked fruits recordedmaximum (8.90 mg CO
2 kg-1 h-1) at 40 DAS, while, Silver nano bag
(Hima fresh®) recorded minimum (7.60 mg CO2 kg-1 h-1) at 100 days
of storage. Fruits packed by MAP bags maintained higher qualitymeasurements like less PLW ( 0.87-3.12 %), minimum peel moistureloss (76.78-74.42 %), maximum colour retention, higher texture(5.81-5.62 kg cm2-1), maximum TSS (13.80-13.52 B), optimum acidity(0.72-64 %), ascorbic acid (10.46-10.09 mg 100 g-1) and sensoryscore of fruits in the range of 6.50-5.25 out of 9 after storage periodof 100 days. The fruits which were packed with Xtend® bag recordedlowest (6 %) decay and maximum (12 %) in polyethylene bag after100 days of storage.
methods indicate that raisins pretreated with ethyl oleate oil 1.5 percent + K
2CO
3 3 per cent and dried in cabinet tray dryer took minimum
drying time (26.08 h) with least non-enzymatic browning (0.049),highest carbohydrate (79.42 g 100 g-1), soft texture, (4.91 N) minimumtitratable acidity (1.80%) and crud fiber (1.11 g 100 g-1) but sundried raisins without dipping pretreatment took maximum dryingtime (169 h), highest NEB (0.836), lower level of carbohydrates(74.48 g 100 g-1) and hard texture (6.44 N). Grapes dipped in
emulsion of ethyl oleate and olive oil along with potassiumcarbonate and dried in cabinet tray dryer had uniform and superiorlight green color and recorded highest sensory score, while, raisinsprepared by same pretreatment showed golden brown colorunder solar tunnel dryer and dark brown appearance under opensun drying. Microbial safety conditions of prepared raisin wereas per the codex standards in all condition of drying andpretreatments.
Influence of modified atmosphere package on quality of Cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var.cerasiforme) fruits
S. M. MANASA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. J. SURESHA
Cherry tomatoes are rich source of lycopene and highly valuedvegetable used for salad dressing. They are climacteric in nature hencemany physiological and biochemical changes leads to deterioration ofthe fruit. The postharvest losses in cherry tomatoes are mainly dueto high rate of respiration and microbial spoilage. The shelf life ofcherry tomatoes is only 5-6 days under ambient storage. Shelf-life offresh fruits may be extended by atmospheres reduced in O
2 and
elevated in CO2, by means of modified atmosphere packaging that
slows deterioration and reduces ethylene production and respirationrates thereby resulting in an extension of shelf life. To prolong thestorage and shelf life of cherry tomatoes, a study was conducted on“Influence of modified atmosphere package on quality of cherry tomato(Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) fruits” at the Department
of Postharvest Technology, College of Horticulture, UHS Campus,Bengaluru during the academic year 2017-18. Fresh anduniformly matured cherry tomatoes were packed in LDPEcovers with different gas composition and stored at 8±1°Cand 80±5% RH. Among the different gaseous compositions,3 per cent O
2 + 5 per cent CO
2+92 per cent N
2 has shown
higher retention of moisture content (89.89 %), lesser changesin color values, better retention of texture (0.52 N), minimumchanges in total soluble solids (7.93°B), reducing sugars(3.23 %), total sugars(5.29 %), antioxidant activity (5.49 AAE100g-1), lycopene (5.82 mg 100-1) with lower physiologicalloss in weight (0.18%) and registered a storage life up to 33days as compared to 15 days in control.
219
Protocol optimization for enhancing the shelf life of minimally processed leaves and microgeens ofFenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.)
MHASIZOTU MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. RANJITHA
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L., Family fabaceae), is aherb with high culinary and medicinal importance. The presetinvestigation was conducted at the ICAR-Indian Institute ofHorticultural Researcch, Bengaluru, to standardize a pre treatmentfor minimally processed leaves, sanitary wash treatment forimcrogreens and its integration with modified atmosphere packagingto extend the shelf life and maintain the quality. Pretreatment offenugreek leaves with 50 ppm kinetin for five minutes was effectivein the maintenance of sensory qualities, colour attributes andnutritional qualities of the produce at 8 °C storage. Integration ofkinetin pretreatment with packaging in 42.5 µm thick polypropylenefilm maintained an in-pack gas composition of 9.54-12.53 % O
2, 8.2-
11.57 % CO2 and less ethylene accumulation inside the packs. It
recorded better sensory quality and nutritional qualities such asvitamins, proteins, antioxidant capacity as well as microbiological
quality compared to the other treatment and maintained the shelf lifetill 15 days of storage at 80C. Fenugreek leaves contain rich source ofvitamin A(retinol), D (calciferol), E (tocopherol), K1 (phylloquione),K2 (menaquinone), B1 (thiamine), B4 (niacin), B6 (pyridoxine) incomparison with some of the highly consumed nutrient rich vegetables.Microgreens were found to be good sources of vitamin B2 (riboflavin),B6 (pyridoxine), B7(biotin), K1 (phylloquinone) and K2(menaaquinone), and their levels were higher in microgreens than infenugreek leaves. Dipping of fenugreek microgreens in nisin 20 ppmfor five minutes proved a good method for improving themicrobiological quality of fenugreek microgreens till 10 days of storageat 8 °C and its integration with PP42.5 µm obtained and equilibriummodified atmosphere of 10.4-14.00 % O
2, 5-8 % CO
2 , which lessened
the ethylene accumulation in the packs and maintained better sensory,nutritional and microbiological qualities till 15 days of storage at 8 °C.
Studies on modified atmosphere packaging of fresh-cut Jackfruit bulbs (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.)
VIDYASHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. R. VASUDEVA
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) is the largest edible fruit. Infresh form, the fruit is very perishable. Moreover, difficulty to separatethe bulbs and the huge size leads to transportation problems. Keepingthis in view, the present investigation was carried out at the Departmentof Postharvest Technology, College of Horticulture, UHS Campus,Bengaluru during the academic year 2017-18. Two experiments werecarried out to observe the effect of modified atmosphere on qualityand shelf life of fresh-cut jackfruit with seed and without seed bulbs.Fresh-cut jackfruit bulbs (with seed and without seed) were pre-treated with 1% CaCl
2 and 0.25% ascorbic acid for 5 min and packed
in transparent polypropylene covers with different gas compositions(2 % O
2 + 3 % CO
2 + 95 % N
2;
O
2 + 5 % CO
2 +93 % N
2; 3 % O
2 + 3
% CO2 + 94 % N
2; 3 % O
2 + 5 % CO
2 + 92 % N
2; 4% O
2 + 3 % CO
2
+ 93 % N2; 4 % O
2 + 5 % CO
2 + 91 % N
2) along with control (passive
gas composition) and stored in cold storage (6±2 °C and relativehumidity of 85±5 %). In both experiment fresh-cut jackfruit withseed and without seed bulbs were packed with gas composition of 3% O
2 + 5 % CO
2 +92 % N
2 stored in cold storage (6±2 °C) has shown
an increase in storage life up to 24 days in with seed and 8 days inwithout seed bulbs as compare to control samples stored for 12 daysin with seed and four days in without seed. Same treatment alsoshowed reduced respiration rate, maintained total soluble solids,minimum PLW with retention of moisture, higher firmness, colourhigher total sugars, ascorbic acid, total antioxidant activity, totalcarotenoids, calcium content, better sensory quality and lowermicrobial load at the end of the experiment.
PLANT PATHOLOGY
Epidemiology and management of purple blotch of Onion caused by Alternaria porri (Ellis) cif.
N. ROHAN HUNDEKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. K. MESTA
The present investigation on the epidemiology and management ofpurple blotch of onion was conducted at the College of Horticulture,Bagalkot during 2015-16. The survey carried out in major oniongrowing districts of northern Karnataka during 2015-16, revealed thatthe highest incidence of the disease was in Haveri district (37.00 %)and least in Koppal district (19.00 %). Over all disease severity washigher in irrigated crop than rain fed crop. Among the eight isolatescollected from different locations during the survey, the isolate API-7 has found to have bigger size of conidia with more number of septa.Among the eight solid and liquid media tested, pathogen showed themaximum growth and sporulation on potato dextrose broth. Atemperature of 35 oC, pH of 6.0, RH of 90 per cent and incubation of12 days on potato dextrose broth were found best for the growth andsporulation of A. porri. The experiment on transplanting at differentdays revealed that PDI (36.00 %) was lowest when onion wastransplanted on 2nd July with highest yield of 23.91 t/ha. The
epidemiological studies revealed that per cent disease index wasprogressing at linear rate throughout the crop growth and it wasnegatively correlated with relative humidity (morning and evening)and maximum temperature. It was positively correlated with minimumtemperature, while non significant with rain fall. The PDI at all stageswere highly and positively correlated with thrips incidence and windspeed. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that weatherparameters influenced to the extent of 35 to 88 % on per cent diseaseindex. Fifty five genotypes were screened to identify the resistancesource, among which the genotype DOA-24 was found moderatelyresistant to purple blotch of onion. Among the 12 different fungicidestested in vitro, tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin completely inhibited(100 %) the mycilial growth of the fungus at 0.15 per cent, followed bypropiconazole @ 0.15% (90.37 %). In the field experiment two spraysof tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin @ 0.1 per cent at 15 days intervalrecorded maximum disease control with highest yield and net returns.
220
Development of botanical formulation for the management of bacterial blight of Pomegranatecaused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae
JAGADEESH BAGEWADI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. C. KIRAN KUMAR
The present investigation on “Development of botanical formulationfor the management of bacterial blight of pomegranate caused byXanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae.” was conducted at theDepartment of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, Bagalkot during2016-2017. The three botanicals viz., garlic, kokum and prosopis foundeffective in the earlier studies were selected for development of botanicalformulation against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae under in-vitro and in-vivo. Among the solvents tested with different botanicals,ethanol extract of Prosopis juliflora was found to be most effectiveagainst X. axonopodis pv. punicae with the maximum average inhibitionof 33.67 mm followed by methanol extract of Garcinia indica (29.78mm) under in vitro condition. The different pesticides combinationwith botanicals, the Prosopis juliflora with 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1, 3-diol was found best compatible by showing highest averageinhibition zone of 32.11 mm. However, compatibility among the
botanicals, the combination of Allium sativum (Bhima purple) + A.sativum (Bhima omkar) + G. indica + G. gammigutta + P. juliflorashowed highest average inhibition zone of 36.00 mm. However,combination of P. juliflora and G. indica are physically incompatible.Garcinia indica recorded longest shelf life followed by A. sativum(Bhima purple) and P. juliflora kept at different temperature. Entireleaf of P. juliflora showed highest average zone of inhibition of 34.67mm. Ethanol extract of P. juliflora by rotary evaporator showed highestzone of inhibition of 35.33 mm. Among the different treatments,combination of Streptocycline 500 ppm + Copper oxychloride 0.3%,Streptocycline 500 ppm + P. juliflora @ 1:5 and Streptocycline 500ppm + G. indica @ 1:5 were found effective to inhibit the growth of X.axonopodis. pv. punicae under in vitro condition. However, 86.58 and83.78 per cent reduction of leaf infection under field conditions.
Epidemiology and management of fig rust caused by Cerotelium fici (Cast.) Arth.
A. ANUSHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. Y. S. MAHESH
The present research work on “Epidemiology and management of figrust caused by Cerotelium fici (Cast.) Arth.” was carried out at theDepartment of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, Bagalkotand in vivo studies at Fruit orchard, UHS, Bagalkot and HorticultureResearch and Extension Centre, Vijayapur (Tidagundi) during 2017-18. The symptoms of fig rust was more pronounced on the leaves asbrownish angular spots on the adaxial surface and uredosori on thecorresponding abaxial surface of the leaf. The severity of the diseaseleads to the defoliation. The survey carried out in the three districtsof Northern Karnataka revealed that the highest Per cent DiseaseIndex (PDI) was recorded in Ballary (66.93) and lowest in Bagalkotdistrict (51.46). The in vitro studies on uredospore germination
revealed that, 2.5 per cent sucrose, 25 °C temperature and 100 percent relative humidity favoured the maximum germination ofuredospores. Among the weather parameters correlated, morning
relative humidity (%) and minimum temperature (°C) had maximuminfluence on the disease development. In vivo screening of varietiesviz., Ballary, Conadriya, Dienna, Dinakar, Excel and Poona showedthat none of the varieties were found to be resistant to rust disease.The results of analysis of bio chemical parameters showed that total
sugars, reducing sugars, non reducing sugars, total protein and totalphenol content in the leaves were increased due to the infection,whereas the chlorophyll content was decreased. The wax content, apre existing defense component was highest in the upper leaves whichwere immune to the disease. In vitro efficacy of fungicides, biorationalsand bioagents indicated that fungicides viz., propiconazole,carbendazim, difenconazole, tebuconazole, mancozeb andtrifloxystrobin + tebuconazole were found highly effective in inhibitingthe uredospore germination. Out of the different biorationals testedneem oil, safflower oil, amrut pani, ginger rhizome extract, coconutoil and garlic bulb extract effectively inhibited the uredosporegermination. Among the bioagents viz. , Bacillus. subtilis,Pseudomonas. fluoroscens and Lecanicillium lecanii completelyinhibited the uredospore germination. In vivo (field) evaluation studiesindicated that among biorationals, ginger rhizome extract @ 15% wasmore effective in reducing the rust disease followed by neem oil @5% and garlic bulb extract @ 15%. Among the different fungicidestested, tebuconazole at 0.1 % propiconazole at 0.1 % and mancozebat 0.25 % were recorded the least PDI of 31.85, 35.06, 35.56 andhighest BC ratio of 1:3.94, 1:3.80, 1:3.47, respectively.
Investigation on association of Ceratocystis fimbriata Ell. and Halst. and Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoidand White) Chitwood in causing wilt of Pomegranate and its management
MADHUSHRI S. KERAKALAMATTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. K. MESTA
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), one of the important commercialhorticulture crops of Karnataka, is highly threatened by the wilt complex
caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata and Meloidogyne incognita. To knowthe incidence and severity of the disease, a survey was conductedduring 2016-17 and 2017-18 in Bagalkot and Vijayapur districts of
northern Karnataka. Among two districts, average per cent diseaseindex of wilt was noticed maximum in Bagalkot (8.53 %) than Vijayapur(7.15 %). In Bagalkot district, average wilt disease incidence was
maximum in Badami taluk (19.91 %). In Vijayapur district average wiltdisease incidence was maximum in Sindgi taluk (13.49 %). The wiltincidence, root knot infestation and shot hole bore incidence were higher
in orchards of 4-5 years old compared to orchards below 2-3 years.
Ceratocystis fimbriata was isolated from infected tissues using carrotbaits. The pure culture was maintained on potato dextrose agar at 25±10C. The prevailing root knot nematode species on pomegranate wascharacterized based on the perineal pattern. Interaction study of C.fimbriata and M. incognita on pomegranate was carried out under pot
culture, which revealed that simultaneous inoculation of C. fimbriataand M. incognita showed early and highest wilting symptoms andgalls, followed by inoculation of C. fimbriata 15 days prior to inoculation
of M. incognita. These two treatments adversely affected plant growthparameters viz., fresh and dry weights of roots, shots and root andshoot length. In vitro studies recorded that, non systemic fungicides
viz., mancozeb 63% + carbendazim 12% at 0.025%, concentrations;
221
Effect of elicitors in induction of resistance against bacterial blight and phenylpropanoidpathway in Pomegranate
PRAVEEN YADAV MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAGHAVENDRA K. MESTA
Bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae
(Xap) is a destructive and wide spread foliar disease in pomegranate,
resulting yield losses up to 60-80 per cent. The present study
conducted to evaluate the effect of elicitors in induction of
resistance against bacterial blight and phenylpropanoid pathway
in pomegranate. The results obtained during the course of study
revealed that among the different inducers tested in vitro, complete
inhibition zone was observed in Bacillus subtilis (100 %) at 3x109
CFU/ml, followed by Pseudomonas putida (75.83 %) at 3x109
CFU/ml of concentration, while inhibition was not observed in
abiotic elicitors such as arachidonic acid, BABA, chitosan,
eicosapentaenoic acid, GABA and proline. Under green house
condition, prophylactic application of BABA 600 ppm (2.68%)
recorded least PDI, which was on par with P. putida at 3x109 CFU/
ml (3.35%) and GABA 600 ppm (3.66%). As curative application,
chitosan 0.2% (4.17%) recorded least PDI, but was on par with
proline 600 ppm (4.82%) and followed by P. putida at 3x109 CFU/
ml (5.38%). The response of phenylpropanoid pathway genes to
inducers treatment was studied. Highest expression of PAL gene
was observed in GABA 600 ppm treatment showing 65.08 folds
at 6 hpi. Chitosan 0.2 % treatment induced highest expression of
C4H, 4CL and COMT genes showing 14.86, 17.88 and 33.34
folds upregulation at 144, 0 and 144 hpi, respectively. Highest
expression of CAD gene was observed in P. putida at 3x109 CFU/
ml treatment showing 17.10 folds upregulation at 0 hpi. The
temporal time gap study revealed that a minimum of 2 days required
for maximum resistance development in BABA 600 ppm treatment
with least PDI of 0.94 per cent whereas a minimum of 5 days gap
required for GABA 600 ppm (1.42%) and P. putida at 3x109 CFU/
ml (1.10%). Under field conditions, P. putida at 3x109 CFU/ml
(4.81%) recorded least PDI on leaves but was on par with BABA
600 ppm (4.98 %) and GABA 600 ppm (5.58%). In case of fruit
blight, P. putida (3x109 CFU/ml) exhibited highest protection by
recording PDI of 2.76 but was on par with BABA 600 ppm
(2.81%) and chitosan 0.2% (2.99%) followed by GABA 600 ppm
(3.91%). Further, BABA 600 ppm recorded total yield of 12.04 t/
ha which was on par with P. putida at 3x109 CFU/ml (11.73 t/ha)
and GABA 600 ppm (11.36 t/ha).
systemic fungicides viz., hexaconazole and propiconazole at 0.025 %concentrations and 3 isolates of bio agent Trichoderma spp. were
effective against C. fimbriata. Phorate @ 0.01 g/ml and neem cake @0.1 g/ml were effective against M. incognita. Pot culture studies revealedpropiconazole (0.1%) and tebuconazole @ 0.1% were effective against
C. fimbriata, while phorate @ 9 g/pot and neem cake @ 50 g/pot were
effective against M. incognita. Under field conditions, propiconazole@ 0.2 % + phorate @ 18 g/ plant and propiconazole @ 0.2 % + neemcake @ 100 g/plant + T. harzianum @ 100 g/plant were found effective
in controlling the disease complex with high fruit yield (19.70 and17.55 kg) and net returns (` 7,40,423 and 6,10,701) compared to othertreatments.
Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis) of muskmelon isone of the most destructive and widely distributed disease. The wiltaffected plant specimens were collected from different locations viz.,Mysuru, Bengaluru and Chitradurga (Hiriyur). Among 10 differentsolid media tested for the growth and sporulation of the fungus, thefungus produced maximum radial growth on potato dextrose agar,malt extract agar and oat meal agar (90.00 mm). The Mysore-I andMysore isolates-II produced maximum growth and sporulation onpotato dextrose agar. Colony growth was creamy white to purplishwhite colored colony. The Bengaluru and Chitradurga (Hiriyur) isolatesshowed maximum growth and sporulation on oat meal agar and colorof mycelium was yellowish white and whitish purple. The growthand sporulation of the pathogen was maximum at 25ºC. Optimumtemperature for growth of pathogen was 20-25ºC. The continuousdark condition was found to be the best condition for growth andsporulation of the pathogen. The pH required for maximum growth
was found to be 5.0 to 6.0. The carbon sources on growth of thepathogen was maximum in basal media of Richard’s and Czapek’smedium amended with starch and sucrose. Among the differentnitrogen sources tested in Richard’s medium, potassium nitratewas better for the growth of the pathogen. In-vitro studies revealedthat Trichoderma viride showed strong antagonistic activity againstthe pathogen. Among the eight fungicides evaluated under in-vitrocondition, carboxin + thiram, benomyl and carbendazim + mancozebshowed total inhibiton of the fungal growth at the concentrationof 500, 750 and 1000 ppm. Under in-vivo condition the seedtreatment with Trichoderma viride @10g/ kg of seeds + drenchingwith Trichoderma viride @ 10g/l at 15, 30 and 60 days after plantingeffectively controlled the disease at 60 and 80 days after sowing.At 90 days after sowing the seed treatment + drenching withcarbendazim + mancozeb at 15, 30 and 60 days after plantingrecorded the lowest disease incidence (41.66 %).
Etiology and management of wilt of Muskmelon caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis(Snyd and Hans)
R. BHAVYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. THAMMAIAH
Molecular characterization and management of white rust of chrysanthemum causedby Puccinia horiana P. Hennings
R.. MUNILAKSHMI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. ANJANEYA REDDY
Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema x grandiflorum Tzvelev) is one of themost important and widely cultivated commercial flower crops in SouthIndia. The crop is prone to be affected by several diseases. Among them,white rust of chrysanthemum caused by Puccinia horiana P. Hennings isa serious fungal disease, which is regarded as a quarantine pest in many
countries. The symptoms of the disease include occurrence of numerous,light green to yellowish spots on the upper surface of leaves and pinkishcoloured, buff, waxy raised pustules on the corresponding lower surfaceof infected leaves. Later, the raised pustules get matured and finallyinfected leaves become necrotic, distorted, coalesce and fall off. The
222
Studies on variability and management of Alternaria solani (Ellis and Martin) Jones and Groutcausing early blight disease in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
NAGESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SADANAND K. MUSHRIF
Early blight is one of the most important diseases of tomato (Solanumlycopersicum L.) worldwide and catastrophic. A roving surveyconducted in southern parts of Karnataka during 2017 covering fourdistricts revealed that Per cent Disease Index (PDI) ranged from28.75 to 57.50. Maximum mean severity of the disease was recordedin Kolar (50.43%) followed by Chikkaballapur district (42.75 %)and least in Tumkuru district (31.75 %). The variability studiesrevealed that all the isolates varied significantly with respect to thecultural characteristics, radial growth, conidial morphology andisozyme activities. Bagalkot isolate showed maximum growth. Theleast growth was noticed in Kolar isolate. Among different media,Czapek’s Dox agar gave maximum growth of the pathogen followedby Richard’s agar and Potato dextrose agar. The studies on sporemorphology revealed variation among the isolates. The smallestsize of conidia was observed in Tumakuru isolate whereas, the largestsize of conidia was noticed in Chikkaballapur isolate. The peroxidase
activity was more in Chikkamangalur isolate (81.80 Unit/g FW)whereas the esterase activity was more in Bengaluru isolate (69.01Unit/g FW). Among 50 tomato genotypes screened against A. solaniin the field, ten genotypes were resistant and thirty genotypes werefound moderately resistant whereas nine genotypes were susceptibleand one genotype was highly susceptible. In the in vitro studies ofdifferent fungicides against A. solani, difenoconazole andtebuconazole were highly effective at lowest concentration of 25ppm followed by tebuconazole + trifloystrobin and metiram +pyraclostrobin. Least inhibition of growth was recorded in zineb asit showed 72.96 per cent inhibition even at 500 ppm. In the fieldevaluation of fungicides the fungicide difenoconazole was veryeffective followed by the fungicides tebuconazole and tebuconazole+ trifloxystrobin. The highest yield (30.07 t/ha) was obtained indifenoconazole sprayed plot followed by tebuconazole sprayedplot (27.34 t/ha).
pathogen upon artificial inoculation yielded the characteristic symptomson 16th day after inoculation with the production of telia in later stage. Itis obligate, microcyclic rust which produces pale yellowish, pedicellateup to 40 µm long, bicelled teliospores produced in telium and thedimensions ranged from 20-40 x 10-18 µm and upon germination, itproduced hyaline basidiospores. Further, the identity of pathogen wasconfirmed by PCR amplification of rDNA gene using specific primers:Ph-F1/ Ph-R1 and Ph-F2/ Ph-R1, which yielded an amplicon size of 340and 240 bp respectively. The maximum disease intensity 21.32 per centwas observed in the crop planted in the month of August-2017. Among
the four cultivars used for biochemical studies, Arka pink star and Arkachandrakanth had not expressed any symptoms. While, Arka chandrikaand Rajat was found to be susceptible by producing symptoms on 14th
day after inoculation. The Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (PAL),Peroxidase (POD) and PolyPhenol Oxidase (PPO) and phenol activitieswere more in resistant than susceptible cultivars and these defensiveenzymes were closely associated with resistance to P. horiana. TheThiophanate methyl (T7) @ 0.1 per cent followed by Propiconazole(T4) @ 0.1 per cent and Azoxystrobin (T8) @ 0.1 per cent was found tobe very effective for the management of the disease.
Watermelon is affected by several biotic and abiotic factors. Amongthe different biotic factors, watermelon leaf curl disease (WmLCD) isnew emerging threat for the production of watermelon. The affectedplants showed chlorotic mottle, reduction of leaf size, crinkled andmalformed leaves, downward/ upward leaf curling and stunted growthof the plants. Incidence of the disease varied from 8.70-50.40 percent. The virus inoculated watermelon seedlings by whitefly, Bemisiatabaci produced typical leaf curling, mottling and stunted plantgrowth symptoms 12-15 days after inoculation. Host range studiesrevealed that five plant species were infected with leaf curl diseaseof watermelon viz., tomato, tobacco, sponge gourd, cucumber andbottle gourd. Begomovirus infection was confirmed by PCR usingbegomovirus specific primers. Based on PCR analysis with DNA-A and DNA-B specific primers revealed that begomovirusesassociated with Gokak isolate, Chamarajanagar isolate,Chikkaballapur isolate and Bengaluru rural isolates were bipartite,where as Raichur and Muddebihal isolates were monopartite.Absence of alphasatellite molecule in all the six isolates, whereasonly defective betasatellite was found in Chamarajanagar isolate.
Amplified PCR products were cloned and the sequenced. Based onsequence analysis, begomoviruses associated with the watermelonsamples were closely related to tomato leaf curl palampur virus(ToLCPalV). Sequence analysis performed using the SpeciesDemarcation Tool (SDT) analysis of DNA-A revealed that all sixisolates were showed highest per cent nt identity (91.5-93.3 percent) with ToLCPalV infecting different crop plants. Similarly, SDTanalysis of the DNA-B-like sequence of all four isolates were showedmore percent nt identity (80.2-84.5 %) with ToLCPalV infectingdifferent crop plants. Insilico analysis of begomoviruses associatedwith watermelon revealed that all the Bengaluru isolated proteinsare non-polar in nature. Isoelectric point (IEP) of all proteins rangefrom 6.4976 to 10.6169. The improbability of expression in inclusionbody (IEI) of the proteins of begomovirus ranged between 0.517 to0.935. Negative GRAVY value indicates that the protein is non-polar and positive value indicates that the protein is polar hence allproteins are non-polar in nature. Rep protein has 92.2 per centresidues in favoured region therefore it is a good quality model. Thisis first report of ToLCPalV association with WmLCD from India.
Characterization of begomovirus associated with leaf curl disease of Watermelon
YAMUNA HANAMASAGAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. S .SHANKARAPPA
PLANTATION, SPICES, MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC CROPS
Integrated weed management in Menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.)
M. R. ASHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. I. B. BIRADAR
A field experiment was conducted during 2017 to study the effect ofdifferent weed management methods on menthol mint in northern dryzone of Karnataka. The experiment was laid out in randomized blockdesign having three replications with 12 treatments. The objective of
the experiment is to identify the suitable and economically viablecost effective integrated weed management practices for menthol mintto increase yield and quality of essential oil. The weed density, freshweight of weeds and dry weight of weeds at 30 DAP were recorded
223
Standardization of spacing and fertigation for transplanted Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) cv. Salem
I. H. MAHAMMADMUSTAP MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. SRIKANTAPRASAD
The field experiment involving fertigation (50, 75, 100 and 125 percent of recommended nitrogen and potash in the form of ammoniumsulphate and sulphate of potash along with 100 % of RDF i.e.,150:125:250 kg/ha of N, P
2O
5 and K
2O through soil application)
as main plots and spacing (60 x 20, 60 x 30 and 60 x 40 cm) as subplots in transplanted turmeric was conducted during kharif 2017-18 at the Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and AromaticCrops, Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi,University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka. Theexperiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications.Fertigation significantly influenced growth, yield and quality oftransplanted turmeric. Fertigation with 125 per cent N and K
2O
recorded highest plant height (72.67 cm), number of tillers perplant (7.60), number of leaves per plant (20.58), length of recentlymature leaf (39.38 cm), area of recently matured leaf (485.83 cm2)
and total chlorophyll content (16.14 mg/g) at 180 DAT andresulted in the highest yield (8.46 ton/ha), girth of mother rhizome(2.86 cm), primary rhizome (1.91 cm), curing percentage (26.89),curcumin (3.22 %) and oleoresin (9.96 %) content. Wider spacingof 60 x 40 cm resulted in the highest plant height (68.90 cm),number of tillers per plant (7.47) and number of leaves (18.30) at180 DAT and resulted in the highest fresh plant yield (492g) andgirth of mother rhizome (2.72 cm). However, turmeric transplantedat 60 x 20 cm recorded longest length of recently matured leaf(38.51 cm) and also produced the highest fresh estimated yield(7.25 ton/ha). The combination of transplanting turmeric at 60 x20 cm and fertigation with 125 per cent N and K
2O found to be
superior as it produced the highest estimated fresh rhizome yield(10.29 t/ha) resulting in the highest net return (` 106275/ha) with1.92 BC ratio.
significantly minimum in pre-emergent application of oxyflourfen @0.25 kg a.i./ha (05.66/m2, 23.33 g/m2 and 7.94 g/m2, respectively) andmaximum were recorded in un-weeded control (90.00/m2, 201.66 g/m2
and 36.85 g/m2, respectively). Among the different weed managementtreatments pre-emergent application of oxyfluorfen 23.5 EC 0.25 kga.i./ha recorded significantly maximum fresh herb (17.69 t/ha), shadedried herb (14.63 t/ha), essential oil yield (107.62 kg/ha), net returns(` 83,461.78/ha) and cost: benefit ratio (1: 2.82), respectively, whereasminimum of these values were recorded in un-weeded control (5.95 t/ha, 4.16 t/ha, 38.99 kg/ha, ` 16,825.78/ha and 1: 1.56). Among thedifferent weed management practices the pre-emergent application of
oxyfluorfen @ 0.25 kg a.i./ha proved effective in controlling most ofthe weed species and recorded significantly higher fresh herbage, dryherbage and essential oil yield. The oil quality was also not affecteddue to any of the treatment. The treatment pre-emergent applicationof oxyfluorfen @ 0.25 kg a.i./ha followed by inter-cultivation can beadopted by the farmers as a integrated method of weed managementin menthol mint. The treatment organic mulch with sugarcane trash @5 t/ha recorded significantly reduced weed density, weed biomass andrecorded good herbage and oil yield and this treatment can be adoptedby the farmers as a non-chemical method of weed management inmenthol mint.
Studies on planting method and geometry in Menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.)
M. G. NITHIN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MOHAMMED FAROOQ
The current investigation was carried out to study the effect of plantingmethods (flatbed, raised bed and ridges and furrows) and geometry (45× 30, 45 × 45, 60 × 30 and 60 × 45 cm) on growth, yield and quality ofmenthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.) at the Department of Plantation,Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, K. R. C. College of Horticulture,Arabhavi in kharif season during 2017-18. The experiment was laidout in split plot design with three replications. Among the differentplanting methods, raised bed planting recorded maximum average plantheight (67.16 cm), plant spread (46.22 cm), no of branches (24.99), leafarea (6079.35 cm2 plant-1) and total dry matter accumulations (95.03 gplant-1) at 120 days after planting and yielded the highest fresh andshade dried herbage (16.33 and 12.36 t ha-1, respectively) and essentialoil (111.70 kg ha-1). Among different spacings followed, 60 × 30 cm
recorded maximum average plant height (68.28 cm), number of branches(25.64), leaf area (7024.88 cm2 plant-1), leaf to stem ratio (1.09) andtotal dry matter accumulation (107.63 g plant-1) at 120 days afterplanting, while, the maximum plant spread (48.27 cm) was recordedwith 60 × 45 cm. The maximum fresh herbage yield (24.28 t/ha), shadedried herbage yield (18.37 t/ha) and essential oil yields (165.79 kg/ha)were obtained with menthol mint planted at 45 × 30 cm spacing. Eventhough, the menthol mint planted at 60 × 30 cm on raised bed recordedthe maximum plant height (70.91 cm) and total dry matter accumulation(113.36 g plant-1) due to interaction effect, leaf area, leaf to stem ratio,yield parameters and quality parameters were unaffected. Planting onraised bed at 45 × 30 cm found to be better as it recorded the maximumnet returns (` 1,29,739) with BC ratio of 1.87.
Studies on chemical weed management in transplanted Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)
R. M. SHALINI MAJOR ADVISOR: D. SRIKANTAPRASAD
The experiment was conducted at KRCCH, Arabhavi in 2017-18 tostudy the effect of different weed management methods on growth,yield and quality of transplanted turmeric (Cv. Salem). The experimentwas laid out with 13 treatments (hand weeding at 15 days intervalupto 3 months, Pre-emergent application of Alachlor 50% EC @ 1and 1.5 kg a.i ha-1, Atrazine 50% WP @ 1 and 1.5 kg a.i ha-1, Metribuzin70% WP @ 0.7 and 1.05 kg a.i ha-1, Oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC @ 0.2 and0.3 kg a.i ha-1 and Pendimethalin 30% EC @ 1 and 1.5 kg a.i ha-1, 30 µsilver black polythene mulch and unweeded control) according torandomized block design and replicated thrice. The weed density and
dry weights were lowest in polythene mulching (3.33 m-2 and 2.67 gm-2, respectively) at 30 DAT, while, the highest was found in unweededcontrol (35.33 m-2 and 62 g m-2, respectively). Among the herbicides,application of Metribuzin 70% WP @ 1.05 kg a.i. ha-1 recordedsignificantly lower weed biomass (8.00 m-2 and 9.33 g m-2, respectively).The polythene mulching recorded highest values for growth attributeslike average plant height (52.40 cm), plant spread (32.27 cm), numberof tillers per plant (2.20), number of leaves (8.40), length of recentlymatured leaf (34.00 cm) and its area (233.67 cm2) at 180 DAT andresulted in the highest yield (11.67 t ha-1), net returns (‘ 1,21,019) and
224
Studies on influence of different dates of planting on growth, yield and quality of Menthol mint(Mentha arvensis L.) cultivars
SHWETHA DESAI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr.T. N. PUSHPA
The present investigation on menthol mint cultivars Kosi, Kushal,Sambhav, Saksham and Himalaya was carried out to study the effectof planting date in kharif (5th July, 20th July and 5th August) and rabi(1st October, 1st November and 1st December) on growth, yield andquality. The study was carried out as two separate experiments during2017-18 in the Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal andAromatic crops, K.R.C. College of Horticulture, Arabhavi, laid out insplit plot design with three replications. The results revealed that,irrespective of cultivars, planting on 5th July was better with thehighest values for average plant height, spread, number of branches,leaf to stem ratio, total leaf area and total dry matter accumulation,resulting in the highest fresh and shade dried herbage yield (15.76 and11.90 t/ha, respectively) along with the highest essential oil content(0.79%) and essential oil yield (95.44 kg/ha). Among different cultivarscv. Sambhav recorded maximum plant spread and number of branches,leaf to stem ratio, leaf area and total dry matter accumulation, fresh
and shade dried herbage yield (13.53 and 11.10 t/ha) and essential oilcontent (0.78) providing the highest essential oil yield (88.48 kg/ha)with the maximum menthol content (72.06 %). Sambhav planted on5th July resulted in the maximum net returns (` 93,227 ha-1) with aBC ratio of 2.76. Planting on 1st November in rabi recorded the maximumplant height, spread, number of branches, leaf to stem ratio, leaf areaand total dry matter accumulation and resulted in the highest fresh andshade dried herbage yield (9.04 and 7.23 t/ha), essential oil content andyield (1.09% and 80.08 kg/ha) irrespective of cultivars. Among differentcultivars cv. Kushal recorded maximum values for plant spread, numberof branches, leaf to stem ratio, leaf area and total dry matter accumulationand resulted in the highest fresh and shade dried herbage and oil yield(9.91t, 7.93t and 76.49 kg/ha, respectively). While cv. Saksham recordedmaximum oil content (1.04%) and menthol content (71.65%). Kushalplanted on 1st November recorded the maximum net returns (` 81,158.00/ha) and BC ratio (2.76).
benefit: cost ratio (2.10). While, the same parameters were the lowestin unweeded control (38.53cm, 26.03cm, 1.13, 6.33, 22.4 cm, 110.7cm2, 2.10 t ha-1, ‘ 57,963 and 0.42, respectively). Among the herbicides,application of Oxyflourfen 23.5% EC @ 0.3 kg a.i. ha-1 recordedhigher values (50.93 cm, 31.90 cm, 1.80, 8.13, 33.00 cm, 222.86 cm2,
7.44 t ha-1, ‘ 45,489 and 1.43, respectively). Whereas, Metribuzin70% WP @ 1.05 kg a.i. ha-1 recorded lower values for these parameters(41.07 cm, 26.23 cm, 1.27, 6.40, 20.33 cm, 116.82 cm2, 2.36 t ha-1,55,987 and 0.46, respectively) and found to be toxic to the transplantedturmeric.
Effect of spacing and biofertilizers on growth, yield and quality of Garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.)
