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THOUGHTS FOR HORTICULTURE IN THOUGHTS FOR HORTICULTURE IN THOUGHTS FOR HORTICULTURE IN THOUGHTS FOR HORTICULTURE IN PURPURPURPURĀĀĀĀ����ASASASAS
Dr. Dhananjay Vasudeo Dwivedi
Assistant Professor, Department of Sanskrit,
Ranchi College, Ranchi, Jharkhand-834008
Email-dvd74@rediffmail.com
Phone-09431590113
IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction-
Horticulture is related to intensive plant cultivation meant
for human use. It is primarily related to gardening both at individual and
institution level. As far as cultivation is concerned it includes both food
(fruits and vegetables etc.) and non-food (flowers, trees and medicinal
herbs etc.) crops. Horticulturists apply their knowledge and skills
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especially for plant propagation, cultivation, resistance to insects, diseases,
and environmental stresses. It has also to deal with germination of seeds,
plant propagation, nutrition and manuring of plants, growth and
conservation of plants. It can undoubtedly be said that that horticulture
happens when people are in intimate, intensive contact with plants. It is the
interface between people and plants.
Results and DiscussionsResults and DiscussionsResults and DiscussionsResults and Discussions-
It goes without saying that the science of plants or plant life formed a
distinctly comprehensive science in ancient India, a branch of which dealt
in particular with the construction and maintenance of gardens. Indians
had rich knowledge regarding plants right from Vedic times. Throughout
Indian Literature-Mahākāvyas, Kha>?akāvyas, Nā@akas, Gadyakāvyas etc.
flower and flower gardens play an important part. Purā>ic literature too is
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replete with the facts relating to the plants. Planting trees in gardens has
been allotted a special place in the construction of human settlements.
Gardening is the oldest work that men have been interested in. In Purā>ic
literature we find the planting of trees being eulogised to a great extent and
was considered a great religious and social service. After going through
the Purā>as, one could easily draw a conclusion that gardens were
indispensable feature in house and town planning in Purā>ic age.
According to the Purā>as, attached to every house there should be a
VBkCavā@ikā, PuCpavā@iā etc. where fruit trees and flowering plants could
grow. As in all hot climates an expanse of water was an almost essential
feature of the Purā>ic gardens, they also contained artificial lakes and
pools.
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The present article aims at bringing out interesting and relevant
information that are found in Purā>as.
Purā>as have discussed about the effects of different trees planted
around the dwelling of man. According to it the trees known as PlakCas,
should be planted to the north of the dwelling house, the Va@as on the east,
the Mangoes on the south, and the Aśvattha on the west-
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. EFGHIJKL M NOL।EFGHIJKL M NOL।EFGHIJKL M NOL।EFGHIJKL M NOL।
ूRSTUH VRWKXRॆ Z[\]^_L बa\b K N।।ूRSTUH VRWKXRॆ Z[\]^_L बa\b K N।।ूRSTUH VRWKXRॆ Z[\]^_L बa\b K N।।ूRSTUH VRWKXRॆ Z[\]^_L बa\b K N।।1111
The Purā>a further adds that thorny shrubs should be so planted as
to edge the southern boundary of the ground of a house. The flower
Borden should be laid out adjoining a dwelling house, or blooming plants
