JGOFS REPORT No. 39 MINUTES of the - Joint Global Ocean ...

JOINT GLOBAL OCEAN FLUX STUDY A Core Project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme

JGOFS REPORT No. 39

MINUTES of the 16th MEETING of the JGOFS

SCIENTIFIC STEERING COMMITTEE

October 2003

Published in Bergen, Norway, October 2003 by: Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research and JGOFS International Project Office Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Centre for Studies of Environment and Resources The Johns Hopkins University University of Bergen Baltimore, MD 21218 5020 Bergen USA NORWAY The Joint Global Ocean Flux Study of the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) is a Core Project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). It is planned by a SCOR/IGBP Scientific Steering Committee. In addition to funds from the JGOFS sponsors, SCOR and IGBP, support is provided for international JGOFS planning and synthesis activities by several agencies and organizations. These are gratefully acknowledged and include the US National Science Foundation, the International Council of Scientific Unions (by funds from the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization), the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, the Research Council of Norway and the University of Bergen, Norway. Disclaimer Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) or editors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) or any other funding bodies, including SCOR, IGBP and JRC. Citation: Minutes of the 16th Meeting of the Scientific Steering Committee for the Joint Global

Ocean Flux Study. Minutes of the 17th Meeting of the Scientific Steering Committee for the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. Minutes of the 18th Meeting of the Scientific Steering Committee for the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. October 2003

ISSN: 1016-7331 Cover: JGOFS and SCOR Logos The JGOFS Reports are distributed free of charge to scientists involved in global change research. Additional copies of the JGOFS reports are available from: Ms. Judith Stokke, Administrative Assistant Tel: +47 5558 4246 JGOFS International Project Office Fax: +47 5558 9687 Centre for Studies of Environment and Resources E-mail: jgofs@uib.no University of Bergen N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY or, from the International JGOFS website: http://www.uib.no/jgofs/jgofs.html

JOINT GLOBAL OCEAN FLUX STUDY

– JGOFS –

REPORT No. 39

October 2003

Minutes from the 16th Meeting of the JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee

Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 7-8 July 2001

Contents

1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................1 1.1. Welcome and Opening Remarks ............................................................................................1 1.2. Report from the Chair.............................................................................................................1 1.3. Approval of the Agenda .........................................................................................................1 1.4. Amsterdam reimbursements and local arrangements.............................................................1

2. Old Business...........................................................................................................................1 2.1. Approval of the Minutes from the 15th SSC Meeting............................................................1 2.2. Second Open Science Conference (Bergen)...........................................................................2 2.3. Synthesis Products: Publication Update.................................................................................2

3. Synthesis Groups & Task Teams Business ............................................................................2 3.1. EPSG (Equatorial Pacific Synthesis & Modelling Group).....................................................3 3.2. NASG (North Atlantic Synthesis & Modelling Group) .........................................................3 3.3. IOSG (Indian Ocean Synthesis & Modelling Group) ............................................................4 3.4. SOSG (Southern Ocean Synthesis & Modelling Group) .......................................................4 3.5. NPSG (North Pacific Synthesis & Modelling Group)............................................................4 3.6. PJTT (Paleo JGOFS Task Team) ...........................................................................................5 3.7. CMTT (Continental Margin Task Team) ...............................................................................5 3.8. DMTT (Data Management Task Team).................................................................................5 3.9. PMTT (Photosynthesis Measurement Task Team) ................................................................5 3.10. JGTT (JGOFS-GAIM Task Team) ........................................................................................5 3.11. GSWG (Global Synthesis and Modelling Working Group)...................................................6

4. International Programmes ......................................................................................................6 4.1. IGBP (International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme)........................................................6

4.1.1. Futures Meeting on Ocean Biogeochemistry ...............................................................6 4.1.2. Open Science Conference (Amsterdam, July 2001) ....................................................7

4.2. SCOR (Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research) .............................................................7 4.2.1. Future Ocean Biogeochemistry....................................................................................7 4.2.2. SCOR–IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2.................................................................8 4.2.3. IOCCG (International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group).........................................8

4.3. WOCE (World Ocean Circulation Experiment).....................................................................8 4.4. POGO (Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans) ..................................................9

5. National Programmes .............................................................................................................9 5.1. United States (Abbott)............................................................................................................9 5.2. Germany (Lochte) ................................................................................................................10 5.3. China-Taipei (Gong) ............................................................................................................10 5.4. Japan (Saino) ........................................................................................................................10 5.5. Chile (Quiñones) ..................................................................................................................11 5.6. Norway (Johannessen) .........................................................................................................12

5.7. Spain (Duarte) ......................................................................................................................13 5.8. China-Beijing (Hong)...........................................................................................................14

5.8.1. Activity Report (Hu) ..................................................................................................16 6. Scientific Steering Committee..............................................................................................17

6.1. Business Issues .....................................................................................................................17 6.2. Other Matters Arising: Executive and SSC Meetings..........................................................17

7. International Project Office ..................................................................................................17 7.1. Data Management Activities (Avril) ....................................................................................17 7.2. Review Budget and Expenses (Hanson)...............................................................................18

8. Other Business......................................................................................................................19 8.1. Next SSC Meeting................................................................................................................19

9. Meeting Adjourns.................................................................................................................19 10. Acronyms .............................................................................................................................20 11. Appendices ...........................................................................................................................24

11.1. APPENDIX 1: List of Participants.......................................................................................24 11.2. APPENDIX 2: Interim Report (USJN article) .....................................................................26 11.3. APPENDIX 3: Activity Calendar & Timeline (updated November 2001) ..........................29 11.4. APPENDIX 4: Practical Information (provided before the Meeting) ..................................32 11.5. APPENDIX 5: Draft Agenda (provided before the meeting)...............................................33 11.6. APPENDIX 6: Status of Actions from the 15th SSC (Bergen 2000)...................................34 11.7. APPENDIX 7: Conference Funds and Expenses (Final Report) .........................................35 11.8. APPENDIX 8: IGBP/Springer-Verlag Book (updated July 2001) ......................................36 11.9. APPENDIX 9: Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group (Le Borgne) ........................................37 11.10. APPENDIX 10: North Atlantic Synthesis Group (Garçon) .................................................38 11.11. APPENDIX 11: Indian Ocean Synthesis Group (Burkill) ...................................................39 11.12. APPENDIX 12: Southern Ocean Synthesis Group (Tréguer)..............................................42 11.13. APPENDIX 13: North Pacific Synthesis Group (Bychkov) ................................................44 11.14. APPENDIX 14: Paleo-JGOFS Task Team (Lochte)............................................................45 11.15. APPENDIX 15: Continental Margins Task Team (Quiñones) ............................................46 11.16. APPENDIX 16: Data Management Task Team (Conkright) ...............................................50 11.17. APPENDIX 17: PMTT Activity Report (Laws) ..................................................................52 11.18. APPENDIX 18: JGOFS-GAIM Task Team (Monfray) .......................................................53 11.19. APPENDIX 19: Global Synthesis and Modelling Working Group (Schlitzer) ...................54 11.20. APPENDIX 20: The Amsterdam Declaration on Global Change........................................56 11.21. APPENDIX 21: SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2 (Wallace) ..............................58 11.22. APPENDIX 22: IOCCG Activity Report (Stuart)................................................................59 11.23. APPENDIX 23: Global Hydrography (Gould) ....................................................................60 11.24. APPENDIX 24: POGO Activity Report (Sathyendranath)..................................................61 11.25. APPENDIX 25: List of SSC Members (as of June 2001)....................................................63 11.26. APPENDIX 26: Year 2000 Budget Table (Final) ................................................................64 11.27. APPENDIX 27: Year 2001 Budget Table (as of August 2001) ...........................................65 11.28. APPENDIX 28: Working Budget and Requests for Year 2002 Allocations........................67 11.29. APPENDIX 29: The relationships among the JGOFS regional synthesis groups, task teams,

program-wide synthesis and global synthesis (updated and redrawn, July 2001)................68

1. INTRODUCTION

The 16th meeting of the JGOFS SSC was held at the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and hosted by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and the Academy. Ducklow, Chair of the SSC, opened the meeting at 0900 on Saturday, 7 July 2001.

1.1. Welcome and Opening Remarks Ducklow greeted the members, new members and guests, and described the objectives and format for the 2-day meeting. Each participant gave short introductory presentations, and after the introductions, Ducklow announced the regrets from Peter Burkill, Bronte Tilbrook, Trevor Platt, Douglas Wallace and Paul Falkowski. Special recognition was provided to the new members, Reiner Schlitzer (Germany), chair of the newly formed Global Synthesis and Modelling Working Group (GSWG), and Huasheng Hong (China-Beijing), 2nd term at-large member approved by IGBP and SCOR Officers. Following the departure of Neil Swanberg (IGBP) and Elizabeth Gross (SCOR), the new IGBP Deputy Director for Natural Sciences, Wendy Broadgate, and the new Executive Director of SCOR, Ed Urban, were recognized and acknowledged at their first JGOFS SSC meeting. In Platt’s absence, Nicolas Hoepffner (JRC, Ispra, Italy) represented IOCCG (International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group). Ducklow also recognised the new staff at the IPO (International Project Office), Bernard Avril and Reidun Gjerde and welcomed them to their first SSC meeting. Guests during the meeting included Larry Atkinson from LOICZ (CMTT) and Ken Buesseler from US JGOFS Planning Office. A list of participants that attended this meeting is given in APPENDIX 1.

1.2. Report from the Chair Ducklow briefly reviewed JGOFS progress towards synthesis and modelling since the 15th Meeting (April 2000) and addressed several points made recently in an USJN article (APPENDIX 2): fieldwork nears completion, regional synthesis and modelling activities continues along with parallel activities in IGBP synthesis, retrieval of all JGOFS data sets remains a high priority, new activities initiated in ocean modelling, transition programmes in ocean biogeochemistry fully recognized internationally, and the release of publications from the project, e.g., AMBIO Special Report No. 10, IGBP Science Series No. 2, and Deep-Sea Research Part II volumes. To the chairs of the synthesis groups and task teams contributing to the Synthesis Plan (Figure 1), he expressed his gratitude and appreciation, and pointed towards the activities that lies immediately ahead on the calendar (APPENDIX 3).

1.3. Approval of the Agenda A draft agenda and working papers was distributed before the meeting, and the agenda was approved without comments, additions or deletions (APPENDIX 4). The agenda focuses on the progress of the regional groups and task teams engaged in synthesis, review of the international and national efforts engaged in the future of ocean biogeochemistry, review of national efforts engaged in synthesis and modelling activities, and plans for the third and final JGOFS Open Science Conference. The minutes of the 16th SSC Meeting include all submitted working papers (reports on activities and progress) since the 15th SSC Meeting in April 2000 (Bergen, Norway). A list of all acronyms appears on page 26 of the minutes.

1.4. Amsterdam reimbursements and local arrangements Reidun Gjerde (IPO) provided information on the local arrangements, reimbursement procedures and bank forms, and logistics for the SSC dinner (APPENDIX 5).

2. OLD BUSINESS

2.1. Approval of the Minutes from the 15th SSC Meeting The SSC reviewed the minutes and status of each action items (APPENDIX 6) from the 15th Meeting in Bergen, April 2000. The SSC approved the minutes as written. Hanson mentioned that the minutes will be placed on the JGOFS web site and later printed in the JGOFS Report Series.

2.2. Second Open Science Conference (Bergen) Hanson reported on the final statistics and finances of the 2nd JGOFS OSC held in Bergen last April 2000. Briefly, 218 participants registered that included 10 invited speakers, 58 contributing speakers, 110 posters, 40 general participants, and 5+ unregistered students (day participants). Over 23 countries were represented at the Conference. Countries with >30 abstracts included USA (36)1, France (31) and Germany (31); countries with 10-12 abstracts each were UK, Norway, Japan and India; and countries with <9 abstracts each were Australia, Belgium, Bermuda, Canada, Chile, China-Beijing, China-Taipei, Columbia, Denmark, Italy, Kenya, Monaco, New Zealand, Puerto Rico, Spain and Turkey. The Best Student Speaker was Laurent Bopp with co-authors Patrick Monfray, Olivier Aumont, James C. Orr, Jean-Louis Dufresne and Hervé Le Treut (France) on “Potential impact of climate change on marine production”; and the Best Student Poster was Xavier Giraud with co-authors Philippe Bertrand, Véronique Garçon and Isabelle Dadou (France) on “Sensitivity of the NW African and Benguela upwelling systems to the sea level change: a modelling approach using nitrogen isotopes”. The conference cost US$164,700, and the final finances are given in APPENDIX 7.

2.3. Synthesis Products: Publication Update Hanson reported that the editors completed the science editing of the AMBIO Special Report No. 10 (May 2001) and the IGBP Science Series No. 2 (July 2001) and that both issues are now being distributed to the JGOFS community. The former publication is targeted to the global climate research scientists and ocean biogeochemists while the latter is written in a style adapted for ministers and directors of funding agencies, government officials, NGO (non-governmental organizations) and other decision-makers. For the Springer-Verlag book, Hanson informed the SSC that Fasham has received 8 of the 12 chapters, and they are out for peer review or being revised (APPENDIX 8). The others are expected shortly and are needed to fill the gaps. Publication has now slipped from late 2001 to mid 2002. Fasham also reported that Angela Bayfield was hired as the book’s editor manager. She is presently the managing editor for Progress in Oceanography. Lochte felt that some pressure on chapter authors is needed and that there is help available. Ducklow agreed and has offered Fasham help in retrieving chapters. Hanson emphasised that the technical editing must be completed this year due to the conditions under the ICSU funds, or unused funds must be returned to ICSU, which would embarrass SCOR Officers and hinder future efforts to raise ICSU funds.

3. SYNTHESIS GROUPS & TASK TEAMS BUSINESS

Ducklow briefly reviewed the future plans for the global synthesis of JGOFS research (see Illustration: APPENDIX 29). In addition, US JGOFS confirmed that the 3rd and final JGOFS Open Science Conference would be held 5-8 May 2003, which coincides with the completion of USA funding. The conference site is the US National Academy of Sciences in Washington DC. Planning has begun and full international participation is essential to its success. Public lectures in collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution are being considered. Mark Abbott, US JGOFS SC Chair, requested suggestions from the international JGOFS SSC for special sessions, speakers, and activities (see §6.1 US JGOFS national report) Ducklow requested a brief progress report from the chairs of the Synthesis Groups, Task Teams and Working Group.

1 Abstracts from the aforementioned country

3.1. EPSG (Equatorial Pacific Synthesis & Modelling Group) Le Borgne reported on the EPSG membership and described past activities and future plans of the EPSG (APPENDIX 9). A concern arising from the report was the need of data from Japan for the forthcoming CD-ROM. Saino mentioned that (Nozaki), chair of the data management advisory group at JODC (Japan Ocean Data Centre) should be contacted, as almost all metadata from North Pacific Process Study has been written. Le Borgne, as well as Conkright, felt that they are missing cruise and observation data in the inventory of the North and the Equatorial Pacific Process Studies and the CO2 survey. Saino explained that the problems are related to data policy in JODC, which is different from that at JAMSTEC, where the data are held 2-3 years before it is sent to JODC. Le Borgne requested help from DMTT to retrieve at least the metadata and the relevant references of publications. Saino also mentioned a project-tagging problem, i.e., if a project is not identified as a JGOFS project, then data will not be released to JGOFS researchers. Le Borgne updated the SSC on the DSR II volume, co-editors R. Feely, D. Mackey and R. Le Borgne, planned for publication in 2002. The editors met in Hobart recently and wrote the introduction to the Equatorial Pacific synthesis volume. All manuscripts are due August 2001 for peer review. ACTION: Le Borgne will submit a workshop proposal and request financial support in Year 2002.

3.2. NASG (North Atlantic Synthesis & Modelling Group) Garçon reported on the NASG membership and described past activities and future plans of the NASG (APPENDIX 10). The 3rd NASG meeting was held in Arcachon, 15-16 January 2001. A report is now available on the JGOFS web site and will be printed in the JGOFS Report Series. Next year the group will move to replace Drange and Wallace who are rotating off, and the group is announcing a Special Issue publication in Deep Sea Research Part II on JGOFS Research in the North Atlantic Ocean: A Decade of Research, Synthesis and Modelling, Volume 48, No 10, May 2001. Wolfgang Koeve and Hugh Ducklow are guest editors. Garçon also reported on the “Green Ocean Model” workshop held in Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, June 2001. The “Green Ocean” meeting was organised by Corinne LeQuéré with financial support also from IGBP/GAIM Task Force. Participants focussed on several key issues, such as the controls of CO2 at different time scales, tracers of the carbon cycle, DMS, Fe, services to fisheries, and CO2 sequestration. ”Green Ocean” wants to bring more dynamics in the coupling of biophysical models. Regarding the “Green Ocean Model” and GAIM Task Force, Ducklow felt that GAIM needs stronger interactions with GLOBEC and LOICZ in the future, in addition to their links with JGOFS via JGTT (OCMIP) group. Anderson concurred and provided another example where stronger ties are urgently required: Continental Margins. How do we integrate margins in inverse modelling? The answer will help us setting boundary conditions between margins and oceans. Garçon returned to the issue of the AMT (Atlantic Meridional Transect) and data availability, which was discussed last year in Bergen. The NASG recommends that future AMT ship schedule not undergo any major change and certainly not less than the frequency of twice a year cruises (see Footnote #2). The AMT programme after a one-year hiatus measures physical, biological and bio-optical properties and processes through the diverse ecosystems of the North and South Atlantic Oceans. The primary objective is to improve the understanding and interpretation of the functional relationships between biological particles and processes, and ocean colour. Modelling work covers in particular the North Atlantic, including shelf waters. A special issue of Progress in Oceanography, Volume 45, No. 3-4, 2000, is devoted to the Atlantic Meridional Transect. NASG future plans and needs include a synthesis group meeting, a link in the France-JGOFS website to PI and groups, a CMTT link to NASG (plus OMEX), initiating of interactions between NASG and GSTT, and planning of a joint session at the 2002 EGS meeting.

ACTION: Garçon will request nominations for the new members and seek JGOFS Executive approval of candidates. ACTION: Garçon recommends that JGOFS support the AMT application to NERC for the continuation of the programme2. ACTION: Garçon will submit a proposal requesting Year 2002 financial support.

3.3. IOSG (Indian Ocean Synthesis & Modelling Group) Burkill sent regrets and asked Ducklow/Hanson to report on the IOSG membership and to describe past activities and future plans of the IOSG (APPENDIX 11). Hanson informed the SSC that Louisa Watts, Peter Burkill and Sharon Smith edited a synthesis report in June and now available for comments. The draft report was circulated among the SSC. After review, the committee strongly endorsed the report and recommended that the editors and authors finish the editing process, and send it to the IPO for the JGOFS Report Series and the JGOFS International web site. After a long search, Burkill recommended Sharon Smith to lead the IOSG activities and requested SSC approval. ACTION: The SSC unanimously supported Burkill recommendation and approved Smith as the next Chair of the IOSG. Burkill remains on the IOSG until the synthesis group disbands.

3.4. SOSG (Southern Ocean Synthesis & Modelling Group) Tréguer reported on the SOSG membership and past and future activities (APPENDIX 12). From the 3rd Southern Ocean Brest symposium, 2 special issues in DSR II are planned: one will be submitted in July (P. Tréguer, P. Pondaven, B. Anderson, M. Abbott, eds.) and another in October 2001. In 2002, SOSG is planning a special Southern Ocean session at the AGU/ASLO OSM in February and a SOSG workshop-meeting following the OSM at the University of Hawaii. APPENDIX 12 includes several national reports (recent and future plans). In addition to the Fe experiments mentioned in the German-JGOFS report (see §6.2), Lochte informed the SSC that Victor Smetacek is also preparing an Iron Experiment for this fall (2001), where north and south polar waters are to be distinguished. ACTION: SOSG has not finished revising their new synthesis modelling ToR. IPO sent the Executive comments on revision of the ToR to Bathmann back in June 2000.

3.5. NPSG (North Pacific Synthesis & Modelling Group) Bychkov reported on the NPSG membership, past activities and future plans (APPENDIX 13). Bychkov described two joint PICES-JGOFS sessions on carbon cycle and ecosystem dynamics during the PICES IX meeting in Japan last October and the upcoming joint session on plankton size classes and function during PICES X meeting in Canada this October. A publication will follow in Oceanography. For data synthesis, a workshop was held during PICES IX and the National Institute will publish a report for Environmental Studies (NIES) and in the PICES Science Report series. For CO2 data intercomparison, there were 15 labs involved (7 from Japan; 4 from USA; one from Canada, Russian Federation, South Korea, and China-Taipei. A report is also expected from NIES. For the data exchange and integration (see PICES newsletter, Volume 9 (2): 20-21, 2001), JODC, US-NODC, CDIAC, MEDS, etc. have formed links to compile an International North Pacific Data Inventory for CO2 and CO2-related data. This inventory will be available through the JODC (MIRC/IJCD) web site. Garçon asked how much of those data are included in the last Takahashi’s inventory and what is the status of the data inventory? Bychkov estimated that 30% of the inventory might be included in Takahashi’s latest assessment. Bychkov also reported that NPSG expects an issue in Deep-Sea Research II with Arthur Chen, Paul Harrison, Toshiro Saino and Alexander Bychkov (eds.) in early 2002. At present, there are six papers from Canada and Japan, 1 paper each from China-Beijing and China-Taipei. The USA has not submitted any papers to the issue. Another publication is expected in Journal of Oceanography (late 2003). Conkright asked whether the CD-ROM in the DSR II issue includes data. Bychkov felt that it 2 Update on the AMT application. In November 2001, NERC notified Carol Robinson at PML that the application to continue the AMT programme was approved (the first NERC consortium grant). The first of six cruises is planned for September 2002, but actual time depends on ships logistics.

depends on the funding agency policy, and JAMSTEC is one of the most reluctant to provide access to data because of its data releasing policy. Plans for future cruises in the North Pacific still continue. Canada plans to support three cruises per year to Station PAPA, and Japan has scheduled two annual cruises (summer and winter) in western North Pacific (Station KNOT). In addition, there are plans for an Iron Fertilisation Experiment at station PAPA in the North Pacific in May 2003. ACTION: Bychkov confirmed that the overdue reports on past NPSG meetings would be submitted soon.

3.6. PJTT (Paleo JGOFS Task Team) Lochte reported on the PJTT membership and its past and future activities (APPENDIX 14). The first meeting of the PJTT was last summer and at a subsequent meeting in Germany, plans were made to propose a new SCOR Working Group, which will promote the main tasks of the PJTT. In the fall (2001), an international, 2-day workshop is planned, which is opened to all interested scientists (30-40 participants plus 2 invited speakers). The important function of this workshop will be to provide input to the plan for Future Ocean Biogeochemistry Studies that is being developed now as a new future IGBP focus.

3.7. CMTT (Continental Margin Task Team) Quiñones reported on the CMTT membership and on its past and future activities (APPENDIX 15). The CMTT synthesis plan, including the publication of a book, is well underway with the completion of several workshops on the Eastern-Western Boundary Current Systems (Fall 2000), the Polar Margins and Seas (Summer 2001), and the Tropical Margins and Seas (planned for Fall 2001). A book is being prepared for publication in 2003 on the assessment of carbon exchanges at the margins. However, to fill an obvious gap on global coverage in the assessment, Task Team and workshop Chairs recommended that a fourth workshop be held in the near future on Sub-Polar Ecosystems. Quiñones also reported on an upcoming meeting at UNESCO in Paris from 8-11 August 2001, called COASTS (Coastal Ocean Advanced Scientific and Technical Studies). Several members of JGOFS and LOICZ will attend.

3.8. DMTT (Data Management Task Team) Conkright reported on the DMTT membership and on its recent and future activities (APPENDIX 16). She mentioned that the last proposal to NASA has been rejected and there are no USA funds to gather JGOFS level 1 datasets and burn on CD-ROM(s). Steffen suggested that NIAES might help. NIAES is designed for data collection of environmental projects and that Robert (Bob) Costanza in the US might help. Conkright will contact Costanza and also provide her proposal (to NSF) to anyone who is interested is seeking DMTT support. Lochte volunteered to lead a proposal through the EU for possible funding and Steffen mentioned that he would send a letter and/or discuss the issue of JGOFS data management at the next Intergovernmental Funding Agencies meeting. ACTION: Conkright and Avril agreed to draft a letter that supports the urgent funding for international data management to assist global synthesis and modelling groups. Conkright also urged the SG and TT chairs to invite a DMTT member or a national data manager to their meetings when such meetings are held in their countries. Such action would facilitate greater cooperation between observationalists, modellers and data managers.

3.9. PMTT (Photosynthesis Measurement Task Team) Hanson reported that the PMTT, disbanded in 1999, is finishing up with the last remaining task, the Photosynthesis Measurement Manual (APPENDIX 17). We plan to print it in JGOFS Report Series later this year.

3.10. JGTT (JGOFS-GAIM Task Team) Monfray reported on the JGTT membership and Terms of Reference (APPENDIX 18) and its recent and future activities. Regarding members, Monfray requested approval of Nicolas Gruber (UCLA, USA) replacing Raymond Najjar on the Task Team. Future activities include model comparison with tracers such as 13C, 3He, etc. and participation in OCMIP posters cluster. Monfray also proposed an

open workshop with GAIM-TF, JGOFS-GAIM Task Team and the new JGOFS GSWG in Italy in May-June 2002. Critical for this workshop is data accessibility. ACTION: SSC approved the membership change of Nikki Gruber for Ray Najjar.

3.11. GSWG (Global Synthesis and Modelling Working Group) Schlitzer reported on the GSWG membership and Terms of Reference and its plans for future activities (APPENDIX 19). He mentioned that he and the members drafted its ToR following the model of previous synthesis groups and recommended that the new initiative be called a Working Group to avoid confusion with the disbanded Global Synthesis and Modelling Task Team (1999) and because of its closer ties to the observational approach. Ducklow felt that the ToR needed more focus, e.g., specific products, to insure that the results are transferred to future programmes and requested that the SSC members provide further inputs to GSWG ToR. Schlitzer confirmed that he and the GSWG would revise/modify the ToR after considering SSC comments for approval. Regarding data acquisition for the working group, Schlitzer emphasised that model validation and calibration are made with very few large datasets because of a lack of agreement between the algorithms and the methods. He felt that the GSWG could help alleviate some of the data availability problem experienced thus far mentioned in JGOFS (DMTT and JGTT). Hoepffner also mentioned that there is a similar need for the validation and calibration of satellite data, e.g., SIMBIOS.

4. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMMES

4.1. IGBP (International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme) Steffen reported that after several meetings, a prospectus has been drafted regarding the next decade of Global Change Research, called the “Joint Carbon Project” (JCP). The joint sponsors are IGBP, WCRP, IHDP and DIVERSITAS. The JCP prospectus focuses on (i) spatial and temporal patterns, and variabilities, (ii) underlying processes and feedbacks (up to socio-economic aspects), and (iii) carbon futures (including societal consequences). The JCP adds value compared to what there is now. He announced that next Saturday, there would be a Carbon meeting at the KNAW, open to all interested global change research scientists. The JCP will include the future of global ocean science(s) with SOLAS, CLIVAR and possibly marine biogeochemistry. Lochte mentioned that the new joint plan has common characteristics with future EU Marine Framework; and Ducklow added with the earlier US Carbon Science Plan. Elements of those plans and reports from other ocean meetings were taken into account during the development of the JCP. Anderson questioned the 10-year life span attached to the future plans? Steffen replied that the JCP must be visible and realistic, and a timeline forces synthesis. The national funding agencies support this science framework (fieldwork, integration and assessment). Atkinson asked how does IGOS fit into those plans. Steffen replied that IGOS would be integrated along with IPCC matters. Hoepffner added that the EU initiative will have an environment-monitoring component in its plans, and Bychkov inserted that there will also be a CLIVAR / PICES session at the next annual PICES meeting in B.C., Canada in October 2001. Haugan also cited that during the Southampton meeting on ocean transport of heat, CO2, etc., CLIVAR offered to help with logistics. Monfray added that there is not only a need for repetitive transects (WOCE lines) but also moorings, time-series, and automatic buoys.

4.1.1. Futures Meeting on Ocean Biogeochemistry Broadgate briefly presented the Ocean Futures Plan, lead by Peter Burkill (chair). The next steps will be to set recommendations, research strategy and identify new projects in a coherent framework. Ducklow emphasised that there is a need for a clearly identified framework for marine biogeochemistry. Steffen acknowledged this concern and mentioned that the gap after JGOFS must be minimised. Ducklow asserted that JGOFS sunset date is approaching fast and the ocean biogeochemistry community will need an implementation plan soon. Input from JGOFS synthesis and modelling phase will help the process, says Steffen. The details of the ocean biogeochemical framework will be heard from John Field later (see Section 4.2.1 under SCOR).

4.1.2. Open Science Conference (Amsterdam, July 2001) Broadgate commented briefly on the plenary, sessions and posters at the OSC, 10-13 July in Amsterdam. She felt that the OSC would provide an important platform to launch IGBP-WCRP-IHDP-DIVERSITAS new joint efforts in global change research. A document, called the Amsterdam Declaration (APPENDIX 20) and signed by the four directors of the international programmes, would be circulated for signatures during the conference. In regards to the poster sessions, Hanson informed the SSC that the IPO developed two posters on JGOFS (one on the organization and structure with other programmes, and another on major science highlights). Avril circulated coloured A4 copies of the posters. For the JGOFS displays, Hanson asked for SSC volunteers to stand by the posters at the IGBP / IHDP / WCRP booth during the breaks and lunches, meet the global change communities, and answer questions/inquiries on JGOFS research. It is important for the community to hear from the JGOFS experts in the field of ocean biogeochemistry. The following people volunteered: Lochte, Ducklow, Le Borgne, Garçon, Atkinson, Anderson, Hong, and Saino. In addition to the booth posters, a duplicate set of posters would be displayed with US JGOFS handout material (brochure) during the Ocean and Coastal Poster sessions. Lochte informed the participants of the joint JGOFS-LOICZ-GLOBEC Ocean and Coastal session at the OSC and invited everyone to attend.

4.2. SCOR (Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research) Urban reviewed a few activities at SCOR. He mentioned in particular the new initiatives on harmful algal blooms, GEOHAB (Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms, SSC Chair Patrick Gentien, France), air-sea interactions, SOLAS (Surface Ocean and Lower Atmosphere Study, SSC Chair Peter Liss, UK), phytoplankton and global change (Marine Phytoplankton and Global Climate Regulation: the Phaeocystis spp. Cluster as a Model, WG 120, WC Chair Winfred Gieskes, The Netherlands), and export production (Sediment Trap and Th-234 Methods for Particulate Organic Carbon Export in the Upper Ocean, WG 116, WG Chair Ken Buesseler, WHOI, USA). In response to Haugan’s question on GEOHAB, Urban said that there is no link to IGBP at the moment, but SCOR would entertain joint partners.

4.2.1. Future Ocean Biogeochemistry Field presented an overview of the Future Ocean Biogeochemistry plans and issues arising. At present the SCOR-IGBP Ocean Future Committee (OFC) consists of Peter Burkill (Chair), John Field (SCOR reporter), Robert Costanza, Raja Ganeshram, Julie Hall, W. Jenkins, Kon-Kee Liu, Celia Marrasé, Patrick Monfray, Richard Matear, Bradley Opdyke, Shubha Sathyendranath, John Steele, and Doug Wallace. The key questions are: What controls the time-varying biogeochemical state of the oceanic system and how it changes in response to global change? How do marine food web respond? How will the accumulations of carbon compounds within the ocean respond? The common themes are (1) role of the marine food web in the twilight zone, (2) comparison of food web structures and functions in the continental margin and the open ocean, (3) change in the marine food web on decadal or centennial time scales, (4) integrate across the size spectrum from bacteria to fishes, and (5) coupling-decoupling of the biogeochemical cycles of C, N, P, Si. He also mentioned the need to involve CLIVAR (WCRP), SOLAS and other international marine programmes. A draft progress report of the OFC will be delivered to SCOR in October 2001, and the final meeting will be held in Barcelona, December 2001. In 2002, OFC will request IGBP SC review. Field received good feedbacks on the ocean future report from the SSC, for example, improper wording should be checked, like “accumulation of respired carbon”; what is the “twilight zone?”. Field defined the “twilight zone” between the 1%-PAR and 1000-m depths; paleo-aspects should be more explicit; present focus is on a biological approach of the ecosystem; ocean future needs to involve CLIVAR; Fe is missing in the list of elements for which cycle will be studied; ocean future need to involve GOOS for long-term observations and monitoring; must define how ocean futures fit into the current-future, national-international frameworks. Field commented that this is only a recommendation to SCOR and IGBP and the group work will end at the end of 2001; report needs to be more than just recommendations but needs to prioritise and address mid-term questions; there should be an

announcement of opportunity; there is a need for bottom-up inputs from scientists; need realistic, shorter-term, more focused items. It is too broad. Why another plan from IGBP & SCOR when money will be let from national agencies, which may not follow that plan? Field mentioned that there exists feedback but it is a perennial problem in timing. The European Marine Science Plan could also be helpful; and the plans are quite similar at the international and the national levels. So, there are some agreements in future plans.

4.2.2. SCOR–IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2 Ducklow announced Doug Wallace regrets and asked Haugan to provide a brief report on the Advisory Panel committee (APPENDIX 21). Haugan reported that the Advisory Panel, which has evolved from the previous IOC-JGOFS CO2 Advisory Panel, with Doug Wallace as chair. The revised ToR for the Advisory Panel includes long-term carbon observations as one of the primary targets. Scott Doney (NCAR, Boulder, CO, USA) and Maria Hood (IOC, UNESCO, Paris, France), with broad input from the community, have prepared a background report on ocean carbon observations as a contribution to the integrated global observing system (IGOS) process. The report is available from Maria Hood at IOC. The Advisory Panel furthermore continues activities started by the previous panel in particular on maintaining high quality on ocean carbon observations, and has also started the process of assembling information in order to keep a watching brief on activities of ocean carbon sequestration. This panel will be actively used by the OOPC and thereby GOOS. The Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) structure has changed recently. A GOOS Steering Committee now oversees development in interaction with the intergovernmental committee (I-GOOS) and the GOOS Office at IOC in Paris. The Ocean Observations Panel for Climate (OOPC), chaired by Neville Smith, takes responsibility for designing global observing systems for the deep ocean, while a new Coastal Ocean Observations Panel (COOP), formed from three previously existing panels, deals with issues like living resources and pollution. The OOPC with its broad mandate relies on a number of panels and committees for input and advice. There was a discussion concerning the many facets of GOOS and different related groups and organizations. With particular reference to JGOFS science, the Partnership for Global Observations (POGO) was mentioned as potentially useful for deep ocean carbon and tracer work (in conjunction with hydrography). The question was raised to what extent CLIVAR is interested in carbon cycle science. CLIVAR certainly aims to contribute to design of long-term climate observations with clear links to GOOS.

4.2.3. IOCCG (International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group) Hoepffner reported that Trevor Platt is the IOCCG Chair and the website is www.ioccg.org/. Three reports are now available from the working groups (WGs). There are several ongoing WGs, such as calibration (Robert Frouin), comparison of algorithms (M. Wang), coordination of datasets (?), operational ocean color (Chris Brown), level 3 (composite) products (David Antoine), extraterrestrial solar flux (J. Müller), and reports will follow. Courses are being offered on remote sensing for scientists from developing countries. Tréguer asked what the recent progresses are in remote sensing of non-chlorophyll pigments and in remote sensing in coastal waters. Not much, replied Hoepffner. Hong asked what about detection of red tides? Hoepffner gave the same answer. Venetia Stuart (IOCCG, c/o BIO, Halifax, N.S., Canada) provided an overview of IOCCG activity (APPENDIX 22)

4.3. WOCE (World Ocean Circulation Experiment) Haugan provided a brief recap of the JGOFS/WOCE Ocean CO2 Transport workshop held in Southampton, 25-29 June. A discussion and an initiative developed during the workshop for a joint WCRP/IGBP initiative to ensure that hydrographic measurements already planned (and identified as being required) go ahead to the mutual benefit of WCRP (through CLIVAR) and IGBP (through JGOFS and new ocean biogeochemistry programmes). A recent communication on the Global Hydrography Initiative is given in APPENDICES 23.

4.4. POGO (Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans) Following Field’s presentation on the future of ocean biogeochemistry (see §5.2), Ducklow asked Field for a brief report and update on POGO, as he chaired the recent Biology Workshop for POGO. Details of the workshop are highlighted in POGO activity report (APPENDIX 24). For further information, please visit the website: www.sioworld.ucsd.edu/pogo.html.

5. NATIONAL PROGRAMMES

National chairs and contacts provided the following national reports before the meeting. Unfortunately, time did not allow for any oral presentation during the SSC meeting. Reports are provided here as part of the record.

5.1. United States (Abbott) 1) Field Work: Field programmes continue at the Time Series Stations located near Bermuda and Hawaii. A workshop on time series research will be held at the Bermuda Biological Research Station in September 2001. 2) Publications: The following Deep-Sea Research II special issues have been recently published: Volume 47(15-16), 2000, U.S. Southern Ocean JGOFS Program (AESOPS). Volume 48(6-7), 2001, The 1994-1996 Arabian Sea Expedition: Oceanic Response to Monsoonal Forcing, Part 4. Volume 48(8-9), 2001, HOT and BATS: Interpretations of Open Ocean Biogeochemical Processes. A second Southern Ocean volume is in press, a third Southern Ocean volume is presently soliciting manuscripts, and a fifth Arabian Sea issue is in preparation. The US-JGOFS Newsletter (USJN) is published four times per year and distributed to approximately 1800 scientists, program managers, policy makers and educational centres. A searchable subject index for past issues is maintained on the US JGOFS web site and new issues are available on line in PDF format. 3) Steering Committee Activities: The SC is continuing to focus on management of the Time-Series Stations and the US JGOFS Data Management Office (DMO), oversight of the Synthesis and Modeling Program (SMP). The SC convened last in February 2000, and will meet again 16-18 October 2001 in Woods Hole. 4) Synthesis and Modeling Program: Principal investigators of the Synthesis and Modeling Program (SMP) held their annual workshop in at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in July 2000. The next SMP workshop is planned for 16-20 July 2001. A topical workshop on marine calcification was recently held at WHOI (6-8 June 2001) and another topical workshop on iron dynamics is planned for 19-21 September 2001 in Monterey, California. Results from SMP research and standard data sets are now being delivered using the SMP/Live Access Server, which can be accessed via the US-JGOFS web site. 5) Research Opportunities: The US National Science Foundation anticipates issuing one more Announcement of Opportunity (August 2001) for proposals to carry out research in support of the Synthesis and Modeling Program. This represents the final opportunity to obtain support from the US NSF for US JGOFS research. NASA will be announcing the results of its first Carbon Cycle Science solicitation shortly. The NASA program includes ocean, land, and atmosphere studies of carbon cycling. 6) Public Outreach: US JGOFS has two "legacy documents" highlighting US JGOFS achievements. The first is a brochure designed for the general public, which can be ordered from usjgofs.whoi.edu. Over 4000 copies of this brochure have already been distributed worldwide. The second is a series of articles designed for non-JGOFS scientists that will appear in Oceanography (published by The Oceanography Society) in November 2001. Manuscripts for this special issue are presently being

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reviewed. The US JGOFS web site has been completely redesigned to make it easier for JGOFS and non-JGOFS researchers to learn about US JGOFS activities and locate data sets. 7) Open Science Conference: US JGOFS is planning to host the next JGOFS Open Science Conference, 5-8 May 2003 in Washington DC, to coincide the completion of the JGOFS funding cycle in the US. The conference will be held at the facilities of the US National Academy of Sciences. Planning has begun for this conference. Suggestions for special sessions, speakers, and activities are welcome! Public lectures in collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution are being considered. International participation is essential to the success of this conference. 8) Future Carbon Cycle Science Programs: Research agencies in the US have begun active discussions and planning for continuing research on carbon cycle processes, including land, atmosphere, and ocean. US JGOFS researchers are active participants in these planning activities. 9) Ocean Color Satellites: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) are presently considering the continued operation of SeaWiFS. SeaWiFS is providing essential benchmark measurements critical for other ocean color sensors, such as MODIS, GLI, and MERIS.

5.2. Germany (Lochte) German JGOFS continues to carry out synthesis and modelling activities in the Arabian Sea and in the North Atlantic Ocean. The German Ministry of Research funds these two projects for two years until end of 2002 and summer 2003, respectively. In both cases, the emphasis is on analysing the data from the previous field studies and on bringing together the results of many different groups in order to achieve a synthesis of main driving processes and to improve the coupled biogeochemical models. Data archiving for long-term stewardship is another main aim of both projects. The Alfred-Wegener Institute coordinates the Southern Ocean JGOFS activities in Germany. An iron fertilisation experiment (EISENEX) was carried out with R/V Polarstern with international participation. The results supported the earlier SOIREE study and more detailed analyses were carried out in the EISENEX study promising interesting new insights. A further iron enrichment experiment is presently planned.

5.3. China-Taipei (Gong) Taiwan has been actively engaged in research related to the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) since 1989. The major contribution of Taiwan to JGOFS was the Kuroshio Edge Exchange Processes (KEEP) project, which ended in July 2000. A special issue of the Continental Shelf Research on KEEP was published as the initial product of the synthesis effort of KEEP (Wong et al., 2000). The outcome of KEEP along with other contemporary biogeochemical studies on continental margins have drawn global attention as to raise the issue that the continental margin carbon fluxes are significant in the global carbon cycle (Liu et al., 2000a,b). While the JGOFS has entered the synthesis stage, oceanographers on Taiwan continue to organize new projects for the ocean biogeochemistry related to Global Change Research. Three new projects are emerging: the Long-term Observation & Research of the East China Sea (LORECS), the South China Sea Integrated Biogeochemical Experiment (SIBEX) and the South-East Asia Time-series Station (SEATS). The goal of LORECS is to investigate the biogeochemical processes in the ECS that lead to uptake of anthropogenic CO2 and to detect the likely changes resulting from damming of the Changjiang (previously the Yangtze River) in the future. The goal of SIBEX is to study major biogeochemical processes and the food webs of the South China Sea. The goal of SEATS is to understand the upper ocean dynamics and biogeochemical fluxes in the water column at a time-series station in the South China Sea in response to different physical forcings, from monsoon to El Niño events.

5.4. Japan (Saino) The JGOFS North Pacific Process Study (NPPS), for which JGOFS-Japan took a major part, completed its phase of intensive filed observations in March 2000. Some of the sub-programmes of the North Pacific Process Study, e.g., CREST-KNOT (Kyodo North Pacific Ocean Time Series) observation, SAGE (Sub Arctic Gyre Experiment), CREST-Okhotsk Sea programme (Air-Sea-Ice Interaction),

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West-COSMIC (CO2 dumping assessment), are still on-going. In addition to those, the GCMAPS (Global Carbon Cycle Mapping) programme is conducting field survey in the western equatorial Pacific. Some of the results from the NPPS are submitted to the Deep-Sea Research II special volume on the North Pacific Biogeochemical Processes, to be published in June 2002. The National Committee of JGOFS was re-organized in October 2000. The chairmanship of Nobuhiko Handa (Aichi Prefectural University) was taken over by Toshiro Saino, and Yukihiro Nojiri (National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba) was appointed as a new chair of the Data Management Advisory Group. New committee members’ term is from October 2000 through September 2003. The committee has met twice and determined its objectives. Those are 1) to lead the synthesis phase of the Japanese JGOFS North Pacific Process Study, 2) to promote management and archiving of the data not only obtained in the NPPS, but also historical data utilized in the synthesis studies, and 3) to establish a national plan for the future ocean biogeochemistry study in conjunction with national committees for LOICZ, GLOBEC, and newly established committee for SOLAS. The National Committee for SOLAS was established in November 2000. Chairman is Mitsuo Uematsu (Ocean Research Institute, Univ. Tokyo) and some of the members are shared with the JGOFS Committee. It is planned that the draft report be completed by the end of March 2002. JGOFS Japan is working closely with PICES. Yukihiro Nojiri serves as a member of PICES WG13 on CO2 data integration. A PICES CO2 Data Integration Implementation Workshop will be held in Tokyo from July 31 to August 2, 2001. Nojiri also leads a working group named IJCD (Inventory for Japanese Chemical-oceanographic Data) whose member are comprised of data originators in most of the major organisations, data managers of JODC, and scientists of Marine Information Research Centre associated with JODC. Now, a test web site is established at MIRC (www.mirc.jha.or.jp/).

5.5. Chile (Quiñones) The activities of JGOFS-Chile can be classified in three major periods: 1991-1997, 1997-2000, 2000-to date. In what follows, a brief description of each of the periods is given: 1991-1997 Funded mostly by the project "Marine Natural Resources: JGOFS/SAREC" (Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation), the JGOFS-Chile Programme started in 1991. The study site was located offshore Coquimbo (central-north Chile, 30ºS) and included the mooring of deep sediment traps and current meters. These moorings and its time-series have been kept until today. Biogeochemical intensive studies were conducted mostly on 15 short cruises (about one week each). This is also the period when JGOFS-Chile has a well-structured organization with periodic meetings and some funding for organizational matters. It is important to note that these activities were essential in triggering the higher levels of funding obtained in the next period. 2) 1997-2000 This period is characterized by the Chilean-government funding of two major research programmes. Both programmes were affiliated to JGOFS-Chile. a) Primary production and its fate in the pelagic food web and ocean-atmosphere CO2 exchange in the upwelling ecosystem of Antofagasta. Grant SECTORIAL/FONDECYT 5960002-96 (CONICYT, Chile). Total Funds: US$350.000. Duration: 2 years. This multidisciplinary grant conducted two major cruises fully dedicated to the study of biogeochemical processes (January 1997, July 1998) in the Antofagasta area (23ºS). Measurements never conducted before in the Humboldt Current System were implemented such as pC02 and DOC measurements. b) FONDAP-Humboldt Programme “Circulation and Physical-Biological Interactions in the Humboldt Current System (HCS) and their Impact upon Regional Biogeochemical Cycling” (CONICYT, Chile). Total Funds: US$ 1.5 Million. Duration 3 years.

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The FONDAP-Humboldt Programme is the bigger grant ever funded by the Chilean Government to conduct basic oceanography. Major improvements in equipment were attained. A total of over 35 cruises of different duration, including four major ones, were conducted. Intensive process studies took place off Concepción (37ºS) and Iquique (20ºS). The FONDAP-Humboldt Programme produced already 40 published papers, 19 in press, 28 in review and 29 in preparation. All of them destined to main international journals (ISI). This grant included, in addition to pelagic research, an important benthic component. The FONDAP-Humboldt Programme was also connected to international GLOBEC. During this period, the knowledge on the biogeochemistry and physical oceanography of the Humboldt Current System has improved tremendously. Nevertheless, the IGBP-related programmes in Chile did not have financial support for organizational matters. In addition, the small JGOFS-Chile community was “fully loaded” with field programmes, and accordingly, the JGOFS-Chile Programme is characterized in this period by a “loose” organizational structure. 3) 2000-2003 After the end of the FONDAP-Humboldt Programme (September 2000), the JGOFS-Chile Programme has kept field programmes based on three grants funded by CONICYT (Chile) to individual researchers (see below). In addition, a proposal for a new major FONDAP-Programme in oceanography was sent to CONICYT in April 2001. It is expected that a final decision about this proposal will be taken by CONICYT in October 2001. On the other hand, R. Quiñones is conducting exploratory conversations with CONICYT authorities to obtain some basic funding for organizational matters related to the coordination of the Chilean oceanographic contribution to IGBP Projects (i.e., JGOFS, GLOBEC, LOICZ). It is expected that this initiative could provide the needed umbrella not only for improving JGOFS-Chile organization but also for stimulating Chilean incorporation into the new international initiatives related to marine biogeochemistry. Grants affiliated with JGOFS-Chile, 2001-2003 Decomposition of organic matter in the water column: The role of bacteria and zooplankton in modifying chemical structure and fluxes in the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) off Chile. Principal Investigator: Silvio Pantoja, Co-PI: Humberto González (Austral University of Chile, Valdivia), Duration: 2000-2003, Funding Agency: Fondecyt Grant Nº1000366 (CONICYT, Chile), Total: US$ 140000. Trophic Ecology of the Gelatinous Zooplankton (Carnivorous and Filter-feeding) and its significance in the carbon flux of the northern Humboldt Current System. Principal Investigator: Dr. Humberto González (Austral University of Chile, Valdivia), Co-PI: Sergio Palma (Catholic University of Valparaíso, Valparaíso), Leonardo Castro (University of Concepción, Concepción). Duration: 2000-2003, Funding Agency: Fondecyt Grant Nº1000419 (CONICYT, Chile). Total: US$ 164000. The use of dissolved ATP as an energy source for the pelagic bacterial community of a highly productive ecosystem. Principal Investigator: Renato Quiñones (University of Concepción, Concepción), Co-PI: Silvio Pantoja (University of Concepción, Concepción). Duration: 2000-2003, Funding Agency: Fondecyt Grant Nº1000373 (CONICYT, Chile), Total: US$ 145000. Eastern Pacific Consortium for Research on Global Change (Note: The Consortium includes scientists from Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, United States, and Canada. It is also connected to GLOBEC), Principal Investigator: Timothy R. Baumgartner (CICESE. Mexico), Co-PI’s (Chile): Giovanni Daneri (University of the Sea, Valparaíso), Renato Quiñones (University of Concepción, Concepción), Osvaldo Ulloa (University of Concepción, Concepción), Duration: 1999-2003, Funding Agency: Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research, Total: US$800000.

5.6. Norway (Johannessen) We are presently working on a synthesis of all work done in the Nordic Seas. There is an overview based upon work done. Most of the activities reflected in this work is based upon our cooperation with

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other countries as well and can for this reason not be stated as a Norwegian activity. Most of the funding for studies of biogeochemistry in Norway comes from the EU funding system. During the fall, we hope to have a synthesis ready that covers the whole Nordic Seas and will include the new TRACTOR work. For an overview of the Norwegian activities, please find the following references that can be used as a guide for the present status. There are more papers from other scientists as well were my name is not included. I think that Baliño before she left the JGOFS IPO has an updated author list with these references. Of new activities to be announced is: New proposals to fund future studies in biogeochemistry and development of autonomous sensors have been sent to different funding agencies. This is as far as I can get before I leave for a short vacation. The joint WOCE/JGOFS/IOC workshop was a success.

5.7. Spain (Duarte) The Spanish IGBP Committee has been recently reorganised (as of April 2001), with the aim of entering a more operative phase after a period of inactivity and a past period aimed at identifying the scientists within the country working on JGOFS-relevant issues. A new subcommittee on Oceanic Programmes (JGOFS-GLOBEC-SOLAS) has been set up, with the following composition: Subcomité Programas de Ecosistemas Marinos Celia Marrasé (coordinator - Chair) Institut de Ciencies del Mar (CSIC) Passeig Joan de Borbo s/n, 08039 Barcelona, Spain Tel. 34 93 2216416, Fax 34 93 2217340

Javier Ruiz Departamento de Biología y Ecología Facultad de Ciencias del Mar Universidad de Cádiz Campus Río San Pedro s/n 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz). Spain Tlf.- 34 956 016028

Fiz Fernández Pérez Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (CSIC) Eduardo Cabello, 6 E-36208 Vigo Tlf.- 34 986 231930

Antonio Bode Riestra Centro Oceanográfico de la Coruña Instituto Oceanográfico de la Coruña Muelle de Ánimas, s/n, Apdo. 130 15080 La Coruña Tel 34 981-205362 Fax 34 981-229077

Carlos M. Duarte Quesada Presidente Ejecutivo, miembro de oficio Profesor de Investigacion CSIC Instituto Mediterraneo de Estudios Avanzados CSIC-Univ. Illes Balears C/ Miquel Marques 21 07190 Esporles (Islas Baleares) Tel: 34 971 611725 (Oficina - 34 971 611726 (Laboratorio) Fax: 34 971 611761

Where Carlos M. Duarte acts de oficio, as President of the Spanish IGBP Committee. Celia Marrasé is an active member of the IGBP community (member of scientific committee of GLOBEC, and member of the SCOR/IGBP Planning Committee on the Future of Ocean Biogeochemistry Research), and should be able to lead the committee through fruitful avenues. A web page has been set up, although still under construction, where information on Spanish JGOFS activities is to be found at: www.eeza.csic.es/igbp/default.htm. Including a report, in Spanish, of JGOFS-like activities, capacities, expenditure, and plans at www.eeza.csic.es/igbp/actividades2.htm.

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The list of JGOFS-relevant Spanish and European projects, along with the PI’s involved has been updated and is attached below. Items for future action include: a Spanish IGBP Newsletter, which will include a monographic issue on JGOFS activities in Spain, and the development of research infrastructure, such as an oceanographic data centre, which is presently lacking in Spain.

5.8. China-Beijing (Hong) For JGOFS/LOICZ, Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) funded three projects in the East China Sea (ECS), South China Sea (SCS) and the Taiwan Strait, respectively. Among them, two have ended, while that of SCS is still going on. The East China Sea (ECS): “Land-Ocean Margin processes in the ECS and environmental effects” is the first important project on ocean-continent interaction done by the Science Institute of China. This project incorporates field investigation, information collection, data arrangement and analysis, land-based laboratory experiments, numerical modelling and theoretical study. Twenty-one papers as well as one monograph have been published. Here are some results. The temporal variability of DIN and DIP in the Yangtze River since the 1960’s has been shown through this research to be closely coupled with fertilization in this drainage area. This study is the first to reveal this link. Through this research, formation mechanisms of the sludge areas in both the region offshore Zhejiang and the Okinawa Trough have been put forward. It is suggested that the sludge in the Okinawa Trough comes mainly from the old Yellow River estuary in northern Jiangsu. In addition, field observations taking place during this study have provided, for the first time, a boundary location representing primary productivity limitation factor near the Yangtze River estuary in spring and autumn. The numerical model shows that there is an elliptic cyclonic circumfluence to the west of the Kuroshio current and an anti-clockwise mesoscale eddy in the northern part of the Taiwan Strait during autumn, winter and spring. The results of numerical modelling of sediment transport in the ECS are relatively consistent with the observed distribution of suspended material and surface sediments in the Yellow Sea and the ECS. This field data further validates the theoretical model, which hypothesises that the sludge in the Okinawa Trough is mainly formed due to the vertical circumfluence driven by wind in winter. A concept model is now put forth, showing that the distribution of suspended material in the cold eddy area in the ECS is closely connected with upwelling and downwelling. Sample analysis shows that the Taiwan warm current invades north with the strongest intensity in winter, a finding completely contrary to the reported conclusion that the invasion is strongest in summer. It is pointed out that the anoxia in Pearl River Estuary bottom water is a potential danger, which may be described as a “chemical time bomb”. The South China Sea: The project “Biogeochemical Carbon Cycling in the Pearl River Estuary and South China Sea” is run by the Environmental Science Research Centre (ESRC), Xiamen University. The main emphasis of this project is to look at carbon dynamics within this region and to investigate the interaction between the biological, physical and chemical influences on these processes. One goal of this project is to be able to elucidate the fate of carbon within the Pearl River Estuary and the surrounding coastal region. This is in part dependent on the rate of particle sinking, the remineralisation of particulate to dissolved species as well as the flocculation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) to particles. The cycling between dissolved organic carbon (DOC), colloidal organic carbon (COC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) is being investigated, as well as air-sea carbon transfer rates. In addition, the link between nutrient dynamics and primary production is being investigated in order to gain insight into this important influence on carbon cycling within the region. Remote sensing is used as a tool to study the chlorophyll-a distribution in this area. Data collected through remote sensing will be used in conjunction with discrete samples and fluorometric data gathered on research cruises. Projects on these cruises have utilized isotopes as tracers in order to quantify sources of organic carbon, export rates and biogenic cycling rates. The group is also focusing on transformation rates between dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), COC and DOC, in order to further investigate Carbon cycling in the region. The ultimate goal of this ambitious project is to create a model of biogeochemical cycling for this region.

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Two research cruises have taken place; one in July-August 2000 and the second in May-June 2001. These two investigations have involved collaborations between the ESRC and the Fujian Province Oceanographic Institute, as well as the Ocean Research Centre of Taibei University. Collaborators from the University of Georgia, USA and the University of Massachusetts, USA, have also participated in this project. A third cruise is scheduled to take place in December 2001, in order to gain seasonal data, thus providing a more comprehensive view of these processes. Data completed to date includes the measurement of DOC concentrations from samples collected along transects from the mouth of the Pearl River to offshore stations, as well as water column profiles taken at offshore stations, from surface waters to depths of 300 meters. In addition, data has been analysed in order to study the spatial distribution of chromophoric material within the estuary and coastal area, the picoplankton dynamics within the Pearl River Estuary and South China Sea, nutrient dynamics as well as DIC and Dissolved Oxygen levels. Further samples have been processed in order to measure natural levels of Thorium within the water column. Those Thorium data are critical in determining the cycling rates of dissolved, particulate and colloidal carbon. Taiwan Strait: A NSFC key programme, “Study of Biogeochemical Processes of Bioactive Elements in the Taiwan Strait” was also done by the Environmental Science Research Centre (ESRC), Xiamen University. During three cruises from 1997 to 1998, it was found that occurred some irregular marine hydrodynamic changes and responsive signals of relevant biological and chemical factors, as well as variations in fishery resources. Because the period of this study represents an ENSO year, it may be worthwhile to investigate the connections between marine eco-environmental changes and ENSO event. (1) Coastal upwelling weakening in summer 1997: During the investigation in August 1997, it was found that southern coastal upwelling within the Taiwan Strait, especially around Nan’ao Island, was much weaker than that observed in this region during the same time in past years, such as August 1988 and 1994. Similarly, areas of surface high-temperature, and-low-salinity water were smaller than those in August 1988 and 1994, and surface water temperature in the upwelling region, at 26°C, was 3 degrees higher than that measured in August 1988. Studies of plankton indicator species also provide evidence to support the observed changes in upwelling intensity. Moreover, measured nutrient levels were found to be generally lower than those during the same season in previous years. The supplement from upwelling and coastal water seems decreasing. Because the summer coastal upwelling in the Taiwan Strait is mainly driven by monsoon, the strength of upwelling is correlated with the Southwest monsoon. It is widely presumed that the 1997 El Niño served to weaken the Chinese monsoon, to increase surface seawater temperature, to decrease the frequencies of typhoons, and to decrease river runoff. So, we are left with the question: “Are the observed weakening of coastal upwelling and that of influences of dilution water in this region, some reflections of the El Niño irregularity during the same periods?” (2) Warm water input in winter 1998 and its ecological impacts: In the winter 1998, the input of Kuroshio water to the Strait was greater than that in the past, so that 18°C isotherm moved north to about 26°N. Satellite Sea Surface Temperature data (AVHRR SST) also show warm water moving north and steadily strengthening during mid-February to mid-March. Nutrient concentration levels were also found to be much lower than those of the same time period in 1995. For example, in the North-central region of the Strait, surface phosphate concentration was measured at roughly 0.2 mg m-3, while the concentration in the same location and time period in 1995 is 0.5 mg m-3. SeaWiFS images from March 27 1998 show telemetric Chl a values generally less than 1 mg/m3 over the entire eastern Taiwan Strait. And these images clearly show paths through which oligotrophic warm water current flowing from the North-east South China Sea through Peng-Hu water passage into the southern Taiwan Strait, where telemetric Chl a is at less than 0.2 mg m-3.

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Variations of plankton size-fraction and zooplankton species also show a strong warm water input. In brief, the intensity of Kuroshio water input into this sea area is out of the ordinary. Corresponding chemical and biological factors are different from the usual either. These may be related to the El Niño event during 1997 to 1998 and the winter monsoon weakening. (3) Low–temperature, high-salinity water distributes wider in summer 1998: Underway CTD observations show an inverse relationship between water temperature and salinity, with water temperature low in the west and high in the east, while salinity low in the east and high in the west. Furthermore, three obvious low-temperature, high-salinity areas along the coast were observed. Northeastern areas of Taiwan shallow are relatively easy to be defined as a low-temperature, high-salinity region, where temperature < 26°C and salinity > 34. Compared with past studies of coastal upwelling in this region, our result shows more significant T–S gradient over the whole marine area, as well as more obvious phenomena of low-temperature, high-salinity in the coastal area. These may be related to enhanced southwest monsoon and northward warm current caused by El Niño decline and La Niña arising during the period of investigation. The variation of marine eco-environment may affect primary production and introduce changes in the biotic population structure as well. For example, pico-plankton abundance and individual abundances of three categories of the pico-plankton within the Strait were all higher during summer 1998 than during summer 1997. All these variations in marine environmental conditions in the Taiwan Strait during 1997 to 1998, as well as associated changes in ecological processes, probably had somehow teleconnection with global ENSO events, that needs to be further explored in the future.

5.8.1. Activity Report (Hu) The Chinese Committee for JGOFS has been combined with LOICZ called Chinese LOICZ/JGOFS Committee since 1998. Annual Committee meeting took place with workshop. Through the committee effort, LOICZ and JGOFS have become quite popular in China. The NFSC has funded JGOFS studies with its four Key Projects and a number of general projects since 1992. The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) funded LOICZ research with its Major Project on LOICZ Study in China Seas from 1997 and its Innovation Project on LOICZ study from 2000. Within CAS, scientists are proposing a big CAS programme on carbon cycle including the land and ocean surrounding now, as synthesis procedure. Four books on LOICZ/JGOFS have been published (in Chinese): Margin Flux in the East China Sea (D. Hu and S. Tsunogai, 1999) Land-Ocean Interactions in Major Chinese Estuaries (J. Zhang et al., 2000) Key Processes of Ocean Fluxes in the East China Sea (D. Hu et al., 2001) Land-Ocean Interactions in the Yangtze, Pearl Estuaries and the Adjacent Area (D. Hu et al., 2001) New findings and conclusions: The East China Sea is a weak sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide, absorbing about 4.3 MtC from the atmosphere annually. The mud in the Okinawa Trough is transported by wind-driven vertical circulation during wintertime, instead of summer and mainly from abandoned Yellow River mouth, instead of the Yangtze.

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6. SCIENTIFIC STEERING COMMITTEE

6.1. Business Issues Ducklow reviewed the terms of the at-large members and the chairs of the groups and teams (APPENDIX 25). He noted that 5 members (Anderson, Tilbrook, Falkowski, Hong and Wallace) were scheduled to rotate off the SSC this year and that all needed to be invited back as at-large member until the sunset date of 31 December 2003. He would decide on a replacement, if anyone elects to rotate off, pending the need(s) of JGOFS synthesis and modelling efforts. At this late time in the projects life span, Hanson suggested that JGOFS seeks sponsors’ approval to extend all at-large members to the sunset, regardless of the number of terms or time served. Following the response of the at-large members and assessment of JGOFS future needs, the Executives will seek sponsors’ approval of new members, and block extension of all at-large members to 31 December 2003.