GANESH N. BHAT MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ANAND B. MASTIHOLI
An investigation was carried out to study the “Effect of spacing andbiofertilizers on growth, yield and quality of garden cress (Lepidiumsativum L.)” during rabi 2017-18 at the Main Horticultural Researchand Extension Centre (MHREC), UHS, Udyangiri, Bagalkot whichcomes under northern dry zone of Karnataka. Significantly higherplant height (75.40 cm), biomass production per plot (9.70 kg) andper hectare (7.19 t), and the highest number of days taken for 50 percent flowering (44.83) were recorded when garden cress was suppliedwith Azotobacter chroococcum applied @ 5 kg ha-1 + phosphatesolubilizing bacteria @ 5 kg ha-1 with spacing of 30 cm x 10 cm (T1).Maximum number of primary branches (19.12), number of leaves(44.0) and total dry matter accumulation (44.90 g) per plant wereobserved in the treatment applied with Azotobacter chroococcumapplied @ 5 kg ha-1 + phosphate solubilizing bacteria @ 5 kg ha-1 with
spacing of 45 cm x 20 cm (T6). Similarly, yield parameters such asnumber of siliquae per plant (1473.79), seed yield per plant (21.33 g)and test weight (2.20 g) were also significantly higher in T6.Significantly higher seed yield (2.50 kg/plot & 1.85 t/ha), harvestingindex (0.383) and oil yield (291.07 kg/ha) were recorded in T1. Butthe length of silique, number of seeds per silique and oil content werenot responded significantly due to biofertilizers and spacing levels.Higher net returns (`1, 27,789/ha) and BC ratio (2.68) was obtainedwith the application of Azotobacter chroococcum @ 5 kg ha-1 +phosphate solubilizing bacteria @ 5 kg ha-1 with spacing of 30 cm x10 cm (T1). Hence, crop supplied with A. chroococcum @ 5 kg ha-1
+ PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 with spacing of 30 x 10 cm was found better for thecultivation of garden cress under northern dry zone (Zone 3) ofKarnataka.
Standardization of tissue culture protocol for Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) cv. Salem
S. SINCHANA NANDAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. N. KATTIMANI
Studies on standardization of tissue culture protocol for turmeric(Curcuma longa L.) cv. Salem was carried out at the Center forHorticulture Biotechnology, Directorate of Research, University of
Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot during the year 2017-18. Surfacesterilization of the explants was effectively achieved by HgCl
2
treatment with 0.10 % for 15 minutes as it resulted in highest culture
establishment (59.99 %), least tissue damage (9.99 %) with minimumbacterial (9.99 %) and fungal (16.66 %) contamination. Among thedifferent treatments used for shoot proliferation, MS medium fortified
with BAP 2 mg/l and IAA 0.2 mg/l gave significantly maximum response(94.44 %), number of shoots per explant (9.85), number of leaves pershoot (3.31) and better shoot length (3.68 cm). Significantly maximum
in vitro rooting (91.17 %), number of primary roots per plantlet(2.70), length of the longest primary root (7.29 cm), numbers of
secondary roots per plantlet (8.59) and fresh weight of plantlet(1.80 gm) were observed with ½ strength MS medium containingIBA 2 mg/l. The rooted plantlets were hardened for 25 days under
polytunnel with different media. Among the different media usedCocopeat + Perlite (1:0.5; v/v) + Trichoderma harzianum (2 g/plant)+ Pseudomonas fluorescence (2 g/plant) recorded maximum survival
(100 %), number of leaves per plantlet (7.20), shoot length of theplantlet (12.06 cm), numbers of primary roots per plantlet (7.13),length of the longest primary roots (10.93 cm) and numbers of
secondary roots per plantlet (11.93). The production cost of tissueculture turmeric plantlet was found out to be ` 6.44 in which in vitroproduction cost per plantlet was ` 5.21 and ex vitro hardening cost
was ` 1.23 by considering variable cost on the basis of one litremedium.
225
Propagation studies in Vidanga (Embelia ribes Burm. f.)
P. M. APARNA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. A. SURYANARAYANA
Vidanga (Embelia ribes Burm.f.) is one of the highly traded medicinal
plants collected from the wild and their population is dwindling due
to unsustainable harvesting. There is an urgent need to develop
propagation practices to be brought under cultivation. Hence, the
present research work on “Propagation studies in Vidanga (Embelia
ribes Burm. f.)” was carried out at ICAR- Indian Institute of
Horticultural Research (IIHR), Hessaraghatta, Bengaluru during 2016-
2017 to standardize seed germination, vegetative propagation using
cuttings and micropropagation. Seeds of Embelia ribes Burm. f. were
subjected to 16 different treatments for germination enhancement.
Growth parameters like shoot length, root length, fresh weight of
shoot and root, dry weight of shoot and root and total dry biomass
were maximum in seeds treated with GA3 750 ppm for 24 hours.
Whereas, germination percentage and seedling vigour were maximum
in H2SO
4 scarified seeds treated with GA
3 750 ppm for 12 hours.
Vegetative propagation through stem cuttings with IBA and NAA
treatments were tried. Sprouting was observed in cuttings treated
with IBA 2000 to 3500 ppm, but there was no rooting. Different
growth parameters like number of sprouts per cutting, length of the
shoot, number of leaves per cutting were found to be significantly
higher in treatment with IBA 3000 ppm.Matured nodal segments
were cultured on MS medium supplemented with various combinations
of hormones. Out of the six growth regulator treatments given to the
explants, better results for shoot length, number of shoots per explants
and number of leaves per plant were recorded in MS medium
supplemented with BAP (0.50 mg/l) and IAA (0.01 mg/l).
Genetic analysis and estimation of antioxidant activity in Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata Nees.)
S. NARMATHA DAYANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. HIMA BINDU
The present investigation on Kalmegh was carried out during 2016-17 at
ICAR-IIHR, Bengaluru. The study aimed at identifying potential parents
and superior hybrid combinations for high herbage yield and
andrographolide content in kalmegh. Six lines viz., IIHR AP 25-4 (L1),
IIHR AP 32-1 (L2), IC111295 (L
3), IIHR AP 18-7 (L
4), IIHR AP 30-8
(L5), IIHR AP 18-4 (L
6) were crossed with three testers viz., Anand
Kalmegh-1 (T1), IIHR AP 27-2 (T
2) and IC111291 (T
3) and the 18 hybrids
obtained through line x tester mating design were evaluated for the
important quantitative traits. The mean performance, combining ability,
heterosis, gene action, correlation, direct and indirect effects of all the
parameters were estimated. Combining GCA and per se, IIHR AP 18-
7(L4) was the best parent for eight important quantitative characters.
Based on per se performance, SCA effects and standard heterosis the
hybrid IIHR AP 25-4 x IC111291 (L1 x T
3) was the best hybrid for most
of the important quantitative traitsand could be recommended for
exploitation through heterosis. The higher magnitude for specific combining
ability variance for all the characters studied implied the preponderance of
non-additive gene action.All the characters showed high phenotypic
variance when compared to genotypic variance and the estimates of
heritability were found to be high. The correlation and path analysis
revealed that total andrographolide yield per plant is highly related to
leaf area index, number of leaves at harvest per plant, leaf dry weight per
plant, stem dry weight per plant, leaf andrographolide yield per plant
and stem andrographolide yield per plant. In case of estimation of
antioxidant activity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay
showed more antioxidant activity than ferric reducing antioxidant power
(FRAP) assay. In both the assays, the hybrid progenies were reported
to have high antioxidant activity than that of parents.
Standardization of planting geometry and staking in Shankapushpi (Clitoria ternatea L.)
U. B. PRAGATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. P. MALLIKARJUNA GOWDA
The field experiment was conducted on “Standardization of planting
geometry and staking in Shankapushpi (Clitoria ternatea L.)” at the
College of Horticulture, University of Horticultural Sciences Campus,
GKVK Post, Bengaluru during November 2017 to April 2018. The
experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD)
with 12 treatments and replicated three times. The Planting geometry
of 45 x 30 cm has recorded maximum plant height, number of internodes,
fresh and dry yield of herb and root, biological and economical yield as
compared to other planting geometries. The same spacing has recorded
maximum population of Bradyrhizobium japonicum in the soil and
uptake of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium by plants. Whereas,
the maximum number of branches, number and weight of pods per
plant, length and width of pod, weight of pod and number of seeds per
pod, seed weight per plant, test weight, maximum number of nodules,
fresh and dry weight of nodules was observed with the 75 x 45 cm.
While, 60 x 30 cm has recorded maximum seed yield, organic carbon and
nitrogen content in the soil. The maximum growth, microbial load,
nutrient content and uptake by plant was recorded in the plants
provided with staking. The spacing of 60 x 30 cm with staking has
realized maximum net profit of ` 2,44,172 with BC ratio of 2.95.
Influence of drying methods and packaging materials on shelf life and quality of Brahmi(Bacopa monnieri L.)
S. G.. SILPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. R. SMITHA
An experiment was undertaken to study “The influence of dryingmethods and packaging materials on shelf life and quality of Brahmi(Bacopa monnieri L.) at the ICAR- Indian Institute of HorticulturalResearch and College of Horticulture, Bengaluru. Fresh biomass ofBrahmi was collected from ICAR-IIHR during October, 2017 and wassubjected to five different methods of drying viz., sun, solar tunnel,cabinet, low cost polyhouse and shade drying and four methods of
packaging namely; gunny bags, polypropylene bags, cartons and HDPE.Among different drying methods, shade drying registered maximumdrying time of around 15 days to reach the desired moisture contentwhile drying was rapid in cabinet drying method (12-15 hours) when
dried at 50 ±1°C. Maximum colour and total chlorophyll contentretention was in shade drying 2.67 and 1.07 mg/g of leaf sample,respectively. Maximum Bacoside A content (2.01%) and texture
226
Integrated nutrient management in Garden rue (Ruta graveolens L.)
SHWETA KONNUR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. UMESHA
A field investigation on Integrated nutrient management in garden rue(Ruta graveolens L.) was carried out at the Department of Plantation,Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, College of Horticulture, UHSCampus, GKVK, Bengaluru during kharif 2017. The experiment waslaid out in randomized complete block design with 12 treatmentsinvolving different combinations and levels of organic, inorganic andbiofertilizers with three replications. Among the different levels andcombinations of organic,inorganic and biofertilizers tried, applicationof 75 % RD +Azotobacter+ Azospirillum+ AM @ 10 kg / ha had abeneficial effect on growth, yield and quality parameters. Significantlyhigher and maximum plant height (62.60 cm), number of primarybranches (16.40), stem girth (17.50 mm), plant spread (585 cm2),total chlorophyll content (2.89 mg/g of tissue), root volume (17.45cc), fresh and dry weight of plant at 45 DAP (39.74 and 17.49 grespectively) and 90 DAP( 110.62 and 47.72 g respectively) wererecorded. Similarly, the same treatment had a significant positive
influence on initiation of flower bud (104.7days), 50 per cent flowering(126 days), fresh and dry yield per hectare (19.38 and 6.21 trespectively), rutin content (3.18 %), rutin yield (197.20 kg ha-1),which also recorded maximum available NPK (252.45, 48.75, 188.45kg ha-1, respectively) in soil, NPK content (1.11, 0.28 and 0.80 %respectively)in plant and maximum AM infection (88.89 %).Maximum population of Azotobacter (16.44 CFU / g of soil) wasrecorded in 75 % RD +Azotobacter@ 10 kg / ha (T
6). Highest net
returns (` 90,231 / ha) and BC ratio (1.95) were obtained with theapplication of 75 % RD +Azotobacter+ Azospirillum+ AM @ 10 kg/ ha. The results of the present investigation clearly documented that,the combined application of 75 % RD +Azotobacter+ Azospirillum+AM @ 10 kg / ha was superior in terms of overall growth, yield andquality of garden rue and also reduce the 25 per cent of inorganicfertilizers anda step towards the eco-friendly farming system whichwill be well received by both producers and consumers.
(25.62 N) was recorded in tray dehydrated samples. Shade dryingresulted in substantial increase in yeast population (log 5.19 CFU/g)which indicates the risk of microbiological spoilage. Storage period andcontainers had a significant effect on the physico-chemical and microbialproperties of the dried herb. Moisture content increased during storagebut the increase was found to be more pronounced in polypropyleneand cartons. Polythene lined gunny bags and HDPE minimized moistureabsorption for a longer duration and retained the physico-chemical
properties for up to two months without much degradation. Moldcount though it was absent in the fresh and dried material, tend toincrease upon storage due to absorption of moisture from the atmosphereby the stored herbage.The results revealed that cabinet drying and solartunnel drying along with packaging in polythene lined gunny bags andHDPE can be considered as best methods of drying and packagingrespectively taking into consideration the drying rate, duration takenfor drying and retention of active components.
Effect of seed treatment and nutrient levels on growth, yield and quality of Shankapushpi(Clitoria ternatea L.)
A. M. SUMA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. P. MALLIKARJUNA GOWDA
The field experiment was conducted on “Effect of seed treatment andnutrient levels on growth, yield and quality of Shankapushpi (Clitoriaternatea L.)” at the College of Horticulture, University of HorticulturalSciences Campus, GKVK, Bengaluru during November, 2017 to April2018.The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete BlockDesign with nine treatments and three replication. The seed treatmentwith Rhizobium and application of 125 per cent RDF has recordedmaximum germination percentage (92.67 %), plant height (102.57cm), number of branches (22.91) and number of nodes (33.81). Earlyflowering (43.33), number of pods per plant (111.34), weight of pods
per plant (109.41 g), number of seeds per pod (9.14), weight of seedsper pod (0.42 g), fresh and dry weight of herb and root (103.61 g,27.90 g, 25.20 g and 6.30 g) and seed yield (24.56 q ha-1), was observedmaximum with seed treatment of Rhizobium and application of 125per cent RDF. The maximum microbial population (14.74 CFU),number of nodules (26.15), fresh and dry weight of nodules (721.21and 379.58 mg, respectively) was obtained with seed treatment ofRhizobium and application of 125 per cent RDF. The maximum netreturns of ` 1,75,107 and BC ratio of 1: 2.48 was recorded with seedtreatment of Rhizobium and application of 125 per cent RDF.
SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY
Effect of nutrient management practices in grape orchards of Jamakhandi on soil properties, petiolenutrient contents and grape yields
VINOD C. NARABOLI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ASHOK S. ALUR
A study on nutrient management practices in grape orchards and itsinfluence on soil fertility, petiole nutrient contents and grape yields werecarried out during 2015-16 in Jamakhandi taluka. Based on the nutrientinputs, the grape orchards were grouped in to five categories namely,Medium-N and Very low-K (category-1), Medium-N and Low-K(category-2), Medium-N and Medium-K (category-3), High-N andMedium-K (category-4) and Very high-N and High-K (category-5)fertilizer users using K-factorization technique. The amount of fertilizer- N
added in grape orchards varied distinctly in the order of category-1 =
category-2 < category-3 = category-4 = category-5 orchards while, theapplied K
2O varied significantly in the order of category-5 > category-4
> category-3 > category-2 > category-1 grape orchards. The nutrientadditions through organic manures did not vary significantly. However,total nutrient additions differed significantly in the order similar to thatof applied N and K
2O. The pH and EC of grape soils did not differ
significantly among five different categories. The pH ranged from 7.43 to8.42 while, the EC ranged from 0.26 to 1.77 dS m-1. The available-N wasobserved in low and medium ranges. Most of the soil samples recordedhigher available- P
2O
5 and K
2O contents and none of them were found in
lower range. The available-N was found significantly higher in category-4 as compared to category-1grape orchard and availability-P
2O
5 and
K2O status was found higher in category-4 and category-5. The available-
227
Characterization of black soils under Ramthal micro-irrigation project for salinity parameters
P. D. LAKSHMI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. S. NAGARAJA
Topography is one of the important soil forming factor having greatinfluence on the movement of water and salts along with it. Consideringits importance, an extensive soil survey was carried out to assess thesoil salinity parameters and distribution of cations and anions alongthe gradient in a block of Ramthal micro-irrigation Project, Hungund,representing typical black soils. Representative profile samples atdifferent elevations were also studied. The samples were groupedinto three categories namely, high elevation (L
1 : >526 m), mid elevation
(L2 : 516-526 m) and low elevation (L
3: <516 m) areas. The soil pH
ranged from moderate to high alkalinity and it varied significantlywith elevations in the order of high > mid >low elevations. Theelectrical conductivity ranged from 0.10 to 0.36 dS m-1. The soils athigher elevation (L
1) recorded significantly higher EC values compared
to mid (L2) and low (L
3) elevations. In terms of cations, the soils
existing at mid elevation (L2) recorded significantly higher amounts of
calcium and magnesium compared to soils of high elevation areas.Contrastingly, potassium contents was found high in low elevation(L
3) areas. However, the sodium was found significantly high in higher
elevations (L1). The concentration of cations varied in the order of
Na+> Ca2+> Mg2+> K+. The total carbonates and bicarbonates wassignificantly lower in low elevation areas (L
3) compared to high and
mid elevations (L1 and L
2) areas. Contrastingly, the chloride was
maximum in high elevation (L1) areas compared to mid and low
elevations (L2 and L
3). However, the sulphate was found significantly
higher in high elevation areas. In general the concentration of anionsvaried in the order of Cl-> SO
42-> CO
32- + HCO
3-. The soil profiles at
three elevations also showed similar trends with respective abovesalinity parameters. Interestingly, all cations and anions increasedwith depth. However, the magnitude of increase was less in profile-3 representing lower elevation (L
3). The order of distribution of cations
and anions among soil profiles at all soil depths remained almostsame. It was interesting to note that majority of the soil sampleswere found susceptible for sodification with higher SAR and RSCvalues though EC values are low. The study also indicated that thesoils in the study area were found suitable for most of the horticulturalcrops as there was no of salinity or toxicity of cation/ anion.
Ca was found higher in category-5 and available-Mg contents was foundsignificantly higher in Category-3.While, the available-S and DTPAextractable micronutrients remained non-significant. The petiole-N contentwas found significantly high (1.38 %) in category-4 orchards comparedto category-1 (1.15 %) orchards. The petiole- P was found in order ofcategory-5 > category-4 > category-3 > category-1> category-2 grapeorchards. Similarly petiole-K was found in the order of category-5 >
category-4 > category-3 > category-2 > category-1 grape orchards. Allthe secondary and micro nutrients in grape petioles remained on paramong different grape orchard categories. The grape yields obtained indifferent orchards ranged from 20.0 to 28.75 t ha-1 and recorded significantdifferences in the order: category-4 (27.42 t ha-1) > category-3 (25.90 tha-1) > category-5 (25.15 t ha-1) > category-2 (23.50 t ha-1) > category-1(22.58 t ha-1) grape orchards.
Characterization and spatial fertility status of black soils of Bilagi and Bagalkot talukas
SHARANAGOUDA S. MUSHTOOR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. S. NAGARAJA
A soil survey was conducted for characterization and spatial fertilitystatus of Bilagi and Bagalkot taluka areas irrigated with different
water sources and different cropping systems. The pH of soils rangedfrom moderate alkaline to high alkalinity and it differed significantlywith and without irrigations. The electrical conductivity (ECe) also
varied significantly among soils irrigated with different water sources.Majority of the soils studied were calcareous in nature with highCaCO
3 content. Soil organic carbon (SOC) was in medium range. The
available nitrogen content ranged from low to medium while, availablepotassium ranged from medium to high. Available-P
2O
5 was observed
in low to medium range and significant difference was found between
irrigation water sources or cropping systems. Among secondarynutrients, available Ca and Mg contents were observed in high rangeand no significant differences were observed between sources of
irrigation water and cropping systems. Available-S content in thissoil was recorded medium to high range. Among micro nutrient contents,
DTPA-Cu, Fe and Mn were observed in higher range and differed
significantly with water sources and cropping systems. However,DTPA-Zn was found in all the three low, medium and high ranges anddiffered significantly. In terms of nutrient availability in different
cropping systems, It was evident that the soil fertility was varied toa greater extent by the sources of irrigation water, and in terms ofcropping system it was observed in the order: Sugarcane > Maize/
Groundnut-Onion > Jowar cropping systems. Correlation showedthat the soil pH, ECe, CaCO
3 and SOC recorded major influence on
nutrient availability. The soil pH was found negatively and found
significantly correlated with available-N, DTPA – Zn and DTPA – Cucontents. The soil organic-C had influenced on available-N, available-P, available-S and DTPA-Zn significantly. The soil EC showed
correlation with Available- Ca, Mg, S, DTPA – Zn and DTPA – Cucontents. The soil CaCO
3 content showed negative correlation with
available-N, available-P2O
5, DTPA-Znand Cu.
A survey study to assess soil and leaf nutrient concentration in relation to Pomegranate yield
T. ANUSREE MAJOR ADVISOR : Dr. R. SUMA
A survey study was conducted during hasta bahar season of 2017-18in seven villages viz., Junnur, Seemikeri, Govinakoppa, Kaladagi,Sokanadagi, Chikkasamshi and Hiresamshi of Bagalkot district,
Karnataka to asses soil and plant nutrient concentration in relation topomegranate yield. One hundred and fifty pomegranate orchardscultivating Bhagwa variety of age 3-7 years were selected randomly
and were categorized based on their yield levels by consideringKarnataka state average productivity of 11.71 t ha-1. Accordingly, 23
orchards having mean yield of 9.91 t ha-1 (range: 7.81-11.32 t ha-1)were grouped as low yielding orchards (LYO) and 127 orchards withmean yield of 18.12 t ha-1(range: 12.32-25.63 t ha-1) were grouped as
high yielding orchards (HYO). The soil nutrient content indicatedhigher availability of nitrogen in LYO while, available P
2O
5, K
2O, S,
Zn and Fe content was significantly higher in HYO. The average leaf
nutrient content of P, K, S, Zn, Fe & Mn was significantly higher inHYO while, leaf N and Cu content were higher in LYO. Further, HYO
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were categorized as category 1 (12.32-13.61 t ha-1; mean 12.88 t ha-1),category 2 (14.32-22.64 t ha-1; mean 18.47 t ha-1) and category 3(22.84-25.63 t ha-1; mean 23.94 t ha-1) based on their yield level. The
availability of soil nutrients viz., P, K, S and Mn content were higherin category- 3 HYO whereas, available N, exchangeable Ca & Mg andCu content were higher in category 1 and Zn and Fe content were
higher in category 2. Similarly, total P, K, S and Fe content inpomegranate leaf were higher in category 3 while, leaf N, Ca, Mg &Cu content were found higher in category 1 and category 2 HYO. The
nutrient ranges calculated by considering the leaf nutrient content ofHYO as optima indicated the optimum range for N, P and K as 0.92-1.89, 0.17-0.25 and 1.3-1.99 per cent respectively. Similarly for
secondary nutrients viz., Ca, Mg and S 1.37-2.11, 0.34-0.56 & 0.21-
0.36 per cent respectively was found to be optimum and for micronutrients viz., Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn, 28-41, 20-43, 138-213 & 54-75mg kg -1 were in optimum ranges respectively. The soil nutrient analysis
using traditional and universal extractant (AB-DTPA) showedsignificant difference in the mean values of available P
2O
5, Zn, Cu, Fe
and Mn while K values did not differ. Further categorizing the nutrient
values based on Ca content in soil indicated relatively higher linearassociation between two methods for P (0.783), Zn (0.780), Cu(0.838), Fe (0.721) and Mn (0.858) in low Ca containing soils. The
linear relationship can’t be established for medium and high Cacontaining soils signifying limitation of using AB-DTPA extractantfor assessing soil nutrient variables using MP-AES instrument for Ca
rich soils.
Soil fertility mapping using GIS in Ramthal drip irrigation area of Bagalkot
HANUMESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHANKAR METI
Bagalkot district has arid climate with low rainfall and high temperature.Soils of this region are thirsty and to meet the water demand of farmingcommunity, Karnataka Krishna Bhagya Jal Nigam Ltd, has launchedRamthal micro irrigation project. This project addresses the thirstyissue but soil fertility which shows spatial heterogeneity needs to beaddressed. Hence a study was conducted to characterization, map andidentity fertility constraints in Ramthal irrigation area using GIS andalso to assess the performance of ABDTPA universal extractant indetermining the available micronutrient status of black soils of Bagalkot.Soils of Ramthal area was strongly alkaline and non-saline in naturewith low in nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus, high in availablepotassium and low to medium in available sulphur content. Exchangeablecalcium, magnesium and sodium were dominated cation in the soils.Status of micronutrients availability was in low category for most ofmicronutrients except copper and manganese. Soil pH, organic carbon,exchangeable calcium, sodium and Available manganese showedsignificant spatial clustering. Soil sampling points (236 samples) weregrouped into two clusters using K-mean clustering and these twoclusters showed distinct relation with elevation. Out of total 634 ha
area, major area (143.18 ha) was under high organic carbon, mediumsulphur and manganese followed by 122.86 ha under low organic carbon,medium in sulphur and manganese. A profile study of Ramthal areacarried at different elevation (Top, Middle and Bottom). Showeddecreasing trend for pH, EC and sodium with elevation where as nitrogen,calcium and sulphur showed opposite trend with elevation. Soil pHand EC showed increasing trend with depth. Organic carbon, availablenitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur content showeddecreasing with profile depth. Available micronutrients Fe and Zn werelow and showed decreasing trend with depth. Available copper andmanganese was sufficient in surface layer and deficient in sub surfacelayer. Micronutrients trend with depth not observed and varied acrossthe soil profile. The comparative study of traditional extractant anduniversal extractant (ABDTPA) for micronutrients, (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn)phosphorus and potassium showed low correlation in the study area.The level of extraction of phosphorus by ABDTPA was not in thedetectable level of the instrument (MP-AES). Available iron, copperand potash estimated by the ABDTPA was more compared to traditionalextractant DTPA.
Spatial nutrient variability: Influence on petiole nutrient content and grape yield
V. H. NAVEENA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. M. PRASANNA
An experiment was carried out in Bagalkot taluk, Karnataka to assessthe spatial nutrient variability and its influence on petiole nutrientcontent and grape yield during 2017-18. A compact block of 5 acresplanted at 3 m × 1.5 m with convenient grids (187) of 100 m2 (10 m ×10 m). Soil (0-15 cm) and petiole samples collected after pruning(October) were analyzed and subjected to statistical analysis aftergrouping the data by K-means clustering technique. The spatialvariability as measured by Moran Index showed distinct variation inmaps for soil reaction (0.47), soil organic carbon (0.66), availablephosphorus (0.59), potassium (0.60), magnesium (0.40) and sulphur(0.70). However, the spatial variability maps for remaining parametersdid not show variation indicating no specific segregation into meaningfulclusters in the maps. The cluster-I recorded significantly higher soilorganic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur,iron and zinc whereas cluster-II showed significantly higher availablemagnesium. However, soil reaction and available calcium were foundsignificantly higher in cluster-III compared to cluster-I and cluster-II.Further, the available manganese and copper remained non-significantand inconclusive amongst the clusters. The petiole analysis revealed
that cluster-I found significantly higher in nitrogen, phosphorus,potassium and iron while in cluster-II, sulphur and manganese werefound significantly higher. However, cluster-III recorded significantlyhigher calcium and magnesium content. Further, zinc and copper contentamong the different clusters remained non-significant over all the clusters.The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) showed highervalues in cluster-I and cluster-II compared to cluster-III. The recordedSPAD readings (25 days interval) did not show any significant differenceamong different clusters. The fruit yield of grapes indicated significantand positive correlation with EC, available N, P, K, S, Mn and Cuwhereas available Ca, Mg and Fe recorded significant negative correlation.However, the grapes yield showed significant and positive correlationwith petiole N, P, K, S, Fe and Mn. On the contrary significant andnegative correlation is observed with petiole Ca and Mg. Multipleregression equation revealed a significant positive contribution of soilorganic carbon, available sulphur, available phosphorus, soil reaction,electrical conductivity as well as petiole sulphur and potassium. Onthe contrary, available magnesium, calcium and iron showed negativecontribution to yield.
229
Resource inventorization for watershed planning of Hallikhera sub-watershed ofHumnabad taluk in Bidar district
V. K. ANANDA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. SHIVANNA
A study was undertaken to characterize and map the soils under aHallikhera sub-watershed in north eastern transitional zone (Zone-1)of Karnataka in order to assess their land capability, conservationplans, suitability for various crops and to assess soil productivityconstraints. Seventeen soil pedons representing the study area wereselected based on the topography from various physiographic unitsidentified in the area through field survey. The soils were described inthe field for their morphological properties and later characterized inthe laboratory for their physical and chemical properties. The soilswere further classified up to series level in the sub-watershed. Theidentified land capability sub-classes namely; IIse, IIIse and IVsehave been differentiated and mapped. Based on the land capabilityclassification (LCC) recommended different soil conservation plans.For shallow soils recommended plans include Trench cum bunds(TCB) and bench terracing. For moderately deep soils recommended
the crescent and Trench cum bunds (TCB). Whereas deep soils gradedbunds and strengthening of the bunds were recommended. The studyarea was highly suitable (S1) moderately suitable (S2) and marginallysuitable (S3) for crops like pigeonpea, soybean and custardapple.Whereas mango, sapota and guava were highly suitable (S1) for deepsoils, moderately suitable (S2) in moderately deep soils and not suitable(N) for shallow soils, due to limitations of depth, topography, erosion,rooting condition, pH and CaCO
3. In between identified profiles, 476
surface soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected and analyzed for fertilitystatus. The soil pH was slightly acidic to alkaline in reaction and freefrom salinity. Soil organic matter content was low to high. Availablenitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur were low and potassium wasmedium to high. Available zinc and iron were sufficient in lateriticsoils and deficient in basaltic soils. Whereas, calcium and magnesiumwere sufficient.
Evaluation and performance of biochar on Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)
M. GANGADHAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. ANIL KUMAR
Biochar application in horticulture has been proved positive cropresponse, improved soil properties along properties along withmitigation of climate change. The present study was conducted at theRegional Horticulture Research and Extension Centre, UHS campus,GKVK, Bengaluru during kharif 2017-18. The study was aimed tostandardize the biochar production methods by using different feedstockmaterials and its effect on performance of okra. Biochar was producedby adopting two methods, namely heap and drum method by usingdifferent feedstock materials viz., coconut husk, coconut midrib, arecanuthusk and prosopis juliflora. Among different production methods andfeedstock materials, coconut husk was showed maximum recoverypercentage and maximum water holding capacity in drum methodcompared to heap method. The coconut husk biochar was enrichedwith organics (Cowdung slurry and cow urine) and inorganics (NPK:19:19:19 and NPK: 19:19:19+Zn+B) at 1:1 ration and were analyzed
for various physical and chemical properties. Among different materials,coconut husk biochar enriched with cowdung slurry was recordedstatistically higher nutrient status compared to other enrichedmatereials. Enriched biochar was incubated with different soils viz.,acid, alkaline and experimental (neutral) soils at different doses viz.,2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 t ha-1 with control for 120 days at field conditions. Thetreatment which received enriched biochar @ 7.5 t ha-1 has shown thesignificantly higher nutrients content and possessed better physicalproperties after 120 days of incubation in all soil. Further, biochar actsas soil amendment in reclaiming both acidic and alkali soils by bringingthe soil pH to neutrality. The application of enriched biochar @ 50 %FYM + 100 % NPK has enhanced the growth and yield attributes ofokra in field experiment. At harvest, it was also found that the treatmentwhich received only biochar at all three levels has increased the availablenutrients content of soil as compared to initial values of experiment.
Resource inventorization for watershed planning of Dubalgundi sub-watershed of Humnabad talukin Bidar district
MANJUNATH NINGAPPA VAJRAMATTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ASHOK S. ALUR
A study was undertaken to characterize and map the soils underHumnabad sub-watershed in north eastern transitional zone (Zone- 1)of the Karnataka in order to assess their resource potential i.e., landcapability, suitability for different crops, resource conservation plansand also to assess soil productivity constraints of the area. Fifteenrepresentative soil series were studied in detail. The soil were describedin the field for their morphological properties and later analyzed inlaboratory for their physical and chemical properties further classifiedup to series level. The identified land capability sub-classes namely;IIse, IIIwe, IIIse and IVse have been differentiated and mapped. Basedon the land capability classification (LCC) conservation measures wererecommend like crescent bund, trench cum bund (TCB), bench terracingetc., for shallow soils with severe erosion and undulating topography.
Whereas, for more deep to very deep soils, clayey in texture and proneto slight to moderate erosion graded bunds or strengthening of bundwere recommended. The mapped soils from the study area were matchedwith the soil suitability criteria for few important crops like pigeonpea,soybean, mango, guava, sapota and cashewnut. According to differentsoil series some of them were not suitable, highly suitable, marginallysuitable, and moderately suitable due to the limitations of rooting depth,texture and slope. Surface samples (429) were collected from at a gridinterval of 320 m and analyzed for fertility status. The soil pH contentwas neutral to slightly alkaline in reaction and non-saline in nature. Soilorganic content was low to medium. Available nitrogen, phosphorousand sulphur were low to medium. All micronutrients were sufficientexcept zinc.
230
Resource inventorization for watershed planning of Maskal-1 and Santpur micro-watersheds ofAurad taluk in Bidar district
S. RASHMI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. SHIVANNA
A study was undertaken to inventorize, characterize and map the soilresources of two micro-watersheds derived from basalt in northeastern transitional zone of Karnataka (Zone-1) in order to assesstheir land capability and suitability for crops and also to assess soilfertility constraints. Maskal -1 and Santpur micro-watersheds in Zone-1 of Karnataka were selected as the study area. Soil survey wascarried out to know the type and extent to soils prevailing in the areaand to map the soils. Twelve and 16 profiles were studied at Maskal-1and Santpur micro-watersheds, respectively for the morphological,physical and chemical properties and identified seven soil series. Theidentified soil series were mapped into 12 and 13 mapping units inMaskal-1 and Santpur IVse under land capability subclasses andmapped. The study area was suggested with conservation planssuch as crescent bund, TCB, bench terracing etc., based on LCC.
The mapped soils from the study area were assessed for thesuitability of crops like mango, guava, sapota, custard apple,pigeonpea and sorghum. Pashapur soil series were moderately andmarginally suitable suitable for all six crops studied except custardapple and well suited for custard apple with limitations of soildepth and erosion. 195 and 217 surface samples in Maskal-1Santpur, respectively were drawn and analysed for their fertilitystutus and mapped. The pH of soil samples were drawn and analysedfor their fertility status and mapped. The pH of soil samples wereslightly acidic to alkaline. Soil organic matter and sulphur were low.Available nitrogen, phosphorus was generally low to medium andavailable potassium was low to high. Regarding availablemicronutrients, zinc and copper were deficient whereas, iron andmanganese were deficient to sufficient.
Resource inventorization for watershed planning of Humnabad sub-watershed of Humnabad talukin Bidar district
C . THEJASWINI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ASHOK S. ALUR
A study was undertaken to characterize and map the soils underHumnabad sub-watershed in north eastern transitional zone (Zone- 1)of the Karnataka in order to assess their resource potential i.e., landcapability, suitability for different crops, resource conservation plansand also to assess soil productivity constraints of the area. Eighteenrepresentative soil series were studied in detail. The soil were describedin the field for their morphological properties and later analyzed inlaboratory for their physical and chemical properties and furtherclassified up to series level. The identified land capability sub-classesnamely; IIse, IIwe, IIIse and IVse have been differentiated and mapped.Based on the Land Capability Classification (LCC) conservationmeasures were recommend like crescent bund, trench cum bunding,bench terracing etc., for shallow soils with severe erosion and undulating
topography. Whereas, for more deep to very deep soils, clayey intexture and prone to slight to moderate erosion graded bunds orstrengthening of bund were recommended. The mapped soils from thestudy area were matched with the soil suitability criteria for fewimportant crops like pigeonpea, soybean, mango, guava, sapota andcashewnut. According to different soil series some of them were notsuitable, highly suitable, marginally suitable, and moderately suitabledue to the limitations of rooting depth, texture and slope. Surface samples(464) were collected from at a grid interval of 320 m and analyzed forfertility status. The soil pH content was neutral to moderately alkalinein reaction and non-saline in nature. Soil organic content was low tohigh. Available nitrogen, phosphorous and sulphur were low to medium.All micronutrients were sufficient except zinc.
VEGETABLE SCIENCE
Influence of different training and nutrition levels on yield of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)under protected condition
ANAND S. KADLIMATTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. BASAVARAJA
Study on influence of training and nutrition on yield of tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.) under protected condition was takenup at the HRES, Hidakal Dam (near KRCCH, Arabhavi), Karnataka,during rabi 2017-18. Experiment was laid out in two FactorialCRD Design, with three levels of training and pruning treatmentsand eight levels of nutrition having total 24 treatments, replicatedthrice. Significant differences were found among growth,reproductive, yield and yield attributing characters. The treatmenthaving two stem training system recorded maximum number offruits per plant, yield per plant (kg), yield per plot (kg) and yieldper hectare (t/ha), whereas single stem training system recorded
maximum plant height (cm), average fruit weight (g), TSS (°Brix),pericarp thickness (mm), fruit length (cm), fruit girth (cm),tenderness (kg/cm2) and minimum days taken for days to flower,
days to 50 per cent flowering, days to first harvest. Among nutritionlevels, treatment N
6 (75% RDF + Protein hydrolysates (1.5 g/
litre) + PSB (2 kg/ha) + VAM (2 kg/ha) recorded maximum valuesfor all the above growth, reproductive, yield and yield attributingcharacters and quality parameters. Interaction effect of trainingand nutrition levels were also found significant for the traits understudy. The treatment T
2N
6 (Two stem + 75% RDF + Protein
hydrolysates (1.5 g/litre) + PSB (2 kg/ha) + VAM (2 kg/ha) recordedthe highest number of fruits per plant (57.42), yield per plot (61.61kg/ha), yield per hectare (184.83 t/ha). The maximum plant height
(173.0 cm), TSS (9.85 °Brix), pericarp thickness (9.24 mm), fruitlength (7.57 cm), fruit girth (5.52 cm) and tenderness (3.40 kg/cm2) found in T
1N
6 (Single stem + 75 % RDF + Protein
hydrolysates (1.5 g/litre) + PSB (2 kg/ha) + VAM (2 kg/ha).