of Tila should be cultivated therein-
deFbRf edMa NghRL ieaj \ klUkिNaRL।deFbRf edMa NghRL ieaj \ klUkिNaRL।deFbRf edMa NghRL ieaj \ klUkिNaRL।deFbRf edMa NghRL ieaj \ klUkिNaRL।
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noRp f qrsTRi \ tReIuvR[w j NexKRp y।।noRp f qrsTRi \ tReIuvR[w j NexKRp y।।noRp f qrsTRi \ tReIuvR[w j NexKRp y।।noRp f qrsTRi \ tReIuvR[w j NexKRp y।।2222
The Agni Purā>a suggests that the trees should be planted after
having worshiped the Brāhma>as and their sovereign, the moon god, and
under the auspices of the asterisms presided over by the wind god,
Prajāpati, and the god ViC>u respectively-
qr{|VRिHjV \}rFRe~�f ��f ूj�� �।qr{|VRिHjV \}rFRe~�f ��f ूj�� �।qr{|VRिHjV \}rFRe~�f ��f ूj�� �।qr{|VRिHjV \}rFRe~�f ��f ूj�� �।
ी Nी Nी Nी NTReb j� TRV�f s�f ूR� \MT ��Ta y।।TReb j� TRV�f s�f ूR� \MT ��Ta y।।TReb j� TRV�f s�f ूR� \MT ��Ta y।।TReb j� TRV�f s�f ूR� \MT ��Ta y।।3333
Regarding the plantation of trees and their maintenance, the Agni
Purā>a says that trees such as AriC@a, Punnāga, ŚirīCa, Priya�gu, Aśoka,
Kadalī, Jambū, Bakul, Da?ima, or any other tree planted in a garden
should be watered, each morning and evening, during the summer
months, and on each alternate day during winter, and at the break of dawn
during the rains when the earth would be dry and require watering-
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�eJ�RMHkj NhRqeMJ|�RL ieूV��L।।�eJ�RMHkj NhRqeMJ|�RL ieूV��L।।�eJ�RMHkj NhRqeMJ|�RL ieूV��L।।�eJ�RMHkj NhRqeMJ|�RL ieूV��L।।
�MHkL kdu| ����MHkL kdu| ����MHkL kdu| ����MHkL kdu| ����wR �kNudRe�aRL।�wR �kNudRe�aRL।�wR �kNudRe�aRL।�wR �kNudRe�aRL।
iRVf ूRK� N �a �iRVf ूRK� N �a �iRVf ूRK� N �a �iRVf ूRK� N �a �I�I�I�I� M|KkRu\ edpR�J\।।M|KkRu\ edpR�J\।।M|KkRu\ edpR�J\।।M|KkRu\ edpR�J\।।
T�R �JRऽ� O NTL MH� \ i \��R JHejKR िNaRL।T�R �JRऽ� O NTL MH� \ i \��R JHejKR िNaRL।T�R �JRऽ� O NTL MH� \ i \��R JHejKR िNaRL।T�R �JRऽ� O NTL MH� \ i \��R JHejKR िNaRL।4444
It adds that Trees planted in rows, twenty cubits apart, should be
deemed as the best planted, while those having a space of sixteen cubits
should be deemed as ranking second best in fruitfulness. Trees should be
transplanted twelve times. Nor should they be planted too close or
adjoining each other, in which case branches that touch one another,
should be lopped off with a chopper, as otherwise they would bear no
fruits-
nIaR eTfMeKs��R a�aRL �H�MR�JRL।।nIaR eTfMeKs��R a�aRL �H�MR�JRL।।nIaR eTfMeKs��R a�aRL �H�MR�JRL।।nIaR eTfMeKs��R a�aRL �H�MR�JRL।।
�RpR�RpR�Jf kR ¡ TrFRbRf }RdMRTJa y।�RpR�RpR�Jf kR ¡ TrFRbRf }RdMRTJa y।�RpR�RpR�Jf kR ¡ TrFRbRf }RdMRTJa y।�RpR�RpR�Jf kR ¡ TrFRbRf }RdMRTJa y।
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eT¢uRL t Np �JR TrFRL M£\bRd� es MH¤pa y।।eT¢uRL t Np �JR TrFRL M£\bRd� es MH¤pa y।।eT¢uRL t Np �JR TrFRL M£\bRd� es MH¤pa y।।eT¢uRL t Np �JR TrFRL M£\bRd� es MH¤pa y।।5555
The process of good growth of plants has been well discussed in Agni
Purā>a. It says that a good growth of trees is secured by sprinkling them
with the washing of fish. Fish and meat, powdered and mixed with a
quantity of pulverised Vi?a�ga, should be sprinkled over a tree by way of
a pregnancy present, or for the purpose of curing it of all distempers-
a¥R¦a¥R¦a¥R¦a¥R¦iR K N i \k\p Tre§O �TeK MRe¨pL।iR K N i \k\p Tre§O �TeK MRe¨pL।iR K N i \k\p Tre§O �TeK MRe¨pL।iR K N i \k\p Tre§O �TeK MRe¨pL।
eT��Kl�NuHj \Kf aR¥f aRfi f es dHsda y।eT��Kl�NuHj \Kf aR¥f aRfi f es dHsda y।eT��Kl�NuHj \Kf aR¥f aRfi f es dHsda y।eT��Kl�NuHj \Kf aR¥f aRfi f es dHsda y।