6.2. Other Matters Arising: Executive and SSC Meetings Ducklow summarised the plans for the remaining SSC meetings (2002 and 2003). This year, the SSC is being held alongside the IGBP OSC in Amsterdam. As agreed in 2000, the 2002 SSC meeting will be held alongside a planned Training Course on ocean biogeochemistry in Concepción, Chile, during the austral spring (September-November). Quiñones will host and organise the meeting and training course. Because of the long period between SSC meetings (summer 2001 and austral spring 2002), Ducklow suggested that SSC members attending the AGU/ASLO OSM in February 2002 meet with the 3rd JGOFS OSC Planning Committees and assist with the organisation of the final OSC in Washington DC, 5-8 May 2003. He also suggested that the final SSC meeting would be held alongside the 3rd JGOFS OSC. The committee agreed to hold the final SSC meeting in Washington DC along the final Open Science Conference. Because of other obligations, the Executive meeting will not be held this year. Ducklow also announced that Lochte has resigned from the Executive Committee due to new responsibilities at the University of Kiel and internationally (SC-IGBP), and that he accepted her resignation with regrets and thanked her for her long service on the Executive Committee. In the spring 2001, Ducklow invited Véronique Garçon on the Executive Committee, and she kindly accepted. With departure of Lochte off and acceptance of Garçon on the Executives, Ducklow plans to select a new Vice-Chair after of the SSC meeting.

7. INTERNATIONAL PROJECT OFFICE

Since the last report, Hanson reported that the Office staff focused considerable effort and time in the support of SSC synthesis activities, such as travel support for 2000/01 meetings, publication of the AMBIO article (May 2001) and the IGBP Science Series No. 2 (July 2001), assistance with the Springer-Verlag textbook (expected publication date is summer 2002), production of two posters and presentations at the IGBP Open Science Conference (Amsterdam) and printing several JGOFS Reports. The latter two items will be placed on online at the JGOFS web site for easy access to information and downloading of figures and illustrations. Printed copies are also available. The Springer-Verlag book expenses for 2001 are estimated at US$28K and remaining ICSU funds will go to cover the publication cost of the AMBIO article and support new global synthesis activities. He also reported that the Office staff has changed, as many of you aware. Beatriz Baliño moved to the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research at the University of Bergen, Norway, as the new project coordinator for the Centre, and a search for a new Assistant Executive Officer in February 2001 was successfully completed in March this year. The new Assistant EO is Dr. Bernard Avril from France. The Office also hired a half time financial officer, Ms. Reidun Gjerde, to assist Judy Stokke, who has returned half time after an extended illness. Ducklow welcomed Avril and Gjerde to their first JGOFS SSC meeting.

7.1. Data Management Activities (Avril) As JGOFS completes the synthesis phase, the Data Management Task Team (DMTT) and the JGOFS International Project Office (IPO) are in the process of documenting and compiling all data collected under the JGOFS umbrella. Avril has taken over the work started by Baliño and the DMTT, in

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compiling all JGOFS research projects and cruises from each contributing country since 1988. This inventory also includes aspects of national data management, i.e., the whereabouts and archival of JGOFS data collected during the fieldwork. This information will also assist the DMTT in their activities directed at securing the long-term stewardship of the JGOFS data sets. Avril is also building upon the metadata catalogue started by Baliño of the datasets from those national activities lacking data management support. The metadata will be archived in the Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) at NASA. The steering committee and project office has given high priority to building this catalogue. The ultimate purpose is to provide scientists with a comprehensive biogeochemical data set, in a common file and data format. The product is called the JGOFS Master Data Set, for use not only in current synthesis activities, but also as a JGOFS legacy for future global change studies. It is the responsibility of the DMTT and IPO to ensure the future availability and long-term archiving of these valuable data sets. It is planned that the Master Data Set will be deposited in the ICSU’s World Data Centres System. Principal investigators (and their institutions) who submit data will be given full credit for their data within the Master Data Set and will have priority access to it. ACTION: Conkright and Avril will prepare a letter, signed by Ducklow, to request that all SSC members and National Contacts to help and assist the DMTT and IPO to develop and expand the international cruise inventory (data and metadata). Since the JGOFS project began its final phase, the international JGOFS website (www.uib.no/jgofs/jgofs.html) is currently being revised, updated and formatted with two main concerns in mind: first, to be more directly useful to all within and outside the JGOFS community at the present time, and second, when JGOFS will come to an end, to facilitate the forthcoming handover of the website to the IGBP secretariat with minimal support needed in the future. The Norwegian JGOFS database project, fostered by the IPO and financed by the Research Council of Norway, continues with the aim to centralise all JGOFS data gathered by Norway at the Institute of Marine Research (IMR) and further publication on CD-ROM. Quality-controlled data sets derived from JGOFS-Norway research in the Nordic Seas since 1990 will be archived in a database developed by IMR. Datasets to be included are from the following projects: Carbon profiles in the Nordic Seas (CARNOR); Carbon dioxide and deep water formation circulation in the Nordic Seas (CARDEEP); the carbon cycle in the Greenland Sea from ESOP-2; Carbon Time-Series in the Norwegian Sea at Station M and the Norwegian contribution to Continental Margins Studies (OMEX I). A steering group supervises the database project with representatives from IMR, the Norwegian JGOFS Committee and the IPO. Avril will assist Baliño and IMR in the collection of those datasets.

7.2. Review Budget and Expenses (Hanson) In Year 2000, Hanson reported that the project completed an operating budget from the Research Council of Norway (NRC), SCOR, University of Bergen (UiB) and IGBP of US$328,955 (APPENDIX 26). Total expenses were US$308,754 (This figure is exclusive of the Open Science Conference in Bergen, which costs US$167,000). A budget excess of US$20,201 resulted from holding the SSC alongside of the JGOFS OSC, which encumbered some SSC expenses, and several groups and task teams secured significant cost sharing in holding meetings, particularly the DMTT and SOSG in 2000. Project funds covered administration costs, overheads for the project and facilities, publications, committee and group meetings, workshops and symposia. In Year 2001, Hanson reported that the project funds from NRC, SCOR, IOC, ICSU, UiB, and IGBP, including the carry over of Year 2000 assets, totalled US$437,346 (APPENDIX 27). With changes in project activities, such as the cancellation of the JGTT Workshop, cost reduction of the CO2 Transport Workshop and other activities, the expected expenditure for Year 2001 is US$437,108. As of July 2001, the balance is US$238 and remaining funds will be carried over to Year 2002. Hanson reported that Year 2002 requests for JGOFS support exceed present allocations for Year 2002 from NRC, SCOR, UiB and IGBP (APPENDIX 28). He reviewed and summarised the budgetary impact of all requests made during the SSC meeting. The SSC decided on the final prioritises for 2002

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fund allocations. After the 2001 budget is closed, the Executives will make the necessary allocations and adjustments to balance the 2002 budget.

8. OTHER BUSINESS

Ducklow asked for any other new or old business items. None were offered.

8.1. Next SSC Meeting Ducklow reminded everyone that the venue for the 17th JGOFS SSC meeting is in Concepción, Chile. In 2000, Quiñones offered to host the SSC meeting alongside of the training course/workshop in Chile. The best time is during the austral spring (September-October 2002). Past SSC meetings were held in Bergen, Norway (2000), Yokohama, Japan (1999), Cape Town, South Africa (1998), Oban, Scotland (1997), and Bad Münstereifel, Germany (1996). It is now time to return to the Southern Hemisphere, again before JGOFS shuts down. In May 2003, the 18th and final JGOFS SSC Meeting will hold alongside the final Open Science Conference in Washington DC, USA.

9. MEETING ADJOURNS

Ducklow thanked all those attending the meeting and how he valued and appreciated their input during the discussions. He closed the meeting at 1600 on Sunday, 8 July 2001. Following the SSC meeting, the Executives met immediately to wrap up any unfinished business from the meeting.

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10. ACRONYMS

AESOPS – Antarctic Environment Southern Ocean Process Study - www.usjgofs.whoi.edu/research/aesops.html AGU – American Geophysical Union – www.agu.org AMT – Atlantic Meridional Transect – www.npm.ac.uk/amt/index.htm ARGO – Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography – www.argo.ucsd.edu/ ASLO – American Society of Limnology and Oceanography – www.aslo.org/ AVHRR – Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer – www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/globsys/avhrr.shtml AWI – Alfred-Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research – www.awi-bremerhaven.de/ BATS – Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study – www.bbsr.edu/cintoo/bats/bats.html BOBPS – Bay of Bengal Process Studies – www.indian-ocean.org/bobps/bobps.htm CARDEEP – Carbon dioxide Cycles and Deep Water Formation in the Greenland and Norwegian Seas CARNOR – Carbon profiles in the Nordic Seas CAS – Chinese Academy of Sciences – www.cas.ac.cn CBD – UN Convention on Biological Diversity – www.biodiv.org CDIAC – Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center – www.cdiac.esd.ornl.gov CEOS – Committee on Earth Observation Satellites – www.ceos.org CICESE – Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada – www.cicese.mx CJP – Carbon Joint Project – www.gaim.sr.unh.edu/cjp CLIVAR – Programme on Climate Variability and Predictability – www.clivar.org CMMACS – Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation – www.cmmacs.ernet.in CMTT – Joint JGOFS/LOICZ Continental Margin Task Team – www.ncor.ntu.edu.tw/cmtt CNES – Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales – www.cnes.fr CNRS – Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique – www.cnrs.fr COASTS – Coastal Ocean Advanced Scientific and Technical Studies – www.ioc.unesco.org/icam/coasts.htm COC – colloidal organic carbon CONICYT – Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica – www.conicyt.cl COOP – Coastal Ocean Observations Panel – www.ioc.unesco.org/goos/COOP.htm, www.skio.peachnet.edu/coop CREST – Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology – www.jst.go.jp/jst/crest-e.htm CSIC – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – www.csic.es CSIRO – Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization – www.csiro.au DIC – dissolved inorganic carbon DIVERSITAS – International Programme of Biodiversity Science – www.icsu.org/DIVERSITAS DMS – Dimethyl Sulfide DMTT – Data Management Task Team DOC – dissolved organic carbon DSR – Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers – www.elsevier.com/locate/dsr DSR II – Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography – www.elsevier.com/locate/dsr2 EBC – Eastern Boundary Current EISENEX – Second Iron Enrichment Experiment – www.awi-bremerhaven.de/Biomeer/eisenex-e.html EPSG – Equatorial Pacific Synthesis and Modelling Group ESOP – Thermohaline Circulation in the Greenland Sea – www.smr.uib.no ESRC – Environmental Science Research Centre – www.ois.xmu.edu.cn/oec/english/jgjz3.htm FONDAP – Fondos de Estudios Avanzados en Areas Prioritarias – www.conicyt.cl/fondap FONDECYT – Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico – www.conicyt.cl/fondecyt GAIM – Global Analysis, Integration and Modelling – www.gaim.unh.edu/ GCM – General Circulation Model GCMAPS – Global Carbon Cycle and related Mapping based on Satellite imagery GCMD – Global Change Master Directory – www.gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/ GCOS – Global Climate Observing System – www.wmo.ch/web/gcos/gcoshome.html GCTE – Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems – www.gcte.org

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GED – Global Ecosystem Dynamics GEF – Global Environment Facility – www.gefweb.org/ GEOHAB – Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms – www.ioc.unesco.org/hab/GEOHAB.htm GFDL – Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory – www.gfdl.gov GLI – Global Imager – www.sharaku.eorc.nasda.go.jp/GLI/index.html GLOBEC – Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics – www.pml.ac.uk/globec GODAE – Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment – www.bom.gov.au/bmrc/ocean/GODAE GOOS – Global Ocean Observing System – www.ioc.unesco.org/goos GSWG – Global Synthesis and Modelling Working Group GTOS – Global Terrestrial Observing System – www.fao.org/gtos HNLC – High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll HOT – Hawaii Ocean Time series station – hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/hot/hot_jgofs.html IABO – International Association of Biological Oceanography IAPSO – International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans – www.olympus.net/IAPSO ICES – International Council for the Exploration of the Sea – www.ices.dk/ ICSU – International Council for Science – www.icsu.org/ IGAC – International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project – web.mit.edu/igac/www/index.html IGBP – International Geosphere Biosphere Programme – www.igbp.kva.se/ I-GOOS – Intergovernmental IOC-WMO-UNEP Committee for GOOS – www.ioc.unesco.org/goos/i_goos.htm IGOS – Integrated Global Observing Strategy – www.ioc.unesco.org/igospartners/igoshome.htm IHDP – International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change – www.ihdp.org IJCD – Inventory for Japanese Chemical-oceanographic Data – www.ijcd.jp/ IMAGES – International Marine Global Change Study – www.images.pclab.ifg.uni-kiel.de/start.html IMR – Institute of Marine Research – www.imr.no IOC – Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission – www.ioc.unesco.org/iocweb/default.htm IOCCG – International Ocean Colour Co-ordinating Group – www.ioccg.org IODE – International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange – www.ioc.unesco.org/iode IOSG – Indian Ocean Synthesis and Modelling Group IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (WMO-UNEP) – www.ipcc.ch IPO – International Project Office – www.uib.no/jgofs/IPO_descript.html IRD – Institut de recherche pour le développement – www.ird.fr ISCAP – IOC- SCOR Carbon Advisory Panel – www.jhu.edu:80/~scor/other.htm IUGG – International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics – www.iugg.org JAMSTEC – Japan Marine Science and Technology Center – www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec-e/index-e.html JGOFS – Joint Global Ocean Flux Study – www.uib.no/jgofs/jgofs.html J-GOOS – Joint Scientific and Technical Committee for GOOS – www.ioc.unesco.org/goos/j_goos.htm JGR – Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans – www.agu.org/journals/jc JGTT – Joint JGOFS-GAIM Ocean Carbon Modelling Task Team JODC – Japan Oceanographic Data Center – www.jodc.jhd.go.jp/index.html JOIDES – Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling – www.joides.rsmas.miami.edu/ JRC – Joint Research Centre – www.jrc.it KEEP – Kuroshio-Edge Exchange Processes – www.ncor.ntu.edu.tw/keep/keep-english.html KNAW – Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen – www.knaw.nl/ KNOT – Kyodo North Pacific Ocean Time Series LEGOS – Laboratoire d´Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiale – www.obs-mip.fr/umr5566/english/index.htm LOICZ – Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone – www.nioz.nl/loicz LORECS – Long-term Observation & Research of the East China Sea – www.ncor.ntu.edu.tw/taipei_scor/twjgofs2001.html MAFLECS – Material Flux in the East China Sea MASFLEX – East China Sea-Marginal Sea Flux Experiments in the West Pacific

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MAST – Marine Science and Technology – www.cordis.lu/mast/home.html MEDS – Marine Environmental Data Service – www.meds-sdmm.dfo-mpo.gc.ca MERIS – Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer – www.envisat.esa.int/instruments/meris/index.html MFLECS – Margin Flux in the East China Sea – www.keep.oc.ntu.edu.tw/CMTT/LagosRep.htm MIRC – Marine Information Research Centre – www.mirc.jha.or.jp MODIS – Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer – www.modis.gsfc.nasa.gov NABE – JGOFS North Atlantic Bloom Experiment – www.usjgofs.whoi.edu/mzweb/nabe.htm NASG – North Atlantic Synthesis and Modelling Group – www.obs-mip.fr/omp/umr5566/english/jgofs/index.html NCAR – National Center for Atmospheric Research – www.ncar.ucar.edu/ncar NERC – National Environmental Research Council (UK) – www.nerc.ac.uk NFR – Research Council of Norway – www.forskningsradet.no/english NGO – Non-Governmental Organisation NIAES – National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences – www.niaes.affrc.go.jp/index_e.html NIES – National Institute for Environmental Studies – www.nies.go.jp NIO – Indian National Institute of Oceanography – www.nio.org NIOZ – Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek der Zee – www.nioz.nl NOAA – US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – www.noaa.gov NODC – Indian National Oceanographic Data Centre NODC – Netherlands Oceanographic Data Committee – www.nodc.nl NODC – US National Oceanographic Data Center – www.nodc.noaa.gov NOPACCS – North Pacific Carbon Cycle Study – www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/nopaccs/welcome.html NPPS – North Pacific Process Study – www.jodc.jhd.go.jp/JGOFS_DMO/NP-JGOFS.html NPSG – North Pacific Synthesis and Modelling Group NPTT – North Pacific Task Team NSF – National Science Foundation – www.nsf.gov/ NSFC – National Natural Science Foundation of China – www.nsfc.gov.cn OACES – Ocean-Atmosphere Carbon Exchange Study – www.aoml.noaa.gov/ocd/oaces/co2/whato.html OCCM – Ocean Carbon Cycle Model OCMIP – Ocean Carbon Modelling Intercomparison Project – www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/OCMIP OCTET – Ocean Carbon Transport, Exchanges and Transformations – www.msrc.sunysb.edu/octet OCTS – Ocean Colour Temperature Scanner – www.eoc.nasda.go.jp/guide/satellite/sendata/octs_e.html ODAS – Ocean Data Acquisition System – www.noaa.chesapeakebay.net/odas_sas.html OFC – Ocean Future Committee – www.jhu.edu:80/~scor/other.htm OGCM – Ocean General Circulation Model OMEX – Ocean Margin EXchange – www.pol.ac.uk/bodc/omex/omex.html OOPC – Ocean Observations Panel for Climate – www.ioc.unesco.org/goos/oopc.htm OPCC – Ocean Panel on Climate Change OSM – Open Science Meeting PAGES – Past Global Changes – www.pages.unibe.ch PFZ – Polar Front Zone PICES – North Pacific Marine Science Organisation – www.pices.int PJTT – Paleo-JGOFS Task Team PMEL – Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory – www.pmel.noaa.gov PML – Plymouth Marine Laboratory (UK) – www.pml.ac.uk PMTT – Photosynthesis Measurements Task Team POC – Particulate Organic Carbon POGO – Partnership for Observation of the Global Ocean – www.oceanpartners.org POMME – Programme Océan Multidisciplinaire Méso Echelle – www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/POMME PON – Particulate Organic Nitrogen PRIME – Plankton Reactivity in the Marine Environment – www.sos.bangor.ac.uk/prime/intro.html PROOF – Processus biogéochimiques dans l'Océan et Flux – www.obs-vlfr.fr/jgofs/html/proof98.html RSMAS – Rosenstiel School of Marine Atmospheric Sciences – www.rsmas.miami.edu

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SAGE – Sub-Arctic Gyre Experiment in the North Pacific – www.pices.int/Library/PicesPress/May99/SAGE_10.pdf SAREC – Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency – www.sida.se SAZ – Sub Antarctic Zone SCOPE – Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment – www.icsu-scope.org SCOR – Scientific Council of Oceanic Research – www.jhu.edu:80/~scor SCS – South China Sea SEATS – South-East Asia Time-series Station – www.ncor.ntu.edu.tw/english/SEATSweb.htm SeaWiFS – Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor – www.seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEAWIFS.html SEEP – Shelf Edge Exchange Processes SES – Shelf Edge Study – www.pol.ac.uk/sesw3/sesdata/htm/content.htm SIBEX – South China Sea Integrated Biogeochemical Experiment – www.ncor.ntu.edu.tw/taipei_scor/twjgofs2001.html SIZ – Seasonal Ice Zone SMP – Synthesis and Modelling Program – www.usjgofs.whoi.edu/mzweb/syn-mod.htm SOFeX – Southern Ocean Iron Experiment – www.whoi.edu/science/MCG/dept/current_res/prop_abs SOIREE – Southern Ocean Iron Release Experiment – www.envsol.env.uea.ac.uk/temp/tracer/soiree SOLAS – Surface Ocean and Lower Atmosphere Study – www.ifm.uni-kiel.de/ch/solas/main.html SOSG – Southern Ocean Synthesis and Modelling Group SSC – Scientific Steering Committee SST – Sea Surface Temperature START – Global Change System for Analysis, Research and Training – www.start.org/ TOGA – Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere – www.lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/coare/toga.html ToR – Terms of Reference TRACTOR – TRAcer and Circulation in The NORdic Seas Region – www.bjerknes.uib.no/Research/TRACTOR TTO – Transient Tracers in the Ocean TWAS – Third World Academy of Sciences – www.twas.org UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization – www.unesco.org USJN – US-JGOFS Newsletter – www.usjgofs.whoi.edu/general_info/newsletter.html WBC – Western Boundary Current WCRP – World Climate Research Programme – www.wmo.ch/web/wcrp/wcrp-home.html WDC – World Data Centre System – www.ngdc.noaa.gov/wdc/wdcmain.html WHOI – Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution – www.whoi.edu WHP – WOCE Hydrography Program – www.whpo.ucsd.edu WMO – World Meteorological Organization – www.wmo.ch

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Appendices

10.1. APPENDIX 1: List of Participants Professor Hugh Ducklow, Chair of the JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Route 1208-Greate Road, Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062-1346, USA, Tel. +1 804 684 7180, Fax. +1 804 684 7293, duck@vims.edu Dr. Robert Anderson, SSC Executive, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, P.O. Box 1000, Palisades, NY-10964-1000, USA, Tel. +1 845 365 8508, Fax. +1 845 365 8155, boba@ldeo.columbia.edu Professor Larry Atkinson, Guest, Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Crittenton Hall, Norfolk, VA 23529-0276, USA, Tel. +1 757 683 4926, Fax. +1 757 683 5550, atkinson@ccpo.odu.edu Dr. Bernard Avril, Assistant Executive Officer, JGOFS International Project Office, University of Bergen, SMR, High Technology Centre, Post Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY, Tel. +47 5558 4249, Fax. +47 5558 9687, bernard.avril@jgofs.uib.no Dr. Wendy Broadgate, Deputy Director, Natural Sciences, IGBP Secretariat, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, S-104 05 Stockholm, SWEDEN, Tel. +46 8 6739 559 / 8 166 448, Fax: +46 8 16 64 05, wendy@igbp.kva.se Dr. Alexander Bychkov, NPSG Chair, North Pacific Marine Science Organization, c/o Institute of Ocean Sciences, 9860 West Saanich Road, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney B.C. V8L 4B2, CANADA, Tel. +1 250 363 6364, Fax. +1 250 363 6827, bychkov@ios.bc.ca Dr. Margarita Conkright, DMTT Chair, Ocean Climate Laboratory, National Oceanographic Data Center / National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1315 East-West Highway, OC/5, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA, Tel. +1 301 713 3290 ext. 193, Fax. +1 301 713 3303, mconkright@nodc.noaa.gov Dr. Véronique Garçon, SSC Executive and NASG Chair, Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique / CNES / UPS, 18 av. Edouard Belin, F-31055 Toulouse Cedex, FRANCE, Tel. +33 5 6133 2957, Fax. +33 5 6125 3205, veronique.garcon@cnes.fr Ms. Reidun Gjerde, Administrative Assistant, JGOFS International Project Office, University of Bergen, SMR, High Technology Centre, Post Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY, Tel. +47 5558 4246, Fax. +47 5558 9687, reidun.gjerde@jgofs.uib.no Dr. Roger Hanson, Executive Director, JGOFS International Project Office, University of Bergen, SMR, High Technology Centre, Post Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY, Tel. +47 5558 4244, Fax. +47 5558 9687, roger.hanson@jgofs.uib.no Professor Peter Haugan, JGOFS SSC, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Allégaten 70, N-5007 Bergen, NORWAY, Tel. +47 5558 2678, Fax. +47 5559 9883, Peter.Haugan@gfi.uib.no Dr. Nicolas Hoepffner, IOCCG, Marine Environment Unit, Joint Research Centre - Space Applications Institute, 1, via Fermi, I-21020 Ispra, ITALY, Tel. +39 332 789 873, Fax. +39 332 789 034, nicolas.hoepffner@jrc.it

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Professor Huasheng Hong, SSC, College of Oceanography and Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, CHINA, P.R.C., Tel. +86 592 218 2216, Fax. +86 592 209 5242, hshong@xmu.edu.cn Dr. Robert Le Borgne, EPSG Chair, Centre de Nouméa, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD, 101 Promenade Roger Laroque, B.P. A5, F-98848 Nouméa Cedex, New Caledonia, FRANCE, Tel. +33 49 104 1657, Fax. +33 4 9104 1635, leborgne@noumea.ird.nc Professor Karin Lochte, PJTT co-Chair, FB Marine Biogeochemie, Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel, Düsternbrooker weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, GERMANY, Tel. +49 431 600 4250, Fax. +49 431 565 876, klochte@ifm.uni-kiel.de Dr. Patrick Monfray, JGTT co-Chair, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique / CEA / IPSL, Bât. 709, Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FRANCE, Tel. +33 1 6908 7724, Fax. +33 1 6908 7716, monfray@cea.fr Professor Renato Quiñones, CMTT co-Chair, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, CHILE, Tel. +56 41 203 861, Fax. +56 41 256 571, rquinone@udec.cl Professor Toshiro Saino, SSC Executive, Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Science, Nagoya University, IHAS, Furo-cho, Chigusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8601, JAPAN, Tel. +81 52 789 3487, Fax. +81 52 789 3436, tsaino@ihas.nagoya-u.ac.jp Dr. Reiner Schlitzer, GSWG Chair, Department. of GeoSystem, Alfred-Wegener Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, P.O. Box 120161, Columbusstraße, D-27515 Bremerhaven, GERMANY, Tel. +49 471 4831 1559, Fax. +49 471 4831 1149, rschlitzer@awi-bremerhaven.de Professor Paul Tréguer, SOSG Chair, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, IUEM / UBO, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Place Nicolas Copernic, F-29280 Plouzané, FRANCE, Tel. +33 2 9849 8664, Fax. +33 2 9849 8645, Paul.Treguer@univ-brest.fr Dr. Edward Urban, SCOR Executive Director, SCOR Secretariat, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Olin Hall, San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA, Tel. +1 410 516 4070, Fax. +1 410 516 4019, scor@jhu.edu

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10.2. APPENDIX 2: Interim Report (USJN article) As JGOFS draws to a close, its participants are focusing their attention on the synthesis of results from interdisciplinary field studies conducted over more than a decade in most of the major biogeochemical provinces of the global ocean. Over the last three years, various JGOFS planning and oversight groups have concentrated their efforts on synthesis at regional, program-wide and global levels. At its annual meeting in Cape Town, South Africa, in April 1998, the members of the JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) accepted responsibility for integrating regional synthesis and modelling activities and for maintaining links to other ocean observing programmes. The JGOFS planning groups responsible for coordinating field studies were transformed into regional synthesis groups responsible for encouraging data submission and sharing, meetings and publications and the development of regional biogeochemical ocean models. Later that year JGOFS initiated a coordinated programme of synthesis at a workshop held at the Southampton Oceanography Centre in the United Kingdom. At that meeting, the JGOFS SSC under the leadership of then chairman Michael Fasham laid out a plan for international synthesis of JGOFS field observations and for participation in the program-level synthesis planned by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme along with other IGBP core projects. At its annual meeting in Durham, New Hampshire, in October 2000, the executive committee of the JGOFS SSC assessed progress and plotted its course toward the final synthesis goals for the JGOFS concluding years. Figure 1 presents the overall structure of the JGOFS synthesis programme and some of its current and planned products. As Figure 1 shows, the work is divided into three phases. The first of these covers the completion of regional and thematic syntheses by JGOFS synthesis groups. The second comprises program-wide synthesis events and activities that are designed to blend the products of the regional syntheses. The third is intended to focus on a global synthesis that will conclude JGOFS efforts to develop an integrated and quantitative understanding of the biogeochemical fluxes of carbon in the ocean and their role in the global carbon cycle. JGOFS groups responsible for regional and/or disciplinary syntheses are the North Atlantic Synthesis Group (NASG), the Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group (EPSG), the Indian Ocean Synthesis Group (IOSG), the Southern Ocean Synthesis Group (SOSG), the North Pacific Synthesis Group (NPSG), the Continental Margins Task Team (CMTT) and the Paleo-JGOFS Task Team (PJTT). Several of these groups are working on synthesis volumes or special issues of Deep-Sea Research Part II. Other activities include a series of continental margins workshops on specific coastal systems like the Eastern and Western Boundary Currents, each to culminate in a book. This ambitious project is directed by the CMTT, which is a joint JGOFS and Land Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ) committee. This project is supported in part by an award from the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC), a valuable supplement to the core funding that the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) provides to JGOFS for synthesis work. Later this summer thematic synthesis will continue with a workshop on the transport of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the ocean, to be held at Southampton Oceanography Centre. This event, hosted by the international project office of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), is a joint JGOFS/WOCE activity with additional financial support coming from IOC, NOAA, WCRP, and UK Global Environmental Committee (Royal Society). It is intended to build on WOCE results and on the global survey of CO2 in the ocean, carried out by JGOFS scientists on WOCE Hydrographic Programme cruises. This workshop will launch a unique effort to blend diagnoses of ocean circulation with extensive analyses of ocean dissolved inorganic carbon to estimate intra- and inter-basin carbon transports.

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Program-wide synthesis began at the Southampton Synthesis Workshop and was defined at the JGOFS open science conference "Ocean Biogeochemistry: A New Paradigm" in Bergen, Norway, in April 2000. Keynote speakers at the Bergen conference have submitted draft chapters for a book to be edited by Fasham and published by Springer-Verlag in the IGBP Global Change series in early 2002. As this article goes to press, most of the chapters have been or are being reviewed. The Bergen conference attracted 218 participants from 27 countries and a large number of presentations and posters reporting on models and other synthesis projects. Even though few national JGOFS programmes have formal synthesis and modelling projects, the large turnout of such presentations in Bergen indicates that synthesis has become the intellectual core of JGOFS. There are several other notable products of the program-wide synthesis phase. Two general JGOFS publications are coming out as part of the IGBP-wide synthesis effort. At its Southampton workshop, the SSC commissioned a number of JGOFS scientists to draft brief synthetic reports on the components of the program: its regional process studies, the CO2 survey, remote sensing, the time-series programmes, data management and modelling. A longer version, directed at the wider scientific audience, was published in May as a special report in AMBIO. A shorter version of the AMBIO report is being published as the second volume in the IGBP Science series. This version, intended for policymakers and the interested public, describes the operation and role of the ocean carbon cycle in global change. Both documents provide an in-depth summary of more than a decade of JGOFS research and lay the groundwork for planning new efforts in ocean biogeochemistry. A final piece of the program-wide synthesis will be the third JGOFS open science conference, which will be hosted by the U.S. JGOFS Planning and Implementation Office. It will be held at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C., in May 2003. As with first and second conferences, a final book is expected and published by Springer-Verlag in the IGBP Global Change series. A new synthesis group that is currently being formed under the leadership of Reiner Schlitzer of the Alfred-Wegener Institute for Polar Research, Bremerhaven, Germany, will lead the third phase of JGOFS synthesis activity. The idea for this group came out of discussions among JGOFS scientists attending the IGBP Global Carbon Cycle Synthesis Workshop in Durham, New Hampshire, last fall. While exploring different ideas around which the JGOFS global synthesis could begin to focus, JGOFS executive committee member Robert Anderson of Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory described a talk that Schlitzer had presented at the Southern Ocean Synthesis Workshop in Brest, France, last summer. Schlitzer showed the results of inverse solutions to a global model of ocean biogeochemistry, focusing on export production in the Southern Ocean. The inverse solution Schlitzer described reproduces a very large data set of measurements of nutrients, CO2 and oxygen in the full water column. Its representation of the distribution and magnitude of the export flux differs significantly, however, from that given by estimates of export derived from maps of primary productivity based on remote-sensing measurements and algorithms relating export and primary production. Which set of maps is correct? In the sense that each is derived from and shows fidelity to one or more of the largest global biogeochemical datasets, they are both "right". The reasons why they do not agree are not obvious. JGOFS scientists decided that this problem was intriguing and certainly central to the original programme goals. The JGOFS executive committee asked Schlitzer to consider chairing a new Global Synthesis Working Group (GSWG), whose initial charge would be to explore the problem of export in various global models. He agreed, and the newly constituted group will meet in July in connection with the IGBP

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Open Science Conference "Challenges of a Changing Earth" in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Group members are Reiner Schlitzer, Andreas Oschlies, Andrew Yool, Ed Laws, Gerhard Fischer, Mike Behrenfeld, Nicolas Gruber, Patrick Monfray, Richard Jahnke, Richard Matear, and Yasuhiro Yamanaka. The GSWG will also work with the JGOFS Data Management Task Team (DMTT), which is responsible for amassing JGOFS data sets in national repositories and facilitating access to them and with the International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG). Another new task team has been formed jointly between JGOFS and another IGBP programme element, the Global Analysis, Integration and Modelling (GAIM) initiative, to support global synthesis efforts on ocean carbon modelling. The JGOFS-GAIM Task Team (JGTT) oversees the ongoing effort of the Ocean Carbon-cycle Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP), which focuses on advancing the development of ocean biogeochemical models. In closing, I want to stress another important JGOFS synthesis achievement. Recently we were asked by IGBP to identify JGOFS greatest achievements and failures during the past decade. The programme successfully carried out a series of large-scale, international and truly interdisciplinary process studies that incorporated physical, biological and geochemical observations. As I write this, I am sailing into the northeast Atlantic on the British ship RRS Discovery to carry out a study of the transport of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen with co-investigator Dennis Hansell of the University of Miami. The goal of the cruise, planned by Raymond Pollard and headed by John Allen of the Southampton Oceanography Centre, is to conduct a high-resolution study of the circulation and hydrography of the Iceland-Faroes-Shetland region. Although this is in some sense a physical oceanography cruise, it includes substantial ecological and biogeochemical components. This sort of multidisciplinary cruise was not really possible before JGOFS. In the synthesis of physical, biological and chemical oceanography into ocean biogeochemistry, JGOFS has made its most enduring contribution to ocean science. (USJN Editor's note: Hugh Ducklow, chairman of the JGOFS SSC, sent this report on May 6 from 54°N, 12°W.) 6/19/01, US JGOFS News 11, 2. International section with one figure.)

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10.3. APPENDIX 3: Activity Calendar & Timeline (updated November 2001) Year 2001 January 15-16 North Atlantic Synthesis Group Meeting, Arcachon, France. Contact: Véronique Garçon, Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique / CNES / UPS, 18 av Edouard Belin, F-31055 Toulouse Cedex, FRANCE, Tel. +33 5 6133 2957, Fax. +33 5 6125 3205, (PROOF Cost Share) (Completed) March JGOFS/GAIM Task Team on Ocean Carbon Modelling: Workshop on 3D Ocean modelling and analysis, Contact: Patrick Monfray, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique / CEA / IPSL, Bât. 709, Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FRANCE, Tel. +33 1 6908 7724, Fax. +33 1 6908 7716 (Deferred to 2002) May 5-11 JGOFS/LOICZ/IOC Continental Margins Workshop III on Polar Margins, Institute of Ocean Sciences, B.C., Canada. Contact: Robie Macdonald, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceanography, Canada, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, B.C. V8L 4B2, CANADA, Tel. +1 250 363 6409, Fax. +1 250 363 6807 (Completed) June 7-9 Indian Ocean Synthesis Group Meeting (closed), Miami, USA. Contact: Peter Burkill, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Natural Environment Research Council, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UNITED KINGDOM, Tel. +44 175 263 3422, Fax. +44 175 263 3101, (Completed) June 27-29 JGOFS/WOCE/IOC CO2 Transport Workshop, Southampton Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK. Contact: Paul Robbins, Physical Oceanography Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Mail Stop 0230, SIO/UCSD, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0230, USA. Tel: (858) 534-6366, (Completed) July 7-8 16th JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee Meeting, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Contact: Roger Hanson, JGOFS International Project Office, University of Bergen, SMR, High Technology Centre, Post Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY, Tel. +47 5558 4244, Fax. +47 5558 9687, (Completed) July 10-13 IGBP Open Science Conference, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Theme: Challenges of a changing Earth. Contact CONGREX HOLLAND BV, P.O. Box 302, 1000 AH Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Tel: +31 20 504 0200, fax: +31 20 504 0225, Speaker: Professor David Karl, University of Hawaii (Completed) Sept. 28-30 JGOFS/LOICZ/IOC Continental Margins Workshop II on Marginal Seas, Taipei, Taiwan, R.o.C.; International Symposium on Biogeochemical Fluxes in Marginal Seas and Tropical Coastal Zones, International Conference Centre (Taipei). Contact: Kon-Kee Liu, Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, P.O. Box 23-13, Taipei 106, TAIWAN, R.o.C., Tel. +886 2 2363 1810, Fax. +886 2 2362 6092, (Completed) October 21-28 Joint IAPSO-IABO Assembly, Mar del Plata, Argentina. An Ocean Odyssey. Symposium session. Contact: Hugh Ducklow, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Route 1208-Greate Road, Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062-1346, USA, Tel. +1 804 684 7180, Fax. +1 804 684 7293, or Karin Lochte, FB Marine Biogeochemie, Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel, Düsternbrooker weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, GERMANY, Tel. +49 431 600 4250, Fax. +49 431 565 876 (Completed)

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October 5-7 North Pacific Synthesis Group Meeting. Contact: Alexander Bychkov, North Pacific Marine Science Organization, c/o Institute of Ocean Sciences, 9860 West Saanich Road, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney B.C. V8L 4B2, CANADA, Tel. +1 250 363 6364, Fax. +1 250 363 6827, (Completed) October Data Management Task Team, Business Meeting, Washington, DC. Contact: Margarita Conkright, Ocean Climate Laboratory, National Oceanographic Data Center / National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1315 East-West Highway, OC/5, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA, Tel. +1 301 713 3290 ext. 193, Fax. +1 301 713 3303, (Cancelled) Nov. 12-17 Paleo JGOFS Task Team Meeting. Contact: Karin Lochte, FB Marine Biogeochemie, Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel, Düsternbrooker weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, GERMANY, Tel. +49 431 600 4250, Fax. +49 431 565 876 (Completed) Year 2002 (Meetings planned as of December 2001) January 23-25, Southampton, UK. Continental Margin Task Team Workshop on Subpolar Regions. Contact: Jonathan Sharples, School of Ocean and Earth Science, Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom. Tel. +44 23 8059 649; Fax +44 23 8059 3059 January 29-30, Washington DC, USA. Data Management Task Team Meeting. Contact: Margarita Conkright, Ocean Climate Laboratory, E/OC5, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. Tel.: 1(301) 713-3290 ext 193, Fax: 1(301) 713-3303 February 11-15, Honolulu, HI, USA During the forthcoming 2002 Ocean Sciences Meeting organised by AGU and ASLO, special sessions or meetings are sponsored by JGOFS for the SOSG (OS04. The Cycle of Carbon in the Southern Ocean", chaired by Paul Tréguer, Ulrich Bathmann, Tom Trull, Phillip Boyd, and Stéphane Blain), the EPSG (Robert Le Borgne) and the NASG (Véronique Garçon). April 22-26, Nice, France. During the forthcoming European Geophysical Society 27th General Assembly, a special session "OA8. Biogeochemistry of the carbon cycle of the Atlantic Ocean", chaired by W. Koeve, J. Aiken and V. Garçon is sponsored by JGOFS for the NASG. May or June, Ispra, Italy. Joint Workshop of the Global Synthesis Working Group and JGOFS-GAIM Task Team on 3D Ocean Carbon Modelling and Analysis. Contacts: Reiner Schlitzer, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Dept. of GeoSystem, P.O. Box 120161, D-27515 Bremerhaven, GERMANY, Tel. (49) 471 48311559, Fax. (49) 471 48311149; Patrick Monfray, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, FRANCE, Tel. (33) 1 69 08 77 24, Fax. (33) 1 69 08 77 16 Summer, Orono, ME, USA. Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Meeting and Workshop. Contact: Robert Le Borgne, Centre IRD, B.P. A5, F-98848 Nouméa Cedex, Tel. (33-4) 9104 1657, Fax. (33-4) 9104 1635, FRANCE; Fei Chai, School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5741, USA, Tel. (1-207) 581 4317, Fax. (1-207) 581 4388 Sept. / October, Concepción, Chile. 17th JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee Meeting. and capacity building / training course on ocean biogeochemistry. Contact: Roger Hanson, JGOFS International Project Office, SMR, University of Bergen, PO Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway. Tel: (+47-555) 84244, Fax: (+47-555) 89687. Fall, Nagoya, Japan. North Pacific Synthesis Group Meeting and Symposium for the North Pacific synthesis. Contact: Toshiro Saino, Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chigusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan, Tel. (81-52) 789 3487, Fax. (81-52) 789 3436

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Late Fall, Sidney, B.C., Canada. North Pacific Synthesis Group editorial meeting for an issue of the Journal of Oceanography on JGOFS NP synthesis. Contact: Toshiro Saino, Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chigusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan, Tel. (81-52) 789 3487, Fax. (81-52) 789 3436 early Winter, place to be determined. Continental Margin Task Team Workshop for the Global Synthesis of the 5 Regional Syntheses. Contact: Renato Quiñones, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción CHILE Tel. +56-41-203861, Fax. +56-41-256571; Larry Atkinson, Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0276, USA, Tel. (1-757) 683 4926, Fax. (1-757) 683 5550 Year 2003 Archival of all JGOFS data sets at the World Data Centres (WDC) System! May 18th JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee Meeting, Washington DC, USA. Contact: Roger Hanson, JGOFS International Project Office, University of Bergen, SMR, High Technology Centre, Post Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY, Tel. +47 5558 4244, Fax. +47 5558 9687 May 5-8 Final JGOFS Open Science Conference. National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC, USA. Contact: Ken Buesseler, Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, WHOI, Clark Laboratory, Mail Stop #25, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA, Tel. +1 508 289 2309, Fax. +1 508 457 2193 Fall JGOFS Executive Meeting. Contact: Roger Hanson, JGOFS International Project Office, University of Bergen, SMR, High Technology Centre, Post Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY, Tel. +47 5558 4244, Fax. +47 5558 9687 (pending)

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10.4. APPENDIX 4: Practical Information (provided before the Meeting) Hotel Arrangements Because of arrangements provided by the IGBP in Amsterdam, we ask that you log onto the IGBP OSC web site and make your own hotel arrangements and register for the conference. The JGOFS IPO will reimburse your travel costs after the meeting or provide an advance before the meeting. For advances, please contact Reidun Gjerde early. As always, you are responsible for all incidental costs attributed to your hotel room (phone, minibar, etc.). City and Airport Connections For people flying into Amsterdam Airport (Schiphol), you need to catch a train from the airport to Central Station (CS)/Amsterdam/City Centre. The train costs NGL 6.50 and leaves from platform 3, approximately every 15-20 minutes. It takes approximately 15 minutes to arrive at CS. From there, you make you way to your hotels by foot, tram, or taxi. Check with the Information Centre if you are unsure (direction or best mode of transportation) Meeting Venue and Room We reserved the library (Room 4) at The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (Kloveniersburgwal 29, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) for the meeting. The numbers and web site are Tel: 31-20-551-0862, Fax: 31-20-620-49-41, and www.knaw.nl/. Coffee/Tea breaks and lunch will be provided by KNAW each day (Saturday and Sunday). SSC Dinner A dinner for the SSC and guests was held at the Restaurant Sluizer on Saturday evening. IPO Contact (travel expenses) Ms. Reidun Gjerde Administrative Assistant JGOFS IPO (before and after you travel) Tel: +47-5558-4246 Fax: +47-5558-9678

Hotel Aalborg (during the meeting) Sarphatipark 106-108 EC Amsterdam Tel: +31 (0) 20-676-0310 or +31 (0) 20- 679-9057

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10.5. APPENDIX 5: Draft Agenda (provided before the meeting) Opening (09:00, 7 July 2001) Welcome and Opening Address Announcements and Local arrangements Adoption of Agenda Old Business Minutes of the 15th Meeting of the SSC (Bergen, 2000): Approval Second Open Science Conference (Bergen, 2000): Expense Report AMBIO Special Report, May 2001: Published IGBP Science Series No. 2: Status IGBP/Springer-Verlag Book: Status Synthesis and Modelling Plans Executive Meeting (Durham, 2000): Global Synthesis & Modelling THIRD JGOFS Open Science Conference (Washington DC, May 2003) Other Matters Arising Synthesis Groups & Task Teams Business Brief Activity Reports Terms of References and Members: New and Revised Requests for Year 2002 Activities Other JGOFS and Related Meetings Brief Activity Reports Scientific Steering Committee Business Scientific Steering Committee Executive Committee International Programmes IGBP (Broadgate) SCOR (Urban) Carbon Advisory Panel (Wallace) IOCCG (Hoepffner) POGO (Sathyendranath) National Programmes US JGOFS (Anderson) Others Programme Reports International Project Office and JGOFS Budgets IPO Activities (Hanson) Data Management (Avril) Funds and Expenses (Gjerde/Hanson) Other Business Next SSC Meeting Adjourn (1700, Sunday, 8 July 2001)

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10.6. APPENDIX 6: Status of Actions from the 15th SSC (Bergen 2000) Action 1: Garçon agreed that model codes are a very important issue. Schlitzer felt that the value of having codes depends on the complexity of the model and emphasised that the need for more documentation along with the codes. It is extra work and not always possible. Ducklow added that it is an on-going process. Action 2: JGOFS moved the synthesis phase forward with the creation of the GSWG. Publications, outcome, and visibility are now sought. Action 3: IGBP Science Series No. 2 will be placed on the IGBP and JGOFS web sites. Action 4: done, no comment Action 5: done, no comment Action 6/7: done, no comment Action 8: Le Borgne commented that EPSG workshop/meeting is scheduled next year with modellers at the University of Maine. The host is Dr. Fei Chai, and the approximate time is Aug.-Oct. 2002 period. Funds (US$20,000) will be requested to supplement the costs. Action 9/10: Hanson mentioned that the IPO has not received the revised ToR for SOSG. An email request was sent to Uli and the SOSG for action/revision at the Brest Symposium. Travel funds were approved for all SOSG members to attend and meet together at the Brest Symposium. Action 11/12: Discussion deferred to Burkill report on IOSG activities. Actions 13/14: done, no comment Actions 15/16: Ducklow felt that the acquisition of Station P data was moving forward, but Conkright thought otherwise. Station P data are not complete. NODC received only hydrography and nutrient data for Station Papa, which are available on Canada-JGOFS CD-ROM Action 17: done, no comment Action 18: Monfray mentioned possible interactions with OCMIP and the new GSWG, possible joint workshop in 2002, which will be open to a wider ocean community (modellers, observationalists and users of remote sensing information). Schlitzer added that GSWG needs JGOFS data to be more accessible and encourages DMTT representation. Monfray mentioned that JGTT plans to meet 1 day next week (12/07/01) in Amsterdam and requested Schlitzer’s attendance, if possible. Action 19: done, no comment Action 20: IGBP deferred the Nature paper til later Action 21: done, no comment Action 22: With JGOFS winding down, SSC recommended that GLOBEC seek a strong link with the new ocean biogeochemistry project. Action 23: Haugan mentioned that he would address CO2 and GOOS in the Carbon Advisory Panel and GOOS-OOPC reports. Action 24: Ducklow emphasised the importance to maintain continuity in membership during the final phase of JGOFS. Action 25-32: done, no comment Actions 33/34: Deferred to budget discussion Action 35: Anderson mentioned that Buesseler has begun to organise the Final OSC, now set for 5-8 May 2003 at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington DC, USA.

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10.7. APPENDIX 7: Conference Funds and Expenses (Final Report)

Funds Credit (US$) Expenses

Debit (US$)

A) Conference Support A) Conference Costs Norwegian Research Council $10,500 Announcements/Posters $13,846 Norwegian Polar Institute $1,200 Promotional Effects $1,327 Fisheries Commission $2,300 Social Events $22,345 Nansen Centre $1,200 Conference Facilities $27,316 SCOR Funds 1999 (printing) $11,600 PLUS Conference Organizers $7,500 Conference Fees $48,400 Miscellaneous Expenses $2,866 Sub Total $75,200 $75,200 B) Travel Support B) Travel/Hotel/Fees $89,500 EU (for young European scientists)* $20,000 SCOR (developing countries) $10,000 IOC (developing countries) $10,000 University of Bergen $3,500 JGOFS (support for Speakers) $20,000 US JGOFS (support for 10 US Scientists)** $10,000 NASG Fund (support for one French Scientist) $2,000 IGBP (support for SSC travel) $14,000 Sub Total $89,500 $89,500 TOTAL $164,700 $164,700 C) Nominal Support Institute of Marine Resources (Aquarium Rental) $2,000 City of Bergen (Conference Reception) $4,000 Sub-Total $6,000 TOTAL OSC Funding $170,700 * Karin Lochte and staff administered these funds ** US JGOFS administered these funds

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10.8. APPENDIX 8: IGBP/Springer-Verlag Book (updated July 2001)

Title: Ocean Biogeochemistry: a JGOFS synthesis

Editor: M.J.R. Fasham

Associate Editors: J. Field, T. Platt, & B. Zeitzschel

Contents:

Preface (Peter Brewer?)

Chapter 1: Biogeochemical provinces (Hugh W. Ducklow) – delivered

Chapter 2: The role of physical processes in biological production (Richard G. Williams and Michael J.

Follows) – delivered

Chapter 3: Continental margin exchanges (Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, K.K. Liu and Rob MacDonald) –

delivered

Chapter 4: Regional and global primary, new and export production (Paul Falkowski and Jim Murray) –

Barber providing input to the chapter, still waiting

Chapter 5: Carbon dioxide fluxes in the global ocean (Andrew J. Watson, James Orr and D. W. R.

Wallace) – expecting it soon

Chapter 6: The role of community structure in regulating export fluxes (Michael R. Landry, Ulrich

Bathmann, Paul Falkowski, Thomas Kiørboe and Frede T. Thingstad) – still waiting

Chapter 7: Water column biogeochemistry below the euphotic zone (Paul Tréguer) – delivered

Chapter 8: The impact of climate change and feedback processes on the ocean carbon cycle (Philip

Boyd and Scott Doney) – still waiting

Chapter 9: Benthic processes and the burial of carbon (K. Lochte, R. F. Anderson, R. Francois, R.

Jahnke and A. Vetrov) – delivered

Chapter 10: An emerging paradigm for global ocean carbon and ecosystem modelling (Scott C. Doney)

– delivered

Chapter 11: Temporal studies of biogeochemical processes in the world’s oceans (D.M. Karl, S.

Emerson, P.J Harrison, A. F. Michaels, and Y. Nojiri) – delivered?

Chapter 12: What has JGOFS achieved and what are the lessons for future research? (Michael J.R.

Fasham) – waiting on the delivery of ALL chapters before writing

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10.9. APPENDIX 9: Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group (Le Borgne) Le Borgne, Robert. Chair, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, FRANCE Barber, Richard. Duke University, USA Chai, Fei. University of Maine, USA Feely, Richard. PMEL, NOAA, USA Karl, David. University of Hawaii, USA Lewis, Marlon. Dalhousie University, CANADA Mackey, Denis. CSIRO, AUSTRALIA Murray, James. University of Washington, USA Nozaki, Yoshiyuki. University of Tokyo, JAPAN Fieldwork. Most of the cruises involving process studies ended in 1996, except for the JAMSTEC cruises which are organized every year in January-February in the western and central Pacific (145°E-160°W). Carbon dioxide observations are routinely made by PMEL along the TAO mooring lines, with two cruises per year on board R/Vs Ron Brown and Ka’imimoana. Two time-series works, involving CO2 and bio-optical measurements on TAO moorings (155°W and 170°W) started in 1997 and are being carried on. Finally, ships of opportunity measurements of CO2, pigments and nutrients have been on since the end of 1999 in the frame of PROOF (formerly France-JGOFS). All these on-going activities are planned to continue during the next few years. Data CD-ROM’s. Since its first meeting in 1998, EPSG decided to gather all data collected during oceanographic cruises on CD-ROMs. M.P. Labaied, from DMTT agreed with doing this work and has already received all the data from Australian, U.S. and French cruises. However, the Japanese policy in terms of biogeochemical data release is different and needs a different approach. One of the solutions that may be envisaged in this case, is to present only the cruise plans, measured parameters with PI’s and methods, station positions and time. Such a presentation of Japanese data would be a good start for future developments. Modelling activities. Most of the present activities on the equatorial Pacific are devoted to modelling within two groups: US JGOFS SMP (Synthesis and Modeling Program) and PROOF Modélisation. In addition, the region is part of global models developed by various organizations. The models consider the following points: new and export productivity regulation by Si and Fe, ecosystem and carbon cycle responses to physical variability on various time-scales, evaluation of marine primary productivity using satellite ocean colour, food-web regulation of particulate export flux in HNLC regions, and plankton community structure and export flux. Synthesis publications. Le Borgne, Feely and Mackey are editing a Deep-Sea Research Part II volume. Most of the 17 manuscripts are now ready for publication, which should come out at the beginning of 2002. The Introductory chapter of the volume was written during a meeting of the editors in Hobart (December 2000) and aims at being a « synthesis of the synthesis ». A modified summary of the Introductory paper has been submitted to Scientific American and, provided it is accepted, will lead to a general article about the carbon budget of the equatorial Pacific. EPSG future activities. The entire Group has not met since its first meeting in 1998 and there is a need for direct contacts. E-mail communications appears unreliable. During the meeting of some members of the group in Bergen (April 2000), it was suggested that a joint meeting between EPSG and young modellers would be a good opportunity to transmit knowledge and the conclusions of the synthesis work, which has been achieved recently. The idea progressed and Fei Chai proposed to host such a meeting at his institute (University of Maine, Orono, USA) in August-October 2002. The meeting would include EPSG members plus other observationalists and modellers, 25-30 participants in total.

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10.10. APPENDIX 10: North Atlantic Synthesis Group (Garçon) Véronique, Garçon. Chair, LEGOS, FRANCE Drange, Helge. NRSC, NORWAY Ducklow, Hugh. VIMS, USA Fasham, Michael. SOC, UK Fernandez, Emilio. University of Vigo, SPAIN Koeve, Wolfgang. IfM-Kiel, GERMANY Lowry, Roy. BODC, UK Mémery, Laurent. LODYC, FRANCE Siegel, Dave. UCSB, USA Wallace, Douglas. IfM-Kiel, GERMANY Achievements in 2000-2001 Third and final NASG meeting in Arcachon, 15-16 January 2001 (Report available on the JGOFS International web site) followed by the Annual Synthesis and Modelling Meeting of the French PROOF programme. Edition of a Special Issue of Deep Sea Research Part II: JGOFS Research in the North Atlantic Ocean: A Decade of Research, Synthesis and Modelling, Volume 48, No 10, May 2001. Guest Editors: Wolfgang Koeve and Hugh Ducklow. Report on the Workshop: Towards a “Green Ocean Model” held in Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, June 2001. Invitation of KK Liu at LEGOS, Toulouse, France, 6-7 August 2001 to foster links with Continental Margins Task Team and to encourage submission of data from French continental margins studies to the international CMTT data centre. Which actions to encourage NA synthesis in late 2001-early 2002? Joint synthesis work under way and planned publication for 2002 Joint North Atlantic Biogeochemistry (JGOFS Synthesis-AMT-POMME) during the next 2002 EGS Meeting (Nice, France, 22-26 April 2002), convenors: W. Koeve and J. Aiken Membership Doug Wallace and Helge Drange have expressed a desire to be replaced. Terms of Reference (ToR) Proposed Modifications: Delete the sentence « Present a paper on the results of the group’s activities at the 2000 JGOFS Science Conference » Add the sentence « Foster links with the recently formed Global Synthesis Working Group » NASG expected to finish its work mid 2002 and therefore to disband. Strong links with the new JGOFS Global Synthesis Working Group chaired by Reiner Schlitzer Budget status Arcachon Meeting Expenses: Ducklow, Koeve, Lowry, Wollast, Mémery, Garçon: ~ US$ 9,000

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10.11. APPENDIX 11: Indian Ocean Synthesis Group (Burkill) Burkill, Peter. Chair, PML, UK Amjad, Shahid. National Institute of Oceanography, PAKISTAN Baars, Martien. NIOZ, THE NETHERLANDS Banse, Karl. University of Washington, USA Kindle, John. NRL-SSC, USA Naqvi, Wajih. CSNIO, INDIA Rixen, Tim. Universität Bremen, GERMANY Sathyendranath, Shubha. Dalhousie University, CANADA Smith, Sharon. RSMAS, USA Yajnik, Kirit. CMMACS, INDIA The IOSG has three matters to report. Synthesis Report on Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry This report originated through discussion at the last meeting of the IOSG (Bangalore in 1999). IOSG identified key topics and authors to produce an updated but personal view on advances in Arabian Sea biogeochemistry during the period of JGOFS Process Studies. This report brings recent literature together in an integrative way and will be used as a stepping-stone towards publications in the peer-reviewed literature. Agreement by the JGOFS SSC in 2000 to allocate some travel funds, has allowed editing of the chapters. Sharon Smith, Louisa Watts and Peter Burkill met in Miami in June 2001 to bring the report together. The report is largely complete thanks largely to the tremendous work put in by Louisa Watts. One chapter is incomplete and some minor editorial work remains to be done. This will be completed in the next few months. We ask for any comments from the JGOFS SSC, and endorsement that this report is published in the JGOFS/SCOR Series. A time-line for peer-reviewed publications co-ordinated by IOSG is identified in the report. National Activities Canada: Shubha Sathyendranath reports that there are no national activities. However, Louisa Watts’ contribution to the Synthesis Report is particularly noteworthy. Germany: Tim Rixen reports that the second synthesis phase started in March 2001 and will lasts until February 2003. German data are available via www.ifm.uni-kiel.de/jgofs/dm/. A new data manager has been recently appointed (Joachim Herrmann) at the Institut für Meereskunde in Kiel. India: Wajih Naqvi reports that the JGOFS-India programme involved extensive observations during five cruises of the R/V Sagar Kanya during 1994-97 in the eastern and central parts of the Arabian Sea. The results of these surveys were presented in about 40 research papers including those published in a special issue of Current Science (Vol. 71, No. 11, 10 December, 1996). The synthesis of these results is under final stages. Apart from providing an account of the productivity and carbon flow, the synthesis efforts are expected to culminate in the development of a model for carbon emissions/absorption in the eastern Arabian Sea. The JGOFS-India team is now extending its studies to the Bay of Bengal. The Bay provides hydrographical conditions quite different from the Arabian Sea primarily as a consequence of the huge amounts of freshwater input (~1.5 x 1012 m3 y-1) and associated sediment load (~1.5 billion tones). However, it remains as one of the least studied areas of the oceans. The upper layer is strongly stratified, but frequent tropical cyclones occurring in this region are expected to bring about substantial nutrient injection to the euphotic zone stimulating primary production. Oxygen concentrations in intermediate waters approach but do not reach suboxia even though the organic carbon fluxes to deep sea appear to be higher than those in the Arabian Sea.

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A major project termed the Bay of Bengal Process Studies (BOBPS) has recently been approved for funding (INR 16.5 millions) by the Department of Ocean Development (DOD), New Delhi. This multi-institutional endeavour involving the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Goa, Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation (CMMACS), Bangalore, and Goa University, will be formally initiated in July 2001. Field studies, similar to those undertaken in the Arabian Sea, will be carried out utilizing the R/V Sagar Kanya (5 cruises) over a 2-year period with an additional year for synthesis. Samplings at 1-degree interval are planned along 89oE longitude north of 5oN latitude up to the Bengal coast. In addition, several stations over the shelf along the east coast of India will also be worked during each cruise. Post-JGOFS studies in the Arabian Sea have largely been focused over the western Indian shelf and have led to some exciting findings of seasonal development of anoxia with an unprecedented build-up of nitrous oxide in the inner and mid-shelf regions. In addition to this work, studies on nitrogen cycling have been undertaken with emphasis on direct measurements of denitrification rate using 15N-labelled substrates. Finally, an effort is being made to develop a multi-national programme involving India, Oman and USA. A tri-lateral Workshop organized at Muscat in November 2000, has led to the formulation of a research proposal to be submitted to the US National Science Foundation. As a follow-up of this Workshop, a research cruise of the R/V Sagar Kanya is planned for September-October, 2001. A trans-Arabian Sea section with re-occupation of the US JGOFS Southern Leg in the west and the 15oN transect frequently worked during the previous Indian cruises is planned for this cruise. UK: Peter Burkill reports that since the 1994 field campaign, a series of papers have been published including two Special Issue of Deep Sea Research II and one in Progress in Oceanography. There is no national JGOFS Arabian Sea Synthesis activity although individual papers will continue to be published. A major cruise (AMBITION) will investigate microbial functional biodiversity in the Arabian Sea in September 2001. Ukraine: Karl Banse reports that S.A. Piontkovski and his colleagues are producing a CD-ROM. This involves the collation of Russian and Ukrainian oceanographic data (CTD, nutrients, heterotrophic bacteria, phytoplankton, micro-, meso-, and macro zooplankton, mesopelagic fishes, and squids) from the Indian Ocean (including the Arabian Sea) collected on 19 expeditions of the former Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union between 1959 and 1990. The master copy of the CD is ready for dissemination. At present, S. Piontkovski is looking for funds to manufacture 100 copies of the CD. He also plans to ask JGOFS and GLOBEC to assist with the announcement and dissemination of the CD. USA: Sharon Smith reports that four issues of Deep Sea Research II have now been published with a 5th volume in revision. The national Synthesis and Modelling Project has started with two proposals funded. One is for a 1-D Arabian Sea model that is posted on a test-bed site for all to use. The other is to integrate all the Process Study models into a common format and ensure they are available for the communities use. The US-JGOFS database is being updated to allow data extraction and plotting of variables. The Arabian Sea Process Study was the first data set to be chosen for this since it is the most complete, high quality data set in the US JGOFS database. Karl Banse reports on important developments on bringing Russian literature to our attention, including that of the R/V Professor Vodyanitsky, 30th cruise, February/March 1990. Banse and S. A. Piontkovski are finishing the editing of a book about the last comprehensive expedition of the Institute of Biology of Southern Seas (IBSS), Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, in Sevastopol, Ukraine. In contrast to work by the other nations who sampled along sections in the Arabian Sea, the Soviet and later Ukrainian colleagues worked on polygons or station grids that permit three-dimensional interpretations of physical, chemical and biological parameters measured simultaneously. The present cruise covered 77 principal stations, 55 km apart, in a 275-375-km wide strip between 15o and 21.5oN outside the Omani EEZ. With emphasis on the processes in the upper 200 m, 15 chapters describe the observations extending from hydrography and nutrients through concentration and production of heterotrophic bacteria and phytoplankton, to distributions of micro-, meso-, and macrozooplankton, to mesopelagic fishes and squids. A few earlier cruises are also treated. Besides discussing the results, the book

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provides an entry into the Russian-language literature, which is largely unknown to the English-writing scientific world. The tentative title of the book is The Structure of the Epipelagic Ecosystem of the Arabian Sea on the Synoptic Scale (with 184 figures and 29 tables). Universities Press (India) in Hyderabad (Deccan) wishes to print the work. Banse expects to complete a paper on the renewal of the well-ventilated salinity maximum in the top of the pycnocline in the northern Arabian Sea, which is distinct from the common salinity maximum of the central and southern Arabian Sea and, together with colleagues in Goa, India to complete the study of the short-term variability (days) and long-term stability (4 decades) of the oxygen minimum along 65oE. Translations of two small monographs were edited by Banse and submitted to Universities Press (India): L. I. Sazhina, Breeding, Growth Rates, and Production of Marine Copepods (with 54 figures and 40 tables), originally published in 1987 and mostly based on observations at warm temperatures, and E. V. Pavlova, Movement and Energy Metabolism of Marine Planktonic Organisms (with 60 Figures and 41 tables), a somewhat updated version of the 1987 edition, which is also mostly based on data from warm water. Banse has begun editing the English translation of a book edited by T. S. Petipa, Mechanisms of Formation of Aggregation and Functioning of Plankton in Ecosystems of the Indian Ocean (with 134 figures and 53 tables), with an appended Atlas of Bio-Oceanographic Characteristics of the Indian Ocean at the Boundaries of Water Masses (with 199 charts). The book of 16 chapters focuses on a comprehensive IBSS expedition to equatorial divergences in the spring of 1980 (similar to the Ukrainian 1990 cruise), with additional information on three other cruises in the early 1980s. The Russian text had been typeset by 1993, but the deterioration of the economy in Ukraine prevented publication. Finally, a monograph with keys for all six stages of 85 dominant marine pelagic copepods by L. I. Sazhina (1985), Nauplii of Mass Species of Pelagic Copepods of the World Ocean (Kiev: Nauk. Dumka), with 2 tables and 100 plates, has been translated. K. Banse will edit it. Chairmanship Peter Burkill wishes to step down from the chair of this Group. This is due to too many other commitments rather than changing interests. A new chair that will bring fresh impetus will be required to carry forward the Arabian Sea synthesis.