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StStudies on genetic variability, morphology yield and quality traits in Bathua
BASAVARAJ MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. N. HANCHINAMANI
The investigation on “Studies on genetic variability, morphology,yield and quality traits in bathua” was conducted in the field ofVegetable Science of Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture,Arabhavi. Fifteen genotypes collected from NBPGR, New Delhi andnine genotypes from different parts of Karnataka were evaluated inrandomized block design with three replications during kharif 2017.The analysis of variance revealed highly significant (both at P=0.01and P=0.05) difference among the genotypes for all the charactersstudied indicating the higher magnitude of variability in the germplasm.The very high estimates of heritability coupled with high values ofgenetic advance over per cent mean (GAM) were observed for traitssuch as leaf area, inflorescence length, inflorescence fresh weight,fresh weight of plant, dry weight of plant, foliage yield per plant,vitamin-A, protein, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc indicatespredominance of additive components for these traits and hence directselection would be more effective in improving these traits. The
results on correlation and path analysis revealed high positive andsignificant association of foliage yield per plant with characters Viz.,plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of branches perplant, leaf area, stem girth, fresh weight of plant, dry weight of plant,foliage yield per plot and foliage yield per hectare and these charactersalso had high direct and indirect effect on foliage yield per plant.Hence direct selection for these traits would be more useful in theimprovement of yield per plant. Based on Mahalonobi’s D2 analysis,24 genotypes were grouped into 4 clusters. The cluster II showedmaximum intra-cluster distance (D2 = 294.46), whereas, the maximuminter cluster distance was observed between cluster II and IV (D2
=1585.98). Among the 28 characters studied, magnesium content(37.32 %) contributing maximum to genetic diversity. Top fivegenotypes viz., HUB-7, HUB-8, HUB-6, IC-540842, and IC-540831recorded high foliage yield per plant and quality parameters. Therefore,these genotypes can be further assessed for their stability.
Morphological characterization of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) genotypes for improvementof local cultivar
S. K. DEEPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Mr. H. P. HADIMANI
Cucumber (Cucucmis sativus L.) is one of the most importantcucurbitaceous vegetable crop grown extensively in tropical and sub-tropical parts of the country. The investigation was carried out in thefield of the Department of Vegetable Science, Kittur Rani ChannammaCollege of Horticulture, Arabhavi, Gokak (Karnataka) during kharifand rabi seasons of 2017-18. Experiment involving 30 genotypescollected from various sources was evaluated in RCBD design withtwo replications. The analysis of variance revealed highly significantdifference among the genotypes for all the characters studied indicatingthe higher magnitude of variability in the germplasm in kharif, rabiand also in pooled average of both the seasons. The estimates of PCVwere higher than the GCV for all the characters studied, indicatingthat variation is not only due to genetic but also influenced byenvironmental factors. High heritability coupled with high geneticadvance was observed for vine length, leaf area, intermodal length,number of fruits vine-1, number of male and female flowers vine-1, sexratio, fruit setting per cent, number of fruits vine-1, average fruit weight,fruit length, fruit yield vine-1, fruit yield plot-1, fruit yield hectare-1,
flesh thickness and vitamin-C content at both the seasons, Whichreveals that variation in these characters is mainly due to the action ofadditive genes and these traits can be improved by direct selection.Correlation and path analysis studies revealed that fruit yield vine-1
had significant positive association with average fruit weight, vinelength, leaf area, fruit length, circumference of fruit, number of fruitsvine-1 and number of female flowers vine-1. Maximum positive directeffect on fruit yield vine-1 was exhibited through average fruit weight,number of fruits vine-1 and leaf area. Hence direct selection for thesetraits would be more useful in the improvement of yield. UsingMahalonobi’s D2 analysis, 30 genotypes were grouped into 8, 7 and10 clusters during kharif, rabi and pooled average over both seasonsrespectively. The intra cluster distance was found maximum in cluster-V in kharif and rabi and cluster-II in pooled average of seasons. Thelines identified for higher fruit yield viz. HUB-10, Long White, LongGreen, IIHR-266, IIHR-303 and HUB-1 were identified on the basisof their per se performance can be used for further evaluation and alsoas base material for hybridization programme.
Seasonal response of Carrot (Daucus carota L.) genotypes for yield and quality parameters
J. R. MEGHASHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. N. HANCHINAMANI
Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is most important root crop worldwidenutritionally and as a protective food, because it is a rich source ofβ-carotene, fiber and other dietary nutrients. The investigation on“Seasonal response of carrot (Daucus carota L.) genotypes for yieldand quality parameters” was carried out in the field of the VegetableScience, Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi.Twenty five genotypes collected from different sources were evaluatedin randomized block design with two replications during kharif andrabi 2017. The analysis of variance indicates highly significantdifferences among all the traits studied, thus indicating the existenceof variation among the genotypes. The high estimates of heritabilitycoupled with genetic advance over mean were observed for plantheight, root weight, total yield/plot, total yield/ha and all qualitytraits. Therefore, direct selection would be more effective in improvingthese traits. The results on correlation and path analysis revealedhigh positive and significant association of total root yield/ha with
characters viz., plant height, leaf length, petiole length, root weight,core diameter, core thickness and cortex thickness. Root weight hadhigh direct and indirect effect on total yield/ha. Hence, direct selectionof these characters would be more useful in the improvement of totalyield/ha. Based on Mahalanobis D2 analysis, 25 genotypes weregrouped into six clusters in kharif, while eight clusters in rabi andpooled average over seasons. In kharif, rabi and pooled average overseasons cluster V and Cluster I showed maximum intra cluster distance,whereas the maximum inter cluster distance was observed betweencluster II and IV, cluster VII and VIII and cluster IV and VIII. Thegenotypes such as HUB-11, VRACR-117, HUB-8, HUB-3 andVRCAR-197 were found promising for yield in both seasonalexperiments. Genotypes HUB-1, HUB-2, VRCAR-186, HUB-5 andVRCAR-153 were found best for quality parameters over bothseasons. These identified genotypes can be used for further cropimprovement programme.
232
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a popular root vegetable and it is arich source of Vitamin- C. The investigation on “Characterization ofdifferent genotypes of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) in northern dryzone of Karnataka” was conducted in the field of Vegetable Science,Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi, Gokak(Karnataka). The experiment was laid out in RCBD design withtwo replications. The treatment included 30 genotypes collectedfrom various sources were evaluated during kharif and rabi seasonsof 2017. The analysis of variance revealed highly significantdifference among the genotypes for all the characters studiedindicating the higher magnitude of variability in the germplasm inkharif, rabi and also in pooled average of both the seasons. Thevery high estimates of heritability coupled with high values of geneticadvance over per cent mean (GAM) were observed for traits suchas leaf area, root diameter, root length, root to leaf ratio, root weight,root yield plot-1, root yield ha-1, ascorbic acid, calcium content, fibrecontent, isothiocynates, potassium, protein, sodium, total phenols
and total sugars in both the seasons. This indicates predominance ofadditive components for these traits and hence direct selectionwould be more effective in improving these traits. The results ofcorrelation and path analysis revealed that root yield per hectarehad maximum significant positive correlation with leaf area, root toleaf ratio and rot weight. Root weight had maximum direct andindirect effect on root yield hectare-1. Hence, direct selection forthese traits would be more useful in the improvement of yield hectare-
1.Based on Mahalonobi’s D2 analysis, 30 genotypes were groupedinto five clusters in kharif, eight clusters in rabi and nine clusters inpooled average of seasons. The intra-cluster distance was foundmaximum in cluster-I in kharif, cluster-IV in rabi and cluster-II inpooled average of seasons. Top five genotypes viz., HRESB-8,HRESB-7, HRESB-10, HRESB-16 and HRESB-9 were identified onthe basis of their per se performance for root yield and top five viz.,VRRAD-202, HUB-2, HUB-1, HRESB-24 and HRESB-6 for qualityand these 10 genotypes were further assessed for their stability.
Characterization of different genotypes of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) in northern dry zone of Karnataka
V. R. ROOPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Mr. H. P. HADIMANI
Studies on genetic variability, divergence and character association invegetable Amaranthus (Amaranthus tricolor L.)
K. P. SAGAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. N. HANCHINAMANIAmaranthus (Amaranthus tricolor L.) is a popular leafy vegetableand it is a rich source of vitamin-A, calcium, iron and vitamin-C. Theinvestigation on “Studies on genetic variability, divergence andcharacter association in vegetable amaranthus (Amaranthus tricolorL.)” was conducted in the field of Vegetable Science, Kittur RaniChannamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi, Gokak (Karnataka).The experiment was laid out in RCBD design with two replications.The treatment included 25 genotypes collected from various sourceswere evaluated during kharif season of 2017. The analysis of variancerevealed highly significant difference among the genotypes for all thecharacters studied indicating the higher magnitude of variability in thegermplasm. The very high estimates of heritability coupled with highvalues of genetic advance over per cent mean (GAM) were observedfor traits such as leaf area, number of spikes and leaves per plant,iron, vitamin-C, magnesium, calcium, copper, phenols and oxalate
content of leaves. This indicates predominance of additive componentsfor these traits and hence direct selection would be more effective inimproving these traits. The results of correlation and path analysisrevealed that leaf yield per plant had maximum significant positivecorrelation with number of leaves per plant, stem girth, number ofbranches per plant, number of spikes per plant and spike length.Number of leaves per plant had maximum direct and indirect effect onleaf yield plant-1. Hence, direct selection for these traits would bemore useful in the improvement of yield plant-1. Based on Mahalonobi’sD2 analysis, 25 genotypes were grouped into four clusters. The intra-cluster distance was found maximum in cluster-IV followed by cluster-III. Top five genotypes viz., HUB-19, HUB-18, HUB-20, HUB-1and Arka Samraksha were identified on the basis of their per seperformance for leaf yield plant-1 these five genotypes were furtherassessed for their stability.
Standardization of production technology of unexploited cucurbitaceous vegetableKarchikai (Momordica cymbalaria)
B. SHIVAPRAKASH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. P. HADIMANI
Karchikai (Momordica cymbalaria) is being one of the unexploitedvegetable, having more medicinal properties. The crop yield largelydepends on improved agronomical practices such as planting timeand nutrition play an important role in higher yield and income. Tofind out ideal time of planting for obtaining higher yield an experimentwas laid out in Randomized Block Design having four treatmentsi.e., planting dates (1st of June, July, August and September ) withfive replications and another experiment was laid in a FactorialRandomized Block Design having 27 treatments (three levels ofnitrogen, phosphorus and potassium each at 0:20:40 kg ha-1) withtwo replications. The experiments was conducted at the VegetableScience Research field of Kittur Rani Channamma College ofHorticulture, Arabhavi (Karnataka) during the period from June 2017to December 2017. The results pertaining to ideal date of plantingwas significant for June planting with respect to days to sprouting(8.48), Sprouting percentage (99 %), vine length (89.28 cm), numberof branches plant-1 (4.62), days to flowering (17.94), days to harvest
(27.36), number of fruits plant -1 (35.20), average fruit weight (2.17g),fruit size (length 21.60 mm , breadth 9.05 mm), seeds per fruits(3.90),yield plant-1 (65.68 g) and yield ha-1 (501.84 kg). At differentnutrition levels the maximum vine length, number of leaves plant-1,leaf area, sex ratio, days to first harvest, fruit size, fruit weight, yieldplant-1 and ha-1 were recorded with higher levels of N, P and K whenapplied individually or with interactions in combination of N
2P
2,
N2K
2, P
2K
2. Significantly highest vine length (144.74 cm), number of
leaves plant-1 (187.50), leaf area (169.20 cm2), sex ratio (1: 6.25),daysto first harvest (41.91), fruit size ( length 26.10 mm, breadth 10.50mm), fruit weight plot -1 (178.10 g), yield plant -1 (41.60 g ), yield ha-1
(3812.50 kg) and quality parameters (Calcium 72.66, potassium495.08, Vitamin C 298.32 and Zinc 2.82 mg / 100 g of edible portion)were recorded in N
2P
2K
2 (40:40:40 kg
ha-1 ) levels. The net returns of
` 1,51,868 ha-1 was obtained with the application of 40:40:40 kgNPK ha-1 which appeared to be optimum nutritional level undernorthern dry zone of Karnataka for karchikai.
233
Divergence and character association studies in Snake gourd (Trichosanthes cucumerina L.)
SHIVABHODH BIJAGUPPI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHIVANAND HONGAL
The investigation on “Divergence and character association studies inSnake gourd (Trichosanthes cucumerina L.)” was conducted in the fieldof the Vegetable Science, Kittur Rani Channamma College ofHorticulture, Arabhavi. Thirty genotypes collected from NBPGR, NewDelhi were evaluated in randomized block design with two replicationsduring kharif 2017. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant(both at P=0.01 and P=0.05) difference among the genotypes for all thecharacters studied indicating the higher magnitude of variability in thegermplasm. The high genetic advance over mean coupled with highheritability was observed for characters like number of primary branchesper plant, vine length, number of nodes per vine, inter nodal length,node at which first female flower appears, number of fruits per plant,average fruit weight, fruit length, flesh thickness, number of seeds perfruit, fruit fly infestation, downy mildew incidence and yield per plant.Thus, these characters were under additive gene effect and could be
improved by simple selection schemes. The results on correlation andpath analysis revealed high positive and significant association of fruityield per vine with characters viz., vine length, fruit length, number offruits per vine, average fruit weight, flesh thickness, protein and thesecharacters also had high direct and indirect effect on fruit yield per vine.Hence direct selection for these traits would be more useful in theimprovement of yield per vine. Based on Mahalonobi’s D2 analysis, 30genotypes were grouped into seven clusters. The cluster I showedmaximum intra-cluster distance (D2 = 912.37), whereas, the maximuminter cluster distance was observed between cluster II and VII (D2
=13761.92). Among the 22 characters studied, number of seeds perfruit (39.77 %) contributing maximum to genetic diversity. Top fivegenotypes viz., ASNG -7, ASNG-23, ASNG-24, ASNG-8 and ASNG-16 were recorded high fruit yield per vine Therefore, these genotypescan be further assessed for their stability
Studies on performance of Potato varieties (Solanum tuberosum L.) for growth, yield and qualityparameters in southern dry zone of Karnataka
C. N. NITHAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. AMARANANJUNDESWARA
A field experiment was conducted to know the performance of potatovarieties for growth, yield and quality parameters (Solanumtuberosum L.) in southern dry zone of Karnataka during kharif andrabi seasons-2016-17 at the Horticulture Research and ExtensionStation, Somanahallikaval, Hassan. A 12 promising varieties werecollected and evaluated in both kharif and rabi seasons. The researchwork was carried out to identify the elite varieties suitable for kharif,rabi and for both the seasons for higher tuber yield with good quality,long storability, disease and insect pest resistance. The performanceof the different varieties with respect to growth, tuber yield, qualityand storage behaviour, kharif season was found better compared torabi season. However, with respect to performance of varietiesbetween two seasons, Kufri Himalini (22.36 and 22.11 t/ha), KufriJyoti (21.61 and 20.57 t/ha), Kufri Surya (20.65 and 19.98 t/ha) and
Kufri Pukhraj (20.58 and 17.18 t/ha) performed better in bothkharif and rabi seasons, respectively were found best for obtainingquality tuber yield. However, incidence of disease and insect pestsresistance indicated that, Kufri Himalini and Kufri Badshah noticedleast incidence to several diseases like early blight, late blight,bacterial wilt as well as viral diseases in both kharif and rabiseasons. Whereas, Kufri Himalini and Kufri Jyoti were found bestsuited for long term storage with good shelf-life. But in the studies,potato variety Kufri Himalini (22.23 t/ha) was found to be superiorto other varieties for higher tuber yield under both the seasonsafter combined analysis. Therefore, it is concluded that potatovarieties like Kufri Himalini, Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Pukhraj and KufriSurya need to be popularised for commercial cultivation forincreasing productivity in the country.
Genetic diversity and character association studies in Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)
K.R. NITHINKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. S. ARAVINDA KUMAR
The investigation on “Genetic diversity and character associationstudies in bitter gourd” was conducted at the vegetable block in theDepartment of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Mysuru.Fourty genotypes of bitter gourd collected from different sourceswere evaluated in randomized block design with two replicationsduring kharif 2017. The analysis of variance revealed significant (p =0.05) differences among the genotypes for all the characters studiesindicating the presence of wide range of variability in the genotypes.Based on Mahalonobis’s D2 analysis, the 40 genotypes were groupedinto six clusters. The cluster II showed maximum intra-cluster distance(D2 = 104.02), whereas, the maximum inter cluster distance wasobserved between cluster II and VI (D2 = 1620.05). Among the 16characters studied, ascorbic acid contributed maximum (37.31 %) to
genetic diversity. The higher GCV and heritability estimates coupledwith high genetic advance over mean (GAM) were observed for thecharacters like fruit length, average fruit weight, fruit yield per vine,fruit yield per hectare, number of seeds per fruit and flesh thickness.This indicates predominance of additive component for these traitsand hence direct selection would be more effective in improvingthese traits. The results on correlation and path analysis revealedhigh positive and significant association of fruit yield per vine withcharacters viz., fruit length, fruit diameter, duration of crop andaverage fruit weight and these characters also had high direct andindirect effect on fruit yield per vine. Hence, direct selection forthese traits would be more useful in the improvement of fruit yieldper vine.
234
Studies on performance of parthenocarpic Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) hybrids for growth, yield andquality parameters under shade net house
G. V. NAGAMANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. S. ARAVINDA KUMAR
The present investigation entitled ‘Studies on performance ofparthenocarpic cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) hybrids for growth,yield and quality parameters under shade net house was carriedout at the department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture,Kolar during the year 2017-18. The experiment was laid out in aRCBD with three replications and eighteen treatments (hybrids).The results revealed that significant variations were observedamong 18 hybrids for growth, yield and quality characters. Amongthe hybrids, maximum vine length (2.13 m), petiole length (17.20cm) and leaf area (8527.15 cm2) were registered in the hybridKUK-53. Hybrid Shinefit found to be best by recording minimumintermodal length (6.63 cm). With regard to fruit yield characters,least node at first female flower appeared (4.33) were observed inthe hybrid Fadia. The minimum number of days to first femaleflowering (22.83 days) and less number of days to first fruitharvest (32.33 days) were documented in the hybrid KPCH-1. Of
different hybrids, Alexios was better expressed their superiorityover other hybrids in terms of average fruit weight (221.60 g),higher fruit yield per vine (7.70 kg), fruit yield per meter square(21.33 kg) and fruit yield per hectar (220.06 t). The hybrid Defensewas found to be best by recording maximum fruit length (22.00cm) and the hybrid Sargon was found to be the better compared toother hybrids for quality characters viz., maximum fruit diameter(4.22 cm), shelf-life (7.33 days) and minimum physiological lossin weight (15.85%). The data on physico and bio-chemicalparameters indicated that, the hybrid Defense were superior overthe hybrids in terms of TSS (4.50 0B). The highest values of titrableacidity (0.31 mg/100g) and ascorbic acid (2.00 mg/100 g) werenoticed in the hybrid Borja as compared to other hybrids. However,based on overall performance of different hybrids, Alexios andSargon were proved to be promising with respect to growth, yieldand quality traits for commercial cultivation under shade net house.
Influence of sulphur, zinc and boron on growth, yield and quality of Onion
LAXMI M. PUJERI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. P. HADIMANI
Onion is a heavy feeder of mineral nutrients and it removes a largeamount of nutrients from the soil. The standardization of optimumquantities of secondary nutrients and micronutrients for onionproduction is very much essential. Field experiment was carried outto study the response of onion to different levels of sulphur S
0 (0
kg/ha), S1 (15 kg/ha) and S
2 (30kg/ha), zinc Z
0 (0 kg/ha), Z
1 (2 kg/ha)
and Z2 (4 kg/ha) and boron B
0 (0 kg/ha), B
1 (1kg/ha) and B
2(2kg/ha)
along with recommended dose of fertilizer. Totally 27 treatmentcombinations were laid out in factorial randomized block designwith two replications, conducted at the Olericulture unit of KitturRani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi, Belgaum district(Karnataka), during kharif 2016. Marked differences among thetreatments were noticed at different stages of crop growth withrespect to plant height, number of leaves, neck thickness and leafarea per plant. Plant height, number of leaves, neck thickness andleaf area per plant was maximum at S
2, Z
2, and B
2 levels and
interaction effect of S2Z
2, S
2B
2 and Z
2B
2. Maximum plant height
(62.75 cm), number of leaves (9.75), neck thickness (2.49 cm) and
leaf area per plant (208.68 cm2) was recorded in S2Z
2B
2 interaction.
The data in respect of yield and yield contributing characters revealedsignificant differences due to various treatments under study. Polardiameter and equatorial diameter of onion bulb at harvest were highestat S
2, Z
2 B
2, S
2Z
2, S
2B
2 and Z
2B
2 interaction. Highest polar diameter
(6.05 cm) and equatorial diameter (6.33 cm) were recorded at S2Z
2B
2.
Total and marketable yield of onion were highest at S2, Z
2 and B
2
levels and interaction effects of S2Z
2, S
2B
2 and Z
2 B
2. Highest total
and marketable bulb yield (26.20 t/ha) of onion (31.25t/ha) wererecorded at S
2Z
2B
2. The minimum total loss was observed at S
2, Z
2
and B2 levels and interaction effects of S
2Z
2, S
2B
2 and Z
2B
2.
Minimum total loss (19.10 %) was recorded at S2Z
2B
2 interactions.
Uptake of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, sulphur, zinc andboron by onion was highest at S
2, Z
2 and B
2 levels and interaction
effects of S2Z
2, S
2B
2 and Z
2B
2 interaction levels. Highest uptake of
nitrogen (205.42 kg/ha), phosphorus (25.62 kg/ha), potassium(156.47 kg/ha), sulphur (52.35 kg/ha), zinc (257.22 g/ha) and boron(192.80 g/ha) were recorded at S
2Z
2B
2 interaction levels.
Effect of growth regulators on growth, yield and quality of sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam.)
SIBABRATA BEHERA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. N. HANCHINAMANI
The present study entitled “Effect of growth regulators on growth,yield and quality of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.)” wascarried out during 2016-17 at the Kittur Rani Channamma College ofHorticulture, Arabhavi, Karnataka. The experiment was carried outwith variety Sree Maha in combination with three PGR at differentconcentrations i.e., GA
3 @ 25, 50 and 100 ppm, CCC @
200, 250 and
300 ppm, IBA @ 100 and 200 ppm and control in a Randomized BlockDesign and replicated thrice. Significant differences were observed amongthe concentrations of growth regulators and their combination on growth,yield and quality parameters of sweet potato. The growth charactersviz., leaf area, petiole length, vine length, fresh vine weight and percentof ground cover were recorded maximum at 60 DAP, 90 DAP and atharvest with the application of GA
3 @ 100 ppm and treatment
combination of GA3 @ 100 ppm plus CCC @ 250 ppm. Among the
yield and yield attributes, the treatment combination of GA3 @ 100
ppm plus CCC @ 250 ppm has significantly decreased the days takenfor physiological maturity and increased the number of marketabletuber per plant, marketable tuber weight per plot, average tuber weight,tuber diameter, marketable tuber yield per hectare, total tuber yield perhectare and harvest index. Quality attributes viz., TSS, starch percentage,reducing sugars percentage, beta carotene content were recordedmaximum in treatment combination of GA
3 @ 100 ppm plus CCC @
250 ppm over the control. Combinations of GA3 and CCC were more
effective in reducing sugar and starch content than single applications.In single treatment, GA
3 100 ppm and CCC 250 ppm were the optimal
concentrations for reducing sugar, starch content and beta carotenecontent of the tubers. The significant results on economics were alsoseen by growth regulators and the highest net returns and BC ratio wasobtained on treatment combination of GA
3 @ 100 ppm plus CCC @
250 ppm as compared with other treatments.
235
Heterosis and combining ability studies in Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)
ASHWINI BADNI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VILAS D. GASTI
The investigation on “Heterosis and combining ability studies inbitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)” was undertaken at theVegetable Science Unit, College of Horticulture, Bagalkot andassessed for heterosis and combining ability for 24 characters forgrowth, yield, yield related traits and quality traits. Total of 40hybrids were developed by crossing 10 lines each with four testers.Hybrids were evaluated along with the parents and commercial checkin randomized block design with two replications and data wassubjected to line x tester analysis. Comprehensive assessment ofparents revealed that parent L2 for vine length and number ofbranches, L6, L3 and L4 for flowering parameters, L10, L5, L3 andL9 for yield parameters and L10, L1 and L4 for quality parameterswere considered as best general combiners. Hybrids L7 x T4 andL10 x T1 for growth traits, L4 x T4, L8 x T3 and L5 x T3 for
flowering traits, L5 x T4, L2 x T3, L4 x T2 and L10 x T1 for yieldtraits considered as better specific combiners as these crossesexhibited maximum sca effects. The magnitude of heterosis overbetter parent, best parent and commercial check was maximum indesirable direction for all characters studied. The crosses L10 x T3and L10 x T1 for vine length and number of branches, L6 x T3 fordays to first male flowering, L5 x T3 for days to first female floweringand sex ratio, L4 x T4 for nodes up to first female flowering, L9 x T2for number of fruits per vine were exhibited significant and maximumheterosis over better parent, best parent and commercial check. Thehybrids L10 x T1, L3 x T2, L6 x T2 and L5 x T2 were identified ashigh yielders and also exhibited significant heterosis over best parent,better parent and commercial check. Therefore these hybrids can beexploited for commercial cultivation after stability analysis.
Fertilizer reduction techniques in Cabbage
N. GURUMURTHY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VASANT M. GANIGER
An investigation on “Fertilizer reduction techniques in cabbage(Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.)” was carried out at the MainHorticultural Research and Extension Centre (MHREC), Universityof Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot (Karnataka) during rabi seasonof 2017-18. The field experiment was laid out in a RandomizedComplete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications consistingof 13 treatments. The experimental results with respect to growth,yield, quality, economics and nutrients uptake have significantlyinfluenced by foliar fertilizer application at different concentrations(2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 %) with minimum soil application of RDF atdifferent levels and crop growth stages (20, 40 and 60 DAT). Amongthe different treatments , T
9 (66 % RDF + 2.5 % FA) has proved
most beneficial as manifested in the maximum plant height (15.83cm), number of loose leaves per plant (15.85), leaf length (22.46cm), leaf breadth (22.48 cm) and leaf area (504.90 cm2). Further,
yield parameters like weight of individual head (0.96 kg), headdiameter (15.78 cm), total yield (54.09 t ha-1) and marketableyield (53.26 t ha-1) were proved to be positively and significantlyinfluenced by the treatments and also Quality parameters viz.,highest TSS (4.58 o brix), ascorbic acid (53 mg/100 g), highest drymatter of the head (7.20 g) and highest chlorophyll content (29mg/100 g) followed by T
10 (66 % RDF + 5 % FA) were enhanced
due to various treatments. With respect to BC ratio, T9 was found
to be tremendously reduce the cost of fertilizers (about 34 %)with highest net return (` 2,67,484) as compared to T
13 (`
2,19,156). It was concluded that T9 not only remunerative but
also increases efficacy of cabbage plant nutrient uptake and reducethe soil pollution. Hence, the foliar fertilization is an importantpractice and novel measure for sustainable and succesful cabbageproduction.
Genetic variability and molecular characterization in Onion (Allium cepa L.)
HANAMANT M. HUGAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VILAS D. GASTI
A field experiment was conducted during late kharif 2017-18 to studythe genetic variability, correlation, path coefficient analysis, geneticdiversity and molecular characterization for growth, bulb and qualityrelated characters in onion with 40 genotypes in randomized blockdesign with two replications. The quantum of genetic variation asindicated by the higher values of genotypic co-efficient of variation(GCV) was highest in number of centers per bulb and bulb weightfollowed by neck thickness of bulb. However, the character plant heightat 30 DAT with least GCV as compared to the other characters. Highheritability coupled with moderate genetic advance as percentage ofmean were reported for the bulb yield per plot, total yield, T.S.S. ofbulb, marketable yield, plant height at 60 DAT and polar bulb diameter.The high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percentageof mean for traits like bulb weight, neck thickness of bulb and numberof centers per bulb. The character association studies revealed that bulbweight showed positive and significant correlation with growth as well
as bulb related trait. Results of path coefficient analysis of variouscharacters contributing towards bulb weight showed that number ofleaves per plant at 30 DAT had highest positive direct effect followedby plant height at 90 DAT, days to maturity, polar bulb diameter, leafarea index, neck thickness of bulb, equatorial bulb diameter and plantheight at 30 DAT. Mahalanobis D2 analysis indicated considerablediversity and 40 genotypes were grouped into seven clusters. Thecluster VII showed maximum intra cluster diversity. Inter cluster distancerevealed the maximum divergence between clusters II and IV. Neckthickness of bulb contributed maximum to overall genetic diversity.From the study it can be concluded that the genotypes ON-24, ON-8,Bhima Super and ON-22 recorded higher yield and found superior overall other genotypes. Based on SSR marker assay, 40 onion genotypeswere analyzed. The PIC values ranged from 0.07 to 0.77 with an averageof 0.38. It may be concluded that the primer ACM134 and ACM138can be used for genetic diversity analysis in onion.
236
Genetic variability studies in early generation populations derived from commercial hybrids ofRidge gourd (Luffa acutangula L.)
E. P. MADHURI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHASHIKANTH EVOOR
Investigation on “Genetic variability studies in early generation populationsderived from commercial hybrids of ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula L.) wasconducted in the field of Vegetable Science at College of Horticulture,Bagalkot. Two F
2 populations derived from Naga and NS-3 hybrids were
evaluated during summer 2018. Difference among two population varianceswas observed for all the characters studied indicating the higher magnitudeof variability in F
2 populations. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficient
of variation were observed for node to first female flowering, node to firstmale flowering and fruit yield per plant in both the populations. The highheritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent over mean wereobserved for vine length at 60 days after planting, days to first maleflowering, days to first male flowering, node to first female flowering,
average fruit weight, TSS and vitamin-C in the F2 populations of both the
hybrids. Additive inheritance is predominant in these characters. Thusthere is ample scope for improvement of these characters through simpleselection. Significant positive correlation for fruit yield per plant withnumber of fruits per vine, average fruit weight, fruit length and fruit diameterwere noticed. These traits also had high positive direct association withfruit yield per plant. Hence, direct selection of these traits would be moreuseful in the improvement of fruit yield per plant. Based on number offruits and high fruit yield per plant the plant numbers 7, 9, 26, 29, 30, 31,122, 123, 137 and 187 in Naga F
2 population, plant numbers 2, 4, 5, 44, 47,
80, 93, 132, 187 and 199 in NS-3 F2 populations were selected for further
improvement.
Genetic variability and character association studies in Chilli (Byadagi kaddi) genotypes
V. JAYASREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. B. ALLOLLI
An investigation on “Genetic variability and character association studiesin chilli (Byadagi kaddi) genotypes” was undertaken during kharifseason of the year 2017-18 at the Haveli farm College of HorticultureBagalkot, Karnataka with 48 genotypes. All the genotypes showedsignificant differences for all the 20 characters studied. The analysis ofvariance indicated presence of significant variability among the genotypesfor all the characters. Moderate GCV and higher PCV values indicatedpresence of substantial genetic variability and less environmentalinfluence for average dry fruit weight, dry fruit yield per plant, andcapsaicin content. High heritability coupled with high genetic advanceas per cent mean were noticed for dry fruit yield per plant, and capsaicincontent, suggesting presence of additive gene action for inheritance ofthese yield attributes. Hence, simple selection would be effective forimprovement of these traits. The genetic material exhibited wide rangeof genetic divergence for all the 20 characters investigated. The cluster-
I constituted maximum number of (20) genotypes, cluster II had fivegenotypes cluster- III, IV and V with seven genotypes, cluster VI andcluster VII had only one genotype each. Cluster-VI and cluster-V showedmaximum inter cluster distance whereas the distance between clustersIV and II was least. Cluster-V had recorded maximum intra-clusterdiversity. Among 48 genotypes screened against chilli pests, fourgenotypes viz., BK-2, BK-14, BK-32, and BK-47 exhibited moderateresistance to thrips. Similarly, BK-1, BK-27, BK-41 and BK-68genotypes were identified as moderately resistant against mites. Noneof the germplasm showed complete resistance to chilli pest complex.The genotypes viz., BK-9 recorded relatively lowest PDI (per centdisease Index) of 11-25 percent hence categorised under moderateresistant group. On the other hand 32 were moderately susceptiblegenotypes and 15 were registered consistently higher leaf curl damagehence they were grouped under highly susceptible category.
Varietal evaluation for floral biology in relation to fruit and seed yield in Okra[Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]
E. NANDHINI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. PADMINI
The study was conducted at the ICAR-IIHR, Bengaluru, during kharifseason of the year 2016 to evaluate okra varieties for floral biologywith respect to fruit and seed yield. Among the varieties, SrivilliputhurLocal (19.93) recorded maximum number of flowers per plant. Minimumnumber of days taken for 50 per cent flowering was observed in Ankur-48 (40.33) and Arka Anamika (41.33). In all the varieties, peak anthesiswas noticed during 8.00 to 9.00 a.m. Anther dehiscence was found tobe maximum after 10 minutes of anthesis in all the varieties. Among thevarieties, maximum pollen viability was observed at the time of anthesisin Ankur-48 (98.26 %) and Arka Anamika (96.22 %). In-vitro pollengermination was high in all the varieties after 48 hours of incubation.
Peak stigma receptivity was observed between 8.00 and 9.00 am on theday of anthesis in all the varieties. Maximum fruit set (81.43 %),highest fruit yield (12.77 t ha-1) and seed yield (1.91t ha-1) was observedin Arka Anamika. This could beattributed to highest number of nectaries(56.47), highest pollen viability at 4 hours of anthesis (87.57 %), higheststigma receptivity during 8.00 and 9.00 a.m. (84.33%). Number ofnectaries was found to be maximum in Arka Anamika (56.47), whichfavoured open pollination by honey bees while the nectar glands wasfound to be absent in Thirunelveli Local and Ankur-48. Among thedifferent modes of pollination, open pollination recorded better fruityield, whereas selfing by bagging recorded higher seed yield.
Studies on effect of structured water on growth, yield and quality of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
V. NIRANJANAKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. M. INDIRESH
A field experiment on‘Effect of structured water on growth, yield andquality of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was carried out during2016-17 at farmer’s field near College of Horticulture, Mysuru. Theexperiment consisted of three types of water (single cycled structuredwater, double cycled structured water andnormal bore well water) andfour levels of fertilizer (100, 75, 50 % of the RDF and Recommendeddose of FYM only) and was laid out in split plot design. Double cycled
structured water recorded significantly higher plant height at 30 and 45DAS, more number of branches per plant at 15, 30 and 45 DAS, maximumnumber of pods per plant (32.81), longer pods (15.96 cm), more poddiameter (11.65 mm), higher vegetable pod yield per plant (176.48 g) andhigher vegetable pod yield per hectare (13.57t ha-1) as compared to singlecycled structured irrigation water and normal bore well irrigation water.Application of 100 per cent RDF recorded significantly higher plant
237
Evaluation of vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) genotypes for horticultural traitsin eastern dry zone of Karnataka
K. SUSHMA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. ANJANAPPA
The field experiment entitled “Evaluation of vegetable soybean(Glycine max (L.) Merrill) genotypes for horticultural traits in easterndry zone of Karnataka” was conducted during kharif 2016-17 at theCollege of Horticulture, UHS Campus, GKVK post, Bengaluru. Theexperiment was carried out in Randomised Complete Block Designwith three replications. The 17 genotypes viz., COHBSBM-26,COHBSBM-8, IC 501197, COHBSBM-66, COHBSBM-49,COHBSBM-54, IC 25763, AGS 433, W-80, EC 24207, AGS 432, EC95286, Karune (check), IC 501164, GC 99013-5, GC 110318 and EC103153 were used. The research was conducted to identify the elitegenotypes for growth, yield, quality and acceptability of genotypesas vegetable types. All the genotypes varied significantly with respectto growth, yield and quality attributes. Among the genotypes
evaluated, genotype AGS 433 followed by AGS 432 and COHBSBM-54 were found superior with respect to growth and yield attributingtraits after 60 days of sowing. Similarly, protein and total sugars percent were found maximum in genotypes EC 95286 and COHBSBM-8, respectively. While, genotype Karune has recorded higher overallacceptability value followed by the genotypes AGS 433 and GC110318 during sensory evaluation and hence suitable for the vegetabletype. Correlation studies revealed that, traits like pod length, podwidth, number of pods per cluster and number of clusters per planthad high positive significant correlation with pod yield per plant. Inpath-analysis, number of pods per cluster and number of leaves perplant were the most influenced traits on pod yield per plant after 60days of sowing.
height and more number of branches per plantat 15, 30 and 45 DAS,maximum number of pods per plant (32.44), longer pods (16.02cm),more pod diameter (11.57mm), higher vegetable pod yield per plant(175.64 g) and higher vegetable pod yield per hectare (14.59 t ha-1) as
compared to lower levels of fertilizer application. However, the doublecycled structured water in combination with application of 100 per centRDF recorded significantly higher vegetable pod yield per hectare(16.10 t ha-1) over all other treatment combinations tried.