iT©�RaeTM\� \b TrFRbRf JHqad�pa y।।iT©�RaeTM\� \b TrFRbRf JHqad�pa y।।iT©�RaeTM\� \b TrFRbRf JHqad�pa y।।iT©�RaeTM\� \b TrFRbRf JHqad�pa y।।6666
As regards the various plants diseases the Agnipurā>a states that in
cases where barrenness would be apprehended, the leaves and branches of
a tree should be sprinkled; the leaves and branches of a tree should be
sprinkled over with a solution of cold water, saturated with Vi?a�ga,
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clarified butter, pulverized Mudga, MāCa and Kulattha pulse. Similarly a
tree sprinkled with a solution of cold water, and clarified butter, becomes
laden with abundant fruits and blossoms-
eT���rKjळ�R®\�V\̄ |KTReJbR।eT���rKjळ�R®\�V\̄ |KTReJbR।eT���rKjळ�R®\�V\̄ |KTReJbR।eT���rKjळ�R®\�V\̄ |KTReJbR।
¢upRM\ kNu_�G aR� �a N�° �T±e�u�L।।¢upRM\ kNu_�G aR� �a N�° �T±e�u�L।।¢upRM\ kNu_�G aR� �a N�° �T±e�u�L।।¢upRM\ kNu_�G aR� �a N�° �T±e�u�L।।
�rKM|KjVL i \kL ¢uj NxRV iT�dR।�rKM|KjVL i \kL ¢uj NxRV iT�dR।�rKM|KjVL i \kL ¢uj NxRV iT�dR।�rKM|KjVL i \kL ¢uj NxRV iT�dR।
ZeTkR�Mkr ²�b¡ VT��b¡ eKuRep �।।ZeTkR�Mkr ²�b¡ VT��b¡ eKuRep �।।ZeTkR�Mkr ²�b¡ VT��b¡ eKuRep �।।ZeTkR�Mkr ²�b¡ VT��b¡ eKuRep �।।7777
ViC>udharmottara Purā>a has also come up with certain description
in this regard. It says that if the trees get some disease, first of all they
should be watered with cold water and pasting cow dung, ghee and mud.8
The sprinkling with cold water which have fish is good for mango tree.9
The Saptapar>a tree becomes attractive with the sprinkling of milk.10 For
buds of Mallikā fragrant water is most beneficial.11 For Kharjura, Coconut,
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Bamboo and Kadalī trees, the sprinkling and salt with water causes their
growth. The Vi?a�ga with rice and flesh is good for all trees.12
Going by the Matsya Purā>a, it becomes clear that Purā>ic seers
knew techniques for promoting inflorescence and fruiting. It says-
�u� �G KwRTb±pR �pRTb±L i Nqe³eOL।।�u� �G KwRTb±pR �pRTb±L i Nqe³eOL।।�u� �G KwRTb±pR �pRTb±L i Nqe³eOL।।�u� �G KwRTb±pR �pRTb±L i Nqe³eOL।।
ndVRed´iळM �L i� ���epO ��wR।ndVRed´iळM �L i� ���epO ��wR।ndVRed´iळM �L i� ���epO ��wR।ndVRed´iळM �L i� ���epO ��wR।
Kjp|ViTKjp|ViTKjp|ViTKjp|ViTb±G �Ki|j NxiehO �L।।b±G �Ki|j NxiehO �L।।b±G �Ki|j NxiehO �L।।b±G �Ki|j NxiehO �L।।
M NkjऽepO �GRµ �L �ujऽ �G ORqML।M NkjऽepO �GRµ �L �ujऽ �G ORqML।M NkjऽepO �GRµ �L �ujऽ �G ORqML।M NkjऽepO �GRµ �L �ujऽ �G ORqML।
j�Tb±L iaRk|b±� �¶Tb±�w �T �।।j�Tb±L iaRk|b±� �¶Tb±�w �T �।।j�Tb±L iaRk|b±� �¶Tb±�w �T �।।j�Tb±L iaRk|b±� �¶Tb±�w �T �।।13131313
i.e. The country where the Airāvatī river has its origin there are sweet
smelling lotuses of various colours. Some of the blooming lotuses looked
like the rising Sun, some like the Moon and the Sun. Some looked like
bright gold, and some resembled the Śan flower. The place was full of
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growing lotuses, of which some looked like the leaf of ŚirīCa, some having
five colours, others many.
It further says-
Tp \]e·p y MR¸uRk|b© iskRJf apHsJa y।Tp \]e·p y MR¸uRk|b© iskRJf apHsJa y।Tp \]e·p y MR¸uRk|b© iskRJf apHsJa y।Tp \]e·p y MR¸uRk|b© iskRJf apHsJa y।
p \ऽयRbi N̈ f jG Ti�f JeKT¤ �pa y।।p \ऽयRbi N̈ f jG Ti�f JeKT¤ �pa y।।p \ऽयRbi N̈ f jG Ti�f JeKT¤ �pa y।।p \ऽयRbi N̈ f jG Ti�f JeKT¤ �pa y।।14141414
i.e. Look at the forest smiling with verdure and nice trees. The whole
atmosphere is so pleasing to the eyes and the nose.