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10.12. APPENDIX 12: Southern Ocean Synthesis Group (Tréguer) Members Tréguer, Paul. Chair, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, FRANCE Bathmann, Uli. Vice Chair, AWI, GERMANY Hall, Julie. NIWA, NEW ZEALAND Monfray, Patrick. LSCE, FRANCE Pollard, Raymond. SOC, UK Smith, Walker. VIMS, USA (alternate: Robert Anderson, LDEO, USA) Trull, Tom. University of Tasmania, AUSTRALIA Synthesis and modelling The 3rd SO-JGOFS Symposium on Climatic changes and the cycle of carbon held in Brest, France, 8-12 July 2000. 210 scientists originating from 19 nations attended the Symposium. Hereafter are major conclusions and questions (detailed report available via Paul Tréguer). Due to the juxtaposition of the cooling effect on warm subtropical waters and the biological utilization effect on nutrient-rich sub-Antarctic waters the Southern Ocean (S.O.) acts as a significant net sink (0.6 GTC yr-1 >50°S) for atmospheric CO2. South of 30°S the total annual export of particulate organic carbon is estimated at 3 Pg C yr-1 (about 1/3 of the world total). There is a big gap between studies, which consider export fluxes out of photic layer (especially using 234Th techniques), and those concerned by the measurements of biogenic matter in deep waters and at the water-sediment interface. To take into account the processes that control the fluxes of remineralisation and recycling in the « twilight » zone (100-1000 m) should be a high priority for future programmes. The importance of the physical-biological coupling at mesoscale in the S.O. has been demonstrated both from SeaWiFS images and from circulation models (e.g., OCCAM). Since the beginning of the 1990s, numerous sophisticated biogeochemical models have emerged. They remain preliminary tools to account for the complexity of the Antarctic ecosystems. Attention is to be put on the role of key species in the key ecosystems, on the community structure and on the dynamics of the higher trophic levels, if we want to improve the models outputs in terms of carbon retention and/or export. The sea ice has definitely to be approached as a unique system. In the Seasonal Ice Zone (SIZ) in addition to the classical export pathway based on diatoms, the carbon export flux associated with Phaeocystis antarctica represents another important pathway for carbon sequestration. Because blooms of P. antarctica cause intense DMS emissions, the role of P. antarctica may be more important than previously thought with respect to the S.O. biological pump. Large deviations from the classical Redfield ratios have been reported in the SIZ, which has many implications for modellers. We still have to fill in the gap of the linkage between the ice and the adjacent water column ecosystem to better understand the SIZ dynamics. The biogeochemistry of the S.O. is clearly very sensitive to climate change, but depending on the proxies the authors referred to, much disagreement is remaining about what happened to the biological pump of CO2 during the past, and especially during the Last Glacial Maximum. To reconcile contradictory interpretations, multiproxies studies that take into account the glacial boundary conditions of wind stress, ocean circulation, sea-ice extension and temperature, are encouraged. We already have some indications of the biogeochemistry of the modern S.O. is changing. Global physical-biogeochemical coupled models are now available, indicating the S.O. might become the main oceanic sink for atmospheric CO2, if atmospheric CO2 concentration continues to increase exponentially. Nevertheless, this capacity could be counteracted by an induced stratification of S.O. in a warmer climate. To improve our predictive capacity, however coupling models and observations is yet a high priority.

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Thirty-two peer-reviewed papers issued from this 2000 Symposium are to be published in Deep-Sea Research II (Guest editors: Paul Tréguer et al.). The review process is being finalized and this special volume should be published in 2002. 2-Meetings in Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, February 2002: To pursue with synthesis and modelling a special session dedicated to the cycle of carbon in the S.O. is requested during the Ocean Science Meeting, 11-15 February 2002 (Co-convenors: Paul Tréguer, Uli Bathmann, Tom Trull, Philip Boyd, Stéphane Blain). Following the OSM we also plan to organise a SO-JGOFS workshop in Honolulu, 16-17 Feb. 2002. National/international efforts Australia has been focused on completion of the Sub Antarctic Zone (SAZ) Project organized by the Antarctic Cooperative Research Centre (www.antcrc.utas.edu.au/). The main fieldwork for the SAZ Project occurred in the 1997-1998 austral summer. A compilation of 16 papers presenting the main results from the SAZ Project is currently being finalized for publication as a special section of JGR-Oceans (Tom Trull). Some aspects of the SAZ Project are continuing – in particular, the annual deployment of sediment trap moorings in the SAZ and Polar Front Zone (PFZ) has continued since 1997 and is planned to continue until at least 2003. Future research plans include a major field programme (Nov.-Dec. 2001) onboard the R/V Aurora Australis, involving the participation of ~80 marine scientists (Australia, New Zealand, Europe, North America, and Japan) for studying the carbon cycle in the Sub-Antarctic Front, in the PFZ and near and in melting sea-ice. This cruise includes process studies aboard the ship and deployment of moorings fitted with sediments traps. This work is being coordinated with Japan, which will undertake a series of voyages later in the 2001-2002 austral summers in the same region. France is assessing what has been done during the last 10 years under the umbrella of PROOF (the French contribution to JGOFS). A specific report about the major issues of the ANTARES/KERFIX programme (French contribution to SO-JGOFS) is available via Jacques Lefèvre. In relation with SOLAS/IGBP process studies in the Indian sector of the S. O. are envisaged for the next years using the R/V Marion-Dufresne as an international scientific platform (Stéphane Blain). In December 2000, in the frontal systems of the Atlantic sector of the S.O., along the 20°E meridian, Germany (U. Bathmann, V. Smetacek) has organised the EISENEX cruise (October-November 2000) aboard the R/V Polarstern. This cruise included scientists from 15 countries (including UK and NL). Using iron sulphate, they seeded a water body extending over 100 km2. EISENEX did show that addition of Fe led to quadrupling the phytoplankton biomass within a period of 3 weeks, despite heavy grazing and poor light conditions in spring. Results should be presented soon, especially during the 2002 OSM. Italy has three on-going programmes that are related to SO-JGOFS. The two first programmes focuses on the Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea); the first (Letterio Gugliemo) deals with the pack-ice ecosystems dynamics (algal communities and nitrogen cycling), and the second (Riccardo Cattaneo-Vietti) with the short and long term variability of the benthic communities. The third (Mariangela Ravaioli) also involves access to US facilities for studying subsystems located between New Zealand and the Ross Sea; it deals with biogenic sedimentation and its relation with biogeochemical processes, the CO2 cycle and climate changes, also using remote sensing and modelling (1999-2001). References of relevant papers are available via Giulio Catalano. The US efforts (usjgofs.whoi.edu/mzweb/syn-mod.htm) are along two lines: synthesis and modelling of Southern Ocean processes and the upcoming SOFeX cruise. AESOPS (W. O. Smith, Robert Anderson) is planning 3 DSR II volumes (the first was published in Dec. 2000; the second is now being processed at the publishers). SOFeX is a new iron-fertilization experiment. The two study areas are located (1) north of the polar front around 170°W for low Si, low Fe waters, and (2) south to ca. 65°S, 170°W for high Si, low Fe concentrations. SOFeX plans to involve three ships and enough time to know about the export production aspects that both SOIREE and EISENEX have missed.

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10.13. APPENDIX 13: North Pacific Synthesis Group (Bychkov) Bychkov, Alexander. Chair, IOS, CANADA Chen, Arthur. NSYSU, CHINA-TAIPEI Denman, Ken. DFO-MPO, CANADA Harrison, Paul. University of British Columbia, CANADA Jiao, Nianzhi. NIES, JAPAN Kim, Kyung-Ryul. Seoul National University, KOREA Kishi, Mishio. Hokkaido University, JAPAN Riser, Stephen. University of Washington, USA Saino, Toshiro. Vice Chair, Nagoya University, JAPAN IPO Note: Waiting for Bychkov’s report!

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10.14. APPENDIX 14: Paleo-JGOFS Task Team (Lochte) Lochte, Karin. Co-Chair from JGOFS, IfM-Kiel, GERMANY François, Roger. Co-Chair from IMAGES, WHOI, USA Holbourn, Ann. Christian Albrechts Universität, GERMANY Jahnke, Rick. Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, USA Labeyrie, Laurent. LSCE, FRANCE Shimmield, Graham. DML, UK Stocker, David. UNIBe, SWITZERLAND Tréguer, Paul. Université de Bretagne Occidentale, FRANCE Vernal, Anne de. UQàM, CANADA The Paleo JGOFS Task Team met for the first time on 13-14 June 2000 in Hamburg, Germany at the Institut für Meereskunde. Participants of the first meeting were: Roger François, Rick Jahnke, Ann Holbourn, Laurent Labeyrie, Karin Lochte, Graham Shimmield and Paul Tréguer. During this meeting, Terms of Reference, membership and future tasks were discussed. Two main topics to be considered by this group were identified: Refining and developing new paleo-oceanographic proxies by studying their systematics within integrated multidisciplinary process studies in the modern ocean; Test the hypotheses of the role of the ocean in controlling atmospheric pCO2 on time scales of decades to millennia, and under recent anthropogenic impact. The SSCs of JGOFS and PAGES subsequently endorsed the PJTT. The membership was generally accepted, but an open question is still the participation of an Asian member, as suitable candidates were suggested. At a follow up of this meeting, a small ad-hoc German group met on 5 April 2001 in Hamburg to discuss how the tasks of PJTT could be promoted. Topic 1, concerning the further development of proxies, requires multidisciplinary fieldwork and relies on future international projects. Topic 2, analysing the role of the oceans in controlling atmospheric CO2 fluxes on different time scales, is less bound to new data but rather requires synthesis of existing data and concepts. This may be achieved in form of a SCOR working group. Plans for this are underway but need to be worked out in more details. There will be an informal meeting of members of PJTT during the Global Change Open Science Conference in Amsterdam (if an appropriate time can be found). A workshop open to all interested scientists is planned for late Fall 2001.

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10.15. APPENDIX 15: Continental Margins Task Team (Quiñones) Quiñones, Renato. Co-Chair from JGOFS, Universidad de Concepción, CHILE Atkinson, Larry. Old Dominion University, USA Gao, Shu. Co-Chair from LOICZ, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CHINA – P.R.C. Liu, K.-K. National Taiwan University, TAIWAN - R.o.C. Macdonald, Robie. Institute of Ocean Sciences, CANADA Talaue-McManus, Liana. RSMAS, USA Overall goal of the CMTT Assess the contribution of continental margins and seas to CO2 sequestration and horizontal flux of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus across ocean-continental margin boundaries. Main activities of the CMTT for the 2000/01 period During this period, the CMTT has allocated most of its efforts in producing an overall synthesis and assessment of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes on and across continental margins to feed into IGBP. This synthesis will be given to the international community as a comprehensive book, which is expected to be published in 2003. In order to write this book, five working groups were created (lead scientists in brackets): Tropical Margins (Liana McManus), Marginal Seas (KK Liu and Shu Gao), Eastern Boundary Currents (Renato Quiñones), Western Boundary Currents (Larry Atkinson), and Polar Margins (Robie MacDonald). Two meetings were already conducted to plan the outline of the sections of the book as well as to organize a common structure for constructing the biogeochemical budgets. A final meeting will take place in September 2001. In what follows, a brief description of each of the meetings is given: A) Workshop on Eastern and Western Boundary Current Systems The joint meeting of the EBC/WBC System Groups was held at the Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography (Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia), 27-29 November 2001. Both JGOFS and LOICZ sponsored the workshop. Larry Atkinson (U.S.A.) and Renato Quiñones (Chile) hosted the meeting. The attendees were: Francisco Chávez (USA), Lei Chou (Belgium), Lou Codispoti (USA), George Cresswell (Australia), Rick Jahnke (USA), K.-K. Liu (Taiwan), John Moisan (USA), Pedro Monteiro (South Africa), Wajih Naqvi (India). The main objective of the workshop was to produce a general outline of the CMTT Synthesis Book, especially in relation to the EBC/WBC sections. The proposed outline for the EBC/WBC Section of the book can be found in Appendix 1. In addition, an extensive analysis was conducted on: definition of the geographic limits of EBC/WBC systems, relevant spatial and temporal scales of variability, main fluxes and processes to be considered in the synthesis, identification of major gaps and uncertainties in the current understanding of continental margin biogeochemistry. The EBC/WBC System Group strongly suggests to the JGOFS and LOICZ SSCs the creation of a new group for Sub-Polar Ecosystems. The EBC/WBC group has opted to define its subject of study as those currents lying equatorward of the westerlies and poleward of the tropics. This operational definition is proposed, taking into account the stated goal of the CMTT synthesis. However, this definition may cause significant parts of the oceans to be missed. The areas that may not be considered include the following: North Pacific: Oyashio, Kamchatka, Alaska Coastal Current, Kuroshio Extension North Atlantic: Labrador Current, Grand Banks, European margin, Norwegian Coastal Current and Gulf Stream Extension. South Atlantic: Malvinas Current South Pacific: Cape Horn Current, Chilean fjords

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B) Workshop on Arctic Margins The meeting was held at Sidney, BC, Canada, 7-11 May 2001. It was convened by Robie Macdonald and attended by Leif Anderson, Ruediger Stein, John Christensen, Igor Semiletov and Lisa Miller. The objectives of the meeting were to organize a common structure for constructing Arctic shelf budgets for freshwater, particulates, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, and for combining these into a complete Arctic Ocean budget. Each participant accepted a particular shelf or shelves as their special assignment. The first task identified was to produce up-to-date areas and hypsometry for the shelves using common, well-defined boundaries. Electronic charts have only recently become available to allow an accurate – and consistent – assignment of these fundamental properties. Sources of data were discussed for inputs of P, N, C (dissolved and particulate) from rivers and coastal erosion. Other components for the development of a comprehensive budget were discussed, including: ocean inflows and outflows; atmospheric exchange; ice transport; and transformations within system components (boxes). A great deal of the discussion centred on the uncertainties in the properties, the sources of data, and how to approach the construction of budgets using LOICZ and other models. The structure of (an) ensuing paper(s), amassing this information and producing the individual shelf budgets together with the whole Arctic Budget, was determined. Although the group felt that a preliminary draft could be produced by early next year, it was noted that a comprehensive book on the organic carbon cycle in the Arctic Ocean is already planned under the guidance of Ruediger Stein and that our approach in this budget would be to use the material in that book as a source of information and to avoid duplication of effort. Logically, therefore, the budgets produced by this group will follow the completion of the preliminary draft of the organic carbon book. C) International Symposium and Workshop on Carbon and Nutrient Fluxes in Marginal Seas and Tropical Coastal Zones The Symposium/Workshop will be held in Taipei from 27 to 29 September 2001 in conjunction with the 2001 Joint Geoscience Assembly sponsored by the Chinese Geoscience Union, Taipei, R.o.C. The purpose is to facilitate information exchange, and to promote synthesis and modelling for the marginal seas and tropical coasts as a part of the CMTT global synthesis. The potential areas to be covered and attendees to the meeting are: 1. Overview (CTA Chen) 2. Australia’s Shelf Seas (Gregg J. Brunskill) 3. Baltic Sea 4. Black Sea (T. Oguz) 5. Caspian Sea 6. Coral Reefs (Brad Opdyke) 7. Great Lakes (Val Klump) 8. Japan/East Sea (Kyung-Ryul Kim) 9. Mediterranean, Coastal and Shelf Areas of the (André Monaco) 10. Bay of Bengal (M.M. Sarin) 11. North Seas (Helmuth Thomas) 12. Sea of Okhotsk (Shizuo Tsunogai) 13. SE Asian Archipelagos (Robert Aller) 14. South China Sea (K.K. Liu) 15. Tropical coasts of the Americas (Frank Muller-Karger) 16. Sediment transports (Shu Gao) CMTT Schedule for accomplishing the synthesis A working session of the CMTT will be conducted during the IGBP Global Change Open Science Conference (Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 10-13 July 2001) to analyse: (i) the final outline of the book, (ii) the progress achieved to date, and (iii) to make adjustments to the schedule, if needed. Until now the official schedule is: September 2001: all CMTT Subgroups meetings finished December 2001: final drafts of individual and collective papers.

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February 2002-April 2002: peer review process June 2002: Synthesis meeting Book published by January 2003 News on recent CMTT publications The following article, written by current and past CMTT members was published in the 26 December 2000 issue of EOS: K.-K. Liu, L. Atkinson, C.T.A. Chen, S. Gao, J. Hall, R.W. Macdonald, L.T. McManus, and R.A. Quiñones. 2000. Exploring continental margin carbon fluxes on a global scale. EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 81(52): 641-644. APPENDIX A BOOK OUTLINE EBC/WBC Section 1) Introduction It will describe the general approach taken including the main definitions used, the scope and the limitations of the EBC/WBC Section of the book. In addition, it will present a review of fluxes of carbon and other elements in the eastern and western boundary currents of the ocean margins. The emphasis is on the sequestration of carbon with reference to N and P as needed for clarity. Sequestration refers here to burial in sediments that are not eroded on century time-scales or export into the deep waters below the main thermocline. 2) Comparative Chapter on EBC/WBCs (Atkinson et al.) This chapter sets the stage. A short exposition on physical and biogeochemical processes in eastern and western boundary currents relevant to understanding carbon fluxes and sequestration. Schematic diagrams imperative. 3) Regional Analysis - Description of the system, important processes and flux estimates with documentation The carbon and other fluxes are presented for each EBC and WBC region. All values will be documented. Flux values should be referenced or the method(s) used to derive the flux documented. Each section should use the same basic format:

Primary Production

New Production

air-sea flux Rivers

Export

Export Burial Sequestration

Nutrient Supply (C, N)

denitrification

C,N,P per m2 per year per region per year Each region will be described in a short paper focused on the specific fluxes and processes needed to generate the carbon synthesis. It is important to note that each paper will not be a complete review of each of the described systems but a directed analysis of the main carbon fluxes with reference to nitrogen and phosphorous fluxes in the system. The horizontal extent of the boundary system will be defined by considering processes such as upwelling and other mesoscale physical processes, primary productivity, grazing, deposition and sinking fluxes. (*The named scientist has the responsibility to find the specialist who will write the chapter on the region)

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3.1 Eastern Boundary Currents California (Chávez) Humboldt (Quiñones) Benguela (Monteiro) Iberian (Chou) Northwest Africa (Quiñones*/Bremen) 3.2 Western Boundary Currents Kuroshio (KK Liu) Gulf Stream (Jahnke) East Australia Current (Cresswell) Brazil Current (Eduardo Marone, Bastiaan Knoppers) 3.3 Indian Ocean Region Monsoon region (Naqvi and Lou Codispoti) Western Australia (Cresswell*) Agulhas (Monteiro) 4) Synthesis (Shu Gao, Quiñones, KK Liu, Atkinson etc.) A summary of all the fluxes in EBC/WBC systems that is suitable for further global synthesis. 5) Coupled Circulation/Biogeochemical Models to Estimate Carbon Flux (Moisan). 6) Outlook (Climate change, denitrification, suboxic, etc.) (Codispoti/Chairs) This chapter will be focused on concepts and/or processes that need to be revisited as well as the main future perspectives of continental margin biogeochemical research. It will also incorporate a discussion on what aspects of climate change may affect the eastern and western boundary currents. For example: increased buoyancy and nutrient fluxes as runoff increases or changes in wind stress (speed and direction).

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10.16. APPENDIX 16: Data Management Task Team (Conkright) Conkright Gregg, Margarita. Chair, NOAA/National Oceanographic Data Center, USA Glenn, Graham. Marine Environmental Data Service, CANADA Griffiths, Brian. CSIRO Marine Research, AUSTRALIA Hammond, Christine. U.S. JGOFS Data Management Office, USA Herrmann, Joachim. German JGOFS Data Management, GERMANY Labaied, Marie-Paule. Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche, FRANCE Lowry, Roy. British Oceanographic Data Centre, UNITED KINGDOM Miyake, Takeharu. Japan Oceanographic Data Centre, JAPAN Sarupria, Jaswant. Indian NODC, INDIA STATUS The German JGOFS Data Manager has received support for the next two years. Thanks to Hugh Ducklow for writing a letter to the Director of Institut für Meereskunde in support of maintaining the Data Management Office at Kiel. Next DMTT meeting should be held 2-3 October 2001 in Washington, D.C., USA. The US JGOFS DMO will provide some support ($5,000) for this meeting. Topics of discussion will be the long-term archive of JGOFS data and exploring the preparation of an International JGOFS Data Product. JGOFS Canada Data Sets 1989-1998 CD-ROM Version 1.0, Dec. 2000 was published and is currently being distributed. Australian OZGOFS CD-ROM is under preparation. FUTURE PLANS The focus of the DMTT in the next years will be (1) preservation of JGOFS data for future generation of scientists by archiving in the ICSU World Data Centres System; (2) documentation of JGOFS data in NASA Global Change Master Directory which will increase its future use; (3) attempt to consolidate all available JGOFS data into one common data format. Currently exploring available resources that will facilitate and make this a doable task; and (4) distribution of data to national data centres. PUBLICATIONS AND PUBLIC RELATIONS Conkright, M. E., 2000, DMTT Focuses on Availability and Preservation of JGOFS Data, U.S. JGOFS News 10(4), 14-15. Conkright, M. E., Beatriz Baliño, Roy Lowry, Graham Glenn, Brian Griffiths, Christine L. Hammond, Marie-Paule Labaied, Takeharu Miyake, Jaswant S. Sarupria, Thomas Mitzka, 2000, JGOFS Data Management Task Team. Poster presented at JGOFS Open Science Conference, Bergen, Norway, April 2000. REPORT FROM DMTT MEETING IN KIEL, GERMANY, JUNE 2000 Items of discussion National reports were presented from members representing JGOFS activities in Australia, Canada, Germany, India, Japan, Norway, United Kingdom and the United States. Emphasis was placed on data availability from these countries. Recommendations The DMTT should identify the cruises and other data activities that form the JGOFS legacy. Criteria used for selection should be: Activities from a clearly identified national JGOFS programme;

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Activities with JGOFS "credentials" that have measured Level 1 (=Core) parameters other than T, S, O2 and nutrients; The JGOFS Executive SSC should ratify the resulting list of activities. This will become the official JGOFS cruises list. All JGOFS level 1 data to be stored at the World Data Centres System for long-term stewardship. Support from DMTT members and the IPO for synthesis activities: DMTT members are encouraged to participate in Synthesis Groups (SG) meetings, e.g., Labaied (France) to the EPSG, Griffiths (Australia) to the SOSG, Lowry (UK) to NASG, and Miyake to NPSG. Participation at the IOSG will depend on the venue. JGOFS data legacy and long-term stewardship: This will be the focus of the DMTT for the next few years. Data from JGOFS cruises in the countries represented by the DMTT will be archived at the World Center A for Oceanography and described in NASA's Global Change Master Directory. The JGOFS IPO Assistant will help the DMTT in the collection of the data from countries not represented in the DMTT. Funding will be sought in the U.S. or elsewhere to compile a JGOFS Master Data Set that will seek the data not covered by the DMTT as well as data of interest to the JGOFS project. Action Items The DMTT will identify JGOFS Level 1 (core) cruises based on the definition to be ratified by the SSC Executive. Each DMTT member will gather core data from their national programmes. DMTT members to deliver Level 1 cruise data to the WDC System for long-term stewardship as CSV files when possible. IPO will mirror the CMTT website, as a way of supporting the synthesis activities of the Continental Margins Task Team (CMTT).

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10.17. APPENDIX 17: PMTT Activity Report (Laws) The PMTT disbanded in 1999, and the final product, The Photosynthesis Measurement Manual, will be available later this year. The outline is as follows: I. Photosynthesis - irradiance curves A. Sources of variability in photosynthetic parameters B. Estimation of photosynthesis C. Recommendations II. From P vs. E curves to productivity vs. depth profiles A. Differences between P vs. E and productivity-depth profiles (theory) B. Practical problems in deriving P vs. Z profiles from P vs. E curves C. Sensitivity analysis of photosynthetic parameters D. Relation of P vs. E curves to JGOFS core measurements of P vs. Z profiles E. Relation of both core profiles and P vs. E curves to satellite maps of ocean colour Sections I.A, most of I.B and II.C are now complete.

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10.18. APPENDIX 18: JGOFS-GAIM Task Team (Monfray) Monfray, Patrick. Co-Chair from JGOFS, LSCE, FRANCE England, Mathew. WCRP/CLIVAR, University of New South Wales, AUSTRALIA Gruber, Nikki. JGOFS, UCLA, USA Orr, James. Co-Chair from GAIM-TF, LSCE, FRANCE Sabine, Chris. JGOFS & WOCE, PMEL/NOAA, USA Sarmiento, Jorge. JGOFS-SMP, Princeton University, USA Totterdell, Ian. JGOFS, Southampton Oceanography Centre, UK Yamanaka, Yashuhiro. Hokkaido University, JAPAN Terms of Reference Objective The objective of this joint task team is to bring together the expertises of JGOFS on ocean biogeochemical processes and of GAIM on global carbon budget changes. The aim is to apply new insights into biogeochemical processes, as co-limitations, that we have gained through the JGOFS programme to improve our representation of global carbon dynamics by models, and to evaluate them with new data synthesis. In a broader way, this Task Team will set up bridges between ocean physics and ocean biology to better our knowledge on ocean geochemistry variability and changes induced by human activities. Particularly, focus will be on: Oceanic CO2 uptake during the industrial era (past and future) Climate change impact on marine productivity and carbon cycle. Goals Building up the connection between JGOFS and GAIM; Identifying key issues to be addressed by this group; Organizing larger joint GAIM / JGOFS workshops dedicated to these specific foci; Producing reports or publications on the major findings of these workshops. Tasks Foster interactions between JGOFS and GAIM activities for a global integration of regional aspects; Create synergy with WCRP/CLIVAR and others IGBP related projects (GLOBEC, LOICZ, Carbon Synthesis, SOLAS); Stimulate improvement of global ocean carbon cycle models (OCCMs), by integrating JGOFS biogeochemical processes in 3-D ocean general circulation models; Evaluate OCCMs with available JGOFS-WOCE synthesis datasets, including seasonal to inter-decennial variability; Inter-compare available OCCMs both for natural cycle and anthropogenic perturbation, using experiments with common boundary conditions and protocols. Hold regular meetings, improve the exchange of information and data between the scientific communities of ocean biogeochemistry, and publish the results of the joint workshops.

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10.19. APPENDIX 19: Global Synthesis and Modelling Working Group (Schlitzer) Schlitzer, Reiner. Chair, Alfred-Wegener Institute, GERMANY Behrenfeld, Michael. NASA / GSFC, USA Fischer, Gerhard. University of Bremen, GERMANY Gruber, Nicolas. UCLA, USA Jahnke, Richard. Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, USA Laws, Edward. University of Hawaii, USA Matear, Richard. CSIRO Division of Marine Research, AUSTRALIA Monfray, Patrick. LSCE, FRANCE Oschlies, Andreas. IfM-Kiel, GERMANY Yamanaka, Yasuhiro. Hokkaido University, JAPAN Yool, Andrew. Southampton Oceanography Centre, UK The JGOFS Global Synthesis Working Group (GSWG) was established and currently consists of 11 members representing different fields of marine biogeochemical research. The list of group members (above) and a draft version of the Terms of Reference are included below and submitted for JGOFS SSC review, comment and approval. The first meeting of the GSWG was held on 6 July 2001 at the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (Library), Kloveniersburgwal 29, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. The agenda for the GSWG meeting is also included below. Bremerhaven, June 26, 2001 Reiner Schlitzer Terms of Reference (approved October 2001) The objective of the GSWG is to review our current knowledge on the fluxes of dissolved and particulate material in the global ocean and the biogeochemical processes that affect these fluxes. Of particular importance are the comparisons of the different observational and modelling approaches and the identification of controversies, methodological weaknesses and knowledge-gaps. This should influence the planning of future marine research programmes and should lead to the development of new, improved biogeochemical models that make use of the emerging biogeochemical data. Specific goals of the GSWG are: To compare and evaluate estimates for marine productivity, downward particle fluxes and respiration rates in the water column and the sediment from different observational techniques as well as from modelling. To foster interactions between observationalists and modellers and to stimulate joint research projects. To liaise and link GSWS activities with the JGOFS-GAIM and Data Management Task Teams and the regional synthesis groups under JGOFS. To promote the development of new, improved biogeochemical models that utilize the emerging and diversity of marine biogeochemical data. To identify potential biogeochemical and physical changes under global warming conditions. To organize a workshop on the measurement and modelling of global ocean productivity and biogeochemical fluxes. To promote a joint publication of synthesis papers on marine biogeochemical fluxes. Draft Meeting Agenda 09.00 Welcome, Introduction 09:15 Rationale for GSTT, Terms of Reference 09:45 Overview Presentations: Marine Production and Downward Material Fluxes Satellite-based estimation of marine primary production: current status and future directions (J. Campbell)

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Model estimates of new and primary production: influence of model physics and numerics (A. Oschlies) Export production in the Southern Ocean derived from dissolved nutrient distributions: comparison with satellite based estimates (R. Schlitzer) 11:00 Coffee break The relationship between primary and export production in the open ocean -Theory and observations (E. Laws) Particle fluxes to the deep ocean: recent findings, problems and Strategies (G. Fischer) The Distribution of Deep Biogenic Fluxes and Their Relation to Surface Processes as Estimated from Benthic Studies (R. Jahnke) Summary 12:30 Lunch break 13:30 Overview Presentations: Process Studies and C, N, Si Cycles “The dynamics of the marine nitrogen cycle” and “Redfield ratios: The holy grail of ocean biogeochemistry” (N. Gruber) Modelling focused on Chemical Components: A Biogeochemical Cycle Model Coupled with Ecosystem (Y. Yamanaka) Ecological Control of Marine Biogeochemical Cycles: Carbon vs. Silicate (A. Yool) Summary 15:00 Overview Presentations: Anthropogenic Influence and Future Change The role of the ocean as a sink for anthropogenic CO2 (N. Gruber) Modelling Marine Biogeochemical Cycles: Present Status and Future Plans (P. Monfray) Future Changes in Marine Biogeochemical Cycles: Modelling and Observational Evidence (R. Matear) Summary 16:30 Status and Future Plans (Meetings, Workshops, Publications; Links with other TT) 18:00 End of meeting

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10.20. APPENDIX 20: The Amsterdam Declaration on Global Change Challenges of a Changing Earth: Global Change Open Science Conference Amsterdam, the Netherlands 13 July 2001 The scientific communities of four international global change research programmes - the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP), the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and the international biodiversity programme DIVERSITAS - recognise that, in addition to the threat of significant climate change, there is growing concern over the ever-increasing human modification of other aspects of the global environment and the consequent implications for human well-being. Basic goods and services supplied by the planetary life support system, such as food, water, clean air and an environment conducive to human health, are being affected increasingly by global change. Research carried out over the past decade under the auspices of the four programmes to address these concerns has shown that: The Earth System behaves as a single, self-regulating system comprised of physical, chemical, biological and human components. The interactions and feedbacks between the component parts are complex and exhibit multi-scale temporal and spatial variability. The understanding of the natural dynamics of the Earth System has advanced greatly in recent years and provides a sound basis for evaluating the effects and consequences of human-driven change. Human activities are significantly influencing Earth's environment in many ways in addition to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Anthropogenic changes to Earth's land surface, oceans, coasts and atmosphere and to biological diversity, the water cycle and biogeochemical cycles are clearly identifiable beyond natural variability. They are equal to some of the great forces of nature in their extent and impact. Many are accelerating. Global change is real and is happening now. Global change cannot be understood in terms of a simple cause-effect paradigm. Human-driven changes cause multiple effects that cascade through the Earth System in complex ways. These effects interact with each other and with local- and regional-scale changes in multidimensional patterns that are difficult to understand and even more difficult to predict. Surprises abound. Earth System dynamics are characterised by critical thresholds and abrupt changes. Human activities could inadvertently trigger such changes with severe consequences for Earth's environment and inhabitants. The Earth System has operated in different states over the last half million years, with abrupt transitions (a decade or less) sometimes occurring between them. Human activities have the potential to switch the Earth System to alternative modes of operation that may prove irreversible and less hospitable to humans and other life. The probability of a human-driven abrupt change in Earth's environment has yet to be quantified but is not negligible. In terms of some key environmental parameters, the Earth System has moved well outside the range of the natural variability exhibited over the last half million years at least. The nature of changes now occurring simultaneously in the Earth System, their magnitudes and rates of change are unprecedented. The Earth is currently operating in a no-analogue state. On this basis the international global change programmes urge governments, public and private institutions and people of the world to agree that: An ethical framework for global stewardship and strategies for Earth System management are urgently needed. The accelerating human transformation of the Earth's environment is not sustainable. Therefore, the business-as-usual way of dealing with the Earth System is not an option. It has to be replaced – as soon as possible – by deliberate strategies of good management that sustain the Earth's environment while meeting social and economic development objectives. A new system of global environmental science is required. This is beginning to evolve from complementary approaches of the international global change research programmes and needs strengthening and further development. It will draw strongly on the existing and expanding disciplinary

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base of global change science; integrate across disciplines, environment and development issues and the natural and social sciences; collaborate across national boundaries on the basis of shared and secure infrastructure; intensify efforts to enable the full involvement of developing country scientists; and employ the complementary strengths of nations and regions to build an efficient international system of global environmental science. The global change programmes are committed to working closely with other sectors of society and across all nations and cultures to meet the challenge of a changing Earth. New partnerships are forming among university, industrial and governmental research institutions. Dialogues are increasing between the scientific community and policymakers at a number of levels. Action is required to formalise, consolidate and strengthen the initiatives being developed. The common goal must be to develop the essential knowledge base needed to respond effectively and quickly to the great challenge of global change. Berrien Moore III Arild Underdal Peter Lemke Michel Loreau Chair IGBP Chair IHDP Chair WCRP Co-Chair DIVERSITAS

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10.21. APPENDIX 21: SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2 (Wallace) Douglas Wallace (Chair), Institut für Meereskunde der Universität Kiel, GERMANY Anderson, Leif. University of Göteborg and Chalmers University of Technology, SWEDEN Boutin, Jacqueline. Université Pierre et Marie Curie, FRANCE Caldeira, Kenneth. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA Dickson, Andrew. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, USA Francey, Roger. CSIRO Atmospheric Research, AUSTRALIA Frankignoulle, Michel. Université de Liège, BELGIUM Haugan, Peter. University of Bergen, Norway Kumar, Dileep. National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India Le Quéré, Corinne. Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie, Germany Nojiri, Yukihiro. National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, JAPAN Watson, Andrew. University of East Anglia, UNITED KINGDOM

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10.22. APPENDIX 22: IOCCG Activity Report (Stuart) The International Ocean-Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG) was established in 1996 to help promote international cooperation and coordination in the acquisition, distribution, calibration, validation and utilization of ocean-colour data from satellites launched by various nations. Part of the IOCCG mandate includes capacity building. Over the past few years, the IOCCG has successfully conducted six advanced training courses on applications of ocean-colour data, providing comprehensive training to over 180 students from over 50 different nations. Plans are underway to conduct another training course in Cape Town, South Africa at the end of this year. A major focus of the IOCCG has been the formation of specialized working groups that investigate various aspects of ocean-colour technology and its applications. The end-product of these working groups is usually the publication of a scientific report. To date, three such reports have been published by the IOCCG, covering topics such as the minimum number of bands required by an operational ocean-colour sensor (Report No. 1), complementarity of ocean colour sensors (Report No. 2) and remote sensing in coastal waters (Report No. 3). Current IOCCG working groups are investigating topics such as the calibration of ocean-colour sensors to common standards; the comparison of atmospheric correction algorithms used by various ocean-colour sensors; the development of a common Level-3 product to facilitate merging of Level-3 ocean-colour data from different sensors and; various aspects of operational ocean-colour. These working groups are all expected to produce reports within the next few years. Lastly, the IOCCG collaborates with a number of other scientific programmes including JGOFS, SIMBIOS, POGO and IGOS, to provide expert advice on matters pertaining to remote sensing of ocean colour.

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10.23. APPENDIX 23: Global Hydrography (Gould) Status To those who attended the Global Hydrography meeting at Southampton: Following the Tuesday night meeting at the WOCE/JGOFS Ocean Transports workshop and subsequent discussion in the plenary sessions, the following is my summary and list of actions. Please let me know of there are other issues I have missed. Thank you for your interest. John High quality, full depth global hydrography is seen as a necessary observational activity to provide the following: * Defining the physical and biogeochemical "climate of the ocean" and its changes on decadal timescales. It acts as a complement to Argo (top 2000-m T and S only at present), observations from VOS (surface and upper ocean) and from satellites. * Estimates of ocean property transports where in addition to the complementary observations above, measurements of the interior and boundary current flows are required. There are "commitments" to approx 70% of sections that made up the WOCE/JGOFS (WHP) One Time Survey between 1990 and 1998. Commitments include sections already planned and funded and scheduled, sections that are integral parts of national and laboratory programmes and sections that have been identified as important in national and international observing strategies. (See attached map) The scientific rationales for occupying any section vary widely and the planned suite of measurements may differ. The consensus was that as complete a set as possible of physics, biogeochemical, transient tracer and velocity (LADCP, SADCP) measurements should be made on all sections. Data from these sections should be collected to uniform, high standard (WHP one time plus any recent amendments) and should be rapidly processed, submitted to the appropriate data centre and made publicly available. At present, there is no single means of co-ordinating these measurements. Actions CLIVAR IPO to establish a web site with information on planned sections containing – Section location, planned time of occupation, planned measurements to be made, responsible PI, number of free berths (if any), funding status. John Gould (CLIVAR), Maria Hood (IOC), Hugh Ducklow (JGOFS), J. Swift (WHPO) and others as appropriate to explore possible co-ordination and data management mechanisms.

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10.24. APPENDIX 24: POGO Activity Report (Sathyendranath) S. Sathyendranath, POGO Executive Director, provided an announcement on the Biology Workshop. Biology Workshop Sponsored by POGO (Shubha Sathyendranath, Executive Director, POGO, c/o Bedford Institute of Oceanography, 1 Challenger Drive, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, CANADA. Tel: 902-426-8044 Fax: 902-426-9388. Venue: Dartington, UK Dates: 28-30 June 2001 Invited Participants John Field (Chair, S. Africa) Peter Burkill (UK) Elgar Desa (India) Fred Grassle (USA) Julie Hall (New Zealand) Tony Knap (Bermuda) Richard Lampitt (UK) Julie Laroche (Germany)

John Marra (IOCCG) Gregg Mitchell (USA) Satsuki Matsumura (Japan) Ron O’Dor (USA/Canada) Howard Roe (UK) Mike Sinclair (Canada) Shubha Sathyendranath (POGO)

Background With the emergence of major programmes such as GOOS, operational oceanography and global oceanic observations are becoming a reality. The physical-oceanographic side of the observational schemes has made great strides, with GODAE and the Argos programme taking the lead in their implementation. The next task is to develop the biological observations: typically, these are more complex, and more difficult to automate, than physical measurements. Issues Several issues must be addressed before designing a scheme for biological measurements: Can the observational plans build on lessons learned from major international research programmes with a global perspective such as JGOFS and GLOBEC, and serve the needs of emerging programmes such as SOLAS and Census of Marine Life? From the plethora of measurements that are of interest to biological oceanographers, what elements can be selected reasonably to form the basis of a biological observational scheme implemented at the global scale? How can we reconcile the sometimes conflicting demands of programmes interested in climate change and carbon cycle, with those that are interested in issues related to biodiversity? Any scheme for global observations must, of necessity, rely to some extent on remote and autonomous platforms. Yet, calibration of biological sensors is notoriously difficult. How can we ensure that biological and chemical sensors on remote platforms are calibrated to rigorous standards? How can we take advantage of new and emerging technologies for biological observations in the oceans? (See SCOR Working Group 118 on New Technologies for Observing Marine Life pulson.seos.uvic.ca/meeting/scor2000/scor2000.html) How can we ensure that in situ observations are tied in with remote observations of ocean colour in a way that enhances and complements interpretations of the data and their applications?

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Interpretations of biological observations often require background information on the physical environment, and yet the time and space scales of interest to physical and biological oceanographers are not necessarily always the same. How can we reconcile these conflicts? What are the implications of the UN Convention on Biodiversity, for observations and study of marine life? How can we build the elements of a biological observation scheme on the recommendations of GOOS panels that have studied these issues? Terms of Reference for the Biology Workshop Provide POGO with an overview of emerging global issues in deep-ocean (and coastal) biological oceanography; Review observational requirements that have been identified for addressing these issues; Identify the biological measurements that could be implemented by POGO members in the near future, based on available technology and ease of implementation; Review new opportunities for technological development that would enhance monitoring of the relevant biological parameters; and Recommend the actions that POGO could take.

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10.25. APPENDIX 25: List of SSC Members (as of June 2001) Name Country Function Executive 2001 2002 2003 Ducklow, Hugh USA At-large, North Atlantic SG Chair SSC SSC Saino, Toshiro Japan At-large 2nd, North Pacific SG Executive SSC SSC Anderson, Robert USA At-large SSC (ends 1st term) Executive SSC Tilbrook, Bronte Australia At-large 2nd (ends 2nd term) Executive SSC Garçon, Véronique France North Atlantic SG Executive Chair Haugan, Peter Norway At-large, CAP, OOPC SSC SSC Falkowski, Paul USA At-large (ends 1st term) SSC Hong, Huasheng China-Beijing At-large (2nd 1-year appt.) SSC Wallace, Douglas Germany At-large, CAP SSC Lochte, Karin Germany Paleo JGOFS TT Chair Chair Chair Monfray, Patrick France JGOFS-GAIM TT Chair Chair Chair Quiñones, Renato Chile Continental Margins TT Chair Chair Chair Tréguer, Paul France Southern Ocean SG Chair Chair Chair Schlitzer, Reiner Germany Global Synthesis TT Chair Chair Chair Conkright, Margarita USA Data Management TT Chair Chair Burkill, Peter UK Indian Ocean SG Chair Bychkov, Alex Canada North Pacific SG Chair Platt, Trevor Canada Int’l Oc. Colour C Group Chair Le Borgne, Robert France Equatorial Pacific SG Chair

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10.29. APPENDIX 29: The relationships among the JGOFS regional synthesis groups, task teams, program-wide synthesis and global synthesis (updated and redrawn, July 2001).

JGOFS Synthesis Plan

Phase 3 (2001-2003)Phase 1 (1998-2001)

Regional/Disciplinary Synthesis

Programme-Wide

Global Synthesis

(DSR II Volume)

EPSG (DSR II Volumes)

(DSR II & Book)

NPSG (DSR II Volume)

CO2 Panel

CMTT (Book)

Southampton Workshop

SECOND JGOFS CONFERENCE

AMBIO Article

IGBP Science

Series #2

Springer-Verlag Book

Contributions to IGBP Synthesis

THIRD JGOFS CONFERENCE

Final Book?

DMTT IOCCG

JGTT OCMIP

Phase 2 (1998-2003)

Minutes of the 17th Meeting of the JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee

El Araucano Hotel, Concepción, Chile, 23-25 September 2002

Contents

1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................1

1.1. Opening Remarks and Administrative Arrangements ............................................1

1.2. Report of the JGOFS Chair .....................................................................................1

1.3. Approval of the Agenda ..........................................................................................2

2. OLD BUSINESS................................................................................................................2

2.1. Minutes of the 16th Meeting of Scientific Steering Committee ..............................2

2.2. IGBP/Springer Verlag Book ...................................................................................2

3. JGOFS OPEN SCIENCE CONFERENCE ....................................................................2

3.1. Open Science Conference Programme: Discussion ................................................2

3.2. Report on Raising Conference and Travel Funds ...................................................4

3.3. Conference Programme Report and Issues .............................................................5

4. SYNTHESIS AND WORKING GROUPS, AND TASK TEAM REPORTS..............7

4.1. Global Synthesis Working Group ...........................................................................7

4.2. North Atlantic Synthesis Group ..............................................................................8

4.3. Southern Ocean Synthesis Group............................................................................8

4.4. North Pacific Synthesis Group................................................................................8

4.5. Continental Margins Task Team .............................................................................9

4.6. JGOFS-GAIM Task Team ......................................................................................9

4.7. Data Management Task Team.................................................................................9

4.8. Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group.........................................................................9

4.9. Indian Ocean Synthesis Group..............................................................................10

4.10. PAGES-JGOFS Task Team ..............................................................................10

4.11. Recap of financial requests ...............................................................................10

5. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMMES..........................................................................11

5.1. IGBP and SCOR....................................................................................................11

5.2. GOOS and SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2: Activities ......................13

6. INTERNATIONAL PROJECT OFFICE.....................................................................14

7. MEETING ADJOURNED .............................................................................................15

8. ANNEXES........................................................................................................................16

8.1. List of Participants ................................................................................................16

8.2. Draft Agenda .........................................................................................................19

8.3. Agenda Timeline ...................................................................................................20

8.4. Draft Asian Pacific Network Proposal ..................................................................21

8.5. Financial Arrangements for the JGOFS OSC .......................................................29

8.6. Report on the Open Science Conference by Debbie Steinberg.............................30

8.7. Global Synthesis Working Group (GSWG) Report by Reiner Schlitzer ..............31

8.8. North Atlantic Synthesis Group (NASG) Report by Véronique Garçon ..............33

8.9. Southern Ocean Synthesis Group (SOSG) Report by Paul Tréguer .....................34

8.10. North Pacific Synthesis Group (NPSG) Report by Alex Bychkov...................45

8.11. Data Management Task Team (DMTT) Report by M. Conkright ....................47

8.12. Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group (EPSG) Report by R. LeBorgne...............49

8.13. Indian Ocean Synthesis Group (IOSG) by Sharon Smith .................................50

8.14. PAGES JGOFS Task Team (PJTT) Report by Karin Lochte ...........................53

8.15. IGBP and SCOR Reports by Wendy Broadgate (and Ed Urban) .....................54

8.16. “Ocean Vision”: Future Research of Global Change in the Ocean...................58

8.17. Global Ocean Observing System and OOPC by Peter Haugan ........................68

8.18. SCOR IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2 by Peter Haugan ...........................69

8.19. International Project Office by Roger Hanson..................................................70

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Opening Remarks and Administrative Arrangements At 09:10 on Monday, 23 September 2002, the JGOFS Chair, Hugh Ducklow, welcomed the attending members of the Scientific Steering Committee, IPO staff, project sponsors and local guests to the 17th meeting of the JGOFS SSC at the El Araucano Hotel in Concepción, Chile. He asked each participant to introduce him or herself and to offer a recent personal note about him or herself to the group. Hanson also introduced Mr. Sturle Litland, the IPO new financial assistant, to the members. Thirteen members from eight countries attended while six members abstained because of other professional commitments. A list of participants is given in Annex 8.1. Quiñones (host) provided practical details on the local arrangements at the meeting including computers, Internet access and schedules, with the help of Klaudia (Department Secretary) and Elisabeth (Ph.D. Candidate in Oceanography). Sturle and Stokke also offered help to any one that needed travel assistance and/or reimbursement forms.

1.2. Report of the JGOFS Chair Ducklow briefly reviewed and highlighted the general merits of the JGOFS groups since the 16th SSC Meeting in Amsterdam, July 2001:

• He applauded Michael Fasham (not in attendance) on the completion of the “Bergen Open Science Conference” book, which will be sent to the publisher, Springer Verlag. What remains are some issues concerning chapter illustrations and publishers’ permissions. Springer Verlag expects to receive the book manuscript next month (October).

• A successful Modelling Workshop was held in Ispra last June. He congratulated Schlitzer of the Global Synthesis Working Group (GSWG) and Monfray of the JGOFS-GAIM Task Team for the organisation and leadership during the proceedings. He also recognized the strong host support from the European Union Joint Research Centre in this effort.

• The Continental Margin Task Team (CMTT) continues a very active phase in its synthesis on carbon and nutrient fluxes over continental margins, which Quiñones will report later. Other Synthesis Groups and Task Teams have also worked hard towards completing their Terms of Reference and contributing their synthesis to the Final Open Science Conference (OSC) in Washington, D.C.

• The Data Management Task Team (DMTT) continues its crucial role in collecting a single, uniform international dataset, which will reside in the World Data Centre system.

• The International JGOFS website has been updated and revised and is now online. • The Final OSC has taken shape. The programme is determined and speakers confirmed.

Yet, the invitations are a little behind schedule (release date is now October). More will be discussed on the OSC later (see Annex 8.6).

• As JGOFS approaches the final OSC in May 2003, Ducklow encouraged the group chairs to continue working hard and finish their activities in the best manner possible.

• In January 2003, IGBP, SCOR and IOC will host the OCEANS Opens Science Conference in Paris, which will shape the future of international ocean biogeochemistry and ecosystems analysis. An implementation plan will be released, presented and discussed further at the Final JGOFS OSC.

1.3. Approval of the Agenda The draft agenda and agenda timeline were reviewed (Annex 8.2 and Annex 8.3).

ACTION #1: The SSC accepted the Agenda and Timeline without changes.

2. OLD BUSINESS

2.1. Minutes of the 16th Meeting of Scientific Steering Committee Ducklow asked Hanson to review the minutes, actions and decisions of the previous meeting. A few comments were contributed during the process, regarding:

• NASG: Garçon indicated that no proposal was submitted. • SOSG: Hanson indicated that the revised, new Terms of Reference were received from

the former chair (U. Bathmann). • NPSG: Hanson indicated that the long overdue reports of previous meetings remain

overdue. • PMTT: Hanson reported that the final report from the Svalbard meeting was delivered by

Ed Laws and printed as JGOFS Report 36. • National reports: numbers have declined over the past few years.

ACTION #2: The SSC approved the minutes of the 16th SSC meeting with minor corrections.

2.2. IGBP/Springer Verlag Book Hanson mentioned that Fasham requested a bonus for the technical editor, Angela Bayfield. Bayfield has worked more hours than anticipated, mainly tracking down illustrations, requesting permissions, and confirming citations for chapter authors. Fasham recommended an extra 500 sterling pounds for Bayfield efforts and excellent support.

Decision: The SSC approved the bonus for Angela Bayfield. Hanson suggested that the SSC send more than a letter of thanks and appreciations to Fasham for his arduous and laborious efforts as Editor-in-chief of the Springer Verlag publication.

3. JGOFS OPEN SCIENCE CONFERENCE

3.1. Open Science Conference Programme: Discussion Before discussing the science programme, Ducklow complimented Debbie Steinberg in absentia on her excellent job as chair of the conference programme and arranging a nationally known public speaker. Through her efforts, she contacted and confirmed Dr. Carol Browner (former EPA administrator in the Clinton administration) for the public talk at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History on Wednesday evening. Ducklow also complimented the work of the US JGOFS Planning Office, in particular Ken Buesseler and Mary Zawoysky with organising the programme announcement, invitations and web site. Ducklow presented an OSC programme based on an earlier pdf version, dated mid-July, and reviewed in details the list of sessions, keynote speakers and commentators. Several members noted that speaker’s affiliations have changed.

ACTION #3: Hanson and Avril will transmit new information on speakers’ affiliations to Zawoysky.

Ducklow also mentioned that the daily programme schedule recognizes each of the previous five JGOFS Chairs by having them lead a morning plenary session. In the afternoons, Synthesis Groups and Task Teams Chairs will lead the plenary sessions on the theme or regional poster sessions. The Programme Committee anticipates strong “regional synthesis” from the groups, teams and national programs, and strong “theme posters” from the scientific community. For example, Ducklow mentioned that regional synthesis posters might include the main regional highlights (such as, a regional carbon budget) and/or future ocean biogeochemical research or questions. In response, the Synthesis Group Chairs concurred that they needed more guidance and additional information on poster content and format. In addition, the Chairs requested early information on the number (and contents) of the posters that will be included in their sessions. Ducklow reminded synthesis session chairs that they should be as creative as possible for the regional synthesis posters. The poster format remains under discussion.

ACTION #4: Ducklow will discuss SSC concerns with Steinberg, especially the need for more guidance from the conference committee on posters.

Quiñones pointed out that there is also an overlap between regional studies and process studies regarding the general set up of the synthesis poster. Other Chairs agreed. It was suggested that the ad hoc posters be distributed among the various sessions to minimize the overlaps, according to the organising committee’s recommendations. It was also suggested that a short description of each session be prepared (written) and then checked by the organising committee and the session chairs. This description should be included at least in the online version of the programme. Ducklow indicated that the evening Opening Ceremony on Monday has been changed because of a schedule conflict at the National Academy of Sciences. It is now moved up to Sunday evening at the National Academy and is noted on the “new” Programme Invitation. The reason was due to a conflict with the annual National Academy dinner (overlooked earlier by the NAS). Information on the time and location of the Monday afternoon poster sessions, which must also be moved, will be announced later. Suggestions were requested. Broadgate suggested that this poster session could be held under a tent in a garden adjacent to the NAS. Tréguer indicated that the Southern Ocean session will be open and that the SOSG synthesis poster will present achievements and future science based on the six research questions from the 3rd SO Symposium, please visit the Symposium web site, http://www.uib.no/jgofs/Publications/other_pub/SOSG_Brest_synthesis.pdf. This should minimize the overlap with other regional synthesis groups and help identify possible contributors to the sessions. Saino remarked that the North Pacific Synthesis Group Chair or Vice Chair should lead the session on the North Pacific synthesis in place of Yukihiro Nojiri. Ducklow acknowledged the oversight and expressed regrets. However, SSC made no decision, as it would be difficult to retract an invitation at this time.

Anderson suggested that the poster-session chairs provide a short overview or description of the posters in the plenary session each day. Hanson supported Anderson suggestion as the ad hoc committee in Hawaii discussed the importance of a short overview by the synthesis chairs. It does not appear in the current programme version. However, Ducklow felt that the poster session overview would be included in the conference proceedings, even though it does not appear in programme shown. Hanson added that all speakers, commentators and moderators talks, poster abstracts, and an international master dataset would be made available to all participants at the Conference on the Conference CD-ROM and/or DVD. Quiñones suggested that a conference book should be considered, as was the case for the previous two JGOFS Conferences. Ducklow agreed but people are moving on to new programmes as JGOFS finishes next year. From experience, it takes 2-5 years to publish a JGOFS book. Smith agreed as most potential authors have moved on to other research topics or programmes, and suggested that the SSC should not be “pushing” for this plan. Quiñones suggested that if we drop the book idea, we should discuss a special issue in a relevant Journal, which should be faster to publish. Schlitzer strongly supported DMTT production and distribution of an official International JGOFS Master Dataset, as a CD-ROM or DVD, during the final OSC. In this effort, Hanson reminded the SSC members that there is still time and that the DMTT would appreciate their help in assisting your colleagues in developing countries to submit individual JGOFS data sets to the IPO and the DMTT.

3.2. Report on Raising Conference and Travel Funds Hanson reviewed the support status of the conference and travel proposals for the final OSC. In the USA, Kenneth Buesseler sought conference support from the US NSF within the framework of the US PO budget for 2003. The US NSF confirmed that the PO grant would include conference support ($75,000) and travel support ($25,000) for American and some international scientists (total $100,000). Buesseler also sought conference support from other US Agencies and received confirmation from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, $50,000) and the Office of Naval Research (ONR, $25,000). Additional conference support is being sought through the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, $25,000) and the Department of Energy (DOE, in preparation). Internationally, the IPO sought financial support from JGOFS parent bodies and partners at the regional, international and intergovernmental organisations in oceanography, marine science and global change research. Specifically, they are:

• Asia-Pacific Network for Asia Pacific scientists (APN, $30,000, pre-proposal submitted), • Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research for developing countries scientists (SCOR,

$10,000, proposal submitted), • Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission for Eastern Europe scientists (IOC,

$20,000, proposal submitted), • Inter-Americas Institute for Global Change Research for South American scientists (IAI,

$20,000, phone call, proposal pending) • European Union for Western Europe scientists (EU, $20,000, November FP6, proposal

pending), • SysTem for Analysis, Research, and Training for young and mid-career African scientists

(START, $20,000, proposal pending via SCOR), and • Research Council of Norway for Norwegian scientists (NRC, $10,000, proposal

submitted).

Regarding the NRC proposal for Norwegians scientists (above), Hanson suggested that a similar effort be made by SSC members at home. Garçon and Tréguer both suggested that indeed a similar proposal would be presented to the PROOF programme for French scientists. To assist their efforts, a draft proposal to APN was provided for generic information on the project and conference (Annex 8.4). As of September 2002, we have not received any confirmation of co-sponsorships from the above international organisations. Proposals remain under full consideration. With the current efforts of the IPO and the US-JGOFS PO, a total budget of US $400,000 is anticipated (Annex 8. 5) or more than double of the Bergen OSC budget.

3.3. Conference Programme Report and Issues Hanson introduced Steinberg’s Report on the Conference Programme and remaining issues (Annex 8.6):

• Introduction of Public Speaker--Carol Browner. All speaker invitations have been extended and confirmed, except one, who will introduce Dr. Carol Browner and moderate the evening Lecture on Wednesday? The Committee is presently considering Rita Colwell (Director of the US National Science Foundation). Ducklow mentioned that the Wednesday-evening moderator must be a very high level individual with strong international impact. The SSC discussed a few possibilities and suggested names of Nobel Prize recipients and Chairs of intergovernmental organisations.

ACTION #5: Ducklow will convey the names to Steinberg and the OSC organising committee.

• Education and Outreach Programmes.

o Under education issues, Hanson reported that Steinberg is working on a couple of educational possibilities. One option has now secure funds. Dr. Ashanti Pyrtle, School of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Georgia, secured NASA funds for 20-25 minority undergraduates to attend the OSC. Members felt that this will be a nice addition to the overall science programme. Steinberg requested a need for "meeting mentors" (volunteers) for the undergraduates. However, the exact time schedule remains undefined.

ACTION #6: Garçon volunteered to participate and Ducklow indicated that every member should be willing to help on this matter.

o Under media attention, press release and outreach, Anderson suggested that the

outreach actions should also extend to policy-makers that will attend and/or be invited to the final OSC. Ducklow indicated that in this matter the AGU and the USGS (Sandström at WHOI) could possibly help and that the public talk would be widely advertised for a maximal participation. Broadgate mentioned that the press and media (e.g., Washington Post, New York Times, etc.) should be involved early and invited to the OSC and the special evening Lecture.

ACTION #7: Broadgate and Hanson agreed to contact the IGBP media coordinator, Susanna Elliott, for advice and possible media contacts.

Smith and Ducklow suggested that NSF, NAS, NASA publicity managers could provide some help with the media and outreach actions around the OSC.

Quiñones felt that if a high-quality product is to be provided to the media (and policy-makers), a professional, full-time, specialized consultant must be onboard early to handle the press and media.

Avril and Broadgate suggested that if a daily newsletter is to be prepared, it could be done as during the IGBP conference in 2001, by student journalists, and if there should be some press releases to the general media, it has to be “hot” news. Smith emphasised that it should not be “hot” news but “crucial” news. For example, the times-series studies have provided specific information on the long-term variability and ecosystem shifts.

Tilbrook mentioned that during the Bergen 2000 OSC, the journal Nature sent a full-time science writer and will need to be notified as soon as possible. Hanson suggested that the committee invite AAAS, Nature and New Scientist writers.

ACTION #8: Ducklow will convey these thoughts to the organising committee, i.e., media specialists and publicising the public talk of Carol Browner as a major event.

Internationally, Tréguer added that each national contribution to JGOFS should be specifically emphasised in order to get specific organisations (e.g., CNRS in France; MPI in Germany) and national press involved in the OSC programme in a “network of media” with international distribution in national press releases and prepared in the appropriate language. Quiñones emphasised the need for a common effort with a clear strategy and established well in advance of the event. Garçon recommended that each national representative on the SSC and National Committee Person contact their press agencies and main media directly. Ducklow suggested that the international actions would need some coordination with the OSC organising committee, possibly through Mary Zawoysky.

• Recognition of JGOFS “Unsung Heroes”. Hanson reminded everyone that there is still a

need to identify key international people who helped JGOFS along the way over the years and who should be invited to join the final OSC. In France, Tréguer named Guy Jacques, Roger Chesselet (deceased) and J.C. Duplessy, and in Oman, Smith recommended Thabit Zahran Al Abdessalaam.

ACTION #9: The lists of those names should be selected nationally and sent to the US PO and IPO in order to arrange an official invitation and travel-accommodation details (pending funds).

• National Academy of Sciences Web Casting the Conference. Hanson mentioned that

there is a possibility of web casting at the conference via the National Academy of Sciences. All members agreed that it would be a very valuable tool to all scientists who could not attend, for later use as a Conference record and as a valuable accompaniment to press releases.

ACTION #10: The OSC organising committee should accept the offer immediately, if the web casting is available at some reasonable cost to the JGOFS community.

4. SYNTHESIS AND WORKING GROUPS, AND TASK TEAM REPORTS

4.1. Global Synthesis Working Group Schlitzer reported on the Modelling Workshop in Ispra, June 2002, which was organised to bring observationalists and modellers together (Annex 8.7). The workshop gathered about 70 scientists and emphasised current measurements and future perspectives. The key questions were presented and also discussed, including:

• Explain/constrain/reduce the great variability in primary productivity estimates from the satellites, mostly due to the chlorophyll assessment and the transformation of Chlorophyll stocks into primary productivity (PP) fluxes, especially in the Southern Ocean, where a poor, weak calibration for the satellite estimates and some sampling biases exists. It was agreed that in a highly noisy signal (environment) it is yet easier to measure variations in the real signal rather than the absolute value of it.

• Conversion methods from static (stocks) to dynamics (fluxes) are thus still controversial, especially since it is not only temperature-driven.

• Roles of the margins in the global fluxes. • Extrapolation of Chl. a and PP to greater depths (50-150 meters) is still quite uncertain. • Need for more emphasis on the twilight zone (community dynamics, carbon storage,

etc.). • Flux is not clearly coupled between the various mass fluxes and the usable carbon for

benthic activities or burial.

Schlitzer and Monfray also emphasised: • The importance of shift in species distribution according to external forcing. • The non-linear relationship between biological and physical couplings of the oceanic

processes. • The complementary need for large and small scales approaches. • The need for new tools such as autonomous recorders and efficient databases.

Finally, Schlitzer strongly supported the need for reliable and quantifying procedures for model evaluation and use expectations. For example, a model assessment should be organized in the future in order to qualify models and determine how to better use them for regional studies, process-oriented approaches, etc. by using objectives criteria for evaluation. He suggested that GSWG could launch a model assessment in the time remaining. In 2003, GSWG plans include: (1) a meeting for model evaluation and (2) an effort to liaise GSWG with the new OCEANS programme after JGOFS. The model evaluation meeting will be held after the OCEANS conference, e.g., around March 2003, and $10,000 is requested for the meeting. Schlitzer also reminded every one that it would be a disappointment to disband the GSWG at the end of JGOFS. He recommended that the GSWG should liaise with the future OCEANS programme and continue this effort on model evaluation. Ducklow thanked Schlitzer and agreed that indeed new views and procedures are needed in the future OCEANS programme. Monfray, co-Chair of the OCEANS Conference, indicated that there would be opportunities to extend this discussion during OCEANS in January 2003. Smith mentioned that in the US, Marjy Fredericks within the US JGOFS Synthesis and Modelling Project (SMP) recently organised a similar effort of model (www.usjgofs.whoi.edu/research/synmod.html).