Combining ability and heterosis studies for horticultural traits in long melon(Cucumis melo var. utilissimus Duthie & Fullar)
C. CHAITHRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MEENAKSHI SOOD
Present investigation entitled, “Combining ability and heterosis studiesfor horticultural traits in long melon (Cucumis melo var. utilissimusDuthie & Fullar)” was undertaken at the College of Horticulture, Kolarduring 2017-18. Eighteen hybrids were developed by crossing six inbredlines of long melon with each of three testers during kharif 2017 andcrosses were evaluated along with the parents in Randomized CompleteBlock Design with two replications during rabi, 2017. Data on 24horticultural traits were recorded in five randomly selected plantsineach treatment and replication. Variance due to genotypes and crosses,were significant for all the growth, yield and quality parameters studied.Mean sum of squaresdue toparents vs. crosses was significant for mostof the traits. LM 15 x Arka Sheetal (42.40 days)and LM 3 x ArkaSheetal (42.50 days) were found to be early, while LM 15 x ArkaSheetal (3.29 kg/vine) and LM 3 x J K Special (3.00 kg/vine) were high
yielder. The parents, LM 3, LM 4, LM 15 and Arka Sheetal were goodgeneral combiner for most of the traits studied. LM 15 x Arka Sheetal,LM 3 x J K Special, LM 4 x Punjab Long melon 1 and LM 3 x ArkaSheetal were the best crosses as indicated by consistency of per sevalues, high heterosis percentage and high sca values. SCA varianceswere found to be significant for all the traits studied and higher thanGCA variances indicating dominance of non-additive component ofgenetic variance over additive components. Extent ofheterosis variedfor different traits depending on the genetic diversity between the parentsinvolved. LM 15 x Arka Sheetal, LM 3 x Arka Sheetal, LM 3 x J KSpecial, LM 4 x Punjab Long melon 1and LM 4 x Arka Sheetal exhibitedsignificant heterobeltosis for maximum number of traits studied. Thesecrosses involved at least one good general combiner parent indicating acomplementary type of heterosis.
Evolution of F2:3
families of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) for growth, yield, quality and tomatoleaf curl disease resistance
K. G. KEERTHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. J. PRASHANTH
An investigation on evaluation of F2:3
families of tomato (Solanumlycopersicum L.) for growth, yield, quality and tomato leaf curl diseaseresistance was carried out in the research block of the Department ofVegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Bengaluru. Seventeen F
2:3
families of tomato derived from the cross IIHR 2201 x C-12-1-2-1 alongwith the parent and checks (Arka Rakshak and Arka Vikas) were evaluatedfor inter and intrafamily variability along with tomato leaf curl diseaseresistance. The results revealed that narrow range of variation betweenthe average performances of the segregating families compared to theintrafamily variability. Considerable range of variation for number ofbranches, number of fruits and yield per plant in the interfamily variability,which shows selection of families is in positive direction. The magnitude
of difference between PCV and GCV was high in the interfamily and itwas lesser in the intrafimily studies, which indicated the characters areless affected by the environment within the family. High GCV and highlevel of heritability coupled with high level of genetic advance, GAM fornumber of fruits per plant, average fruit weight and yield per plant in theintrafamily studies, indicated major role of additive gene action forinheritance of these traints. Among the F
2:3 families 18, 29, 64, 88, 144,
253, 264 found to be resistant for tomato leaf curl disease under naturalfield screening. Further, 20 plants viz., 18-1, 18-2, 29-2, 29-20, 29-29,43-20, 64-16, 64-19, 88-2, 88-40, 133-11, 144-40, 158-5, 224-24, 253-4,253-35, 261-11, 261-20, 261-22, 261-29 were selected based on yieldattributing traits and per cent of tomato leaf curl disease incidence.
238
Performance of advanced breeding lines of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) for bacterial wilt diseaseresistance, yield and quality attributes
K. P. SAHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. JYOTHI KATTEGOUDAR
A field experiment was carried out during 2017-18 at the Departmentof Vegetable Science, College of Horticultural, Bengaluru to study theperformance of advanced breeding lines of brinjal for bacterial wiltdisease resistance, yield and quality attributes. The experiment wasconducted separately for green long and green round genotypes ofbrinjal. Fourteen green long genotypes were evaluated in two replicationsin randomized complete block design along with parents (Green Longand IIHR-3) and checks (Arka Kusumakar and Arka Anand). In greenround segment, ten genotypes along with parents (RGR and WCGR)were evaluated in three replications in randomized complete block design.In green long segment, highest yield (836.11 g per plant) was obtainedin the genotype 170-9-26, maximum number of branches per plant(6.56) were noticed in 170-19-26, least number of days to first andfifty per cent flowering (36.70 and 42.90 days, respectively) in 46-6-4,maximum number of fruits per plant (26.31) in 170-19-26, highestaverage fruit weight (38.58 g) in 170-9-30, maximum fruit length
(15.80 cm) in 46-3-32, and maximum fruit width (3.10 cm) in 170-9-11was observed. In green round segment, highest yield (754.64 g perplant) was obtained in the genotype 30-2-7, maximum number ofbranches per plant (6.82) was noticed in 249-10-29, least number ofdays to first and fifty per cent flowering (37.53 and 44.30 days,respectively) in 30-1-42, maximum number of fruits per plant (20.44)in 30-2-12, highest average fruit weight (46.13 g) in 30-1-18, maximumfruit length (5.80 cm) in 30-1-41 and maximum fruit width (4.27 cm) in30-1-18 was noticed. Nine (46-3-32, 46-3-35, 170-11-1, 170-11-11,170-9-11, 170-9-30, 170-9-15, 170-9-19 and 170-19-26) and five (30-2-7, 30-2-12, 30-1-7, 249-10-29 and 249-10-54) advanced breedinglines were resistant to bacterial wilt disease in green long and greenround segments respectively. With respect to quality parameter,phenol content in fruit was lowest in the genotype 170-9-19 (2.02GAE mg/g) among green long segment and 30-1-41 and 249-10-54(1.55 GAE mg/g) among green round segment.
239
ABSTRACTS OF THESES
Accepted for the award of post-graduate degrees inthe University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga during 2018
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
A. CROP SCIENCE
GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING
Genetic and molecular analysis of leaf blast resistance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
SHESHAIAH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. M.DUSHYANTHA KUMAR
Rice0is one of the0world’s major stable food crop but its productionis severely affected by blast. The present study evaluated 35 ricegermplasm lines for leaf blast resistance at the Agricultural andHorticultural Research Station, Ponnampet during kharif 2014.Germplasm lines, Tadukan and Tetep0showed highly resistantreaction, KPR-1, KPR-2, Kiruwana0and IR-64 recorded resistantreaction and whereas, CO-39, HR-12, Jaya, Intan, Ambemori,Bheemasaali, Chittiga and FR-13A showed high susceptiblity toleaf blast. The analysis of variance showed significant differencesamong the germplasm lines and Kiruwana has recorded highest yieldper plant under blast hot spot condition. Grain yield per plantrecorded highest GCV0and0PCV and most of the traits recordedhigh heritability coupled with high GAM. Mahalanobis D2 statisticsgrouped total germplasm into0six clusters and maximum number ofgermplasm observed in0cluster-I. Among studied characters leaf blastand grain length major contributing traits to the total divergence.
Based on leaf blast screening, per se performance and diversitystudies, Kiruwana was chosen as a donar parent to the most popularblast0susceptible cultivar, Jyothi. The F
1’s developed and true
F10identified at both phenotypic and molecular level. The F
2
population showed positively and negatively skewed0platykurticdistribution for studied traits.
High heritability coupled with high
GAM observed for days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height,number of tillers and productive tillers per plant. The selfed F
2’s
were advanced to0F3 and were scored for leaf blast reaction.
Among0226 F3 families, 1780showed resistant and 48 showed
susceptible reactions and fit to the expected ratio of 3:1. The markerRM 1337 showed goodness of fit to the expected ratio of 1:2:1 andsignificantly associated with phenotypic evaluation. The presentinvestigation revealed that germplasm used in the study are0diverseand leaf blast resistance in Kiruwana is governed by single dominantgene and0RM 1337 has associated with that gene [Pi-20(t)].
Genetic basis of fruit biochemical, morpho-physiological and yield traits governing shelf lifein Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
M. P. PAVAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. GANGAPRASAD
An investigation was undertaken with objectives to estimate variabilityin tomato germplasm lines and F
2 segregating individuals, heterosis
and combining ability and to study nature of gene action throughgeneration mean analysis for extended shelf life at the University ofAgricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Navile, Shivamogga, duringsummer and kharif 2016, summer and kharif 2017 and summer 2018.Thirty tomato germplasm lines grouped into seven clusters. Numberof clusters contributed most to total diversity. ANOVA revealedsignificant differences among germplasm lines. Mean for studied traitslower in summer than in kharif indicating influence of environment.Close correspondence between PCV and GCV noticed for mostcharacters. High broad sense heritability and GAM recorded for mostcharacters indicated role of additive gene effects. The high shelf lifetomato germplasm lines had slow respiration rate leads to slow waterloss and weight loss. Higher shelf life in Red ball, P-4, TLB-133 andL-00191 is due to cumulative effect of higher fruit firmness, pericarp
thickness, calcium and fruit epicuticular wax content. The hybridsIIHR 2349 × Arka Vikas and IIHR 2349 × Arka Saurabh recordedsignificantly higher yield potential and standard heterosis for shelflife. Shelf life had significant and positive correlation with fruitfirmness, pericarp thickness and titratable acidity. The F
2 mean is
lower than F1 mean indicating role of dominance gene action. The
mean of B1
and B2
was very close towards P1 and P
2, respectively.
The inadequacy of additive-dominance model indicates significanceof the joint-scaling test. Focus should be on improving individualcharacters separately based on nature of gene action. One or twocycles of biparental mating followed by recurrent selection areadvisable with dissipating dominance and enhancing frequency ofgenes. One has to practice selection of desirable genotypes in advancedsegregating generations by evaluating a large number of families. Bothadditive and dominance with a predominance of dominance effects ofgenes are important in inheritance of shelf life.
Marker assisted characterization and exploitation for salinity tolerance in landraces ofRice (Oryza sativa L.)
P. RAGHAVENDRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. M.DUSHYANTHA KUMAR
The present study composed of 177 rice landraces and six checks.Screening under saline field condition based on salt injury score revealedthat, 20 landraces were tolerant and 39 landraces were highlysusceptible. The selected 144 landraces were evaluated in augmenteddesign for yield and related traits during kharif 2016-17. The pooled
analysis of variance revealed that significant difference present amongthe landraces for the studied characters. High heritability coupled withhigh genetic advance over mean were recorded for SPAD reading(97.62 and 72.80) and total tillers (80.44 and 53.23). Trait associationstudies indicated that, yield had positive and highly significant
240
association with panicle weight (0.497) followed by total tillers (0.456)whereas, the association of grain yield was significant and positivewith CHOs (0.1962). The nutrient composition analysis of grainsrevealed that the average grain protein content and CHOs was increasedin saline condition. The physiological characters studied showed that,chlorophyll content (0.205) is positively correlated whereas, Na+/K+
ratio (- 0.170) is negatively correlated with salinity tolerance in landraces.The screening of 24 selected landraces using petridishes and PVC pipesin saline solution of 0,100 and 200 mM indicated that gradual decreasein germination percentage and seedling vigour traits with increase in
salinity. However, the percent reduction over control was less in tolerantlines. Validation of 22 Saltol locus linked SSR markers revealed thatRM140, RM1287 and RM3412 were found best markers in classifyinglandraces for salinity tolerance. Based on morphological, physiologicaland molecular confirmation ‘Doddabaikalu’, ‘Kalaadikonda’,‘Gajagunda’ and ‘Anekombinabattha’ were identified as superior donorfor salinity tolerance. Among saline tolerant landraces two restorerswere identified and 13 maintainers were identified these could be furtherdeveloped in to new male sterile lines so that saline tolerant rice hybridscould be developed.
AGRONOMY
Studies on fertilizer management and planting geometry in Pigeonpea based
bio-intensive cropping system
C. M. MAMATHA SHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. K. GIRIJESH
Agronomic investigation was carried out to study the fertilizermanagement and planting geometry in pigeonpea based bio-intensivecropping system during kharif 2016-17 at the College of Agriculture,Shivamogga. Study was carried out to optimize planting geometry andfertilizer dosage for pigeonpea + baby corn inter cropping system andpossibility of taking one more crop after baby corn as relay inter crop.To meet the set objectives, two field experiment consisted of 12 and 11treatments, respectively were laid out in RCBD replicated thrice. Itwas found that pigeonpea (60-120-60 × 30 cm) + baby corn (30 × 30 cm)receiving respective RDF separately by component crops on populationbasis recorded maximum pigeonpea equivalent yield (4767 kg ha-1), netreturns (`.1,91,943), BC ratio (3.28) and monetary advantage(` 1,05,207) with 64 per cent land saving. The next best treatment was
pigeonpea (60-120-60 × 30 cm) + baby corn (60 × 20 cm) in which thecomponent crops received their respective RDF separately onpopulation basis. In the relay intercropping study, higher pigeonpeaequivalent yield (4327 kg ha-1) was realized with pigeonpea (60-120-60×15cm) + baby corn (30 × 30 cm) fb vegetable field bean. This was 98per cent and 8 per cent higher over sole pigeonpea and pigeonpea +baby corn in terms of main crop equivalent yield. Thus, it can beconcluded that growing pigeonpea in paired row system with a cropgeometry of 60-120-60 × 15 cm and two rows of baby corn in betweenpaired row and taking vegetable field bean or vegetable cowpea after theharvest of baby corn, resulted not only higher monetary benefits andland advantages but also exploits residual moisture and nutrients withsurplus green fodder yield of 20 t ha 1.
Studies on integrated nutrient management in Paddy-Groundnut cropping sequence
for coastal zone of Karnataka
R. NAGARAJ MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. HANUMANTHAPPA
Field experiments were conducted from 2014 to 2016 at the Zonal
Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Brahmavar, Udupi tostudy the effect of integrated nutrient management in paddy-groundnutand groundnut-paddy cropping sequence. Soil type is sandy loam intexture pH in acidic (4.62 and 4.78), high in organic carbon content(1.38 and 1.32 %), medium in available nitrogen andpotassium (348.70& 362.84 and 106.80 and 113.61 kg ha-1, respectively) and high inavailable phosphorus (59.10 and 56.28 kg ha-1) in both the experiments,respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with twelvetreatments replicated thrice. The treatments comprised ofrecommended nutrient practice (POP) and absolute control forcomparison along with supplemental addition of 25 and 50 per centrecommended dose of nitrogen through eupatorium, gliricidia,vermicompost, poultry manure and goat manure, respectively. Inpaddy-groundnut cropping sequence significantly higher paddy grain
yield (5293 kg ha-1) was realized with POP + 50 per cent RDNthrough vermicompost. The residual effect of POP + 50 per centRDN through poultry manure applied to paddy in kharif on rabigroundnut resulted in significantly higherpod and kernel yield (1498and 1075 kg ha-1, respectively) over package of practice. Similarly,in groundnut-paddy cropping sequence with the application ofrecommended nutrients (POP) + 50 per cent RDN through poultrymanure treatment recorded significantly higher pod and kernel yield(2272 and 1665 kg ha-1, respectively) in groundnut during rabi andpaddy grain yield (3623 kg ha-1) in subsequent kharif paddy crop.Higher net returns and benefit cost ratio (` 1, 05,944 ha-1 & 2.18 and` 1, 05,024 ha-1 & 2.09, respectively) in paddy-groundnut andgroundnut-paddy sequence were realized with the POP + 50 percent RDN through poultry manure treatmentas compared to packageof practice (` 57,573 & 1.58 and 60,304 & 1.64 ha-1, respectively).
Agronomic interventions to enhance the productivity of Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) in southern
transition zone of Karnataka
K. M. NANDINI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. SRIDHARA
Field experiments were conducted at the College of Agriculture,UAHS, Shivamogga during the kharif seasons of 2016 and 2017 onred sandy clay soil to study the Agronomic interventions to enhancethe productivity of foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) in southerntransition zone of Karnataka. The experiment-I was laid out inRCBD with factorial conceptinvolving three dates of sowing viz.,June 30th, July 30th and August 30th with three genotypes namely
Local,HMT-1 and SIA 2644. Among the different dates of sowing,the crop sown on June 30th recorded significantly higher grain yield(2,049 kg ha-1), straw yield (4,262 kg ha-1) and higher protein and fibrecontent. Among the genotypes, higher grain yield (1,871 kg ha-1), strawyield (3,981 kg ha-1) and higher quality parameters also were recordedwith SIA 2644. The experiment-II was laid out in RCBD withfactorial concept. The treatments consisted of five different nitrogen
241
levels viz., 0, 50, 100, 125 and 150 % N and three genotypes. 125 %N recorded significantly higher grain yield (2,189 kg ha-1), strawyield (4,643 kg ha-1), higher protein and fibre content. Concerninggenotypes, SIA 2644 recorded significantly higher grain yield(2,246 kg ha-1), straw yield (4,823 kg ha-1) and higher protein andfibre content. The experiment-III was laid out in factorial RCBDwith twelve treatment combinations comprised of four spacing
(30 × 5 cm, 20 × 5 cm, 20 × 10 cm and 10 × 5 cm) and three genotypes.Among spacing significantly higher grain yield (2,227 kg ha-1), strawyield (4,349 kg ha-1), higher protein andfibre content were recordedin plants grown at 30 x 10 cm. Among the genotypes, higher grainyield (1,941 kg ha-1), straw yield (3,919 kg ha-1), higher protein andfibre content were recorded with SIA 2644 compared to othergenotypes.
Standardization of agrotechniques for rainfed hybrid Castor (Ricinus communis L.)in central dry zone of Karnataka
C. UMESHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. J. SRIDHARA
A field experiment was conducted at the Zonal Agriculture andHorticultural Research Station (ZAHRS), Hiriyur, which comes underCentral Dry Zone of Karnataka, located at 13.95° North latitude, 76.62°east longitude with an altitude of 630 m (2066 feet) above MSL. Thesoil of the experimental site was clayey soil. Field experiment was laidout in randomized complete block design with factorial concept with12 and 9 treatment combinations replicated thrice. Results indicatedthat the castor hybrids DCH-177 recorded significantly higher seedyield (1568 kg ha-1) over other hybrids. Among the different fertilizerlevels, application of 150 per cent RDF along with DCH-177 resultedin higher seed yield (1693 kg ha-1), higher nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium use efficiency (33.50, 33.50 and 50.92 kg kg-1, respectively).Whereas, application of 125 per cent RDF along with DCH-177recorded significantly higher net returns (` 24655) and BC ratio (1.78)as compared to rest of the treatments. Among the dates of sowing,DCH-177 sown during June second FN recorded significantly highertotal dry matter production (146.52 g plant-1), total number of spikes(7.06), total number of capsules (97.32) and seed yield (1536 kg ha-1) ascompared to July second FN. Among the spacings, spacing of 90 x60 cm recorded significantly higher total nitrogen, phosphorus andpotassium uptake (90.66 kg ha-1, 11.23 kg ha-1 and 33.24 kg ha-1,respectively) and seed yield (1563 kg ha-1) over 120 x 60 cm spacing.
Performance of aerobic rice as influenced by fertigation and irrigation levels in Alfisols of southerntransitional zone of Karnataka
B. G. YAMUNA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. DINESH KUMAR
Two field experiments were conducted at the Agronomy Field Unit,College of Agriculture, Shivamogga during kharif 2015-16 and 2016-17 and summer 2016 on red sandy clay loam soils to evaluate theperformance of aerobic rice as influenced by fertigation and irrigationlevels. Experiment on fertilizer levels applied through conventional andfertigation methods was laid out in RCBD with three replications.Daily dripped plots supplied with 25 % RDF through soilapplication+100 % RDF through fertigation recorded significantlyhigher grain yield per hectare (68.92 q during kharif and 71.43 q duringsummer) and WUE (104.81 and 95.66 kg ha-cm-1, respectively duringkharif and summer) over other treatments in test. However, higher netreturns per hectare (` 72,517 and 76,420, respectively during kharifand summer) and BC ratio (2.94 and 2.84, respectively during kharifand summer) was obtained with soil application of 125 % RDF throughsurface irrigation. Application of RDF through drip fertigation or with
different proportions of soil application recorded nearly 40 per centhigher yield compared to soil application of RDF with normalfertilizers. Experiment on scheduling irrigation and fertigation waslaid out in RCBD with three replications. Daily drip irrigation at 1.25PE upto maturity and fertigation with 5 splits of WSF at 20, 35, 50,65 & 80 DAS recorded significantly higher grain yield (69.80 and71.46 q ha-1 during kharif and summer, respectively) achieving 55 %more over surface irrigation with soil application of 100 % RDF.Treatments receiving irrigation @ 1.00 or 1.25 PE daily with 5 or 8splits of fertigation extended up to 80 days resulted better WUE(ranged from 86.40 to 98.20 and 71.00 to 89.80 kg ha-cm-1 of water,respectively for kharif and summer) and net returns (` 74,983 and79,042 ha-1, respectively during kharif and summer) than othertreatments thereby minimized 35 to 42 per cent of water compared tosurface irrigation with soil application of 100 per cent RDF.
Dynamics of boron in soils under Paddy land cover of Bhadra command, Karnataka
K. M. PRASHANTH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. M. CHIDANANDAPPA
An investigation was carried out to in order to study the dynamics ofboron in soils under paddy land cover of Bhadra command inKarnataka. Collected soil samples were characterized for chemicalproperties, available boron status, fractionation and adsorptionbehavior of boron. Field experiments were also conducted at AHRS,Bhavikere and Kathalagere to study the response of paddy for differentlevels of boron application. Results of the study indicated that thepH of soils of Bhadra command varied from 5.02 to 8.62 with 37.5per cent of soils were found to be acidic and remaining samples werein the range of neutral to alkaline. Organic carbon status of these soilswas in the range of 3.60 to 13.50 g kg-1. Only 16.90 per cent samplesanalysed were recorded low organic carbon status and remainingsamples were in the range of medium (22.50 %) and high (60.60 %)
organic carbon status. Hot water extractable boron status in soilsvaried from 0.26 to 0.94 mg kg-1 and it was noticed that 38.12 per centof the soils were recorded deficient and remaining 61.88 per cent ofsoils were reorded sufficient in status of boron. The fractions ofboron in soils reveal their relative dominance in order of RES-B >Org-B > Ox-B > Sp-B > Rs-B. Boron adsorption ranged from 7.76 to165.46 µg g-1 as the boron concentration increased from 1.0 to 20.0 μgml-1 in the equilibrium solution. Order of adsorption was found asfollows; Silty clay loam> Sandy clay loam > Loamy sand> Sandyclay> Sandy loam soils. Application of borax @ 8 kg ha-1 significantlyincreased grain and straw yield of paddy but application of borax @20 kg ha-1 increases uptake of boron in grain and straw and availableboron in soils at both the locations.
SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY
242
Studies on characterization of soil resources and zinc nutrition of Finger millet in Lingalapurasub-watershed, Chikkamangaluru district, Karnataka
SARASWATHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. Y. VISHWANATHA SHETTY
A study was undertaken tocharacteization of soil resources and zincnutrition of finger millet in Lingalapura sub-watershedChikkamangaluru district, Karnataka. Twenty soil profiles andconcurrently 200 surface (0-15) and subsurface samples (15-30 cm)were drawn from the farmers’ fields in different land use systems viz.,arecanut, coconut, maize, ragi and natural vegetation in different micro-watersheds to study the morphological, physico-chemical propertiesof soil and their distribution of zinc fractionsin relationship with soilproperties. The soils were shallow to deep in red soil areas whilemoderately deep to deep in areas dominated by black soils. The soilstructure was crumby to sub-angular in surface and sub-angular insub surface horizons. The soil reaction (pH) in the red soil variedfrom slightly acidic to alkaline, whereas the pH of the black soilranged from neutral to alkaline in nature. The zinc status in study area
ranges from sufficiency to deficiency while iron, copper and manganesecontent were sufficient in all micro-watershed. The order of magnitudeof different zinc fractions was water-soluble + exchangeablezinc<organically bound zinc content<manganese oxide boundzinc<amorphous sesquioxide bound zinc<crystalline sesquioxidebound<residual zinc. A field experiment was carried out to study theresponse of finger millet to nanozinc oxide formulation in the micro-watersheds. Significantly, higher grain (9.60 g pot-1) and straw yield(15.87 g pot-1) was recorded in the treatment (T
7) which receives foliar
spraynano zinc oxide @ 500 ppm recorded compared to control. Thehighest zinc uptake in grain and straw (0.34 and 0.49 mg plant-1) in T
7
and lowest was recorded in absolute control (0.22 and 0.29 mg plant-1).The available zinc content in the soil was higher (0.60 mg kg-1) in T
7
with the application of nanozinc oxide particles @ 500 ppm respectively.
Evaluation of Rice genotypes for resistance to lepidopteran pests
K. N. ASHRITH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. M. KALLESHWARA SWAMY
Investigations were made to evaluate rice genotypes for resistanceto lepidopteran pests between 2016 and 2018 at the College ofAgriculture, University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences,Shivamogga. A total of 14 genotypes were screened and classified;among them TKM 6 (3.86 %), Kiruvana (4.71%) and Kesari (4.50%) were resistant; KHP 2 (8.19 %), JGL 1798 (8.94 %), KRH 2(8.98 %), MO4 (8.02 %), Jyothi x Kesari (8.35%), Jyothi x Bilya(7.96 %), Tunga (14.90 %) and Akkalu (15.39 %) were moderatelyresistant for yellow stem borer (YSB) infestation. TKM 6 (4.98 %),Jyothi x Kesari (8.24 %), Jyothix Bilya (7.38), Kiruvana (7.81 %),Bilya (9.87 %), Kesari (6.48%), KHP 2 (8.24 %) and JGL 1798(9.37 %) were resistant to rice leaf folder (RLF). From themorphological basis of resistance, the cultivar with highest numberof productive tillers was recorded in TKM 6 (17.69), Kiruvana(17.16), JGL 1798 (16.31) and KHP 2 (16.11) which hadsignificantly negative relationship with YSB damage. Correlationbetween morphological characters of plant and leaf folder infestation
indicated that there was a negatively significant relationship withtrichome density (r=-0.950*) and significant positive relationshipwith leaf width (r=0.932*) at mid point. The highest amount of totalsugar was attributed to rice leaf folder and yellow stem borersusceptibility. Phenolic content in the healthy leaves was significantlymore when compared to susceptible checks TN-1 (3.56 mg/g) andJyothi (4.79 mg/g). Potassium and silicon content were significantlyhigh in resistant check TKM 6 (19.94 mg/g) and Kiruvana (17.29 mg/g).Induction of silicon followed by the reaction to YSB and RLF wasestimated. The treatment with NPK+FYM+Foliar silicon was mosteffective treatment as it recorded significantly lowest infestation (3.57and 1.07 %). Application of silicon source significantly increased therice grain yield. Further, in organic amendment treatment plot receivingneem cake recorded lowest per cent leaf (5.96 %) and white earhead(3.13 %) damage as against the untreated control. The maximum damageby the stem borer was noticed with NPK (12.41%) followed by FYM(12.24 %) and vermicompost (10.34 %).
AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY
PLANT PATHOLOGY
Epidemiology and management of chrysanthemum leaf blight incited by Alternaria spp.
U. DIVYAJYOTHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SURESH D. EKABOTE
Chrysanthemum leaf blight is one of the important disease caused0byAlternaria spp. and is a serious threat to successful cultivation ofchrysanthemum. During 2016-17, the disease was severe in all thesurveyed districts and average disease severity rangedofrom 39.42 to80.64 per cent. The maximum mean Perocent Disease Index (PDI)was observedoin Tumkuru district (74.70) followed by Davangere(57.93), Chitradurga (47.57) and least was noticed in Shivamogga(43.86). On the basisoofomorphological and molecular studies, thepathogen was identified as Alternaria spp. the pathogen grouped intoeightoisolates viz., SSA, SBA, DHA, DJA, TTA, TSA, CCA andCHA isolates. Theoconidia of different isolates varied in septation,with 1otoo2 vertical and 4otoo7 horizontal septa. The widthoof theconidia varied from 5.46 to 9.29 µm. The cultural characters of theAlternaria spp. were studied onodifferent media where the growthwasofast in potato dextrose agar medium and slow growth in the V
8
juice agar. The pathogen produced maximum growth at 25-30 °C
temperature. The weather studies revealed that PDI was progressingat linear rate throughout the plant growth and it was negativecorrelation with minimum temperature and evening relativehumidityoandopositive correlation to maximum temperature andrainfall. In aerobiological study, the spore load was maximum duringAugust and October months, and in different date of planting themaximum PDI was observed in 25th July planted crops. PCRsequencing results revealed that out of eight tested isolates, sevenisolates (SBA, SSA, DJA, DHA, TSA, CCA and CHA) belonged toA. alternata and one isolates (TTA), belonged to A. tenuissium.In-vitro evaluation of fungicides reveals that, tebuconazole,trifloxystrobin+ tebuconazole, andopropiconazole, showed cent percent inhibition at all the concentrations (0.05 %, 0.1% and 0.2 %). Infield evaluation, tebuconazole @ 0.1 % recorded0least PDI with highyield (8.78 t/ha) was recorded. Among 17 genotypes evaluated,Vasanthika was found resistant.
243
MASTER OF SCIENCE
A. CROP SCIENCE
GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING
The present investigation was aimed to assess the extent of geneticvariability, nature of association of yield and yield attributing traitsin mutated population of cv.TMV-2 which was carried out at theZAHRS, Shivamogga during kharif-2017 and AHRS, Bhavikere,summer-2018. Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency decreasedwith increase in dose of EMS. Dose 0.3 and 0.4 percent of EMSwere found to be best for creating mutation in groundnut cv. TMV-2. Mean performance of the mutated plant progenies revealed awide range of variability for the yield and yield related traits. Therange was the highest for kernel per plant, plant dry weight andshelling percent. High PCV and GCV were observed for pod yieldper plant and kernel yield per plant. Wide range of variabilitysuggested greater phenotypic and genotypic variability among the
Induced mutagenesis in Groundnut (Arachishypogaea L.) cv. TMV-2 following EMS treatment
AVINASH KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. D. MOHAN KUMAR
plants and responsiveness of the attributes for making furtherimprovement by selection. High heritability coupled with moderateto high genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for traitslike pod yield per plant, test weight and harvest index which showshigher response for selection of high yielding plants. The highestpositive and significant association was found between pod yieldper plant, test weight and harvest index indicating that thesecharacters are the primary yield determinants in groundnut. Thusselection for these traits might be rewarding. Superior mutants (lineno. 37, 50, 97, 98, 99, 108, 112, 130, 163 and 239) which exhibitedhigher pod yield per plant (g), kernel yield per plant (g), test weight(g) and shelling percent than the parent groundnut cv. TMV-2, haveto be advanced to next generation.
Gamma rays induced genetic variability in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cv. TMV-2
BHEEMA REDDY MAJOR ADVISOR: H. D. MOHAN KUMAR
Thepresent investigation was aimed to assess the extent of geneticvariability, nature of association ofyield and yield attributing traitsin mutated population of cv. TMV-2 which was carried out at theZonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Shivamoggaduring kharif 2017 and AHRS, Bhavikere during summer 2018.Themutagenic effectiveness and efficiency decreased with increase indose of gamma rays. 200 Gy and 250 Gy doses of gamma ray foundbest for creating mutation in groundnut cv. TMV-2. The meanperformance of the mutated plant progenies revealed a wide rangeof variability for all theyield and yield related traits. The range wasthe highest for kernel per plant, pod yield per plant and test weight.High PCV and GCV were observed for pod yield per plant andkernel yield per plant. Wide range of variability suggested greaterphenotypic and genotypic variability among the plants and
responsiveness of the attributes for making further improvementby selection. High heritability coupled with moderate to high geneticadvance as percent of mean was observed for traits like, test weight,shelling per cent, plant height and pod yield per plant which showshigher response for selection of high yielding plants. The highestpositive and significant association was found between pod yieldper plant and kernel yield per plant, number of pods per plant andharvest index indicating that these characters are the primary yielddeterminants in groundnut. Thus selection for these traits might berewarding. Superior mutants (line no. 47, 70, 72, 75, 76, 77, 80,103, 160 and 256) recovered from mutation which exhibited higherpod yield per plant (g), kernel yield per plant (g), test weight (g)and shelling percent than the parent groundnut cv. TMV-2, andadvanced to next generation.
Assessment of morphophysiological traits related to submergence tolerance in Rice genotypes
for rainfed lowlands
B. R. CHANDANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. M. DUSHYANTHA KUMAR
The present investigation was carried out at the Zonal Agriculturaland Horticultural Research Station, Navile, Shivamogga. Theexperiment consisted of 177 rice genotypes including three checksFR13A, Hemavathi and Jyothi for screening them for submergencetolerance using augmented design during summer 2017. Among them,43 genotypes including checks showing more than 50 per cent survivalper cent were selected, evaluated for morphophysiological traits,genetic diversity, variability, character association and path analysisfor thirteen traits using Randomized Complete Block Design duringkharif 2017. Analysis of variance showed significant differences amongthe genotypes for all the traits studied. The phenotypic correlationfor physiological parameters with grain yield and harvest index showedthat the survival per cent, chlorophyll and harvest index had significantpositive correlation with grain yield per plant.Whereas, stemelongation per cent showed negative correlation with grain yield perplant. High GCV and PCV coupled with high heritability and GAM
was recorded in productive tillers per plant, number of tillers perplant, spikelet fertility and grain yield per plant. Correlation studiesshowed that plant height, number of tillers per plant, number ofproductive tillers per plant, number of spikelets per panicle, spikeletfertility, straw yield, harvest index and 1000-grain weight showedsignificant positive correlation with grain yield per plant. The highestdirect positive effect was exhibited by harvest index followed bystraw yield. Mahalanobis D2 statistics grouped the 43 genotypesinto eight clusters. The maximum inter cluster distance was foundbetween cluster I and VII and the lowest distance was found betweencluster I and III. Seven SSR markers revealed the presence of highmolecular diversity among the genotypes grouping them into XIclusters. The present study showed that the genotypes Doddaaluru,Kagga, Nareminda, Bilidaddi and Kempudadimaratiga are submergencetolerant genotypes and are suitable for both submergence and non-submergence conditions.
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Assessment of stability and yield performance of advanced breeding lines of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
MUTTURAJ MAHADEV DHAVALESHVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: C. MALLESHAPPA
The present study was undertaken to evaluate twenty-seven advancedbreeding lines in a Randomized Complete Block Design with tworeplications during kharif 2017 at three locations viz., ZAHRS,Shivamogga, AHRS, Kathalagere and AHRS, Ponnampet forvariability, stability, correlation and path analysis for yield and yieldattributing characters. ANOVA revealed significant differences for allthe studied characters among the advanced breeding lines. ModerateGCV and PCV were recorded for traits viz., plant height, number ofspikelets per panicle, number of grains per panicle, test weight, strawyield and grain yield. High heritability coupled with high geneticadvance as per cent of mean were recorded for plant height, L/B ratio,test weight and grain yield. Harvest index and straw yield had positivesignificant association with grain yield at phenotypic level. Among
thirteen characters, eight characters had a positive and direct effect ongrain yield at phenotypic level viz., days to fifty per cent flowering,days to maturity, panicle length, number of productive tillers, numberof grains per panicle, test weight, straw yield, and harvest index. Inwhich harvest index had highest positive direct effect on grain yield.Advanced breeding lines KPR2IS 2-8-1 and MMBPT 1-11-4 wereidentified as the most promising advanced breeding line for grainyield as indicated by their higher mean performance across threelocations. The advanced breeding lines MMKPR2 5-2-3 and KPR2IS9-3-3 for ZAHRS, Shivamogga, JGK2 9-9-6-2-5, MMBPT 1-11-1and KPR2IS 1-7-3 for AHRS, Kathalagere and MMKPR2 5-2-1 andJGK2 9-9-6-2-5 for AHRS, Ponnampet respectively, were identifiedas stable lines for specific locations for yield.
Assessment of genetic variability and diversity in Finger millet
(Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn) genotypes
B. N. PRASHANTHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. H. GOWDA
The aim of present investigation was to assess the extent of geneticvariability, divergence, nature of association and micronutrient contentin sixty genotypes of finger millet which was carried out at the ZonalAgricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Shivamogga duringkharif 2017. The analysis of variance revealed the existence of highlysignificant differences among the genotypes for all the traits studied.A wide range of variability and high heritability coupled with highgenetic advance was recorded for most of the yield, yield contributingand quality traits. Grain yield plant-1 possessed significant positivecorrelation with days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity andearhead weight plant-1. Path analysis revealed that, the characters likedays to maturity, earhead weight plant-1 and straw yield plant-1 haddirect positive effect on grain yield plant-1. The maximum inter clusterdistances for grain yield and quality traits were recorded betweencluster IV and cluster VIII and cluster IV and cluster I respectively.
Genotypes from these clusters can be selected for hybridizationprogramme to get desirable recombinants to improve further grainyield with quality. Plant height and calcium content had maximumcontribution towards genetic diversity, indicates the presence of widediversity among the genotypes under study for the traits. Twogenotypes, Malali (25.30 g/plant) and IC-473155 (25.20 g/plant)recorded significantly higher yield than varietal check, GPU-28(21.35 g/plant). Genotype, IC-474959 was superior for calcium(398.62 mg/100 g), magnesium (167.77 mg/100 g) and copper content(0.95 mg/100 g). The higher iron and zinc content was exhibited by thegenotypes, IC-473388 (14.19, 5.45 mg/100 g), IC-473143 (13.85, 5.65 mg/100 g) and Jeenumundaga ragi (7.05, 5.65 mg/100 g). These identifiedpotential genotypes with high calcium, magnesium, iron, copper andzinc content can be further utilized as donor parents to transfer thesetraits to genotypes which are high yielding and well adapted.