Purā>ic seers not only focused and promoted plantation but also
tried to ensure their protection. They prescribed punishments for those
who were involved in felling trees. Matsya Purā>a says that one who fells
tree having fruits should be fined gold pieces and double the fine should be
imposed on those who cut a tree near a tank, a thoroughfare or a boundary
line-
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TrFf K N i¢uf eº»R i NTb¡ dl�as�eK।TrFf K N i¢uf eº»R i NTb¡ dl�as�eK।TrFf K N i¢uf eº»R i NTb¡ dl�as�eK।TrFf K N i¢uf eº»R i NTb¡ dl�as�eK।
e}q Nbf dl�V\² �p f jew i|e¼ �uRMV\।।e}q Nbf dl�V\² �p f jew i|e¼ �uRMV\।।e}q Nbf dl�V\² �p f jew i|e¼ �uRMV\।।e}q Nbf dl�V\² �p f jew i|e¼ �uRMV\।।15151515
It further adds that those who break fruit trees, arbours, creepers, and
floral plants should be fined one māCa of gold-
º\dpRd¢utRej a�af iRsif ·rKa y।º\dpRd¢utRej a�af iRsif ·rKa y।º\dpRd¢utRej a�af iRsif ·rKa y।º\dpRd¢utRej a�af iRsif ·rKa y।
q N½T¾|uKRpRf � i NTb �t � aR�ka y।।q N½T¾|uKRpRf � i NTb �t � aR�ka y।।q N½T¾|uKRpRf � i NTb �t � aR�ka y।।q N½T¾|uKRpRf � i NTb �t � aR�ka y।।16161616
Even a man chopping grass unnecessarily should be made liable to
pay fine in kārCāpa>a-
TrwR \̄d| KrbtRej dl¿L kR�R �jbf OT\K y।।TrwR \̄d| KrbtRej dl¿L kR�R �jbf OT\K y।।TrwR \̄d| KrbtRej dl¿L kR�R �jbf OT\K y।।TrwR \̄d| KrbtRej dl¿L kR�R �jbf OT\K y।।17171717
Kūrma Purā>a is of the view that one should not cut trees known as
chaitya- � �́ f TrFf p T � eºÀRhRÁN Â|Tpa NÃr� \K y।।� �́ f TrFf p T � eºÀRhRÁN Â|Tpa NÃr� \K y।।� �́ f TrFf p T � eºÀRhRÁN Â|Tpa NÃr� \K y।।� �́ f TrFf p T � eºÀRhRÁN Â|Tpa NÃr� \K y।।18181818 A person who steals even grass,
vegetable he surely falls in hell.19 A person who receives the flower,
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vegetables, water and firewood, besides fruit and roots without being
specifically given, it amounts to theft-
j Nx\ MRkHdk\ kRÂ\ KwR a Nu\ Krb \ ¢u\।j Nx\ MRkHdk\ kRÂ\ KwR a Nu\ Krb \ ¢u\।j Nx\ MRkHdk\ kRÂ\ KwR a Nu\ Krb \ ¢u\।j Nx\ MRkHdk\ kRÂ\ KwR a Nu\ Krb \ ¢u\।
�dIRdRpa�\Vf ap Nf ूRs ू�RjeKL।।�dIRdRpa�\Vf ap Nf ूRs ू�RjeKL।।�dIRdRpa�\Vf ap Nf ूRs ू�RjeKL।।�dIRdRpa�\Vf ap Nf ूRs ू�RjeKL।।20202020
The Brāhma>as can take the flowers for the adoration of the Gods,
but even the flowers should not be collected without the permission of the
owner-
मs|K�Rep j NxReb d\TR� �peT¤� e}�RL।मs|K�Rep j NxReb d\TR� �peT¤� e}�RL।मs|K�Rep j NxReb d\TR� �peT¤� e}�RL।मs|K�Rep j NxReb d\TR� �peT¤� e}�RL।
p �k·Rd\T epVKapp NÅRV k\Tua y।।p �k·Rd\T epVKapp NÅRV k\Tua y।।p �k·Rd\T epVKapp NÅRV k\Tua y।।p �k·Rd\T epVKapp NÅRV k\Tua y।।21212121
For felling or cutting or injuring fruit giving trees one should chant
Æk for one hundred times as an atonement to get rid of his sin- ¢udRpR� N ¢udRpR� N ¢udRpR� N ¢udRpR� N
TrFRbRf º\dp \ �[arÇKa y।TrFRbRf º\dp \ �[arÇKa y।TrFRbRf º\dp \ �[arÇKa y।TrFRbRf º\dp \ �[arÇKa y।22222222 Vāmana Purā>a says that thefting of fruits,
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wandering and uprooting trees in heinous evil. It is addressed as second
hell-