4.2. North Atlantic Synthesis Group Garçon announced that NERC finally released funds for the Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) programme for the period 2001-2005. This was good news to all concerned in maintaining the longevity of this meridional record in the Atlantic Ocean. In February 2002, the NASG organised an informal discussion during the AGU/ASLO Ocean Science Meeting (OSM) in Hawaii, and in April 2002, a session related to NASG activities during the EGS Conference, Nice (Annex 8.8). Early next month, Garçon noted a meeting on the Dynamic Green Ocean Model (with definitions of plant functional types) is planned for 2-5 October 2002 (LeQuéré, www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/bgc_prentice/projects/green_ocean/index.html). There are other initiatives and projects underway, including the Upstream Operational Oceanography: e.g., MERCATOR (www.mercator.com.fr), the GODAE project (www.bom.gov.au/bmrc/ocean/GODAE/) and a US Synthesis and Modelling Project (SMP) (www.usjgofs.whoi.edu/research/synmod.html). In case of the latter, she noted that Scott Doney (from US-JGOFS SMP) requested information from the Working Groups and Task Teams on what still needs to be answered as a piece of the JGOFS legacy. NASG future plans include a business meeting during the POMME meeting in Toulouse or the OCEANS Conference in Paris in January and a host a session during the EGU Conference in April. Funds requested for support of these activities and a meeting in AWI totalled $13,000.

4.3. Southern Ocean Synthesis Group Tréguer reported on the SOSG synthesis and modelling papers in Deep-Sea Research Part II (2002) that followed on the SO-JGOFS Symposium held in Brest in July 2000. He also mentioned that SOSG held a general session at the AGU/ASLO Oceans Science Meeting (OSM) and a synthesis workshop in Hawaii in February 2002. He also presented a brief overview of main national contributions to SOSG. In France, the person in charge is Philippe Pondaven and the related database will be completed soon. In addition, a KEOPS (Kerguelen: Etude comparée de l'Océan et du Plateau en Surface et Subsurface, http://www.univ-brest.fr/IUEM/projects/keops/keops.htm) project was launched recently, which will be linked to SOLAS; in Germany, there will be two publications on EISENEX I; and in the USA, a large iron fertilisation experiment, North and South of the Antarctic Polar Front was completed. Results indicated that the export was not observed during or after an increase in Chlorophyll in the fertilised region. A full report is given in Annex 8.9.

4.4. North Pacific Synthesis Group Saino presented a brief NPSG report prepared by Bychkov (Annex 8.10) and emphasised activities including the publication of a DSR II issue (in press), datasets from PAPA, KNOT and A-line (fisheries), plans for a special issue of the Journal of Oceanography and a CD-ROM data set during the JGOFS North Pacific Process Study (NPPS). NPSG request financial support ($10,000) for a meeting to organise the special issue, produce a CD-ROM and discuss follow up programs in the North Pacific after JGOFS. Ducklow asked about the iron fertilisation experiment planned by Canada and Japan at station P. The experiment was successful, the longest continuous monitoring of an iron enriched patch to date, 26 days. Sediment traps showed no increase in export during the early observational period, but towards the end, traps showed a doubling of material settling from all depths, indicating a flux of particulate matter out of the surface layer.

4.5. Continental Margins Task Team Quiñones reported that the CMTT is in its last phase of synthesis, but the book publication is delayed. A meeting in Washington D.C. will take place on 4-6 December 2002 for the editors and lead authors. He suggested that this meeting might be too early because the deadline for chapter drafts is forthcoming and only few chapters have been submitted to the web site. Ducklow asked if there is an alternate plan since the group is late in its own schedule, such as postponing the publications or cancelling the late contribution. Quiñones indicated that he needed to check with Larry Atkinson, and agreed on an alternate plan. Ducklow also asked about the overlap with the recent book published in “The Sea” series. Quiñones indicated that it is different in its purpose and content, even though there are some overlap and common authors. Ducklow asked about the status of the LOICZ synthesis volume and the conflict in the conclusions between LOICZ and CMTT scientists regarding the sink or source status of the ocean margins, as emphasised by Arthur Chen. At first I thought we might be comparing apples and oranges. CMTT views that although the estuaries and proximal coastal seas are sources of carbon the total sea-to-air flux is smaller than the total air-to-sea flux in the much larger shelves. This view was expressed by K.-K. Liu, Robie MacDonald and Arthur Chen in the Fasham’s Springer Verlag book and will be confirmed in our synthesis book on continental margins by K.-K. Liu, Larry Atkinson, Renato Quiñones and Liana McManus (expected date 2004).

4.6. JGOFS-GAIM Task Team Monfray indicated that the main activity of the JGTT was the joint modelling workshop, as described in the GSWG report (Annex 8.7).

4.7. Data Management Task Team Avril presented the DMTT report prepared by Conkright (Annex 8.11). The SSC was pleased with the amount of work that has been completed by the DMTT with help from Avril and supportive of the work load that lay ahead, for example, the JGOFS Master Dataset and distribution of the CD ROM at the Final Open Science Conference. Avril requested financial support for two important meetings early next year in UK (DMTT annual meeting, $10,000) and in Germany (PANGAEA-JGOFS meeting, $8,000).

4.8. Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group LeBorgne reported on the EPSG publication of a DSR II volume last June 2002; a copy was sent to the IPO. Regarding the activities of the recent workshop on 17-18 September and the EPSMG meeting on 19 September 2002 in Maine, USA (Annex 8.12), the following issues were discussed: • Large scale description, including of the PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscillation), the shut-down of

SeaWiFS at the end of 2002, the HNLC conditions, the latitudinal and meridional variations (e.g., warm pool and HNLC regions).

• The function of the biological pump, from PP to EP (export production), grazing, Fe fertilisation, etc.

• Ecosystem modelling for HNLC and iron fertilisation and with a test-bed project focusing on data assimilation.

• CO2 flux and biological pump. • Temporal variations, on seasonal, ENSO, and decadal time-scale; not predictive tools yet. • JGOFS and GLOBEC have some common products, down to fisheries. • Comparison between Equatorial Pacific and Equatorial Atlantic. • JGOFS benefited from the previous TAO works, of the availability of new methods, and of

different climatic events, and provided new findings.

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• JGOFS main fieldwork finished in 1996, except for JAMSTEC, but new fieldwork is underway along with ships of opportunity and TAO mooring servicing ship.

• Need of new training courses on Equatorial Pacific now that new and coherent knowledge has accumulated.

• The CD-ROM on EqPac is abandoned, as the datasets are on line, nationally. • To unravel the role of TIW (tropical instability wave) in carbon cycling and large scale

processes, 2 ships are required simultaneously. • Study of Si and Fe co-limitations, Fe speciation and distribution, and Fe sources.

4.9. Indian Ocean Synthesis Group Smith reported that the IOSG hosted a session at the Ocean Science Meeting in Hawaii last February 2002 and published JGOFS Report #35 (Annex 8.13). IOSG expects a follow-up book on Report #35 and a draft is expected by May 2003. The publication will synthesise the eleven international and interdisciplinary DSR II volumes and other relevant publications on the Arabian Sea since 1995. India and UK continue to conduct research cruises and Oman operates a satellite receiving station (NASA remote sensing data) in the region. Winter and SW monsoon situations were extensively studied during JGOFS and results indicate that export of primary production is sea-surface temperature (SST) and grazer controlled. Grazers are forced out of the euphotic zone, when SST exceeds 26-27°C, and seek refuge and hibernate at depth, during September – April. It is possible to reasonably predict the ecosystem according to the monsoon cycle. However, there remains a need for more accurate algorithms to understand better the natural iron fertilisation from dust storms as well as for clean iron measurement techniques.

4.10. PAGES-JGOFS Task Team Hanson presented the PGTT report prepared by Lochte (Annex 8.14). Lochte requested SSC advice on how this team should continue, what achievements are expected, and should PJTT consider new members? She indicated that if the group continues, it needs some changes in membership because several members are currently too busy, including her. The SSC did not have enough information to offer sound advice or course of action.

ACTION #11: Ducklow decided to contact Lochte personally and discuss her concerns.

4.11. Recap of financial requests Hanson reviewed the financial status for the present (2002) and final year (2003). The unofficial balance for 2002 is about $16,000 due to the cancellation of the training course, postponing the DMTT technical meeting to 2003, etc. In calendar 2003, we expect $85,000 from SCOR plus the residual funds from 2000, 2001, and 2002. The 2003 requests for SCOR funds are as follows: SSC Meeting/OSC (committed) $20,000 NASG Meetings $13,000 DMTT Meeting (committed) $10,000 EPSG Meeting $11,000 PANGAEA DMTT (committed) $ 8,000 NPSG Meeting $10,000 GSWG Meeting (committed) $10,000 OSC Speakers (committed) $20,000 IOSG book funds from IGBP (committed) CMTT book funds from IOC (committed) JGOFS Executive Meeting (undecided) PJTT (no meeting requested) SOSG (no meeting requested) JGTT (no meeting requested) Chairs confirmed their requests, and Hanson notified the Chairs that the Executives would consider all requests carefully at years end. Ducklow would announce financial arrangement early next January 2003. Three events in 2003 were not included in the above budget: OCEANS

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Conference in Paris, IGBP Congress in Banff and the final Executive Meeting in Bergen. Attendance and representation at these meetings would be discussed later.

5. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMMES

5.1. IGBP and SCOR Because the SCOR Executive Director, Ed Urban, was unable to attend due to commitments in China, the IGBP Deputy Director, Wendy Broadgate, agreed to cover joint SCOR-IGBP activities under IGBP activities. For specific information on SCOR programmes, you are directed to the web site, http://www.jhu.edu/~scor/. Broadgate reported on the latest developments under IGPB Phase II with a focus on ocean science (Annex 8.15). The development of the new programme is well underway with various synthesis books, including the first JGOFS book in Cambridge University Press (IGBP book series), the IGBP science brochure (#2) contributing to the developments which were described in IGBP NewsLetter #50 Special Issue. In IGBP Phase II, there is a new structure with three main compartments: ATMOSPHERE, OCEAN (GLOBEC + OCEANS), and LAND (LUCC+GCTE), three corresponding interfaces projects: ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN (SOLAS), OCEAN-LAND (LOICZ), and LAND-ATMOSPHERE (ILEAPS) and 2 integration projects (GAIM and PAGES). In the OCEAN compartment, jointly with SCOR, several projects are included: JGOFS (need for continuation-legacy for the new project), GLOBEC (continuing to 2009) and a new developing project, currently called OCEANS (Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Analysis). To ensure a consistent vision in the marine projects, a draft “Ocean Vision” statement was handed out at the meeting (Annex 8.16) that laid out common goals for the OCEAN projects plus relevant parts of the interface projects, SOLAS and LOICZ. The “Ocean Vision” includes, see Figure 1 in Ocean Vision document, drivers, processes, responses, social impacts, and feedbacks. The figure cast oceans (biogeochemistry and ecosystems) into the broader context of Earth Systems that include human dimensions, biodiversity, and climate. The study on Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Analysis is related to GLOBEC foci and SOLAS foci (see Annex 8.15 for more information on SOLAS). The boundary between and within OCEAN and the interfacing activity of SOLAS remains unclear, but SOLAS involves the domains where there is a direct interaction with the other phase. For LOICZ, a synthesis book is almost finished and a LOICZ II should be launched soon with new themes related to IHDP. For Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Analysis, IGBP and SCOR expect a 10-year Science Plan and Implementation Strategy for peer review by the end of 2003. In 2001, the participants at the Futures Workshop in Barcelona, led by Peter Burkill, drafted a framework report for “Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems”. Thanks to their efforts, the OCEANS Transition Team, which formed in early 2002, and several background documents, see http://www.igbp.kva.se/obe/background.html, the OCEANS Open Science Conference (see, www.igbp.kva.se/obe/) was organised in Paris in January 2003. Conference organisers and sponsors now seek the widest participation possible at the Conference for maximum contribution to the Science Plan. In May 2003, the draft Implementation Plan will be presented and discussed at the JGOFS Open Science Conference, and in 2004, IGBP and SCOR expect to review and consider the Plan for approval. Monfray added that the Transition Team, chaired by Julie Hall, has involved researchers from JGOFS, GLOBEC, SOLAS, LOICZ and CLIVAR, especially during the meeting in March 2002.

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The body of the text deals with the three “big” topics: biogeochemical cycle and marine ecosystem (with physical and biological interactions, in order to describe the complete foodweb), global change in the marine environment and feedback to the Earth ecosystem. The OSC in Paris is very ambitious (visit programme at www.igbp.kva.se/obe/obeprog.html) and includes plans to draft an OCEANS science plan in time for the JGOFS Opens Science Conference. The science plan would be worked out in close cooperation with other projects until there is a complete merge or convergence of ideas. Monfray then described extensively the various parts and status of the programme (see OCEANS Open Science Conference under Annex 8.15). He drew special attention to items 5. Integration of foodweb dynamics at all levels including functional biodiversity; 6. Oceanic margins and the need of a keynote speaker; need of a larger effort including additional inputs from the “COOP” community; need to set-up limits to the estuaries and continental shelves; and need to emphasise the importance of social science aspects in natural sciences; 7. Mesopelagic layer and this is mostly a starting point, sometimes with provocative statements, to initiate reflection and discussions; 8. Hot spots, which include processes and areas that are sensitive to thresholds, switches and perturbations, cascading effects from thermohaline circulation, etc; 9. Human dimension and feedback to society, which include discussion, prediction and sustainable management for a changing world; and 10. Modelization for more detailed biological compartments and functioning, plus a human compartment and forcing with different models and approaches. Quiñones pointed out the need to avoid description of bottlenecked ecosystem and structure with top-down and bottom-up views, or “waste-warp” and remain open to alternative views. He also reminded everyone that the task of merging JGOFS models and GLOBEC models is not trivial. Monfray mentioned that an OCEANS poster might be prepared for the final JGOFS OSC and a strong need for exchanges with the JGOFS community. Schlitzer remarked that the main OCEANS questions are related to the study of a changing ecosystem, while there is yet no full or clear understanding of the present-day ecosystem. Hansell indicated that further observations and study of the ecosystem are included under “processes” of the three questions. Broadgate added that the system is not at a steady state, so it is impossible to separate natural variability and the anthropogenic global change for a definitive view of the present ecosystem. Therefore, observations must continue. Anderson commented that yet there are too many unanswered questions and processes to explain all the variability. Ducklow added that this is a recurrent problem when addressing funding agencies. Therefore, it is necessary and critical in the presentation of the strategy to address these issues upfront and openly. Hansell responded that the current science is fairly advanced in the resolution of the three main questions. Ducklow asked for a show of hands of SSC members who plan to attend the OCEANS OSC in Paris. The following groups indicated affirmative Indian Ocean, North Pacific, North Atlantic, Equatorial Pacific (probably Dick Barber), Continental Margins (Quiñones, Chen, or K.K Liu), Global Synthesis Working Group, JGOFS-GAIM TT, Southern Ocean, Data Management TT, and the IPO.

ACTION #12: Broadgate kindly asked the SSC members to review, comment, and contribute to the document on the “Ocean Vision” before November. The document should also be shortened and be used as a background “white paper” for all oceanic components in IGBP II, and it should be finalized after the OSM in Paris.

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Third IGBP Congress. Broadgate reminded everyone of the IGBP Congress in Banff, Canada, 19-24 June 2003, with the IGBP Steering Committee and Core Project SSCs, Joint Projects SSCs, and IGBP National Committee Chairs. The Congress encompasses plenary talks, parallel Working Sessions and SSC meetings. The list of Working Groups and Working Sessions is unfinished and will remain open until after the Paris meeting. Therefore, SSC suggestions are welcomed. Ducklow offered JGOFS participation in Banff with a focus on the transfer of the JGOFS legacy to the next Ocean programme. Avril asked what are the expected outcome and set-up of the IGBP Congress. Broadgate answered that it is mostly about IGBP II integration and collaboration with IHDP, WCRP and DIVERSITAS. Ducklow felt that JGOFS science is aligned mostly with an interdisciplinary approach, and in IGBP II, the approach is similar but at a higher level. If the “process study approach” is involved in a larger context than the oceanic environment, then the congress is useful; if not, JGOFS full participation could not be certain. None of the SSC members expressed availability after the SSC and OSC in Washington DC, however the SSC Chair and Executive Officer are expected to join, and provide a talk on oceans. Broadgate added that within the Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP) with IGBP, IHDP, WCRP and DIVERSITAS, and with 3 joint projects on carbon, water, and food systems, the Global Carbon Project (GCP) is more advanced than the other two, and focuses on patterns and variability of processes, controls and interactions. It is linked to the IGBP II Core Projects. In IGBP II and OCEANS, the definition of sustainability is a key issue to be clarified.

5.2. GOOS and SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2: Activities Global Ocean Observing System activities. Haugan reported on GOOS/OOPC and CO2 Panel activities related to JGOFS (Annex 8.17). Joint IOC-WMO Commission on Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) oversees GOOS, which relies on OOPC and the recently established COOP for advice concerning design and development of a permanent ocean observing system. In this regard, he mentioned a very useful GOOS publication on a global ocean carbon observing serving system (GOOS Report #118, April 2002), which is a collection of results and ideas from several workshops and meetings over the past two years. It is believed that as COOP matures and aligns its elements with GOOS, a global carbon observing system will be truly global in coverage. Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2 activities. The CO2 Panel (SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean Carbon Dioxide, SICAP) met early this year in Hawaii (Annex 8.18). Haugan reported on the Panel’s ongoing and new activities: ocean carbon dioxide sequestration mandate and workshop, time series observatory pilot project, CLIVAR repeat hydrography sections, and the new SICAP web site, http://www.ioc.unesco.org/iocweb/co2panel. Ducklow asked about the interactions and coordination between the Panel and the new programmes of CLIVAR, SOLAS, and Joint Global Carbon Project (GCP). Haugan felt that the links between the Panel and the new programmes have not developed fully, compared to previous efforts. It is expected that the organisational links will mature to account for the changing set of interacting and intersecting research programmes. Regarding carbon transport and inventory questions of the Panel, Tilbrook reminded everyone that these are important issues for OCEANS and of national activities underway. Monfray added that Working Group 4 in OCEANS covers this aspect and Wallace, the Panel Chair, will speak at the conference. Another important issue for the intended OCEANS Science Plan is carbon storage, in particular, in the mesopelagic layer, which will require greater discussion in Paris.

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Tilbrook added that the GCP framework is still quite confusing in this aspect, especially with regards to OCEANS. Broadgate answered that IGBP want this aspect in the new OCEANS project, and this will be coordinated with the Panel. The GCP is expected to integrate and synthesize the different existing efforts in oceans, land and atmosphere. In addition, the CO2 Panel and GCP will hold a meeting on ocean carbon observation and coordination in Paris on 13-15 January 2003. The Panel is only concentrating on the inorganic carbon cycle. Therefore, there is a need to coordinate its study with that of the organic carbon cycle, which already exists in IGBP. Ducklow requested that this issue be closely followed. Regarding questions on ocean time series and pilot projects under GOOS, Haugan reported that GOOS has a long history on ocean observation and time-series stations. However, much of the effort is still “work in progress”. Tilbrook indicated that CLIVAR and POGO are working closely together and have set-up a permanent time-series station net for location and description of stations, both existing and expected, see the SICAP website. Physical time-series are already established with possible linkage to OCEANS.

6. INTERNATIONAL PROJECT OFFICE

Hanson reported on the administration and operations of the International Project Office (IPO) (Annex 8.19). He welcomed a new IPO staff member, Mr. Sturle Litland, to his first SSC meeting. Litland replaced Ms. Gjerde in the office as the financial assistant. He also mentioned that the IPO moved over the summer to another building on the “main University Campus” in Bergen. He then summarised other office activities, which consumed staff time, which included raising international funding for the final OSC and participants, managing the budget and travel for the SSC and groups, redesigning and releasing a new website on Internet, and continuing to print and distribute the JGOFS Reports and other information. Regards to publications, he asked Stokke to provide a brief report on the costs and distribution procedures of hard copies. Stokke informed the SSC that the distribution costs (printing and mailing) of the JGOFS Reports have increased and raised financial concerns. Presently, reports are sent to SSC members, Group and Task Team members, scientists, libraries and institutions. Since 1996, most reports are now available on the web site and downloadable as pdf files. However, Norwegian mailing costs have increased and now limit a worldwide distribution. She asked the SSC for advice on handling the future distribution of JGOFS Reports. The SSC agreed that the availability of online versions of the Reports would minimize distribution costs. However, Smith and Garçon cautioned that there is still a need to mail reports to institutions with limited or no Internet access. Stokke mentioned that the reports continue to be sent to libraries/some institutions but no longer to a general mailing list of individual researchers, except when specifically requested. Smith pointed out that many of the JGOFS Reports are still valuable and even classics, for example the JGOFS Protocols. These reports should be distributed and archived before the end of the project. For the community working on the Arabian Sea, Smith offered to send the extra copies. Quiñones indicated that a similar situation exists in South America. Stokke assured everyone that extra copies of the reports would not be thrown away at the end of the project.

ACTION #13: The IPO will contact the SSC to estimate an adequate number of printed copies for distribution.

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Broadgate asked about the future of the published reports (archive). Hanson and Stokke mentioned that the University of Bergen Library and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (WHOI) have offered to archive a complete set of all JGOFS Reports. Moreover WHOI has offered to archive historical documents, agreements and letters. Regarding the JGOFS web site and early discussions with Will Steffen, Hanson felt that the JGOFS website would be handed over to IGBP, perhaps on a CD ROM, and eventually passed on to next ocean project. Broadgate cautioned the SSC that the web site transfer to IGBP Secretariat need further discussion, as it is not a straightforward process. Finances. Hanson presented the finances for 2001 (final), 2002 (current) and 2003 (pending requests). Broadgate reminded that the IGBP funding has been “normalized” to $20,000, which is a minor change for JGOFS. Garçon asked about the present status of raising funds for the final OSC. Hanson indicated that as of today, only the APN provided a positive feedback on the pre-proposal and requested a full proposal. USPO will handle this request through WHOI, as a member of the APN. We also have requests out to the EU, IOC, SCOR, and IAI. Garçon felt that the timeline for EU funds is not adequate for the FP6 since the announcement will be let too late for the final decision before the OSC. Hanson acknowledged the time factor, but the IPO will continue to seek EU support for Western Europe JGOFS scientists. Anderson asked whether the chairs of each SG, WG and TT would be subsidized to go to Paris for the OCEANS Open Science Conference. Hanson replied that funds do not exist to support chairs at OCEANS under the 2003 budget. Ducklow asked specifically who needs support for the OCEANS Conference. LeBorgne, Garçon, Tréguer, Quiñones requested financial support for the OCEANS Conference. It was suggested that LeBorgne be replaced by any of the EPSG members from Europe at the Conference in order to reduce the cost. The SSC also suggested that chairs coordinate their meetings alongside the Conference; if possible, to optimise funds already budgeted.

ACTION #14: The chairs agreed to check with their groups and ascertain whether a member plans to attend and would represent the group at OCEANS; and if any one group needs to send a representative, the IPO would support such a request, pending availability of funds.

7. MEETING ADJOURNED

Ducklow thanked everyone for participation and before adjourning, he requested advice on setting the date for the last SSC meeting during the final OSC. He recommended a one day meeting and Garçon suggested the day before the OSC.

ACTION #15: SSC agreed to Sunday 4 May 2003 for the final JGOFS SSC meeting. Meeting adjourned before noon on Wednesday 25 September 2002.

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8. ANNEXES

8.1. List of Participants

Chair Ducklow, Hugh - JGOFS NASG, IGBP-SC Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Route 1208-Greate Road, Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062-1346, USA Tel. +1 804 684 7180, Fax. +1 804 684 7293, duck@vims.edu Vice Chair Garçon, Véronique - JGOFS NASG (Chair) Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales, CNRS, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, F-31055 Toulouse Cedex, FRANCE Tel. +33 5 6133 2957, Fax. +33 5 6125 3205, Veronique.Garcon@cnes.fr Executive Officer Hanson, Roger B. - JGOFS IPO JGOFS International Project Office, Centre for Studies of Environment and Resources, University of Bergen, Post Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY Tel. +47 5558 4244, Fax. +47 5558 9687, roger.hanson@jgofs.uib.no At-large Members Anderson, Robert (Bob) Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, P.O. Box 1000, Palisades, New York 10964-1000, USA Tel. +1 845 365 8508, Fax. +1 845 365 8155, boba@ldeo.columbia.edu Hansell, Dennis Division of Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA Tel. +1 305 361 4078, Fax. +1 305 361 4689, dhansell@rsmas.miami.edu Haugan, Peter - JGOFS ISCAP Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Allégaten 70, N-5007 Bergen, NORWAY Tel. +47 5558 26 78, Fax. +47 5559 9883, Peter.Haugan@gfi.uib.no Hong, Huasheng (regrets received) College of Oceanography and Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, CHINA, P.R.C. Tel. +86 592 218 2216, Fax. +86 592 209 5242, hshong@xmu.edu.cn Tilbrook, Bronte - JGOFS NCP (AU) Division of Marine Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIRO), GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, AUSTRALIA. Tel. +61 3 6232 5273, Fax. +61 3 6232 5000, bronte.tilbrook@csiro.au or tilbrook@marine.csiro.au Saino, Toshiro - JGOFS NPTT (Vice-Chair) Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Science (IHAS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chigusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8601, JAPAN. Tel. +81 52 789 3487, Fax. +81 52 789 3436, tsaino@ihas.nagoya-u.ac.jp SSC Members Bychkov, Aleksandr (Alex) - JGOFS NPTT (Chair) North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES), c/o Institute of Ocean Sciences, 9860 West Saanich Road, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney V8L 4B2, B.C., CANADA Tel. +1-250 363 6364, Fax. +1-250 363 6827, bychkov@ios.bc.ca or bychkov@pices.int

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Conkright, Margarita (regrets received) - JGOFS DMTT (Chair) Ocean Climate Laboratory, NODC/NOAA, OC/5, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA Tel. +1 301 713 3290, ext. 193, Fax. +1 301 713 3303, mconkright@nodc.noaa.gov Le Borgne, Robert - JGOFS EPSG (Chair) Centre de Nouméa, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 101 Promenade Roger Laroque, B.P. A5, F-98848 Nouméa Cedex, Nouvelle Calédonie, FRANCE Tel. +33 4 9104 1657, Fax. +33 4 9104 1635, leborgne@noumea.ird.nc Lochte, Karin (regrets received) - PJTT (Chair), JGOFS NCP (GE) FB Marine Biogeochemie, Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, GERMANY Tel. +49 431 600 4250, Fax. +49 431 565 876, klochte@ifm.uni-kiel.de Monfray, Patrick - GSWG, JGOFS/GAIM TT (Co-Chair), SOSG, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CNRS / CEA / IPSL, CE Saclay, l'Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FRANCE. Tel. +33 1 6908 7724, Fax. +33 1 6908 7716, monfray@cea.fr Platt, Trevor - (regrets received) IOCCG (Chair) Biological Oceanography Division, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, CANADA. Tel. +1 902 426 3793, Fax. +1 902 426 9388, tplatt@is.dal.ca Quiñones, Renato - JGOFS/LOICZ CMTT (Co-Chair), JGOFS NCP (CL) Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, CHILE. Tel. +56 41 203 861, Fax. +56 41 256 571, rquinone@udec.cl Schlitzer, Reiner - JGOFS GSWG (Chair) Department of GeoSystem, Alfred-Wegener Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Columbusstraße, P.O. Box 120161, D-27515 Bremerhaven, GERMANY. Tel. +49 471 4831 1559, Fax. +49 471 4831 1149, rschlitzer@awi-bremerhaven.de Smith, Sharon - JGOFS SSC, JGOFS IOSG (Chair) Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL- 33149-1098, USA. Tel. +1 305 361 4819, Fax. +1 305 361 4600, ssmith@rsmas.miami.edu Tréguer, Paul - JGOFS/PAGES PJTT, JGOFS SOSG (Chair) Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (IUEM / UBO), Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Place Nicolas Copernic, F-29280 Plouzané, FRANCE. Tel. +33 2 9849 8664, Fax. +33 2 9849 8645, Paul.Treguer@univ-brest.fr Wallace, Douglas (Doug) - (regrets received) JGOFS ISCAP (Chair), JGOFS NASG FB Marine Biogeochemie, Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel (IfM-Kiel), Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, GERMANY. Tel. +49 431 600 4200, Fax. +49 431 600 174201, dwallace@ifm.uni-kiel.de IGBP Secretariat Broadgate, Wendy - IGBP Deputy Director, Natural Sciences IGBP Secretariat, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, S-104 05 Stockholm, SWEDEN. Tel. +46 8 6739 559, Fax: +46 8 166 405, wendy@igbp.kva.se SCOR Secretariat Urban, Edward (Ed) (regrets received) - SCOR Executive Director SCOR Secretariat, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Olin Hall, San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA Tel. +1 410 516 4070, Fax. +1 410 516 4019, scor@jhu.edu

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International Project Office Avril, Bernard - JGOFS IPO (Assistant Executive Officer) JGOFS International Project Office, Centre for Studies of Environment and Resources, University of Bergen, Post Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY. Tel. +47 5558 4249, Fax. +47 5558 9687, bernard.avril@jgofs.uib.no Litland, Sturle - JGOFS IPO (Financial Assistant) JGOFS International Project Office, Centre for Studies of Environment and Resources, University of Bergen, Post Box 7800, N-5020, Bergen, NORWAY. Tel. +47 5558 4246, Fax. +47 5558 9687, sturle.litland@smr.uib.no Stokke, Judith - JGOFS IPO (Administrative Assistant) JGOFS International Project Office, Centre for Studies of Environment and Resources, University of Bergen, Post Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY. Tel. +47 5558 4246, Fax. +47 5558 9687, judith.stokke@jgofs.uib.no

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8.2. Draft Agenda Opening (0900, Monday, 23 September 2002) Welcome and Opening Address Hugh Ducklow Introductions/Science Talks (3) Hugh Ducklow Announcements and Local arrangements Judy Stokke Adoption of Agenda Hugh Ducklow Old Business Minutes of the 16th Meeting (Actions) Roger Hanson IGBP/Springer-Verlag Book: Status Hugh Ducklow Synthesis Groups & Task Teams Business Brief Activity Reports All Chairs Terms of References and Members: New and Revised Requests for Year 2003 Activities International Programmes IGBP and SCOR Activities Wendy Broadgate IOCCG Activities* (Trevor Platt) OPCC (GOOS, etc.) Peter Haugan

Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2 Peter Haugan Other Related Meetings

Brief Activity Reports To be determined Scientific Steering Committee Business

Scientific Steering Committee Hugh Ducklow Executive Committee Meeting Hugh Ducklow

Third Open Science Conference (Washington Dc, May 2003) Conference Programme and Support Hugh Ducklow International Travel Support Roger Hanson

National JGOFS Programme Reports (written reports only) Australia Bronte Tilbrook France Véronique Garçon German Karin Lochte Japan Toshiro Saino

International Project Office Director Report Roger Hanson Data Management Bernard Avril Calendar Roger Hanson Publications Bernard Avril Finances Roger Hanson

Other Business Next SSC Meeting (Washington DC (dates?) Hugh Ducklow Adjourn (1200, Wednesday, 25 September 2002) * Not present

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8.4. Draft Asian Pacific Network Proposal This example is provided to assist SSC members to seek travel support from their funding agencies for national scientists. APN Project Title Travel support for Asia-Pacific marine scientists to attend the Final JGOFS Open Science Conference Detailed Proposal: Overview Launched over a decade ago, the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) is the most ambitious ocean biogeochemistry project ever undertaken. The goal of this project is to understand better the processes controlling the cycle of carbon and associated elements in the open ocean, including the ocean margins. This knowledge must now be synthesized and transferred to the next generation of ocean biogeochemists who will endeavour to predict the ocean’s response to global climate change and variability, and to deliver this information to policy makers who will establish better-informed policies that are aimed at protecting our Earth systems. JGOFS has been a highly successful, large-scale ocean project of SCOR and IGBP. New paradigms regarding the ocean carbon cycle have been formed, and improved methods for conducting integrated biological, chemical, physical and sedimentological studies of ocean processes have been developed. Two recent publications have dedicated an entire issue to the accomplishments of JGOFS. An AMBIO issue provided a broad overview of the international accomplishments to the global change research scientists1 and The Oceanography Society (TOS) Magazine presented a more detailed review of the US JGOFS accomplishments2. We contend that the Final JGOFS Conference will be a major showcase of JGOFS accomplishments, synthesis and modelling, and we intend to treat this event as a culmination of this project, even though the International JGOFS Master Dataset will not be delivered to the World Data Centre system until late 2003. Thus, its organisation and execution is a top priority for the International Project Office (IPO) and the United States JGOFS Planning Office (US JGOFS PO). The IPO is located at the University of Bergen, Norway, under the direction of Dr. Roger B. Hanson with data management and information responsibilities under Dr. Bernard Avril. Our counterparts at the US JGOFS PO are Dr. Kenneth O. Buesseler and Dr. David M. Glover, respectively. The overall goals of the Offices are to support the successful completion of JGOFS and the promotion of JGOFS science and ocean biogeochemistry. Justification This proposal describes our interest to seek travel support for 13 JGOFS and APN scientists from the Asia Pacific region to the Final JGOFS Open Science Conference “A Sea of Change: JGOFS accomplishments and the Future of Ocean Biogeochemistry”, scheduled for 5-8 May 2003 at the US National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA. The venue is historically significant as it was the birthplace of the project in the mid 80s. From these facilities, the US National

1 Michael J. R. Fasham, Beatriz M. Baliño and Margaret C. Bowles (editors), 2001. A new vision of ocean biogeochemistry after a decade of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS). AMBIO Special Report No. 10 2 Kenneth O. Buesseler (editor), 2001. U.S. JGOFS, United States Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. Oceanography Special Issue Vol. 14, No. 4

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Research Council spearheaded the workshop that played a major role in the genesis of the JGOFS program3 and a decade of ocean biogeochemistry. In April 2000, the international Scientific Steering Committee approved the proposal that US JGOFS host the final Conference, tentatively scheduled at the National Academy of Sciences, and in September 2000, the US National Research Council confirmed the availability of the venue. With the venue and date set, in 2001, the international Scientific Steering Committee expressed the importance and desire of bringing together all scientists in the project to Washington. To accomplish this request, they invited the IPO and US JGOFS PO to raise sufficient external funds for the conference program and to assist scientists from developing regions to travel to Washington and present their most recent synthesis. Thanks for these efforts, the co-sponsors will enhance international program cooperation and collaboration, and possibility the delivery of all national or individual data sets collected under JGOFS to the Conference and eventually to the International JGOFS Master Dataset. This joint database will contain a fully integrated, high quality, uniformly formatted ocean dataset from the JGOFS field studies, which will be deposited for long-term stewardship at the World Data Centre system and will serve future generations of biogeochemical studies on ocean processes, dynamics and responses to climate change. We also contend that the Conference will lead the way for the international community in ocean biogeochemistry to be more proactive in pulling together key scientific observations and to disseminate this information to the boarder global change community, including policy makers and scientists charged with preparing policy recommendations and planning future science programs. The Open Science Conference This conference is the third in the series of JGOFS Open Science Conferences. The first was held in Villefranche-sur-mer, France, at the mid-term review under the auspices of ICSU in 1995, and the second was held in Bergen, Norway, in 2000 at the culmination of the fieldwork that formally initiated the synthesis, interpretation and modelling phase. These conferences lead to a Cambridge University Press4 and a Springer-Verlag5 book on ocean biogeochemistry. Several goals have been set for the Final Conference. As mentioned previously, the conference will bring together all marine scientists that have been actively involved in the project since its inception. Second, it will present the major accomplishments of the national and international JGOFS process studies, time-series stations, ocean surveys, and ocean modelling. Third, it will reach out to the broader global change programs in climate, human dimension and biodiversity research by linking conference themes to emerging issues in the global carbon cycle. Fourth, it will include science and educational activities for the public. Finally, it will offer the scientific community and public an opportunity to discuss ocean-related issues and concerns with renowned JGOFS scientists and notable national officials. The Conference program is now set. All main speakers have been contacted and confirmed in August 2002. The general structure and format of the Conference will include broad audience presentations in the morning plenary sessions, followed in the afternoon by special science topics, international program lectures, poster sessions with specific themes and regions, and 3 National Academy of Sciences, 1984. Study of ocean fluxes in time and space by bottom-tethered sediment trap arrays: a recommendation, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 4 Roger B. Hanson, Hugh W. Ducklow and John G. Field (editors), 1999. The Changing Ocean Carbon Cycle, a midterm synthesis of Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme Book Series Nr. 5, Cambridge University Press 5 Michael Fasham (editor) with John Field, Trevor Platt, Bernt Zeitzschel (co-editors), 2002. Ocean Biogeochemistry: A JGOFS Synthesis, Springer-Verlag, expected in December 2002

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educational activities aimed at the kindergarten through 12th grade in USA. One evening will be publicized within the Washington DC area as an ocean policy lecture and will be held at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. The Conference organizers expect between 300 and 500 scientists, students, international program leaders, government and non-government representatives, and policy makers in attendance. The Scientific and Education Program Committee6 released the first Conference announcement and program to the JGOFS community in June, via electronic mail, and enhanced web site presence. The distribution of conference brochures and posters occurred in June and August. Relationship to Priority Topics in the APN Research Framework: Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) is a joint core project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and a large-scale ocean biogeochemistry project of the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR). Much of the fieldwork completed under the project now concerns the priority activities and special emphasis within APN—particularly “Climate Change and Variability”. Within the project, there are well-defined elements on coastal zones and continental margins, biodiversity, and atmosphere. Regional Collaboration: JGOFS research included regional process studies and encouraged strong regional collaboration over the past decade and a half among its partners. With APN co sponsorship, the conference will further past regional collaborations and facilitate future collaborations among scientists and institutions in developing countries throughout the Asia Pacific Network and the global change research communities (IGBP, WCRP, IHDP, and Diversitas). Capacity Building: JGOFS devoted resources, time and effort to capacity building and educating the next generation of ocean biogeochemists and global change scientists. Many conferences, symposia, and meetings were specifically held in developing regions for this purpose. Our goal today is to ensure that they are heard from at the Final Conference. It is a challenge, and APN travel support for scientists to the conference will stimulate quality as well as future collaborative research proposals, and help build strong regional infrastructure to conduct global change research. Scientific Contribution of each Participating Country: Scientists from APN developing regions will contribute to the conference individually and collaboratively and play an important part in the latest understanding of the ocean carbon cycle in IGBP I and IGBP II (partnership with WCRP, IHDP and Diversitas) and intergovernmental agencies (APN, IOC and IAI). Links to Policy: Increased public concern over climate change in Asia Pacific region is strong a motivation for APN scientists participation in the information exchange process at the Conference. The Scientific Steering Committee recognized early on the importance of transferring information from developing countries to the international community and has set aside time at the conferences to enhance links to policy makers, media and educators. The information assembled under JGOFS is now finding its way into intergovernmental assessments, and ocean and coastal documents.

6 Program Committee: Deborah Steinberg, Chair, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, USA; Véronique Garçon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France, Bronte Tilbrook, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia, Kon-Kee Liu, National Taiwan University, China-Taipei, Peter Haugan, Universitetet i Bergen, Norway, David Karl, University of Hawaii, USA

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Relationship to Global Change Research: The Open Science Conference is the last major event of JGOFS and marks the conclusion of a highly successful global ocean carbon program in IGBP and SCOR history. The project provided new knowledge and understanding on the role of the ocean in global climate change, such as the exchange of CO2 between the atmosphere and ocean sediments, the carbon and nutrient dynamics in the ocean interior and along ocean margins, and the biodiversity and variability of ocean ecosystems. Related Research Work: The International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and the Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR) have backed a strong bottom up effort by the international scientific community to the continued development of a new project, Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems, as part of the next phase of IGBP. This project will have strong collaborative links with the ongoing projects, like SOLAS (Surface Ocean Layer and Atmospheric Study) and GLOBEC, and will build on the results of JGOFS and other global change research. Appendix 1: Major Contributors (names, organisations, contact details) SCOR Secretariat. Contact details: Dr. Edward R. Urban, Jr., Executive Director, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Olin Hall, San Martin Drive, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA 21218. Tel +1-410-516-4070, Fax +1-410-516-4019, email: scor@jhu.edu IGBP Secretariat. Contact details: Dr. Wendy Broadgate, Deputy Director, Natural Sciences, IGBP, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, S-104 05 Stockholm, SWEDEN. Tel +46-8-16-64-48, Fax +46-8-16-64-05, email wendy@igbp.kva.se Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)/UNESCO. Contact details: Dr. Maria Hood, Program Manager, 1, rue Miollis, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, FRANCE. Tel +33 1 45 68 40 28, Fax +33 1 45 68 58 12, email m.hood@unesco.org Research Council of Norway. Contact details: Dr. Terje Mørland, Senior Adviser, Environment and Development, PB 2700 St. Hanshaugen, 0131 Oslo, NORWAY. Tel +47 22 03 70 00, Fax +47 22 03 70 01, email: tmo@forskningsrad.no US National Science Foundation (NSF). Contact details: Drs. Phillip Taylor and Donald Rice, Program Directors, Biological Oceanography and Chemistry Programs, Division of Ocean Sciences, National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Blvd., Suite 725, Arlington, Virginia, USA 22230. Tel +1 703-292-8582, Fax 703-292-9085, email prtaylor@nsf.gov and drice@nsf.gov European Union, Framework 6. Contact details: Dr Nicholas Deliyanakis, DG RTD D-04, European Research Area - The Human Factor, European Commission, SDME 4/82, B-1049 Brussels, Tel +32-2-29 95526, fax +32-2-29 63308, e-mail Nicholas.Deliyanakis@cec.eu.int National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Contact details: Dr. Charles Trees, Program Scientist, Oceanography Program, Office of Earth Science/Code YS, NASA Headquarters, 300 E Street, SW, Room 5S32, Washington, D.C., USA 20546. Tel +1 202 358-0310, Fax +1 202 358-2770, email ctrees@hq.nasa.gov

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Appendix 2. CV of Proponent: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, USA submits this proposal and agrees to administer the travel costs via Ms. Mary Zawoysky, Administrative Assistant at the US JGOFS PO, in full consultation with Dr. Kenneth Buesseler at WHOI and Dr. Roger Hanson at the University of Bergen. The reason for Ms. Zawoysky taking the lead on this proposal is that Dr. Buesseler is a soft money scientist and hesitates to add more conference proposals of any kind to his name and hence his current & pending proposal list. Ms. Zawoysky is a responsible member of the Local Organising Committee7 and a vital part of the staff at US JGOFS PO for 13 years, and is therefore well qualified to lead the effort on this proposal and administer the travel funds. Mary Zawoysky Administrative Associate US JGOFS Planning and Data Management Office P.O. Box 521 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, MA 02543-1057 USA Telephone: +1-508-289-2834 Fax: +1-508-457-2161 E-mail: mary@dataone.whoi.edu, or mzawoysky@whoi.edu Website: http://usjgofs.whoi.edu/ Professional Experience Administrative Associate I, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Chemistry, Woods Hole, MA 02543, Planned and organized scientific workshops and assisted in editing book, technical reports which arose from those workshops, organized lab and graphics for technical reports, June 1989-present Archaeological technician, John Milner and Associates, West Chester, Pennsylvania, Dug out artefacts, mapped archaeological sites, 1989 Assistant Director and Sales Associate, International Images, Ltd., 514 Beaver Street, Sewickley, PA 15143, Assisted in managing gallery of Soviet, East European, and other, international art. Managed multiple projects including sales, computer, development, research, graphic design, advertising, public relations, inventory control, organisation and planning, writing articles, speaking to groups. Solved problems to keep operations running smoothly. Travelled to represent gallery nationally. Established relationship with Czechoslovakian exporting agency, 1984-1988 Education B.A. with Honor, Carlow College, 3333 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, Double major: Art and Business Management. 1981. Have continued to take classes to further education in the arts and sciences. Honors

7 Local Organising Committee: Mark Abbott, U.S. JGOFS SSC, Chair, USA, Mardi Bowles, U.S. JGOFS Planning Office, USA, Kenneth Buesseler, U.S. JGOFS Planning Office, USA, Hugh Ducklow, International JGOFS SSC, Chair, USA, Elizabeth Gross, Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research, USA, Roger Hanson, JGOFS International Project Office, Norway, Mary Zawoysky, U.S. JGOFS Planning Office, USA.

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Rotary Scholarship to Studia Academica Slovaca, Studied Slovak language and culture at Komenius University, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, 1990 Ministry of Culture Scholarship to study Slovak language and culture at Komenius University, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia. 1988 Jednota Scholarship 1977 ROGER B. HANSON Executive Director JGOFS International Project Office Centre for the Studies of Environment & Resources University of Bergen 5020 Bergen, NORWAY Telephone: +47-55-58-4244 Fax: +47-55-58-8796 E-mail: roger.hanson@jgofs.uib.no Website: http://www.uib.no/jgofs/jgofs.html Research and Administrative Experience Executive Director, JGOFS International Project Office, Centre for Studies of Environment and Resources, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, NORWAY. January 1996 to present Associate Program Director, Office of Polar Programs, Division of Ocean Sciences, and Division of Environmental Biology, US National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22230, USA. June 1989 to December 1995 Assistant, Associate and Research Professor of Oceanography, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, University of Georgia System, 10 Ocean Science Circle, Savannah, GA 31411, USA. June 1976 to May 1989 Research Scientist, University of Georgia Marine Institute, University of Georgia Sapelo Island, GA 31327, USA. July 1974 to June 1976 Education Ph.D. University of Hawaii, Department of Microbiology, Honolulu, HI, USA, Marine Microbiology and Oceanography, June 1974 M.S. California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA, Marine Microbiology, June 1970 B.S. University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Major in Bacteriology with a Minor in Zoology, June 1967 Appendix 3: Budget for Travel Support Budget Information Support for the JGOFS International Project Office comes from grants in place from the Research Council of Norway (NRC) and the University of Bergen (UiB) and is insufficient for providing travel support for planned JGOFS activities. Support for the JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) and activities come from JGOFS parent bodies, the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and the Scientific Committee for Oceanic Research (SCOR). Support for the US JGOFS Planning Office and US activities, such as the US JGOFS Synthesis and Modelling Project, comes from the US National Science Foundation (NSF) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

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In 2000 and 2001, the SSC agreed to hold its 2003 annual meeting alongside of the final Conference and budgeted $40,000 in support of its 19 members to attend final SSC meeting and support the final Conference in Washington DC. Many will also contribute knowledge and expertise in their disciplines as invited speaker, commentator or moderator. The SSC also earmarked an additional $20,000 directly to the Conference for invited speakers and associated travel expenses. JGOFS IPO will contribute in kind Conference support through IPO staff time, publication of conference literature and travel (approximately $10,000). The US JGOFS PO in kind contributions will be included in its combined PO and Conference budget from the NSF in 2003. With Asia Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN) support of ocean and marine scientists from the developing countries in one of the largest geographical regions in JGOFS science, we can ensure that the interests of APN and JGOFS as well as that of global change scientists are represented at the conference. Selection of participants (applicants for travel support) will be made in consultation with the Program Committees. Selection will be based on the following criteria: past or present involvement in JGOFS research, a marine science theme related to global climate research in APN and IGBP, the scientific quality of the abstract and availability of funds. Using APN per diem guidelines for 2002/2003, we estimated that a travel budget of approximately US $30,000 would cover the expenses of 13 selected scientists from Asia and western Pacific developing countries. This estimate is based on economy airfare, 5-nights hotel and 6-days per diem and Conference Registration. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution will handle the administration of the travel support, e.g., make travel reimbursements at no cost to APN, and after the completion of the conference, APN will be provided with a final report with all names, addresses and travel expenditures.

Estimated Travel Budget for APN Consideration Names8 Airfare9 Hotel10 Meals11 Conf. Fee12 Totals

1-13 $ 1 264 $ 500 $ 240 $ 250 $ 2 255 Subtotals (1-13) $ 16 432 $ 6 500 $ 3 120 $ 3 250 $ 29 315

Appendix 4. Details of funds from sources Our goal to ensure full participation of JGOFS and related global change research scientists goes well beyond the financial capabilities of our immediate parental sponsors. To be successful we will depends greatly on the financial support of our partners in regional, international and intergovernmental organisations in oceanography, marine science and global change research. Therefore, we are seeking additional co-sponsorship from Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC $20,000) for Eastern Europe scientists

8 Individuals will be selected by committees 9 Airfare based on 80% of lowest listed price on United Airline--Taipei to Washington DC (round trip) 10 Hotel rate based on maximum accommodation (USA) under APN per diem rates 2002/2003 (5 nights) 11 Meals based on maximum daily allowance (USA) under APN per diem rates 2002/2003 (6 days) 12 Conference fee based on early estimate of $250

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Inter-Americas Institute for Global Change Research (IAI, $20,000) for South American scientists SysTem for Analysis, Research, and Training (START, $20,000) for young African scientists European Union (EU, $20,000) for Western Europe scientists Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR, $10,000) for developing countries scientists Research Council of Norway (NRC, $10,000) for Norwegian scientists In the USA, Kenneth Buesseler, US JGOFS PO Executive Officer, has sought conference support from the US NSF within the framework of the PO budget. The US NSF confirmed that they would contribute directly to conference ($100,000) via PO grant in 2003. The funds will partially cover the travel support for American and international scientists. Financial support has also been sought from other US Agencies, including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, $50,000) and the Office of Naval Research (ONR, $25,000). Additional conference support will be sought through the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, $25,000) and the Department of Energy (DOE, in preparation). The combined IPO and PO estimate for the overall conference and travel support budget is $400,000

try sc

tratio

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8.6. Report on the Open Science Conference by Debbie Steinberg Program invitation and science program The (snazzy) program invitation is at the printers at time of writing. We are hopeful it will be back in time for members of the SSC to receive their copies at the meeting, so we won’t go into detail about the program. The only invitation left to extend is for someone to introduce the public speaker, Carol Browner, at the National History Museum’s Baird auditorium. One name that has come up is Rita Colwell. We think it’s a good idea, but would be interested to hear if the SSC has other suggestions. Current remaining issues 1. Outreach & education part of program This is the remaining part of the program still to be decided. I spoke with Blanche Meeson, head of Earth Science Enterprise Education Implementation Office at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center about doing what they call an "Earth Science Update" about our meeting. The program is modelled after some of the Sunday morning news programs in the US. There are supposed to be one or more people on each side (or multiple sides) of an issue, with the scientific topic of the program something compelling to reporters and the public. It is about a half-hour program filmed at NASA headquarters where they up the forum and invite journalists in. These updates get a lot of press in the US and it often goes international. They have done one before on carbon and the global productivity data set. Jorge Sarmiento, Gene Feldman, Mike Behrenfeld, and Paul Falkowski were on the panel. Blanche thinks some of the topics in our meeting would make a good science update. The Sac’s ideas on topics and potential speakers are welcome. Ashanti Pyrtle from the School of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia runs a mentoring program for minorities in earth/ocean science. She has a proposal into NASA, with our written support, to fund 20-25 minority undergraduates to come to our meeting. We will need to identify some mentors for them from amongst the meeting attendees (occasionally take them around, help explain things, etc.) I think it has an excellent chance of being funded. 2. Recognition of JGOFS “unsung heroes” at the meeting. During the course of the meeting the service and enthusiasm of the creators and past chairs will be recognized, but it has been suggested others such as Neil Andersen, Neil Swanberg, Elizabeth Gross, the administrative staff of the IPO (Stokke) and PO (Zawoysky), and others should be recognized at an appropriate spot, perhaps, during the cruise luncheon on the Potomac. 3. Do we want to bother with web casting the meeting? The National Academy of Sciences offered this capability. 4. Bob Anderson brought up the fact that the poster session chairs are not really clear on what a synthesis poster can or should be. The OSC committee plans to e-mail session chairs and ask for ideas, or present our own. We may have multiple posters on the CD from any session, if they wanted to organize more than a single synthesis. 5. There is a conflict with a National Academy dinner in the Great Hall at the National Academy of Sciences on the May 5, which interferes with our afternoon, 3:30-5:30 poster session and our first night reception. Ken and Mary are looking into options (having the reception someplace else, using other rooms for the posters).

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8.7. Global Synthesis Working Group (GSWG) Report by Reiner Schlitzer Main activity of the JGOFS Global Synthesis Working Group (GSWG) during 2002 was to organize and hold jointly with the JGOFS/GAIM modelling task team a four day workshop on Global Ocean Productivity and the Fluxes of Carbon and Nutrients: Combining Observations and Models at the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission in Ispra, Italy (24-27 June 2002). Goal of the workshop was to assess the present state of research on global ocean productivity and downward material fluxes from observations and biogeochemical models and to identify future research needs. Emphasis was on integrated studies and the comparison between methods. The workshop involved about 70 scientists from around the world representing all aspects of the marine carbon and nutrient cycles – modeling, process studies and experiments, as well as in situ and remote sensing observations. Specific scientific questions addressed at the workshop include: • How accurate are satellite productivity algorithms? • Are sediment trap data consistent with satellite productivity maps? • Are benthic food-supply requirements matched by measured downward fluxes? • What controls the export and sequestration efficiency? • How important are ocean margins for global ocean biogeochemical cycles? • Are modelled productivity rates and fluxes consistent with observations? • How will marine biogeochemical cycles change in the future? • The next generation of biogeochemical models: what level of complexity is

required to improve productivity and flux estimates? • New technologies and observations: which new datasets will be available in 10

years? Are they sufficient to validate future models? The workshop was structured with half-day sessions on various themes (see Appendix). The presentations were mostly as posters with only a few oral talks, to allow enough time for discussion and short contributions of recent work. Each theme was introduced by keynote presentations followed by a poster session and a plenary discussion. Plenary speakers were asked to provide overviews over their field, but also include open questions and provocative ideas. Talks and posters were of high quality and the plenary discussions were lively and stimulating. A detailed workshop agenda and the abstracts of all keynote presentations and posters, and on-line version of some keynote presentations and posters can be found at http://www.uib.no/jgofs/Publications/other_pub/Ispra_Modelling/Ispra_Modelling.html. A manuscript summarizing the goals and main conclusions of the workshop is in preparation. Bremerhaven, August 28, 2002 Reiner Schlitzer Appendix: Workshop Themes and Invited Talks A: Observing Ocean productivity from space (Chair: Trevor Platt) • “Seasonal and ENSO Variability in Global Ocean Phytoplankton Chlorophyll” (James A. Yoder and

Maureen A. Kennelly) • “Marine primary production estimates from ocean colour: A comparative study of algorithms”(Mary-

Elena Carr and Marjorie Friedrichs) • "A Recipe for Ocean Productivity, and Variations" (John Marra)

B: From primary production to export flux: factors controlling the export efficiency (Chair: Edward Laws)

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• "Incorporating Respiration into the Ocean Carbon Budget: Lifting the Lid off Pandora's Box" (Peter J. Le B. Williams)

• "Role of Zooplankton in the Transformation, Remineralization, and Export of Particulate Organic Matter in the Sea" (Deborah K. Steinberg)

• "Magnitude, Variability and Controls on the Ratio of Particle Export to Primary Production in the Upper Ocean" (Ken O. Buesseler)

C: The flux of particulate matter in the water column: magnitude and depth dependence (Chair: Gerhard Fischer) • “Global Export Flux and Regional Functionality of Biological Pump: A Result from JGOFS

Sediment Trap Programs since 1982” (Susumu Honjo, Roger Francois, Richard Krishfield, and Steve Manganini)

• “Factors controlling the flux of organic carbon to the bathypelagic zone of the ocean” (Roger Francois, Susumu Honjo, Richard Krishfield and Steve Manganini)

• "How POC Export, Curvature in the Martin Function, Biogenic Si Content and Particle Settling Velocity are Related" (Will M. Berelson)

• "Global distribution of downward particle flux from models and measurements: Do we believe any of them?" (Richard S. Lampitt, E.E. Popova, and I.J. Totterdell)

D: Benthic fluxes along ocean margins and in the open ocean (Chair: Richard Lampitt) • "Global distribution and magnitude of deep particulate organic carbon fluxes estimated by benthic

flux measurements" (Richard A. Jahnke) • "Cross-boundary exchanges of carbon and nitrogen in the marginal seas" (Chen-Tung Arthur Chen) • "Decoupling surface production from deep remineralization and benthic deposition: empirical

evidence and modeling challenges" (R. Armstrong) E: Recent evidence for changes in marine biogeochemical cycles (Chair: John Steele) • "Responses of marine organisms and ecosystems to hydro-meteorological forcing" (Gregory

Beaugrand, and Philip C. Reid) • "An ecosystem models response to North Atlantic oscillation like forcing" (Martin Visbeck, Marina

Levy, Naomi Naik, and Jessie Cherry) • "Increased stratification and decreased primary productivity in the western sub arctic North Pacific - a

30 years retrospective study" (S. Chiba, K. Tadokoro, T. Ono, and T. Saino) F: Hind- and forecasting biogeochemical fluxes with models (Chair: Steve A. Spall) • "The impact of climate change on the marine biogeochemical cycling: detecting change with

biogeochemical tracers" (Richard J. Matear) • “Implications of various depth levels used to compute export production” (Andreas Oschlies) • “Controls on global particle export and remineralization: model development and calibration” (John

P. Dunne, Robert A. Armstrong, Curtis A. Deutsch, Anand Gnanadesikan, Jorge L. Sarmiento, Panangady S. Swathi and Nicolas Gruber)

G: The next generation of biogeochemical models: what level of complexity is needed? (Chair: Marina Levy) • "What's missing in the ocean that the land already has?"(C. Le Quéré, I.C. Prentice, E.T. Buitenhuis) • "Ecological rules for managing complexity" (John H. Steele) • "Modelling the response of the ocean carbon cycle to climate change: is DOM necessary?" (I.J.

Totterdell) H: Future observations of biogeochemical systems: new technologies and networks (Chair: Nicolas Gruber) • "Robotic observations of carbon cycle processes in remote and very stormy oceans" (Jim K. B.

Bishop) • "Large Scale estimates of primary production and export production: the JGOFS Legacy" (Shubha

Sathyendranath, and Trevor Platt) • "Current JGOFS DMTT activities, and data management requirements for future marine

biogeochemical projects - insights for modellers" (Margarita Conkright and Bernard Avril)

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8.8. North Atlantic Synthesis Group (NASG) Report by Véronique Garçon Members Véronique Garçon, Chair, CNRS, France Dave Siegel, UCSB, USA Hugh Ducklow, VIMS, USA Michael Fasham, SOC, UK Emilio Fernandez, University of Vigo, Spain

Glenn Harrison, BIO, Canada Wolfgang Koeve, Bremen Univ., Germany Roy Lowry, BODC, UK Laurent Mémery, LODYC/CNRS, France

Activity Report Achievements in 2001-2002

• Ocean Sciences Meeting, 11-15 February 2002, Hawaii, USA: Informal meeting with Dave Siegel. Meeting of preparation of the Final JGOFS Open Science Conference (Scientific Program Steering Committee and Local Organising Committee)

• EGS Spring Meeting, 22-26 April 2002, Nice, France: Informal meeting with Laurent Mémery and Wolfgang Koeve. Open Session (OA8) on Biogeochemistry of the carbon cycle of the (North) Atlantic Ocean, W. Koeve: convenor, J. Aiken, V. Garçon: co-convenors. Publication of JGOFS Report 34

Actions for NA synthesis in 2002-2003

• Visit to AWI, Bremerhaven to R. Schlitzer, Global Synthesis Working Group's Chair, (ACCESS), November 21-23, 2002

• 4th NASG Meeting in Paris, International Open Science conference on OCEANS: Ocean biogeochemistry and Ecosystems Analysis, 7-10 January 2003 (IGBP and SCOR)

• Joint synthesis work under way and planned publication for 2003 (C:N ratios of new production in the North Atlantic, Koeve and Garçon)

• Joint sessions AGU/EGS/EUG in April 2003, Nice, France: • Open Session on the Biogeochemistry of the Oceanic Carbon Cycle, convened by W.

Koeve, M. Follows and K. Caldeira, • Session on Iron resources and oceanic nutrients: advancement of global environment

simulations, convened by H. de Baar, C. Lancelot and E. Maier-Reimer • Session on Eddy and frontal scale processes in ocean biogeochemistry, convened by L.