Assessment of genetic diversity for yield and its component traits and screening for blast reaction in
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes under low land condition
D. M. RANGASWAMY MAJOR ADVISOR: B. M. DUSHYNTHA KUMAR
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important staple food cropfor half of the world’s population and grown worldwide. India being
primary centre of origin it possesses huge diversity of rice genotypesof both wild and cultivated. The present study was undertaken toevaluate 145 rice genotypes for variability and diversity for yield and
its component traits and all the genotypes were screened to blastdisease according to IRRI scale. ANOVA revealed significant differenceamong the genotypes studied for all the characters. High PCV, GCV
coupled with high heritability and high GAM was observed for totalnumber of tillers per plant, number of productive tillers per plant,number of filled grains per panicle, grain yield per plant, straw yield
per plant and harvest index. Number of filled grains per panicle andharvest index exhibited significant association with grain yield. Harvestindex followed by straw yield per plant had the highest positive
direct effect on grain yield whereas highest positive indirect effect ofgrain yield with trait number of filled grains per panicle via harvest
index were recorded. Using Mahalanobis’ D2 statistics, genotypeswere grouped into thirteen clusters the cluster II consists of maximumnumber of genotypes (30). Based on cluster distance, highest intra
cluster distance were recorded in the cluster VII and highest intercluster distance between cluster XII and XIII. Cluster mean analysisreveals that cluster XII received the first rank. Among all the characters,
number of filled grains per panicle followed by plant height possessedhigh contribution towards the genetic divergence. Rice genotypesscreened for to blast disease showed that the genotypes IET-17320,
IET-21463, IR8609-79-33 and advanced breeding line MMKPR2
5-2-3 resistance. Among them advanced breeding line MMKPR2
5-2-3 had recorded the highest grain yield per plant.
245
Characterization of local Rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes for various morphological, yield
and yield attributing traits
H. M. SACHIN KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: B. M. DUSHYANTHA KUMAR
The present investigation was carried out to characterize 55 ricegenotypes at ZAHRS, Shivamogga, during summer and kharif 2017
using Randomized complete block design. Thirty three qualitativeand eleven quantitative characters were evaluated as per the guidelinesof PPV&FRA, 2001. Out of 33 qualitative characters studied five
characters were monomorphic, ten were dimorphic and 18 werepolymorphic. Out of 11 quantitative characters studied five weredimorphic and six were polymorphic. The analysis of variance revealed
highly significant difference among genotypes for all the charactersstudied. The high PCV and GCV values coupled with high heritabilityand high genetic advance as per cent mean were noticed for traits viz.,
number of grains per panicle and grain yield per plant. Correlationanalysis revealed that traits viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, daysto maturity, stem thickness, numbers of tillers per plant, number of
productive tillers per plant, number of grains per panicle and spikelet
fertility showed significant positive correlation with grain yield perplant. Path coefficient analysis revealed that days to 50 percent
flowering, stem thickness, numbers of tillers per plant, number ofproductive tillers per plant, panicle length, number of grains perpanicle, spikelet fertility and test weight showed direct positive effect
on grain yield. Mahalanobis D2 analysis clustered the genotypes intoeight clusters, the maximum intercluster distance was found betweencluster VI and cluster VII. Assessment of molecular diversity using
twelve SSR markers across fifty five rice genotypes revealed that sixmarkers were monomorphic and six were polymorphic and genotypeswere grouped into 11 clusters. The investigation showed the presence
of some unique characters viz., anthocyanin colouration, awns, blackand brown caryopsis in few genotypes and also genetic and moleculardiversity among the genotypes which could be utilized in the crop
improvement program.
Pattern of variability in F2 segregating generation of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)
VINUTHA S. PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. GANGAPRASAD
The present investigation in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) wasundertaken during kharif, 2017 at college of agriculture, Navile, UAHS,
Shivamogga, to study variability parameters, character association,path analysis and identification of transgressive segregants in respectof fruit yield and its component traits in F
2 population of
Billichandubadane × Mullubadane and Biliuddabadane × Mullubadanecross. GCV and PCV valueswere relatively higher for number ofprimary branches, number of fruits per cluster, number of fruits per
plant for Billichandubadane × Mullubadane and number of flower perplant, number of fruits per cluster, number of primary branches,number of fruits per plant and fruit yield per plant for Biliuddabadane
×Mullubadane. High heritability coupled with moderate geneticadvance as per cent mean for days to first flowering forBillichandubadane × Mullubadane anddays to first flowering for
Biliuddabadane×Mullubadane indicating additive gene action in theirgenetic control. Fruit yield per plant was exhibited positive significantcorrelation with plant height, days to first flowering, number of
flowers per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit length forBillichandubadane ×Mullubadane and days to first flowering, numberof primary branches, plant height, number of fruits per plant, fruit
length for Biliuddabadane × Mullubadane. Path analysis in F2
generation indicated the positive direct effect for number of fruits perplant,for Bilichandubadane×Mullubadane and fruit width for
Biliuddabadane × Mullubadane. Superior desirable transgressivesegregants (P-31, P-54, P-69, P-116 and P-155) were identified in thecross Billichandubadane ×Mullubadane and (P-17, P-29, P-33, P-94
AND P-69) for Biliuddabadane ×Mullubadane advancing to the nextgeneration.
Assessment of genetic variability and diversity in Horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum L.) genotypes
S. D. VISHWANATHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. H. GOWDA
Horsegram is an important and exploited tropic and sub-tropic legume
crop grown mostly in dry land agriculture. The study involving 39
genotypes of horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum L.) was conducted
at the Agriculture and Horticulture Research Station, Bhavikere during
late kharif season of 2017 to assess the nature and magnitude of genetic
variability, character association and path analysis for grain yield and
its component trait and diversity analysis. The results indicated
significant differences among the 39 genotypes for all characters studied,
indicating the presence of new variability among genotypes. High
variability and heritability coupled with high genetic advance were
observed for number of branches per plant, plant height, number of
pods per plant and days to 50% flowering depict the presence of
additive gene action and possible scope for the improvement of these
characters. The correlation coefficient analysis revealed that grain yield
showed significant positive correlation with number of pods per plant,
plant height, number of seeds per pod, number of branches per plant,
and days to 50% flowering. In path analysis characters like number of
pods per plant, seeds per pod and plant height showed highest positive
direct effect on seed yield. Mahalanobis D2 statistics grouped all the 39
cultivars of horsegram into 11 clusters. The maximum inter cluster
distance (305.20) was noticed between cluster II and cluster X. The
maximum intra cluster distance ranged from 0 (clusters III, IV, VII,
VIII, IX, X and XI) to 38.06 (cluster VI), indicating that the genotypes
in these clusters were relatively more diverse than the genotypes within
other clusters. Days to 50% flowering contributed maximum (41.43%)
to the genetic divergence.
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AGRONOMY
Herbage yield and nutrient composition of fodder Maize based intercropping in rainfed
situation of southern transitional zone (STZ)
ASHWINI ASHOK YARJARVI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. BASAVARAJ NAIK
A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural and Horticultural
Research Station Bhavikere, UAHS, Shivamogga during kharif 2017 to
study the herbage yield and nutrient composition of fodder maize based
intercropping in rainfed situation of southern transition zone. The texture
of the soil is sandy loam having acidic pH (5.25) with low organic
carbon (0.40 %) and available nitrogen (220.80 kg ha-1), phosphorous
(33.90 kg ha-1) and potassium (163.60 kg ha-1) status. The test variety
for maize was South African Tall. The experiment was laid out in a
Randomized Complete Block Design with nine treatments replicated
thrice. The treatment comprised of sole fodder maize, fodder maize
based intercropping with different legumes (cowpea, horsegram, local
field bean and guar) in 3:1 and 2:1 row ratios. Sole fodder maize recorded
significantly higher growth parameter like plant height (285.60 cm),
number of leaves (14.13) , leaf area (52.37 dm2 plant-1) and dry matter
accumulation (236.34 g plant-1). The intercropping treatment fodder
maize + cowpea (3:1) recorded significantly higher green fodder yield
(76.15 t ha-1), dry fodder yield (25.34 t ha-1) along with maximum
nutrients uptake (290.76, 53.70 and 296.32 NPK kg ha-1, respectively).
Further, quality parameters such as crude protein (9.81 and 14.51 %)
ash content (10.09 %) ether extract (2.65 %) were found higher which
is also recorded significantly lower crude fibre (20.13 and 19.58 %),
neutral detergent fibre (75.97, 68.31 %) and acid detergent fibre (57.70,
41.36 %) was found in the above treatment. Higher net return (` 61,937
ha-1) was also registered in fodder maize + cowpea (3:1) intercropping
whereas, higher benefit cost ratio (3.08) was obtained with intercrop of
fodder maize with cowpea (2:1).
Crop weather relationships in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under different methods of establishment
CHANDRASHEKHAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. HANUMANTHAPPA
A field experiment was conducted at the Zonal Agricultural and
Horticultural Research Station, Brahmavara, UAHS, Shivamogga
during kharif 2017 to study the crop weather relationships in rice
under different methods of establishment. The experiment was laid
out in split plot design with three replications. There were 10
treatment combinations comprising of two rice establishment
systems as main plots (conventional and system of rice
intensification) and five dates of transplanting as sub plots (June 3rd
week, July 1st week, July 3rd week, August 1st week and August 3rd
week). Among different systems of rice establishment, SRI recorded
significantly higher plant height (102.99 cm),total dry weight (75.92
g hill-1), grain yield (4588 kg ha-1), straw yield (7016 kg ha-1), HUE
(4.59 10-2 g 0C day-1), PTUE (8.93 10-2 g 0C hrs-1), HTUE (12.29
10-3 g 0C day-1) and RUE (3.27 g MJ-1) compared to conventional
method. Among the transplanting dates June 3rd week transplanted
crop recorded significantly higher plant height (107.71 cm), total
dry weight (77.01g hill-1), grain yield (5158 kg ha-1), straw yield
(7151 kg ha-1), HUE(4.81 10-2 g 0C day-1), PTUE (9.17 10-2 g 0C
hrs-1), HTUE (16.12 10-3 g 0C day-1) and RUE (3.03 g MJ-1)
compared to other dates of transplanting. Rainfall (r = 0.74**) and
relative humidity (r = 0.68**) during soft dough stage to hard dough
stage had positive relation with grain yield of rice. On the other
hand maximum temperature from transplanting to tillering
(r=-0.69**), panicle initation to 50 % flowering (r = -0.96**), 50 %
flowering to soft dough stage (r = -0.93**), soft dough stage to hard
dough stage (r = -0.73**) and minimum temperature from soft dough
stage to hard dough stage (r = -0.58**) showed negative relationship
with grain yield of rice.
The analysis of 51 years of monthly rainfall over different talukas ofChitradurga, Davanagere and Shivamogga districts and calculation of
SPI was done for the characterization of occurrence and frequency ofdrought. In Chitradurga district, Molkalmuru taluka had recordedmaximum number of drought years (44 years). Similarly, Channagiri
and Harapanahalli talukas (44 years) of Davanagere ditrict and Sagarataluka (45 years) of Shivamogga district recorded a maximum numberof drought years. A field experiment was conducted at the ZAHRS,
Babbur farm, Hiriyur, during kharif 2017, for the evaluation of droughtmanagement options for maize under rainfed conditions. The textureof soil was black clay having alkaline pH with available nitrogen
(258 kg ha-1), phosphorous (35 kg ha-1) and potassium (315 kg ha-1).The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Designwith 10 treatments replicated thrice. The ten treatments comprised of
pusa hydrogel and commercial hydrogel applied at 2.5 and 5.0 kg ha-1
with or without pongamia green leaf mulch at 4.0 t ha-1 and their
combinations along with control. Among different treatmentcombinations soil application of commercial hydrogel at 5.0 kg ha-1 +mulching with pongamia green leaf at 4.0 t ha-1 recorded significantly
higher growth parameters like number of leaves (13.10), leaf area(6362.84 cm2), total dry matter production (296.16 g), yield attributeslike cob length (18.87 cm), cob girth (14.92 cm), kernel yield (93.20q
ha-1), stover yield (117.14 q ha-1) and physiological parameters liketotal chlorophyll content (2.80 mg g-1fresh weight) and chlorophyllstability index (83.65 %). From the study it can be inferred that SPI can
be used as an indicator of drought intensity and soil application ofcommercial hydrogel along with pongamia green leaf mulch can be aoption for getting higher kernel yield in maize under rainfed conditions.
Characterization of occurrence and frequency of drought and evaluation of drought management
options for Maize under rainfed conditions
G. M. CHAITHRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. SRIDHARA
247
Effect of foliar application of major nutrients and boron in mechanized Rice cultivation in coastalzone of Karnataka
GAJANANA KURI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. V. SUDHIR KAMATH
A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2017 at the ZonalAgricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Brahmavar,Udupi,Karnataka to study the Effect of foliar application of major nutrientsand boron in mechanized rice cultivation incoastal zone of Karnataka.The experiment was laid out in RCBD with seven treatments andreplicated thrice. The treatment combinations included recommendeddose of NPK (60:30:60 kg ha-1) as control, RDF + Foliar spray of 19-19-19 at 1% , RDF + Foliar spray of 19-19-19 at 1% with boron at0.5%, RDF + Foliar spray of 13-0-45 at 1%, RDF + Foliar spray of13-0-45 at 1% with boron at 0.5%, RDF + Foliar spray of 0-0-50 at1% and RDF + Foliar spray of 0-0-50 at 1% with boron at 0.5%. Thefoliar sprays were taken at 30,60 and 90 days after transplanting.The results revealed that application of RDF + Foliar spray of 19-
19-19 at 1% with boron at 0.5% produced significantly higher grainand straw yield (5542 and 7136 kg ha-1, respectively) as compared torecommended dose of fertilizer (4691 and 5980 kg ha-1, respectively).The same treatment combination recorded significantly higher plantheight (103.63 cm), number of tillers per hill (21.1), number of greenleaves per hill (81.81), total dry matter production (62.75 g hill-1) andyield attributing characters like number of productive tillers per hill(19.6), panicle length (26.1 cm), panicle weight (4.23 g per panicle),number of filled grains per panicle (106.5), harvest index (0.44) andtotal nutrient uptake of NPK (143.37, 38.95 and 102.80 kg ha-1,respectively) with higher benefit cost ratio (2.04) and net returns(` 74,015 ha-1) followed by application of RDF + Foliar spray of19-19-19 at 1%.
Effect of herbicides and herbicides combination in transplanted Rice with special reference to Vaucheriaspecies of yellow-green algae under coastal Karnataka
U. B. MANJUNATHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. E. NAVEEN
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the “Effect ofherbicides and their combination in transplanted rice with special
reference to Vaucheria species of yellow-green algae under coastalKarnataka” in farmer’s field at Kota, Udupi taluk. Having twelvetreatments, comprised of pre-emergent (PE) herbicides viz.,
pretilachlor 50 EC, pyrozosulfuron ethyl 10 WP, pendimethalin38.7 CS, butachlor 50 EC and post-emergent (PoE) herbicides viz.,ethoxysulfuron 15 WDG, chlorimuron ethyl 10 % + metsulfuron
methyl 10 % WP, bispyribac sodium 10 SC, 2,4-D sodium salt 80WP and penoxsulam 24 % CS. The experiment was laid out inRCBD with three replications. The predominant weed flora observed
other than Vaucheria species of yellow-green algae were Monochoriavaginalis, Ludwigia parviflora, Marsilea quadrifolia among dicots,Panicum repens, Echinochloa colonum, Cyperus difformis and
Cyperus procerus among monocots. Experimental results revealedthat, sequential application of PE pendimethalin 38.7 CS @ 750 ga.i. ha-1 at 3 DAT fb PoE penoxsulam 24 % CS @ 22.5 g a.i. ha-1 at
30 DAT recorded significantly lower fresh weight (66.21, 40.04and 10.12 g/0.25 m2), dry weight (2.06, 1.38 and 0.73 g/0.25 m2) andhigher weed control efficiency (72.53, 86.19 and 91.42 %) of yellow-
green algae weed at 15, 30 and 45 DAT, respectively and was on parwith sequential application of PE pendimethalin 38.7 CS @ 750 ga.i. ha-1 at 3 DAT fb PoE bispyribac sodium 10 SC @ 25 g a.i. ha-1 at
30 DAT. Yield and yield attributing parameters were alsosignificantly higher with same treatment viz., panicle length(22.77 cm), filled grains (110.28 panicle-1), grain yield (5306 kg/ha)
and straw yield (6219 kg/ha). The same trend was noticed with netreturns (` 57,151 ha-1) and profit per rupee invested (1:2.11).
Performance of Groundnut genotypes under different sowing windows
in southern transition zone of Karnataka
K. RAAGAVALLI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. M. SOUMYA
A field experiment was conducted during kharif-2017 on “Performanceof groundnut genotypes under different sowing windows in SouthernTransition Zone of Karnataka” at the Agricultural and HorticulturalResearch Station, Bavikere, UAHS, Shivamogga, on sandy loam soils,under rainfed conditions. The experiment was laid out using Randomizedcomplete block design with factorial concept, consisting of two factors;groundnut genotypes (GKVK-5, GPBD-4, G2-52 and TMV-2) andsowing windows (II fortnight of June, I fortnight of July, II fortnight ofJuly and I fortnight of August), each with four levels forming sixteentreatments in three replications. The groundnut genotype, GKVK-5showed significantly higher pod yield (16.73 q ha-1) and kernel yield(12.17 q ha-1) than other genotypes. The yield components such as,pod weight per plant (9.36 g), hundred-kernel weight (39.71 g) andshelling per cent (72.65); and growth parameters, contributed to theincrease in pod yield of the genotype GKVK-5. However, the genotypeG2-52 recorded significantly higher pod number per plant (13.34)
while the oil content and oil yield were significantly higher in thegenotype GKVK-5 (41.23 % and 5.04 q ha-1, respectively).Significantly higher percentage disease incidence (0.579), larvalinfestation of Amsacta albistriga (0.06) and Spodoptera litura (0.26)were noticed in TMV-2. Higher yield of pod, kernel and oil (15.20,11.13 and 5.07 q ha-1, respectively) were found in the crop sownduring II fortnight of June. The pod yield (15.20 q ha-1), kernel yield(11.13 q ha-1) and oil yield (5.07 q ha-1) were higher when the cropwas sown during II fortnight of June, due to increase in the growthparameters, pod number per plant (11.74), pod weight per plant(8.53 g), hundred-kernel weight (40.38 g), shelling per cent (73.15)and oil content (45.58 %). With delay in sowing, the pod yield andkernel yield reduced, while the incidence of disease and pest infestationincreased. The genotype GKVK-5 sown during II fortnight of Junerecorded higher pod yield (18.07 q ha-1) and kernel yield (13.37 q ha-1)compared to other treatment combinations.
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Effect of soil and foliar application of humic substances as a biostimulants on biomass, nutrient uptake
and quality of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]
SAVITA S. PASHUPATIMATH MAJOR ADVISOR: G. K. GIRIJESH
A field experiment to study the “Effect of soil and foliar applicationof humic substances as a biostimulants on biomass, nutrient uptakeand quality of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]” was carried out atthe College of Agriculture, Shivamogga, under rainfed conditionsduring kharif 2017.The experiment was laid out under RandomizedComplete Block Design with ten treatments replicated thrice. Thetreatment combinations include POP + soil application of humicsubstances @ 2.5 and 5.0 kg ha-1 at sowing, POP + foliar applicationof humic substances @ 0.2 per cent from commercial source andextracted from vermicompost at 40 days after sowing (DAS),interaction of the above soil and foliar applications, tested againstFYM+ recommended NPK and vermicompost on FYM ‘N’ equivalentbasis + recommended NPK. Application of vermicompost on FYM‘N’ equivalent basis (2.76 t ha-1) + recommended NPK recordedsignificantly higher biomass (5090 kg ha-1), grain (1957 kg ha-1), protein(847.5 kg ha-1) and oil (409.4 kg ha-1) yields of soybean along with
maximum nutrients uptake (208.4, 22.3 and 111.6 kg NPK ha-1,respectively). Among humic substances treatment, POP + soilapplication of humic substances @ 5 kg ha-1 at sowing + foliarapplication of humic substances @ 0.2 per cent extracted fromvermicompost or commercial product application at 40 DAS recordedhigher yield plant-1 (13.97 and 13.84 g, respectively), biomass (4603and 4448 kg ha-1, respectively), grain (1741 and 1676 kg ha-1,respectively), protein (766.4 and 733.3 kg ha-1, respectively) and oil(357.1 and 335.0 kg ha-1, respectively) yield with higher nutrientsuptake (193.7, 19.6, 100.3 and 182.7, 18.3, 96.4 kg NPK ha-1,respectively). Grain yield improvement was to an extent of 29.76 and24.89 per cent due to application of vermicomposton FYM ‘N’equivalent basis+ recommended NPK and soil application ofhumic substances @ 5 kg ha-1at sowing + foliar application ofhumic substances (0.2 %) extracted from vermicompost at 40 DAS,respectively compare to FYM+ recommended NPK only.
Evaluation of suitable Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) based millets intercropping system
in central dry zone of Karnataka under rainfed condition
K. V. SHWETHANJALI MAJOR ADVISOR: A. H. KUMAR NAIK
A field experiment was conducted at the Zonal Agricultural andHorticultural Research Station, Babbur farm, Hiriyur, under AICRP(groundnut) during kharif 2017, to study the evaluation of suitablegroundnut based millets intercropping system in Central Dry Zoneof Karnataka underarainfed condition. The texture was medium blacksoil having alkaline pH (8.10) with available nitrogen (258 kg ha-1),phosphorous (35 kg ha-1) and potassium (315 kg ha-1). The experimentwas laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with 10 treatmentsreplicated thrice. The test varieties included G-2-52, ML-365, Sukshemaand HMT100-1 for groundnut,, finger millet, little millet and foxtailmillet, respectively. The treatments consisted of sole and intercropsof groundnut with millets (finger millet, little millet and foxtail millet)in 5:2 and 6:1 row ratios. Sole groundnut noticed significantly higherpod yield (1862 kg ha-1) and haulm yield (2618 kg ha-1) overintercropping treatments. Among the intercropping treatments, pod
and haulm yield of groundnut washigher in 6:1 row ratio of groundnut+ foxtail millet (1744 kg ha-1 and 2194 kg ha-1, respectively). Higheryield was mainly attributed to higher plant height (34.14 cm), numberof branches (10.52), number of leaflets (79.33), leafarea (1265 cm2
plant-1), leaf area index (4.22), leaf area duration (135.5 days), totaldry matter accumulation (28.81 g plant-1), number of pods plant-1
(26.46), pods weight plant-1(13.09 g) and test weight (35.29 g).Significantly higher groundnut equivalent yield (1877 kg ha-1) andATER (1.10) were also registered with same treatment. Whereas,higher LER (1.16) was noticed with 5:2 row ratio of groundnut +foxtail millet intercropping treatment. At harvest, significantly highernutrient uptake (70.98, 20.65 and 57.67 kg NP and K ha-1
,
respectively) was observed with groundnut + foxtail millet in 6:1rowaratio. Higher net returns (` 50,469 ha-1) and B:C (2.23) wereaalsorealized with the same treatment.
SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY
Effect of levels of fertigation on growth and yield of Tomato under polyhouse condition
ANANDA SAJJAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. L. B. ASHOK
The polyhouse experiment was carried out at the College ofHorticulture, Hiriyur during kharif season 2017, to study the effect
of levels of fertigation on growth and yield of tomato. The results ofexperiment indicated that soil application of 100:100:100 kg NPKper acre increased the growth, yield and quality of tomato significantly
over other fertigation treatments. Among the fertigation treatments,as fertigation dose increased, yield also increased. The treatmentthat received soil application of 100:100:100 kg NPK per acre
recorded significantly higher plant height (242.67 cm), number ofbranches (11.60 plant-1), number of leaves (626.16 plant-1), leafarea (67.07 dm2 plant-1), yield parameters viz., number of fruits
per plant (30.18 plant-1), fruit weight (65.13 g), fruit yield (1.62 tac-1), quality parameters viz., shelf life (9.38 days), total solublesolids (3.4 ºBrix), Lycopene content (56.60 mg 100g-1) and ascorbic
acid (123.37 mg 100g-1) was significantly higher in treatmentreceived 100:100:100 kg NPK per acre. Among the fertigation
treatments, treatment that received soil application of 40:40:40 kg NPKper acre + 4 kg 19:19:19 per acre through fertigation recorded significantlyhigher growth, yield and quality parameters. Significantly maximum
nitrogen (79.90 kg ac-1), phosphorus (24.48 kg ac-1) andpotassium(163.26 kg ac-1) uptake by tomato (fruit + plant) registeredin treatment received soil application of 100:100:100 kg NPK per
acre. Similarly, soil application 100:100:100 kg NPK per acre recordedhigher available nitrogen (138.34 kg ac-1), available phosphorus (39.82kg ac-1) and available potassium (155.74 kg ac-1) after harvest of the
crop. The economic benefits of 100:100:100 kg NPK per acre throughsoil application resulted in maximum benefit cost ratio (2.12) andvalue cost ratio (49.15).
249
Assessment of carbon sequestration potential in different land use systems of Virajpet taluk,
Kodagu district
K. L. PRADEEPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. RAVIKUMAR
A study was conducted at the University of Agriculture andHorticulture Sciences, Shivamogga to know the carbon sequestrationpotential of soils under different land use systems in Virajpet taluk,
Kodagu district, Karnataka. The representative soil samples werecollected from major land use systems viz., sacred groves, coffeebased agroforestry-indigenous, coffee based agroforestry-exotic and
paddy land use system from 0-15 cm, 15-30 cm, 30-60 and 60-90 cmsoil depths. The present investigation indicated that, texture variedfrom loamy sand to clay loam. The pH was acidic in all the soils
under investigation and electrical conductivity was normal withrespect to salt accumulation. The CEC of soil ranged from 14.43 to29.95 cmol (p+) kg-1. The highest mean value of BD was observed
under paddy land use system (1.30 mg m-3). The highest mean valueof available nitrogen (343.64 kg ha-1) was observed in coffee based
agroforestry-indigenous and highest mean value of available
phosphorous (57.32 kg ha-1) and sulphur (45.09 mg kg-1) was observedin sacred groves. Among different land use systems, the higher meanvalue of PDOC (13.56 g kg-1), PPOC (1026.26 mg kg-1), CWEC
(548.75 mg kg-1), SMBC (626.78 mg kg-1), TOC (31.93 g kg-1), TC(52 g kg-1) and TIC (0.58 g kg-1) content was observed in sacredgroves and decreases with increasing soil depth. The E
4/E
6value was
lower than 6 in all the studied land use systems. The soils undersacred groves has recorded the highest mean value of Humic acid andFulvic acid (4.50 and 5.51).The highest mean value of carbon
sequestration potential was observed in sacred groves (325.25 t ha-1)followed by coffee based agroforestry-indigenous (239.40 t ha-1) andlowest mean value of carbon sequestration potential was observed in
paddy land use system (162.96 t ha-1).
Forms and distribution of zinc in soils under Paddy cover in Bhadra command of Karnataka
P. RANJITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. M. CHIDANANDAPPA
A study was carried out in the Department of Soil Science and
Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Shivamogga to knowthe “Forms and distribution of zinc in soils under paddy cover inBhadra command of Karnataka” during 2016-18. 145 surface soil
samples (0-15 cm) were collected from soils of Bhadra command andanalysed for chemical properties, available zinc status and distribution
of zinc fractions in soils and their relationship with other soilproperties were also worked out. The results indicated that, soil pHranged from 5.02 to 8.63 (39.31 % soil samples recorded acidic pH).
Organic carbon ranged from 3.54 to 13.20 g kg-1 (57.24% samplesrecorded high). Per cent CaCO
3 ranged from 0.35 to 5.89. The DTPA
extractable zinc in these soils ranged from 0.10 to 2.41 mg kg-1.
Considering 0.60 mg kg-1 as the critical limit of DTPA zinc in soils,
70.34 and 29.66 per cent were found to be sufficient and deficient inDTPA extractable zinc, respectively. The distribution of soil zinc
fractions to total zinc followed order as water-soluble < carbonatebound < organic bound < Sorbed < easily reducible manganese bound< Fe and Al oxide bound < residual zinc. Among the zinc fractions,
the residual fraction was found to be a dominant fraction and thewater soluble fraction was found to be the least fraction. Total zincwas found to be in the range of 391 to 477 mg kg-1. Correlation studies
showed that, available zinc positively related with organic carbon(r = 0.116), clay content (r = 0.343*) and CEC (r = 0.204). Further,positive correlations among the zinc fractions and total zinc except
for Fe and Al oxide bound Zn indicated that zinc fractions are indynamic equilibrium with each other.
Effect of P levels and P solubilizers on P status in soil and productivity of Paddy
SHOBHA TALAWAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. C. DHANANJAYA
A field experiment was conducted at the Agricutlural and
Horticultural Research Station, Bavikere, UAHS, Shivamogga
on sandy loam soil during kharif 2017 know the effect of P
levels and P solubilizers on P status in soil and productivity of
paddy. The levels of phosphorus at 0, 50, 75 and 100% P2O
5
Kg per ha with and without P solubilizer seedling treatment
were tried in Randomized Complete Block Design with 12
treatments and three replication. Results of the field experiment
indicated that application of recommended NPK with PSF
seedling treatment significantly increased the growth and yield
and of paddy. Highest grain yield of paddy was noticed with
recommended NPK with PSF seedling treatment (56.90 q ha-1).
The nutrient content and uptake of NPK by paddy was highest
in the treatment that received recommended NPK with PSF
seedling treatment. Higher valves of saloid - P and Ca -P and
availableP status in soil were recorded with recommended NPK
with PSF seedling treatment at different crop growth stages.
Higher values of Al-P, Fe - P, red-P, occl-P, organic-P and total-
P fractions were recorded in treatments involving only P levels
without P solubilizers seedling treatment compared to the
application of P levels with P solubilizers seedling treatment.
Application of recommended NPK recorded higher values of
Al-P, Fe -P, red-P, occl- P, organic-P and total-P fractions. All
the fractions except organic P significantly and positively
correlated with yield attributes, straw yield, grain yield and P
uptake by paddy.
250
Characterization of soils and water in lakya sub-watershed of Dasarahalli-I micro-watershed
in Chikkamangaluru taluk
C. V. SUSHMITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. T. GURUMURTHY
An investigation was carried out to characterize soils and water inLakya sub-watershed of Dasarahalli-I micro-watershed inChikkamangaluru taluk during the year 2017-18 in the Department of
Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, UAHS,Shivamogga. Grid wise surface soil samples were collected at 320 x 320m interval and soil fertility status maps were prepared. The surface soil
texture of the Dasarahalli-I micro watershed area was predominantlywith sandy clay loam and clay. The soils were strongly acidic to slightlyalkaline (5.02-7.80) with non-saline in nature and soil organic carbon
was low to medium (3.30-7.50 g kg-1). The micro-watershed showedlow to medium (188.16-376.32 kg ha-1) in available nitrogen status,medium in available P
2O
5, K
2O and medium to high in available sulphur
status. The exchangeable calcium, magnesium and micro nutrients weresufficient in the entire micro-watershed area while the zinc was deficient
in 0.38 per cent of the area and sufficient in 6.61 per cent of the studyarea. Available boron content was deficient in study area. Eight soilprofiles were studied based on soil heterogeneity of studied area. Soil
structure of pedons was sub-angular blocky. In general available N,P
2O
5, K
2O, sulphur and boron, exchangeable Ca and Mg and micro
nutrients decreased with increasing depth. Sorghum and sunflower were
highly to marginally suitable; groundnut, ragi, bengal gram, tur, guava,coconut, mango and arecanut were moderately to marginally suitable inDasarahalli-I micro watershed. Total of 14 ground water samples were
collected from running tube wells in the study area in before and afterrainy season. All the analyzed chemical parameters were found to behighest in case of samples collected in before rainy season as compared
to after rainy season and quality parameters like pH, EC, SAR, RSCetc., were within the permissible limits.
Effect of calcium enriched FYM through eggshell on soil properties and yield of Brinjal
SUSHMITHA N. SWAMY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. N. THIPPESHAPPA
An enrichment0and0field0experiment0was conducted at the ZonalAgricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Navile, Shivamoggaduring the year 2017 to know the “Effect of Calcium enriched FYMthrough eggshell on soil properties and yield of Brinjal”. The FYM wasenriched with Eggshell powder (ESP) @ 10 kg/t and Lime @ 5 kg/t ascalcium sources with and without microbial consortia for 45 days. TheCa enriched FYM was applied to field with brinjal0as0test0crop. Theexperiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with13 treatments replicated thrice. The FYM enriched with eggshell powder@ 10 kg/t + Microbial Consortia (MC) for 40 days recorded highernitrogen (0.85 %),0phosphorus (0.36 %),0potassium (0.58 %) andcalcium (0.69 %) content compared to FYM with package of0practices.The highest mean plant height, number of branches per plant and stemdiameter were recorded due to application of Ca0enriched0FYMthrough eggshell powder @ 10 kg/t + MC enriched for 45 dayscompared to0control (FYM only). The soil application of Ca enriched
FYM through (45 days) eggshell powder @ 10 kg/t + MC was recordedmaximum number of fruits (44.6) per plant, fruit girth (5.26 cm) and fruitweight (58.9 g) followed0by0Ca enriched FYM through (45 days)eggshell powder @ 10 kg/t without MC and lime enrichment. Whereasapplication of FYM with0package0of0practices was recorded lowernumber of fruits (32.00) per plant and fruit girth and fruit weight.The soil application of Ca enriched FYM through (45 days) eggshellpowder @ 10 kg/t + MC recorded highest fruit yield per plant (0.91kg plant-1) and fruit yield per hectare (25.32 kg ha-1), to the extent of20.62 per cent increase in yield compared to FYM enriched with limeand with FYM with0package0of0practices. Significantly higherexchangeable calcium content in soil was recorded after harvest due toapplication of0Ca enriched0FYM through0(45 days)0eggshellpowder @ 10 kg/t + MC whereas the lower exchangeable calciumstatus in soil was recorded in the treatment supplied with FYM onlyin all the growth stages and harvest stage.
Effect of levels and split application of potassium on productivity of Paddy and status of potassium in
alluvial soil of coastal region of Karnataka
S. M. YASHAWANTHKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. M.JAYAPRAKASH
A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2017 at the Zonal
Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Brahmavar, UAHS,Shivamogga to know the effect of levels and split application ofpotassium on productivity of paddy and status of potassium in alluvial
soil of coastal region of Karnataka. The experiment was laid out inrandomised complete block design with ten treatments and replicatedfour times. Among different levels and spilt application of potassium,
the treatment received potassium @ 75 kg K2O ha-1 with three equal
split doses recorded higher plant height (115.05 cm), number of tillersper m2 area (482.25), panicle length (23.05 cm), test weight (25.34 g),
filled grains per panicle (108.98), grain and straw yield (7733 and
8815 kg ha-1, respectively) and lowest growth and yield parameterswas observed in treatment without application of potassium. Thehigher uptake of potassium (168.79 kg ha-1) was recorded in treatment,
which received potassium level (75 kg K2O ha-1) in three equal splits
compared to all other treatments. An increase in the level of potassiumapplication (45 to 75 kg ha-1) either as basal or in splits, increased the
water soluble and non-exchangeable potassium in soil after harvest ofcrop and lattice potassium decreased with increase in level ofpotassium application.
251
AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY
Studies on pest complex of Pigeonpea and their management with special reference to pod borer,
Maruca vitrata (Geyer)
K. A. JAHANTAJ MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. C. HANUMANTHASWAMY
Survey on insect pests of pigeonpea was carried out in Shivamogga andChitradurga districts of Karnataka during 2017-18. The highest
population of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), Clavigralla gibbosa(Spinola), Aphis craccivora (Koch), Empoasca sp. Megaluro thripssp. and Myllocerus sp. were found in Shivamogga followed by
Chitradurga district. However, the peak incidence of Maruca vitrata(Geyer), Melanagromyza obtuse (Malloch), Exelastis atomosa(Walsingham), Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) and Otinotus sp. were
found in Chitradurga district followed by Shivamogga district. Thebiology of M. vitrata on pigeonpea under laboratory conditions revealedthat, female moth laid minute eggs singly or in batches of 2 to 6 on the
under surface of leaves, terminal shoots and flower buds. The meanincubation period, larval, pre-pupal, pupal, male and female adult periodwas 3.3±0.70, 13.45±0.95,2.35±0.41, 9.85±0.67, 8.1±1.19 and
9.7±1.16 days, respectivey. Evaluation of insecticide molecules againstpod borer complex of pigeonpea indicated that chlorantraniliprole,
emamectin benzoate, and flubendiamide were significantly effectiveagainst pod borer H. armigera. Exelastis atomosa population waseffectively reduced by chlorantraniliprole followed by spinosad,
emamectin benzoate, flubendiamide and Chlorantraniliprole proved veryeffective in recording the lowest pod fly maggot population on pigeonpeawhereas, NSKE 5 per cent was least effective in reducing larval
population compared to other treatments. The highest and least percent pod damage was observed in NSKE 5 per cent (27.97) andchlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC, respectively. Chlorantraniliprole recorded
highest BC ratio of 2.63 compared to rest of the treatments. Untreatedcontrol recorded the lowest BC ratio of 1.09. All treatments recordedhigher BC ratio and superior over untreated control.