¢u�\Vf asRjRj f ¢us|p f KwR]Upa y।¢u�\Vf asRjRj f ¢us|p f KwR]Upa y।¢u�\Vf asRjRj f ¢us|p f KwR]Upa y।¢u�\Vf asRjRj f ¢us|p f KwR]Upa y।
º\dp f TrF�RK|pRf e}K|Vf pJkf ·rKa y।।º\dp f TrF�RK|pRf e}K|Vf pJkf ·rKa y।।º\dp f TrF�RK|pRf e}K|Vf pJkf ·rKa y।।º\dp f TrF�RK|pRf e}K|Vf pJkf ·rKa y।।23232323
According to Agni Purā>a stealing flowers, fruits and wood is
immoral act which brings sin to the concerned person- ¢u�¤L kNi Na�\Va¤ � ¡ � ¢u�¤L kNi Na�\Va¤ � ¡ � ¢u�¤L kNi Na�\Va¤ � ¡ � ¢u�¤L kNi Na�\Va¤ � ¡ �
auRTsa y।auRTsa y।auRTsa y।auRTsa y।24242424
Purā>as promoted plantation in a unique way. They came up with
descriptions which dealt with the fruits of planting trees. According to the
Brahmavaivarta Purā>a-
Zौa\ pReJk\uG qresbRf � ¤pूdL।Zौa\ pReJk\uG qresbRf � ¤pूdL।Zौa\ pReJk\uG qresbRf � ¤pूdL।Zौa\ pReJk\uG qresbRf � ¤pूdL।
eMe�Jt Vd|MRp \ j�T© j Nऽूd�ÉL।।eMe�Jt Vd|MRp \ j�T© j Nऽूd�ÉL।।eMe�Jt Vd|MRp \ j�T© j Nऽूd�ÉL।।eMe�Jt Vd|MRp \ j�T© j Nऽूd�ÉL।।
iT �ऽ a�uRs�G KÉJR�H apHsJL।iT�ऽ a�uRs�G KÉJR�H apHsJL।iT�ऽ a�uRs�G KÉJR�H apHsJL।iT�ऽ a�uRs�G KÉJR�H apHsJL।
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JiRuTrFL j�T �e·hrbRf i fjÊd�wR।।JiRuTrFL j�T �e·hrbRf i fjÊd�wR।।JiRuTrFL j�T �e·hrbRf i fjÊd�wR।।JiRuTrFL j�T �e·hrbRf i fjÊd�wR।।
M NOूdG iT�ऽ i NJkRJH epMRaVM NOूdG iT�ऽ i NJkRJH epMRaVM NOूdG iT�ऽ i NJkRJH epMRaVM NOूdG iT�ऽ i NJkRJH epMRaV।।।।
e�ËG jpiG �T i NJkRJH epMRaV।।e�ËG jpiG �T i NJkRJH epMRaV।।e�ËG jpiG �T i NJkRJH epMRaV।।e�ËG jpiG �T i NJkRJH epMRaV।।
ू�RूdG j�T �e·ÌeFb\ ¤pd�wR।ू�RूdG j�T �e·ÌeFb\ ¤pd�wR।ू�RूdG j�T �e·ÌeFb\ ¤pd�wR।ू�RूdG j�T �e·ÌeFb\ ¤pd�wR।
ifjÊdG iT�ऽ VKH es �¤ �K \ qrs|।।ifjÊdG iT�ऽ VKH es �¤ �K \ qrs|।।ifjÊdG iT�ऽ VKH es �¤ �K \ qrs|।।ifjÊdG iT�ऽ VKH es �¤ �K \ qrs|।।
���TrFG dRe��L kdÍRॆRKk�wR।���TrFG dRe��L kdÍRॆRKk�wR।���TrFG dRe��L kdÍRॆRKk�wR।���TrFG dRe��L kdÍRॆRKk�wR।
�³ Nू dG j�T �e·ÌeFb\ eaऽd�wR।।�³ Nू dG j�T �e·ÌeFb\ eaऽd�wR।।�³ Nू dG j�T �e·ÌeFb\ eaऽd�wR।।�³ Nू dG j�T �e·ÌeFb\ eaऽd�wR।।
iT �ऽ M NOdG �T ¤pj NऽM NOूdL।iT�ऽ M NOdG �T ¤pj NऽM NOूdL।iT�ऽ M NOdG �T ¤pj NऽM NOूdL।iT�ऽ M NOdG �T ¤pj NऽM NOूdL।
s� �ू dH q Ns� �ू dH q Ns� �ू dH q Ns� �ू dH q NTRkG deFb\ jeGa\ KwR।।TRkG deFb\ jeGa\ KwR।।TRkG deFb\ jeGa\ KwR।।TRkG deFb\ jeGa\ KwR।।
ÎMRp \ i N̈ dG �T iT�ऽ �T epMRaV।ÎMRp \ i N̈ dG �T iT�ऽ �T epMRaV।ÎMRp \ i N̈ dG �T iT�ऽ �T epMRaV।ÎMRp \ i N̈ dG �T iT�ऽ �T epMRaV।
iT �ऽ �ÏkL M N§H O NeT Oिूd�wR।।iT�ऽ �ÏkL M N§H O NeT Oिूd�wR।।iT�ऽ �ÏkL M N§H O NeT Oिूd�wR।।iT�ऽ �ÏkL M N§H O NeT Oिूd�wR।।25252525
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i.e. In case of the coconut trees are planted in the Āśrama, the
householder achieves riches, these trees when planted towards the east or
north east bestows son to the householder. The mango tree bestows welfare
all round. In case it is planted to the east of the house, the householder
achieves enough of riches and it bestows welfare everywhere. The trees of
wood-apple, jack fruit, the lemon and jujube, if planted on the southern
side, the householder gets riches all the times. The prosperity of
householder increases with them. The trees of Sāla fruit, banana,
myrobalon, when planted in the southern side they increase the friends.