Mémery, D. McGillicuddy and R. Williams • Final JGOFS Open Science Conference May 2003, Washington, DC: Poster Session on

North Atlantic Synthesis • Analysis of a coupled physical/biogeochemical model outputs of the North Atlantic

Ocean (1/15°) from the MERCATOR program. Membership Doug Wallace and Helge Drange withdrew from the Group. Terms of Reference Proposed modification: NASG expected to finish its work in 2003 and therefore to disband. Budget Report Status All expenses to the various informal meetings (Ocean Sciences and EGS) in 2002 were taken in charge by the Group members on their funds. For 2003, the budget requirements are as follows: Visit to AWI: 1,000 Euros 4th NASG Meeting in Paris: 12,000 Euros

Total requested: 13,000 Euros

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8.9. Southern Ocean Synthesis Group (SOSG) Report by Paul Tréguer 1-Synthesis and modelling. According to the decisions taken during the August 2000 meeting (cf. Brest Symposium 8 – 12 July 2000) the SO-SG organized two synthesis meeting/workshop in 2002: http://www.univ-brest.fr/IUEM/sojgofs/sojgofs.htm A- Special session on « the cycle of carbon in the Southern Ocean » (Co-convenors: Paul Tréguer, Uli Bathmann, Tom Trull, Philip Boyd, Stéphane Blain) of the Ocean Sciences Meeting (AGU-ASLO), 11-15 February 2002, Honolulu, Hawaii: 41 communications were presented including: 5 invited conferences, 19 oral communications, and 17 poster communications (Appendix 1) B- Workshop on « the biological pump of CO2 in the Southern Ocean and its responses to climate change ”: Honolulu, Hawaii (16-17 February 2002) Co-Convenors: Paul Tréguer and Robert F. Anderson; this workshop was supported by JGOFS funds (also see the article published by Paul Tréguer and Robert F. Anderson in the April 2002 issue of US-JGOFS News) Thirty-two scientists from Australia, France, Germany, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the USA attended this workshop, held in Honolulu (16-17 February 2002). The major aim of this workshop was to contribute to the synthesis phase of JGOFS and especially to identify synthesis contributions to the Final JGOFS Open Science Conference (5-8 May 2003, Washington DC, USA). The meeting was introduced by Paul Tréguer (IUEM, http://univ-brest.fr/IUEM, Brest, France), Chair of the SOSG, who: (1) recalled the answers to the 6 major questions SO-JGOFS addressed since the beginning of the last decade, as given during the SO-JGOFS Symposium held in Brest in July 2000 (http://www.univ-brest.fr/IUEM/sojgofs/sojgofs.htm), and (2) identified the synthesis works already published as well as the gaps. Reiner Schlitzer (AWI, http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de, Bremerhaven, Germany), Chair of the Global Synthesis and Modelling Working Group (GSWG) appointed by the JGOFS SSC, then introduced the plans for the next GSWG meeting, to be held in Ispra (Italy), 24-27 June 2002 (see, http://me-www.jrc.it/jgofs/). Two plenary talks set the stage for later discussions of synthesis topics. Patrick Monfray (LSCE, http://www.lsce.cnrs-gif.fr/, Gif-sur-Yvette, France) gave a very provocative talk on possible responses of the Southern Ocean as well as of the world ocean to combined climate and external forcings. This talk was based on outputs of a 3D coupled ocean – atmosphere complex model that includes a relatively complex ocean biogeochemistry (PISCES). Increased stratification of the ocean with global warming is expected to play a major role on biogeochemical fluxes as the mixed layer decreases and the productive season lengthens. The model predicts a significant increase both in primary and export production in the high latitudes, but a decrease of biogenic fluxes in low latitudes. Iron from below also seems to play a role that has been underestimated; most present studies focus on iron from above. To validate model predictions for the near future, in addition to microscale and/or mesoscale experiments (e.g., iron fertilisation experiments), Patrick Monfray suggested we should take into account of the natural variability of biogeochemical fluxes and ecosystem structures due to the Antarctic Circumpolar Waves (ACW). Indeed the ACW affects the mean SST by ~ 1°C, and the mixed layer depth by ~ 50 m, which is comparable to predicted changes of the ocean features as a response of doubling the present atmospheric CO2 concentration. Of course, initiatives to continue present, or to establish new time-series are of major interest in this perspective and will receive strong support from the

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SOSG. Excerpts of this talk are available on the web site: (http://www.univ-brest.fr/IUEM/sojgofs/sojgofs.htm). Tilla Roy (ACRC, http://www.antcrc.utas.edu.au/antcrc/, Hobart, Australia) presented a talk on the inconsistencies remaining between the outputs of atmospheric inversion models and the global synthesis of air-sea delta pCO2 data. Present estimates of the Austral annual sink of atmospheric CO2 are still poorly constrained, varying between -0.1 (Metzl et al. 2001; Gruber et al. 2001) to -0.6 GTC yr-1 (Takahashi et al, 2002) for the part of the Southern Ocean south of 50°S. Negative air-sea delta pCO2 fluxes such as these are not reconcilable with outputs of atmospheric inversion models validated from the few CO2 land stations located in the Southern Hemisphere. Increasing the number of land stations is requested, especially for South Africa and South America. New approaches for a better integration of ocean and atmospheric data of CO2 and O2 are also strongly recommended. Following a discussion on the plenary talks, workshop participants divided into working groups (WG) to assess and promote synthesis of recent findings concerning three topics of particular importance to research on the carbon cycle of the Southern Ocean: - WG1 (Chair: Uli Bathmann, AWI, http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de, Bremerhaven, Germany): What physical (e.g., light, ice, mixed layer depth, mixing rate) and chemical (e.g., Fe, Si) conditions regulate phytoplankton growth and species composition? - WG2 (Chair: Tom Trull, (ACRC, http://www.antcrc.utas.edu.au/antcrc/, Hobart, Australia): What is the « fate » of biogenic material (e.g., regeneration in situ; sinking without being grazed; grazing and export as fecal material), and can the « fate » be correlated with environmental conditions? - WG3 (Chair: Greg Mitchell, UCSD, http://www.ucsd.edu/, San Diego, USA): Is the satellite view of phytoplankton biomass in the Southern Ocean consistent with the results from (1) to (2) above? In reporting on the deliberations of WG1, Uli Bathmann noted that the huge international effort undertaken during the last decade has drastically changed our simplistic vision of the Southern Ocean that prevailed at the beginning of the 1990s. To better account for the complexity of the Southern Ocean ecosystems and for the impact of climate change on primary production (cf. Patrick Monfray’s introductive talk), WG1 suggests that, on the one hand, biogeochemical models should take account of a « polygonal » approach of the primary production limitations, including the role of light, nitrate, phosphate, silicic acid, iron, and grazing for the major players (diatoms, Phaeocystis, crytophyceans, and other small phytoplankters). On the second hand, complementary approaches are also encouraged to include (1) the building up of a hierarchy of limiting factors and bifurcations models, (2) the design of the appropriate physical background (e.g., importance of mesoscale features in the frontal zones), (3) the measurements of the initial (winter) values, (4) and the coupling between atmosphere and sea ice. New experiments in Lagrangian mode are recommended including mesocosms, in situ and model experiments. Tom Trull reported on what we learnt from the outputs of the SO-JGOFS field and modelling work about the « fate » of biogenic material in the Southern Ocean and on the links with environmental conditions. Among the participants of Working Group 2, there is a consensus that the export production of organic carbon out of the photic layer is high, however it also seems that the export flux of carbon deeper than 2000 m is almost comparable to that in the rest of the world ocean; if this is indeed so, the mineralization of organic carbon in the “twilight zone” should be high, of which we already have some indications. But WG2 also pointed out the present gaps: we know neither which pathway (sinking, subduction, bio-entrainment) is the most effective nor which region/subsystem of the Southern Ocean is the most important for organic

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carbon export below the ventilation depth. New areas of research are to be initiated to better understand and model the aggregation/disaggregation mechanisms at microscales. Greg Mitchell reported on the accuracy of the satellite view of the Southern Ocean (Working Group 3). SeaWiFS data now allow realistic estimates of the seasonal and interannual variability of chlorophyll concentrations in Antarctic surface waters from sea colour, although persistent cloud coverage makes it difficult to get continuous determinations. Improved algorithms will soon be available for accurate determinations of chlorophyll in the offshore waters of the Southern Ocean. The participants also debated on the degree of confidence for primary production and export production derived from satellite-based estimates of phytoplankton biomass. WG3 recommended that future campaigns in the Southern Ocean conducts systematic in situ optics (for a detailed list of parameters and methods available, please contact: gmitchell@ucsd.edu) in parallel with classical primary production measurements. Bob Anderson (LDEO, www.ldeo.columbia.edu, Palisades, USA) gave preliminary information on the agenda of the Final JGOFS Open Science Conference (5-8 May 2003, Washington DC, USA). Oral communications will focus on scientific themes and not on regions, although regional reports are possible by posters. The SOSG meeting has already identified possible poster communications on synthesis answers to the six SO-JGOFS major questions, as well as contributions to thematic oral presentations. References: Metzl, N., C. Brunet, A. Jabaud-Jan, A. Poisson and B. Schauer (2001). Summer and winter air-seas CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean. Extended abstracts of the 6th international Carbon Dioxide Conference, Sendai, Japan, October 1-5,685-688. N. Gruber, M. Gloor, R. A. Feely, C. Roedenbeck, C. L. Sabine and J. L. Sarmiento (2001) Air-sea fluxes of pre-industrial and anthropogenic CO2 determined by inverse modeling of ocean carbon data. Extended abstracts of the 6th international Carbon Dioxide Conference, Sendai, Japan, October 1-5, 1039-1042. T. Takahashi, S. C. Sutherland, C. Sweeney, A. Poisson, N. Metzl, B. Tilbrook, N. Bates, R. Wanninkhof, R.A. Feely, C. Sabine, J. Olafsson, and Y. Nojiri (2002) Global sea-air CO2 flux based on climatological surface ocean pCO2, and seasonal biological and temperature effects. Deep-Sea research Part II, 49 : 1601-1622. 2-Publications: (1) Peer-reviewed contributions of the 3rd SO-JGOFS Symposium on « Climatic changes and the cycle of carbon » (Brest, 8-12 July 2000) are now published in 2 volumes of Deep-Sea Research Part II : see Appendix 2. (2) Publication of JGOFS Report 32 3-SO-SG on-going work: The 3rd International Joint Global Ocean Flux Study Open Science Conference, entitled « A Sea of Change: JGOFS Accomplishments and the Future of Ocean Biogeochemistry » will be held at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C., 5-8 May 2003. One poster session (Convenor: Paul Tréguer) is devoted to the Southern Ocean. The selection of synthesis posters will be organized during fall 2002 (dead line for submission: December, 31rst). NB: Uli Bathmann was asked by the organizers to give a plenary talk entitled « Plankton species determine biogeochemical fluxes: from scenarios to a global picture ». 4-National/international contributions related to SO-JGOFS:

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Australia: Australian Southern Ocean JGOFS completed its final major field program in December 2001 with a multi-disciplinary field study carried out during the 7th repeat of the WOCE/CLIVAR transect from Tasmania to Antarctica along 140°E. This 47 day cruise onboard Aurora Australis brought together more than 70 scientists from Australia, New Zealand, Europe, North America and Asia. It was tightly coordinated with 3 additional Japanese Antarctic Research Expeditions cruises to the seasonal sea-ice zone at the southern end of the transect. Completing the analyses, synthesis and publication of results from these cruises will be the major activity of Australian Southern Ocean in 2002 and 2003. A set of 17 papers from the SAZ Project biogeochemical studies from the Sub-Antarctic and Polar Frontal Zones was published as a special section of Journal of Geophysical Research – Oceans in Dec. 2001 (Editors: Trull, T. W., Sedwick, P.N., Griffiths, F.B., Rintoul, S.R): Appendix 3. The SAZ Project moored sediment trap program is continuing with moorings along 140E at 47, 54 and 61°S, coordinated with an additional Japanese mooring at 64°S, and with the intention of adding mixed layer instrument moorings in future years. Other future Australian carbon-cycle programs are being developed under the SOLAS-ANZ banner (which has preliminary plans on its website: www.antcrc.utas.edu.au, under the Special Projects menu), the CLIVAR banner, in collaboration with other national programs, and independently. Many of these programs depend on the successful creation of a new Antarctic Climate & Ecosystem Cooperative Research Centre to succeed the Antarctic CRC when it finishes in June 2003. The evaluation of the proposed new ACE CRC is currently underway, with the final decision due in December 2002. The ACE Business Plan, including tentative field programs through 2008 is available from ACE bid-team leader Tom Trull (email: Tom.Trull@utas.edu.au). Tom Trull continues as the Australian member of the International JGOFS Southern Ocean Synthesis Group. Brian Griffiths continues as the Australian member of the JGOFS data management task team and is working to assemble results from the 1991-2001 decade of programs (Brian.Griffiths@csiro.au), and Bronte Tilbrook continues as the Australian member of the JGOFS SSC (Bronte.Tilbrook@csiro.au). France. Philippe Pondaven (IUEM, Brest) is the coordinator of the ANTARES –France JGOFS Group during the final phase. The ToRs of the group are (1) to complete the database in connection with the France-JGOFS database and DMTT, (2) to organise synthetic contributions, and (3) to exploit up today non-published ANTARES results. A workshop was organized in Brest in May 2002 under the coordination of Paul Tréguer (IUEM, Brest) to discuss new results on fluxes of biogenic matter at the ANTARES mooring sites M2 (51°S, 61°32E, 4600m) and M3 (63°S, 70°57E, 4000m). A manuscript coordinated by Jean-Jacques Pichon (EPOC, Bordeaux) will be submitted soon. As discussed during the SO-JGOFS 2000 Symposium, new projects in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean are organized under umbrella of SOLAS. Stéphane Blain (IUEM, Brest) is taking the lead of the KEOPS programme (KEOPS = Kerguelen: Etude comparée de l’Océan et du Plateau en surface et Subsurface, http://www.univ-brest.fr/IUEM/projects/keops/keops.htm) which major aim is to study the impacts of natural iron fertilisation on Antarctic waters. KEOPS preliminary science plan, open to international cooperation, has been approved by the Scientific Committee of PROOF-CNRS. Cruises should be planned in 2004-2005. Germany. The DSR II issue « Mesoscale Physics, Biogeochemistry and Ecology of the Antarctic Polar Front, Atlantic Sector ». Edited by VH Strass, UV Bathmann, M Rutgers v. d. Loeff and V

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Smetacek is in press, published electronically (DOI), and hopefully will be published on paper in September this year. A second iron fertilization experiment in under planning with allocated ship-time of RV Polarstern from 20 January to 25 March 2004 in the Southern Ocean. Requests for a second ship are out. The German JGOFS database is updated by Hermann in Kiel. USA. Within the U.S. JGOFS (AESOPS) program, all of our activities during the past year have involved the preparation of DSR-II volumes. The second volume, published in late 2001, comprises 20 publications (Table of content in Appendix 5). The manuscripts for the 3rd AESOPS volume (19 publications, Appendix 5) have now all been delivered to John Milliman for his final review. Appendix 1: Special SO session on « the cycle of carbon in the Southern Ocean » (Co-convenors: Paul Tréguer, Uli Bathmann, Tom Trull, Philip Boyd, Stéphane Blain) of the Ocean Sciences Meeting (AGU-ASLO), 11-15 February 2002, Honolulu, Hawaii Invited Conference: • B Quéguiner, R Barber, S Blain, P Boyd, M Brzezinski, H De Baar, V Franck, D Nelson, D

Hutchins, P Sedwick, K Timmermans, P Tréguer: Bottom-up Control of Primary Production in the Southern Ocean: the Co-limitation Question With Regard to the Availability of Fe, Si, and Light.

• V Strass: EisenEx-1: Test of the Iron Hypothesis in a Southern Ocean Eddy • M Carr, M Friedrichs, J Moore, R Barber: Satellite-based Primary Production Estimates in the

Southern Ocean: a Comparative Study • T Trull: Carbon Export South of Australia. • R Sempéré, C Panagiotopoulos, I Obernosterer, C Dubreuil, D Lefèvre, M Denis, M Goutx, Van

Wambeke, S Becquevort, C Lancelot, M Bianchi: Organic Carbon Cycling In The Southern Ocean. Case Studies And General Observations

Oral Communications: • D Hutchins, C Hare, G. DiTullio, A Crossley, P Sedwick: Effects of Iron Limitation on Southern

Ocean Biogeochemistry and Phytoplankton Community Structure Assessed With a Natural Community Continuous Culture Incubation System

• J Tremblay, N Price: The Effect of Iron on the C/N/P/Si Composition of Phytoplankton: Does Fe-deficiency Affect Structural or Labile, Soluble Pools?

• P Sedwick, S Blain: Iron Distribution and Phytoplankton Growth in Subantarctic Waters: A Synthesis of results from the Australian and Indian Sectors of the Southern Ocean

• R Edwards, P Sedwick: The Iron Content of Seasonal Sea-ice: a Biologically Significant Source of Iron to the Southern Ocean?

• A Watson, D Bakker, V Smetacek, P Nightingale, U Riebesell, V Strass, M Messias, L Goldson, C Law: How Rapid Dilution Influences Southern Ocean Iron Fertilization Experiments: Comparison between EISENEX and SOIREE

• P Boyd, G Jackson, A Waite: Are Mesoscale Perturbation Experiments in Polar Waters Prone to Physical Artefacts? Evidence from Algal Aggregation Modelling Studies.

• R Bellerby, D Bakker, A Watson, I Skjelvan, Y Bozec, H de Baar: Seawater pH in the Southern Ocean: Interannual Variability and Response to an Iron Enrichment Experiment

• Z Chase, R Anderson, M Fleisher, P Kubik : Accumulation of Biogenic and Lithogenic Material in the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean During the Past 30,000 Years.

• K Fennel, M Abbott, Y Spitz, J Richman, D Nelson: Modeling Controls of Phytoplankton Production in the Southern Ocean--Modern and Glacial Scenarios

• SE Green, RN Sambrotto: Phytoplankton Community Composition and Nitrogen Uptake Rates off Georges V Coastland, Antarctica:

• RN Sambrotto, RD Vaillancourt, C. Langdon, SE Green, A. Matsuda, SS Jacobs, CI Measures: Summer Plankton Production and Nutrient Consumption Patterns in the Metz Glacier Region of East Antarctica:

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• J Llido, E Machu, I Dadou, V Garçon: Chlorophyll Variability in the Agulhas Current System: a Wavelet Analysis on Modelled and SeaWiFS Chlorophyll Fields

• B Mitchell, M Kahru, R Reynolds, J Wieland, D Stramski, C Hewes, O Holm-Hansen: Chlorophyll-a Ocean Color Algorithms for the Southern Ocean and their Influence on Satellite Estimates of Primary Production

• J Boutin, Y Rangama, J Etcheto, L Merlivat, T Takahashi, D Delille, M Frankignoulle: Air-Sea CO2 Fluxes Inferred From in Situ and Remotely Sensed Parameters in the Southern Ocean

• M Hendricks, B Barnett, M Bender, P. Falkowski: Using Ocean Oxygen Measurements to Constrain Carbon Fluxes in the Southern Ocean

• X Wang, R Matear, T Trull: Non-Redfield N/P Nutrient Utilization Ratios in the Polar Frontal Zone of the Southern Ocean, a Model and Data Synthesis Study

• M Lutz, R Dunbar: Elemental composition (C, N, and P) of particulate material exported in the Ross Sea, Antarctica.

• M Lourey, T Trull, D Sigman: delta 15N of Surface and Deep Organic Matter in the Subantarctic and Polar Frontal Zones of the Southern Ocean South of Australia.

• B Schneider, R Schlitzer, G Fischer, E Noethig: Depth Dependent Elemental Compositions of Particulate Organic Matter in the Ocean

Poster Communications: • T Trull, M Lourey, S Bray: delta 13C of Surface and Deep Organic Matter in the Subantarctic and

Polar Frontal Zones of the Southern Ocean South of Australia. • D Bakker, A Watson, P Nightingale, C Law, Y Bozec, L Goldson, M Messias, H Baar, M Liddicoat,

I Skjelvan: Inorganic Carbon Changes in two Southern Ocean Iron Release Experiments: Effects of Iron, Hydrography and Meteorology

• G Jackson, A Waite, P Boyd: Role of Algal Coagulation in Carbon Export During Iron Fertilization Experiments.

• M Fleisher, R Anderson: Assessing the Collection Efficiency of Ross Sea Sediment Traps Using 230Th and 231Pa

• A Tagliabue, K Arrigo, D Worthen: Anomalously low Zooplankton Abundance in the Ross Sea: An Alternative Explanation

• G Fischer, R Gersonde, G Wefer: Organic Carbon, Biogenic Silica and Diatom Fluxes in the Marginal Winter sea ice Zone and in the Polar Front Region: Interannual Variations and Differences in Composition

• K Arrigo, D Robinson, R Dunbar, A Leventer, M Lizotte: Physical control of chlorophyll a, POC, and TPN distributions in the pack ice of the Ross Sea, Antarctica

• A. Ingalls, C Lee, J Hedges, S Wakeham, Organic Matter Fluxes and Preservation in the Southern Ocean: Role of Diatoms

• L Rogers, R Dunbar, D Mucciarone, M Hopkins, T Erohina, M Lizotte, A Leventer: Estimates of Net Community Production Using Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Deficits and delta13C Enrichments in the Upper Water Column of Prydz Bay, Antarctica

• I Peeken: Changes in Phytoplankton Community During the Southern Ocean Iron Fertilisation Experiment "EisenEx 1" Based on Marker Pigments

• A Belem, R Timmermann, G Dieckmann, D Wolf-Gladrow: Effects of Ice Drift on the Productivity of Sea Ice Microbial Communities in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica

• C Pilskaln, S Manganini, V Asper, T Trull, W Howard, L Armand: Seasonal Particulate Export Below the Polar Front in the Southern Indian Ocean Sector of Prydz Bay, East Antarctica

• R Matear, B McNeil: A Southern Ocean Comparison of CFC 11-Age Derived Estimates of Anthropogenic CO2 to Multi-Parametric Linear Regression

• C Howard, T Cowles, J Barth: Spatial Structure of Physical and Bio-Optical Distributions Across the Antarctic Polar Front

• M Mongin, P Rivière, P Pondaven: Modelling Mesoscale Processes and Nutrient Limitation Impact on the Biological Pump in the Frontal Zone of the Austral Ocean

• P Yager: An Arctic Ocean Time Series of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon. • M. Boye, J. Nishioka, P Croot, P Laan, KR Timmermans, S Takeda, HJ de Baar: Colloidal Fe

accounts for a significant part of dissolved organic Fe-complexes in the Southern Ocean.

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Appendix 2: Proceedings of the 3rd SO-JGOFS Symposium on « Climatic changes and the cycle of carbon » (Brest, 8-12 July 2000) Contents of the first volume: Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography: 2002, 49(9-10), 1597 –1962: • Climatic changes and the carbon cycle in the Southern Ocean: a step forward, 1597-1600. P.

Tréguer and P. Pondaven • Global sea-air CO2 flux based on climatological surface ocean pCO2, and seasonal biological and

temperature effects, 1601-1622. Taro Takahashi, Stewart C. Sutherland, Colm Sweeney, Alain Poisson, Nicolas Metzl, Bronte Tilbrook, Nicolas Bates, Rik Wanninkhof, Richard A. Feely, Christopher Sabine et al.

• Carbon export fluxes in the Southern Ocean: results from inverse modeling and comparison with satellite-based estimates, 1623-1644. Reiner Schlitzer

• Vertical budgets for organic carbon and biogenic silica in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, 1996¯1998, 1645-1674. David M. Nelson, Robert F. Anderson, Richard T. Barber, Mark A. Brzezinski, Ken O. Buesseler, Zanna, Chase, Robert W. Collier, Mary-Lynn Dickson, Roger François, Michael R. Hiscock et al.

• Annual export production in the interior Weddell Gyre estimated from a chemical mass balance of nutrients, 1675-1689. Mario Hoppema, Hein J. W. de Baar, Richard G. J. Bellerby, Eberhard Fahrbach and Karel Bakker

• Net community production in the marginal ice zone and its importance for the variability of the oceanic pCO2 in the Southern Ocean south of Australia, 1691-1706. Masao Ishii, Hisayuki Y. Inoue and Hidekazu Matsueda

• Water-column remineralization in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean during early spring, 1707-1720. Javier Arístegui, Michel Denis, Javier Almunia and María F. Montero

• Organic carbon, biogenic silica and diatom fluxes in the marginal winter sea-ice zone and in the Polar Front Region: interannual variations and differences in composition, 1721-1745. G. Fischer, R. Gersonde and G. Wefer

• The Si cycle in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean: seasonal diatom production in the surface layer and export to the deep sea, 1747-1763. Daniel E. Sigmon, David M. Nelson and Mark A. Brzezinski

• Biogenic silica production rates and particulate organic matter distribution in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean during austral spring 1992, 1765-1786. B. Quéguiner and M. A. Brzezinski

• Primary production processes in ice-free waters of the Ross Sea (Antarctica) during the austral summer 1996, 1787-1801. Vincenzo Saggiomo, Giulio Catalano, Olga Mangoni, Giorgio Budillon and Gian Carlo Carrada

• The role of iron in the biogeochemistry of the Southern Ocean and equatorial Pacific: a comparison of in situ iron enrichments, 1803-1821. Philip W. Boyd

• A quasi-synoptic view of the frontal circulation in the Crozet Basin during the Antares-4 cruise, 1823-1842. Young-Hyang Park, Raymond T. Pollard, Jane F. Read and Viviane Leboucher

• Seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton in the Antarctic Polar Front region at 170°W, 1843-1865. Michael R. Landry, Karen E. Selph, Susan L. Brown, Mark R. Abbott, Christopher I. Measures, Suzanna Vink, Colleen B. Allen, Albert Calbet, Stephanie Christensen and Hector Nolla

• Phytoplankton distribution in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean during spring, 1867-1880. M. Fiala, M. -C. Machado and L. Oriol

• Salp/krill interactions in the Southern Ocean: spatial segregation and implications for the carbon flux, 1881-1907. E. A. Pakhomov, P. W. Froneman and R. Perissinotto

• The Southern Ocean's biological pump during the Last Glacial Maximum, 1909-1938. Robert F. Anderson, Zanna Chase, Martin Q. Fleisher and Julian Sachs

• Late quaternary variations of elemental ratios (C/Si and N/Si) in diatom-bound organic matter from the Southern Ocean, 1939-1952. Xavier Crosta, Aldo Shemesh, Marie-Eve Salvignac, Hezi Gildor and Ruth Yam

• 14C of the organic matter in sediments from the Antarctic Polar Front: origin and dynamics of sedimentary organic carbon, 1953-1961. C. Rabouille, N. Tisnérat and D. Blamart

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Contents of the second volume: Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 2002, Volume 49, Issue 16, 3103-3407 (2002) • Climatic changes and the cycles of carbon in the Southern Ocean: a step forward (II), 3103-3104. P.

Tréguer and P. Pondaven • Assessing the importance of the Southern Ocean for natural atmospheric pCO2 variations with a

global biogeochemical general circulation model, 3105-3125. Christoph Heinze • Si/C decoupling in the world ocean: is the Southern Ocean different? Pp. 3127-3154. Olivier

Ragueneau, Nicolas Dittert, Philippe Pondaven, Paul Tréguer and Lydie Corrin • The accumulation and cycling of biogenic silica in the Southern Ocean: revisiting the marine silica

budget, 3155-3167. David J. DeMaster • Carbon intake by zooplankton. Importance and role of zooplankton grazing in the Indian sector of

the Southern Ocean, 3169-3187. P. Mayzaud, V. Tirelli, A. Errhif, J. P. Labat, S. Razouls and R. Perissinotto

• Particulate biogenic silica and carbon production rates and particulate matter distribution in the Indian sector of the Subantarctic Ocean, 3189-3206. K. Leblanc, B. Quéguiner, M. Fiala, S. Blain, J. Morvan and R. Corvaisier

• Diel feeding patterns and daily ration estimates of three subantarctic euphausiids in the vicinity of the Prince Edward Islands (Southern Ocean), 3207-3227. L. J. Gurney, P. W. Froneman, E. A. Pakhomov and C. D. McQuaid

• The occurrence of faecal material in relation to different pelagic systems in the Southern Ocean and its importance for vertical flux, 3229-3242. Corinna D. Dubischar and Ulrich V. Bathmann

• Predation impact of carnivorous macrozooplankton in the vicinity of the Prince Edward Island archipelago (Southern Ocean) in austral autumn 1998, 3243-3254. P. W. Froneman, E. A. Pakhomov, L. J. Gurney and B. P. V. Hunt

• Quantification of algal iron requirements in the Subantarctic Southern Ocean (Indian sector), 3255-3273. S. Blain, P. N. Sedwick, F. B. Griffiths, B. Quéguiner, E. Bucciarelli, M. Fiala, P. Pondaven and P. Tréguer

• Sediment accumulation rates and carbon burial in the bottom sediment in a high-productivity area: Gerlache Strait (Antarctica), 3275-3287. E. Isla, P. Masqué, A. Palanques, J. A. Sanchez-Cabeza, J. M. Bruach, J. Guillén and P. Puig

• Physical controls on biogeochemical zonation in the Southern Ocean, 3289-3305. R. T. Pollard, M. I. Lucas and J. F. Read

• Community structure of mesozooplankton in the Antarctic polar frontal zone in the vicinity of the Prince Edward Islands (Southern Ocean): small-scale distribution patterns in relation to physical parameters, 3307-3325. B. P. V. Hunt, E. A. Pakhomov and C. D. McQuaid

• Resource limitation of phytoplankton growth in the Crozet Basin, Subantarctic Southern Ocean, 3327-3349. P. N. Sedwick, S. Blain, B. Quéguiner, F. B. Griffiths, M. Fiala, E. Bucciarelli and M. Denis

• Molecular and pigment studies of the picophytoplankton in a region of the Southern Ocean (42-54°S, 141-144°E) in March 1998, 3351-3363. A. Wilmotte, C. Demonceau, A. Goffart, J.-H. Hecq, V. Demoulin and A. C. Crossley

• Trace metals and nitrogenous nutrition of Antarctic phytoplankton: experimental observations in the Ross Sea, 3365-3390. William P. Cochlan, Deborah A. Bronk and Kenneth H. Coale

• Southern Ocean laminated diatom ooze: mat deposits and potential for palaeo-flux studies, ODP leg 177, Site 1093, 3391-3407. Ivo Grigorov, Richard B. Pearce and Alan E. S. Kemp

Appendix 3: Australian JGOFS special section of JGR-Oceans vol 106, issue 12, Dec. 2001, Edited by: Trull, T. W., Sedwick, P.N., Griffiths, F.B., Rintoul, S.R. Table of Contents: • Biogeochemistry of the Australian Sub-Antarctic region: An Introduction to the SAZ Project • Boyd, P.W., A.C. Crossley, G.R. DiTullio, F.B. Griffiths, D.A. Hutchins, B. Quéguiner, P.N.

Sedwick, and T.W. Trull, Control of phytoplankton growth by iron supply and irradiance in the Subantarctic Southern Ocean: Experimental results from the SAZ Project

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• Cardinal, D., F. Dehairs, T. Cattaldo, and L. André, Geochemistry of suspended particles in the Subantarctic and Polar Frontal Zones south of Australia: Constraints on export and advection processes,

• Lesley A. Clementson, John S. Parslow, Alison R. Turnbull, Donald C. McKenzie, and Christopher E. Rathbone. The Optical Properties of Waters In The Australasian Sector Of The Southern Ocean

• DiTullio, G.R., P.N. Sedwick, D.R. Jones, P.C. Boyd, C. Crossley, and D.A. Hutchins Effects of iron, silicate and light on particulate dimethylsulfoniopropionate production in the Australian Subantarctic zone

• Featherstone, A.M., E.C.V. Butler, and B.V. O'Grady, Meridional distribution of arsenic species in the Subantarctic Zone of the Southern Ocean, south of Australia

• Hutchins, D.A., P.N. Sedwick, G.R. DiTullio, P.W. Boyd, F.B. Griffiths, B. Quéguiner, and A.C. Crossley, Control of phytoplankton growth by iron and silicic acid availability in the Subantarctic Southern Ocean: experimental results from the SAZ project

• Kopczynska, E.E., F. Dehairs, M. Elskens, and S. Wright, Phytoplankton and microzooplankton variability between the Subtropical and Polar Fronts south of Australia: thriving under regenerative and new production in late summer

• Lourey, M., and T.W. Trull, Seasonal Nutrient Depletion and Carbon Export in the Subantarctic and Polar Frontal Zones of the Southern Ocean, South of Australia

• 10-McNeil, B.I., B. Tilbrook, and R.J. Matear, The accumulation and uptake of anthropogenic CO2 in the Southern Ocean south of Australia between 1968 and 1996

• O'Leary, T., T. Trull, F.B. Griffiths, B. Tilbrook, and A. Revill, Vertical Variations in Bulk and Compound-Specific d13C of Suspended Organic Matter in the Sub-Antarctic Zone, South of Australia

• Parslow, J., P. Boyd, S.R. Rintoul, and F.B. Griffiths, A persistent sub-surface chlorophyll maximum in the Inter-Polar Frontal Zone south of Australia: seasonal progression and implications for phytoplankton-light-nutrient interactions

• Queguiner, B., Biogenic silica production in the Australian sector of the Sub-Antarctic Zone of the Southern Ocean at the end of summer (March 1998)

• Rintoul, S.R., and T.W. Trull, Seasonal evolution of the mixed layer in the Subantarctic Zone south of Australia

• Trull, T.W., S.G. Bray, S. Manganini, S. Honjo, and R. Francois, Moored sediment trap measurements of carbon export in the Sub-Antarctic and Polar Frontal Zones of the Southern Ocean, south of Australia

• Wang, X., and R.J. Matear, Modeling the upper ocean dynamics in the Subantarctic and Polar Frontal Zones in the Australian sector of the Southern Ocean

• Wang, X., R.J. Matear, and T.W. Trull, Modeling the seasonal phosphate export and resupply in the Subantarctic and Polar Frontal Zones in the Australian sector of the Southern Ocean

Appendix 4 : The DSR Part II issue « Mesoscale Physics, Biogeochemistry and Ecology of the Antarctic Polar Front, Atlantic Sector », edited by VH Strass, UV Bathmann, M Rutgers v. d. Loeff and V Smetacek is in press. • Strass, Bathmann, Rutgers v. d. Loeff and Smetacek: Introduction • Read, Pollard and Bathmann: Physical and biological patchiness of an upper ocean transect from

South Africa to the ice edge near the Greenwich Meridian • Strass, Naveira Garabato, Pollard, Fischer, Hense, Allen, Read, Leach and Smetacek: Mesoscale

frontal dynamics: shaping the environment of primary production in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

• Naveira Garabato, Strass and Kattner: Fluxes of nutrients in a three-dimensional meander structure of the APF

• Tremblay, Lucas, Kattner, Pollard, Bathmann, and Strass: Significance of the Antarctic Polar Front for the production of biogenic carbon and silicon during early summer in the Southern Ocean

• Strass, Naveira Garabato, Bracher Pollard and Lucas: A 3-D mesoscale map of primary production at the Antarctic Polar Front: results of a diagnostic model

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• Smetacek, Klaas, Menden-Deuer and Rynearson: Mesoscale distribution of dominant diatom species relative to the hydrographical field along the Antarctic Polar Front

• Rutgers van der Loeff, Buesseler, Bathmannn, Hense and Andrews: Steady summer production and a sudden spring bloom make a comparable contribution to Carbon and Opal export near the Antarctic Polar Front, SE Atlantic

• Dubischar, Lopes and Bathmann: High summer abundances of small pelagic copepods at the Antarctic Polar Front – implications for ecosystem dynamics

• Pollard, Bathmann, Dubischar, Read, and Lucas: Zooplankton distribution and behaviour in the Southern Ocean from surveys with a towed Optical Plankton counter

• Velez-Belchi, Allen and Strass: A new way to look at mesoscale zooplankton distributions: an application at the Antarctic Polar Front

• Van Franeker, van den Brink, Bathmann, Pollard, de Baar, Wolff: Responses of seabirds, in particular prions (Pachyptila sp.), to small scale processes in the Antarctic Polar Front

Appendix 5: U.S. JGOFS (AESOPS) Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, Volume 48, Issue 19-20, 2001: US Southern Ocean JGOFS Program (AESOPS) - Part II Edited by R.F. Anderson and W.O. Smith Jr. • Robert F. Anderson and Walker O. Smith Jr. The US Southern Ocean Joint Global Ocean Flux

Study: Volume Two. Pp., 3883-3889. • Mark R. Abbott, James G. Richman, Jasmine S. Nahorniak and Brett S. Barksdale. Meanders in the

Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone and their impact on phytoplankton. Pp., 3891-3912. • C.I. Measures and S. Vink. Dissolved Fe in the upper waters of the Pacific sector of the Southern

Ocean. Pp. 3913-3941. • J.M. Morrison et al., Seasonal evolution of hydrographic properties in the Antarctic circumpolar

current at 170°W during 1997-1998. Pp 3943-3972. • David M. Nelson, Mark A. Brzezinski, Daniel E. Sigmon and Valerie M. Franck. A seasonal

progression of Si limitation in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean. Pp 3973-3995. • Mark A. Brzezinski, David M. Nelson, Valerie M. Franck and Daniel E. Sigmon. Silicon dynamics

within an intense open-ocean diatom bloom in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean. Pp, 3997-4018.

• Mark R. Dennett, Sylvie Mathot, David A. Caron, Walker O. Smith Jr. and Darcy J. Lonsdale. Abundance and distribution of phototrophic and heterotrophic nano- and microplankton in the southern Ross Sea. Pp, 4019-4037.

• Susan L. Brown and Michael R. Landry. Microbial community structure and biomass in surface waters during a Polar Front summer bloom along 170°W. pp, 4039-4058.

• Karen E. Selph et al. Microbial community composition and growth dynamics in the Antarctic Polar Front and seasonal ice zone during late spring 1997. Pp, 4059-4080.

A. Mengelt et al. Phytoplankton pigment distribution in relation to silicic acid, iron and the physical structure across the Antarctic Polar Front, 170°W, during austral summer. Pp, 4081-4100.

• Mary-Lynn Dickson and Joseph Orchardo. Oxygen production and respiration in the Antarctic Polar Front region during the austral spring and summer. Pp, 4101-4126.

• William P. Cochlan and Deborah A. Bronk. Nitrogen uptake kinetics in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Pp, 4127-4153.

• S. Becquevort and W.O. Smith Jr. Aggregation, sedimentation and biodegradability of phytoplankton-derived material during spring in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Pp, 4155-4178.

• David L. Kirchman et al. Glucose fluxes and concentrations of dissolved combined neutral sugars (polysaccharides) in the Ross Sea and Polar Front Zone, Antarctica. Pp, 4179-4197.

• Hugh Ducklow et al. The seasonal development of the bacterioplankton bloom in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, 1994-1997. Pp, 4199-4221.

• Juanita Urban-Rich, Michael Dagg and Jay Peterson. Copepod grazing on phytoplankton in the Pacific sector of the Antarctic Polar Front. Pp, 4223-4246.

• Mark A. Altabet and Roger Francois. Nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry of the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone at 170°W. pp. 4247-4273.

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• K.O. Buesseler et al. Upper ocean export of particulate organic carbon and biogenic silica in the Southern Ocean along 170°W. pp. 4275-4297.

• Parker MacCready and Paul Quay. Biological export flux in the Southern Ocean estimated from a climatological nitrate budget. Pp. 4299-4322.

• F.L. Sayles, W.R. Martin, Zanna Chase and R.F. Anderson. Benthic remineralization and burial of biogenic SiO2, CaCO3, organic carbon, and detrital material in the Southern Ocean along a transect at 170° West. Pp. 4323-4383.

AESOPS DSR-II vol. 3 • Smith, W. O. and R. F. Anderson. Preface. • 2-Hiscock M. R., J. Marra, W. O. Smith, R. Goericke, C. Measures, S. Vink, R. J. Olson, H. M.

Sosik and R. T. Barber. Primary Productivity and its Regulation along 170°W in the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean.

• Vaillancourt, R. D., J. Marra, R. T. Barber and W.O. Smith. Primary productivity and photosynthetic quantum yields in the Southern Ocean.

• Buesseler, Barber, Dickson, Hiscock, Moore, Sambrotto. The effect of marginal ice-edge dynamics on production and export in the Southern Ocean along 170°W

• Smith W. O., M.R. Dennett, S. Mathot, and D. Caron. The Temporal Dynamics of the Flagellated and Colonial Stages of Phaeocystis antarctica in the Ross Sea.

• Brzezinski, M., M.L. Dickson, D.M. Nelson, R. Sambrotto. Ratios of Si, C and N Uptake by Microplankton in the Southern Ocean.

• Coale, K., X. Wang, S. Tanner, K. Johnson. Phytoplankton growth and biological response to iron and zinc addition in the Ross Sea and Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone along 170°W.

• W. D. Gardner, M. J. Richardson, C. A. Carlson, D. Hansell. Determining POC from transmissometers: bottle versus pump POC.

• Dagg, M. J., J. Urban-Rich and J. O. Peterson. Large copepods and the flux of biogenic silica and particulate organic carbon in the Antarctic Polar Front.

• Fleisher, M. Q. and R. F. Anderson. Assessing collection efficiency of Ross Sea sediment traps using 230Th and 231Pa.

• Ingalls A., C. Lee, S. Wakeham and J. Hedges. Southern Ocean trap amino acid/pigment fluxes. • Chase, Z., R. F. Anderson, M. Q. Fleisher and P. Kubik. Scavenging of 230Th, 231Pa and 10Be in

the Southern Ocean (SW Pacific sector): The importance of particle flux and advection. • K. Fennel, M. R. Abbott, Y. H. Spitz, J. J Richman and D. M. Nelson. Modeling controls of

phytoplankton production in the southwest Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean. • Chase, Z., R. F. Anderson, M. Q. Fleisher and P. Kubik. Accumulation of biogenic and lithogenic

material in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean during the past 30,000 years

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8.10. North Pacific Synthesis Group (NPSG) Report by Alex Bychkov The NPSG met in Victoria, BC, Canada, in October 2001, in conjunction with the PICES Tenth Annual Meeting. It was decided that the NPSG produce a special issue of the Journal of Oceanography (JO) on JGOFS North Pacific Synthesis in February 2004, and a CD-ROM data sets obtained during the North Pacific Process Studies. It was also agreed to convene the JGOFS North Pacific Synthesis meeting, in Nagoya, in December 2002. The meeting was expected to be hosted by HyARC, Nagoya University, and co-sponsored by PICES. A collection of contributed papers from JGOFS-related field programs in the North Pacific will be published as a special issue of Deep-Sea Research II (Topical Studies in Oceanography) on North Pacific Biogeochemical Processes (Guest editors: Alexander S. Bychkov, Chen-Tang A. Chen, Paul J. Harrison and Toshiro Saino). The editorial meeting for this DSR II special issue was held following the NPSG meeting in 2001. The issue includes 27 contributed papers plus one overview and now in press. The NPSG participated in the planning and JGOFS co-sponsored a topic session on Plankton size classes, functional groups and ecosystem dynamics: Causes and consequences at the PICES Tenth Annual Meeting, in October 2001, in Victoria, Canada. The session was convened by Drs. Angelica Pena (Canada), Toshiro Saino (Japan) and Patricia Wheller (U.S.A.) and well attended (~60 scientists). Selected papers from this session comprise a special issue of Progress in Oceanography (Guest editors: Alexander S. Bychkov and Angelica Peña) that is at the review stage now and will be published in spring 2003. The issue will include 10-12 papers. The session and publication are dedicated to the memory of the late Prof. Michael M. Mullin. Although the JGOFS North Pacific Synthesis meeting in Nagoya was not approved, the Japan Oceanography Society (JOS) offered an opportunity to convene a session on Synthesis of JGOFS North Pacific Process Study as a part of the SCOR/JOS International Symposium to be held in conjunction with the 26th SCOR General Meeting and the JOS annual meeting in Sapporo, Japan. The session will be held on October 1-2, 2002, and the NPSG meeting will be organized in the afternoon of October 2. Travel of NPSG members will be supported by JOS, PICES and Nagoya University (information is available at http://co2.ihas.nagoya-u.ac.jp/jgofs/index.html.). Discussion items at the NPSG meeting include:

• Presentation (s) at the 3rd JGOFS Open Science Conference • JO special issue on JGOFS North Pacific Synthesis • CD-ROM data from the North Pacific Process Studies • JGOFS follow-up programs in the North Pacific

In 1999-2001, the NPSG in cooperation with the PICES WG 13 on CO2 in the North Pacific has supported a series of international inter-comparison studies of measurement techniques for carbonate parameters (dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity and inorganic 13C/12C ratio) in seawater. In total, 15 laboratories from 7 countries were involved in the inter-comparisons. Results from these exercises are included in the PICES Scientific Report No. 24 to be published by the end of this year. Through a series of workshops on CO2 Data Integration, convened in 2001, NPSG and WG 13 identified available and suitable data sets on the oceanic CO2 system in the North Pacific and developed strategies (including formats and technologies) for the exchange of CO2 and related data at the international level. These issues are highlighted as the key activities for a new PICES WG 17 on Biogeochemical data integration and synthesis.

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Report from Saino (Vice Chair): The NPSG met in Victoria, BC, Canada in October 2001 on occasion of the PICES X meeting. It was decided that the NPSG produce a special issue of the Journal of Oceanography in February 2004, and a CD-ROM data sets obtained during the NPPS. Also agreed was that a Synthesis meeting to be held in Nagoya, December 2002. The meeting was hosted by HyARC, Nagoya University and PICES. The editorial meeting for the DSR II special issue on the NPPS was also held following the NPSG meeting. DSR II special issue contains 27 original papers plus 1 overview and is now in press. During the PICES X, there was a joint session between JGOFS and PICES on “Plankton size classes, functional groups and ecosystem dynamics: Causes and Consequences.” It was convened by A. Pena, P. Wheeler, and T. Saino. Approximately 50 people attended, and a Special issue in Progress in Oceanography for the session is being edited. Although the JGOFS North Pacific Synthesis meeting was not approved, the Japan Oceanography Society offered an opportunity to have the meeting as a part of the SCOR/JOS International Symposium to be held in conjunction with SCOR general assembly and the JOS annual meeting in Sapporo, Japan. The workshop will be held on 1st and 2nd October, and the NPSG meeting will be held in the afternoon of 2nd October. Travel of NPSG members will be supported by JOS, PICES and Nagoya University. (Information available at http://co2.ihas.nagoya-u.ac.jp/jgofs/index.html.).

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8.11. Data Management Task Team (DMTT) Report by M. Conkright Membership: Margarita Conkright Gregg (chair) - NOAA/National Oceanographic Data Center, US; Donald Spear- Marine Environmental Data Service, CANADA; Brian Griffiths - CSIRO Marine Research - AUSTRALIA; Cynthia Chandler - U.S. JGOFS Data Management Office - US; Joachim Herrmann - German JGOFS Data Management - GERMANY; Marie-Paule Labaied - Observatoire Océanologique - FRANCE; Roy Lowry - British Oceanographic Data Centre - UNITED KINGDOM; Takeharu Miyake - Japan Oceanographic Data Center - JAPAN; Jaswant S. Sarupria - Indian NODC - INDIA. Main Activities

• New members: Cynthia Chandler (US DMO) replaces Christine Hammond as the US JGOFS representative, and Donald Spear (MEDS, Canada) replaces Graham Glenn as the Canada JGOFS representative;

• The DMTT met in Washington, D.C. January 2002. This meeting was originally scheduled for October 2001. The main topics of discussion were national reports, technical details for the preparation of the International JGOFS Data CDs, long-term archival of JGOFS data, and acquisition of data from countries not represented in the DMTT. Two outputs from the meeting were the preparation of a list of JGOFS core variables (as defined in the JGOFS Report #19 Core Measurement Protocols), and a draft of the letter to funding managers initiated during the last SSC meeting. Meeting was organized by Bernard Avril (IPO Assistant). The JGOFS Report #37, summarizing the DMTT meetings in Kiel (June 2000) and Washington is finalized;

• Draft of letter to funding managers is completed and who it should initially be submitted to will be further discussed at the upcoming SSC meeting in Chile;

• Definition of a DMTT list of JGOFS core parameters (with all DMTT members) and of a Execs’ recommendation list for core parameters for future research programs in marine biogeochemistry (with IPO Assistant and all SSC Execs);

• Held a “Data Rescue” meeting with representatives of countries non-represented in the DMTT (Belgium [OSTC], Italy, Netherlands [NIOZ], Norway [IMR], and Spain) and invited experts. Meeting was organized by Bernard Avril and the report is under review;

• Assistance (with IPO Officer and Assistant) to the WDC-MARE / PANGAEA team in the preparation of a German proposal for funding of JGOFS data collection, organisation and edition;

• Australian OZGOFS CD-ROM was completed. Future Plans The focus of the DMTT in the next year will be: (1) preservation of JGOFS data for future generation of scientists by archiving at the World Data Center for Oceanography; (2) documentation of JGOFS data in NASA’s Global Change Master Directory, which will increase its future use; (3) attempt to consolidate all available JGOFS data into one common data format; and (4) the next DMTT meeting will be hosted by Roy Lowry at BODC, Bidston, UK, early 2003. The latter meeting will organise and finalise the CD-ROM. It either will be on Monday-Tuesday or on Tuesday-Wednesday, to reduce the travelling costs. Publications

• Conkright, M.E. and B. Avril, 2002, DMTT Update: Dissemination and Stewardship of JGOFS Data, U.S. JGOFS News 11(4), 18-19.

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Report from DMTT Meeting in Washington DC, January 2002 Items of discussion:

• National reports were presented from members representing JGOFS activities in Australia (via email), Canada, Germany, India, Japan, Norway, United Kingdom, and the United States. Emphasis was placed on data availability from these countries.

Action Items • All outstanding action items from the DMTT meeting relate to the preparation of the

International JGOFS Data Set and to the continuation of acquisition of data from countries, which participated in the program.

Bernard Avril: task related to the DMTT

• Pakistani NASEER datasets submitted to WDC; • Continuation of the update of draft report for the “Compilation of research project and

cruises & Data status report” for all JGOFS national activities, initially established in August 1999 by the former IPO-AEO;

• Increase integration of several DMTT members and other national contact persons, and request feedback information for cruise inventory / metadata / data inventory or datasets themselves;

• Maintain / develop contacts / close interactions among DMTT members and with WDC-MARE / PANGAEA team;

• Participation to the GSWG/OCMIP Workshop in Ispra (June 2002), with one poster presentation;

• Participation of national meetings about Data Management matters in Norway [IMR & Bjerknes Center] and in France [PROOF];

• Preparation/sending of letters (with SSC Chair and DMTT Chair) to request assistance in the establishment of the complete cruise inventory, metadata cataloguing and datasets collection to national contact persons and SSC members; also to present recommendations for proper data management practises and lessons learned from JGOFS;

• Miscellaneous actions related to the DMTT on the new International JGOFS website (e.g., compilations of all published CD-ROMs and DSR II volumes with JGOFS and JGOFS-related data; edition of a on-line slide show about DMTT activities);

Budget

• Final DMTT meeting in BODC, Bidston, UK, early 2003. Request $10,000 for travel, hotel, and per diem for DMTT members;

• Meeting to discuss technical details relating to the International JGOFS Data Set to take place in Germany, early 2003. Participants will be Michael Diepenbroek (WDC-MARE / PANGAEA, Germany), Bernard Avril (IPO), Roy Lowry (UK), Joachim Herrmann (Germany), and Cynthia Chandler (USA). Request $8,000 for travel, hotel, and per diem for attendees.

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8.12. Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group (EPSG) Report by R. LeBorgne Fieldwork. Most of the cruises involving process studies ended in 1996, except the JAMSTEC ones which are organized every year in January-February in the western and central Pacific (145°E-160°W). Carbon dioxide observations are routinely made by PMEL along the TAO mooring lines, with eight cruises per year on board R/V Ron Brown and Ka’imimoana. Two time series works, involving CO2 and bio-optical measurements on TAO moorings (155°W and 170°W) started in 1997 and are being carried out by PMEL, AOML and MBARI. In addition, two other TAO mooring lines will be fitted with CO2 and bio-optical sensors on 140° and 125°W. Finally, ship of opportunity measurements of CO2, pigments and nutrients have been on, since the end of 1999 in the frame of PROOF (formerly France-JGOFS) and will end in September 2002. Data CD-ROM’s. Since its first meeting in 1998, EPSMG decided to gather all data collected during oceanographic cruises on CD-ROM’s. However, it was found impossible to gather all existing data on the region and the project was abandoned. It was further suggested that this task would be left to DMTT. Now, data may be found on websites of Australia, France and the USA for all parameters and on the Japanese website for hydrology and carbon dioxide. Modelling activities. Most of the present activities on the equatorial Pacific are devoted to modelling within two groups: US JGOFS SMP (Synthesis and Modeling Program) and PROOF Modélisation. In addition, the region is part of global models developed by various organisations. The models consider the following points: new and export productivity regulation by Si and Fe, ecosystem and carbon cycle responses to physical variability on various time-scales, evaluation of marine primary productivity using satellite ocean colour, food-web regulation of particulate export flux in HNLC regions, and plankton community structure and export flux. An international meeting, gathering observers and modellers working on the equatorial Pacific, is being organized by Fei Chai and Robert Le Borgne at the Darling Marine Center (University of Maine, USA) on September 17-18, 2002 with a financial support from JGOFS IPO, US-JGOFS and PROOF. The goal of the meeting is to update synthesis and modelling results and to identify the gaps in current models and the way they can be filled. Synthesis publications. A Deep-Sea Research Part II volume has been edited by Le Borgne, Feely and Mackey and was published in June 2002. A modified summary of the introductory paper is currently being written and will be submitted to « New Scientist ». Provided it is accepted, it will lead to a general article about the carbon budget of the equatorial Pacific. EPSMG recent activities. The entire Group should meet for the third time at the end (September 19) of the Darling Marine Center meeting. Plans for 2003 and fund requested. No plans for 2003 except our participation to the Washington Conference. Request $11K, including per diems and air tickets.

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8.13. Indian Ocean Synthesis Group (IOSG) by Sharon Smith In February 2002 at the Ocean Sciences Meeting, AGU/ASLO, Honolulu, Hawaii, Sharon Smith, Wajih Naqvi, and Peter Burkill convened a Special Session entitled, “Synthesis of the Arabian Sea Expeditions”, containing six oral presentations and three posters. Titles of presentations and posters are attached (Appendix I). A dinner meeting of IOSG members present in Honolulu was held to determine the need for a Springer-Verlag book summarizing the JGOFS results from the Arabian Sea. In January 2002, JGOFS Report #35 entitled, “Report of the Indian Ocean Synthesis Group on the Arabian Sea Process Study”, was published. This 106-page report has 11 chapters, which summarize the scientific accomplishments of the JGOFS investigations in the Arabian Sea. It also contains recommendations for future research and a listing of publications during the 1990s dealing with the Arabian Sea. The report was edited primarily by Louisa Watts with assistance from Sharon Smith and Peter Burkill. This report will be the basis for a Springer-Verlag book on the Arabian Sea, which is in preparation. Satellite receiving stations acquiring high-resolution (local area coverage; LAC) data for the Arabian Sea are still in operation in Muscat, Oman, and Goa, India. These were provided by the US and their operation has been facilitated by John Morrison and staff at North Carolina State University. The station in Muscat was highly useful in analysing the cause of a major fish kill in autumn 2000. A time-series station with a mooring obtaining some JGOFS data has been established by Michel Claereboudt (Sultan Qaboos University faculty) in the Gulf of Oman near Muscat. In total to date, there have been eleven (11) special issues of Deep-Sea Research II devoted to results obtained in the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean in the 1990s. National Reports Germany: Tim Rixen National JGOFS Workshop, Kiel, Sept. 26/27, 2002. United Kingdom: Peter Burkill A major UK cruise took place in August and September 2001 between the Seychelles and Muscat on RRS Charles Darwin investigating microbial diversity and biogeochemistry. The cruise was completely successful in spite of Sept. 11 events and included sampling in the Straits of Hormuz. Subsequent cruises were postponed in the region but will begin again in March-November 2003. In 2004, the RRS Discovery is expected to be working in the Indian Ocean. India: Wajih Naqvi a) Bay of Bengal Process Studies (BOBPS) As the general oceanography of the Bay of Bengal and its role in carbon cycling remains poorly understood, a new programme entitled "Bay of Bengal Process Studies (BOBPS)” which is an equivalent of the JGOFS programme in the Arabian Sea, has been launched. This is also a multi-institutional programme implemented by National Institute of Oceanography, Physical Research Laboratory, Centre for Mathematical Modelling & Computer Simulation and Goa University with a project duration of three years.

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The first cruise under BOBPS was undertaken in July-August (Southwest Monsoon), 2001. The second cruise covering Fall Inter-monsoon (September-October, 2002) is underway currently, following the same track (a meridional –88oE section from 11 to 20oN and another coastal one along the east coast of India). The first cruise results showed that during the summer, the Bay is considerably less productive as compared to the Arabian Sea during the same season. This is because the low salinity cap prevents the surfacing of nutrients despite intense winds prevailing during the season. In addition, although the river plume effects were visible in the upper Bay it did not bring in sufficient amounts of nutrients. b) Biogeochemical Cycles in Relation to Global Change in the North Indian Ocean (Cruise of A.A. Sidorenko from 13 February 2002 to 8 March 2002) Observations were made at 23 stations; 20 were sampled for water column studies, including 12 stations along a zonal transect following 15oN. Four stations were sampled in the perennial open-ocean suboxic zone of the central Arabian Sea. In addition to the collection of routine hydrographical (temperature and salinity) and hydro chemical (oxygen and nutrients) data, studies were carried out on dissolved gases (nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and dimethyl sulphide). Water samples were also collected for trace metal determination. Primary productivity was measured (using 14C technique) on the shelf and at an offshore denitrification site. Incubation experiments were carried out for quantifying the rate of denitrification in the water column. Seven sediment cores were collected, processed and preserved for paleoclimatic investigations. Blooms of luminescent plankton were observed during the period 27 February - 1 March at a time-series station (21oN, 64oE). United States: Sharon Smith The U.S. has been active publishing five special issues of Deep-Sea Research II devoted to the results of the combined US JGOFS and ONR programs known as the Arabian Sea Expedition. The fifth and final special issue just arrived this month. There have been no cruises with biogeochemical investigations to this region. The National Science Foundation on the advice of the U.S. State Department is not sending research vessels to the region at this time. We are also writing a book summarizing our knowledge of the Arabian Sea prior to 1990 and synthesizing the new understanding we gained during the 1990-2000 decade. We are planning future work jointly with Oman and India, including a workshop that took place in Muscat in November 2000, but realizing the plans is a problem right now. Plankton experts at the Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas in Sevastopol continue to work with us and regional states (Kuwait) to publish taxonomic guides to the zooplankton of the region. The Netherlands: Martien Baars No Arabian Sea activities are ongoing. Pakistan: Shahid Amjad Pakistani scientists at the National Institute of Oceanography in Karachi are still actively writing papers on the results of their program known as NASEER (North Arabian Sea Ecological and Environmental Research) for peer-reviewed journals. They have also submitted the final version of their hydrographic and chlorophyll data to the international JGOFS office. Canada: Shubha Sathyendranath Canada did not report any activities ongoing.

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Appendix 1. AGU/ASLO Ocean Sciences Meeting, February 2002 Oral presentations

• Haley, P.J. and A. Gangopadhyay: A Feature Oriented Regional Modeling System for the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf and the Red Sea.

• Kindle, J.C., R. Arnone and O. Smedstad: On the Generation of Coastal Filaments During the Spring Intermonsoon.

• Idrisi, N., M.J. Olascoaga, S.L. Smith: Translocation of Diapausing Calanoides carinatus in the Mesopelagic/Deep Layers in the Arabian Sea: Modeling Lagrangian Particle Drift in an Isopycnic Ocean Model.

• Hood, R.R., K.E. Kohler, J.P. McCreary Jr., S.L. Smith: A 4-Dimensional Validation of a Coupled Physical-Biological Model of the Arabian Sea.

• Friedrichs, M.A., R.R. Hood, and J.D. Wiggert: The Arabian Sea Model Testbed: An Intercomparison of Data Assimilative Ecosystem Models.

• Wiggert, J.D., R.G. Murtugudde, and J.R. Christian: Simulation and Observation of Seasonal to Interannual Variability in the Arabian Sea Ecosystem.

• Banse, K. and J.R. Postel: The “North Arabian Sea High Salinity Water” Annually Ventilates the Upper Part of the Pycnocline North of 21-22N.

• Somayajulu, B.L., A. Sarkar, R. Ramesh, A.J. Jull, G.S. Burr and R. Agnihotri: Arabian Sea Eastern Continental Margins: Natural Laboratory of Biogeochemical and Paleoceanographic Studies.

• Naqvi, S., H. Naik, S.A. Jayakumar, P.V. Narvekar, M.s. Shailaja, R. Alagarsamy, W. D’Souza, M.D. George and S. Matondkar: The Eastern Arabian Sea, A Region of Unusual Biogeochemical Cycling.

• Banzon, P.F., R.H. Evans, H.R. Gordon, and R.M. Chomko: Application of the Spectral Matching Algorithm to Recover Chlorophyll Time Series during the Arabian Sea Southwest Monsoon.

• Naik, H. and S.W. Naqvi: Sedimentary Nitrogen Cycling over the Western Continental Shelf of India.

• Rapien, M.K. and K.F. Wishner: Vertical Distributions of Macrozooplankton and Micronekton in the Arabian Sea Oxygen Minimum Zone.

• Madin, L.P., E.R. Horgan, J.E. Craddock, P. Kremer and S.M. Bollens: Diversity and Distribution of Midwater Fish and Macrozooplankton in the Arabian Sea.

• Rixen, T. and V. Ittekkot: Characteristics of the NE and SW Monsoon Blooms and Its Relevance for the CO2 Emission from the Arabian Sea.

• Guptha, M.: Extant Planktic Foraminifera from the Arabian Sea, A Review. • Uz, B. and J.A. Yoder: What Causes the Sporadic Summer Bloom SE of Madagascar?

Poster presentations • Olascoaga, M.J., N. Idrisi, A. Romanou, D.B. Olson and S.L. Smith: Biophysical Modeling of

Plankton Dynamics off Somalia and Oman. • White, P., S. Honjo, T. Dickey, and R. Weller: Episodic Primary Production and Export Carbon

Fluxes in the Arabian Sea. • Wilson-Diaz, D.M., A.J. Mariano, and R.H. Evans: An Analysis of the Arabian Sea Surface Heat

Budget Using Satellite and In-Situ Multi annual Data Sets.

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8.14. PAGES JGOFS Task Team (PJTT) Report by Karin Lochte A workshop was held in December 2001 in Gif-sur-Yvette jointly with IMAGES. This workshop developed a brief conceptual document, with the aim to use it as an input for future scientific programmes. The ideas of the PJTT-Workshop were presented at the December 2001 meeting of the writing team of the new OCEANS programme and were incorporated into the OCEANS science plan, however in abbreviated form. As a second step, the PJTT concepts were used as a basis for an Expression of Interest (EoI) for an integrated project of the EU 6th framework programme under the title "Paleo and Present Ocean Carbon Fluxes (PPOC)" (see copy attached of this EoI). So far, I had no feedback from the EU in respect to this EoI, but there were several scientists expressed interest to cooperate. Although initially planned, we did not yet submit a proposal to SCOR for a working group along these lines. These activities achieved one aim of PJTT, namely that the link between present and past oceanic processes is now part of the new OCEANS programme. My concern about PJTT is at present, that many people express interest in this topic, but all our PJTT members are over committed so that little is happening unless I push it. Since I am very busy myself, I find it increasingly more difficult to advance this task team at a good pace and there is nobody else who can take the lead now. I would welcome some advice from the SSC on how to proceed. Should this group continue? What would be JGOFS expectations from this group? What should we achieve? Perhaps we should also reconsider the members of the PJTT group in order to include more members that are active.

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8.15. IGBP and SCOR Reports by Wendy Broadgate (and Ed Urban) Surface Ocean–Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) During the past year, the Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) for SOLAS has been formed by the sponsors (IGBP, SCOR, CACGP and most recently WCRP). The following members have been appointed, to serve until the end of 2003: Peter Liss (UK) Chair Dileep Kumar (India) Paty Matrai (USA) Vice-Chair William Miller (Canada) Phil Boyd (New Zealand) Ulrich Platt (Germany) Elsa Cortijo (France) Katherine Richardson (Denmark) Ken Denman (Canada) Peter Schlosser (USA) Barry Huebert (USA) Mitsuo Uematsu (Japan) Tim Jickells (UK) Ilana Wainer (Brazil) Truls Johannessen (Norway) Doug Wallace (Germany) Gerbrand Komen (The Netherlands) The SSC met for the first time in San Francisco 14-17 December 2001. The main item on the agenda was revision of the SOLAS Science Plan in the light of comments from referees and the sponsors. The SOLAS Science Plan is now available on www.solas-int.org. Over the next 6 months, this plan will be converted into an integrated Science Plan and Implementation Strategy for the project. Copies of the SOLAS brochure are available from Peter Liss. Other SOLAS activities include: • The "SOLAS Science Plan and Implementation Strategy" document will be submitted to the

sponsors for approval prior to planned publication in mid-2003. • The SOLAS Web site will carry a twice-yearly newsletter on recent and planned SOLAS

activities. • An evening session on SOLAS is being organized for the CACGP/IGAC Atmospheric

Chemistry Conference being held in Greece in September 2002 • Articles on SOLAS will shortly appear in the journal Atmospheric Environment and the

IGBP Newsletter. • A session on early results of SOLAS research will be held at the IUGG 23rd General

Assembly being held in Sapporo, Japan in July 2003. Report on Ocean Vision Document (from Karin Lochte): I am revising the document now (Annex 16). The revised document will be made available at the meeting by Wendy Broadgate. We want to invite comments from the JGOFS SSC on the document in order to improve it. The same document will be made available to the SSCs of SOLAS, GLOBEC, LOICZ and a number of selected scientists worldwide with the invitation to comment on it. It will then be revised again (a small meeting to finalize the document is planned for the OCEANS Science meeting in Paris in January) and presented to the IGBP SC later in January. I think that the document can also be put on the home pages of JGOFS and GLOBEC in order to attract more comments. Please discuss this with Wendy during the SSC meeting. Report on the Oceans Transition Team (from Julie Hall) The OCEANS Transition Team was formed in April 2002 following from the work of the Ocean Futures Committee in 2001. The group is charged with developing a new IGBP/SCOR activity in ocean biogeochemistry and ecosystems within the IGBP II Vision for the next 10 years of ocean research. The new activity should be developed in harmony with the Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC) project and be designed and implemented in close collaboration with

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GLOBEC and cooperate closely with LOICZ and SOLAS and other relevant projects and Programs. To achieve this, the Transition Team will draw on the Framework for Future Research on Biological and Chemical Aspects of Global Change in the Ocean: An IGBP/SCOR Collaboration (developed by the Ocean Futures Committee in 2001) and community input from the Open Science Conference to be held January 7-10, 2003. The group is charged with producing a Science Plan/Implementation Strategy for the new activity by the end of 2003. OCEANS Transition Team: Julie Hall (Chair) NEW ZEALAND Patrick Monfray (VC) FRANCE Ann Bucklin USA William Miller CANADA Dennis A. Hansell USA Wajih Ahmad Naqvi INDIA Carlo Heip NETHERLANDS Hiroaki Saito JAPAN Richard A. Jahnke USA Svein Sundby NORWAY S. Prasanna Kumar INDIA Ein-Fen Yu CHINA (Taipei)

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OCEANS Open Science Conference 6-10 January 2003, Paris, France. www.igbp.kva.se/obe/ Plenary speakers

• Temporal Changes in the Biogeochemistry of the North Pacific Gyre: Causes and Ecological Implications, Dave Karl, University of Hawaii, USA.