Species composition, ecology and management of leafhoppers (Cicadellidae: Hemiptera)
infesting Potato
N. MEGHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. M. KALLESHWARASWAMY
Investigations on species composition, ecology and management ofleafhoppers (Cicadellidae: Hemiptera) infesting potato was carried
out in major potato growing regions of Karnataka during 2017-18.During the study, 19 species of leafhoppers were recorded. Moleculartechnique using 650-base pair region of the mitochondrial cytochrome
oxidase I (COI) gene was employed to identify different Empoascaspp. A total of nine sequences were submitted to NCBI-Gene Bankand accession numbers were obtained. The population of potato
leafhoppers attained peak during harvesting stage in both seasons i.e.,kharif and rabi 2017-18. Incidence of potato leafhoppers showedsignificant negative correlation with wind speed, non-significant
positive correlation with minimum temperature, relative humidityand sunshine hours. A non-significant negative correlation was
observed with maximum temperature and total rainfall during kharif2017. Leafhoppers incidence in rabi 2017-18, showed a non-significant
positive correlation with maximum temperature, minimumtemperature, total rainfall and wind speed and non-significant negativecorrelation with relative humidity and sunshine hours. Highest number
of trichomes were found in Kufri Jyothi (218.00) followed by FL-5(79.00) and lowest in S-6 (39.30) followed by FC-3 (72.50). LowerTSS, higher phenol and higher potassium content was noticed in
Kufri Jyothi and FL-5 followed by FC-3 and S-6. Among the selectedinsecticides Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.3 ml/l recorded significantlylower number of leafhoppers. The economic analysis of different
insecticides indicated imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.3 ml/l was mosteffective by recording highest CB ratio of 1:3.90.
Species complex of aphids in legumes with special reference to bio-ecology and organic management of
field bean aphid, Aphis craccivora (Koch)
N. V. NAMITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. N. KENCHARADDI
Investigations on species complex of aphids in legumes with specialreference to bio-ecology and organic management of field bean aphid,Aphis craccivora (Koch) was carried out at the College of Agriculture,Navile, UAHS, Shivamogga during 2017-18. During the study, twospecies of aphidsviz., Aphis craccivora and Aphis gossypii Gloverwere found infesting different legumes in different regions of Shivamoggaduring 2017-18. The population of bean aphids attained peak duringthird week of October (15.3 aphids per five centimeter twig) duringkharif. During rabi season, the aphid population was maximum duringfirst week of January (224.7 aphids per five centimeter twig). Incidenceof bean aphid, Aphis craccivora had non-significant negative correlationwith total rainfall, non-significant positive correlation with maximumtemperature, significant negative correlation with minimum temperatureand non- significant positive correlation with relative humidity during
kharif 2017,while during rabi 2017-18, aphid showed non-significantnegative correlation with total rainfall, maximum temperature, minimumtemperature and positive correlation with relative humidity. Biologicalstudies of Aphis craccivora on Lablab purpureus revealed that thetotal life cycle of the bean aphid under laboratory condition rangedfrom 14.20 to 20.80 days with a mean of 17.50 ± 1.91 days. Totalnymphal period ranged from 4.20 to 7.70 days with a mean of 5.43 ±1.05 days and fecundity was 29 ± 4.34 nymphs per female in laboratory.Among the organic molecules, Verticillium lecanii 2×108 cfu/g (1.5 ml/l)was found more effective in the management of bean aphid. It wassignificantly superior (with 79.63 mean per cent reduction of aphids)over untreated control. Among all organic molecules, tested V. lecanii2×108 cfu/g (1.5 ml/l) recorded highest CB ratio of 1: 3.11 by recordinghighest green pod yield (24.14 q/ha).
252
Diversity of predatory coccinellids in different ecosystems and safety evaluation of selected insecticides
against Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fab.)
POOJA KARANE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHARANABASAPPA
Investigation on diversity of predatory coccinellids in differentecosystems and safety evaluation of selected insecticides againstCheilomenes sexmaculata (Fab.) was carried out at the Universityof Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga during 2017-18. A survey on diversity of coccinellids in different ecosystemsof Shivamogga indicated the presence of 11 different coccinellidspecies belonging to 4 different sub families. Cheilomenessexmaculatus (Fab.) was found to be predominant species.Majority of the species belonged to sub family Coccinellinaerepresenting 78.15 per cent of the total species collected, followedby Chilocorinae (11.45 %) and Scymninae (8.76 %). Thepopulation of cowpea aphid and coccinellid prevailed throughoutthe cropping period of cowpea. The peak incidence of aphids wasnoticed in 2nd week of November (125.35 aphids/2.5 cm pod length).
The coccinellid population followed the trend of cowpea aphid.The population of aphids and coccinellids showed positivecorrelation with maximum temperature and negative correlationwith remaining weather parameters such as minimum temperature,morning, evening relative humidity and rainfall. Under laboratorycondition azadirachtin 1 EC @ 2 ml/l was found to be relativelysafer, whereas dimethoate 30 EC @ 1.7 ml/l was found to behighly toxic insecticide against adults of Cheilomenes sexmaculata.Under field condition imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.3 ml/l was foundto be effective in managing aphid population, whereas azadiracthin1 EC @ 2 ml/l was found to be safest in maintaining the coccinellidpopulation. Among the insecticides, dinotefuron 20 SG 0.3 ml/lwas found to be relatively safer to coccinellids as well as effectivein managing the aphid Aphis craccivora Koch.
Pest complex of Rose with special reference to sucking pests and their management
PRIYANKA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. U. PATIL
Investigations on sucking pests of rose was carried out at the Centreof Excellence for Floriculture, Shivamogga during 2017-18. Duringthe study, two species of thrips viz., Rhiphiphorothrips cruentatusHood and Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard), aphid (Macrosiphumeuphorbiae Thomas) and mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) were foundto feed on rose. During the survey, maximum thrips population (13.93/flower) and maximum aphid population (49.65/ 5 cm twig) wasrecorded in Shivamogga district during first fortnight of April andsecond fortnight of August, respectively and lowest population ofaphids (4.01/5 cm twig) was found in Davanagere district. The peakpopulation of mites (10.90 mites/leaf) was noticed during first fortnight
of December in Shivamogga district. Correlation studies with weatherparameters on thrips showed negative correlation with relativehumidity and rainfall, whereas, it had positive correlation withtemperature. Population of aphids had negative correlation withtemperature. Mite population was having negative correlation withtemperature, relative humidity and rainfall. Imidacloprid 30.5 SC @0.50 ml/l, thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.20 g/l and dinotefuran 20 SG @0.20 g/l were found to be effective in an experiment with insecticidesfor the management of aphids and thrips. Diafenthiuron 50 WP @1.20 g/l and chlorfenapyr 10 EC @ 1.60 ml/l were found to be effectiveagainst mites.
Seasonal incidence of pests of Soybean with special reference to biology and management of red
spider mite, Tetranychus macfarlanei Baker and Pritchard
SATISH S. BATAGI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. PRADEEP
Studies on “Seasonal incidence of pests of soybean with specialreference to biology and management of red spider mite, Tetranychusmacfarlanei baker and pritchard” was carried out at the Agriculturaland Horticultural Research Station, Bavikere, Tarikere taluk,Chikkamangaluru district during kharif and rabi of 2017-18. Duringthe study, a total of three lepidopteran defoliators viz., soybean leafwebber (O. indicata), tobacco caterpillar (S. litura) and greensemilooper (T. orichalcea) and two sucking pests viz., soybean aphid(A. glycines) and red spider mite, (T. macfarlanei) were found damagingthe crop. Peak incidence of O. indicata was noticed during secondweek of August (3.61 larvae/mrl), tobacco caterpillar reached its peakpopulation during third week of August (4.60 larvae/mrl)and highestpopulation of T. orichalcea was recorded during third week of August(2.69 larvae/mrl). Aphid population was highest during fourth week
of November (26.69 aphids/3 leaves) and red spider mite reached itspeak population during first week of December (5.18 mites/ 2.5 cm2
leaf area). Studies on biology of red spider mite, T. macfarlanei revealedthat males had less developmental period (10.62 ± 0.69 days) thanfemales (11.92 ± 0.89 days). The adult longevity was also less inmales (11.37 ± 0.69 days) compared to females (24.61 ± 0.57 days).Mated females laid more number of eggs (54.93 ± 8.08) than unmatedfemales (31.87 ± 2.61). Overall males lived for 21.99 ± 1.86 dayswhereas, females took 36.53 ± 2.14 days to complete their life cycle.Propargite 57 EC @ 427.50 a.i./ha proved to be highly effective inreducing the mite population with highest yield of 21.74 q/ha andalso had highest CB ratio of 1: 3.91 followed by spiromecifen 22.9SC @ 91.60 a.i./ha which registered yield of 18.66 q/ha and CB ratioof 1: 3.28.
Sucking pest complex of Chrysanthemum, Dendranthema grandiflora Borkh and their management
O. R. SMITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. MANJUNATHA
Investigation on sucking pest complex of chrysanthemum,Dendranthema grandiflora Borkh and their managementwas carriedout at Karnataka State Department of Horticulture (KSDH),Shivamogga, Karnataka during 2017-2018. During the study, twothrips species viz., Haplothrips gowdeyi Franklin and
Microcephalothrips abdomanalis Crawford, two aphid species viz.,Macrosiphoniellas anbornii Gillette and Aphis gossypii Glover and awhitefly species Bemesia tabaci Gennadiuswere found to infestchrysanthemum. During survey, maximum aphid population wasrecorded in Shivamogga district (9.57/3 leaves) during the first fortnight
253
Population dynamics, crop loss estimation and management of lepidopteran pests of Sunflower
SWATHI G. HEGDE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. K. SHIVANNA
Investigations on lepidopteran pests of sunflower were carried out atthe College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural and HorticulturalSciences, Navile, Shivamogga during 2017. Correlation studies withweather parameters on Spodoptera litura (Fabricius), Thysanoplusiaorichalcea (Fabricius) and Hyposidra sp. showed negative correlationwith maximum temperature and sunshine hours. The population ofSpilarctia obliqua (Walker) had negative correlation with minimumtemperature and sunshine hours whereas, it had positive correlationwith remaining weather parameters. Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)had positive correlation with maximum temperature, morning relative
humidity, sunshine hours and negative correlation with rainfall, minimumtemperature and evening relative humidity. Crop loss estimation studiesrevealed maximum yield loss in untreated control by recording 60.43per cent followed by mechanical method (31.54 %), chemical method(16.11 %) and chemical + mechanical method (12.11 %) compared tocaging method. Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC and flubendiamide 480 SCwere found to be highly effective in managing the lepidopteran pests ofsunflower by recording highest yield of 24.66 q/ha and 24.16 q/ha witha CB ratio of 1:3.09 and 1:3.01, respectively. These were followed byspinosad 45 SC and indoxacarb 14.5 SC in reducing the larval population.
Studies on insect pest complex of Cocoa with special reference to biology and management of cocoa
mealy bug, Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell)
H. M. VENUGOPAL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. JAYALAXMI NARAYAN HEGDE
Investigations on insect pest complex of Cocoa with special referenceto biology and management of Cocoa mealy bug, Planococcus lilacinus(Cockerell) was carried out at the College of Agriculture, Navile,UAHS, Shivamogga during 2016-17. During the study period, fifteenspecies of insect pests were found damaging the Cocoa crop. Amongthem, the major ones were Cocoa mealy bug, Planococcus lilacinus(Cockerell); Tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis bradyi (Waterhouse);Cocoapod borer, Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenee); Aphids, Aphis gossyipi(Glover);Scarab beetle, Maladera sp.and three species of hairycaterpillars viz., Creatonotus gangis (Linnaeus), Olene mendosa(Hubner) and Euproctis freterna (Moore). Cocoa mealy bug, P.lilacinus was found throughout the year and attacked twigs, pods andleaves. Among the three parts, the mean mealy bug count was higheston pods (9.23), followed by twigs (4.72), while the least count of
mealy bug was noticed on leaves (0.85). The population of mealybugs showed two peaks, one peak from March to May and the otherfrom October to November. Incidence of mealy bug was significantand positively correlated with maximum temperature, while rainfallwas significant and negatively correlated. Studies on the biology ofCocoa mealy bug, P. lilacinus revealed that the fecundity of mealybugs ranged from 130 to 288 eggs per female. Female mealy bugs hadonly three instars, while the males had four instars. Total nymphalduration ranged from 16 to 24 days. The total life cycle of the femalemealy bug, P. lilacinus ranged from 27 to 41 days and that of malesranged from 20 to 32 days. Out of the insecticides evaluated,Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.25 g/l was found most effective in managingthe mealy bug population and it recorded the highest yield (8.22 q/ha)with a cost-benefit ratio of 1: 1.85.
of January. The maximum mean number of whiteflies (5.25/3 leaves)was recorded during the first fortnight of September in Chitradurgadistrict. The peak population of thrips was noticed during firstfortnight of February in Chitradurga district (8.95 thrips/flower).Studies on the population dynamics of sucking pests revealed thatthe peak infestation of aphid was observed during second fortnight ofJanuary (42.59/3leaves), Both maximum and minimum temperature,relative humidity and rainfall were found to exert a significant negativeinfluence on the aphid population. The peak thrips incidence (6.15
thrips/flower) was observed during first fortnight of February. Thethrips incidence was positively correlated with both maximumtemperature and minimum temperature but has negative correlationwith maximum and minimum relative humidity and rainfall.Theinsecticidal treatments imidacloprid 17.8 SL, acetamiprid 20 SP andflonicamid 50 WDG were found to be effective in managing the suckingpests. However, all the insecticidal treatments under evaluation weresignificantly superior in recording lower population of sucking pestscompared to untreated check.
PLANT PATHOLOGY
Studies on root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949] inFCV Tobacco growing soils of Karnataka
B. N. ASHWINI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. RAVINDRA
Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita is a serious menace inall tobacco growing regions leading to yield reduction of 59.4 per
cent and 52.9 per cent in nursery and filed conditions, respectively.Survey conducted in Shivamogga, Hassan, Mysuru and Davanageredistricts during 2017-18 revealed that the incidence of root-knot
nematode was noticed in all surveyed locations, with maximumincidence in Harave village of Hunsur taluk, Mysuru district andleast incidence in Kattige village of Davanagere district. Among
twenty two germplasm/genotypes tested against M. incognita, theentries FCR-50 and FCJ-35 recorded least root-knot index of 1.0indicating that they are resistant to root-knot nematode. Two entries
recoded moderately resistance reaction, seven entries weremoderately susceptible, six entries were susceptible and other fourentries were highly susceptible. Three bio-agents were evaluated
for their efficacy in inhibition of egg hatching and juvenile mortalityof M. incognita under in vitro, Bacillus subtilis was found to be
most effective in inhibiting egg hatching and Trichoderma harzianumshowed maximum juvenile mortality. Among the plant extracts testedunder in vitro, Marigold leaf extract recorded minimum egg hatching
and maximum juvenile mortality at all the concentrations tested andthe efficacy of leaf extract increased with increase in exposure period.Management of root-knot nematodes under both nursery and field
conditions by different bio-agents, vermicompost and nematicidesrevealed that soil application of carbofuran + vermicompost andT. harzianum + vermicompost were the most effective in increasing
number of transplantable seedlings, green leaf yield and cured leafyield and in decreasing RKI, number of galls, number of females andsoil nematode population.
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Studies on morphology and eco-friendly management of leaf spot of cinnamon caused byColletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. and Sacc.
KAVYA DINESHKUMAR MASHALDI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. NARAYANASWAMY
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Presl., Syn. Cinnamomum zeylanicumBlume) is one of the important tree spices in the world, belongs to the
family Lauraceae. This crop is affected by several diseases among themleaf spot is one of the important disease caused by Colletotrichumgloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. and Sacc. During the survey highest
disease severity was recorded in Chikkamangaluru district (25.97 %)and least disease severity was recorded in Shivamogga district (10.96%). Cultural and morphological studies revealed that, radial growth of
C. gloeosporioides was maximum on Richard’s agar and potato dextroseagar with colony diameter of 90.00 mm with good sporulation. Meandry mycelial weight was maximum on Richard’s broth (164.00 mg) and
potato dextrose broth (160.00 mg). Morphological characters ofC. gloeosporioides viz., colour of the mycelium varied from whitish to
greyish white. The growth varied from flat to raised fluffy with regularmargin. In vitro evaluation of bio-agents revealed that, T. harzianumrecorded highest inhibition of radial growth of 78.42 per cent. Out of
nine plant extracts tested marigold leaf extract (73.34 %) and neem leafextract (72.34 %) at 15 per cent recorded maximum inhibition of mycelialgrowth of the pathogen. Among the different chemicals tested, maximum
inhibition of mycelial growth was recorded in copper oxychloride(68.86 %). In pot experiment, application of 1 per cent Bordeaux mixturehas recorded lowest per cent disease index of 6.60 per cent. Whereas,
the results of field evaluation of different copper based fungicides, bio-agents and botanicals indicated that spray of 1 per cent Bordeaux mixture(59.21 %) was found significantly superior in reducing the disease
severity.
Bio-efficacy and molecular characterization of native Trichoderma isolates of Shivamogga
N. P. MAHESHWARY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. GANGADHARA NAIK
Trichoderma is one of the most promising biocontrol agents utilizedfor the management of various plant pathogenic fungi and is found inalmost all type of soils. Roving survey conducted to collectrhizosphere soil in Shivamogga taluk from different agricultural andhorticultural crops viz., pigeonpea, tomato, arecanut, banana and foresttrees such as teak and pongamia resulted in isolation of 29 Trichodermaisolates. Among them T. asperellum was found in predominant form.Cultural, morphological and molecular chacterization of Trichodermaisolates revealed that, they can effectively utilize potato dextroseagar medium for their growth. Whereas, Trichoderma selective mediuminduced selective growth of organism with very poor growth. Mostof Trichoderma isolates exhibited light green to dark green colonycolour while reverse colony colour of most isolates varied from whiteto light green. The conidial shape of isolates varied from oval to round
and their colour varied from olive green to green colour. Molecularcharacterization revealed the presence of three species viz.,T. asperellum, T. virens, T. aureoviride in Shivamogga taluk. Bio-efficacy of Trichoderma spp. tested under in vitro conditions againstFusarium oxysporum f. sp. udum and Sclerotium rolfsii, revealedthat, Trichoderma can effectively suppress the growth of both plantpathogens. Compatability studies of Trichoderma with fungicidesshowed that, Trichoderma was compatible with copper hydroxide,copper oxychloride, mancozeb and metalaxyl and least compatiblewith captan whereas, tebuconazole, propiconazole and carbendazimwere incompatible. Among combi fungicides, metalaxyl-M + mancozebwas found to be highly compatible whereas azoxystrobin +difenoconazole, carbendazim + mancozeb and tebuconazole +trifloxystrobin were incompatible.
Investigation on false smut of Rice incited by Ustilaginoidea virens (Cooke) in hilly andcoastal zones of Karnataka
MANJUNATH BANASODE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. N. HOSAGOUDAR
Rice is the most extensively cultivated food crops of Asia and it isaffected by several diseases, among them false smut caused byUstilaginoidea virens (Cooke) is one of the most emerging diseasecausing significant loss in both yield and quality of the grains. Theroving survey for disease severity was conducted in hilly and coastalzones of Karnataka, revealed that highest mean disease severity wasobserved in Kodagu (69.87 %) district followed by Udupi (34.36 %)district and least mean disease severity (9.48 %) was observed inShivamogga district. Among 102 rice genotypes/varieties screened, 11were found highly resistant, none of them found resistant, only onevariety of IR-64 showed moderately resistant reaction, 53 were found
moderately susceptible, 34 were found susceptible and only three werefound highly susceptible to disease reaction. Cultural and morphologicalstudies revealed that radial growth of U. virens was maximum on potatosucrose agar (76.25 mm). In vitro evaluation of fungicides indicatedthat Propiconazole, Tebuconazole, Azoxystrobin + Difenconazole andTebuconazole + Trifloxystrobin showed cent per cent inhibition at allthe tested concentrations viz., 100, 200 and 500 ppm. The fieldevaluation of fungicides, revealed that Tebuconazole + Trifloxystrobinat 1 ml/l recorded the least false smut severity (2.80 %) followed byAzoxystrobin + Difenconazole at 1ml/ l (6.17 %) with the highest yieldof 55.42 q/ha and 53.72 q/ha respectively.
Studies on brown leaf spot of FCV Tobacco incited by Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler
NAILA SHOHRAT MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. KAREGOWDA
Brown spot of tobacco (Alternaria alternata) is important and severedisease of tobacco crop in many parts of the world and causing hugecrop losses. It is a limiting factor in tobacco production. Among 10different solid media used the radial growth of A. alternata wasmaximum on Potato dextrose agar with colony diameter of 89.00
mm and least growth was seen in Glucose peptone agar (59.00 mm).Physiological studies revealed that maximum dry mycelial weightof the fungus at temperature of 25°C (329.13 mg) and lowest at 5°C(67.16 mg). While the maximum dry mycelial weight was observedat pH 6.5 (586.53 mg) followed byand the minimum dry mycelial
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Studies on chilli veinal mottle virus in major Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) growing areas of Karnataka
NANDAPPA CHORGASTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. GANESHA NAIK
Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most important vegetableand spice crops belonging to the family Solanaceae and widely grownin India. Chilli has been widely cultivated across the world andprone to many biotic and abiotic stresses. Among the viral diseases,Chilli Veinal Mottle Virus (ChiVMV) is one of themost destructivevirus limiting the chilli cultivation in many parts of the world. Thesurvey results revealed that, incidence of ChiVMV was ranged from12.77 to 48.43 per cent. Highest per cent disease incidence (PDI)was recorded in Hosalli village (48.43%) of Hirekerur taluk and thelowest incidence (12.77 %) was observed at Mathodu village ofShivamogga taluk. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) technique for detection of Chilli Veinal Mottle Virus wasused. PCR product of approximately 0.8 kb corresponding to
ChiVMV partial CP was amplified using ChiVMV specific coatprotein gene primers. Among 42 host plants tested, only 10 host plantsexhibited the symptoms of ChiVMV. The host plants viz., Daturametel, Capsicum annuum, Physalis floridana, Solanum nigrum,Lycopersicon esculentum, Sesamum indicum, Amaranthus sp.,Nicotiana tabacum cv. White Burley Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsunand Capsicum frutescens were found to be the host for ChiVMV.Screening of 50 chilli genotypes for their reaction against ChiVMV hasbeen done and categorized into different groups based on the percent disease incidence and OD values observed in ELISA reader.Accordingly, five genotypes showed highly resistant (HR), 10genotypes showed resistant (R), six genotypes showed moderatelyresistant (MR) and remaining showed susceptible.
Studies on fungal fruit spots and fruit rots of Pomegranate
PRUTHVIRAJ MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SURESH D. EKABOTE
Pomegranate is one of the favourite table fruits of tropical andsubtropical regions. Among several fungal diseases affectingpomegranate, anthracnose caused by Colletotrichumgloeosporiodes, spot caused by Curvularia geniculata and blightcaused by Alternaria alternata and Pestalotiopsis microspora areimportant. The studies were conducted on survey for the severityin central dry zone of Karnataka. Morphological, cultural and invitro evaluation of fungicides were carried against all thesepathogens. Among the different district surveyed highest andlowest per cent disease index were recorded in Tumkuru and Hassandistrict, respectively. In growth phase studies C. gloeosporiodes,C. geniculata and P. microspora reached peak on 10th day, whereas,A. alternata reached peak on 8th day after inoculation. The conidiaof C. gloeosporiodes were hyaline, single celled, with two oil
globules measuring 12.02 to 12.70 µm×3.5 to 4 µm. Whereas,conidia of A. alternata were brown to dark brown colour with 2-8septations, produced in chains measuring 20 to 80 µm × 6.4 to 8.5µm. C. geniculata conidia were dark brown, typically geniculateshaped curved with 3 to 4 septate spores measuring 19.71 to22.35 µm×5.81 to 6.42 µm and the conidia of P. microspora werespindle, five celled with three central coloured cells and two hyalinecells and the length of conidia varies from 25.3 to 29.6 µm × 3.2 to4.3 µm. Among the different solid media evaluated potato dextroseagar, oat meal agar and Sabourad’s dextrose agar found to be best forgrowth and sporulation. In vitro studies revelead that propiconazole,hexaconazole, pyraclostrobin, difenconazole, tebuconazole +tryfloxystrobin, pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole and propiconazole+ difenconazole were effective in inhibiting the growth of fungus.
weight was recorded at pH 3.0 (110.80 mg). Among the systemicfungicides tested against A. alternata under in vitro condition,hexaconazole and propiconazole showed cent per cent inhibition ofmycelial growth at all the tested concentrations of 125, 250 and 400ppm. Whereas, least inhibition of mycelial growth was observed inthiophanatemethyl (72.80 %) at all tested concentrations. Amongthe combi products evaluated, highest inhibition was obtained bytebuconazole + trifloxystrobin (100 %). Among the twentytwogenotypes none of the genotypes showed immune reaction. Threeof the genotypes were resistant. Five genotypes were moderately
resistant. Nine genotypes were moderately susceptible. Threegenotypes showed susceptible. Whereas, two genotypes showedhighly susceptible reaction. Among the threebio-agents tested againstA. alternata under in vitro condition, T. harzianum recorded highestinhibition of radial growth (84.30 mm). The field evaluation ofdifferent fungicides indicated that at 0.1 per cent of hexaconazolefound significantly superior in reducing the disease incidence andincreased the leaf yield. Hexaconazole recorded highest leaf yield(9786.69 kg/ha) followed by propiconazole (9279.63 kg/ha) whereas,untreated control recorded 3675.15 kg/ha.
Investigation on collar rot of Cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) incited by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.
B. SANNAJAMBANNA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. NARAYANASWAMY
Collar rot of cluster bean caused by Sclerotium rolfsii has become aserious problem in recent years in cluster bean growing regions of Indiaand the yield loss caused by the pathogen ranges from 50-70 per cent.Hence, investigation were carried out on collar rot of cluster bean causedby S. rolfsii with respect to survey for disease incidence, cultural andmorphological characters of pathogen, efficacy of fungicides, bio-agentsand botanicals under in vitro conditions and management of diseaseunder field conditions. Roving survey was carried out in three districts,among them the highest per cent disease incidence of 11.66 was observedin Shivamogga followed by Davanagere (10.05 %) and lowest diseaseincidence (5.94 %) was documented in Chitradurga district. The culturaland morphological characters of S. rolfsii was studied on six differentsolid and liquid media. The results indicated that, maximum radial growth
was observed on corn meal agar (90.00 mm) with white coloured coloniesand maximum dry mycelial weight was noticed in potato dextrosebroth (461.40 mg) and potato dextrose agar produced 126 dark browncoloured with round shaped sclerotia. Efficacy of fungicides, bioagentsand botanicals were tested under in vitro condition against S. rolfsii, theresults revealed that, propiconazole and hexaconazole, Trichodermaharzianum and garlic clove extract were superior in inhibiting growthof the pathogen. Field trial results revealed that, propiconazole 25 EC@ 0.1 % treated plots showed the lowest per cent disease incidence of8.33 with highest per cent reduction over control followed byhexaconazole 5 EC @ 0.1 % (13.33 %) and maximum green pod yieldwas obtained from propiconazole @ 0.1 % (4599 kg/ha) with 99 numberof pods per plant.
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AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
A study on impact of emerging institutional interventions in fruits and vegetables marketing atDavangere district
G. N. GAYATHRI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. SAHANA
The study was conducted on impact of emerging institutionalinterventions in fruits and vegetables marketing at Davangere district ofKarnataka during 2017-18. By simple random sampling, 40 farmerseach from public, co-operative and private market interventions wereselected, constituting sample size of 120. The data was collected usingpretested interview schedule. The results showed that majority of thepublic (72.50 %), co-operative (70.00 %) and private (70.00 %) marketinterventions adopting farmers had medium level of knowledge on marketintervention. It was observed that overall social impact due to differentmarket interventions was found to be high in private (0.61) marketintervention followed by co-operative (0.54) market intervention. Theco-operative market intervention was found to be efficient market forchilli (1.22) and banana (1.22). The efficient market for tomato (2.71)was private market intervention. For papaya (1.04), public market
intervention was found to be efficient market. Majority of public,co-operative and private market interventions respondents belonged tomiddle age category with medium level of education having mediumlevel of farming experience. Majority of the farmers belonged to mediumlevel of economic motivation, decision making ability, market orientation,cosmopoliteness and information seeking behavior are from public,co-operative and private market interventions. Major constraint facedby public (56.67 %) and co-operative (45.00 %) market interventionwas labour availability but post harvest activities (65.83 %) were themajor constraint in private market intervention. The suggestions givenwas providing stable prices to produce (87.50 %) in public marketintervention, supply of inputs from HOPCOMS (97.50 %) in case ofco-operative market intervention and providing grading facility atcollection centers (90.00 %) in private market intervention
Decision making and participation of farm men and women in Paddy cultivation: A study inShivamogga district
C. KAVYASHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BASAVARAJ BEERANNAVAR
The present study was carried out in Shivamogga district of Karnatakastate during the year 2017-18 to analyze the decision making patternand participation of farm men and women in cultivation of paddycrop. A total of 120 respondents (60efarmemeneand 60 farm women)of both rainfed and irrigated paddy area were interviewed using a pre-tested interview schedule. The study revealed that majority of farmmen are mediums(60.00 %) to high (23.33 %) level decision makers,and majority of farm women are medium (50.00 %) to low (28.33 %)level decision makers. More than half of farm men are medium(53.33 %) to high (26.67 %) level participators and large number ofthe farm women had medium (46.67 %) to low (33.33 %) level ofparticipation in paddy cultivation activities. Variables like age,achievement motivation, extension participation and farmingexperience is positive and significant with decision making pattern of
farm men. Variables such as age and farming experience of farm womenare significant with decision making pattern. When it comes to extentof participation of farm men and women, the variables like attitudetowards farming, mass media participation and extension participationof farm men are positively significant with extent of participation offarm men and three variables namely farming experience, attitudetowards farming and age of the farm women are significant with extentof participation of farm women. Major problems expressed are non-availability of agricultural labors (86.67 % and 81.67 %) and Lowprice/less profit margin (71.67 % and 66.67 %) by farm men andwomen respectively. The major suggestions given are enhancement ofminimum supportive price for paddy (80.00 % and 61.67 %) andpromotion of mechanization/ custom hiring system (75.00 % and50.00 %) by farm men and women, respectively.
A study on utilization pattern of ICT tools by the farmers of Shivamogga and Chikkamangaluru districts
SAGAR S PUJAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. AMARESH KUMAR
The study was conducted in the year 2017-18 in Shivamogga andChikkamangaluru district of Karnataka state with a sample size of120 farmers. Simple random sampling procedure was used to select
the sample. The data was collected with the help of structuredinterview schedule. The socio-economic profile of the respondentsrevealed thatmajority of the respondents belong to middle age group
(51.70 %), high school education (41.67 %), small land holdingcategory (32.50 %), 10-20 years of farming experience (40.83 %) andhigh-income level (61.70 %). Whereas, majority of the respondents
had medium and low cosmopoliteness (35.00 %), medium innovativeproneness (55.83 %), medium economic motivation (45.00 %),medium mass media exposure (37.50 %), medium information seeking
behaviour (52.50 %) and farmers had low political participation(58.34 %). With respect to regularity of using ICT tools, whats appwas used daily by majority of the respondents (81.67 %). While,
e-Krushika app was used once in three days by 48.34 per cent ofrespondents, followed by KMAS tool user used it once in a week(57.50 %). Further, the extent of agricultural information used, whats
app (67.50 %) and KMAS (53.34 %) of the farmers were used partiallyand e-Krushika app (55.00 %) and KCC (67.50 %) of the respondentswere these tools to get specific information. The variables like
education, innovative proneness, economic motivation and mass mediaparticipation had significant association with utilization of ICT toolsat 0.01 level. Whereas, age, land holding, farming experience, annual
income, cosmopoliteness, extension participation, information seekingbehaviour and political participation had non-significant associationwith utilization of ICT tools. The major constraints faced by the ICT
tools user farmers were “Unaware of origin of the informationgenerated”, “Risk in adoption technology” and “Poor networkconnectivity”.
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Adoption of production technologies and marketing behaviour of Tomato growers inChikkamangaluru district
SHRIKANT MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. T. KRISHNAMURTHY
The study was conducted during the year 2017-18 in Chikkamangalurudistrict of Karnataka state with a sample size of 120 farmers. Simple
random sampling procedure was used to select the respondents. Thedata was collected with the help of structured interview schedule.The socio-economic profile of the respondents revealed that, majority
of the respondents belonged to middle age group (51.67 %), highschool education (33.34 %), small family size (50.00 %) and landholding category (41.67 %), medium annual income (50.84 %).
Whereas, majority of the respondents had medium extension contact(48.34 %), extension participation (54.67 %), mass media participation(66.67 %), scientific orientation (55.84 %), achievement motivation
(55.84 %), risk orientation (44.16 %), innovativeness (48.34 %) andlow level of social participation (51.66 %). It was observed that half(50.00 %) of the respondents belonged to medium level of adoption
category. Whereas, 25.84 per cent and 24.16 per cent of respondents
belonged to high and low level of adoption category, respectively.With respect to marketing behaviour more than half (57.50 %) of
respondents had medium level of marketing behaviour. Followed by,(21.66 %) high and low (20.84 %). The variables like education,landholding, annual income, extension contact, extension participation,
social participation, scientific orientation, achievement motivationand innovativeness had significant association with adoption of tomatoproduction technologies at 0.01 levels. Whereas, age, family size,
mass media participation risk orientation had non-significantassociation with adoption of tomato production technologies. Themajor constraints faced by the famers in adoption of production
technologies and marketing of tomato were “Costly storagefacilities”,”Labour problem”, “Diseases and pestproblem”, “Highcharges of commission agent”, “Fluctuation in market price” and “Lack
of remunerative price”.
A study on problems and prospects of mechanized Paddy cultivation through custom hiring centres in Udupi district
SUBHASH KALAGI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. DHANANJAYA
The study was conducted to know the problems and prospects
of paddy mechanization practices followed by farmers of Udupi
district by involving 120 respondents using random sampling
technique. The study revealed that majority of the respondents
faced the problems like non availability of machineries during
peak season (100.00 %), less number of government CHSC (95.83
%), high initial investment (87.50 %), fragmented land holdings
(75.00 %), implements and machineries requires frequent repairs
(70.83 %) and 61.66 per cent opined mechanized that paddy
cultivation has highly prospective. Further, it was clear from the
data that for every one rupee invested by government CHSC
respondents got 1 .43 rupee returns while private CHSC
respondents got 1.32 rupee returns hence it is clear that
government CHSC is economically more viable than the private
CHSC. The study revealed that nearly half of the respondents
(44.00%) and 43.00 per cent belonged to medium level of overall
knowledge category about farm mechanization practices both
among the government and private CHSC, respectively. Further,
morethan half of the government CHSC respondents (63.33%)
and 73.33 per cent of private CHSC respondents belonged to
medium level of adoption category. This study revealed that a
larger number of government CHSC respondents were of middle
aged (66.67 %), educated up to high school (38.33 %), having
medium family size (61.67 %), medium farming experience (36.66
%) and medium level of other socio economic characteristics. A
considerable number of private CHSC respondents were of middle
aged (58.33 %), studied up to high school (23.33 %), having
medium family size (65.00%), medium farming experience
(33.33%) and medium level of other personal and socio economic
characteristics.
B. HORTICULTURE
FRUIT SCIENCE
Study on rooting of stem cutting in Barbados Cherry (Malpighia glabra L.) under hill zone of Karnataka
ALAM KHAN SAMIM MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. SHIVAKUMAR
An experiment was conducted to study on rooting of stem cuttingin Barbados cherry (Malpighia glabra L.) under hill zone ofKarnataka in the Department of Fruit Science, College ofHorticulture, Mudigere, University of Agricultural and HorticulturalSciences, Shivamogga, during the year 2017-18. The experimentwas laid out in Complete Randomized Design with 12 treatmentsreplicated thrice. The stem cutting of Barbados cherry reveals that,least number of days (21.33) for root initiation, maximum percentageof rooting (80.0), number of root (26.67), average length of root(17.85 cm), length of longest root (23.00 cm), higher number ofprimary and secondary root ( 8.83 and 20.83, respectively), maximumfresh and dry weight of root (2.91 g and 1.15 g, respectively) androot volume (4.50 cc) was recorded in cutting treated with IBA5000 ppm followed by IBA 4500 ppm over other treatments.
Significantly higher shoot parameters viz., less number of days takenfor first sprouting (11.70), number of sprouted cuttings (18.33),sprouting percentage (91.67), number of shoots (5.13), length ofshoot (10.40 cm), number of leaves per cutting (21.93), diameter ofshoot (2.30 mm) and maximum fresh and dry weight of shoot (3.01g and 1.30 g, respectively) was recorded in cutting treated with IBA5000 ppm followed by IBA 4500 ppm over other treatments.Significantly highest chlorophyll-a (1.26), chlorophyll-b (0.55), totalchlorophyll content (1.82 mg/g of fresh weight) of leaves and CNratio (8.74) was observed in cuttings treated with IBA 5000 ppm.The highest benefit: cost ratio (3.20) was observed in cuttings treatedwith IBA 5000 ppm. Among all treatments the cuttings treated withof IBA 5000 ppm was found superior to improve rooting and shootingparameters of stem cuttings in Barbados cherry.