They are auspicious for all sides, the betel nut tree when planted on the
southern side provides the householder with riches, son and fortunes, in
case they are planted in the west, they bestow pleasure and in case they are
planted in the north east, they bestow welfare all round. Campaka planted
anywhere is beneficial to all and sundry.
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Padma Purā>a has also described the fruits for planting various trees.
It says-
K|w©� N ejl�dRpRedुHjkRbRf dde� K \।K|w©� N ejl�dRpRedुHjkRbRf dde� K \।K|w©� N ejl�dRpRedुHjkRbRf dde� K \।K|w©� N ejl�dRpRedुHjkRbRf dde� K \।
VÑ\pRej � JR� \� �^_RJHjbf kNÉ।।VÑ\pRej � JR� \� �^_RJHjbf kNÉ।।VÑ\pRej � JR� \� �^_RJHjbf kNÉ।।VÑ\pRej � JR� \� �^_RJHjbf kNÉ।।
i K \ j Nऽisॐt kr´a\i K \ j Nऽisॐt kr´a\i K \ j Nऽisॐt kr´a\i K \ j Nऽisॐt kr´a\kL keJÓeK।kL keJÓeK।kL keJÓeK।kL keJÓeK।
¤p| �R^_TrF \b �MHkL MHkpRMpL।।¤p| �R^_TrF \b �MHkL MHkpRMpL।।¤p| �R^_TrF \b �MHkL MHkpRMpL।।¤p| �R^_TrF \b �MHkL MHkpRMpL।।
EFH VÅूdL ूH�L F|J|�RV NL ूdL ·rKL।EFH VÅूdL ूH�L F|J|�RV NL ूdL ·rKL।EFH VÅूdL ूH�L F|J|�RV NL ूdL ·rKL।EFH VÅूdL ूH�L F|J|�RV NL ूdL ·rKL।
�� Nk| kµkRdRऽ| ORVR �dR dRe�a| KwR।।�� Nk| kµkRdRऽ| ORVR �dR dRe�a| KwR।।�� Nk| kµkRdRऽ| ORVR �dR dRe�a| KwR।।�� Nk| kµkRdRऽ| ORVR �dR dRe�a| KwR।।
�^_H JHqpRMRV juRMH ॄÕd�wR।�^_H JHqpRMRV juRMH ॄÕd�wR।�^_H JHqpRMRV juRMH ॄÕd�wR।�^_H JHqpRMRV juRMH ॄÕd�wR।
�ळ\uH kNuTre§� N ¨RedJ\bRej JHeqKR।�ळ\uH kNuTre§� N ¨RedJ\bRej JHeqKR।�ळ\uH kNuTre§� N ¨RedJ\bRej JHeqKR।�ळ\uH kNuTre§� N ¨RedJ\bRej JHeqKR।
ep�ूHskRbRf K N ep´f K NÓ\ep�ूHskRbRf K N ep´f K NÓ\ep�ूHskRbRf K N ep´f K NÓ\ep�ूHskRbRf K N ep´f K NÓ\eÖTRkJL।।eÖTRkJL।।eÖTRkJL।।eÖTRkJL।।
ौ|TrF \ Mळ×H d\TL jRUuRVRf K N jRT �K|।ौ|TrF \ Mळ×H d\TL jRUuRVRf K N jRT �K|।ौ|TrF \ Mळ×H d\TL jRUuRVRf K N jRT �K|।ौ|TrF \ Mळ×H d\TL jRUuRVRf K N jRT �K|।
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eMfMjRVRaÁJiL kNÌ\ q³T�iIaRL।।eMfMjRVRaÁJiL kNÌ\ q³T�iIaRL।।eMfMjRVRaÁJiL kNÌ\ q³T�iIaRL।।eMfMjRVRaÁJiL kNÌ\ q³T�iIaRL।।
eKe��|k\ dRiTqR � TØ Nu\ dtT�wR।eKe��|k\ dRiTqR � TØ Nu\ dtT�wR।eKe��|k\ dRiTqR � TØ Nu\ dtT�wR।eKe��|k\ dRiTqR � TØ Nu\ dtT�wR।
j NlVूdL ौ|jdG �ÌpL jpi�wR।।j NlVूdL ौ|jdG �ÌpL jpi�wR।।j NlVूdL ौ|jdG �ÌpL jpi�wR।।j NlVूdL ौ|jdG �ÌpL jpi�wR।।
i�ORSVdGÏkG kJ|JL jRJdReJkL।i�ORSVdGÏkG kJ|JL jRJdReJkL।i�ORSVdGÏkG kJ|JL jRJdReJkL।i�ORSVdGÏkG kJ|JL jRJdReJkL।
�j´pRMk�RuH �kNuL kNuT¤ �pL।।�j´pRMk�RuH �kNuL kNuT¤ �pL।।�j´pRMk�RuH �kNuL kNuT¤ �pL।।�j´pRMk�RuH �kNuL kNuT¤ �pL।।
�¶ORVR ��¶ORVR ��¶ORVR ��¶ORVR � pReJk\uR िRFR iTR ��i NÌJ|।pReJk\uR िRFR iTR ��i NÌJ|।pReJk\uR िRFR iTR ��i NÌJ|।pReJk\uR िRFR iTR ��i NÌJ|।
JeKूdR KwR kHu| k\Kk| Mऽ NpReMp|।।JeKूdR KwR kHu| k\Kk| Mऽ NpReMp|।।JeKूdR KwR kHu| k\Kk| Mऽ NpReMp|।।JeKूdR KwR kHu| k\Kk| Mऽ NpReMp|।।26262626
i.e. By planting an Aśvattha tree one would become wealthy. The
Aśoka tree destroys grief. The PlakCa tree is said to give the fruit of a
sacrifice; the KCira tree is said to cause long life. Jambuki gives daughters;