• Coupling between the upper and mesopelagic ocean: carbon and nutrient fluxes in relation to global change, Louis Legendre, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, France, and Richard Rivkin, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada.

• Linking the biology of key species with ocean biogeochemistry, Victor Smetacek, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany.

• Climate Variability and Marine Ecosystems: The Role of Forcings and Feedbacks, Tony Busalacchi, University of Maryland, College Park, USA.

• Mesoscale ocean processes in relation to ocean biogeochemistry, Jean-François Minster, French Research Institute or Exploitation of the Sea, France.

• Quantifying biogeochemical fluxes with inverse models: current and future perspectives, Reiner Schlitzer, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Germany.

• OCEANS: Questions from the Past, Laurent Labeyrie, Université Paris-Sud Orsay, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, France.

• The role of trace metals as micronutrients impacting marine biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem dynamics, Ken Bruland, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA.

• Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Anthropocene Ocean, Doug Wallace, Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel, Germany.

Working Group Discussions • Trace elements in ecological and biogeochemical processes • Physical forcing of biogeochemical cycling and marine food webs • Climatic modulation of organic matter fluxes • Direct effects of anthropogenic forcing on biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems • Integrating food webs from end to end • Continental margins • The mesopelagic layer • Biogeochemical hotspots, choke points, triggers, switches and non-linear responses • Feedbacks to the Earth System • Coupled models of biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems

Third IGBP Congress (Banff, Canada, 19-24 June 2003) Objective: To develop the scientific agenda and implementation approaches for the next decade of Earth System research within IGBP. Much emphasis will be placed on integration across traditional boundaries and disciplines, and on interaction with colleagues from the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), the International Human Dimensions Programme of Global Environmental Change (IHDP) and DIVERSITAS. The approach will build on concepts such as the GAIM Questions, which can be adapted and applied to a variety of environments. An advanced draft of the IGBP II Science Plan will be circulated before the Congress. Output from the Congress will form the basis of the IGBP II Implementation Strategy. Participants:

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SSC Members of IGBP Projects and Transition Teams, IGBP National Committee Chairs, and representatives of key partner organisations. Programme: The first and last days (19 and 24 June) will be reserved for the individual IGBP Core Project Scientific Steering Committee meetings and a meeting of National Committee Chairs. The middle four days will be devoted to a mix of plenary and small-group working sessions. The scientific talks will focus on state-of-the art scientific highlights from the projects and look at interactions between components of the Earth System. This will be followed by several half-day working group discussions in parallel on exciting topics crossing the disciplinary boundaries. There is the possibility of a small poster session of national presentations. We invite ideas for working groups, which should be of interest to several projects within IGBP and across the Programs. Invitation to the Global Carbon Project SSC meeting by Pep Canadell The International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), the International Human Dimensions Programme (IHDP), and the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) have established a new joined project on carbon: The Global Carbon Project. The Steering Committee of the GCP met for the first time last year in San Francisco, and in recognition of the need to work closely with a number of the core projects of the sponsor programmes and other projects and assessments bodies, the GCP is now developing a number of mechanisms to ensure that appropriate communication channels are established among the most critical projects. On behalf of Mike Raupach, Oran Young, and Bob Dickinson, the co-chairs of the GCP, I would like to invite you (Ducklow?) to attend the Second SSC meeting of the GCP that will take place on November 18-21, 2002, in Tsukuba, Japan. This second meeting of the SSC will be a crucial one because we are planning to further develop the implementation plan, and approve it by the end of the meeting. We are also planning to develop a workshop series on the coupling of biophysical and human dimensions of the carbon cycle for which your input would be highly valued. All co-chairs have indicated their strong desire to have your valuable input in many of the programmatic and scientific areas that will be discussed at the meeting and to ensure strong links with you project. Needless to say that the invitation can be passed onto any other member of your SSC who you think might be most appropriate to interact with the GCP as per his/her expertise on carbon related issues. Given the fact, the GCP is still a young project; we regret to inform you that we won’t be able to cover the cost of your attendance to the SSC meeting at this point. However, we realize how critical is to establish strong links at this early stages. We hope you will be able to cover your own cost.

I also want to bring to your attention a second opportunity for close interaction during the workshop that the GCP and CO2 Panel will organize after the JGOFS Conference in Paris in January 2003. We are already planning strong programmatic linkages with JGOFS through the critical contributions and participation of Doug Wallace and Wendy Broadgate, among hopefully, many others.

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8.16. “Ocean Vision”: Future Research of Global Change in the Ocean The draft that follows is an early draft (11-9-02)! Lochte has since produced a later version that responded to earlier comments, not recent ones! Compiled by Karin Lochte with contributions from Manuel Barange, Julie Hall, Wendy Broadgate, Wolfgang Cramer, John Schellnhuber, Stefan Ramsdorf, Ulf Riebesell, Uli Bathmann, et al. 1. The Question of Sustainability and the Ocean The ocean is a vital component in the metabolism of Earth and an important player in Global Change. Its vast storage of heat and gases have decisive impacts on the climate, it harbours the most extensive and least known biosphere, and contains living and mineral resources which we just have begun to recognise. The ocean usually reacts more slowly in comparison to land or atmosphere, and it is considered as that part of the Earth System, which buffers, modulates or amplifies physical and geochemical signals. Atmosphere and ocean are intimately dependent upon each other and exchange physical and chemical signals. The link between land and ocean is based on considerable amounts of material, which enter the sea from land and influence the global biogeochemical cycles. Physical forces exert a large influence on the biology of the ocean, from the elemental to the population level. These scales of influence are important in understanding the reactions of biological systems to Global Change. With respect to the links of the ocean to atmosphere and land and with respect to the reaction of marine organisms to Global Change there are still many unresolved questions, which will have to be, addressed in future research. Although less immediately obvious than within the terrestrial system, human societies are dependent on a predictable behaviour of the marine ecosystem. The ocean affects humans indirectly through moderating atmospheric composition, weather, and climate. Direct links to human society are given by the requirement of adequate supplies of food and energy, safe transportation and secure habitation in the densely populated coastal areas. Man’s activities, both on land and in the sea, influence the ocean and are doing so at an ever-increasing rate. Population growth, coupled with an escalating proportion of humanity inhabiting the coastal zone, has increased the burdens on the ocean and made human society more vulnerable to changes in the ocean. In fact, concern is growing regarding human-induced changes that may threaten marine “ecosystem services”13 and undermine humankind’s own sustainability. Understanding the inter-dependency between the well being of the ocean and that of human society demands closer links between the natural and the social sciences to provide knowledge for a better management of the Earth System.

In recognition that the ocean provides a number of essential ecosystem services, such as:

• food • energy • habitation and economical exploitation of the coastal zone • transportation • waste assimilation • biological and mineral resources (i.e. renewable and not renewable resources) • climate regulation

13 (Footnote 1: “While ecosystem functions refer variously to the habitat, biological, or systems properties or processes of ecosystems, ecosystem goods (e.g., food) and services (e.g., waste assimilation) represent the benefits human populations derive, directly or indirectly, from ecosystem functions" (Costanza et al., 1999).

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• system stabilisation via water vapour, we need to develop our understanding in such a way that we have a firm grasp of the functioning of the ocean and its interaction with other components—including humans—in the Earth System. We must also grapple with societal issues such as health, ecosystem services, and sustainability. Our existing knowledge is insufficient to optimise use of ecosystem components, while sustaining their health and integrity, and the array of non-consumptive services that marine ecosystems provide. Integrated system process studies will be needed to determine the impacts of Global Change on services provided by the ocean and how to ensure sustainable marine resources in a Global Change context. 2. Global Change and the Oceans Linkages between global change driven by natural processes as well as by human activity and changes in marine ecosystems and biogeochemistry are shown in Figure 1. These links include drivers, processes, responses, social impacts, and feedbacks, which place the marine biogeochemistry and ecosystem in the context of human perturbations of the global environment.

Figure 1: Impacts and feedbacks between global environmental change and the ocean system. The chemical and biological environment of the ocean is represented by the large ellipse, with the shading representing the gradation from marine chemical and biological processes from lower trophic levels through to higher trophic levels. Cycling within, and between, chemical and biological components is also indicated. This representation reflects the tightly coupled nature of ecological and biogeochemical processes, and the connectivity of different components of this system with the atmosphere and/or human activity. Black arrows refer to global-scale processes in the Earth System. Red arrows refer to impacts on society and human perceptions/responses (see also Tab.1). Direct and indirect human perturbations to the ocean (Table 1) are Global Change drivers, which are increasing in magnitude. Direct perturbations include over fishing, increasing nutrient and sediment loading in river runoff, coastal pollution caused by waste disposal, lowering of pH due to increasing atmospheric CO2, etc. Indirect perturbations arise mainly from the anticipated climate change due to human-induced changes in the atmosphere, such as increasing emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols. Perturbation of the ocean will lead to alterations of marine

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biogeochemistry and ecosystems that may have serious consequences as ecosystems provide a myriad of goods and services necessary to sustain humans in the biosphere. Table 1: Examples of natural and human perturbations that affect the ocean ecosystem. Processes Resulting impacts on society Emission of greenhouse gases, dust, halogens, SO2, etc. from human activity to the atmosphere

Climate change, catastrophic climate disasters, energy policy

Emission of CO2, DMS, Halogens, sea-salt, N2O, water, etc. from the ocean to the atmosphere

Climate change

CO2, Fe, N inputs from the atmosphere into the ocean

Changes in various ecosystem services (e.g. uptake of CO2, biological productivity); Changes in biodiversity;

Radiative transfer Alteration of radiation (e.g. UV, cloud cover) and rainfall

Effects of wind, temperature, fresh water and light on ocean stratification, circulation, ice-cover etc.

Sea level rise, climate change; Consequences for food supply due to perturbation of food webs, changes in biodiversity;

Biological feedbacks on physical processes (e.g., heating of surface layer)

Climate change

Pollution (incl. riverine input) Dangers to human health, e.g. from harmful algal blooms, toxin accumulation; Effects on tourism; Deterioration of ecosystem services; Consequences for food supply due to perturbation of food webs, changes in biodiversity;

Non-consumptive use of marine resources, e.g. fishing, aquaculture, tourism, transport, wind and tidal energy

Consequences for food supply due to perturbation of food webs, changes in biodiversity, alteration of fish stocks; Introduction of alien species causing changes in ecosystem services;

Consumptive use of marine resources, e.g. oil production, mining, dumping

Consequences for food supply due to perturbation of food webs, changes in biodiversity; Effects on human health due to release of harmful substances.

It becomes obvious from Table 1 that major processes and impacts are a consequence of changes in physical forcing on different scales, such as alteration of radiative transfer, temperature, wind stress or fresh water input. They cause multiple changes in the marine system with a variety of consequences for society. Therefore, progress in understanding the effects of Global Change on ocean ecosystems and biogeochemistry can only be achieved jointly with investigations of physical oceanographic processes in collaboration with the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), in particular with the CLIVAR-Project (Climate Variability and Predictability). On the other side of the spectrum, the perceived effects of Global Change in the ocean on society

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require an assessment of economic and societal impacts in different regions of the world. Therefore, the new decade of ocean research needs to develop an unprecedented level of cooperation with the Integrated Human Dimensions Programme (IHDP) and with the Biodiversity Programme (DIVERSITAS). 3. The Challenge of Future Research of Global Change in the Ocean The last decade has seen major advances in our understanding of the marine system. Under the umbrella of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and the Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR), the core project JGOFS (Joint Global Ocean Flux Study) has investigated on a global scale the processes controlling the fluxes of carbon and associated biogenic elements in the ocean. Present day biogeochemical processes, the magnitude of fluxes, the scale of their spatial and temporal changes as well as the forcing functions have been described in considerable detail and can be assessed much more accurately than ever before. Stocks and rates have been quantified which were poorly constrained prior to these studies, such as CO2 fluxes between atmosphere and ocean, global marine primary production and export of carbon into the deep ocean. New traits in organisms were found, such as the widespread occurrence of archaea or heterotrophic photosynthetic bacteria, which open up unexpected biochemical pathways that change our concept of marine biogeochemical cycles. At the higher end of the food chain, direct influences of ocean physical processes on fish stocks and the different response of species to such influences are becoming known now. While seasonal and to some degree interannual changes have been assessed, there remains considerable uncertainty about longer-term changes and abrupt shifts. We are beginning to record such changes, but in most cases, we are not sure about causes or consequences. For example, large interannual changes in the uptake of CO2 by land and ocean are observed and appear to be linked to El Nino events (Fig.2), but the partitioning of this variability in uptake between land and ocean is difficult to assess. Long term changes in phytoplankton populations are indicated by some observations (Fig 3), but data are still too scarce to understand whether these are steady trends or long-term oscillations, and to assess potential effects of such changes on the marine food web.

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Figure 2: Variability of oceanic CO2 sinks. The stepwise increase shown by the upper curve represents the anthropogenic CO2 emissions in the indicated years, the blue curve shows the measured rise of CO2 in the atmosphere for each year, the difference between both curves represents the amount of CO2 taken up by land or ocean in the respective year. Large interannual changes in the uptake of CO2 by terrestrial or marine reservoirs become obvious which are in many cases related to El Niño events (indicated by arrows). (REF to source)

io 32°N, 64°W48°N, 20°W

34°N, 21°W

Figure 3: Long-term changes in the ratio of opal bearing phytoplankton (diatoms) and calcium carbonate bearing plankton (coccolithophorids, foraminifera etc.) detected in sediment traps in the North Atlantic. These trends indicate a steady change in plankton composition; the causes are as yet unknown. (Honjo et al. REF, Antia et al. 2001)

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Linkages of the different parts of the ocean system have in the past been treated inadequately. This is true for exchange processes across the ocean’s interfaces, such as coastal zones, sea floor or lower atmosphere, as well as the linkage between marine biogeochemical cycles and the higher trophic levels of the marine ecosystem. For instance, we are aware that large amounts of organic carbon and related elements are exported from land and are deposited on the shelf and continental slope, but the magnitude and variability of this flux, its effects on the marine system and its susceptibility to Global Change are still unresolved. Exchanges between the ocean interior with the sea floor (in both directions) and deep ocean processes are still poorly understood, partly due to technological difficulties. Only some of these deep ocean processes, such as release of methane from gas hydrates, have so far been recognised as a potentially large factor in climate change. A very sensitive boundary is the upper ocean and the lower atmosphere, where globally the largest exchange of climatically active gases occurs. The interdependence of biogeochemical cycles, mainly driven by microorganisms, and the organisms at the high end of the food chain becomes increasingly clearer. However, a long way is still ahead before a complete assessment of food webs from end to end is possible and can be modelled. Finally, long-term changes in the ocean ecosystem, as illustrated by records from sediment and ice cores or corals, need to be included in ocean studies to extend and complement the short-term measurements, which provide only “snap-shots” of the present day status of the ocean. Therefore, a challenge of future research will be to integrate the research on these different parts of the ocean system in order to obtain a comprehensive view of the role of the ocean in the Earth System. Several IGBP programme elements will study these aspects of the ocean system (LOICZ, SOLAS, GLOBEC, PAGES2) and it will be critical for the success of future research of Global Change in the ocean to bring together these different projects. Some key environmental elements of the Earth System, particularly in atmospheric composition, have by now moved well outside the range of the natural variability. It is unclear how the ocean will react to such changes in the future. Modelling approaches have tried to analyse ocean behaviour under different scenarios of anthropogenic disturbance. However, their predictions about future developments 50 or 100 years from now diverge considerably. This is indicative of large uncertainties in sensitive elements of the ocean system from the coastal zone to the open sea, unrecognised feedbacks between parts of the Earth System, and a lack of adequate data for initiating and verifying the models. In order to assess the effects of increasing human perturbations on the ocean, these uncertainties have to be reduced and future research has to provide means to improve predictability of the ocean system. Not all of the multitudes of interacting elements determining the functioning of the ocean system are susceptible to human perturbations. Some react at very long time scales so that their impact with respect to more immediate Global Changes may not be felt. Some regions of the ocean are more vulnerable to certain disturbances than others. It will be a major task of the future research to identify the critical elements / processes and the most vulnerable regions of the ocean to Global Change and to determine the potential consequences of these changes. The sensitivity of elements of the ocean system to Global Change, the nature, magnitude and rate of changes in the oceanic system in relation to the type of perturbation has to be assessed not only as an “early warning system” for impending dangers, but also to help society to make choices about future options. The future ocean research must develop the tools and the basic

2 LOICZ = Land-Ocean Interaction in the Coastal Zone SOLAS = Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study GLOBEC = Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics PAGES = Past Global Changes

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knowledge required to assess with sufficient reliability the ocean’s reaction to natural and anthropogenic changes on the time scale relevant to society. The challenge for future research on Global Change in the ocean for the next decade can therefore be stated as:

• To identify elements, processes and regions in the ocean with major relevance for Global Change and develop the capability to observe them on appropriate scales

• To develop a predictive capability for the response of the ocean system to natural and anthropogenic changes

• To assess and predict scenarios / options in order to enable society to make choices about sustainable futures.

4. The Approach The ocean, due to its vast storage capacity, has a decisive impact on the state of the Earth System and multiple feedbacks are linking it to land and atmosphere. While this principle is clear, the connections and interfaces between the earth’s components are often insufficiently known for an integration of present knowledge into earth system science. A major task is to develop an integrative approach to understand the holistic dynamics of the planetary life support system. We need to explore characteristic features of the ocean that may be capable of making the ocean a trigger in the path of Global Change, though it is often regarded as a buffer in the dynamics of the Earth System. A way to focus future research on an earth system approach has been suggested by the Global Analysis, Integration and Modelling Project (GAIM) of IGBP. A set of very general, overarching questions (Table 2) was posed to help to focus research on key patterns of Earth ecosystem behaviour and their relation to global change. These questions can be considered as guard rails to identify critical elements for global change in the ocean and to link them to similarly vulnerable elements on land and in the atmosphere. Table 2: Overarching Questions posed by GAIM to structure and guide future Earth System Science within IGBP Analytical Questions: 1. What are the vital organs of the ecosphere in view of operation and evolution? 2. What are the major dynamical patterns, teleconnections and feedback loops in the planetary machinery? 3. What are the critical elements (thresholds, bottlenecks, switches) in the Earth System? 4. What are the characteristic regimes and time-scales of natural planetary variability? 5. What are the anthropogenic disturbance regimes and teleperturbations that matter at the Earth-System level? 6. Which are the vital ecosphere organs and critical planetary elements that can actually be transformed by human action? 7. Which are the most vulnerable regions under global change? 8. How are abrupt and extreme events processed through nature-society interactions? Methodological Questions: 9. What are the principles for constructing “macroscopes”, i.e. representations of the Earth System that aggregate away the details while retaining all systems-order terms? 10. What levels of complexity and resolution have to be achieved in Earth System modelling?

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11. Is it possible to describe the Earth System as a composition of weakly coupled organs and regions, and to reconstruct the planetary machinery from these parts? 12. Is there a consistent global strategy for generating, processing and integrating relevant Earth System data sets? 13. What are the best techniques for analysing and possibly predicting irregular events? 14. What are the most appropriate methodologies for integrating natural-science and social-science knowledge? Normative Questions: 15. What are the general criteria and principles for distinguishing non-sustainable and sustainable futures? 16. What is the carrying capacity of the earth as determined by humanitarian standards? 17. What are the accessible but intolerable domains in the co-evolution space of nature and humanity? 18. What kind of nature do modern societies want? 19. What are the equity principles that should govern global environmental management? Strategic Questions: 20. What is the optimal mix of adaptation and mitigation measures to respond to global change? 21. What is the optimal decomposition of the planetary surface into nature reserves and managed areas? 22. What are the options and caveats for technological fixes like geoengineering and genetic modifications? 23. What is the structure of an effective and efficient system of global environment & development institutions? A number of these questions are not directly applicable to future ocean research, but rather indicate the interaction between the natural system and human society. However, some questions will prove to be valuable guidelines for future research of Global Change in the ocean and will help to formulate researchable questions in individual projects. By remoulding some of the crucial questions, a more focussed approach can be attained, as illustrated by the following examples:

• What are the critical elements and processes in the ocean that can actually be transformed by human action?

Some answers can immediately be given: carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, silica and trace element cycles, iron supply from the land, food web structure and fish stocks. This leads to the consideration whether these transformations are critical to the functioning of the ocean system and how the interactions with atmosphere and land are affected. Most of these questions may actually be answered by our present knowledge, but gaps in our understanding to assess future changes in the ocean system will also become obvious and will help to develop research strategies.

• What levels of complexity and resolution have to be achieved in the ocean component of Earth System modelling?

Coupled models developed in the last decade have helped tremendously to assess the interaction between physical and biological processes. However, higher spatial resolution as well as integration of different biogeochemical cycles, lower and higher trophic levels is needed in order to improve the representation of natural processes by models. In addition, human impacts have so far not been included, but will be an essential part of the next decade of research adding a

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further level of complexity. This development has to be critically evaluated, as computer capacity puts restrictions on the level of complexity and the time scales, which can be modelled.

• Is there a consistent global strategy for generating, processing and integrating relevant ocean data sets?

A quantum leap in global observation was achieved by satellite missions and development of advanced sensors. This demanded, as a consequence, a coordinated approach to ground trusting and processing of the data. However, present oceanographic observations are generally carried out without long-term commitment or coordination between investigating institutions or national agencies. While in physical oceanography already an advanced standard of observational strategies exists, such as for example in the Argo Project, this is not matched when chemical or biological variables are concerned, perhaps with the exception of fish stock surveys. Lack of data coordination becomes most obvious when different disciplines and different research fields are compared. The greatest challenge in this direction will be to develop common observational strategies between natural and socio-economic sciences. An assessment of future changes within the ocean system and their feedbacks on the other components of the Earth System requires adequate representation of both, natural processes and developments in societies, economics and technology.

• What are the accessible but intolerable domains in the co-evolution space of marine ecosystems and humanity?

The marine environment provides a range of ecosystem services that are taken for granted by the general public. These services are, however, not guaranteed and may be affected by Global Change in ways, which we do not yet understand. Research has to address the questions which ecosystem services are provided by the ocean, which services are most important and which ones can, in emergency, be sacrificed. Technological potential exists to manipulate marine processes even on large scales for the benefit of human societies. At present, globally the largest direct human impact on marine ecosystems is caused by fishing changing the food web structure and leading to economic decline in fishing industry. Locally extreme changes of the marine environment are a result of high population density, economic development, inadequate legislation, poverty and/or lack of knowledge. Since we cannot assume to maintain all aspects of the marine ecosystem in unadulterated form, research is required to explore possible domains of development and analyse consequences for marine ecosystem services. Questions may be tackled, such as “How much protein can be extracted from the ocean without sacrificing valuable ecosystem services?”

• What are the options and caveats for technological fixes like geoengineering in the ocean?

Several approaches are presently discussed to use the vast ocean space and resources for alleviating Global Change problems. This ranges from purposeful sequestration of CO2 in the ocean, to open ocean aquaculture in HNLC regions for food production and energy production from physical and chemical ocean resources. The next decade will see rising pressure to address questions of technological fixes, as Global Change problems will become more obvious. The whole range of these potential technological applications needs to be underpinned by research in order to understand the underlying processes and consequences. Future Research of Global Change in the Ocean will move increasingly from a better understanding of present day ocean processes to an assessment of the role of the ocean in Global Change processes and feedbacks within the Earth System. The history of ocean processes provides information on changes at different scales and on controls of the state of the ocean, while studies of present day processes indicate the system dynamics and reveal causal

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relationships. The response and adaptation of this evolving, dynamic and self-organising system at different scales to Global Change is the challenging question of the new ocean research programme. In order to achieve the ambitious goal, Future Research of Global Change in the Ocean has to develop new research aspects surpassing the previous IGBP ocean programme elements. A better connection of physical, biogeochemical and ecological research is needed in order to understand how changes in physical forcing will affect the ecosystem. The linkages between the different parts of the Earth System have to be made clear in order to assess the multitude of feedback processes. Humans as drivers and as subjects of Global Change have to be considered explicitly, since one of the major aims is the assessment of impacts on society. This leads to emphasis on:

• combining physical, chemical and biological research at all scales and foster multi/inter-disciplinary approaches

• developing joint projects with physical oceanography (link to CLIVAR) • understanding the exchange between ocean and the atmosphere (link to SOLAS) • understanding the exchange between ocean and land (link to LOICZ) • understanding the exchange between the ocean interior and the sea floor • understanding the variation of the ocean system over longer time scales, e.g. glacial-

interglacial variation (link to PAGES/IMAGES) • assessing climate variability versus climate change • understanding the role of species in regulation of biogeochemistry • studying the diversity and evolution of deep sea species (as the last unknown frontier) • investigating variability and change in food web dynamics

This framework of Future Research of Global Change in the Ocean is designed to enable new modes of operation. It should provide a major goal and highlight the issues, but leave enough flexibility to allow the science community to explore the most promising avenues of research. It should be diffusive to allow information to transgress the boundaries of core projects and develop joint, temporary task teams. It should be able to react fast to new ideas, challenges and problems. It should provide only a light organisational structure, which helps to coordinate research and to come to synergistic results. The projects of this new framework need to develop an approach, which enables to determine when their goals are reached. Therefore, a hierarchy of researchable questions have to be posed guided by the overarching questions (Table 2). Benchmarks have to be developed to check the progress of research at different times. The challenge of Future Research of Global Change in the Ocean is also the integration of developing countries in this research programme. Many of the critical ocean regions are totally under researched due to their remoteness and because the adjacent countries do not have enough capacities to collaborate as equal partners in this research. Therefore, joint research programmes and improved capacity building jointly with START is needed and will be beneficial for this programme. The results of this programme have to be presented to the public in comprehensive and suitable form. It has been one of the major drawbacks of Global Change research in the past that their results were not presented in adequate form to the public. Improvement of public outreach, however, is necessary to ensure that the new knowledge will eventually lead to changes in attitude, policy and legislation.

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8.17. Global Ocean Observing System and OOPC by Peter Haugan As described at the previous JGOFS SSC meeting, the GOOS Steering Committee relies on two main scientific panels for advice concerning the design and development of a permanent ocean observing system, namely the Ocean Observations Panel for Climate (OOPC) and the Coastal Ocean Observations Panel (COOP). COOP has been established recently by merging three different earlier panels. COOP is in the process of completing its Strategic Design Plan, and meets in Cape Town in September 2002. The formal body to oversee implementation issues in GOOS is the Joint IOC-WMO Commission on Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM), which meets every 4 years, first time in 2001 in Akureyri, Iceland. OOPC has been in existence since 1996 under the chairmanship of Neville Smith of BoM, Australia. It took over from the predecessor OOSDP that produced a conceptual design of a system of ocean observations for climate. Up to now, OOPC has worked on planning and implementation of such a system covering a broad range of issues and parameters. Now the efforts are moving more towards review and evaluation, prioritisation, rationalization and selected enhancements. At the most recent session of the OOPC in Kiel, Germany, on 5-8 June 2002, Neville Smith stepped down as chairman and was replaced by Ed Harrison of NOAA PMEL, USA. The part of the mandate of OOPC, which is most relevant to JGOFS, is ocean carbon observations. The GOOS Report No. 118 entitled “A Global Ocean Carbon Observation System - A Background Report” issued in April 2002, edited by Scott Doney and Maria Hood with contributions from a number of authors was endorsed by the OOPC. It has been produced by combining input, results from a number of workshops and meetings during the past two years, and has been subject to community-wide review. It will be a very useful document for carbon observations in GOOS. OOPC relies on the SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2 for advice concerning carbon observations. Maria Hood, who is now the IOC Technical Officer for both OOPC and the CO2 Panel, will develop an account of implementation progress. It was agreed that a carbon pilot project, perhaps including selected aspects of ocean biogeochemistry, might move this issue forward in GOOS. Carbon and ecosystem related activities consistent with the report and OceanObs99 recommendations, and comprising time series, hydrographic cruises and Voluntary Observing Ships, will be brought up also with the Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO) which has its next meeting on 22-24 January 2003 in Hobart, Tasmania. Neither the mentioned report nor the OOPC mandate covers coastal observations. PRESUMABLY, COOP will be responsible for such elements, which will be needed for a truly global carbon observing system. However, planning for this is still at a very early stage. In addition, for ocean ecosystem issues and ocean-wide biogeochemistry beyond carbon, the situation is less clear. The OOPC at its most recent session discussed whether these issues should be left to COOP, which at the outset has a focus on coastal measurements. It was agreed that attention is required from several groups in order to bring it to a level where GOOS can agree on actions and implementation. Tommy Dickey of OOPC, in partnership with the CO2 panel, and enlisting assistance from COOP, will initiate work on a draft of a preliminary equivalent of the ocean carbon report for ecosystems/biogeochemistry.

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8.18. SCOR IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2 by Peter Haugan The second session of the SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2 took place in Honolulu, Hawaii on February 9th 2002. The chair, Doug Wallace, welcomed Dr. Kitack Lee, Korea, to the meeting as a new member. The web site (http://www.ioc.unesco.org/iocweb/co2panel) is now up and running and contains information on panel activities, relevant reports, overviews of measurement plans, and a watching brief on ocean CO2 sequestration. The GOOS Report No. 118 entitled “A Global Ocean Carbon Observation System - A Background Report” edited by Scott Doney and Maria Hood with contributions from a number of authors, and later issued in April 2002, was discussed at the panel meeting. The final version of the document focuses on integrating ocean carbon measurements into the framework of other observing system structures and programs, such as the time series observatory pilot project, CLIVAR repeat hydrographic sections, and the JCOMM Ship Observations Team for the coordination of oceanographic and meteorological measurement programs made on volunteer observing ships. The repeat hydrography program of CLIVAR offers opportunities for carbon measurements that many scientists are interested in pursuing, and which seem cost-effective and important for a number of reasons, but for which no coordinating international research program currently exists. The most appropriate international coordination mechanism through which national agencies could cooperate would probably be within IGBP. While no new program has been established to take over this part of the legacy of JGOFS, there is agreement among all parties that the CO2 panel is the most suitable forum to coordinate this work now. Information is now available on the CLIVAR web page and linked from the panel web site, outlining the international plans and commitments for the hydrography repeat sections and information about carbon and tracer measurements to be made. The Panel has made input to the Time Series Observatory Pilot project and the Voluntary Observing Ships (VOS) programme. The former is intended for process studies as well as obtaining multi-parameter time series in key locations. VOS tend not to be included in research programmes but can be quite important for obtaining regular products such as space-time maps for GOOS. Oversight of intercalibration exercises and standards and reference materials, technology development and modelling, are continuous activities of the panel. The Panel also has a mandate to develop and maintain a watching brief on ocean sequestration of CO2, which is meant to inform non-specialists on the current scientific and legal issues of ocean sequestration. A draft version of this watching brief is now available on the web site with an adequate coverage of background and legal issues, but still far from complete on the science overview. SCOR and IOC with assistance from the Panel are well along with the planning and organisation of a workshop on ocean carbon sequestration. This will take place in the second half of 2003. The Global Carbon Project (GCP) as well as IGBP and CLIVAR and the new IGBP OCEANS program are all potential contributors to ocean carbon observations although it is unclear how the division of responsibilities may be. It seems clear that all parties want the panel to continue its activities, but its organisational links may be revised to take account of a changing set of interacting research programmes. The Panel will take an active role with the GCP in organising a workshop for early 2003 to combine all the information about observation programmes for the next few years and discuss technological progress that is required to sustain carbon observations into the future. In essence, this will imply reviewing, updating and expanding upon the mentioned background report (GOOS Report No. 118.

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8.19. International Project Office by Roger Hanson

Director’s Report. The International Project Office (IPO) continues its full support of the SSC activities from our new offices on the main campus of the University of Bergen. Office staff has changed with the departure of Ms. Reidun Gjerde and the arrival of our new Financial Assistant, Mr. Sturle Litland. As JGOFS approaches its sunset date, IPO is focusing on raising external funds for the Final Conference, Synthesis Groups and Task Teams to complete their ToR, and on the support of the Data Management Task Team (DMTT) to document and compile all data and metadata collected over the last decade. Avril is assisting the DMTT in the collection of information on participating national research projects and cruises from each contributing country since 1988. This compendium also includes aspects of national data management, including the location and archival of JGOFS data collected during the fieldwork. This information will also assist the DMTT in their activities directed at securing the long-term stewardship of the “JGOFS Master Dataset”. The ultimate purpose of the Master Dataset is to provide scientists with a comprehensive biogeochemical dataset in a common file and data format for use not only in current modelling projects, but also as a JGOFS legacy to future global change studies. It is the responsibility of the DMTT and IPO to ensure the future accessibility and long-term archival of this most valuable and one of a kind dataset. Plans are now underway to delivery the national datasets to the WDC-MARE for inclusion in the Master Dataset and to eventually produce a JGOFS Master Dataset CD ROM. Countries, institutions, and principal investigators who submit data will be given full credit within the JGOFS Master Dataset and have priority access to it. Assistant Executive Officer Tasks and Achievements (IPO). Avril has provided support and assistance for the following tasks: o Preparation and edition of the new International JGOFS website (with IPO EO), o Mirroring and update of the CMTT website, o Preparation and edition of an on-line slide show after the 2 posters presented during the

IGBP 2000 Conference (more than 60 requests for the original file), o Drafting and proof-reading of the SSC (Amsterdam, July 2000) meeting minutes, o Proof-reading and edition of JGOFS Reports 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 (ISSN redefined), o Drafting, proof-reading and edition of JGOFS Report 37, o Participation to the EGS conference (Nice, April 2002), o Participation to the GSWG/OCMIP Modelling Workshop (Ispra, June 2002, one poster

presented), o Preparation and edition of an on-line slide show after the poster presented during the

Modelling Workshop, o Preparation and edition of an on-line draft Report after the Modelling Workshop, o Preparation and edition of the First Announcement (website, poster and IGBP newsletter)

for the Final JGOFS Open Science Conference (with IPO Executive Officer), o Preparation of the brochure for the Final JGOFS OSC Programme (with organising

committees), o Continuous update of membership and address list, and of peer-reviewed publication

reference list, o Continuous interactions with Parent Bodies (IGBP, SCOR) and JGOFS Execs and WG &

TT Chairs. Special emphasis on the new JGOFS website. Early July 2002, a new international JGOFS website (http://www.uib.no/jgofs/jgofs.html) was launched with three objectives in mind: first, to improve the browsing and make it user friendly to all within and outside the JGOFS community;

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second, to preserve the accumulated knowledge with a minimal support requested until December 2003, and third, to facilitate the handover to IGBP and the next ocean biogeochemical program. All comments / suggestions are greatly appreciated, since the content and structure is still evolving. Data Management: Assistant Executive Officer Tasks and Achievements (DMTT activities). Avril has provided support and assistance for the following tasks:

o Acquisition, compilation and transmission of the Pakistani NASEER datasets to WDCs (thanks to S. Smith),

o Acquisition and partial compilation of various datasets and / or metadata (inventories for cruises and parameters) for several countries not represented in the DMTT (Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain),

o Continuous update of a report for the “Compilation of research project and cruises & Data status report” for all JGOFS national activities, initially prepared in August 1999, and of the publications list (including the DSR II Special Issues and the CD-ROMs and websites in relation to Data Management),

o Organisation of the annual DMTT meeting (Washington, January 2002) and a “Data Rescue” meeting with national representatives not involved in DMTT (BE, IT, NL, NO, SP) and invited experts (Ispra, June 2002),

o Writing and edition of JGOFS Report 37 for 2000 & 2002 DMTT meetings (with DMTT Chair),

o Writing of the report (with DMTT Chair) after the Data Rescue meeting (not edited), o Preparation of a DMTT list of JGOFS core parameters (with all DMTT members) and of

an Execs’ recommendation list for core parameters for future research programmes in marine biogeochemistry (with DMTT Chair and all SSC Execs),

o Follow-up after the DMTT meeting and Data Rescue meeting and Development of cooperation between DMTT, Execs, PANGAEA team, national representatives not involved in DMTT (especially preparation of DM practices recommendations and guidelines, for the latter),

o Close cooperation / meetings with data managers in Norway [IMR & Bjerknes Centre] and in France [PROOF], including guidance and recommendations,

o Participation to the preparation of the WDC-MARE / PANGAEA Proposal (Germany) for national funding (with IPO Executive Officer and DMTT Chair),

o Development of interactions with JGOFS parent bodies (IGBP, SCOR), other funding agencies and programme managers, in order to increase awareness, request support and present recommendations for proper data management practises and lessons learned from JGOFS (with SSC Chair and DMTT Chair). A “recommendation” letter and an address list have been prepared that should be further discussed by the SSC (see Letter below)

o Development of communication with national contact persons and SSC members to request assistance in the establishment of the complete cruise inventory, metadata cataloguing and datasets collection (with SSC Chair and DMTT Chair),

o Exploration of new ways for possible collaboration with similar programmes and for better data management practices and more integration in future programmes (e.g., SCAR/JCADM and IndOcean),

o Edition of web pages related to DM matters (e.g., cruise inventories; published CD-ROMs and DSRII issues; on-line slideshow),

o Participation to the GSWG/OCMIP Workshop, with one DM-oriented poster presentation and one DM-oriented talk (presented by DMTT Chair),

o Writing of a short note (with DMTT Chair) for the US JGOFS Newsletter.

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Letter to funding agencies and programme managers. 24 October 2003 ___________________ Address etc Dear _________________ Subject: Data Management for future ocean biogeochemistry/climate programs: Lessons learned from JGOFS This letter concerns the issue of data management for ocean biogeochemistry in new research programs being planned under the auspices of IGBP and SCOR. If we have sent you this letter in error and you know of a colleague who is more directly responsible with support and funding as well as management of ocean data in your agency, we would be grateful if you could pass it to that person. The JGOFS Project has been highly successful in providing new insights into global biogeochemical cycling in the oceans through a multi-national effort. An considerable effort was invested in new measurements of ocean properties during JGOFS. Yet, a much smaller stress was directed toward ensuring the accessibility and ultimate stewardship of these expensive and irreplaceable data through a coordinated international data management effort. As new programs are being designed and implemented, we must learn from the JGOFS data management experience. The following is a set of recommendations for new programs to consider:

Establishment and support of a centralized International Project Data Centre responsible for: acquisition of data, data access, and distribution of data to the World Data Centre system to ensure its long-term archival;

Establishment and support of experienced/full-time national data coordinators who will: identify cruises and Principal Investigators (PIs) associated with the national programs, work with PIs to ensure data and metadata are complete and in common file and data formats and submit data to the International Project Data Centre;

Setting of a time limit after which all countries participating in the program must submit their data to the Data Centre;

Establishment of a minimum set of standards for reporting data and metadata. Working with funding agencies to ensure compliance with program data policies. These recommendations are designed to ensure the rapid dissemination of data and its long-term preservation and accessibility. During the JGOFS Project, key biological and chemical variables were sampled by over 20 countries at the regional scale (process studies in the North Atlantic, Arabian Sea, Equatorial Pacific, Southern Ocean and North Pacific), global scale (carbon survey) and from long-term measurements at key ocean sites. As we proceed with the final synthesis and modelling phases of JGOFS, it is likely that JGOFS may fall short in providing a satisfactory data legacy for future generations. The JGOFS data management plan was set up so each nation had a data coordinator responsible for that nation’s data. Data are either managed by a national JGOFS data manager (e.g., Australia, Canada, France, Germany, India, Japan, U.K. and U.S.), or reside with individual PIs. A Data Management Task Team (DMTT) was formed to coordinate the data management efforts, but in effect, the DMTT does not represent all nations involved in JGOFS activities, and does not have the manpower or financial resources to go far beyond coordination and cataloguing of data collections

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carried out nationally. The lack of a centralized International Data Centre severely hampers the use of JGOFS data for synthesis and model validation, now and in the future.

Additional problems identified with the current JGOFS Data Management are: Ambiguity in many countries as to what constitutes a JGOFS cruise; No time limit, and in most countries, no requirement for delivery of data to a Data Centre

from where it can be disseminated and archived; Reluctance by PIs to share data; Data in diverse formats with incomplete documentation or missing key core JGOFS

parameters. Efforts to acquire funds to compile all JGOFS international data into a common file and data format, to be distributed internationally, have thus far failed in the U.S. Other national funding agencies have not been approached. These efforts failed mainly because such supporting activities, although extremely important to make optimal use of the scientific data, have fared poorly in competition with proposals to initiate new science projects. This is very unfortunate, since the acquisition of data is very costly compared to the small cost of effective data management. JGOFS was proactive in setting a data policy and establishing an international data management committee very early in the Project, and the JGOFS system became a model for other programs (e.g., GLOBEC). Yet in spite of this effort and because of the complexity of interdisciplinary data and of JGOFS itself, much remains to be done to secure the accessibility of all data collected in the Project. We offer these recommendations to the planners of the next generation of ocean programs, to help move toward a new and better, integrated data management system in the next few years. We are very interested in your views on the data management issue facing future programs and invite you to share your thoughts with us. We will be passing on a more comprehensive view of the JGOFS experience to planners of the next generation of ocean research programs and look forward to your input. Sincerely, Hugh Ducklow (Chair, JGOFS SSC) Margarita Conkright (Chair, JGOFS Data Management Task Team) Bernard Avril (Assistant Executive Officer, JGOFS IPO)

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Special emphasis on the “JGOFS Master Dataset”. In the final Synthesis and Modelling phase of the JGOFS project, it is especially important for the oceanographic community to have a clear and complete view of the relevant datasets and associated metadata. The Data Management Task Team (DMTT) and the IPO Assistant are continuing to identify, document and assimilate the recent progress by each national oceanographic community, and to document and compile all data and metadata collected over the last decade. We have also explored for the countries not represented in the DMTT, new ways to achieve our goal, which is one of the highest priorities for the present JGOFS activities. The “compilation of research project and cruises & Data status report” includes aspects of national data management, including the location, acquisition and archival of JGOFS data collected during the fieldwork since 1988. This information will also help the DMTT in its activities directed at securing the long-term stewardship of the “JGOFS Master Dataset”. The ultimate purpose of the DMTT is to provide scientists with a comprehensive biogeochemical dataset in a common file and data format for use not only in current modelling projects, but also as a JGOFS legacy to future global change studies (full accessibility and long-term archival through the WDCs system, thanks to WDC-A for Oceanography, USA and WDC-MARE, Germany) and to eventually edit the JGOFS Master Dataset on CD ROMs or DVDs, and on-line. Countries, institutions, and principal investigators who submit data will be given full credit within the JGOFS Master Dataset and have priority access to it. Special emphasis on the “JGOFS core parameters”. During previous DMTT meetings, members defined cruises with JGOFS core parameters and those with a sufficient number of core parameters as “level 1”, and other cruises with parameters relevant to JGOFS. The DMTT drafted a list of parameters with preferred units for inclusion on the JGOFS Master Dataset. This initial list was circulated among the Executives for discussion and comments. After several iterations between the DMTT and the Executives, we now have two “core parameters” lists as much convergent as possible: one taking into account the comments of the DMTT members and the other one taking also into account the comments of the Exec members. The DMTT considered that its list "Core_parameters_DMTT" should be what each nation will focus on for the establishment of the common JGOFS Master Dataset, to be published before the end of JGOFS, and that the other list "Core_parameters_Exec" should be regarded as a "recommendation" list to be presented to the managers of future programs / projects in marine biogeochemistry. Of course, this list should rather be established by the field scientists themselves, but it could be very useful to further discussed / improved it during our SSC meeting and later, as a part of the JGOFS "legacy" (see Tables below)

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Publications. The IPO continues to support the printing of the JGOFS Reports (ISSN: 1016-7331) in Bergen, Norway, distribute them internationally free of charge to libraries, institutions and scientists, and make them available as pdf files from the JGOFS web site. In 2001/2002, the IPO managed the technical editing and printed the following reports: • No. 31. Thirteenth, Fourteenth & Fifteenth Meetings of the JGOFS Scientific Steering

Committee. Oct. 2001. • No. 32. Meeting of the Southern Ocean Synthesis Group, Year 1998. Oct. 2001. • No. 33. Joint IGBP EU-US Meeting on the Ocean Component of an Integrated Carbon

Cycle Science Framework. Oct. 2001. • No. 34. First, Second & Third Meetings of the North Atlantic Synthesis Group. Oct. 2001. • No. 35. IOSG Synthesis Report on the Arabian Sea Process Study. Jan. 2002. • No. 36. Photosynthesis and Primary Productivity in Marine Ecosystems: Practical Aspects

and Application of Techniques. July 2002. • No. 37. Data Management Task Team Reports (at the printers).

Calendar of Activities. In Amsterdam, the SSC also set the priority for meetings and tentatively allocated funds for activities. The current list of meetings in 2001-2002 is shown below. Year 2001 Jan. 15-16, Arcachon, France. North Atlantic Synthesis Group Meeting. Contact: Véronique Garçon, LEGOS/GRGS/CNRS, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31055 Toulouse Cedex - FRANCE - Tel. (33) 56 133 2957 May 7-11, Sidney, B.C., Canada. JGOFS/LOICZ Continental Margins Workshop on Polar Margins. Contact: Robie Macdonald, Institute of Ocean Sciences, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, B.C. V8L 4B2 CANADA, Tel. (1) 250 363 6409, Fax. (1) 250 363 6807 7-9 June, Miami, FL, USA. Indian Ocean Synthesis Group editors meeting. Contact: Peter Burkill, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH - UNITED KINGDOM - Tel. (44) 175 263 3422 27-29 June, Southampton Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK. JGOFS/WOCE/IOC CO2 Transport Workshop. Contact: Paul Robbins, Physical Oceanography Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Mail Stop 0230, SIO/UCSD, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0230, USA. Tel: (858) 534-6366 6 July, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Global Synthesis Working Group Meeting. Contact: Reiner Schlitzer, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Columbusstraße, 27568 Bremerhaven, GERMANY. Tel: (+49) 471 48311559, Fax: (+49) 471 48311149 7-8 July, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 16th JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee. Contact: Roger Hanson, JGOFS International Project Office, SMR, University of Bergen, PO Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway. Tel: (+47-555) 84244, Fax: (+47-555) 89687 28-30 September, Taipei/Taiwan, ROC. JGOFS/LOICZ Continental Margins Task Team Workshop on Marginal Seas and Tropical Coasts. Contact: Kon-Kee Liu, Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei/Taiwan, RoC, Tel.: (886-2) 363 1810, Fax: (886-2) 362 6092

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1-5 October, Sendai, Japan. Sixth International Carbon Dioxide Conference. Contact: Shuji Aoki, Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sedai 980-8578, Japan 5-13 October, Victoria, B.C., Canada. North Pacific Synthesis Group Meeting. Contact: Alexander Bychkov, PICES Institute of Ocean Sciences, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, British Columbia, CANADA V8L 4B2. Tel: 1-250-363-6366, Fax: 1-250-363-6827 21-28 October, Mar del Plata, Argentina. Joint IAPSO.IABO Assembly. Contacts: Hugh Ducklow, School of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary, Box 1346, VA 23062-1346, Tel: (+1 804) 684 7180, Fax: (+1 804) 684 7293, or Karin Lochte, Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany. Tel: +49 431 600 4250 15-16 November, Gif-sur-Yvette, France. Paleo-JGOFS Task Team Meeting. Co-organized by JGOFS and IMAGES - PAGES. Contact: Karin Lochte, Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany. Tel: +49 431 600 4250, or Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), Domaine du CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France Year 2002 29-30 January, Washington DC, USA. Data Management Task Team Meeting. Contact: Margarita Conkright, Ocean Climate Laboratory, E/OC5, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. Tel.: +1 301 713 3290 ext 193, Fax: +1 301 713 3303 11-15 February 2002, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. During the forthcoming 2002 Ocean Sciences Meeting organized by AGU and ASLO, special sessions or meetings are sponsored by JGOFS for the SOSG (Paul Tréguer, Ulrich Bathmann, Tom Trull, Phillip Boyd, and Stéphane Blain), the PJTT (Rick Jahnke and Roger Francois), the EPSG (Robert Le Borgne) and the NASG (Véronique Garçon). 16-17 February 2002, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA Southern Ocean Synthesis Group Workshop: "The Cycle of Carbon in the Southern Ocean", Contacts: Paul Tréguer and Ulrich Bathmann. 16-18 April, Southampton, UK. Continental Margin Task Team Workshop on Subpolar Regions. Contact: Jonathan Sharples, School of Ocean and Earth Science, Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom. Tel. +44 23 8059 649; Fax +44 23 8059 3059 22-26 April, Nice, France. During the forthcoming European Geophysical Society 27th General Assembly, a special session "OA8. Biogeochemistry of the carbon cycle of the Atlantic Ocean", chaired by W. Koeve, J. Aiken and V. Garçon is sponsored by JGOFS for the NASG. 24-27 June, Ispra, Italy. Joint Global Synthesis Working Group and JGOFS-GAIM Task Team Workshop entitled "Global Ocean Productivity and the Fluxes of Carbon and Nutrients: Combining Observations and Models". Contacts: Reiner Schlitzer, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Dept. of GeoSystem, P.O. Box 120161, D-27515 Bremerhaven, GERMANY, Tel. +49 471 48311559, Fax. +49 471 48311149; Patrick Monfray, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, FRANCE, Tel. +33 1 69 08 77 24, Fax. +33 1 69 08 77 16

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28 June, Ispra, Italy. DMTT European Countries, Data Rescue Meeting. Contact Bernard Avril, Assistant Executive Officer, JGOFS International Project Office, SMR (P.O. Box 7800), University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY, Tel: (+47) 555 84249 Fax: (+47) 555 89687 17-19 September, Orono, Maine, USA. Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Meeting and Workshop. Contact: Robert Le Borgne, Centre IRD, B.P. A5, F-98848 Nouméa Cedex, Tel. +33 4 9104 1657, Fax. +33 4 9104 1635, FRANCE; Fei Chai, School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5741, USA, Tel. +1 207 581 4317, Fax. +1 207 581 4388 23-25 September, Concepción, Chile. 17th JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee Meeting. Contact: Roger Hanson, JGOFS International Project Office, SMR, University of Bergen, PO Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, NORWAY. Tel: +47 555 84244, Fax: +47 555 89687 1-2 October, Sapporo, Japan. North Pacific Synthesis Group Meeting and Symposium for the North Pacific synthesis. Contact: Toshiro Saino, Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chigusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8601, JAPAN, Tel. +81 52 789 3487, Fax. +81 52 789 3436 Fall, Sidney, B.C., Canada. North Pacific Synthesis Group editorial meeting for an issue of the Journal of Oceanography on JGOFS NP synthesis. Contact: Toshiro Saino, Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chigusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8601, JAPAN, Tel. +81 52 789 3487, Fax. +81 52 789 3436 4-6 December, Washington DC, USA. Continental Margin Task Team Workshop for the Global Synthesis of the Regional Syntheses. Contact: Larry Atkinson, Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0276, USA, Tel. +1 757 683 4926, Fax. +1 757 683 5550; Renato Quiñones, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, CHILE, Tel. +56 41 203861, Fax. +56 41 256571 Finances. In Year 2001, the project completed an overall operation budget of $391,173 with funds coming from the Research Council of Norway (NRC), SCOR, IGBP, University of Bergen (UiB), IOC, and ICSU. These funds covered the administration costs of the project, overheads for the project and facilities, publication costs, travel costs of the committee and activities, such as meetings, workshops and symposia. In Year 2002, operating funds from NRC, SCOR, IOC, UiB and IGBP, including residuals from Year 2000 and 2001, totals $366,821. The expected expenditure for Year 2002 is $350,537. As of September 2002, the estimated balance is $16,296. Other details are shown in the table below.

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Minutes of the 18th Meeting of the Scientific Steering Committee

for the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study

Washington DC, USA 4 May 2003

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Opening and Welcome...................................................................................................... 1 II. Adoption of Agenda and Timeline ................................................................................... 1 III. Meeting Arrangements ..................................................................................................... 1 IV. Old Business ..................................................................................................................... 1

A. IGBP Book Series Publication ................................................................................ 1 B. Third JGOFS Open Science Conference................................................................. 1

V. Synthesis Groups and Task Team Reports ....................................................................... 2 A. Data Management Task Team................................................................................. 2 B. Global Synthesis Working Group ........................................................................... 2 C. North Atlantic Synthesis Group .............................................................................. 3 D. Indian Ocean Synthesis Group................................................................................ 3 E. Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group......................................................................... 3 F. North Pacific Synthesis Group................................................................................ 4 G. Southern Ocean Synthesis Group............................................................................ 4 H. Continental Margins Task Team ............................................................................. 5 I. JGOFS-GAIM Task Team ...................................................................................... 6 J. Paleo-JGOFS Task Team ........................................................................................ 6

VI. International Programmes................................................................................................. 6 A. International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) ........................................ 6

1. Core Projects................................................................................................... 6 2. IGBP Congress ............................................................................................... 7 3. OCEANS (now IMBER) Transition Team..................................................... 7

B. Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR).............................................. 7 1. International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP) .......................... 7 2. SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean Carbon Dioxide ................................. 7 3. Other Activities............................................................................................... 8

C. International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG).................................... 8 D. Global Ocean Observing System ............................................................................ 9

1. Ocean Observations Panel on Climate (OOPC) ............................................. 9 VII. International Project Office .............................................................................................. 9

A. Executive Officer Report ........................................................................................ 9 1. Office Closing............................................................................................... 10

B. Assistant Executive Officer Report....................................................................... 10 VIII. Other Business ................................................................................................................ 11 IX. Appendices...................................................................................................................... 12

Appendix I. List of Participants, Contact Information ................................................ 12 Appendix II. Draft Agenda and Timeline.................................................................... 14 Appendix III. IGBP Book Series Publication.............................................................. 16 Appendix IV. Conference Funds and Expenditures Report ........................................ 17 Appendix V. Data Management Task Team Report.................................................... 20 Appendix VI. Global Synthesis Working Group and JGTT Reports .......................... 22

Appendix VII. North Atlantic Synthesis Group Report .............................................. 24 Appendix VIII. Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group Report........................................ 26 Appendix IX. North Pacific Synthesis Group Report.................................................. 28 Appendix X. Southern Ocean Synthesis Group Report............................................... 32 Appendix XI. Coastal Margins Task Team Report .................................................... 34 Appendix XII. Paleo-JGOFS Task Team Report ....................................................... 35 Appendix XIII. International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group Report.................. 36 Appendix XIV. JGOFS Funds and Budget for 2002 ................................................... 37 Appendix XV. JGOFS Funds and Budget for 2003 (in progress) ............................... 38 Appendix XVI. JGOFS Calendars for 2002 and 2003 ................................................ 39 Appendix XVII. Tasks remaining to closing the International Project Offices........... 42 Appendix XVIII. JGOFS Core Parameter List ............................................................... 43 Appendix XIX. Data Rescue Report........................................................................... 47 Appendix XX. JGOFS-Pangaea Meeting Report ....................................................... 48 Appendix XXI. Letters to the Agencies...................................................................... 49 Appendix XXII. Agencies’ Addresses........................................................................ 51 Appendix XXIII. Oceanographic Data and Information Management ....................... 58

I. Opening and Welcome Ducklow opened the meeting at 09:40 and welcomed all participants (see Appendix I: List of Participants and Contact Information). The Committee received regrets from Huasheng Hong, Karin Lochte (Chair, Paleo-JGOFS Task Team), Douglas Wallace (Chair, SCOR/IOC Ocean CO2 Advisory Panel), and Sturle Litland (IPO Financial Administrator). To set the tenor of the final meeting of Scientific Steering Committee, he reminisced to the time when a small group of willing writers of the JGOFS Science Plan met in this very room, Room #280 at the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and prepared the Science Plan for JGOFS. (Historical note: the willing writers, led by Michael Fasham-UK, were Bodo von Bodungen-Germany, Peter Brewer-USA, Kenneth Denman-Canada, Hugh Ducklow-USA, Geoff Evans-Canada, Henry Elderfield-UK, Marlon Lewis-Canada, Trevor Platt-Canada, David Turner-Sweden, Gerold Wefer-Germany and Bernt Zeitzschel-Germany). Ducklow also alluded to the atmosphere of the present meeting by noting the present political environment and conscientious opposition regarding the war against Iraq, the health concerns over “SARS” and warnings to international travellers, which have prevented a couple SSC members and a few participants from attending the final conference in the USA. He regretted their absence and wished them all well.

II. Adoption of Agenda and Timeline The Committee approved the meeting agenda and timeline without changes (Appendix II). The agenda included brief reports from the synthesis groups and task teams, and overall progress since the 17th SSC Meeting in Concepción, Chile, in September 2002. The agenda also included a review of the JGOFS legacy and our bequests to the next ocean program, the closing of the International JGOFS Project Office in December 2003 and the production of the International JGOFS Datasets DVD.

III. Meeting Arrangements Stokke suggested travel assistance with reimbursements and presented some details on lunch and dinner for SSC members/guests.

IV. Old Business Hanson presented a rapid review of the minutes of the 17th SSC meeting, focusing on the latest status on the actions, and received very few comments. The minutes were approved without changes. As with past meeting minutes, the Minutes of the 17th Meeting will be available online and printed in an issue of the JGOFS Report Series.

A. IGBP Book Series Publication Ducklow announced that “Fasham’s” book on Ocean Biogeochemistry: The Role of the Ocean Carbon Cycle in Global Change (Appendix III), recently published by Springer Verlag, arrived in time for the Conference and that copies would be distributed to the SSC after the meeting. Hanson mentioned that the University of Bergen purchased the 40 books at the Conference. The books will be distributed to the Chairs of JGOFS, Conference Speakers and best daily posters at the Conference Banquet. Broadgate reminded everyone that Springer Verlag offers a 10% discount on all IGBP book series (see IGBP and JGOFS websites for details; www.igbp.kva.se/cgi-bin/php/publications_books.show.php?section_id=48 and www.uib.no/jgofs/Publications/Books/synthesis_book_2.pdf)

B. Third JGOFS Open Science Conference

Hanson reviewed fund raising and financial status of the Final Open Science Conference regarding travel support for the participants from least developed countries (LDC) and speakers (Appendix IV). The Conference is in good financial order.

V. Synthesis Groups and Task Team Reports

A. Data Management Task Team Conkright reported on the latest DMTT activities with an emphasis on the accomplishments (e.g., the DVD entitled “International JGOFS Data Collection. Volume 1: Discrete Datasets”), which was distributed to all SSC members during the meeting and to all Conference participants along with the conference package. Another accomplishment or lesson learned from JGOFS is the need of a data management plan in an international project from the start, i.e., included in the science plan. Schlitzer commented that one general weakness of the current data management is that it is nationally funded. This distributive data management causes a painful integration at the international level. Schlitzer recommends that future data management frameworks be split by disciplines and not by countries, using the example of WOCE, where several specific parts of the datasets were unified according to the discipline and parameters, and not to the country of the data originator or of the cruise ship. Smith commented that in such case, there is also a need for an agreement on methodology and on a list of parameters related to the core science of the project. Urban indicated that the OCEANS1 Transition Team does work with those ideas in mind and will also work accordingly during the forthcoming IGBP congress in Banff. The SCOR will also have some U.S. NSF funding to contribute to the follow up for discussions after the IGBP congress. Broadgate reminded that the help of the JGOFS DMTT will be greatly appreciated in the process of the preparation of the DM plans. Conkright stated that the DMTT has worked incredibly hard and efficiently during the past few weeks in order to create the DVD and that these efforts should be fully acknowledged. Ducklow reminded that JGOFS DM efforts started in 1987 with the Data Management Working Group as it was then called. Ducklow thanked Conkright for her DM leadership and the DMTT for fulfilling its goals and successfully contributing the final international DVD to the JGOFS legacy. A full report of recent DMTT activities is given in Appendix V.

B. Global Synthesis Working Group Schlitzer reported on a meeting that was planned earlier to compare model approaches and performances but later cancelled because several carbon model intercomparisons are currently proceeding in the USA and Europe, in particular an initiative led by Ken Caldeira and Jim Orr regarding a quantitative evaluation of physical/biogeochemical models for different parameters, e.g., CFC. There is a discussion that some objective evaluations of the model be made mandatory before publication of an article related to the model. Garçon indicated that it is not always possible or simple and that the main issue here is honesty in all scientific works. Avril agreed that ethics are essential at all stages of the model elaboration as well as for the dataset evaluation. For example, full accessibility and documentation of datasets are now often required before publications. Schlitzer concluded with a note on the GSWG/JGTT modelling workshop in Ispra, Italy, last June. The Chairs of the Workshop are nearly finished with the report, and we expect that it will be printed in the JGOFS Report later this summer

1 At the IGBP Congress in Banff, June 2003, the name OCEANS was changed to IMBER (Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research).

(IPO note: report arrived 15 July 2003, see Appendix VI; and the report was published in late July after some editorial work at the IPO as the JGOFS Report 38, see www.uib.no/jgofs/Publications/Report_Series/JGOFS_38.pdf). Ducklow acknowledged Schlitzer’s strong and dedicated leadership with the Global Synthesis Working Group and thanked him for GSWG contributions to the JGOFS legacy. The Workshop report will be major international synthesis product.

C. North Atlantic Synthesis Group Garçon presented the latest activities for the NASG. A summary report is given in Appendix VII. Briefly, • The Group submitted several synthesis posters to the Final Open Science Conference; • A specialized meeting took place in Toulouse, France, in mid-January 2003, under the

coordination of the POMME framework; • At the OCEANS Meeting in Paris, NASG offered its perspective on how the North

Atlantic region would fit into the next ocean program. Sites were discussed (continental margins, upwelling areas, and long-term time-series stations);

• The most recent NASG datasets are almost ready and most of the earlier datasets are included in the international DVD;

• During the EGU-AGU conference in Nice in early April 2003, a specific session was dedicated to NASG science.