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Effect of growth regulators on rooting and success of stem cuttings in Dragon fruit [Hylocereus undatus(Haworth) Britton & Rose]
AYESHA SIDDIQUA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. THIPPESHA
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of growth regulatorson rooting of stem cuttings in Dragon fruit [Hylocereus undatus(Haworth) Britton & Rose] under low cost polyhouse of the Departmentof Horticulture, College of Agriculture, UAHS, Shivamogga, during theyear 2017-18. The experiment was laid out by following CompleteRandomized Design with 12 treatments, replicated thrice. The stemcuttings of Dragon fruit treated with different plant growth regulators.The result reveals that, least number of days taken for root initiation(14.54), the maximum values recorded with respect to rooting (57.75 %),length of longest root (23.07 cm), average number of roots per cuttings(46.88), average length of roots per cuttings (12.41 cm), root volume(1.97 cc), root diameter (1.47 mm), fresh weight and dry weight of root(2.28 g and 0.67 g, respectively), least number of days taken for sproutinitiation (7.34), maximum percentage of sprouting (58.67 %), number
of sprouts per cutting (2.43), length of the sprout and shoot (2.63 cmand 17.45 cm, respectively), shoot diameter (3.53 mm), fresh weightand dry weight of shoot (56.66 g and 11.12 g, respectively). Also, thehighest root to shoot ratio (0.67) were recorded in cuttings treated withIBA 7000 ppm (T
3). The maximum values of biochemical parameters
viz., total chlorophyll content (1.30 mg/g of fresh weight) of leaves,total sugar content (3.20 %) and CN ratio (7.95) was observed incuttings treated with IBA 7000 ppm. Application of IBA 7000 and6000 ppm resulted in maximum benefit cost ratio (4.0 and 4.1respectively). From the above experiment, application of IBA 7000and 6000 ppm was found to improve rooting and survivability (98.55% and 97.15 %, respectively) of stem cuttings in Dragon fruit andcould be commercially used for propagation under low cost polyhousecondition.
Influence of liquid plant growth promoting rhizomicrobial consortia on growth, yield and quality ofStrawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) under naturally ventilated polyhouse
G. NISARGA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. MADAIAH
An experiment was conducted to study the influence of liquid plantgrowth promoting rhizomicrobial consortia on growth, yield andquality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) under naturallyventilated polyhouse at the Department of Fruit Science, College ofHorticulture, Mudigere during 2017-18. The experiment was laid outin Completely Randomized Design with 11 treatments replicatedthrice. Significant differences were observed among treatments testedfor different parameters. The maximum plant height (34.00 cm),number of trifoliate leaves (34.03), plant spread for North-South andEast-West directions (44.67 and 43.33 cm, respectively), number ofcrowns (4.93plant -1), leaf area (140.17 cm2) leaf area index (1.46),total dry weight (33.63 g plant-1) and total chlorophyll content (2.36mg g-1 of fresh weight) was recorded in the treatment 75 % RDF
through fertigation (112.5:75:90 kg ha-1) + Azotobacter + PSB + KSBat 250 ml acre-1. Among the yield parameters, minimum number ofdays taken for berry maturity (25.00 days), highest number of berriesper plant (21.00), berry weight (20.90 g), fruit volume (21.67 cc),fruit length (4.78 cm) fruit diameter (3.90 cm) and high yield of387.67 g plant-1 was found higher in the above treatment. Among fruitquality parameters maximum ascorbic acid content (68.83 mg/100 g),minimum titratable acidity (0.68 %) and sugars to acid ratio (12.00),total sugar content (8.20 %) and higher benefit cost ratio (2.90) wasalso noticed in the same treatment. Based on the results the plantssupplied with 75 % RDF through fertigation along with Azotobacter,PSB and KSB in liquid form showed promising results with respectto growth, yield and quality parameters.
Evaluation of Tamarind genotypes for yield and yield attributing traits
G. K. POOJA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NAGARAJAPPA ADIVAPPAR
An experiment was conducted on evaluation of tamarind genotypesfor yield and yield attributing traitsduring 2017-18 at the ForestResearch Station, Govinkovi, Honnali taluk, Davangere district inKarnataka. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block designwith three replications involving 16 grafted genotypes which were of14 years old. In the present study, the genotypes showed variation interms of tree shape, tree stature, growth habit, leaf colour, foliagearrangement, pod shape and colour of the bud, petal, pod, pulp andseed. The analysis of variance revealed significant difference withrespect to tree height (K-9: 5.08 m), stem girth (K-9: 1.01 m), podlength (K-9:18.07 cm), pod width (D-2: 3.08 cm), pod thickness (K-10: 2.17 cm), pod circumference (S-8: 8.51 cm), pod weight (K-9:39.90 g), pulp weight (K-9:19.50 g), shell weight (K-9: 8.57 g), seed
weight (K-9: 9.38 g) and fibre weight (K-9:2.45 g). Correlation studiesrevealed that, thepod yield per tree showed highly significant andpositive association with weight of the pod, pulp, shell, fibre andseed. While, pod length, pod thickness,weight of the pod, shell, pulp,seed, fibre and number of pods per tree exhibited positive directeffect on pod yield per tree.With respect to bio-chemical characterthe higher acidity content was recorded in genotype S-8 (11.25 %).Among 16 genotypes, the genotype K-9 was found superior withrespect to pod length, pod width, pod circumference, pod weight,pulp weight, shell weight, seed weight and fibre weight. Therefore,genotype K-9 is most promising and can be used either for furtherevaluation or selection as a commercial cultivar or as gene source intamarind improvement programme.
Studies on the effect of silicon on growth, yield and quality attributes of Banana cv. Grand naine in thehill zone of Karnataka
S. H. RAKESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. S. YALLESH KUMAR
An experiment was carried out to evaluate theinfluence of silicon ongrowth, yield and quality parameters of banana cv. Grand naine. Theexperiment was conducted in the Zonal Agricultural and HorticulturalResearch Station, Mudigere during 2017-18 and was laid out in
Randomized Complete Block Design with nine treatments. Thetreatment T
9 (soil application of calcium silicate @ 1,000 g per plant
+ foliar application of potassium silicate @ 5 ml l-1 per plant at 20days interval) showed highest plant height (174.43 cm), plant girth
259
Performance of Strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa Duch.) as influenced by humic acid and water solublefertilizers on growth, yield and quality under naturally ventilated polyhouse
SAMPADA C. MAREGUDDIKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. MADAIAH
An experiment was conducted to study the performance of strawberry(Fragaria×ananassa Duch.) as influenced by humic acid and watersoluble fertilizers on growth, yield and quality under naturally ventilatedpolyhouse at the Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture,Mudigere, during 2017-18. The experiment was laid out in CompletelyRandomized Design with 14 treatments in three replications. Significantdifferences were observed among treatments for different parameters.The maximum plant height (33.03 cm), number of trifoliate leaves(32.32), plant spread along North-South and East-West direction (46.61and 44.50 cm, respectively), number of crowns (5.75 plant-1), leaf area(176.86 cm2), leaf area index (1.89), number of runners (2.02 plant-1),total dry weight (30.29 g) and total chlorophyll content (2.44 mg/g offresh weight) was recorded in treatment supplied with 100 % RDF(150:100:120 kgha-1) through soil +Humic acid (2 %) + 19:19:19 (1
%) + Potassium nitrate (1 %) through foliar application at 45, 60 and75 days after planting. The fruit parameters such as minimum numberof days taken for berry maturity (23.30 days), highest number ofberries per plant (21.99), berry weight (20.70 g), fruit volume (21.33cc), fruit length (4.90 cm) fruit diameter (4.03 cm) found higher in theabove treatment and with respect to yield it recorded 390.70 g/plantand also fruit quality parameters maximum ascorbic acid content (67.03mg/100 g), minimum titratable acidity (0.67 %) and highest sugars toacid ratio (12.14), total sugar content (8.13 %) and higher benefit costratio (2.87). Based on the above results, plants supplied with 100 %RDF through soil integrated with Humic acid (2 %) + 19:19:19 (1%)+ potassium nitrate (1 %) as a foliar application showed promisingresults with respect to increase in growth, yield and quality parametersof strawberry.
(15.17 cm), number of leaves (15.07), leaf length (163.40 cm), leafbreadth (75.33 cm), leaf area (1.18 m2), chlorophyll content (1.78 mg/100 g) and lowest days taken from shooting to maturity (67.20) andshooting to opening of bunches (18.11). T
9 showed highest yield
(23.53 kg per plant and 58.83 t ha-1), weight of bunch (23.53 kg),length of bunch (81.03 cm), internodal length (8.70 cm), number ofhands per bunch (10.17), weight of hand (3.77 kg), number of fingersper bunch (184.50), finger weight (182.00 g), finger length (20.10 cm)and finger girth (47.33 mm). The quality parameters were best in T
9
showing highest pulp to peel ratio (3.06), green life (8.87 days), shelf
life (9.93 days), days taken for ripening (7.93 days), TSS (20.30 0
Brix), reducing sugars (18.57 %), non-reducing sugars (3.23 %), totalsugars (21.80 %) and lowest acidity (0.09 %). Lowest soil availablenitrogen (150.23 kg ha-1), available phosphorous (15.20 kg ha-1),available potassium (110.52 kg ha-1) and highest exchangeable calcium(230.56 ppm) and available silicon (147.35 kg ha-1) were observed inT
9. T
9 showed highest total nitrogen (3.97 %), phosphorous (0.34 %),
potassium (3.11 %), calcium (0.98 %) and silicon (1.23 %) in leaf.Silicon had positive effect on growth, yield, quality parameters andnutrient content of banana plants.
Evaluation of Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia M.) genotypes for yield and yield attributing traits
D. S. USHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NAGARAJAPPA ADIVAPPAR
An experiment was conducted to evaluate different Macadamiagenotypes (Macadamia integrifolia M.) for yield and yield attributing
traits in the existing orchard of farmers field at Gajanur village,Shivamogga district of Karnataka during 2017-18. The experimentwas laid out in randomized complete block design with three
replications involving 10 genotypes. The morphological traits showedvariation in terms of tree shape, tree stature, bearing habit, leaf colour,leaf tip, leaf spines, inflorescence colour andpeak flowering period.
The analysis of variance revealed significant difference for the traitsviz., tree height (G-11: 14.10 m), stem girth (G-6 :0.62 m), nut weight(G-5 : 10.66 g), nut diameter (G-5 : 2.99 cm), nut volume (G-5 : 11.40
cc), shell weight (G-6 : 6.53 g) shell thickness (G-4 : 3.00 mm),pericarp weight (G-9 : 3.53 g), kernel weight (G-5 : 3.17g), kernel
thickness (G-5 : 12.89 mm), kernel recovery per cent (G-5 : 29.73
%), cluster length (G-5 : 10.80 cm), number of nuts per cluster (G-5: 7.53) andnut yield per tree (G-5 : 16.16 kg). Correlation studiesrevealed that the nut yield per tree showed highly significant and
positive association with kernel weight, kernel thickness, nut weight,cluster length and nuts per cluster. Whereas, nut weight, kernel weight,kernel thickness, cluster length and nuts per cluster exhibited positive
direct effect on nut yield per tree. With respect to bio-chemicalcharacter higher protein (13.40 %) was recorded in G-5. Among 10genotypes, G-5 was found superior with respect to nut weight, kernel
weight, kernel thickness and kernel per cent. Hence, genotype G-5was found most promising and can be used either for further evaluationor as gene source in Macadamia improvement programme.
Effect of pre-harvest foliar application of nutrients and plant growth regulators on yield andpost-harvest quality of Sapota under hill zone of Karnataka
VANI B. KUMBAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. SHIVAKUMAR
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of pre-harvestfoliar application of nutrients and plant growth regulators on yield
and post-harvest quality of sapota at the Department of FruitScience, College of Horticulture, Mudigere, during 2017-18. Theexperiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with
fifteen treatments in three replications. The study revealed thatamong yield parameters the maximum fruit weight (141.63 g), fruitlength (21.72 cm), fruit diameter (60.83 mm), fruit circumference
(21.72 cm), fruit volume (145.59 cc) and yield per tree (109.29 kg)were recorded in pre-harvest spray of 2, 4-D at 10 ppm. Theminimum per cent physiological loss in weight (14.71 and 10.00),
fruit decay percentage (36.33 and 19.40 %) with maximum daystaken to ripening (9.87 and 25.17 days), fruit firmness (1.04 and
1.00 kg/cm2) and shelf life (11.75 and 26.67 days) was recorded inthe pre-harvest spray of CaCl
2 (1 %). Among treatments the
maximum TSS (23.81 and 23.80 oB), total sugar (22.42 and 25.08 %),
reducing sugar (12.90 and 13.76 %), non-reducing sugar (9.52 and10.39 %), ascorbic acid (9.64 and 9.10 mg/100g pulp) and minimumtitratable acidity were recorded in pre-harvest spray of CaNO
3
(1 %) during both ambient (12 days) and cold storage (28 days),respectively and the maximum benefit cost ratio (5.67) was recordedin pre-harvest spray of 2,4-D at 10 ppm.
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VEGETABLE SCIENCE
Assessment of genetic variability and divergence in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) genotypesunder hill zone of Karnataka
ANUSHA BHAGWAT MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. SRINIVASA
The present investigation on genetic variability and divergence incucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) was carried out by adopting
randomized complete block design at the Department of VegetableScience, College of Horticulture, Mudigere during 2017-18.Significant differences among the genotypes were observed for all
the characters under study. High heritability (> 60 %) coupled withhigh genetic advance as per cent over mean (> 20 %) were recordedfor the characters viz., vine length, number of branches per vine,
node at first female flower appear, days to first female flowerappearance, total number of fruits per vine, fruit diameter, fruitlength, flesh thickness, average fruit weight, fruit yield per vine,
fruit yield per hectare and rind thickness indicating predominanceof additive gene component. Thus, there is ample scope forimproving these characters through direct selection. Yield per hectare
was positively and significantly correlated with total number of
fruits per vine, days to last harvest of the fruit, per cent marketablefruits per vine, fruit length, fruit diameter and average fruit weight.
Path analysis revealed that positive direct effects on yield per hectarewas shown by days to first female flowering, per cent marketablefruits per vine, per cent unmarketable fruits per vine, yield per vine,
fruit diameter and rind thickness. Based on Mahalonobis D2 analysis,30 genotypes were grouped into eleven clusters. The cluster I wasthe largest, comprising of nineteen genotypes had maximum intra
cluster distance followed by cluster VII with two genotypes. Themaximum inter distance was observed between cluster V and clusterX followed by cluster X and XI. Rind thickness contributed
maximum to the genetic diversity followed by fruit length. GenotypesBanglore Local, Poinsette and Sirsi Local-2 recorded higher yieldand these genotypes can be utilized for further crop improvement
programme.
Effect of boron and copper foliar spray on growth and yield of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)under hill zone of Karnataka
G. D. MANASA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. UMAMAHESWARAPPA
The present investigation entitled “Effect of boron and copper foliarspray on growth and yield of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) underhill zone of Karnataka” was carried out during summer 2018 at Collegeof Horticulture, Mudigere. The experiment was laid out in RandomizedComplete Block Design with three replications. The experimentconsisted of nine treatments. Among nine treatments, plants treatedwith RDF + Borax 200 ppm + CuSO
4 at 0.2 per cent recorded
maximum plant height, number of primary and secondary branches,leaf area, leaf area index, chlorophyll content and nutrient content inleaf such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, boron and copper.Similar trend was observed for yield and quality parameters such asnumber of flowers per cluster, number of cluster per plant, fruit
length, fruit girth, average fruit weight, number of fruits per cluster,number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant, fruit yield per plot,fruit yield per hectare, firmness, shelf life and TSS. Minimum numberof days taken for first flowering, first fruit set, first harvest, 50 percent flowering and 50 per cent fruiting, was observed in same treatment.Similar trend was also observed with nutrient status of soil withrespect to available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, boron andcopper. The economic analysis clearly indicates that application ofRDF + Borax 200 ppm + CuSO
4 at 0.2 per cent realized maximum
net returns and benefit cost ratio (3.15). Hence, the treatment RDF +Borax 200 ppm + CuSO
4 at 0.2 per cent can be recommended for
higher brinjal production under hill zone of Karnataka.
Effect of fertigation on Pole bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under naturally ventilated polyhouse
P. SAHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NAGARAJAPPA ADIVAPPAR
An experiment was carried out during kharif 2017-18 to determinethe effect of fertigation on pole bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) undernaturally ventilated polyhouse at the Zonal Agricultural andHorticultural Research Station, Navile, Shivamogga. The experimentwas conducted in a randomized block design with 12 treatments whichwere replicated thrice. As there is no standard recommended dose ofnutrients for pole bean under fertigation, recommended dose ofnutrients of French bean (63:100:75 N, P
2O
5, K
2O kg/ha) was taken
as the basis. The treatment having 70 per cent of recommended doseof fertilizers with mulching and micronutrients spray recordedmaximum plant height (46.02 & 175.83 cm) at 15 and 30 days aftersowing, number of primary (5.50 & 7.79) and secondary (2.83 &
7.75) branches at 30 and 45 days after sowing, minimum days forinitiation (32.53), 50 per cent (37.32) and 100 per cent ( 41.43)flowering, maximum number of pods per plant (29.20), higher podlength (19.87 cm), pod circumference (2.43 cm), pod weight (16.62 g),pod yield per plant (625.87 g) and pod yield per 1000 m2 (2.18 t).The highest net return (` 39,217) and benefit-cost ratio (2.49) wereaccrued from the same treatment. The study thus revealed that 70 percent of the recommended dose of nutrients through fertigation alongwith mulching (40 µ, LDPE) and micronutrients spray [IIHR vegetablespecial (0.5 %)] is ideal for the maximum growth and yield of polebean and has an explicit role in increasing the productivity of polebean under naturally ventilated polyhouse.
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Effect of foliar application of nutrients on growth, yield and quality of Potato(Solanum tuberosum L.) under hill zone of Karnataka
SHANWAZ AHMAD MAJOR ADVISOR: Mr. DEVARAJU
The study was conductedto know the “Effect of foliar applicationof nutrients on growth, yield and quality of potato (Solanumtuberosum L.) under hill zone of Karnataka” at the Department ofVegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Mudigere during kharif2016-17. The experiment was laid out in a Randomised CompleteBlock Design (RCBD) with 12 treatments and three replications.Among different treatment, plants treated with RDF + micronutrientmixture 0.5 per cent recorded maximum plant height, number ofleaves, number of stems, leaf area, leaf area index, chlorophyll content,fresh weight of leaves, fresh weight of stem, dry weight of leaves,dry weight of stems, dry weight of roots, total dry matter production,absolute growth rate, crop growth rate, relative growth rate, netassimilation rate and nutrient content in leaf such as nitrogen,phosphorus, potassium, copper, zinc, iron and boron. Similar trend
was observed for yield and quality parameters such as number oftubers per plant, number of tubers per plot, yield per plant, yieldper plot, yield per hectare, marketable yield per hectare, tubervolume, tuber weight, tuber circumference, TSS, starch, non-reducingsugars, reducing sugars and total sugar. Low incidence of early blight,late blight and aphids, was observed in same treatment. Similartrend was also observed with nutrient status of soil with respect tonitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur,copper, zinc, iron and boron. The economic analysis clearly indicatesthat application of RDF + micronutrient mixture 0.5 per cent realizedmaximum net returns and benefit cost ratio (2.55). Hence thetreatment RDF + micronutrient mixture @ 0.5 per cent can berecommended for higher potato tuber production under hill zone ofKarnataka.
Genetic investigations on yield and yield attributing characters in Sweet potato(Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) under hill zone of Karnataka
SHARAVATI M. BAMMANAKATTI MAJOT ADVISOR: Dr. V. SRINIVASA
An investigation on genetic variability studies in sweet potato wascarried out in the experimental block of Department of Vegetable Science,College of Horticulture, Mudigere during 2017-18. The experimentwas laid out by adopting Randomized Complete Block Design. Analysisof variance revealed highly significant differences among the genotypeswere observed for all the characters under the study. High heritability(>60 %) coupled with high genetic advance as per cent over mean(>20 %) were recorded for the characters viz., vine length, number ofleaves per vine, inter nodal length, vine girth, chlorophyll content, leafarea, tuber length, tuber weight, total tuber yield per vine, marketableyield per hectare,reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, total sugars,starch content, crude protein and beta-carotene content indicting theprevalence of additive gene action for these traits. Thus, there is amplescope for improving these characters through direct selection.
Correlation studies showed that marketable yield per hectare exhibitedpositive and significant phenotypic and genotypic association withvine length at 90 DAP, number of leaves per vine at 90 DAP, number oftubers per vine, tuber weight, total tuber yield per vine and dry weightof vine at 90 DAP. Path analysis revealed that highest positive directeffect on marketable tuber yield per hectare was shown by total tuberyield per vinefollowed by dry weight of vine at 90 DAP, tuber weight,number of leaves per vine at 90 DAP andvine girth 90 DAP. Based onMahalanobis D2 analysis, 30 genotypes of sweet potato were groupedinto five clusters. Among the traits studied crude protein (37.24 %),beta-carotene content (36.55 %) and total sugars (13.1 %) contributedmaximum to the total genetic diversity. The present study identifiedthree promising genotypes viz., BSP-29, BSP-18 and BSP-23 whichcan be utilized in the further crop improvement programme.
Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and qualityof Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
A. S. SHUBHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. SRINIVASA
The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of INMon growth, yield and quality of potato at the Department of VegetableScience, College of Horticulture, Mudigere during 2017-2018. Theexperiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design withthree replications and 14 treatments. The data clearly showed that theplants fertilized with 75% RDF + Azotobacter + PSB + KSB + MgSO
4
+ Micronutrient mixture (T13
) registered the maximum values forsprouting (99.33 %), plant height (59.33 cm), number of leaves (298),plant spread (45.00 and 47.33 cm, North-South and East-West,respectively), number of stems (4.79), leaf area (6296.55 cm2), leafarea index (5.25), fresh weight of leaves (45.41 g), fresh weight of stem(74.67 g) and fresh weight of tuber (301.67 g), dry weight of leaves
(9.39 g), dry weight of stem (17.90 g) and dry weight of tuber (55 g),AGR (0.75 g/plant/day), CGR (1.37 g/m2/day), RGR (0.00808 g/g/day), NAR (0.002100 × 10-2 g/dm2/day), number of tubers per plant(2.97), yield per plant (263.12 g/plant), yield per hectare (21.50 t/ha),marketable yield per plant (171.03 g/plant), marketable yield per hectare(14.22 t/ha), total sugar (2.34 %), reducing sugar (1.27 %), non reducingsugar (1.07 %), starch (18.47 %) and tuber dry matter (22 %) content.Whereas minimum growth, yield and quality parameters were found inthe control. Soil available nutrient status viz., N (400 kg/ha), P (62.33kg/ha) and K (294.67 kg/ha) were recorded maximum in the sametreatment. The treatment T
13 recorded the highest cost benefit ratio of
(2.47) and maximum net returns (` 303638).
262
Morphological, floral characterization and diversity of wild orchids of western ghats
A. S. AKSHATA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. K. NATARAJ
An investigation on “Morphological, floral characterization anddiversity of wild orchids of Western Ghats” was carried out atorchidarium, Department of Floriculture and LandscapeArchitecture, College of Horticulture, Mudigere, during 2017-18.The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete BlockDesign (RCBD) with 22 treatments and 3 replications. The shootheight in monopodial and sympodial orchids was recordedmaximum in Rhyncostylis retusa (L.) Blume (43.43 cm) andSpathoglottis plicata Blume (121.43 cm), respectively. Spathoglottisplicata recorded maximum leaf length (100.67 cm) and leaf breadth(5.97 cm). The number of flowers recorded were maximum inRhyncostylis retusa (L.) Blume. (99.40). Coelogyne fimbriata Lindl.recorded maximum dorsal sepal length (2.74 cm), dorsal sepalbreadth (1.38 cm), lateral sepal length (3.00 cm) and lateral sepal
breadth in Aerides maculosum Lindl. (1.33 cm). Spathoglottis plicatashowed maximum petal length (2.67 cm) and petal breadth (1.47cm). The maximum longevity of the flowers was found 87.13 daysin Cottonia pendicularis. (Lindl.) Rchb. f. Rhyncostylis retusarecorded the maximum number of pods per inflorescence (9.20). Adendrogram based on the morphological and floral parameters of18 wild orchid species formed two main clusters. The resultsrevealed that Bulbophyllum fimbriatum (Lindl.) Rchb. F. had thehighest distance between S. plicata (9.97). The survey of wildorchids of Western Ghats was under taken to study diversity ofwild orchids. Thirty eight species belonging to 20 genera wererecorded in five diverse locations in and around Mudigere taluk.The highest Shannon’s and Simpson’s diversity index was observedfor Devaramane region (3.25 and 0.96).
Effect of foliar application of biostimulants on growth, yield and flower quality ofChrysanthemum cv. Kolar local
S. P. BHARGAVI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. HEMLA NAIK
An experiment was conducted to know the influence of biostimulantson growth, yield, quality and economics of chrysanthemum under fanand pad greenhouse at the Department of Horticulture, College ofAgriculture, Shivamogga during 2017-18. The experiment was laidout in RCBD with 13 treatments replicated thrice.The treatmentscomprised of T
1-Humic acid 0.5 %, T
2-Humic acid 0.6 %, T
3-Biovita
0.5 %, T4-Biovita 0.6%, T
5-Recharge 0.5 %, T
6-Recharge 0.6 %,
T7- Spic cytozyme 0.2 %, T
8- Spic cytozyme 0.4 %, T
9- Vipul 0.2 %,
T10
- Vipul 0.4 %, T11
- Boron 0.1 %, T12
- Boron 0.2 % andT
13-Control. Among the different biostimulants treatments
application of spic cytozyme @ 0.4 % at 30, 60, 90,120 and 150days after transplanting resulted in significantly higher plant height(89.04 cm) and internodal length (2.44 cm), while biovita at 0.6 %recorded maximum number of leaves (143.43), stem girth (8.18 mm),number of primary branches (11.47), number of secondary branches
(24.98), leaf area (5245.33 cm2/plant), leaf area index (5.80), leaf areaduration (122.60), stem dry weight (15.06 g/plant), leaf dry weight(24.84 g/plant), flower dry weight (6.16 g/plant), total dry matteraccumulation (45.37 g/plant), crop growth rate (0.000897 g/m2/day),relative growth rate (0.009760 g/g/day) and net assimilation rate(0.0129800 g/dm2/day), with respect to flowering biovita at 0.6 percent recorded minimum number of days for first flowering (100.00),50 per cent flowering (112.33) and maximum duration of flowering(65.82), maximum number of flowers per plant (95.57), flower yieldper plant (511.93 g), flower yield per square meter (5.63kg), floweryield per hectare (56.30 t/ha), sucker yield per plant (9.99), individualflower weight (7.87 g), flower diameter (6.92 cm), stem length (46.89cm), vase life (22.99 days) and shelf life (11.07 days). The economicanalysis indicated that biovita at 0.6 % recorded the highest net returns(2,99,801.67) and BC ratio (3.92).
FLORICULTURE AND LAND SCAPE ARCHITECTURE
Effect of benzyl adenine and gibberellic acid on growth, flowering, flower and corm yield in Gladiolus(Gladiolus hybridus L.) cv. Summer Sunshine
PRIYANKA S. HOLKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Mr. P. HEMANTH KUMAR
An investigation on “Effect of benzyl adenine and gibberellicacid ongrowth, flowering, flower and corm yield in gladiolus (Gladiolushybridus L.) cv. Summer Sunshine” was carried out at the Departmentof Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of Horticulture,Mudigere, during 2017-18. The experiment was laid out inRandomized Complete Block Design with 16 treatments and replicatedthrice. The treatments comprises of BA (100, 200 and 300 ppm),GA
3 (150, 200 and 250 ppm) and their combinations along with the
control. The results revealed that GA3 at 250 ppm recorded minimum
days to sprouting (7.20), maximum per cent sprouting (96.80 %),plant height (98.43 cm), duration of flowering (24.40 days), spikelength (94.07 cm), rachis length (60.70 cm), florets per spike (18.80)and vase life (15.00 days). BA at 100 ppm recorded maximum numberof leaves (9.50) per plant, leaf area (1824.37 cm2) and leaf area index
(3.04). GA3 at 150 ppm recorded minimum days taken for spike
initiation (66.27), first floret opening (73.73 days), 50 per centflowering (77.87 days), maximum spike girth (12.37 mm), spike weight(98.03 g), floret length (10.73 cm) and floret diameter (10.33 cm). BAat 300 ppm exhibited the maximum number of side shoots (5.00) percorm, total chlorophyll content (2.60 mg/g), number of spikes yieldper plant (3.30), per plot (99.00), per hectare (4,95,000.00), numberof corms yield per plant (3.41), per plot (102.00), per hectare(13,416.67 kg/ha), cormels yield per plant (47.14), per plot (644.67)and per hectare (1250.00 kg/ha), maximum corms weight per plot(2.68 kg), cormels weight per plant (28.08 g) and per plot (251.33 g).GA
3 at 250 ppm recorded maximum diameter of corm (7.99 cm) and
diameter of cormels (7.19 mm). BA at 300 ppm recorded maximumcost benefit ratio (1: 4.56).
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Genetic variability studies in F2 segregating population of China aster [Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees.]
H. M. RAMYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Mr. S. K. NATARAJ
A study on “Genetic variability studies in F2 segregating population of
China aster [Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees.]” was carried out during2017-18 in the experimental block of the Department of Floricultureand Landscape Architecture, College of Horticulture, Mudigere. The F
2
population of the cross Arka Archana x AAC-1 recorded high PCV andGCV for number of branches per plant, plant spread East-West, numberof flowers per plant, disc diameter, individual flower weight and floweryield per plant. While, the F
2 population of the cross Arka Kamini x
PG Violet exhibited high GCV and PCV for number of branches perplant, plant spread North-South and East-West, individual flower weight,number of flowers per plant and disc diameter. High heritability coupledwith high genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for plantheight, number of branches per plant, plant spread North-South and
East-West, disc diameter, flower stalk length, flower yield per plant,stem girth, flower diameter, number of flowers per plant and individualflower weight in both the crosses. Correlation studies revealed thatflower yield per plant recorded positive and significant phenotypiccorrelation with number of flower per plant, individual flower weight,flower diameter, disc diameter, number of branches per plant, plantspread North-South and East-West and duration of flowering in boththe F
2 segregating population of China aster. Path analysis of F
2
segregating population of China aster revealed that plant height, numberof branches per plant, plant spread East-West and North-South, stemgirth, days to first flowering, duration of flowering, number of flowerper plant, individual flower weight, flower diameter and disc diameterhad positive direct effects on flower yield per plant.
Morphological characterization of Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) genotypes underhill zone of Karnataka
S. ROOPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S.Y. CHANDRASHEKAR
An investigation on “Morphological characterization ofchrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) genotypesunder hill zone of Karnataka” was carried out in the experimentalblock of the Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture,College of Horticulture, Mudigere, during 2017-18. Among the 20chrysanthemum genotypes evaluated, the genotype ACC 1 recordedmaximum plant height (56.26 cm). The genotype Chandini recordedmaximum plant spread E-W and N- S (21.32 cm and 14.09 cm,respectively), number of leaves per plant (511.41), primary andsecondary branches per plant (12.39 and 24.24, respectively), leafarea (9913.82 cm2) and leaf area index (11.02) and genotype Star Pinkrecorded maximum stem girth (5.50 mm). The genotype Kolar Localrecorded minimum days for appearance of first flower and 50 per centof flowering (90.59 and 99.66, respectively.) and maximum floweringduration (149.33 days). The genotype Kolar local recorded
significantly maximum flower yield per plant (250.78 g) and perhectare (25.72 t). Flower yield per plant was significantly correlatedin positive associations with leaf area, flower weight, number ofprimary and secondary branches per plant, flower diameter, numberof leaves per plant, duration of flowering, number of flowers perplant, stem girth and plant height at both genotypic and phenotypiclevel. The flower yield per plant exhibited high positive direct effectwith number of primary branches per plant, inter-nodal length, andflower weight at genotypic and phenotypic level. The genotypeKolar local realized maximum net returns and benefit cost (3.06)ratio. Among these screened chrysanthemum genotypes, Kolar localwas found superior over the rest with respect to growth, flowering,yield and quality parameters. Hence, genotype Kolar local can berecommended for commercial cultivation under Hill Zone ofKarnataka.
Effect of foliar nutrition and harvesting time on flower and xanthophyll yield of Marigold var. Arka Agni
VIBHA V. RAO MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. HEMLA NAIK
An investigation was carried out to study the effect of foliar nutrientsviz., Mono ammonium phosphate, Single super phosphate, Zincsulphate, Phosphate solubilizing bacteria, Potassium schoenite,Micronutrient mixture and 13:40:13 at two concentrations (0.3 %and 0.5 %) all together there were 15 treatment combinations alongwith control, on growth, flower and xanthophyll yield of marigoldvar. Arka Agni under field condition. The experiment was laid out inrandomized complete block design with three replications in theexperimental block of the Department of Horticulture, College ofAgriculture, Shivamogga, Karnataka during 2017-18. The results ofthe experiment indicates that among different foliar treatments,spraying of MAP at 0.5 per cent recorded maximum number ofleaves (307.33), primary branches (15.54), secondary branches(42.81), tertiary branches (69.26), leaf area (8154 cm2), leaf areaindex (3.02), total dry matter (148.20 g), relative growth rate (5.64
g/g/day), crop growth rate (9.64 g/m2/day), net assimilation rate(1.69 g/dm2/day), number of flowers per plant (67.67), number ofpetals per flower (529.33), fresh flower weight (10.93 g), dry flowerweight (1.85 g), shelf life (4.00 days), flower yield per plant (630.74g), flower yield per hectare (22.71 t), seed yield per plot (835.27 g),seed yield per hectare (514.52 kg) and the xanthophyll yieldparameters like petal meal yield per kilogram of fresh flower (72.48g), petal meal yield per hectare (16.44 q), xanthophyll yield perkilogram of petal meal (23.86 g) and xanthophyll yield per hectare(39.57 kg). The economic analysis of the experiment distinctly showsthat spraying of MAP at 0.5 per cent displayed the maximum BCratio for flower (3.62) and seed (6.75) production. While, the highestxanthophyll content (23.83 g/kg petal meal) was recorded in theflowers harvested at 7 AM which were treated with 0.5 per centMAP.
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AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY
Studies on tritrophic interaction in Okra, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and chrysopids
J. J. APOORVA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. L. HANUMANTHARAYA
The investigational preference studies among the 16 okra genotypesindicate that the mean number of egg laying by Chrysoperla zastrowisillemi (Esben - Petersen) in absence and presence of Helicoverpaarmigera (Hubner) was significantly highest on EC 169406 and EC169424. Whereas, H. armigera laid significantly higher number ofeggs on EC 169406 and EC 169424 and least on EC 169415 and UtkalGaurav. Among the different growth stages of okra genotypes, C.zastrowi sillemi laid more number of eggs in the presence of H. armigerain comparision with the absence of H. armigera. Both in the presenceand absence of H. armigera, C. zastrowi sillemi laid more number ofeggs at flowering stage followed by fruiting stages of okra genotypes.Further, H. armigera followed the same trend in egg laying in floweringand fruiting stages of okra. The feeding potential of chrysopid specieson H. armigera eggs on different okra genotypes were significantlyhigher on EC 169415, Utkal Gaurav followed by EC 169419 andsignificantly least feeding potential on EC 169406. Among the species
of chrysopids, feeding potential of C. zastrowi sillemi was morefollowed by Mallada boninensis (Okomoto) and Mallada astur(Banks). Irrespective of the okra genotypes, trichome density waspositively correlated with the oviposition of C. zastrowi sillemi andH. armigera. Whereas, negatively correlated with the feeding potentialof chrysopids. Gas chromatography of okra leaf extract indicated thepresence of tetradecane, pentadecane, tricosene and eicosene volatilecompounds responsible for attracting chrysopids. Among the differenttreatments involving C. zastrowi sillemi as a major component inmanagement of fruit borers in okra, seed treatment with imidacloprid70 WS @ 10 g/ kg + application of NSKE (5%) + release ofC. zastrowi sillemi (60,000 grubs/ha) was superior in recording lowerincidence of fruit borers in the okra variety, Arka Anamika and thistreatment was as effective as RPP and recorded less fruit damage byborers, significantly higher pod yield, higher gross return, net returnand BC ratio (1:1.95) next to RPP.
Studies on diversity and characterization of fern flora of Western Ghats inMudigere region of Karnataka
VIDYASHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. Y. CHANDRASHEKAR
An investigation on “Studies on diversity and characterization of fernflora of Western Ghats in Mudigere region of Karnataka” was carriedout at the Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture,College of Horticulture Mudigere, during 2017-18. Survey of fern floraof Western Ghats was under taken to access the diversity of ferns.Thirty five species belonging to 33 families and 26 genera were recorded.The Adiantum philippense L. was most abundant species (42.72). Thehighest Shannon’s and Simpson’s diversity index was observed forMalayamarutha region (3.41and 0.963). Out of the 35 species recordedtwenty one species selected for further morphological characterizationbased on their abundance, habitat, survival ability and economicimportance. The experiment was conducted in a CompletelyRandomized Block Design (CRD) replicated thrice under polyhouse.The species Nephrolepis undulate J. Sm. recorded maximum plant height(77.30 cm), frond length (70.00 cm), number of fronds (85.13) and vase
life (17.50 days). Cyathea nilgirensis Holttum recorded maximum frondbreadth (45.53 cm), plant spread in EW and NS direction (55.77 cm and54.40 cm, respectively) and Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. hadmaximum leaf area (10721.00 cm2). Genetic variation was studied amongnineteen fern species using ten inter simple sequence repeat markers(ISSR). ISSR fragments generated 29 to 87 bands per primer. A total of281 polymorphic bands produced 34.48 to 66.66 per centpolymorphism per primer. The similarity coefficient between thespecies were within the range from 1.70 to 25 per cent. The dendrogramgenerated by ISSR markers revealed two major clusters, indicating thatfern species have distributed based on frond shape, frond type, type ofrhizome, habitat, stipe colour, texture, sori position. Based on moleculardata Parahemionitis cordata (Fraser-Jenk.), Pteris biaurita L. andBlechnum orientale L. branched singly having difference in theirmorphology.