Da?ima gives a wife. Aśvattha leads to destruction of diseases; Palāśa takes
one to Brahman. The planting of A�kola trees leads to expansion of the
family. Health is caused by the planting of Khadira tree. The sun is ever
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pleased with the Nimba shoots. God Śiva is pleased when Śri tree is
planted; and Pāravatī is pleased with the red Lodhra being planted. The
celestial nymphs are pleased with the planting of Śimśapā, and best
Gandharvas with the Kunda tree. One would get group of servants of one
plants Tinti?ika tree. Candana, and Panasa also gives religious merit and
wealth. Planting of Campaka gives good fortune. Planting of Vakula
expands family. Planting of the grape-creeper makes one have an all-
beautiful wife. Similarly planting of Koli causes sexual enjoyment; planting
of Ketakī destroys one’s enemies.
Consecration of trees has been unique concept of Purā>ic age.
According to the Purā>as, it imparts enjoyment in this world and salvation
in the next. Water containing solution of the drugs known as SarvauCadhi
should be poured over the heads of the trees from whose boughs garland
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should be hung down, and which should be plastered over with rice paste
and covered over with pieces of cloth. The ceremony of Kar>vedha
(perforation of the balls of the ears) should be performed upto them, with
needles made of gold-
ूeKÂRf jRdjRpRf � TÛ\]sf O Ne�a Ne�dRa y।ूeKÂRf jRdjRpRf � TÛ\]sf O Ne�a Ne�dRa y।ूeKÂRf jRdjRpRf � TÛ\]sf O Ne�a Ne�dRa y।ूeKÂRf jRdjRpRf � TÛ\]sf O Ne�a Ne�dRa y।
iiiiT�T�T�T��� Ndk� eu�ÜReÝ�RKkeTO�e�KRp y।।�� Ndk� eu�ÜReÝ�RKkeTO�e�KRp y।।�� Ndk� eu�ÜReÝ�RKkeTO�e�KRp y।।�� Ndk� eu�ÜReÝ�RKkeTO�e�KRp y।।
TrFRÞRÍ �Jußà´ TRiHeOJeOT\�V \K y।TrFRÞRÍ �Jußà´ TRiHeOJeOT\�V \K y।TrFRÞRÍ �Jußà´ TRiHeOJeOT\�V \K y।TrFRÞRÍ �Jußà´ TRiHeOJeOT\�V \K y।
i�áR i�Tb �VR kRi�áR i�Tb �VR kRi�áR i�Tb �VR kRi�áR i�Tb �VR kR ¡ iT©�Rf kb �T\¤pa y।। ¡ iT©�Rf kb �T\¤pa y।। ¡ iT©�Rf kb �T\¤pa y।। ¡ iT©�Rf kb �T\¤pa y।।27272727
And on the masonry platform around them, the Adhivāsa rite of the
pitchers should be celebrated. Offering should be made in honour of the
God Indra and his companion deities, and Homa ceremony should be
performed unto Vanaspati. The Earth Goddess should be invoked out of
the heart of the trees by uttering AbhiCeka mantras-
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s\aMuRkVR]Øpf � T\oRf K N ¢uiÜaka y।s\aMuRkVR]Øpf � T\oRf K N ¢uiÜaka y।s\aMuRkVR]Øpf � T\oRf K N ¢uiÜaka y।s\aMuRkVR]Øpf � T\oRf K N ¢uiÜaka y।
�e¤TRiV\² ू´\kf �URâeuepT\dpa y।।�e¤TRiV\² ू´\kf �URâeuepT\dpa y।।�e¤TRiV\² ू´\kf �URâeuepT\dpa y।।�e¤TRiV\² ू´\kf �URâeuepT\dpa y।।
ã�Rd\Je¤TRiH]w sHaL kR ä TpåK\L।ã�Rd\Je¤TRiH]w sHaL kR ä TpåK\L।ã�Rd\Je¤TRiH]w sHaL kR ä TpåK\L।ã�Rd\Je¤TRiH]w sHaL kR ä TpåK\L।
TrFa�RæÃr� \°Rf KKH]eO� \TrFa�RæÃr� \°Rf KKH]eO� \TrFa�RæÃr� \°Rf KKH]eO� \TrFa�RæÃr� \°Rf KKH]eO� \kaçKL।।kaçKL।।kaçKL।।kaçKL।।28282828
The consecration of trees and gardens imparts the highest merit to