Garçon expressed her thanks to the long-term support of Fasham and Ducklow for the NASG activities. The AMT programme continues and members of the NASG are currently involved in the preparation of the EUROCEANS programme. Ducklow thanked Garçon for her intellectual fortitude and resilience with Synthesis Group and bringing its activities to a successful synthesis and conclusion

D. Indian Ocean Synthesis Group Smith reported on the latest activities of the IOSG. Since 1991, a strong international presence continues in the region, and some activities are still ongoing or currently planned in UK, GE, IN and US. A synthesis book for the IGBP Book Series has been proposed with 10 chapters and a first complete draft is expected in June, and finalized in Dec. 2003. Highlights of the book may be seen in the IOSG synthesis poster by Smith at the Open Science Conference. On the science side, the synthesis revealed that dust inputs of Fe are seasonal and linked with the summer monsoon (upwelling and primary production). This dust creates some background bias in remote sensing of ocean colour (overestimating plant biomass content by as much as 80%) and some strong anoxia in the North East, linked to physical (vigorous eddy) processes. Because of the current political and economical situation in the region, there are new interests and some new research possibilities, e.g., in fisheries and marine science in the North West of the Arabian Sea. Conkright acknowledged Smith’s accomplishments as guest editor of several Deep-Sea Research II volumes on the Arabian Sea Process Study. Ducklow also expressed his gratitude and credited the final successes of the IOSG synthesis to her insatiable enthusiasm and strong leadership in the region

E. Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group Le Borgne reported on the latest activities of the EPSG. A full report is given in Appendix VIII. Most of the activities are now in the frameworks of JAMSTEC or of TAO as well as in

some programmes in the USA and France, in particular the US JGOFS SMP (Synthesis and Modelling Project) and PROOF Modélisation. In 2002 and 2003, a Deep-Sea Research II special issue and a Journal of Geophysical Research special section on the Equatorial Pacific synthesis were published. Duck thanked Le Borgne for taking over the leadership of the EPSG from James Murray and credited much of the final successes of the EPSG synthesis to his effort and dedication.

F. North Pacific Synthesis Group Bychkov reported on the latest activities of the NPSG. A full report is given in Appendix IX. Several publications of relevance were mentioned: Deep-Sea Research II 49(24-25); Progress in Oceanography, August 2003, PICES report May 2003; CD-ROM expected in March 2004 (published by JODC, www.jodc.go.jp/); J. Oceanography (Japan) expected for spring 2004. A meeting is proposed in mid-Nov. 2003, in Nagoya, Japan, and funds were requested. There is also a new Japanese project called SEEDS (Subarctic Pacific Iron Experiment for Ecosystem Dynamics Study, www.maff.go.jp/mud/476.html), dealing with the iron in the NP, and some intercalibration measurements of CO2, which are currently exhibiting fundamental problems. SEEDS was funded by the Japanese Ministry of Environment for three years (2001-2003). The study was originally proposed in the Advisory Panel on Iron Fertilization Experiment (IFEP) at the 8th North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) meeting. Anderson indicated that those problems are related to errors or uncertainties in the dissociation constants, which might vary regionally. Tilbrook also mentioned that the temperature dependence of those constants is not well known, and that there are several problems in the CO2 measurement techniques. In this regard, Garçon urged the improvement of the core parameters, in particular the CO2 system, before OCEANS (now called IMBER). Ducklow thanked Bychkov and Saino for leading the NPSG and following through on the North Pacific Process Study, which by the way is still ongoing. The group remains active and maintains a healthy dialogue about the science in the region.

G. Southern Ocean Synthesis Group Tréguer reported on SOSG accomplishments under six scientific questions (below). A full national report is given in Appendix X. Question 1: What role does the Southern Ocean (SO) play in the contemporary global cycle of carbon and related elements? • For oceanographers, the SO is a net sink of CO2 (>50°S): -0.1 to -0.6 GtC yr-1, but it is not

a sink in atmosphere inversion models. • The modelled penetration of anthropogenic CO2 is very active >50°S but anthropogenic

CO2 is rapidly transported northward isopycnally. • The modelled interannual variability of the net CO2 sink is ±0.2 GtC yr-1

Question 2: What controls the magnitude and variability of the primary production and export production? • The export of particulate organic carbon is very efficient in the SO with regards to the

limited Primary Production, but the export of carbon deeper than the ventilation depth is not different compared to the rest of the world ocean, indicating that this carbon flux is actively degraded within the “twilight” zone.

• Co-limitation (light, Fe, Si …) is involved in the limitation of primary productivity in this huge HNLC zone.

• Today’s Fe fertilisation experiments at mesoscale have not been successful in showing that Fe addition in surface waters can enhance a more active biological pump of carbon.

Question 3: What are the major features of spatial and temporal variability in the physical and chemical environments? • The classical view of latitudinal bands of contrasted marine environments around

Antarctica is still alive, but evidence of the importance of west-east gradients is provided, especially from satellite views of eolian transported material (cf. trace-metals).

• Numerous sophisticated models now account for the complexity of the merry-go-round Antarctic ecosystems.

• Importance both of diatoms and Phaeocystis antarctica for carbon export to depth. • Large scale distributions of krill and salps, the two major large grazers, show they usually

inhabit different environments. Question 4: What is the effect of sea ice zone (SIZ) in and to the SO? • The seasonal waxing of sea ice around Antarctica is one of the largest seasonal signals on

planet Earth. • The sea ice has to be regarded as a unique system which supports a complex trophic

network. • Estimate of epontic-algae primary production is 0.04 GtC yr-1, i.e. 10% of the Seasonal Ice

Zone primary production. • Importance of P. antarctica blooms in the SIZ that cause intense dimethylsulfide (DMS)

emission. • Large deviations from the classical Redfield ratio have been reported.

Question 5: How has the role of the SO changed in the past? • The biogeochemistry of the SO is very sensitive to climate change. • Different scenarios are proposed to explain the why and the how of the changing intensity

of the biological pump of carbon during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) compared to the modern ocean.

• One of these scenarios considers that during the LGM the primary production increased north of the Polar Front due to inputs of nutrients (especially Si) and enhanced eolian inputs of Fe.

Question 6: How might the role of the SO change in the future? • We have indications that the biogeochemistry of the SO is already changing. • Different coupled physical-biogeochemical models show that the SO is very sensitive to

climate change in case of doubling the atmosphere CO2. They predict rather big changes in the SO, in regards to the sink of CO2 and to the flux of carbon exported to depth.

• We need improved understanding and parameterizations for accurate predictions. Ducklow thanked Tréguer (and Bathmann, Past Chair) for the leadership in guiding the SOSG synthesis over the years.

H. Continental Margins Task Team Quiñones reported on the CMTT synthesis activities. A full report is given in Appendix XI. The progress on the Springer Verlag book is proceeding strong. In December, Atkinson hosted the Global Synthesis Workshop in the USA. During the workshop, the CMTT agreed on the lead editorship, which is now K.-K. Liu with contributing co-editors of Atkinson,

Quiñones, and Talaue-McManus. Another decision of requesting an assistant for Liu gained support from the IPOs of LOICZ and JGOFS. The editors have received about 15 of the 50 contributions to the book and hope to have about 90% by June. The final draft manuscript is expected by the end of the year. IGBP approved the pre-proposal in March and Springer expects to publish it in 2004. Ducklow thanked Quiñones and extended his thanks to Liu and the CMTT. Continental margins did not receive the attention deserved in the past. However through the strong efforts the CMTT in recent years, we have greatly advanced our knowledge of the processes at the ocean boundary.

I. JGOFS-GAIM Task Team Monfray reported briefly on JGTT activities. The JGTT/GSWG Workshop in Ispra proved very successful as summarised by Schlitzer earlier. The Workshop report is nearly completed and is a good synthesis of the JGOFS ocean modelling and issues. The JGTT assisted the OCEANS (IMBER) Open Science Meeting in Paris and contributed to drafting the science plan. Efforts are continuing with regard to the OCMIP model intercomparison (with the “Taylor table”, e.g., CFC, CO2…) but at different speeds and emphasis in the EU and USA. The EU recently approved funds for the “Northern Ocean Carbon Exchange Study” (NOCES, www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/OCMIP/phase3/#NOCES), a collaborative effort involving five different European countries: France, UK, Belgium, Germany, and Norway. NOCES will be the first ocean model Intercomparison to focus on interannual-decadal variability, to use multiple ocean carbon cycle models to simulate decadal variability, to focus on associated mechanisms, and to include an inverse atmospheric modelling component. Last month, Jim Orr organized the first annual meeting of NOCES in Nice, France.

J. Paleo-JGOFS Task Team Lochte sent the PJTT report and it is given in Appendix XII. Hanson read the report into the minutes.

VI. International Programmes

A. International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) Broadgate mentioned that IGBP is pleased that JGOFS is still very active in its last year, and also helpful in the planning of OCEANS (IPO note: the acronym was changed and approved as IMBER, Integrated Marine Biochemistry and Ecosystem Research, by IGBP and SCOR in Banff, Canada, June 2003).

1. Core Projects Broadgate mentioned that SOLAS (Chair: Peter Liss; website: www.solas-int.org), is a joint initiative of IGBP, SCOR, WCRP (World Climate Research Programme, www.wmo.ch/web/wcrp/wcrp-home.html) and CACGP (Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution), and it is requesting nomination for Members of their Working Groups in their 3 Focus areas and for modelling and data management. Regarding LOICZ II, it will possess a strong socio-economical compartment linked to IHDP and SCOR will co-sponsor Theme 3: Fate and transformation of materials in coastal and shelf waters. The new joint Global Carbon Project (GCP, www.globalcarbonproject.org/) of the Earth System Science Partners (ESSP, www.ess-p.org/) will create some new connections and coordination effort between the different international programmes.

2. IGBP Congress Broadgate mentioned that the IGBP Congress in Banff, Canada, will be held in June and will focus on building Connectivities in the Earth System Science. Several SSC meetings, Transition Teams, National IGBP Representatives and IGBP SC will meet along with the Directors and Representatives of WCRP, IHDP and DIVERSITAS and contribute to Plenary Sessions and Working Groups on relevant issues of Earth System Science. The outputs from the morning Plenary Sessions and WGs, including the Session on Ocean Data Management are now available online (cf. IGBP Congress website at www.igbp.kva.se/congress/). Several JGOFS scientists were in attendance and supported the Plenary Sessions and Working Groups.

3. OCEANS (now IMBER) Transition Team Monfray, Co-Chair of the OCEANS (now called IMBER) Transition Team, presented a detailed overview of the project. The general setup for the future programme is organised under several overarching questions on natural and anthropogenic forcings, and mechanistic relationship between the elemental cycling and the ecosystem dynamics, and several foci or themes on interactions, sensitivity and feedbacks, along with several sub-themes. The domains of the programme with special emphasis will cover continental margins, mesopelagic layer and high latitude regions. The Science Plan and Implementation Strategy (SPIS) draft will be released in late May and then discussed at the IGBP Congress. A new draft of the SPIS is expected in September. There remains a need for more interactions with other projects, e.g., GLOBEC, LOICZ II, SOLAS, PAGES and GAIM, and international programmes, e.g., WCRP-CLIVAR, IGOS-GOOS, DIVERSITAS-CoML, and IHDP, as well as new support for development of new projects.

B. Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR)

1. International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP) Urban emphasised the activities and future plans of the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP, ioc.unesco.org/ioccp/), which is a joint project of SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2 and the Global Carbon Project of the IGBP, IHDP and WCRP. The project office is located at UNESCO/IOC with Maria Hood at the helm. The objectives of IOCCP include (i) develop a compilation and synthesis of information on ocean carbon, (ii) promote an integration of international research program, (iii) coordinate regional science groups, and (iv) organise groups to promote standardised measurement techniques and improve accessibility of carbon datasets. The IOCCP held its first workshop in Paris following the OCEANS Open Science Meeting. A background paper on the IOCCP and the workshop by Sabine, C.L. and M. Hood, New Levels of International Cooperation among Ocean Carbon Scientists, will be released soon in Eos, Trans. AGU (in press), which was circulated at the meeting. The workshop report is online at www.ioc.unesco.org/iocweb/co2panel/OCCPws.html and now available on a CD ROM (for copies, contact Hood at IOC, Paris, France). Sabine also presented an IOCCP poster at the JGOFS Open Science Conference. Other issues that the panel will handled include ocean measurements in the EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) and carbon measurements in low sampled regions of the ocean with CLIVAR.

2. SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean Carbon Dioxide In Wallace’s absence, Urban reported briefly on the Advisory Panel and activities. The Advisory Panel is making plans to support the SCOR-IOC Symposium on “Oceans in a High CO2 World”. The symposium will bring together ocean scientists for an interdisciplinary examination of the issues related to the ocean in a high-CO2 world, including potential

effectiveness, risks, and unknowns in the sequestration of carbon dioxide in the ocean. The panel has maintained a strong link with GOOS over the years and has now linked with GCP of the ESSP. Future mandate of the Panel is uncertain.

3. Other Activities Urban also remarked that SCOR is strongly involved in the planning of a symposium next year on the “Ocean in a High CO2 World”, co-sponsored with IOC with help from the SCOR-IOC Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2, next year in Europe. U.S. National Science Foundation and the Research Council of Norway is providing partial financial support and additional support is being sought. The symposium will address present knowledge and uncertainties related to purposeful sequestration of CO2 in the ocean, ocean CO2 sequestration policy, and research needs, protocols and standards. A number of products are planned: a rapid release of their recommendations on the future research priorities, and a special, peer-reviewed issue in a scientific journal in 2005. More information is found on the SCOR web site: www.jhu.edu/scor . SCOR Working Group 109 on Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater, co sponsored by IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry), produced it first product: The Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater by David R. Turner and Keith A. Hunter, now available from Wiley books. A subgroup of the working group also conducted a low level iron intercalibration exercise and an article is being prepared for Eos. Another relevant Working Group, WG 120 on Marine Phytoplankton and Global Climate Regulation is now underway and plans to produce a book on climate-relevant information about Phaeocystis and other DMS-producing phytoplankton.

C. International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG) Platt reported on the IOCCG (see also Appendix XIII) and mentioned that it originated from the former JGOFS Remote Sensing Task Team. Its most important role internationally is the preparation of monographs and the organization of training courses for scientists from the least developed countries. Early in JGOFS history, ocean observation was characterized by the development of new methods and the acceptance of a new “climate quality” parameters, for example ocean colour or chlorophyll as measured from CZCS and SeaWiFS. Data streams from SeaWiFS continue and there is a strong need to maintain the continuity of the data stream from SeaWiFS because the newest sensors are not available to all or easily accessible. Likewise, the data flow of “climate quality” parameters need more integration and international collaborations. The newest sensors, such as MODIS-TERRA and AQUA or MERIS, do not provide data yet to all scientific communities, and no specific, new efforts have been made in the data distribution or integration between all satellites and sensors. There is a need to coordinate the different sensors, according to their proprieties and performances. There is also a need for the full support of the scientific community, which is one of the main end users as well as its financial commitment to the maintenance of the systems, for a total of ~2-4 million USD per year. In addition, some “pressure” regarding proper data management and data policy towards the space agencies is needed. Currently, an unofficial “Future of SeaWiFS” website (www.ccpo.odu.edu/~orca/SeaWiFS/Future_of_SeaWiFS.html) has been set up to survey the degree of community support, both nationally and internationally, for continuing SeaWiFS observations. Many seem unaware of the scheduled demise of the SeaWiFS mission in December 2003. An open forum should provide an accurate consensus and allow the SeaWiFS-user community to present a united front. A Community Letter with the survey information will be forwarded to US Congress and various US and foreign agencies.

It is noted that the current activities of IGOS and GOOS are more related to “aggregation” rather than “integration” Ducklow thanked Platt for the report on satellites and sensors and then recognized his long contributions to JGOFS and Ocean Futures Meetings. He reminded that it was Platt who initially suggested that JGOFS be a time-defined project, which provided some additional freedom to JGOFS and allowed a more dynamic strategy.

D. Global Ocean Observing System

1. Ocean Observations Panel on Climate (OOPC) Haugan noted that an overview of the restructured GOOS and relevant ongoing activities was given at the last SSC meeting in Concepción, and that he would briefly update us on some recent activities within GOOS. Under co-sponsorship of OOPC (www.ioc.unesco.org/goos/oopc.htm), CLIVAR and POGO, a global ocean time series observatory system is under development, linking some carbon and biogeochemistry observations, as another “Pilot Project”. This project would be of finite duration with specific objectives aimed at testing and evaluating candidate systems, testing and evaluating routine operation and data delivery mechanisms, developing standards and formats for data exchange, and much more. Within GOOS there are two Advisory Panels: the OOPC and the COOP (Coastal Ocean Observations Panel). The COOP is a merger of HOTO, LMR and C-GOOS. The Scope of COOP is to plan and facilitate the implementation of an end-to-end observing system to provide systematic data sets and products to users. Goals are to monitor, assess, and predict effects of natural variations and human activities on the marine environment and ecosystems of the coastal ocean. Although the emphasis will be on coastal ecosystems (e.g., estuaries, bays, sounds, fjords, open waters of the continental shelf), boundaries will be determined by the problems being addressed and the products to be produced. The focus will be on design and implementation of a sustained and integrated system, and as an end-to-end system from measurements to the timely distribution of products. Ducklow thanked Haugan for maintaining JGOFS linkage in these groups.

VII. International Project Office

A. Executive Officer Report Hanson reported on the International Project Office (IPO) and activities since the meeting in Concepción. Over the past 8 months, the IPO raised approximately 53,000 USD of external funds for scientists from Least Developed Country to attend the 3rd JGOFS Open Science Conference, general support of the Open Science Conference, and regional and global workshops of the Continental Margins Task Team. The Assistant Executive Officer, Bernard Avril, contributed significant time and effort over the past months and years in the collection of information on participating national JGOFS projects and cruises since 1988, and with the DMTT, he helped produce the "International JGOFS Data Collection. Volume 1: discrete datasets". The Financial Assistant, Sturle Litland, completed the official 2002 budget and it is provided in Appendix XIV. The 2003 budget remains strong and open but far from complete (see Appendix XV) as we moved from the 2002 Calendar into 2003 Calendar (Appendix XVI). The staff is presently making plans to close the Office on 31 December 2003 (see Office Closing below), after what all IPO activities will cease. However, minimal support will continue with essential documentation and web site information on a voluntary basis and as time permits.

1. Office Closing Hanson informed the SSC that the International Project Office plans to close its offices at the University of Bergen on 31 December 2003. In September after the final JGOFS Executive Meeting in Bergen, the Executives and the Office will hold a banquet, in part in closing the Office, to honour of our Norwegian hosts and friends at the Research Council of Norway and the University of Bergen. The JGOFS community has much to be grateful for and appreciative of over the past 8 years. Without the continuous financial and facility supports in Norway, JGOFS and the SSC would not have functioned as well as they have. Efforts are now underway to transfer and archive JGOFS and IPO holdings and documents from 1996 to the present to the University of Bergen, libraries in the USA and Norway, National and World Data Centre system, and to future programmes via IGBP and SCOR. However, many tasks remain (Appendix XVII). The official financial records covering JGOFS activities/accounts over the past eight years will be held at the University in Norway. Office copies of all transactions will be archived for as long as it is deemed necessary at the Centre for Studies of the Environment and Resources. For future reference and access to the financial records, the IPO will provide contact information of the responsible person(s) at the University to SCOR and IGBP. Other complete holdings, such as the JGOFS Report Series, Annual Reports to SCOR, IGBP and Norwegian Research Council over the years will be transferred to the National Library in Norway (Mo i Rana) and all collected series from 1988 to 2003 will be transferred to the Library at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and held with the US JGOFS Planning Office and Data Management records, reports, and historical documents. The JGOFS website, which will be maintained regularly, will remain online at least for one year and will also be copied on CD ROMs, and transferred to the SCOR, IGBP, selected libraries and interested individuals, and possibly to future ocean programmes if requested before Office closure. During the discussion on closing and archiving office documents, Quiñones recommended that the SSC strongly consider hiring a historian of marine sciences, such as Eric Mills, to record JGOFS history and accomplishments. The SSC expressed interest in the idea, and Ducklow supported Quiñones recommendation. No action was taken at the time. However, Ducklow would follow up on the recommendation.

B. Assistant Executive Officer Report For the period from September 2002 to May 2003, the Assistant Executive Officer reported that he provided general assistance to the IPO Executive Officer and to the DMTT, as required: improvement and update of the International JGOFS website; update the list of JGOFS publication references; support in the preparation of the artwork and main documentation of the International JGOFS DVD, for the transfer of datasets from the Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan and Spain for the International JGOFS DVD; and facilitating the IPO funding for the International JGOFS DVD production. The main achievements are the final version of the JGOFS core parameters list (see Appendix XVIII), the co-organization of and participation in the "JGOFS-PANGAEA" meeting in Bremen, Germany, the participation in the final DMTT meeting in Bidston, UK, the publication of reports regarding the "Data Rescue" meeting, Ispra, Italy (see Appendix XIX) and the "JGOFS-PANGAEA" meeting, Bremen, Germany (Appendix XX), the preparation of and sending of letters to about 150 funding agencies and programme managers (Appendix XXI), the promotion of JGOFS activities regarding data and information management through poster, oral or slide show presentations [see, bottom of www.uib.no/jgofs/about.html] in "Colour of Ocean Data" symposium, Brussels, Belgium, Nov. 2002 (see, www.vliz.be/En/Activ/Events/Cod/cod.htm); OCEANS conference, Paris, France, Jan. 2003 (www.igbp.kva.se/obe/); IOC/IODE 17th Session, Paris, France, Mar. 2003 (www.ioc.unesco.org/iode/categories.php?category_

no=82); EGU-AGU Conference, Nice, France, Apr. 2003 (www.copernicus.org/egsagueug); Final JGOFS OSC, Washington DC, USA, May 2003 (www.usjgofs.whoi.edu/osc2003.html). In addition, the Assistant Executive Officer is currently involved in the OCEANS [now IMBER] Transition Team activities regarding its data and information management, taking advantage of the lessons learned from JGOFS (Appendix XXII).

VIII. Other Business Ducklow asked for other business. Since none was offered, Ducklow asked that the SSC to remain in the room after the Meeting adjourns. He adjourned the meeting at 16:15. A SSC Appreciation Reception immediately followed with delicious dark chocolate cake and French Champagne, gifts and fun. Everyone most enjoyed Ducklow’s “musical books game” to distribute his four favourite literary books among the members and guests. The most contested book was "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" by Thomas S. Kuhn. His other favourites were "Master and Commander" by Patrick O'Brian, "The Crystal Desert: Summers in Antarctica" by David G. Campbell, and "The Dream of Scipio" by Iain Pears.

IX. Appendices

Appendix I. List of Participants, Contact Information Chair DUCKLOW, HUGH - JGOFS NASG, IGBP-SC. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Route 1208-Greate Road, Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062-1346, USA Tel. +1 804 684 7180, Fax. +1 804 684 7293, duck@vims.edu Vice Chair GARÇON, VÉRONIQUE - JGOFS NASG (Chair). Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales, CNRS, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, F-31055 Toulouse Cedex, FRANCE Tel. +33 5 6133 2957, Fax. +33 5 6125 3205, Veronique.Garcon@cnes.fr Executive Science Officer HANSON, ROGER B. - JGOFS IPO. JGOFS International Project Office, Centre for Studies of Environment and Resources, University of Bergen, Post Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY Tel. +47 5558 4244, Fax. +47 5558 9687, roger.hanson@jgofs.uib.no At-large Members ANDERSON, ROBERT (BOB) - Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, P.O. Box 1000, Palisades, New York 10964-1000, USA Tel. +1 845 365 8508, Fax. +1 845 365 8155, boba@ldeo.columbia.edu HANSELL, DENNIS - Division of Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA Tel. +1 305 361 4078, Fax. +1 305 361 4689, dhansell@rsmas.miami.edu HAUGAN, PETER - JGOFS ISCAP, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Allégaten 70, N-5007 Bergen, NORWAY Tel. +47 5558 26 78, Fax. +47 5559 9883, Peter.Haugan@gfi.uib.no HONG, HUASHENG (regrets received) - College of Oceanography and Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, CHINA, P.R.C. Tel. +86 592 218 2216, Fax. +86 592 209 5242, hshong@xmu.edu.cn TILBROOK, BRONTE - JGOFS NCP (AU), Division of Marine Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIRO), GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, AUSTRALIA. Tel: +61 3 6232 5273, Fax: +61 3 6232 5000, bronte.tilbrook@csiro.au SAINO, TOSHIRO - JGOFS NPTT (Vice-Chair), Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Science (IHAS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chigusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8601, JAPAN. Tel. +81 52 789 3487, Fax. +81 52 789 3436, tsaino@ihas.nagoya-u.ac.jp SSC Members BYCHKOV, ALEKSANDR (ALEX) - JGOFS NPTT (Chair), North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES), c/o Institute of Ocean Sciences, 9860 West Saanich Road, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney V8L 4B2, B.C., CANADA Tel. +1-250 363 6364, Fax. +1-250 363 6827, bychkov@pices.int CONKRIGHT-GREGG, MARGARITA - JGOFS DMTT (Chair), NOAA, Program Planning and Implementation Office, 1315 East-West Highway, Room 15752, Silver Spring, MD 20910-3282, USA Tel. +1 301 713 1622, ext. 185, Fax. +1 301 713 0585, Margarita.Gregg@noaa.gov LE BORGNE, ROBERT - JGOFS EPSG (Chair), Centre de Nouméa, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 101 Promenade Roger Laroque, B.P. A5, F-98848 Nouméa Cedex, Nouvelle Calédonie, FRANCE Tel. +33 4 9104 1657, Fax. +33 4 9104 1635, leborgne@noumea.ird.nc

LOCHTE, KARIN (regrets received) - JGOFS PJTT (Chair), JGOFS NCP (GE). FB Marine Biogeochemie, Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, GERMANY Tel. +49 431 600 4250, Fax. +49 431 565 876, klochte@ifm.uni-kiel.de MONFRAY, PATRICK - JGOFS GSWG, JGTT (Co-Chair), SOSG, Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales, CNES-CNRS-IRD-UPS, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, F-31401 Toulouse Cedex 4, FRANCE Tel. +33 5 6133 2902, Fax. +33 5 6125 3205, monfray@cnes.fr PLATT, TREVOR - IOCCG (Chair), Biological Oceanography Division, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, CANADA. Tel: +1 902 426 3793, Fax: +1 902 426 9388, tplatt@is.dal.ca QUIÑONES, RENATO - JGOFS/LOICZ CMTT (Co-Chair), JGOFS NCP (CL). Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, CHILE. Tel. +56 41 203 861, Fax. +56 41 256 571, rquinone@udec.cl SCHLITZER, REINER - JGOFS GSWG (Chair), Department of GeoSystem, Alfred-Wegener Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Columbusstraße, P.O. Box 120161, D-27515 Bremerhaven, GERMANY. Tel: +49 471 4831 1559, Fax: +49 471 4831 1149, rschlitzer@awi-bremerhaven.de SMITH, SHARON - JGOFS IOSG (Chair), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL- 33149-1098, USA. Tel: +1 305 361 4819, Fax: +1 305 361 4600, ssmith@rsmas.miami.edu TRÉGUER, PAUL - JGOFS/PAGES PJTT, JGOFS SOSG (Chair), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (IUEM / UBO), Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Place Nicolas Copernic, F-29280 Plouzané, FRANCE. Tel.:+33 2 9849 8664, Fax: +33 2 9849 8645, Paul.Treguer@univ-brest.fr WALLACE, DOUGLAS (DOUG) - (regrets received) - ISCAP (Chair), JGOFS NASG, FB Marine Biogeochemie, Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel (IfM-Kiel), Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, GERMANY. Tel: +49 431 600 4200, Fax: +49 431 600 174201, dwallace@ifm.uni-kiel.de IGBP Secretariat BROADGATE, WENDY - IGBP Deputy Director, Natural Sciences. IGBP Secretariat, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, S-104 05 Stockholm, SWEDEN Tel. +46 8 6739 559, Fax: +46 8 166 405, wendy@igbp.kva.se SCOR Secretariat URBAN, EDWARD (ED) - SCOR Executive Director, SCOR Secretariat, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Olin Hall, San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA Tel. +1 410 516 4070, Fax. +1 410 516 4019, scor@jhu.edu JGOFS International Project Office AVRIL, BERNARD - JGOFS IPO (Assistant Executive Science Officer), JGOFS International Project Office, Centre for Studies of Environment and Resources, University of Bergen, Post Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY. Tel: +47 5558 4249, Fax: +47 5558 9687, bernard.avril@jgofs.uib.no STOKKE, JUDITH - JGOFS IPO (Administrative Assistant), JGOFS International Project Office, Centre for Studies of Environment and Resources, University of Bergen, Post Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY. Tel. +47 5558 4246, Fax. +47 5558 9687, judith.stokke@jgofs.uib.no

Appendix II. Draft Agenda and Timeline Opening (0930, Sunday, 4 May 2003)

Welcome and Opening Address Hugh Ducklow

Adoption of Agenda Hugh Ducklow

Travel and Local Arrangements Judy Stokke

Old Business

Minutes of the 17th Meeting (Actions) Roger Hanson

IGBP/Springer-Verlag Book Hugh Ducklow

Third Open Science Conference

Brief Report and Update Hugh Ducklow

Financial Support (People, funds, etc) Roger Hanson

Synthesis Groups & Task Team Reports

Brief Update on Activities All Chairs

International Programme Reports

International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme

Joint Projects Wendy Broadgate

OCEANS Transition Team Patrick Monfray

Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research

Carbon Observing Workshop Ed Urban

International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group Trevor Platt

Advisory Panel on Ocean CO2 Peter Haugan

Global Ocean Observing System (OOPC) Peter Haugan

International Project Office

Executive Officer Report Roger Hanson

IPO Closure, Finances, Calendar, etc

Assistant Executive Officer Report Bernard Avril

Data and Information Management, etc

Other Business Hugh Ducklow

Adjourn

Reception follows

Meeting Timeline Times are approximate and topics may change or shift. Time Sunday, 4 May 2003

09:30 Welcome and Opening Address

Chair's Report

Adoption of Agenda

Local Arrangements

09:45 Old Business

Minutes of the 17th SSC Meeting (Concepción)

IGBP/Springer-Verlag Book

10:00 JGOFS Open Science Conference

Brief report, fund raising and expense report

10:30 Break

11:00 Synthesis Groups & Task Teams Reports (Briefs)

GSWG, NASG, SOSG, IOSG, NPSG, EQSG, DMTT, PJTT, JGTT,

12:30 Lunch

13:30 International Reports (Briefs)

IGBP, SCOR, IOCCG, CO2 Panel, GOOS/OOPC

14:30 International Project Office

Executive Officer Report: Legacy, Budget, Calendar, etc; Assistant Executive Officer

Report: Data and Information Management, etc

15:15 Other Business

15:30 Adjourn the Final SSC

15:30 Reception follows the SSC Meeting

17:30 JGOFS OSC Registration and Reception

Appendix III. IGBP Book Series Publication Fasham, M.J.R., Southampton Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK (Ed.), Ocean Biogeochemistry: The Role of the Ocean Carbon Cycle in Global Change 2003 XVIII, 297 p. 130 illus. Hardcover 3-540-42398-2 Recommended Retail Price: EUR 99.95 Oceans account for 50% of the anthropogenic CO2 released into the atmosphere. During the past 15 years an international programme, the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), has been studying the ocean carbon cycle to quantify and model the biological and physical processes whereby CO2 is pumped from the ocean's surface to the depths of the ocean, where

it can remain for hundreds of years. This project is one of the largest multi-disciplinary studies of the oceans ever carried out and this book synthesises the results. It covers all aspects of the topic ranging from air-sea exchange with CO2, the role of physical mixing, the uptake of CO2 by marine algae, the fluxes of carbon and nitrogen through the marine food chain to the subsequent export of carbon to the depths of the ocean. Special emphasis is laid on predicting future climatic change. Keywords: Global change, IGBP, Ocean biogeochemistry, Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), Ocean carbon cycle, Carbon dioxide, Climate change, Ocean Food Webs, Biogeochemical Cycles Contents: Introduction.- Biogeochemical Provinces: Towards a JGOFS Synthesis.- Physical Transport of Nutrients and the Maintenance of Biological Production.- Continental Margin Exchanges.- Phytoplankton and

their Role in Primary, New and Export Production.- Carbon Dioxide Fluxes in the Global Ocean.- Water Column Biogeochemistry below the Euphotic Zone.- The Impact of Climate Change and Feedback Processes on the Ocean Carbon Cycle.- Benthic Processes and the Burial of Carbon.- Global Ocean Carbon Cycle Modeling.- Temporal Studies of Biogeochemical Processes Determined from Ocean Time-Series Observations during the JGOFS Era.- JGOFS: A Retrospective View.

Appendix IV. Conference Funds and Expenditures Report Hanson reported. International JGOFS, Project Office and University of Bergen

Amount (USD)

Fund Sources Lists

JGOFS SSC Members and Speakers 40 000 SCOR/IGBP see List of Conference Speakers and Funding Sources

Open Science Conference Speakers 20 000 SCOR/JGOFS see List of Conference Speakers and Funding Sources

Funds Raised for LDC Scientists 33 000 APN, START, SCOR, IAI

see List of LDC scientists

Norwegian Guests 7 500 International Project Office

Johannessen, Sakshaug, possibly another

Conference Receptions and Conference Breaks

13 500 University of Bergen

Smithsonian and National Academy of Science

Middle Eastern Scientists 5 000 SCOR/JGOFS Oguz (Turkey), Ahmed (Oman), and Kutub (Israel)

Total (estimated) 119 000

List of Conference Speakers and Funding Sources (as of March) International

SSC Funding Source

US JGOFS SSC

Funding Source

OSC Speakers Funding Source

Anderson SCOR/IGBP Abbott NSF Gruber NSF Ducklow SCOR/IGBP Brewer NSF Atkinson US.Oceans Garcon SCOR/IGBP Carr NSF Barber SCOR/JGOFS SCOR/IGBP Doney NSF Boyd NSF LeBorgne SCOR/IGBP Karl NSF Browner NSF Monfray SCOR/IGBP Knap NSF Burkill NSF Platt SCOR/IGBP McCarthy NSF de Baar NSF Quiñones SCOR/IGBP McGillicuddy NSF Dickey NSF Schlitzer SCOR/IGBP Michaels NSF Feely SCOR/JGOFS Smith SCOR/IGBP Sarmiento NSF Field SCOR/JGOFS Tilbrook SCOR/IGBP Siegel NSF Hall OCEANS/IGBP Tréguer SCOR/IGBP Wanninkhof SCOR/JGOFS Harris GLOBEC/IGBP SSC members: non-speakers Jahnke NSF Bychkov SCOR/IGBP KK Liu NSF Conkright SCOR/IGBP Lampitt NSF Hansell SCOR/IGBP Laws NSF Haugan SCOR/IGBP Le Quéré NSF Saino SCOR/IGBP Bates NSF JGOFS Guests: non-speakers Leinen NSF Chai SCOR/IGBP Liss NSG Murray SCOR/IGBP McManus NSF Mackey SCOR/IGBP Moore IGBP Secretariat Wiggert SCOR/IGBP Nojiri NSF Johannessen IPO Oschlies NSF Sakshaug IPO Pedersen NSF Steele NSF Steffen IGBP Secretariat Wunsch NSF Zeitzschel SCOR/IGBP Buesseler NSF Ingalls NSF Neuer NSF

List of Funds for LDC and International Scientists

Amount Asian Pacific Network (APN) 12,000 China (2), India (2), Pakistan (1), Korea (1) Global Change System for Analysis Research and Training (START)

10,000 Nigeria (1), India (2), Cameroon (1)

Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR)

8,000 India (3)

Inter America Initiative (IAI) 3,000 Chile (1), Brazil (1), Columbia (1) Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) 6,000 Turkey (1), Oman (1), Israel (1) International Project Office (IPO) 7,500 Norway (2-3) US National Science Foundation (NSF) 25,000 North American (5) and European Scientists (5)

Total (estimate) 71,500

List of Scientists receiving financial support for the JGOFS Open Science Conference Name Country Project/Topic JGOFS Colleague Handled by

B. Knoppers Brazil continental marg yes senior IPO Charles Gabche Cameroon coastal/humans LOICZ unknown IPO Daniela Turk Canada Remote sensing yes senior USPO Rodrigo Gonzalez Chile eastern Pacific yes Renato Quiñones IPO Seung-Hyun Son China East China Sea related Janet Campbell USPO Shang Chen China East China Sea yes Mingyuan Zhu USPO Gladys Bernal Colombia Paleooceangr. related junior IPO Aurelien Paulmier France Oxygen Min. Zn yes Ruiz-Pino USPO Mathieu Mongin France Si cycling yes D. Nelson/P. Tréguer USPO Pieter van Beek France Water col transp yes Francois/Conte/Bacon/Char USPO VVVS. Sarma India Arabian Sea yes Saino USPO Mangesh Gauns India Arabian Sea yes Madhupratap USPO Shyam M. Gupta India Bay of Bengal related senior USPO MVS. Guptha India Bay of Bengal related senior USPO Anil L. Paropkari India coastal/humans LOICZ senior USPO S.Shanmuganandan India Dep of fixed N SOLAS senior USPO SS. Sundarvel India Bay of Bengal related senior USPO M. Madhupratap India Arabian Sea yes senior IPO SWA Naqvi India Arabian Sea yes senior SCOR MM. Sarin India Arabian Sea yes senior SCOR K.S. Yajnik India Arabian Sea yes senior IPO Hema Naik India benthic N cycl. yes Dileep/Naqvi USPO S. Prasan. Kumar India Arabian Sea yes senior Regrets M. Dileep Kumar India Arabian Sea yes senior Regrets M.A.Kutub Qutob Israel Red Sea related Zvy Dubinsky IPO Jae-yeon Kim Korea East China Sea yes Tongsup Lee USPO Samuel Oni Nigeria coastal/humans LOICZ Oyebande/Ojo IPO Saiyad Ahmed Oman NASEER Proj. yes S. Smith/B. Zahuranec IPO Samina Kidwai Pakistan NASEER Proj. yes SSmith/ Zahuranec/ Amjad USPO Temel Oguz Turkey Black Sea yes senior IPO Paula McLeod UK modelling yes Richards/Martin/Fasham USPO Matt Church USA North Pacific yes Ducklow/Karl USPO Anitra Ingalls USA AESOPS yes Cindy Lee/Bob Anderson USPO Phoebe Lam USA Fate of POC yes Jim Bishop USPO Galen McKinley USA North Atlantic yes Mick Fellows USPO

Appendix V. Data Management Task Team Report Conkright reported. Current Membership Conkright, Margarita Chair, NOAA/National Oceanographic Data Center, USA Chandler, Cyndy U.S. JGOFS Data Management Office, USA Griffiths, Brian CSIRO Marine Research, AUSTRALIA Herrmann, Joachim German JGOFS Data Management, GERMANY Lowry, Roy British Oceanographic Data Centre, UNITED KINGDOM Miyake, Takeharu Japan Oceanographic Data Centre, JAPAN Sarupria, Jaswant Indian NODC, INDIA Spears, Donald Marine Environmental Data Service, CANADA Torre, Marie-Paule Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche, FRANCE Report on Final DMTT Meeting The final DMTT meeting was held on 13-14 March 2003, in Bidston, United Kingdom. Dr. Reiner Schlitzer (GSWG Chair) was a guest at the meeting and gave a talk on “Use of Biogeochemical Data in Global Models”. In attendance were representatives from France, United Kingdom, India, United States, Germany, and the JGOFS IPO. The first day of the meeting focused on a review of the accomplishments from the DMTT, lessons learned, and national reports. The second day focused on the production of the "International JGOFS Data Collection. Volume 1: Discrete Datasets" DVD. Report on the DMTT/PANGAEA Meeting – January 2003 The DMTT met with the PANGAEA/WDC MARE team in Bremen, Germany to discuss progress on the production of an integrated JGOFS data set. During this meeting, it became clear that PANGAEA would be unable to meet the May deadline for a DVD product. It was then decided that PANGAEA would continue working on the German JGOFS data, and would provide an interface for that data. There would be two DMTT products: • JGOFS International Data Collection. Volume 1: Discrete Datasets” DVD as a DMTT

product • JGOFS International Data Collection. Volume 2: Integrated Datasets as a Pangaea/DMTT

product to be published 2004-2005. DMTT Accomplishments The first meeting of a JGOFS Working Group on Data Management occurred in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, in1988. This meeting laid the foundation for a solid and workable data policy for JGOFS. Since that meeting, the JGOFS Data Management Task Team has • Changed the attitude of data managers and scientists regarding the management of non-

physical data, • Given data management a high profile throughout JGOFS, • Contributed to the establishment and maintenance of a data sharing culture in JGOFS, • Generated an extensive portfolio of data sets published on CD-ROM, • Required all data be submitted to the WDC system for long term archive, • Documented the published data sets in NASA’s Global Change Master Directory, • Contributed data to the production of the World Ocean Database products, • Provided recommendations to funding agencies and science managers on data

management for future international projects, • Worked toward integrated data products in collaboration with WDC MARE,

• Encouraged and promoted exchange between data managers and scientists, • Assisted the OCEANS Transition Team in the preparation of their data management

component, • Incorporated JGOFS data from countries not represented by the DMTT into this final

product, • Integrated Data Products (delivered) • Arabian Sea CD-ROM • JGOFS Cruise Inventory (delivered) • Integrated Data Products (attempted) • NABE data sets • JGOFS Data Index • JGOFS Data Management (DM) – issues and recommendations • Data split in national countries rather than centralized • Need to focus on including DM in the planning process in the next 12 months • Integrate users early on the design of the system – combination of technical and scientific

sides • Focus on original data, then on a hierarchy of products • Data format needs to be agreed upon – devise format with input from users and develop

tools for the format Future DMTT Activities • The German JGOFS Data Manager will continue until June 2003 and complete the ingest

of German JGOFS data into PANGAEA (DVD contains 80% of the German cruises) • The French JGOFS Data Manager will continue, now as the PROOF program • The U.S. JGOFS Data Manager will continue until 2005, as the SMP activities continue. • DMTT members expressed interest in continuing to participate in future ocean programs

JGOFS International Data Collection. Volume 1: Discrete Datasets contains the data as submitted by the national data managers, scientists, and as published on CD-ROMs. 1000 copies of a single-sided DVD were produced, and 50 copies distributed each member of the DMTT, 400 copies distributed at the OSC, and 20 copies held at the IPO for local distribution. WDC A for Oceanography, USA, will hold any DVDs not distributed. The JGOFS IPO (University of Bergen) covered the costs for the DVD. Outline of the DVD Documentation JGOFS International Data Collection. Volume 1: Discrete Datasets I. Introduction

A. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study B. Data Management Task Team C. International Project Office

II. About this product A. Introduction B. Citation Policy C. Acknowledgements

a. DMTT-Represented Countries b. Countries not Represented by

the DMTT

c. International Institutions III. Accomplishments of the DMTT

A. Introduction B. Lessons Learned C. DMTT Membership as of May 2003 D. Publications

a. DMTT Meeting Reports and Related Publications

b. List of JGOFS Core Variables c. JGOFS Cruise Inventory

Appendix VI. Global Synthesis Working Group and JGTT Reports Reiner Schlitzer and Patrick Monfray reported. Global Ocean Productivity and the Fluxes of Carbon and Nutrients: Combining Observations and Models Report (partial) of a Workshop held at the Institute for Environment & Sustainability, EC Joint Research Centre, 24 – 27 June 2002, Ispra, Italy Reiner Schlitzer, Patrick Monfray and Nicolas Hoepffner With contributions from Gerhard Fischer, Nicolas Gruber, Richard Lampitt, Marina Levy, Edward Laws, Trevor Platt, Steve Spall, and John Steele Introduction To address one of its main objectives, JGOFS has employed a large variety of different approaches to quantify marine productivity and the fluxes of carbon and nutrients in the ocean. The methods that were used differed with respect to the technology that was applied, but they also differed with respect to the viewpoint, from which the overall system was observed (Figure 1). One such approach makes use of remote-sensing observations from instruments on satellites or aircraft that can observe the system from above and detect productivity signals from the upper tens of meters of the ocean. Another includes the in-situ measurements and process studies that provide more or less direct observations of productivity. A third employs moored or drifting sediment traps that collect sinking material in the water column for flux estimation and composition analysis. A fourth uses radionuclide measurements for better calibration of sediment trap data. And a fifth relies on benthic studies for estimating the material flux to the sea floor.

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of key research activities addressing main JGOFS objectives

In addition, there exists a wide variety of global and regional models of differing resolution and complexity. These models simulate biogeochemical processes in the ocean and yield independent estimates for property fluxes and rate constants. The range includes high-resolution regional models with complex mixed-layer dynamics and elaborated ecosystem feedback loops that can explicitly simulate physical transport phenomena and the development of blooms on small space and time scales. It also includes a number of global models with medium resolution that are used to calculate global ocean budgets and fluxes of carbon, nutrients and oxygen. Although inverse models that derive property fluxes and rate constants from available data have been less frequently used in the past, this might change in the future as more and more JGOFS data sets become publicly available. Now with JGOFS at its final phase, there is a pressing need to compile and compare the results from the various methods and to investigate whether a consistent picture emerges. The first meeting of the JGOFS Global Synthesis Working Group (GSWG) in Amsterdam (July, 2001) indicated that significant discrepancies between different techniques and models still exist, addressing the need to conduct multi-disciplinary exercises / projects to bridge the gaps between physics and biogeochemistry, between process analyses, observations and modelling. To foster the interaction and cooperation between scientists from different research fields, the GSWG together with the JGOFS/GAIM Task Team on 3D Ocean Carbon Modelling and Analysis (JGTT) organized a workshop on: Global Ocean Productivity and the Fluxes of Carbon and Nutrients: combining Observations and Models, hosted in late June 2002 by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Institute for Environment and Sustainability (Ispra, Italy). JGOFS Report No. 38 (IPO note: report arrived 15 July 2003, see Appendix VI; and the report was published in late July after some editorial work at the IPO as the JGOFS Report 38, see www.uib.no/jgofs/Publications/Report_Series/JGOFS_38.pdf)

Appendix VII. North Atlantic Synthesis Group Report Garçon reported. From September 2002 to May 2003, the NASG prepared the Poster Session of the JGOFS final OSC, Washington DC, USA, 5-8 May 2003. A total of 12 posters will be presented including three general synthesis posters by the NASG group. • A Call for Abstracts for the North Atlantic session at the OSC Washington was emailed to

a wide community on December, 6, 2002: CALL FOR ABSTRACT : POSTER SESSION NORTH ATLANTIC Monday May 5, 2003. JGOFS Open Science Conference Washington DC, USA, (May 5-8, 2003). The deadline for abstract submission is JANUARY 15th, 2003

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Dear Colleagues, We encourage contributions from observational (in situ, satellite data), and theoretical and modeling studies on the North Atlantic Ocean. They should throw new light on large scale biogeochemical diagnostics of the North Atlantic Ocean, on synthesis of results of time series stations and process studies (PRIME, NABE, POMME, AMT, CANIGO, ESTOC, EUMELI, BATS, etc.) and on modelling and data assimilation efforts. This includes studies concerning the production and transformation of organic matter in the upper ocean and twilight zone, the transport of biogeochemical tracers in the oceans, their fluxes across the air sea interface and with continental margins and sediments. Efforts towards biogeochemical ocean observing systems (new instrumentation and observing networks) in the North Atlantic Ocean are welcome. Poster space is fairly limited at the Natural Academy of Sciences, so we encourage people, whenever possible, to cluster together to produce several synthesis posters (smaller numbers of synthesis-style posters are better than large numbers of individual investigator posters). Posters can be put on the conference CD if they are available one month earlier (by April 5th, 2003). ---------------------------- Please submit your abstracts as soon as possible. Please see usjgofs.whoi.edu/osc2003/abstracts.html for more details on abstract submissions, registration and logistics. Veronique Garcon, LEGOS/CNRS, Toulouse, France --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • To achieve the synthesis posters, a final NASG meeting took place in Toulouse, January 7,

2003 (Report available soon on the IPO web site) followed by the POMME Synthesis Meeting (January 8-10, 2003) of the French PROOF program. M. Fasham, R. Lowry, H. Ducklow sent regrets. E. Fernandez and L. Mémery had to cancel at the last minute.

Agenda: 10:00-10:10 Welcome and meetings objectives, Véronique Garçon 10:10-10:30 Stoichiometry of new production and export in the North Atlantic Ocean,

Wolfgang Koeve 10:30-10:50 View from space (ocean color) in the North Atlantic, Dave Siegel

10:50-11:10 Carbon balance of the subtropical NE Atlantic, Emilio Fernandez 11:10-11:40 Coffee break 11:40-12:00 POMME synthesis, Laurent Mémery 12:00-12:20 Physical validation of a North Atlantic Ocean model assimilating altimetry

data prior to biogeochemical studies (1993-2001), Véronique Garçon 12:30-13:45 Lunch 13:45-18:00 NASG posters for the OSC Washington. Point on data management and

availability for North Atlantic. W. Koeve, D. Siegel and V. Garçon worked in the afternoon on the 3 draft posters proposed by V. Garçon: Large scale biogeochemical diagnostics: the North Atlantic carbon machinery, Time series and process study sites in the North Atlantic during the JGOFS decade, and Modelling and data assimilation in the North Atlantic: Towards GODAE. • Koeve, D. Siegel and V. Garçon attended the POMME meeting on Tuesday at the Met

Office in Toulouse; W. Koeve gave a presentation on Carbon over consumption during the spring bloom in the temperate North Atlantic. A special POMME issue will be published in 2004 on the data synthesis. POMME data become to be accessible through the French JGOFS web site.

• D. Siegel and V. Garçon attended the OCEANS Meeting, Paris, France, January 7-10,

2003 • Joint EGS/AGU 2003 Meeting in Nice, France, April 7-11 April, 2003: o Open Session on the Biogeochemistry of the Oceanic Carbon Cycle Convenors: W.

Koeve and M. Follows, o Eddy and frontal scale processes in Ocean Biogeochemistry: observations and models,

Convenors: L. Mémery, R. Williams and D. McGillicuddy, o Iron resources and oceanic nutrients : Convenors: H. de Baar, E. Maier-Reimer and C.

Lancelot, o Modern and Paleo-Applications of trace elements and isotope geochemistry in the

oceans, Convenors: C. Jeandel, R. François, R. Anderson, G. Henderson and M. Frank, o Open session on Ocean Chemistry and Tracers, Convenors: M. England, W. Jenkins

and M. Rhein. Budget report status Year 2003: Toulouse NASG and Paris OCEANS Meeting Expenses cost 3200 USD.

Appendix VIII. Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Group Report Le Borgne reported. Fieldwork. Most of the cruises involving process studies ended in 1996, except the JAMSTEC ones which are organized every year in January-February in the western and central Pacific (145°E-160°W). Carbon dioxide observations are routinely made by PMEL along the TAO mooring lines, with eight cruises per year on board R/V Ron Brown and Ka’imimoana. Two time series works, involving CO2 and bio-optical measurements on TAO moorings (155°W and 170°W) started in 1997 and are being carried out by PMEL, AOML and MBARI. In addition, two other TAO mooring lines will be fitted with CO2 and bio-optical sensors on 140° and 125°W. For the future, i.e. after the JGOFS era, oceanographic cruises are being prepared or demanded by US and French scientists on the following topics: dissolved iron spatial distribution, Si limitation and Tropical Instability Waves. Data. JGOFS labelled cruises have their data stored in national data banks and can be accessed through the following websites: Australia: www.marine.csiro.au/datacentre/JGOFSweb/cmr_jgofs.htm (all data) France: www.obs-vlfr.fr/jgofs/html/bdjgofs_eng.html (all data) Japan: www.jodc.go.jp/JGOFS_DMO/index.html (Hydrology and CO2) United States: www1.whoi.edu/jgdms_info.html (all data) pCO2 data can be loaded from: www.pmel.noaa.gov/uwpco2/ aoml.noaa.gov/ocd/oaces/index.html cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ocd/oaces/index.html Finally, metadata are being centralized at the JGOFS International Project Office: www.uib.no/jgofs/. Many cruises had not the JGOFS “flag” or were sponsored by different international programmes, while most or all of their data were of interest for JGOFS. Such data are being handled by DMTT and IPO with EPSMG help. Modelling activities. Most of the present activities on the equatorial Pacific are devoted to modelling within two groups: US JGOFS SMP (Synthesis and Modeling Program) and PROOF Modélisation. In addition, the region is part of global models developed by various organizations. The models consider the following points : new and export productivity regulation by Si and Fe, ecosystem and carbon cycle responses to physical variability on various time-scales, evaluation of marine primary productivity using satellite ocean colour, food-web regulation of particulate export flux in HNLC regions, and plankton community structure and export flux. Synthesis publications. A Special Section devoted to phytoplankton control by grazers in the equatorial Pacific HNLC zone is being published in Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans (Special Section devoted to the EBENE cruise and the estimation of grazing in phytoplankton mortality. It should now be "in press", since all manuscripts have been accepted and most of the proofs have been corrected before printing. The guest editors are R. Le Borgne and M.R. Landry).

Conclusions. The main goals assigned to EPSG in 1998 have been fulfilled: the synthesis has been published, most of the JGOFS labelled data have been stored in databases, modelling is advancing and information on ongoing field activities, although not complete, is satisfactory. There are new projects for the region being planned and, to our knowledge, imply an international cooperation from the beginning. This is one of JGOFS legacy. However, in the future, we need to improve the data management in the region on an international scale. How will this point be handled?

Appendix IX. North Pacific Synthesis Group Report Bychkov reported. Publications: A collection of contributed papers from JGOFS-related field programs in the North Pacific was published as a special issue of Deep-Sea Research II on North Pacific Biogeochemical Processes (Guest editors: Toshiro Saino, Alexander Bychkov, Chen-Tung A. Chen and Paul Harrison) in December 2002 (Vol. 49, Nos. 24-25, pp. 5297-5808). The issue includes an overview and 27 papers by authors from 4 countries (Canada, Japan, China-Taipei and Russia), but majority of papers (21) are from Japan. NPSG participated in the planning and co-sponsored a topic session on Plankton size classes, functional groups and ecosystem dynamics: Causes and consequences at the PICES Tenth Annual Meeting (October 2001, Victoria, Canada). Selected papers from this session comprise a special issue of Progress in Oceanography (Guest editors: Alexander Bychkov and Angelica Peña) dedicated to the memory of the late Prof. Michael M. Mullin. The issue includes 11 papers by authors from 5 countries (Canada, Chile, Japan, Korea and U.S.A.). Peer-review is complete and all papers sent to Progress in Oceanography in the beginning of April. Publication is expected in late summer-early fall of 2003. PICES WG 13 on CO2 in the North Pacific will publish a report in the PICES Scientific Report Series (No. 24) in the May 2003. This report summarizes the research and technical activities that have been conducted by member nations of PICES to (i) synthesize CO2 data in the North Pacific; (ii) determine the sources and sink for CO2 and their regional fluxes; and (iii) provide a comprehensive picture of the distribution of anthropogenic CO2 in this region. The implications of the results with respect to climate change processes are also discussed, and recommendations are made for future directions by PICES for international cooperation on carbon cycle research in the North Pacific. A CD-ROM with data sets obtained during the North Pacific Process Studies will be prepared by the Japan Oceanographic Data Center (JODC) and circulated in late 2003. A special issue of Journal of Oceanography on JGOFS North Pacific Synthesis (Guest editors: Toshiro Saino, Alexander Bychkov, Chen-Tung A. Chen, Paul Harrison and Ishiro Yasuda) is in progress. The issue is based on invited papers. Manuscripts are due May 31, 2003, and publication is expected in early 2004. A Guide of best practices for oceanic CO2 measurements and data reporting is under preparation. This would be based on existing documents: the DOE (1994) Handbook of methods for the analysis of the various parameters of the carbon dioxide system in sea water (Dickson A.G. & C. Goyet, Eds.) and draft protocols for data reporting that were generated by PICES WG 13, and discussed further at a NOAA Data Management Workshop held in Seattle, in October 2001. A complete draft is expected by October 2003, and publication in the PICES Scientific Report Series is planned in mid 2004. The results of an in situ iron enrichment experiment in the western subarctic Pacific in June 2001 (Subarctic Pacific Iron Experiment for Ecosystem Dynamics Study – SEEDS) will be published as a special issue of Progress in Oceanography in late 2004. Some high impact results of an in situ iron enrichment experiment in the eastern subarctic Pacific in July-August 2002 (Subarctic Ecosystem Response to Iron Enrichment Study -

SERIES) are expected to be published as separate papers in Nature in late 2003-early 2004. Arrangements are in progress to publish other results as a special issue of Global Biogeochemical Cycles or Journal of Geophysical Research. Meetings/Sessions: A 2-day Workshop on Synthesis of JGOFS North Pacific Process Study was convened October 1-2, 2002, in Sapporo, Japan. The workshop was a part of the SCOR/JOS International Symposium held in conjunction with the 26th SCOR General Meeting, and was co-sponsored by the Japan Oceanographic Society, Hydrospheric Atmospheric Research Centre of Nagoya University and PICES. A NPSG meeting was organized immediately after the workshop to discuss: (i) a special issue of Journal of Oceanography on JGOFS North Pacific Synthesis; (ii) a CD-ROM with data from North Pacific Process Studies; (iii) presentations at the 3rd JGOFS Open Science Conference; and (iv) JGOFS follow-up programs in the North Pacific. A 3-day Workshop on Ocean surface pCO2 database and data integration will be held October 6-8, 2003, at the National Institute of Environmental Studies, in Tsukuba, Japan. The participants will include both CO2 research scientists and data managers from various Data Centers. The workshop is supported by the Ocean Carbon Coordination Project, SCOR-IOC CO2 Advisory Panel, PICES, and several Japanese agencies/institutes. A Topic Session on The impacts of climate change on the carbon cycle in the North Pacific will be convened in conjunction with the PICES Thirteenth Annual Meeting in October 2004 (Honolulu, U.S.A.). The Ocean Carbon Coordination Project and SCOR-IOC CO2 Advisory Panel are invited to participate in the planning and co-sponsor the session. A 3-day workshop on In situ iron enrichment experiments in the eastern and western subarctic Pacific will be organized jointly with the PICES Iron Fertilization Experiment Advisory Panel and held February 10-12, 2004, at the Institute of Ocean Sciences, in Sidney, British Columbia, Canada. Specific objectives of the workshop are (i) to synthesize results from two recent in situ iron enrichment experiments in the subarctic Pacific (SEEDS-2001 and SERIES-2002); (ii) determine similarity and differences in biogeochemical and ecosystem responses to iron addition between eastern and western subarctic Pacific; and (iii) to identify specific scientific questions for the longer-term experiment in the western subarctic Pacific (SEEDS-2004). Arrangements are in progress for a special session, tentatively entitled Effects of iron enrichment of HNLC waters on atmospheric and oceanic processes, at the ASLO-TOS meeting to be held February 15-20, 2004 (Honolulu, U.S.A.). Method inter-comparison studies for carbonate parameters: To improve the existing methodology of CO2 measurements, NPSG jointly with PICES WG 13 supported several international CO2 measurement inter-comparison studies: for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TAlk) and the 13C/12C ratio of the inorganic carbon in seawater. The first two, each followed up with a Technical Workshop in Tsukuba, Japan, were completed in April 1999 and October 2000. In all, 14 laboratories (7 from Japan, 4 from the United States, and 1 from each of Canada, China-Taipei and Republic of Korea) were involved in the DIC inter-comparison; and 12 laboratories (6 from Japan, 3 from the United States, and 1 from each of Canada, Republic of Korea and Russia) participated in the TAlk inter-comparison. The results are included in the PICES Scientific Report No. 24 (May 2003) and will be presented as a poster at the 3rd JGOFS Open Science Conference. The results could be summarized as follows: The present state-of-the-art for the analysis of DIC in seawater is mature. Most institutions use some variant of the extraction and coulometric analysis

technique, and provided the instrument is well calibrated then results of good quality can be obtained. Once the reported values had been adjusted to a common calibration scale (using the measurements made on the Certified Reference Material), the agreement between the various laboratories was excellent (± 2 µmol kg-1). After adjustment of the reported TAlk data to a common calibration scale set by the Certified Reference Material, the majority of the results (10 laboratories out of 12) were within a range of 5 µmol kg–1. The difficulties with this measurement cannot be attributed solely to calibration problems. Other factors play a clear role in the uncertainty of these measurements. A robust method for this parameter is still needed. The third inter-comparison on the 13C/12C ratio of the inorganic carbon in seawater was initiated in late 2001 and is still ongoing. Participants have been identified (8 laboratories from Australia, Canada, China-Taipei, France, Germany, Japan and the United States), and samples were distributed in the beginning of December 2001, and analyzed during 2002. This activity will be completed this year, and a workshop, if needed, will be convened to discuss the results. An on-land inter-comparison of underway and drifting/mooring p(CO2) measurement systems was held March 10-14, 2003, at the National Research Institute of Fishery Engineering, in Hazaki, Japan, with financial support from the Global Environmental Research Promotion Fund (Ministry of Environment, Japan), the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) and the Center for Global Environmental Research of NIES. Altogether, 9 laboratories from 6 countries (3 from Japan, 1 from Germany, 1 from New Zealand, 1 from Republic of Korea, 1 from United Kingdom and 2 from the United States) participated in the inter-comparison of underway p(CO2) systems, and 3 laboratories from France (1) and the United States (2) in the inter-comparison of drifting/mooring p(CO2) systems. The results will be discussed during the workshop on Ocean surface pCO2 database and data integration to be held October 6-8, 2003, at NIES, in Tsukuba, Japan. CO2 data integration: In October 2000, NPSG and PICES WG 13 convened an international North Pacific CO2 Data Synthesis Symposium, co-sponsored by the JST/CREST Program and hosted by NIES in Tsukuba, Japan. At the symposium a clear need was recognized to identify available and suitable data sets on the oceanic CO2 system and to develop strategies (including formats and technologies) for the exchange of CO2 and related data at the international level. The implementation phase started in 2001 from two workshops that brought CO2 research scientists and data managers together to discuss the procedures for developing a North Pacific CO2 database. The first CO2 Data Planning Workshop was held at the Institute of Ocean Sciences (Sidney, Canada) in January 2001, to discuss the likely technical issues involved in such a project and to plan a second more detailed workshop that was held at the Japan Oceanographic Data Center (Tokyo, Japan) in August 2001. The objective for the CO2 Data Integration Workshop was to develop strategies for the exchange of CO2 and related data at the international level and to examine the technical issues in integrating presently available data into a uniform data structure or database. Both workshops met their goals and now we have a unified plan for data submission and exchange. A North Pacific data inventory for CO2 and CO2-related data developed by MIRC (Marine Information Research Center, Japan) is now available on line at picnic.pices.jp. This web site incorporates the extensive information about Japanese cruises and information about Canadian (IOS) and U. S. cruises (linked to CDIAC holdings). At present, the inventory is linked to original data (at other locations on the Internet) wherever practical, and serves

various historical data sets as they are digitized. However work is in progress to host some datasets at MIRC, and to use of the Live Access Server approach so as to provide for improved data visualization over the Internet. It was agreed that PICES should continue to provide a venue for data exchange and program coordination at the international level to ensure optimal use of resources to obtain appropriate temporal and spatial coverage as well as maximum comparability with historical data. PICES WG 17 on Biogeochemical data integration and synthesis (established in 2002 to retain a scientific focus on the carbon cycle within PICES) in association with existing data centres, will continue this work to complete the North Pacific database for ocean CO2 and related parameters and to ensure its continuous update. This effort could be done as part of a joint effort with the Climate Variability and Predictability Program (CLIVAR) and the Global Carbon Project (GCP). The next step will be the above mentioned workshop on Ocean surface pCO2 database and data integration to be held October 6-8, 2003. Some scientific highlights: Anthropogenic CO2. The relatively shallow penetration of anthropogenic CO2 in the North Pacific (~ 1000 m) is in strong contrast to the Atlantic distribution, where anthropogenic CO2 has penetrated all the way to the bottom in the northern high latitudes. These differences result from the lack of any significant deep- water formation in the North Pacific and the long time-scales for replacement of North Pacific deep waters from the south. In the North Pacific, deep ventilation within the Kuroshio Extension and the subsequent circulation in the subtropical gyre generates a strong zonal gradient in the anthropogenic CO2 penetration depth. The zonal gradient is also enhanced by the significant role that the Sea of Okhotsk plays in the formation of North Pacific Intermediate Water. The combined effect of the tilted density surfaces and the younger waters with higher anthropogenic CO2 concentrations leads to higher total column inventories in the western North Pacific. The gyre circulation and mixing works to smear out the signal generating the broad feature observed. The integrated amount of anthropogenic CO2 in the North Pacific is estimated to be 16.5 Pg C through 1994 north of the equator but not including the marginal seas. This estimate is approximately 16% of the amount of anthropogenic CO2 taken by the global oceans Iron enrichment experiments in the subarctic Pacific. Fe does stimulate photosynthesis, especially pinnate diatoms, in the Eastern Subarctic Pacific. Fe additions deplete surface waters in silicate rather than nitrate (silicate depletion occurs naturally also, when Fe inputs are elevated by dust events or eddies), and thus any estimates of oceanic sequestration of CO2 by Fe enrichment should take into account Si-limitation (something that is not considered at present). Changes in ratios of some elements (e.g., Si/C or Si/N) show that HNLC waters are efficient at retaining C and N in the mixed layer, but that there was still an enhancement of C and N export from the upper into the intermediate ocean. The atmospheric component of SERIES was both novel and successful: DMS production (perhaps only slightly enhanced by Fe addition) did result in DMS escape to the atmosphere and subsequent oxidation of sulphur.