Ecology of shot-hole borer, Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) in relation with attractant and nutrientstatus of robusta Coffee
AVINASH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. REVANNA REVANNAVAR
The research on ecology of shot-hole borer, Xylosandrus compactus(Eichhoff) in relation with attractant and nutrient status of robustacoffee was conducted in Mudigere, Karnataka during 2017-18. Ethylalcohol at 95 per cent was superior for monitoring the flight activityof X. compactus. Irrespective of concentrations used, the ethanol-baited traps were seen attracting only scolytid beetles. Three majornutrients viz. nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium were foundsignificantly at the higher rate in the twigs sampled from fertigatedplantation than in the twigs sampled from non-fertigated plantation.More nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium was quantified frominfested twigs than uninfested twigs. The per cent infestation withinthe fertigated and non-fertigated plantation was found to be 72.14and 61.42 respectively. The infested twigs per infested plant in thefertigated and non-fertigated plantation were 4.11 and 2.35,respectively without any significant difference. The number of bored
holes in infested twigs of the fertigated plantation (2.58 bored holes/twig) was comparatively more with non-fertigated plantation (1.72bored holes/twig). The variation was not much for nutrient content intwigs based on thickness. The number of bored holes in the thickertwigs (1.67 bored holes/twig) was superior over medium-size (1.55bored holes/twig) and thinner twigs (1.12 bored holes/twig). Thenumber of infested plants forthe selected quadrants was more in thefertigated (30.75 plants/100 plants) plantation than non-fertigatedplantation (26.2 plants/100 plants). The number of infested twigsper infested plant was significantly higher in the fertigated plantation(4.42 twigs/infested plant) over non-fertigated plantation (2.31 twigs/infested plant) amongst the selected quadrants. Irrespective of theplantation, the highest infestation among selected quadrants wasnoticed in February. The infestation spread was random, scatteredand didn’t confirm any specific pattern in both the plantation.
265
Role of flower visitors in pollination and fruit set of Guava (Psidium guajava L.)
M. K. KRUTHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. V. BELAVADI
An investigation on role of flower visitors in pollination and fruitset of guava (Psidium guajava L.) was conducted during August2013 to December 2014 at R.H.R.E.C., U.H.S., Campus, G.K.V.K.,Bengaluru. Among the two blooming seasons of guava during thestudy period, second fortnight of November 2013 and second fortnightof August 2014 were the peak flowering fortnights with 75.0 and 78.3flowers per plant, respectively. Anthesis and anther dehiscence weremaximum during 06.00 hrs.to 07.00 hrs. Maximum stigma receptivitywas found two hours after anthesis, whereas, pollen viability washighest at the time of anthesis. Among eight hymenopteran flowervisitors recorded on guava, Apis dorsata, A. cerana and A. florea weredominant species in the order. The most dominant species, A. dorsatain a single trip during early morning visited, 2.80 flowers to forage,spending the highest time of 96.73 sec. per flower. Whereas, it visited
highest, 7.20 flowers to forage, spending the least time of 15.58 sec.per flower during afternoon. Most of A. dorsata (82.50 %) landed onanthers and the remaining (17.50 %) landed on petals of the flower.They foraged both for nectar and pollen during early morning, but asthe day progressed, most of them shifted to collect only pollen. Openpollinated flowers recorded highest fruit set (92.30%), fruit retentionafter fruit set (94.79 %), fruit retention at harvest (87.49 %), number ofdays taken from flowering to harvest (120.08 days), fruit weight(153.235 g), fruit volume (149.75 cc), number of seeds per fruit (490),seed weight per fruit (4.899 g), pulp weight per fruit (148.336 g) andfruit weight per plant (14.983 kg).Whereas, flowers covered withnylon net and muslin cloth to avoid flower visitors showed least ofthese traits proving the importance of honey bee pollination for higheryield in guava.
Diversity of spider mites in vegetable crops with special reference to two spotted spider mite,Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) on Tomato
J. MEGHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. RAJASHEKHARAPPA
An investigation was carried out on diversity of spider mites withspecial reference to Tetranychus urticae Koch, its seasonal incidenceand management using acaricides. The experiment was carried out inopen field condition during 2017-18 at the Department of Entomology,College of Horticulture, Hiriyur, Chitradurga district, Karnataka, India.Three species of Tetranychid mites viz., Tetranychus urticae,T. macfarlanei and T. ludeni were identified from 10 different hostplants. Among these, T. urticae was reported on tomato,T. macfarlanei was reported on tomato, brinjal, bhendi, cucumber,watermelon, bitter gourd, bottle gourd, soyabean, Frech bean andkakachi whereas T. ludeni was recorded on brinjal. During kharif 2017,the population of spider mite on tomato was first noticed during thesecond fortnight of August 2017 and continued up to last week ofOctober 2017. The peak abundance was noticed during the second
fortnight of September 2017 with 4.52 mites per leaf. During rabi2017, the population of T. urticae was first noticed during the secondfortnight of December of 2017 with the peak abundance of 38.76mites per leaf was noticed during first fortnight of March 2018. Amongthe selected acaricides, fenpyroximate 5 SC was effective at 3, 7 and 10days after first and second spray against total population of spidermite on tomato under field condition. The least effective acaricidewas dicofol 18.5 EC. The order of efficacy of these acaricides againstmite population was fenpyroximate 5 SC (1.0 ml/l) > diafenthiuron50 WP (1.0 g/l) > chlorfenapyr 10 EC (1.0 ml/l) > spiromesifen22.9 SC (0.8 ml/l) > propargite 57 EC (2 ml/l) > fenazaquin 10 EC(2.5 ml/l) > dicofol 18.5 EC (2.5 ml/l). Finally, the highest yield(69.40 t/ha) and B:C ratio (1: 2.80) was obtained in the treatmentfenpyroximate 5 SC.
Studies on seasonal development and multiplication of stingless bee,Tetragonula iridipennis (Smith) colonies
P. G. MYTHRI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. N. KENCHARADDI
Studies on seasonal development and multiplication of stingless bee,Tetragonula iridipennis (Smith) colonies were carried out during 2017-18 at the College of Forestry, Ponnampet. The observations on seasonal
development of the colony showed that the initial mean brood volumeof 70.06 cm3 during the month of April 2017 increased to the maximumof 162.28 cm3 by the month of March 2018. The volume of food pots
increased from the initial level of 30.39 cm3 to the highest of 156.70cm3 and the colony weight from the lowest of 234.96 g to 373.68 gduring the months of April 2017 and March 2018, respectively. The
foraging activity of the bees and number of bees involving in variousactivity remained same across the seasons and also a same trend oflesser number of bees involving in different activity in the morning
hours; gradually increasing towards noon and then onward declining
and reaching to the lowest by evening was observed in all the seasons.Perusal of the beekeepers practices in dividing the stingless bees
showed three different methods, with varying rate of success rangingfrom 50 to 80 per cent. Among the different methods of colonydivision, high success was obtained in the divided nucleus colonies
with the presence of gynes and / or queen cells in parallel method ofdivision; and without them the success rate was zero per cent. Theartificially prepared queen cell cups made up of bee wax and brood
cell material when placed into the colony, they were not accepted bythe bees. Even the enlarged cell prepared by joining two adjacent cellswith single larvae in them was also not accepted by the colony. In in
vitro rearing, larval stages showed good success than the egg stages inemerging as adults.
266
Studies on pest complex and management of fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) in cucumber
M. P. SRINIVAS MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. H. SUCHITHRA KUMARI
The present investigation on the pest complex and management offruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) in cucumber wasconducted at Amble village, Chikkamangaluru, Karnataka during kharif
2017 and summer 2018. In the present study, 21 species of insectpests belonging to Lepidoptera (2 species), Coleoptera (5 species),Diptera (7 species), Hemiptera (6 species), Thysanoptera (1 species)
and one non-insect pest belonging to class Acarina (1 species) werenoticed. The cucumber was found to be attacked by eight species ofsucking pests, eight species of defoliators and six species of fruit
flies. A total of 11 species of predators belonging to Coleoptera (5species), Neuroptera (1 species) and Hemiptera (2 species) and onenon-insect class, Araneae (3 species) were encountered in the cucumber
cropping system. Eight insecticides were evaluated against melonfruit fly, among which, significantly lowest number of ovipositional
punctures (0.72 and 0.98 /fruit), number of maggots (8.0 and 8.93 /fruit) and per cent fruit infestation (14.92 and 17.90 %) as well as
highest marketable fruit yield (15.63 and 16.49 t /ha.) and more cost-benefit ratio (1: 2.30 and 1: 2.43) was recorded in the treatmentspinosad 45 SC (0.15 ml/l) during both kharif and summer season,
respectively and it was on par with the treatment dichlorvos 76 EC(1.0 ml/l). Highest number of ovipositional punctures (2.72 and 3.01 /fruit), number of maggots (19.13 and 19.80 /fruit) and per cent fruit
infestation (46.91 and 56.79 %) as well as lowest marketable fruit yield(10.75 and 9.01 t /ha.) was obtained in jaggery alone treatment (10 g/l)followed by control in both kharif and summer season, respectively.
During kharif season the lowest cost-benefit ratio (1: 1.62) was obtainedin jaggery alone treatment while in summer season cyantraniliprole10.26 OD recorded the lowest cost benefit ratio (1: 1.34).
Seasonal incidence and management of Black pepper root mealy bug, Formicoccus polysperes Williams(Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera)
N. SWATHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. GIRISH
Investigations were carried out on the survey, seasonal incidence and
management of black pepper root mealybug during 2017-18.A
preliminary survey was conducted in Chikkamangluru, Hassan and
Kodagu districts of Karnataka to document the root mealy bug species
infesting black pepper. Two species of mealy bugs, namely,
Formicococcus polysperes Williams and Pseudococcus sp. were found
to be infesting the underground parts of black pepper in Kodagu and
Chikkamangaluru districts. The normal symptom observed by the
root mealy bug infestation was yellow discolouration of the leaves.
The root mealy bug colonizes on roots upto a depth of 25 cm vertically
with a maximum number of colonies 23.20/15 cm root length. The
alternative hosts recorded were viz., ginger, elephant foot yam and
weeds like Phyllanthus niruri Lour, Ageratum conyzoides L., Physalis
minima L., Synedrella nodiflora L. and a pepper standard, Erythrina
sp. Seasonal incidence of root mealy bugs showed the presence of
mealy bugs throughout the year with highest population was in post
rainy month October (18.5) and lowest population in the month of
March (1.20). A significant positive correlation was observed between
mealy bug population with rainfall and relative humidity, while
negative correlartion was observed with temperature.Infested plants
are associated with four ant species viz., Paratrechina longicornis
Latreille, Plagiolepis sp.1,Plagiolepis sp. 2 and Aphaenogaster sp.
by which mealy bug infestation could be easily recognized. The
Formicoccus polysperes is known to cause damage to black pepper in
the hill zone of Karnataka. In an attempt to control this pest, six
insecticides viz., chlorpyriphos, carbosulfan, imidacloprid, phorate,
carbofuron, chlorantriniliprole and neem cake were evaluated under
field conditions. Chlorpyriphos 20EC @ 5 ml/l, imidacloprid 17.8 SL
@ 1.5 ml/l and chlorantriniliprole 0.4G @ 20 g/vine showed the highest
efficacy by recording 100, 98 and 97 per cent reduction, respectively.
Studies on seasonal incidence and management of Cardamom thrips (Sciothrips cardamomiRamakrishna) under hill zone of Karnataka
S. VENUKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. L. HANUMANTHARAYA
Studies on seasonal incidence and management of cardamom thrips(Sciothrips cardamomi Ramk.) was carried out at Mudigere, Karnataka
during 2017-18. The highest population of cardamom thrips was onleaf sheath of M2 and M3 cardamom varieties during February toMay, whereas during September the population was the highest on
panicle. There was significant positive correlation between the thripspopulation on leaf sheath and temperature in M2 and M3 cardamomvarieties. Among the fourteen cardamom genotypes, the lowest thrips
population per leaf sheath and panicle was recorded in PL No. 14,SKP 104, CR 6, IC 349651 and MCC 346 genotypes followed bySKP 164, IC 547167, Local Malabar, ICRI 3and CL 726 genotypes.
The highest thrips population was recorded in the genotype GreenGold followed by IC 349545, CL 691 and IC 547185. The number of
thrips per leaf sheath and panicle was the least in treatments viz. 1 mlfipronil 5 SC, 0.2 g acetamiprid 20 SP and 0.25 g thiamethoxam 25
WG per litre of water. The thrips popuation per leaf sheath andpanicle was higher in biorational treatments (azadiractin 1 EC andspinosad 45 SC), however the popualtion was lower than untreated
control. The per cent capsule damage by thrips was significantlylower in the treatments viz. fipronil 5 SC, thiamethoxam 25 WG andacetamiprid 20 SP and the significantly higher marketable cardamom
capsule yield was 724.2, 722.3 and 704.4kg/ha in treatments viz.fipronil 5 SC, acetamiprid 20 SP and thiamethoxam 25 WG,respectivley. The treatments viz. acetamiprid 20 SP, fipronil 5 SC
and thiamethoxam 25 WG were superior with respect to benefit costratio (7.07, 6.93 and 6.76, respectively).
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CROP IMPROVEMENT AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
Heterosis and combining ability studies for yield and quality traits inRidge gourd [Luffa acutangula (L) Roxb.]
B. M. CHANDAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. LAKSHMANA
The study on heterosis and combining ability for yield and quality
traits in Ridgegourd was undertaken during 2017-18 at the
Department of Crop Improvement and Biotechnology, College of
Horticulture, Mudigere. Twenty hybrids derived by crossing of
five parents in diallelfashion were evaluated along with parents and
check (US-276) in a randomized complete block design with three
replications. Variances due to genotypes varied significantly for all
characters and mean performance of majority hybrids were better
than parents for almost all qualitative and quantitative parameters.
The magnitude of heterosis over mid parent, better parent and check
was high in desirable direction for all characters studied. The
estimates of heterosis over checkranged from-1.28 % (Krishna–51 ×
Shittahalli Local and Krishna–51 × TNAU CO-1) to12.16 % (Arka
Sujath × Krishna–51 and TNAU CO-1 × Krishna–51) for days to 50
% flowering and -30.92 % (Krishna–51 × TNAU CO-1) to 9.29 %
(Arka Sujath × Krishna–51)for fruit yield (t/ha). Combining ability
analysis revealed higher dominance variance than additive variance
for majority of characters indicating preponderance of non-additive
gene action. The parents Pusa Nasdar and Shittahalli Local were
identified as good general combiners. Similarly, crosses Pusa Nasdar×
Arka Sujath and Arka Sujath× Krishna-51 were identified as good
specific combiners. Hybrids Arka Sujath × Krishna-51 (12.23 t/ha)
and Arka Sujath × Pusa Nasdar (12.16 t/ha) were considered as the
most productive hybrids and Shittahalli Local×Krishna-51 (56.01
%) and Krishna-51 ×Shittahalli Local (53.26 %) as the most heterotic
hybrids.
Heterosis and combining ability studies for yield and quality traits in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)
SANTOSHKUMAR PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. LAKSHMANA
The study on heterosis and combining ability in brinjal was undertaken
during 2017-18 at the Department of Crop Improvement and
Biotechnology, College of Horticulture Mudigere. Twenty hybrids
derived by crossing five parents in diallele mating system were evaluated
along withparents and standard check in a randomized completely
block design with three replications. The variances due to genotypes
varied significantly for all the characters studied. The mean performance
of the majority hybrids were better than parents for almost all qualitative
and quantitative parameters. The magnitude of heterosis over mid parent,
better parent and standard check ArkaAnand was very high in desirable
direction for characters studied. The estimates of heterosis in per cent
over the standard check ranged from 11.35 % (Melavanki × Coorg)
to -26.39 % (Melavanki × Malapur) for days to 50% flowering and
46.45 % (Kudchi×Malapur) to 7.37 % (Kudchi × Melavanki) for total
fruit yield tonnes per hectare. The studies on combining ability revealed
that dominance variance was higher than additive variance for majority
of characters indicating preponderance of non-additive gene action,
thus these characters could be improved through recurrent selection
orheterosis breeding. The parent Mattigulla and Melavanki were
identified as good general combiners for various characters studied.
Similarly, the crossMelavanki× Malapur and Coorg × Mattigulla were
identified as good specific combiners. Hybrid Kudchi × Melavanki
(24.18 t/ha) and Mattigulla × Coorg (23.55 t/ha) were considered as the
most productive hybrids and Kudchi×Melavanki (82.70 %)
andMelavanki×Kudchi (43.26 %) were considered as the most heterotic
hybrids.
Assessment of genetic diversity in Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) for yield and itsattributing characters
H. M. SOWMYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHASHIKALA S. KOLAKAR
An experiment was carried out at the College of Horticulture, Mudigereduring 2017-18 to assess the extent of genetic diversity for yield andits attributing characters in Bitter gourd. The experiment was laid outin a randomized complete block design with three replications includingtwenty four bitter gourd genotypes. Analysis of variance revealedthat highly significant differences was observed among the genotypesfor yield and its attributing characters indicating existence of geneticvariability among the genotypes. The estimates of phenotypiccoefficient of variation were higher that the genotypic coefficient ofvariation with narrow differences indicated most of the characterswere less influenced by the environment which provides scope forimprovement through simple selection. High heritability coupled withhigh genetic advance as per cent mean was observed for all the charactersindicating predominance of additive gene action and amenability for
phenotypic selection in early generations. Fruit yield per plant hadsignificant positive correlation with fruit length and fruit weight.High positive direct effect was observed between fruit yield perplant with vine length, node at which male flower appears, numberof fruits per vine, fruit weight and fruit length which are importantcharacters to be accounted for gaining improvement in yield. Twentyfour genotypes were grouped into five clusters based onMahalanobis’s D2 statistic. Twenty genotypes were included incluster I and cluster II, cluster III, cluster IV and V were solitary innature. Fruit weight (31.16 %), flesh thickness (19.93 %), node atwhich first female flower appear (11.59 %) contributed maximumto the total divergence. Hubli local, Chickmanglore local, Chitradurgalocal-1 and Bidar local-1 recorded higher yield and these can beutilized for further breeding programme.
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PLANATION, SPICES, MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC CROPS
Genetic diversity in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) for yield and seed quality traits
SUNIL GATADE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. N. USHA
An experiment was carried out at the University of Agricultural andHorticultural Sciences, Navile, Shivamogga during the year 2017-18to study the genetic diversity for yield and seed quality traits in okra.The experiment was laid out in a randomized completely block designwith three replications including thirty five okra genotypes. Analysisof variance revealed that highly significant differences were observedamong the genotypes for yield and seed quality traits indicatingexistence of genetic variability in the genotypes. The estimate ofphenotypic coefficient of variation was higher that the genotypiccoefficient of variation with narrow differences indicated most of thecharacters were less influenced by the environment which providesscope for improvement through simple selection. High heritabilitycoupled with high genetic advance as per cent mean was observed fortotal chlorophyll content and number of branches per plantindicatingpredominance of additive gene action and amenability for phenotypic
selection in early generations. Fruit yield per plant had significantpositive correlation with plant height, number of branches, numberof fruits per plant and fruit length. High positive direct effect wasobserved between fruit yield per plant with fruit weight, number offruits per plant and fruit length which are important characters to beaccounted for gaining improvement in yield. Based on MahalanobisD2 analysis, 35 genotypes were grouped into three clusters andclusterI (26) consisted highest number of genotypes. Among the traits studiedplant height (21.18 %), days to 50 per cent flowering (17.14 %), fruitweight (16.13 %) and number of branches (10.08 %) contributedmaximum to the total genetic diversity. The present study identifiedthree promising genotypes viz.,UHSB-L9, UHSB-L26, OkraB-1,OkraB-2 and OkraB-6, for yield and OkraB-1, OkraB-3, OkraB-6,OkraB-7 for seed quality which can be utilized for further cropimprovement programme.
Prospecting of Moringa concanensis Nimmo for various chemical constituents and
morphological characterization
T. M. ANITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. RAVIRAJA SHETTY
An investigation was undertaken to study the morphologicalcharacters, chemical profiling and antioxidant activity of Moringaconcanensis N. at the Division of Plant Genetic Recourses, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta, Bengaluruduring 2017-18. Among the ten accessions of M. concanensis thegenotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variations were high forcharacters viz., petiole length, leaflet area, leaflet width, leafletlength, leaf length, trunk girth, number of pod per plant and podyield. High heritability was observed in characters like number ofpod per plant (99.87 %), plant spread (92.85 %), total pod yield(91.7 %), 100 seed weight (89.40 %), pod diameter (89.27 %),trunk girth (88.96 %), pod length (83.00 %), number of seeds perpod (81.25 %). The correlation study revealed that number of
pods per plant had significant positive correlation with pod yield.According to path analysis, number of pods per plant, leafletlength, leaflet width,trunk girth, pod diameter, pod length andpetiole length recorded positive and direct effect on pod yield perplant and leaflet area, number of seeds per pod and plant heightshowed negative direct effect towards pod yield. Among the tenaccessions the total phenolic content was more in leaves ofaccession MC-1 and total flavonoid content was more in flower ofaccession MC-8. In case of estimation of antioxidant activity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay showed moreantioxidant activity than ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)assay. In both the assays, theaccession MC-1 and MC-6 werefound to have high antioxidant activity.
Screening of selected rare, endangered and threatened medicinal plant extracts against variouspathogens or microbes
C. R. PALLAVI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. RAVIRAJA SHETTY
An investigation was undertaken to study the in-vitro antifungalactivity of ten rare, endangered and threatened medicinal plantaqueous leaf extracts against four phytopathogens viz., Alternariasolani, Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotium rolfsii and Phytophthoracapsici at three different concentrations (5, 10 & 15 %), and chemicalprofiling of these plant extracts were carried out at the Division ofPlant Genetic Resources, ICAR - Indian Institute of HorticulturalResearch, Hesaraghatta, Bengaluru during 2017-18. The minimummycelial growth of fungus varied greatly with three differentconcentrations indicating the antifungal activity of plant extractincreases with increase in concentration, whereas the 15 per centconcentration showed highest antifungal activity compared to 5 and
10 per cent concentrations. However, all ten plant extracts found tohave a good antifungal activity against all the tested pathogens withvaried levels of reduction in mycelial growth of fungal organisms.Among ten aqueous plant extracts tested against fourphytopathogens, Embelia ribes leaf extract showed minimummycelial growth against Alternaria solani (4.73 mm) and Fusariumoxysporum (28.5 mm), whereas leaf extract of Hydnocarpuspentandra showed least mycelial growth against Sclerotium rolfsii(4.56 mm) and Phytophthora capsici (0.33 mm). However, thequantitative phytochemical analysis of dried powdered leaf extractfound highest total phenolic content (70.15 mg GAE/100 g) andtotal flavonoid content (37.50 mg CE/100 g) in Saraca asoca.
269
Standardization of seed rhizome weight and nutrition levels for Mango Ginger
(Curcuma amada Roxb.) under Arecanut garden
B. M. PRIYANKA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. R. BHOOMIKA
A field study was conducted to standardize the seed rhizome weightand nutrition levels for mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) underarecanut garden at the College of Horticulture, Mudigere, during2017-18. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Designwith two factors. Factor one being seed rhizome weight (W
1-20 g,
W2-40 g, W
3-60 g) and factor two was nutrition (N
1- Control, N
2-
60:50:100 kg, N3-90:75:150 kg, N
4-120:100:200 kg, N
5-150:125:250
kg and N6-180:150:300 kg NPK/ha). Significant differences were
recorded for all the parameters under study. Seed rhizomes weighing60g recorded maximum sprouting, plant height, number of leaves,number of tillers per plant, leaf area, leaf area index, length andwidth of the rhizomes, primary and secondary rhizomes per clump,fresh and dry weight of rhizomes, yield per plot, yield per hectareand essential oil content in rhizomes. Among the nutrient levels,
application of 180:150:300 kg NPK/ha recorded higher values forall the above growth, yield and quality parameters. Interaction effectof seed rhizome weights and nutrition levels were also foundsignificant for the traits under study. The treatment W
3N
6 (seed
rhizome weighing 60 g and nutrition level 180:150:300 kg NPK/ha)recorded maximum sprouting (96.33 %), higher plant height (58.20cm), number of leaves (13.70), number of tillers per plant (3.64),leaf area (42.30 dm2), leaf area index (4.98), length (17.26 cm) andwidth (16.10 cm) of the rhizome, primary (7.96) and secondary(16.43) rhizomes per clump, fresh (358.93 g) and dry (86 g)weight of the rhizome, dry recovery (24.02 %), yield per plot (10.75kg), yield per hectare (35.86 t/ha) and essential oil content (0.78 %).The economics of cultivation was worked out and the treatmentcombination W
1N
6 recorded highest BC ratio (2.11).
Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of French basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)
SAIF ALI KHAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. RAVIKUMAR
Field experiment was carried out to study the effect of integrated nutrientmanagement on growth and yield of French basil during 2017-2018 atthe Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Thirthahalli. Theexperiment was laid out in randomized complete block design whichcomprised of nine treatments with three replications. Results revealedthat application of (T
8)100 per cent RDF (125:75:60 kg NPK/ha) +
vermicompost (10 tons/ha) + Azotobacter (12 kg/ha) recordedsignificantly higher plant height (84.53 cm), maximum number ofprimary and secondary branches (38.05 and 118.13), number of leaves(546.8), plant spread (N-S and E-W) (53.65 cm and 74.67 cm), leaf areaper plant (4994.53 cm2), higher fresh yield per plant (512.13 g), freshyield per plot (48.11 kg), fresh yield per hectare(35.63 t) and dry yield
per plant (267.27 g), dry yield per plot (25.11 kg) and dry yield perhectare (18.60 t), dry matter per cent (52.2 %), higher oil yield (230.43kg), and higher uptake of nitrogen (168.96 kg/ha) phosphorus (16.96kg/ha), potassium (17.68 kg/ha). After the harvest of crop highest availablenitrogen (521.67 kg/ha), phosphorus (35.67 kg/ha), potassium (286.95kg/ha) and higher microbial content in soil i.e., fungi (28.15 cfuX105/gsoil), bacteria, (97.50 cfu×103/g soil), actinomycets (12.50 cfu×102/gsoil) and azotobacter (28.67 cfuX105/g soil) is observed in T
8. The
economic analysis clearly indicated that application of 100 per centRDF (125:75:60 kg NPK/ha.) + vermicompost (10 t/ha) + Azotobacter(12 kg/ha) realized maximum net returns (` 220694.17/ha) and BC ratio(2.04).
Influence of plant growth promoting rhizo micro-organisms and growth hormones on rooting ofplagiotropic cuttings of Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)
H. S. SANNIDHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. R. BHOOMIKA
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different
plant growth promoting rhizo-microorganisms (PGPRs) and growth
hormones on rooting of plagiotropic cuttings of black pepper at the
College of Horticulture, Mudigere during 2017-18. There were nineteen
treatments with three replications laid out in completely randomized
design inside a naturally ventilated polyhouse. The treatments
comprised of three growth hormonesviz. IBA, NAA and 2, 4-D at
different concentrations and the liquid cultures of PGPRs viz.
Azospirillum lipoferum and Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 5 ml and 10
ml per polybag.The treatments exhibited significant differences for
most of the root and shoot parameters studied. Application of
Azospirillum lipoferum @10 ml per polybag (T5) resulted in early
sprouting (19.49 days), maximum sprouting percentage (66.00),
maximum shoot length (6.15 cm), more number of leaves (4.20),
maximum chlorophyll content (55.50 Spad units), maximum leaf area
(42.61 cm2), higher fresh (8.95 g) and dry weight (3.11 g) of shoots.
IBA @ 1000 ppm (T8) resulted in maximum rooting percentage
(65.30), more primary (7.48), secondary (18.83) and total roots per
cutting (30.18), maximum root length (18.88cm), root volume
(1.85 cc), fresh weight of root (1.10 g), dry weight of root (0.53 g) and
survival percentage (54.04) of cuttings. Analysis of the microbial
population of the rooting media was done at 180 days after planting
and treatment T5
(Azosprillum lipoferum 10 ml) recorded the
maximum counts for total bacteria (83.50 and 70.50 cfug of soil-1 at 10-
5 and 10-6 dilution levels, respectively), total fungii (48.25 and 31.00
cfug of soil-1 at 10-3 and 10-4 dilution levels, respectively) and total
actinomycetes population (19.00 and 15.00 cfug of soil-1 at 10-2 and
10-3 dilution levels, respectively). The treatment T8(IBA 1000 ppm)
recorded maximum net returns (` 10,885.00) and higher BC ratio
(3.28).
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Effect of different media and containers on rooting of Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) cuttings
H. R. SHARATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. R. BHOOMIKA
An investigation on “Effect of different media and containers on
rooting of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) cuttings” was carried out in
naturally ventilated polyhouse with three replications and 23
treatments at the College of Horticulture, Mudigere during the period
from November 2015 to February 2016. In black pepper cuttings, the
success rate and root distribution pattern depends on many factors
like media, type of containers, climate, planting material etc. Use of
root trainers for raising pepper cuttings is a newer concept. Hence, in
this study the effect of root trainers on various shoot and root
parameters is studied, over the conventional method of raising cuttings
in polybags, using nine media in different combinations. Most of the
shoot and root parameters were observed to be superior in the cuttings
raised in root trainers compared to that of polybags. The treatment
T13
(Soil+Perlite+Vermicompost-2:1:2) recorded early sprouting
(20.20 days and 20.90 days), maximum sprouting percentage (78.20
and 80.00), maximum number of leaves (4.5 and 4.9), length of the
shoot (16.54 and 45.85 cm), fresh weight (16.48 and 18.00 g) and dry
weight (6.55 and 6.94 g) of the shoots in polybag and root trainer,
respectively. Root parameters were also found to be better in the
same treatment (T13
). Highest rooting percentage (80.50) was recorded
in root trainer compared to polybag (78.00). The treatment T13
also
recorded maximum fresh (5.32 and 4.81 g) and dry weight (1.93 and
1.63 g) in trainers and polybags, respectively. Root volume was found
to be maximum in the root trainer (6.25 cc) compared to that of
polybag (5.5 cc) in the treatment T12
(Soil+Perlite+FYM in 2:1:2).
The treatment T19
(Cocopeat+Vermiculite+ FYM-1:1:2) recorded
maximum root length (27.80 and 8.60 cm in polybag and root trainer,
respectively). The maximum benefit cost ratio was observed in
treatment T13
(2.97:1 and 2.42:1 in polybag and root trainer,
respectively).
Studies on enhancement of germination in Pterocarpus santalinus (Linn. f) and Pterocarpusmarsupium Roxb. - an endangered and vulnerable tree medicinal plants
P. C. THANUJA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SADASHIV NADUKERI
An experiment was carried out to study the enhancement of
germination in Pterocarpus santalinus (Linn.f) and Pterocarpus
marsupium Roxb. - an endangered and vulnerable tree medicinal
plants at the Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and
Aromatic crops, College of Horticulture, Mudigere during the year
2017-18. The seeds of P. santalinus and P. marsupium were treated
with different pre-sowing seed treatments which included organics,
growth regulators and chemicals. Among the different germination
inducing treatments, seeds treated with cow dung slurry (1:1)
recorded minimum number of days for germination (11.50 days),
days to final germination (45.50 days), maximum germination
percentage (47.50), germination rate (0.62), seedling height (32.45
cm), seedling fresh weight (14.02 g), chlorophyll content of leaf
(1.37 mg/g), seedling dry weight (6.57 g), root volume (1.33 cc),
seedling vigour index I (1542.05) and seedling vigour index II (312.10)
in P. santalinus. In P. marsupium, seeds treated with sulphuric acid
(2 %) recorded least number of days for germination (10.00 days),
days to final germination (39.50 days), maximum germination
percentage (65.83), germination rate (1.01), seedling height (79.63
cm), seedling fresh weight (22.95 g), chlorophyll content of leaf
(1.33 mg / g), seedling dry weight (10.18 g), root volume (1.86 cc),
seedling vigour index I (5033.51) and seedling vigour index II (669.85)
compared to other treatments and control. From the findings of the
present investigation, P. santalinus seeds treated with cow dung
slurry (1:1) and P marsupium seeds treated with sulphuric acid
(2 %) showed enhanced germination and better seedling growth.
Hence, these seed treatments can be effectively used for large scale
multiplication of both the species.
C. FORESTRY
FOREST GENETIC RESOURCES
Studies on ethnobotanical knowledge and population structure of wild edible fruit trees of Kodagu
VINAYAK V. PAI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. N. SATISH
Wild edible fruits are one of the important plant resources helps inproviding food supplements in the diet to the rural community. Kodagudistrict is having many such wild edible fruit trees which fulfil theneeds of the local people. Therefore, the present study was carried outto know the ethnobotanical knowledge, diversity, population structureand regeneration status of wild edible fruit tree species in different landscapes of moist deciduous forests of Virajpet taluk, Kodagu. Semistructured questionnaire was used for ethnobotanical survey of wildedible fruits. A total 41 wild edible plants were documented of which,24 species were fruits followed by leaves (11), tubers (4) and bark (2).The population structure of wild edible fruits was assessed by followingsimple random sampling technique. Belt transacts of 100 m×5 m werelaid in natural forest and sacred groves and 50m × 10m plots were laidin coffee based agroforestry system. All trees 30 cm gbh in the main
plots were enumerated. Species richness and diversity was more insacred groves compared to natural forest and coffee based agroforestrysystem. There was significant difference in mean density and meanbasal area wild edible fruit species and associated species in naturalforest and coffee based agroforestry system. The regeneration of bothwild edible and associated species was more in regeneration class I andclass II and followed an inverse ‘J’ shaped pattern indicating healthyregeneration in deciduous forest.Grewia teliaefolia and Terminaliabelerica were dominant wild edible fruit species and Terminalia alataand Lagerstroemia microcarpa were found to be the dominantassociated species. The study gives an understanding of the diversity,pattern of population and regeneration of the tree species of deciduousforest of Kodagu which will help in conservation and management ofthe species.
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Dynamics of native tree structure and diversity in Coffee agroforest
C. K. BHAVYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. G. KUSHALAPPA
FORESTRY PLANTATION TECHNOLOGY
In tropical landscapes conversion of natural forest for non-forestuse due to agricultural intensification is identified as the mostprominent drivers of land use change and biodiversity loss. Studiesin tropics suggests that agroforestry systems are among the mostpromising land use for achieving both conservation goals andsupporting rural livelihoods at landscape level. Coffee agroforestare one such example of agroforestry systems, managed withtraditional management practices. Kodagu district in the WesternGhats, is the largest shade coffee growing region in the countryhosting rich biodiversity. In the recent days, the density and diversityof the shade cover in the coffee agroforest are in a continuous changedue to land tenure system as well as increase coffee production.With the base line data from Coffee Agro-Forestry Network, thestudy was conducted in four villages namely, Arekad, Hachinad,
Yeduru and Byrambada. Similar sampling procedure and observationswere recorded as of base line data. Results revealed that the Grevillearobusta remained as the dominant tree species in the coffee agroforestwith an increasing importance value index from 36.05 in 2008 to53.29 in 2017. Existence of significant difference for the tree densitywas evident in the present study which showed decreasing trendfrom 2008 (420±349 number of stems ha-1) to 2017 (274±82 numberof stems ha-1). In contrast, basal area was found to be increased from2008 (27.62±11.27 m2 ha-1) to 2017 (30.31±11.03 m2 ha-1) whichwas not statistically significant. Compared with, tenure systemunredeem land has more no of stems ha-1compared with redeemland. Similarly, in different size classes of coffeeagroforest,significant changes in tree density and diversity amongplantations belonging to all size classes.
Assessment of tree diversity and above ground carbon stock in natural forest, Teak plantation andCoffee agroforests of Kodagu
N. NAGAMANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Mr. M.N. RAMESH
Tropical landscapes are biologically very rich harboring the diverseflora and faunal as well with high productivity. Understanding thepatterns of diversity and biomass distribution in such landscapes isessential for conservation planning and sustainable utilization of thenatural resource. Hence, it is prudent to understand the diversity ofdifferent land use systems which help in planning the strategy forsustainable management. In this study, diversity and speciescomposition under three different land use systems i.e., natural forests,teak plantations and coffee agroforests were studied in Thithimathi,Southern part of Virajpettaluk, Kodagu. In each land use type, 20quadrats of 20 x 20 m size were randomly laidwhich approximatelyaccounts for 0.001 per cent sampling intensity. Tree species wereidentified and their height and girth were measured. Non-destructive
sampling method was used for estimation of above ground tree biomassusing allometric equation developed by Chave et al. (2005) for tropicalforest region. The results revealed that, Coffee agroforests recordedhigher number of species (29 species) and diversity (H’ = 2.58) whichresembled natural forests. Similarly, these landscapes also recordedhighest tree density (415 trees ha-1) with basal area of 39.06 m3 ha-1.The above ground biomass was highest in coffee agroforests followedby teak plantation and lowest in natural forest which might beattributed to different degree of disturbances. Based on these resultsit may be concluded that human managed landscapes such as coffeeagroforests are equally important as that of natural forests forconserving biodiversityand ecosystem services, while providingeconomic opportunity and essential natural resources.