the consecrator and absolves him all sins and demerits- jRjpRML jJR jRjpRML jJR jRjpRML jJR jRjpRML jJR
eie§Tr �FRJRaूeKÂVR।।eie§Tr �FRJRaूeKÂVR।।eie§Tr �FRJRaूeKÂVR।।eie§Tr �FRJRaूeKÂVR।।29292929
Matsya Purā>a has also discussed the process of consecration of trees
and gardens.30 The Purā>a says that the wise, who observes the rites meant
for consecration of trees and dedicated to plantation of trees, obtains all his
desires and attains to endless felicity. One, who plants even one tree
according to the prescribed rites, resides in heaven for over 30000 years of
Indra. The planter of trees, according to the prescribed rites, liberates the
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same number of his past and future manes and attains the highest
perfection, and is never reborn on earth.
Padma Purā>a has also described the method of consecration of
trees.31 The Purā>a says that he, who, plants the trees as per prescribed
rites, attains great prosperity making rebirth difficult. Even that man, who
listens to this, or makes others to listen to it, is honoured by Gods and in
the world of Brahman. The trees alone make a sonless person have a son-
jJRf eie§aRèHeK j NpJRTreIæu�ORa y।jJRf eie§aRèHeK j NpJRTreIæu�ORa y।jJRf eie§aRèHeK j NpJRTreIæu�ORa y।jJRf eie§aRèHeK j NpJRTreIæu�ORa y।
V ãdf éb NVReh´f ौRTV \}Rej aRpTL।।V ãdf éb NVReh´f ौRTV \}Rej aRpTL।।V ãdf éb NVReh´f ौRTV \}Rej aRpTL।।V ãdf éb NVReh´f ौRTV \}Rej aRpTL।।
iH]ej iÏ��K\ d\T �ॄ �ÕuHk\ as|VK \।iH]ej iÏ��K\ d\T �ॄ �ÕuHk\ as|VK \।iH]ej iÏ��K\ d\T �ॄ �ÕuHk\ as|VK \।iH]ej iÏ��K\ d\T �ॄ �ÕuHk\ as|VK \।
�j Nऽt � j Neऽêf jRdjR ëT kNT �K \।।�j Nऽt � j Neऽêf jRdjR ëT kNT �K \।।�j Nऽt � j Neऽêf jRdjR ëT kNT �K \।।�j Nऽt � j Neऽêf jRdjR ëT kNT �K \।।32323232
ConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusion-
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In this way it could be said that Purā>as which are believed to be
religious texts contain significant and relevant information on Horticulture.
If present day scientists go through the Purā>as from this point of view,
they could certainly draw some inspiration and enrich themselves in this
field.
References
1. Agni purā>a-282.1
2. Ibid, 282.2
3. Ibid, 282.3
4. Ibid, 282.6-8
5. Ibid, 282.8-9
6. Ibid, 282.13
7. Ibid, 282.10-11
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8. ViC>udharmottara Purā>a, Part II, 30.18
9. Ibid, 30.23
10. Ibid, 30.28
11. Ibid, 30.30
12. Ibid, 30.31-32
13. Matsya Purā>a, 118.39-41
14. Ibid, 209.1
15. Ibid, 227.92
16. Ibid, 227.93
17. Ibid, 227.94
18. Kūrma Purā>a (Uttarārdha), 16/79
19. Ibid, 16/2
20. Ibid, 16/7
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21. Ibid, 16/8
22. Ibid, 33.36
23. Vāman purā>a, 61/2
24. Agni Purā>a, 168/40
25. Brahmavaivarta Purā>a, KBC>ajanmakha>?a, 103.34-40
26. Padma Purā>a, 1.28.23-31
27. Agni Purā>a, 70/1-2
28. Ibid, 70/3-4
29. Ibid, 70/8
30. Matsya Purā>a, 59.1-19
31. Padma Purā>a, 1.28.1-18
32. Ibid, 1.28.23-24