Appendix X. Southern Ocean Synthesis Group Report Tréguer reported. From September 2002 to May 2003 the SOSG prepared the Poster Session of the JGOFS Final OSC, Washington DC, USA, 5-8 May 2003. A total of 22 posters will be presented including two general synthesis poster by Paul Tréguer and Uli Bathmann. News from national groups: Australia. December 2002 brought good news to the Australian Antarctic and Southern Ocean science community. Science Minister Peter McGauran announced that the bid to replace the Antarctic Cooperative Research Centre with a new centre was successful. The new Antarctic Climate & Ecosystem Cooperative Research Centre will commence July 1, 2003 and has been established for 7 years, through June 30, 2010. The ACE Business Plan, including tentative field programs through 2008 is currently available via the Antarctic CRC website www.antcrc.utas.edu.au, under the Special Projects menu. ACE plans include biogeochemical process and flux studies which build on the JGOFS legacy. Tom Trull (Tom.Trull@utas.edu.au) continues as the Australian member of the International JGOFS Southern Ocean Synthesis Group. Brian Griffiths (Brian.Griffiths@csiro.au) continues as the Australian member of the JGOFS data management task team, and Bronte Tilbrook (Bronte.Tilbrook@csiro.au) continues as the Australian member of the JGOFS SSC. Germany. New papers to be noted in addition to contributions already published in 2002 in different issues of volume N° 49 of Deep-Sea Research II (cruise ANT-XIII/2 of RV Polarstern & SO-JGOFS Symposium volumes): Hense I., Timmermann R., Beckmann A., Bathmann U. (2003). Regional and Interannual Variability of Ecosystem Dynamics in the Southern Ocean, Ocean Dynamics, 53, 1-10. Rutgers van der Loeff M.M., Friedrich J., Geibert W., Hanfland C., Höltzen H., Vöge I., Walter H.J. (2003). Radionuclides as tracers for particle flux and transport of water masses in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, SFB 261 Synthesis Volume: The South Atlantic in the Late Quaternary - Reconstruction of Material Budget and Current systems. Wefer G., Ratmeyer V. and Meinecke G. Eds. Frank M., Rutgers van der Loeff M.M., Kubik P.W., Mangini A. (2002). Quasi-conservative behaviour of 10Be in deep waters of the Weddell Sea and the Atlantic sector of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 201, 171-186. Friedrich J., Rutgers van der Loeff M.M. (2002). A two-tracer (210Po-234Th) approach to distinguish organic carbon and biogenic silica export flux in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Deep-Sea Research I, 49, 101-120. Usbeck R., Rutgers van der Loeff M., Hoppema M., Schlitzer R. (2002). Shallow remineralization in the Weddell Gyre, Geochemistry geophysics geosystems, Vol. 3, No. 1, 10.1029/2001GC000182. Strass V.H., Bathmann U.V., Rutgers van der Loeff M.M., Smetacek V. (2002). Mesoscale physics, biogeochemistry and ecology of the Antarctic Polar Front, Atlantic Sector: An Introduction to and summary of, Deep-Sea Research II, 49, 3707-3711.

Contribution to a public book. Smetacek V., Bathmann U.V., Riebesell U., Strass V.H. (2002). Experimentelle Meeresforschung: Eisendüngung im Südpolarmeer, in: Der Ozean - Lebensraum und Klimasteuerung / Weltweite Meeresforschung in Bremen und Bremerhaven, Hrsg. G. Hempel, Jahrbuch 2001/2002 Wittheit zu Bremen, Verlag H.M. Hauschild, Bremen, 105-114. USA. Publication of the 3rd AESOPS volume: Smith W.O.Jr and R.F. Anderson (2003). U.S. Southern Ocean JGOFS Program (AESOPS) - Part II. Deep-Sea Research II, 50(3-4), pp. 529-852.

Appendix XI. Coastal Margins Task Team Report Quiñones reported. Current CMTT Membership • Larry Atkinson (Co-Chair), LOICZ, Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old

Dominion University, USA • Renato Quiñones (Co-Chair), JGOFS, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidad de

Concepción, Chile • Shu Gao, LOICZ, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China • Kon-Kee. Liu, JGOFS, Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taiwan • Robie W. Macdonald, JGOFS, Research Scientist, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Canada • Liana Talaue-McManus, LOICZ, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science,

University of Miami, USA Overall goal of the CMTT Assess the contribution of continental margins and seas to CO2 sequestration and horizontal flux of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus across the ocean-continental margin boundary. Main activities of the CMTT for the 2002/2003 period During this period, the CMTT has allocated most of its efforts in producing an overall synthesis and assessment of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes on and across continental margins to feed into the IGBP program. This synthesis will be given to the international community as a comprehensive book, which will be published in 2004. Following the JGOFS SSC meeting held in Chile (23-24 September 2002), the CMTT got together in Washington (4-6 December 2003) to analyze the status of the book and generate policies to accelerate its completion. Larry Atkinson hosted the meeting. In addition to current CMTT members, the following scientists were invited to the meeting: G. Brunskill, A. Chen, R. Jahnke, and J. Sharples. Shu Gao could not attend the meeting. One of the decisions taken at the Washington meeting was that K.K. Liu would be the main editor of the book and he would centralize –with the help of the co-editors (Atkinson, Quiñones, and Talaue-McManus) - the communications with the authors and reviewers of the chapters. In addition, the CMTT requested to JGOFS and LOICZ support for an assistant for K.K Liu. After the Washington meeting, the contact with the chapter’s authors has intensified. The reviewing process of the chapters received also started. I attach a document with the present status of each of the chapters of the book prepared by K.K Liu. The level of advance among the chapters is heterogeneous and about 14 have been already turned in. The vast majority of the remaining chapters will be finished before June 2003. The book should be ready for sending it to Springer Verlag by the end of this year and published during 2004. Roger Hanson submitted officially on 20 March the book proposal to IGBP for final approval. The final approval by IGBP is expected in late October 2003.

Appendix XII. Paleo-JGOFS Task Team Report Lochte reported (in a written report presented by Hanson). Members of the PJTT met alongside the OCEANS conference in Paris in January 2003 to discuss the future of this task team. Its present aim, namely to introduce the paleo-aspect into the new science plan of OCEANS, was completed. In 2002 an Expression of Interest was submitted to the EU and has in the meantime resulted in a call open in October 2003 for a targeted programme (STREP) aimed at improving understanding and use of paleo-proxies. Presently, a proposal for a SCOR Working group was submitted under the title “Analysing the links between present oceanic processes and paleo-records”. The objective of this working group is to foster the development of proxies indicative of changes in past ecosystems and paleo-productivity. It is planned that this group provides a link and information exchange between the different IGBP and WCRP marine projects with interest in paleo-records. If successful this group would continue and expand the work of the PJTT beyond the life-time of JGOFS.

Appendix XIII. International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group Report Platt reported.

The IOCCG Committee met for the 8th time in Florence, Italy (24-26 February 2003). Participants were welcomed in the magnificent Tribuna di Galileo, a historic gallery with a statue of Galileo and decorated with a series of frescoes depicting some of the fundamental moments in the history of physics.

Committee members reviewed the progress of the various IOCCG working groups. To date there are six active working groups, two of which are nearing completion and are expected to publish their findings in the form of an IOCCG report. These include the Working Group on Data-Binning Issues (Chair: David Antoine) and the Working Group on Comparison of Atmospheric Correction Algorithms (Chair: Menghua Wang). In addition, two proposals were received to establish new IOCCG working groups: the Ocean-Colour Algorithm Working Group (Chair: Zhong Ping Lee) and the Working Group on Biogeographical Methods (Chair: Mark Dowell). Details of these working groups will be available on the IOCCG website shortly. Participants were also briefed on the status of the current and future ocean-colour sensors.

The Committee also addressed capacity building initiatives and agreed to sponsor or coordinate a number of new activities, including a South Pacific Training course (to be held in Brisbane, see www.ioccg.org/training/brisbane/announcement.doc), and the Southern Hemisphere Cruise (see announcement on IOCCG website: www.ioccg.org/training/pogo_ioccg/beagle/beagle.html). Preliminary plans for a NASDA-sponsored training course to be held in Indonesia were also presented to the Committee.

A full report on the 8th IOCCG Committee meeting will be available in due course on the IOCCG website (see www.ioccg.org/reports/ioccg_meeting8.html).

Appendix XIV. JGOFS Funds and Budget for 2002 Year 2002 (Final)

JGOFS SSC, SG and TT Activities

Sources Expected

(USD) Confirmed

(USD) Purpose SCOR Funds 85 000 85 000 JGOFS SSC meeting and group activities IGBP Secretariat Funds 20 145 20 145 SSC meeting IGBP Secretariat 2001 carryover 2 000 2 000 Springer-Verlag Publication/Technical IOC funds 9 100 7 761 CMTT regional workshop (returned the balance) IOC funds 13 000 13 000 CMTT Global Synthesis Workshop IOC final instalment (Ocean Transport) 895 JGOFS WOCE Workshop (2001) LOICZ funds 15 000 15 000 CMTT workshop & Global Synthesis SCOR residual form 2001 8 332 8 332 held at the SCOR Secretariat SCOR residual form 2000 20 173 20 173 held at the UiB

Subtotal 172 750 172 306

Activities Budgeted Expenses Comments

SSC Meeting (11) 40 000 20 392 Concepción, Chile Executive Meeting (5) 10 000 cancelled CMTT (10-12)--Subpolar workshop 5 000 7 923 Joint c/ LOCIZ and IOC CMTT (10-12)--Global Synthesis workshop 20 000 13 927 Joint c/ LOCIZ and IOC JGTT 10 000 10 000 Workshop_Ispra_Joint with GSWG NASG deferred 0 3 meetings DMTT 10 000 3 654 Business Mtg DMTT 5 000 4 142 Ispra_Dataset Rescue DMTT deferred 0 Bremerhaven_Pangaea PJTT cancelled 724 Joint c/ PAGES (expenses pd in 2002) IOSG 364 Ad hoc Mtg in Hawaii SOSG 10 000 13 438 Synthesis Workshop, Honolulu, Hawaii EPSG 10 000 9 140 Modeller workshop & business mtg, misc (full budget

34K) NPSG 3 208 Meeting and Session @ PICES IX GSWG (+ JGTT)) 20 000 18 695 Workshop_Ispra_Joint c/ JGTT Other meetings and expenses IGBP Book managing editor 849 Fasham's request for Angela Bayfield OSC Planning Committee (Haugan) 1 270 Feb Meeting in Honolulu/ASLO OSM SCOR Secretariat 6 000 6 000 travel expenses for gov’t employees JGOFS Synthesis Book/IOSG Book 2 000 0 IGBP-$2K, Technical layout @ Springer-Verlag JGOFS Reports Series UiB Funds Corrections to the SCOR account 2001 4 415 Double accounting on 2001 budgets IGBP & SCOR

Subtotal 148 000 118 141 Balance 24 750 54 165

Appendix XV. JGOFS Funds and Budget for 2003 (in progress) Year 2003 (as of May 2003)

SOURCES Budget (USD)

Expected Funds (USD) Purpose

SCOR Funds 85 000 85 000 JGOFS SSC meeting and Committee activities

IGBP Secretariat Funds 20 145 20 145 SSC meeting SCOR carryover from 2000 20 173 20 173 held at UiB SCOR carryover from 2001 8 332 8 332 held at the SCOR Secretariat SCOR carryover from 2002 ~2 000 ~2 000 held at the SCOR Secretariat LOICZ and IGBP carryover from 2001 and 2002

18 650 18 650 held at UiB

Fund raising for LDC scientists_OSC 33 000 33 000 IOC, SCOR, IAI, APN, and START

Subtotal 187 300 187 300

ACTIVITIES Budgeted Expenses Comments SSC Meeting (16) plus OSC Participation 40 000 Washington DC Executive Meeting (5) 15 000 Bergen (Solstrand Hotel) Executives and Sponsors Banquet Bergen (Solstrand Hotel) CMTT (5-8) 10 000 Book Meeting, Technical Layout JGTT 0 0 NASG 11 000 3 200 Mtg in Toulouse and Paris DMTT 10 000 7 000 BODC Meeting DMTT 3 000 2 980 Pangaea Meeting (technical) PJTT 0 0 IOSG 5 000 Book Editors Mtg SOSG 0 0 EPSG 10 000 Chai, Murray, Mackey NPSG 10 000 meeting and CD ROM productionGSWG cancelled 0 Meeting cancelled (14 Feb)

Other meetings and expenses GLOBEC Workshop 2 000 Trophic foodweb modelling/Chai IGBP Congress (Banff) 10 000 Bychkov, Lowry, Avril, Hanson,

and Lochte IGBP/SCOR OCEANS OSC NASG Paris, France_David Siegel CMTT Book (manager/supplies) 3 000 3 000 Book Manager, part-time, Taipei JGOFS Synthesis Book/IOSG Book 2 000 IGBP-$2K, Technical layout @

Springer-Verlag 3rd JGOFS OSC_speakers 20 000 3rd OSC Receptions NAS and Smithsonian 3rd OSC Invitees from IPO Johannessen, Sakshaug 3rd OSC Eastern European Scientists 7 500

Oguz (Turkey), Ahmed (Oman) and Kutub (Israel)

LDC Scientists for the 3rd OSC 33 000 IAI, APN, SCOR, and START DM DVD Production/copying OSC hand out JGOFS Reports Series SpringerVerlag_Fasham book_bulk order 2 000 2 000 OSC and SSC gifts, best poster

gifts, etc Subtotal 198 500 18 180 Balance -11 200 169 120

Appendix XVI. JGOFS Calendars for 2002 and 2003

Year 2002 29-30 January, Washington DC, USA. Data Management Task Team Meeting. Contact: Margarita Conkright, Ocean Climate Laboratory, E/OC5, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. Tel.: +1 301 713 3290 ext 193, Fax: +1 301 713 3303. The report for this meeting is now available within the International JGOFS Report No. 37, entitled "Data Management Task Team Meeting Minutes, January 2002 & June 2000" edited in August 2002. 11-15 February 2002, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. During the 2002 Ocean Sciences Meeting organised by AGU and ASLO, special sessions or meetings were sponsored by JGOFS for the SOSG (OS04. The Cycle of Carbon in the Southern Ocean", chaired by Paul Tréguer, Ulrich Bathmann, Tom Trull, Phillip Boyd, and Stéphane Blain), the EPSG (Robert Le Borgne) and the NASG (Véronique Garçon). 16-17 February 2002, Honolulu, HI, USA. SOSG Synthesis Workshop: "The Cycle of Carbon in the Southern Ocean". Contact: Paul Tréguer and Ulrich Bathmann. A short Report prepared after this SOSG Meeting is now available. 16-18 April, Southampton, UK. Continental Margin Task Team Workshop on Subpolar Regions. Contact: Jonathan Sharples, School of Ocean and Earth Science, Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom. Tel. +44 23 8059 649; Fax +44 23 8059 3059 22-26 April, Nice, France. During the forthcoming European Geophysical Society 27th General Assembly, a special session "OA8. Biogeochemistry of the carbon cycle of the Atlantic Ocean", chaired by W. Koeve, J. Aiken and V. Garçon was sponsored by JGOFS for the NASG. 24-27 June, EU-JRC, Ispra, Italy. Joint Workshop entitled "Global Ocean Productivity and the Fluxes of Carbon and Nutrients: Combining Observations and Models" organized by the Global Synthesis Working Group and JGOFS/GAIM Task Team, in Ispra, June 2002. Contact: Reiner Schlitzer and Patrick Monfray. A short Report after this joint Modelling workshop is now available. 28 June, EU-JRC, Ispra, Italy. Data-Rescue / Capacity-Building Meeting Contact: Bernard Avril or Margarita Conkright. An unofficial Report prepared after this "Data-Rescue" Meeting is now available online. 17-19 September, Orono, ME, USA. Equatorial Pacific Synthesis Meeting and Workshop Contact: Robert Le Borgne, Centre IRD, B.P. A5, F-98848 Nouméa Cedex, Tel. +33 4 9104 1657, Fax. +33 4 9104 1635, FRANCE; Fei Chai, School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5741, USA, Tel. +1 207 581 4317, Fax. +1 207 581 4388. A short Report after this workshop is now available. 23-25 September, Concepción, Chile. 17th JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee Meeting Contact: Roger Hanson, JGOFS International Project Office, SMR, University of Bergen, PO Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, NORWAY. Tel: +47 555 84244, Fax: +47 555 89687. The minutes from the 16th JGOFS SSC meeting (Amsterdam, July 2001) have been approved and are now on-line.

1-2 October, Sapporo, Japan. North Pacific Synthesis Group Meeting and Symposium for the North Pacific synthesis. Contact: Toshiro Saino, Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chigusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8601, JAPAN, Tel. +81 52 789 3487, Fax. +81 52 789 3436. late Fall, Sidney, B.C., Canada. North Pacific Synthesis Group editorial meeting for an issue of the Journal of Oceanography on JGOFS NP synthesis. Contact: Toshiro Saino, Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chigusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8601, JAPAN, Tel. +81 52 789 3487, Fax. +81 52 789 3436 18-22 November 2002, San Antonio, Texas, USA. World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) and Beyond Conference. Contact: WOCE International Project Office, Southampton Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK, Tel: +44 2380 596789, Fax: +44 2380 596204, woceipo@soc.soton.ac.uk or woce2002@tamu.edu. 25-27 November 2002, Brussels, Belgium. Colour of Ocean Data: a symposium on oceanographic data and information management with special attention to biological data Contact: c/o Edward Vanden Berghe, The Colour of Ocean Data, Vismijn, Pakhuizen 45-52, 8400 Oostende, Belgium, Fax: +32-59-34 21 31. 4-6 December, Washington DC, USA. Continental Margin Task Team Workshop for the Global Synthesis of the 5 Regional Syntheses. Contact: Larry Atkinson, Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0276, USA, Tel. +1 757 683 4926, Fax. +1 757 683 5550; Renato Quiñones, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, CHILE, Tel. +56 41 203861, Fax. +56 41 256571. Year 2003 7-10 January, Paris, FRANCE. International Open Science Meeting "OCEANS: Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems Analysis", co-sponsored by IGBP and SCOR. Contact: SCOR Secretariat, scor@dmv.com or IGBP Secretariat, Wendy Broadgate. 7 January, Toulouse, France. 4th North Atlantic Synthesis Group Meeting. Contact: Véronique Garçon, LEGOS/GRGS/CNRS, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31055 Toulouse Cedex - FRANCE - Tel. (33) 56 133 2957 20-24 January, Punta Arenas, CHILE. 18th SC-IGBP Meeting. Contact: Clemencia Widlund, IGBP Secretariat or Roger Hanson, JGOFS International Project Office, SMR, University of Bergen, PO Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, NORWAY. Tel: +47 555 84244, Fax: +47 555 89687 27-29 January, MARUM, Bremen, GERMANY. PANGAEA-JGOFS Data Management Workshop. Contact: Bernard Avril, JGOFS International Project Office, University of Bergen, Post Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY. Tel.: +47 5558 4249, Fax: +47 5558 9687 24-25 February 2003, Goa, INDIA. International Workshop on Biogeochemical Processes in the Northern Indian Ocean. Contact: Venugopalan Ittekkot, Centre for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), University of Bremen, Fahrenheitsstrasse - 1, D-28359 - Bremen, GERMANY, Tel. +49 421 23800 21, Fax. +49 421 23800 30

3-7 March 2003, UNESCO HQs, Paris, FRANCE. 17th Session of the IOC Committee on International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE). Contact: Peter Pissierssens, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, 1 rue Miollis, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, FRANCE or Bernard Avril, JGOFS International Project Office, University of Bergen, Post Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY. Tel.: +47 5558 4249, Fax: +47 5558 9687 13-15 March 2003, BODC, Merseyside, UK. Data Management Task Team Meeting. Contact: Margarita Conkright, Ocean Climate Laboratory, E/OC5, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. Tel.: +1 301 713 3290 ext 193, Fax: +1 301 713 3303 or Bernard Avril, JGOFS International Project Office, University of Bergen, Post Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, NORWAY. Tel.: +47 5558 4249, Fax: +47 5558 9687 7-11 April 2003, Nice, FRANCE. European Geophysical Union (EGS/EUG) / American Geophysical Union Joint Assembly. Contact: EGS Office, EGU Office or AGU Member Service Center. During the forthcoming 2003 EGU / AGU Joint Assembly, several special sessions are dedicated to themes related to JGOFS: BG1.04 Biogeochemistry of dissolved organic matter in marine and freshwater environments -- Rochelle-Newall E., McKnight D., Carlson C. / BG1.05 Metabolic balance of biogeochemical fluxes in the global ocean. Perspectives and problems -- Rivkin R., Legendre L., Robinson C. / BG1.06 Coastal biogeochemistry and its response to anthropogenic perturbations: inputs, gas exchange, carbon and nutrient cycling -- Gattuso J., Frankignoulle M., Thomas H., Smith S. / BG3.03 Response of marine organisms and ecosystems to global environmental change -- Riebesell U., Karl D., Gattuso J. / CL11.18 The Southern Ocean's role in present and past climate -- Gersonde R., Tréguer P., Schofield O. / OS10 Open Session on the Biogeochemistry of the Oceanic Carbon Cycle -- Follows M., Koeve W. / OS11 Eddy and frontal scale processes in ocean biogeochemistry: observations and models -- Mémery L., McGuillicuddy D., Williams R. / OS12 Iron resources and oceanic nutrients: advancement of global environment simulations -- De Baar H., Lancelot C., Maier-Reimer E. 4 May, Washington DC, USA. 18th JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee Meeting. Contact: Roger Hanson, JGOFS International Project Office, SMR, University of Bergen, PO Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, NORWAY. Tel: +47 555 84244, Fax: +47 555 89687 5-8 May, Washington DC, USA. Final JGOFS Open Science Conference. Contact: Roger Hanson, JGOFS International Project Office, SMR, University of Bergen, PO Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, NORWAY. Tel: +47 555 84244, Fax: +47 555 89687 or Ken Buesseler, Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, WHOI, MS 25, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA, Tel: +1 508 289 2309 Fax: +1 508 457 2193 26 September 2003, Bergen, NORWAY. JGOFS Executive Meeting. Contact: Roger Hanson, JGOFS International Project Office, SMR, University of Bergen, PO Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, NORWAY. Tel: +47 555 84244, Fax: +47 555 89687 16-19 November 2003, Trieste, ITALY. Young Global Change Scientists Conference. See updated START Young Scientists' Global Change Conference -- 1st Announcement NPSG meeting (To be determined), IOSG meeting (To be determined), CMTT meeting (To be determined)

Appendix XVII. Tasks remaining to closing the International Project Offices Mailing and Email Lists (organizations, scientists)

Office documents (historical papers, letters, etc.) Originals documents (and copies)

How much physical space is required for storage? How should office documents be maintained or archived? What is the weight of hard copies?

Shipment Expense Financial Files Official Documents (originals)

Core Project Folder (copies) Administrative Contact Point (details)

Core Project Reports and Newsletters (transferred to) Host Institution

National Libraries Institute Libraries Research Database (transferred to the World Data Centre system) National Datasets (Metadata and observations) International Datasets (Metadata and observations) Cruise Report from Chief Scientists JGOFS Website

Past and acting Web Administrators (contact details) What is the size (Mb)? Hard copy availability Electronic files (CD ROM or DVD) Copying Expense

Executive Officer and Assistant Executive Officer transfer International Moving Expense (home)

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Appendix XIX. Data Rescue Report

Appendix XX. JGOFS-Pangaea Meeting Report

Appendix XXI. Letters to the Agencies [date] [address, see Appendix XXI] Ref. JGOFS/… Subject: Data Management for future ocean biogeochemistry/climate programmes: Lessons learned from JGOFS Dear Dr. …, This letter concerns the issue of data management for ocean biogeochemistry in new research programmes being planned under the auspices of IGBP and SCOR. We believe that this matter is highly relevant for you, but if you know of a colleague who is more directly responsible with support and funding as well as management of ocean data in your institution, we would be grateful if you could also pass our letter to that person. The JGOFS Project has been highly successful in providing new insights into global biogeochemical cycling in the oceans through a multi-national effort. A considerable effort was invested in new measurements of ocean properties during JGOFS. Yet a much smaller stress was directed toward ensuring the accessibility and ultimate stewardship of these expensive and irreplaceable data through a coordinated international data management effort. As new programmes are being designed and implemented, we must learn from the JGOFS data management experience. The following list is a set of recommendations for new programmes to consider: • Establishment and support of a centralized International Project Data Centre responsible for: acquisition of data, data access, and distribution of data to the World Data Centres system to ensure its long-term archival; • Establishment and support of experienced/full-time national data coordinators who will: identify cruises and Principal Investigators (PIs) associated with the national programmes, work with PIs to ensure data and metadata are complete and in common file and data formats and submit data to the International Project Data Centre; • Setting of a time limit before which all countries participating in the programme must submit their data to the Data Centre; • Establishment of a coherent set of standards for reporting data and metadata; • Working with funding agencies to ensure compliance with programme data policies. These recommendations are designed to ensure the rapid dissemination of data and its long-term preservation and accessibility. During the JGOFS Project, key biological and chemical variables were sampled by over 20 countries at the regional scale (process studies in the North Atlantic, Arabian Sea, Equatorial Pacific, Southern Ocean and North Pacific), global scale (carbon survey) and from long-term measurements at key ocean sites. As we proceed with the final synthesis and modelling phases of JGOFS, it is likely that JGOFS may fall short in providing a satisfactory data legacy for future generations.

The JGOFS data management plan was set up so each nation had a data coordinator responsible for that nation’s data. Data are either managed by a national JGOFS data manager (e.g., Australia, Canada, France, Germany, India, Japan, U.K. and U.S.), or reside with individual PIs. A Data Management Task Team (DMTT) was formed to coordinate the data management efforts, but in effect, the DMTT does not represent all nations involved in JGOFS activities, and does not have the manpower or financial resources to go far beyond coordination and cataloguing of data collections carried out nationally. The lack of a centralized International Project Data Centre severely hampers the use of JGOFS data for synthesis and model validation, now and in the future. Additional problems identified with the current JGOFS Data Management are: • Ambiguity in many countries as to what constitutes a JGOFS cruise; • No time limit, and in most countries, no requirement for delivery of data to a Data Centre from where it can be properly archived and disseminated; • Reluctance by PIs to share data; • Data in diverse formats with incomplete documentation or missing key core JGOFS parameters. Efforts to acquire funds to compile all JGOFS international data into a common file and data format, to be distributed internationally, have thus far failed in the U.S. Other national funding agencies have also been approached, in vain. These efforts failed mainly because such supporting activities, although extremely important to make optimal use of the scientific data, have fared poorly in competition with proposals to initiate new science projects. This is very unfortunate, since the acquisition of data is very costly compared to the small cost of effective data management. JGOFS was proactive in setting a data policy and establishing an international data management committee very early in the Project, and the JGOFS system became a model for other programmes (e.g., GLOBEC). Yet, in spite of this effort and because of the complexity of interdisciplinary data and of JGOFS itself, much remains to be done to secure the accessibility of all data collected in the Project. We offer these recommendations to the planners of the next generation of ocean programmes, to help all move toward a new and better, integrated data management system in the next few years. We are very interested in your views on the data management issue facing future programmes and invite you to share your thoughts with us. We will be passing on a more comprehensive view of the JGOFS experience to planners of the next generation of ocean research programmes and look forward to your input. Sincerely, [signature] [signature] [signature] Hugh Ducklow Margarita Conkright Bernard Avril (Chair, JGOFS SSC) (Chair, JGOFS DMTT) (Asst. Exec. Officer, JGOFS IPO)

Appendix XXII. Agencies’ Addresses

Charles Allen, CSIRO, PO Box 225, Dickson ACT 2602, Australia

Robin Batterham, Chief Scientist, Dept. of Education, Science and Training, Location Code 742, GPO Box 9880, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia

Geoff Garrett, CSIRO Chief Executive, CSIRO, PO Box 225, Dickson, ACT 2602, Australia

Nan Bray, Chief, CSIRO Marine Research Division, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia

Veronica Sakell, Director, National Oceans Office, GPO Box 2139, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia

The Director, Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia

Neil Williams, Chief Executive Officer, Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378 Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia

Norbury Rogers, Chairman, Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), PMB No. 3, Townsville MC, Queensland, 4810, Australia

Tom Brzustowski, President, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), 350 Albert Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 1H5, Canada

Peter Doherty, Research Director, Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No. 3, Townsville MC, Queensland 4810, Australia

Dave Graham, President, Australian Marine Conservation Society, P.O. Box 3139, Yeronga, Queensland 4104, Australia

Wendy Watson-Wright, Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, House of Commons, Parliament Buildings, Wellington Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0A6, Canada

Denis D'Amours, Acting Director, Oceanography and Climate Branch, Fisheries & Oceans Canada, 200 Kent Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E6, Canada

Arthur J. Carty, President, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada

Cheryl Lambert, Director, Research Program Support Office, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada

André Isabelle, Environm. Natural Resources Res. Partners., NSERC, 350 Albert Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 1H5, Canada

Jean-Louis Fellous, Director, Direction des Recherches Océaniques, IFREMER, 155, rue Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 92138 Issy-les-Moulineaux cedex, France

Janet Walden, Vice-President Research Partnerships Programs Directorate, NSERC, 350 Albert Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 1H5, Canada

Philippe Busquin, Research Commission., European Commission, Rue de la Loi 200, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium

Achilleas Mitsos, Director-General, Directorate General Research, European Commission, Rue de la Loi 200, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium

Christian Patermann, Director, Directorate I, Directorate General Research, EC, Rue de la Loi 200, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium

Jean-François Minster, P.D.G., IFREMER, 155, rue Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 92138 Issy-les-Moulineaux cedex, France

Gérard Mégie, Président, CNRS, 3, rue Michel-Ange, 75794 Paris cedex 16, France

Serge Calabre, Directeur général, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 213, rue La Fayette, 75 480 Paris Cedex 10, France

Geneviève Berger, directrice générale, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 3, rue Michel-Ange, 75794 Paris cedex 16, France

Philippe Gillet, Directeur, Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers, 3, Rue Michel-Ange, B.P. 287, 75766 Paris cedex 16, France

Jean-Luc Clément, Directeur, Direction des relations internationales (DIR), INSU, 3, Rue Michel-Ange, B.P. 287, 75766 Paris cedex 16, France

Gérard Brachet, Directeur Général, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, 2 place Maurice Quentin, 75 039 Paris cedex 01, France

Gerhard Hahn, Bundesministerium für Bildung + Forschung, Dept. of Environm. Res. and Social Sciences, Heinemannstrasse 2, D-53175 Bonn, Germany

Ehrlich Desa, Director, National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Dona Paula, 403 004 Goa, India

Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan, Chairman, Department of Space (DOS), ISRO, Bala Nagar, Hyderabad, 500 037 Andhra Pradesh, India

Amélie Mummendey, Wissenschaftsrat, Brohler Straße 11, D-50968 Köln, Germany

R.A. Mashelkar, Director General, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Anusandhan Bhavan, 2, Rafi Marg, New Delhi - 110 001, India

Harsh K. Gupta, Secretary, Department of Ocean Development, Mahasagar Bhavan, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003, India

Meinhard Schulz-Baldes, Wissenschaftliche Beirat Bundesregierung Globale Umweltveränderungen, Reichpietschufer 60-62, D-10785 Berlin, Germany

Ernst-Ludwig Winnacker, Präsident, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Kennedyallee 40, D-53175 Bonn, Germany

Karl Max Einhäupl, Wissenschaftsrat, Brohler Straße 11, D-50968 Köln, Germany

Jaak Sinnaeve, Executive Secretary, INTAS, Avenue des Arts 58/8, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium

Johannes Karte, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Kennedyallee 40, D-53175 Bonn, Germany

Tei-ichi Sato, Director General, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 6 Ichibancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8471, Japan

Mr. Hayashida, International Affairs, Ministry of Science & Technology, 3-2-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8959, Japan

Shuichiro Yamanouchi, President, National Space Development Agency Japan, World Trade Center Bldg., 2-4-1, Hamamatsu-cho, Tokyo 105-8060, Japan

Daisuke Yoshida, Dir. Ocean & Earth Div., Ministry of Edu., Culture, Sports, Sci. Techn., 3-2-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8959, Japan

Hiroyuki Yoshikawa, Chairman, Science Council of Japan, Minato-ku Roppongi 7-22-34, Tokyo, Japan

Kiyoshi Suyehiro, Director, Japan Marine Science & Technology Centre, 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan

Michio Kuriyagawa, Director-General, National Institute Resources & Environment, 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569 , Japan

Kazuhiro Kitazawa, Div. Ocean & Earth, Japan Marine Science & Technology Centre , 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan

Nobuyuki Shibayama, Director, Japan Oceanographic Data Center, Hydrographic and Oceanographic Dept., 5-3-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan

Yohichi Gohshi, President, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba-Shi, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan

David Pugh, Inter-Agency Committee Marine Sci. Techn., Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, Empress Dock, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom

Yutaka Nagata, Director, Marine Information Research Center, Mishima Bldg. 5F, 7-15-4, Ginza, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0061, Japan

John Lawton, Chief Executive, Natural Environment Research Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon SN2 1EU, United Kingdom

Peter Collins, Director Science Policy, The Royal Society, 6-9 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y 5AG, United Kingdom

Phil Newton, Head of Marine Sci. Team, Natural Environment Research Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon SN2 1EU, United Kingdom

Peter Boyle, Natural Environment Research Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon SN2 1EU, United Kingdom

David King, Chief Scientific Adviser, Office of Science and Technology, 1 Victoria Street, London SW1H 0ET, United Kingdom

Fiona Carse, Marine Sci. Progr. Officer, Natural Environment Research Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon SN2 1EU, United Kingdom

Margaret Davidson, Director, National Ocean Service (NOS), SSMC4, 13th floor, 1305 E.W. Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States

Stephen Cox, Executive Secretary, The Royal Society, 6-9 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y 5AG, United Kingdom

Bud Ehler, Dir. Int. Program Office, National Ocean Service (NOS), SSMC4, 13th floor, 1305 E.W. Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States

Louis Brown, International Sci. Affairs, Directorate of Geosciences (GEO), NSF, 4201 Wilson Blvd., room 705 N, Arlington, Virginia 22230, United States

Ken Mooney, Acting Director, Office of Global Programs, NOAA, 1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1210, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States

David Evans, Dep. Assistant Adm., Office of Oceanic & Atmosph. Res., NOAA , Silver Spring Metro Center, Bldg 3, 11627, 1315 E.W. Highw., Silver Spring, MD20910, United States

Aristides Patrinos, Associate Director, Office of Biol. and Environm. Res., DoE, 19901 Germantown Road, Germantown, MD 20874-1290, United States

René Eppi, Director, NOAA Research International Activities, 1315 E.W. Highway, SSMC 3, Rm 11424, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States

Margaret Leinen, Assist. Dir. Geosciences, Directorate of Geosciences (GEO), NSF, 4201 Wilson Blvd., room 705 N, Arlington, Virginia 22230, United States

Raymond Orbach, Director, Office of Science, Department of Energy, 19901 Germantown Road, Germantown, MD 20874-1290, United States

Jane Alexander, Dir. Sci. & Techn., U.S. Office of Naval Research, Ballston Centre Tower One, 800 North Quincy Street, Arlington, VA 22217-5660, United States

Warren Washington, Chair, National Science Board, 4201 Wilson Blvd., room 1225 N, Arlington, Virginia 22230, United States

Charles Trees, Head, Biol. Oceanogr. Program, NASA HQ, Office of Earth Science, 300 E Street. SW, Washington DC 20546, United States

Shannon Lucid, Chief Scientist, NASA, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 77058, United States

Brad Arthur, Secretary for Int. Programs, Global Change Research Program Office, 400 Virginia Avenue, SW, Suite 750, Washington, DC 20024, United States

Ghassem Asrar, Associate Administrator, NASA Headquarters, Office of Earth Science, 300 E Street. SW, Washington DC 20546, United States

Frank Herr, Department Head, Ocean, Atmosphere and Space (OAS), ONR, Ballston Centre Tower One, 800 North Quincy Street, Arlington, VA 22217-5660, United States

Richard Moss, Executive Director, Global Change Research Program Office, 400 Virginia Avenue, SW, Suite 750, Washington, DC 20024, United States

Donald Johnston, Secretary-General, OCDE, 2, rue André Pascal, F-75775 Paris Cedex 16, France

Su Jilan, Chaiman IOC of UNESCO , State Oceanic Administration, Second Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box 1207, 9 Xixihexia, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China

Wendy Broadgate, Dep. Dir. Natural Sci., IGBP, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, S-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden

Patricio Bernal, Executive Secretary, IOC Secretariat, 1, rue Miollis, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, France

Franciscus Colijn, Chair OCC, ICES, 2-4 Palægade, DK-1261 Copenhagen K, Denmark

David Griffith, General Secretary, ICES, 2-4 Palægade, DK-1261 Copenhagen K, Denmark

Thomas Rosswall, Executive Director, International Council for Science (ICSU), 51 Bd de Montmorency, 75016 Paris, France

Josef Aschbacher, Chair Representative, CEOS, European Space Agency, 8-10, rue Mario Nikis, 75738 Paris Cedex 15, France

Directorate STI, OCDE, 2, rue André Pascal, F-75775 Paris Cedex 16, France

José Achache, Directorate of Earth Obs. Programmes, ESA, 8-10, rue Mario Nikis, 75738 Paris Cedex 15, France

Edward Urban , Executive Director, SCOR, Dept. of Earth + Planetary Sci., Johns Hopkins University, Olin Hall, San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States

Will Steffen, Exec. Dir., IGBP Secretariat, IGBP, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, S-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden

Julio Alberto Luna, President, COFECYT, Avda. Córdoba 831 - 2º piso, of. 206/207, (C1054AAH) Buenos Aires, Argentina

ESF Director, European Science Foundation (ESF), 1, quai Lezay-Marnésia, F-67080 Strasbourg Cedex, France

L.R. Fontana, Scientific Coordinator, Instituto Antártico Argentino, D.N. Antártico, Cerrito 1248, C1010AAZ Capital Federal, Argentina

Eduardo Hernán Charreau, Presidente, CONICET, Avda. Rivadavia 1917 - CP C1033AAJ, Cdad. de Buenos Aires, Argentina

Martine Vanderstraeten, OSTC, Rue de la Science 8, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium

Eric Beka, Secretary General, OSTC, Rue de la Science 8, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium

Antônio M.A. MacDowell, IAI, Agencia Espacial Brasileira, SPO - Area 5 - Quadra 3 - Bloco B - Terreo, 70610-200 Brasília D.F., Brazil

M.J. Simoen, Secrétaire générale, FNRS, rue d’Egmont 5, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium

Ximena Gómez de la Torre, Jefe, Departamento de Relaciones Internacionales, CONICYT, Bernarda Morín 551, Piso 2 - Providencia, Santiago, Chile

Eric Goles Chacc, Presidente, CONICYT, Canadá 308 - Providencia, Santiago, Chile

Peter Heffernan, CEO, Marine Institute, Galway Technology Park, Parkmore, Galway, Ireland

Oscar Pinochet de la Barra, Director, Instituto Antartico Chileno (INACH), Casilla 16521 Correo 9, Providencia, Santiago, Chile

Lucio Bianco, Presidente, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazzale Aldo Moro, 7, 00185 Roma, Italy

Director, National Development Plan (NDP), 15 Lower Hatch Street, Dublin 2, Ireland

Giovanni d'Addona, Direttore Generale, Dipartimento per la programmazione; Ministero della Ricerca, Piazza Kennedy, 20, 00144 Roma, Italy

Piero Marini, Direttore Generale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazzale Aldo Moro, 7, 00185 Roma, Italy

Jaime Parada Ávila, Director General, CONACYT, Av. Constituyentes 1046, Col. Lomas Altas, C.P. 11950, México, D.F., Mexico

Carlo Rubbia, Commissario Straordinario, ENEA, Via Anguillarese 301, I-00060 S. Maria di Galeria, Roma, Italy

Matthew Everett, Manager Oceans Policy, Ministry for the Environment, PO Box 10362, Wellington, New Zealand

Neil Richardson, Chairperson, FRST, P O Box 12-240, Wellington, New Zealand

Paul Hargreaves, Chief Executive, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 99940, Newmarket, Auckland, New Zealand

James Buwalda, Chief Executive, Ministry of Research, Science & Technology, PO Box 5336, Wellington, New Zealand

Grete Ek Ulland, Director General, Department of Research, Ministry of Education and Research, PB 8119 Dep, 0032 Oslo, Norway

Rachel Wilson, Responsible, New Zealand Climate Change Programme, PO Box 55, Wellington, New Zealand

Karin Refsnes, Direktør, Området for miljø og utvikling, Norges forskningsråd (NFR), PO Box 2700 St. Hanshaugen, 0131 Oslo, Norway

Christian Hambro, Director General, Norges forskningsråd (NFR), PO Box 2700 St. Hanshaugen, 0131 Oslo, Norway

YuCheng Chai, Department of Earth Sciences, 35 (E Gate), Huayuanbei Rd, Haidian Distric, Beijing 100083, P.R. China

Sun Shu, Director Div. of Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 52 Sanlihe Rd., Beijing, 100864, P.R. China

Xu Yukun, Director, Department of International Cooperation, State Oceanic Administration, No.1 Fuxingmenwai Avenue, 100860 Beijing, P.R. China

Wang Shaoqi, Director, Department of International Cooperation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 52 Sanlihe Rd., Beijing, 100864, P.R. China

Chen Jia'er, President, NSFC, 83 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, P.R. China

Xiang Jianhai, Director, Institute of Oceanology (IOCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071 ShangDong, P.R. China

Shahid Amjad, Director General, National Institute of Oceanography, St. 47, Block-1, Clifton, Karachi 75600, Pakistan

Zhang Dengyi, Administrator, State Oceanic Administration, No.1 Fuxingmenwai Avenue, 100860 Beijing, P.R. China

Czesław Druet, Komitet Badań Morza, Institute of Oceanology, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, P.O. Box 68, 81-712 Sopot, Poland

S. T. K. Naim, Scientific Secretary, Pakistan Council for Science and Technology (PCST), Shahrah-i-Jamhuriat, G-5/2, Islamabad, Pakistan

Sergei S. Lappo, Director, P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology (SIO), Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Nakhimovsky prospect 36, Moscow, 117851, Russia

President, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia , Av. D. Carlos I, 126 -1º e 2º, 1249-074 Lisboa, Portugal

Monde Mayekiso, Chief Director, Chief Directorate Marine + Coastal Mgmt, National Science and Technology Forum, PO Box 9823, Pretoria, Gauteng 0001, South Africa

Boris V. Levin, Dir. Dept of Geosciences, Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Leninsky Prospekt 32a, 117334 Moscow, Russia

C.J. Scheffer, Director S&T Cooperation, Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology (DACST), Private Bag X894, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa

Nok C. Frick, Director, Council for Geoscience, Private Bag X112, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa

Daya Reddy, Chair of the Board, National Research Foundation (NRF), PO Box 2600, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa

Rob Adam, Director-General, Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology (DACST), Private Bag X894, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa

Lee Kwang-Ro, Director General, National Oceanographic Research Institute, 1-17 7a Hang-dong, Jung-go, Incheon, South Korea

Sang-Kyung Byun, President, Korea Ocean Res. & Development Institute, Ansan P.O. Box 29, Seoul 425-600, South Korea

General Director, Sci. Techn. Policy Off., Ministry of Science and Technology, Government Complex-Gwacheon, Gwacheon City, Kyunggi-Do 427-760, South Korea

Director, Planning and Management Off., Ministry of Science and Technology, Government Complex-Gwacheon, Gwacheon City, Kyunggi-Do 427-760, South Korea

Álvaro Fernández García, General Dir., Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Avenida de Brasil, 31, 28020 Madrid, Spain

Rolf Tarrach Siegel, Presidente, Consejo Sup. de Investigaciones Científicas , c/ Serrano, 117, 28071 Madrid, Spain

Dick Hedberg, Exec. Sec., Environm. Res. + Polar Res. Committee, Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien, P.O. Box 50005, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden

Ramon Marimon Suñol, Secretario, Secretaría de Estado de Política Científica Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, Paseo de la Castellana, 160, 28071 Madrid, Spain

Björn Sjöberg, Chairman, Swedish Committee for Oceanic Research, Göteborgs Universitet, Geovetarcentrum, Oceanografi, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden

Janne Carlsson, President, Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien, P.O. Box 50005, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden

Heidi Diggelmann, President, Fonds national suisse de la recherche sci., Wildhainweg 20, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland

Pär Omling, Generaldirektör, Vetenskapsrådet (VR), Regeringsgatan 56, 103 87 Stockholm, Sweden

Daniel R. Ariztegui, President, Commission suisse océanogr. & limnologie, Swiss National Science Foundation, Université de Genève, Rue des Maraîchers 13, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland

Christian Körner, Swiss National Science Foundation for the promotion of scientific research, ProClim, Bärenplatz 2, 3011 Bern, Switzerland

Pei-Fen Chen, Resp. for Oceanography, National Science Council (NSC), 106 Hoping E. Road Sec. 2, Taipei, Taiwan RoC

Hung-Duen Yang, Director, National Science Council (NSC), 106 Hoping E. Road Sec. 2, Taipei, Taiwan RoC

John Marks, general director, Gebied Aard- en Levenswetenschappen , NWO, Postbus 93510, 2509 AM Den Haag, The Netherlands

B. P. Th. Veltman, Chairman, Adviesraad voor het Wetenschaps- en Technologiebeleid (AWT), Javastraat 42, 2585 AP The Hague, The Netherlands

Peter Nijkamp, voorzitter, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Postbus 93138, 2509 AC Den Haag, The Netherlands

Chris H. Moen, General Director, KNAW, Het Trippenhuis, Kloveniersburgwal 29, Postbus 19121, 1000 GC Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Ivan Danilo López, Presidente, FONACIT, Final Av. Los Cortijos de Lourdes, Edificio Maploca, Caracas, Venezuela

W.J.M. Levelt, Pres. Executive Board, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Postbus 93138, 2509 AC Den Haag, The Netherlands

Jürg Pfister, Head International Relations, Fonds national suisse de la recherche sci., Wildhainweg 20, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland

Egidio Romano Roselli, Director, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apartado Postal 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela

Appendix XXIII. Oceanographic Data and Information Management Bernard Avril and Nicolas Dittert prepared the following draft data policy (21 February 2003) at the request of the IMBER (formerly OCEANS) Transition Team, based on their experience with JGOFS and other project data and information management and in an informal meeting in conjunction with the OCEANS Open Science Meeting in Paris in January 2003. This document provided useful information for discussions of oceanographic data management at the IGBP Congress in Banff, Canada in June 2003 (see session B2, www.igbp.kva.se/congress/wgabstracts.html#B2). (This text has been further modified for the IGBP Congress in Banff, Canada, in June 2003)

Suggested Statements by the Transition Team: a.- Understanding that at the international level, the project Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) makes data management recommendations, that assist the implementation and enforcement at the national level of a data management policy together with the relevant (national and international) funding agencies, b.- Considering that the International Council for Science (ICSU) recommends as a general policy, the fundamental principle of full and open exchange of data and information for scientific and educational purposes. Scientific data is defined as the recorded factual material commonly accepted in the scientific community as necessary to validate research findings, but not any of the following: preliminary analyses, drafts of scientific papers, plans for future research, peer reviews, or communications with colleagues. Datasets are regarded as a valuable resource in their own right, c.- Considering that the minimum requirements are that scientific data are complete (for global integration), accurate (through quality control and analysis) and authentic (trustworthy); timely released; identifiable, documented thanks to associated metadata records (i.e., “description of data and including method and references”); ethically retrievable when needed and properly secured, and preserved on the long-term, d.- Noting that raw data, which are undocumented and uncertain in their quality have the least value, whereas complete, accurate, well documented and organised data, as used in publications, have the highest value,

Recommends full and open access to well documented and organised data and required information for all parties involved in the project.

e.- Noting that the ultimate success in data retrieval and exchange, and accompanying advancements in knowledge rely on the scientists’ participation, which does not consistently occur unless there are appropriate incentives to do so. f.- Understanding that a data management plan improve the efforts dedicated to scientific analysis and new discoveries, by easing those devoted to exploration and manipulation of datasets. g.- Considering that the project also depends on historical records and knowledge.

h.- Considering that during the project, it is expected the development of new concepts and visions, together with a great expansion in marine, biogeochemical and ecological data flow of very large, distributed, heterogeneous datasets, associated with advances in technologies and scientific concepts.

Recommends a major effort for the project data and metadata management, to be internationally coordinated, based on a full, coherent data management plan, along with first, a attractive and rewarding system sustaining the voluntary participation of scientists, and second, some fair enforcement procedures, including a data management policy, to be prepared and implemented in coordination with the funding agencies

Recommends a multiplicity of approaches within a semi-distributed, scalable and

flexible data management system in order to address the increasingly important and complex issue of data and knowledge management, taking into consideration the multiplicity of the cultures, international work experiences, national particularities, and constrained relationships that scientists are willing or required to work with.

Recommends the establishment and continuous support of an International

Information Management Office (IIMO) and of a Data Management Committee (DMC) designed to assist the SSC and to coordinate in close liaison with the International Project Office (IPO) all information and data management aspects for the entire project duration (evaluation, guidance, support of the various partners in data management; evaluation of the data flows and usages), and to facilitate the integration of the project data management system within the frameworks already existing nationally (NDC, NCP, etc.) and internationally (e.g., WDCs, GCMD/CEOS-IDN, other projects and programmes). The IIMO and DMC investigate or adapt new tools and strategies and appropriate standards (Internet protocols, data and metadata standards, approved protocols for data quality assurance or control) in order to facilitate and promote the data flows, especially for future observations from new sensors, new satellites, new platforms (autonomous underwater or remotely operated vehicles, inexpensive, low-maintenance monitoring systems and sophisticated buoys), for continuous measurements, global survey, ships of opportunity operations, video recordings, and for systems of data delivery in near real-time and delayed modes or for on-time, push data and information delivery; for model output dissemination, etc. The IIMO and DMC investigate or adapt new tools and strategies for data rescue, data archeology, data mining and data integration in relation to the needs of the project. The IIMO and DMC follow developments and review existing governmental, commercial, and legal constraints on data access and intellectual property issues (including published articles, CD-ROMs) for purposes of scientific research.

i.- Recognizing that the project core science is specific and different in its goals and strategies from the already existing initiatives and other core projects sponsored by IGBP and SCOR.

Recommends the establishment and the regular revision of a list of project core parameters (with related methodological standards and appropriate metadata, as required), which related closely to the project core science, in coordination with all relevant project partners and other external initiatives.

j.- Recognizing that to insure the highest possible quality in the project datasets, a system similar to the peer reviewing for the publications should be adopted for the datasets and associated metadata

Recommends the establishment and basic, continuous support of several Data Evaluation Units (DEUs), reporting (activity with performance evaluation) to the SSC and the IIMO. Their primary missions are first, to quality control independently and fairly, to check against historical records and to validate the contributed datasets and associated metadata relevant to a specific group of the OCEAN core parameters; second, to deliver appropriately official project-labelled certificates for the datasets and to publicly acknowledge the scientists’ contributions to the project, and third, to create project-labelled data collections. Each DEU is flexible in its working structure and is community-oriented (more than the national agencies already existing, such as NODCs), and is led by a voluntary scientist with strong inter-personal skills and high scientific expertise and recognition, chosen by the SSC, after a call for proposals and some possible direct solicitations. The most experienced scientists are expected to participate both as data producers and as data evaluators or as builders of specific data collections. The DEU use the delivered datasets and associated metadata only for the tasks defined by the SSC and IIMO.

Recommends that the IIMO, DMC and DEUs provide all project scientists with

support, recommendations, guidelines and priorities regarding information and data management plans. They coordinate the establishment of a specific metadata portal for the project or programme with the help of GCMD – CEOS / IDN. They promote the project data policy and assist in the development of national project data management efforts (possible national Data Management Offices, DMO) and the cooperation with national data centres (NDCs).

Recommends that the IIMO, assisted by an ad-hoc Publications Committee (PC),

attribute an OCEAN-label and consecutive number for the relevant peer-reviewed publications when they are submitted to a science journal, and provided that the related datasets and associated metadata are delivered within the project data management system, and project-certified by a DEU, identifiable through a unique Digital Object Identifier (DOI), and the publication acknowlegded the project in an appropriate manner.

Recommends that the shortest data flow from the scientists to the most adequate

ICSU’s World Data Centre (WDC), through the DEUs, be promoted (especially for the countries with a less advanced, developed infrastructure). The WDCs represent the best international framework for the long-term preservation and the worldwide, continuous dissemination of all data. Figure 1

Recommends that data and information flow be initiated as soon as possible and

maintained until the project’s end, in order to insure a timely, continuous delivery of the datasets to the community, and also to increase the quality of those datasets and subsequently of the fieldwork strategy and the synthesis themselves.

Recommends that a preliminary report be established as soon as possible after the

fieldwork or the experiment, that includes preliminary, basic information related to the datasets acquired or the experiences conducted, such as location and timing of stations; sampling strategy; inventory of all parameters acquired; time frame and specifications for data delivery and for restricted and open data accessibilities, etc.

Recommends that the data and metadata be delivered to the relevant DEUs as soon

as possible and within a maximum of two years after the completion of the fieldwork or of the experiment, and before open public dissemination. Some datasets and information are available as soon as the fieldwork or experience ends (hydrology, meteorology, etc.), or

soon after some basic data quality control (dissolved nutrients, etc.). The datasets to be delivered later (from 3-month to 2-year delays) and those not acquired in accordance to the initial cruise or experience plans, are also identified.

Recommends that the project-labelled datasets and related metadata be both placed

on-line (provisionally, with a password-controlled access until the end of the 2-year period) and published as project data products as soon as possible, either by the DEU or another entity (IIMO, WDC…), after full delivery and quality check, and as appropriate or required (with a clear edition date or version number, to avoid confusion), even if they are later revised or reworked in a more convenient, integrated way (e.g., in a “data collection”), in order to increase the work flexibility and the visibility of each achievement.

k.- acknowledging that a new or specific science field relevant to the project is, exceptionally, not properly covered by any DEU.

Recommends that the datasets relevant to the project science but not covered by the expertise of any DEU be transmitted with their associated metadata preferably directly to the IIMO and possibly to a national institution (preferably, national DMO), in agreement with the SSC or IIMO.

l.- recognizing that “education” is one of the most useful strategies to ensure data delivery and metadata generation

Recommends that the DEUs and NDCs be fully involved in the project, including participations to fieldwork, experiments and science workshops when appropriate, in order to increase the interactions with the scientists and to promote the excellence in data management practises and the utilization of data management / data analysis / data visualization tools as needed.

m.- noting that “full recognition and acknowledgement” of the contributing scientists is another of the most useful strategies to ensure data delivery and metadata generation

Recommends that all ”data publishing” and “data citation index” initiatives and mechanisms be promoted

n.- Recognising that the project is a part of a larger science system,

Recommends that each national and international project efforts fully support and promote the project data management system above-described and that those above-mentioned project recommendations be fully endorsed and implemented nationally and internationally by all relevant funding agencies, research institutions and international bodies.

Final Remarks

The scientists should clearly benefit of the project data management system, because:

- They receive privileged and rapid access facilities to new datasets, through the project data management system

- They can increase the added values of their datasets, either through new scientific collaborations / co-authorship in publications.

- They access faster and more efficiently the datasets and hidden patterns thanks to data management / data analysis / data visualization tools, as developed by the project data managers / data users.

- Their recognition and professional status are promoted by their participations to the project, as data producers, when their datasets and related peer-reviewed publications are officially project-labelled and designated with an unique Digital Object Identifier (DOI), or as data evaluators (within the DEUs) or as data collections builders.

Technical Annex – Conventions and terms

The data management design refers to the guidelines of “Good scientific practice in research”1,2, the WIPO copyright treaty3, and the DOE-NIH Guidelines for Sharing Data and Resources4. Accordingly, data generated by the project are a substantial resource, which enable later verification of scientific interpretation and conclusions. They may also be the starting point for further studies5,6. Data The term “data” embraces the analytical value (number, parameter/variable, unit) and its entire meta-information (i.e. any information that describes the analytical value: reference, method, gear, site, campaign, project, etc.). Data comprise real time data (e.g., ARGO profiling floats) and delayed mode data (e.g., biology, chemistry, geology). In contrast to previous programs (e.g., WOCE, JGOFS), the project comprises a highly complex data heterogeneity. Data producer (in a broader sense) is the scientist (Principal Investigator, PI). The PI signs responsible for a data set (i.e. the smallest data entity). Usually, a PI is an individual. In exceptional cases a PI can be an institution. Data flux Anytime data are produced under the project umbrella, the PI shall follow the Information Flux Model (Fig. 1). This routine shall insure that any scientist benefits to a maximum from each other with a minimum of effort - besides other positive effects (e.g., data availability). A project Data Management Committee (DMC) shall track and update any data activity. Data producers are indentured to submit any meta-information and analytical data produced under the project umbrella and to announce the current data status during the entire processing period to the DMC. Data evaluation shall be carried out by Data Evaluation Units (DEUs). DEU describes a functionality rather than an institution and adopts the responsibility of quality assessment (completeness and trustworthiness of data). DEUs can be individuals, research centers, academic departments, or industrial laboratories standing out by their excellence in a particular research topic. They are recruited by expertise through regular calls for proposals. Data storage and public access shall be performed by World Data Centers (WDCs). WDCs are institutions that are bound to the rules and are supervised by the Panel on World Data Centers and the International Council for Science7. Scientists may be committed to national data management regulations, too. However, funding received through the project structure indentures the PI to follow the project data policy. However, subordinate data activities (e.g. through national data centers) are welcome. In any case, for the reason of data consistency WDC are preferred to other data centers. Data sharing The project promotes and encourages the rapid sharing of data that are generated. Such sharing is essential for progress toward the goals of the project – and to expedite research in other areas -

and to avoid unnecessary duplication. Although it shall be the policy of the project to maximize outreach to the scientific community, it is also necessary to give investigators time to verify the accuracy of their data and to gain some scientific advantage from the effort they have invested. Furthermore, intellectual property protection may be needed for some of the data. Timely data provision by Principal Investigators (PI) involved in the field program is crucial to the achievement of the project goals: Consensus shall be the concept that a 6-month period from the time the data or materials are generated to the time they are made available publicly is a reasonable mean value in almost all cases. However, more rapid sharing is encouraged. Data publication The IIMO assisted by a project Publications Committee (PC) shall award a label “Project Publication” and attribute a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) to publications whose data (1) have been evaluated by a DEU; (2) are available through a WDC; and (3) who acknowledge the project in an appropriate manner. Data standards Any unit shall be committed to implement standards and protocols that have been evaluated by a Project International Information Management Office (IIMO). An entire family of international standards and protocols has been (and is still being) developed to (a) increase availability, access, integration, and sharing of digital geographic information; (b) permit inter-operability of geospatially enabled computer systems; (c) contribute to a unified approach to addressing global ecological and humanitarian problems; (d) ease the establishment of geospatial infrastructures on local, regional and global levels. These standards comprise the ISO 19100/TC 211 family (standardization of digital geographic information8), the FGDC-STD-001-1998 (digital geospatial meta-data9), the ANSI/NISO Z39.50 protocol (a unifying interface that allows diverse information systems for coexistence while maintaining a consistent user interface10), the AAP-CNRI DOI (digital object identifier for communication between communities11), among many others. Widespread use of the Internet has revolutionized data distribution and availability in the past few years. For the maximum benefit of the scientific community data providers (WDC and other archives) shall keep abreast of changes in computing and data distribution and storage and stay at the forefront of new approaches. Software provided publicly for data handling and products should be platform-independent12. Data management funding SSC shall decide to require all applicants expecting to generate significant amounts of data or materials to describe in their application how and when they plan to make such data and materials available to the community. Grant solicitations shall specify this requirement. These plans in each application will be reviewed in the course of peer review and by staff to assure they are reasonable and in conformity with program philosophy. If a grant is made, the applicant's sharing plans shall become a condition of the award and compliance will be reviewed before continuation funding is provided. Progress reports shall be asked to address the issue. The project recommends that scientists and funding agencies ensure that sufficient funds are included in project proposals to support data management.

References 1. ICSU/CODATA. Access to databases: A set of principles for science in the Internet era,

www.icsu.org/Library/Central/Statem/access.html, 2000. 2. European Science Foundation. Good scientific practice in research and scholarship,

www.esf.org/medias/ESPB10.pdf, 2000. 3. World Intellectual Property Organization. WIPO copyright treaty,

www.wipo.org/eng/diplconf/distrib/94dc.htm, 1996. 4. HGMIS Staff. NIH, DOE Guidelines Encourage Sharing of Data, Resources. Human Genome News 4(5):4,

www.ornl.gov/hgmis/publicat/hgn/v4n5/04share.html, 1993. 5. JOI/U.S. Science Support Program. Acknowledgement and Keyword Policy, www.joi-

odp.org/USSSP/acknowledge.htm, 2002. 6. PAGES. PAGES Data Policy, www.pages.unibe.ch/data/policies.html, 2003. 7. ICSU Panel on World Data Centers. Principles and Responsibilities of ICSU World Data Centers,

www.ngdc.noaa.gov/wdc/guide/gdsystema.html, 2002. 8. International Organization for Standardization. ISO/TC211 Geographic Information/Geomatics. (2003). 9. Federal Geographic Data Committee. Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (version 2.0) FGDC-

STD-001-1998, www.fgdc.gov/metadata/contstan.html, 1998. 10. American National Standard Information/National Information Standards Organization, A. N. S. I. N. I. S.

American National Standard Information Retrieval Application Service Definition and Protocol Specification for Open Systems Interconnection, www.cni.org/pub/NISO/docs/Z39.50-brochure/50.brochure.part01.html, 1988.

11. International DOI Foundation. The Digital Object Identifier system, www.doi.org, 2002. 12. WOCE Synthesis and Modeling Working Group. WOCE observations, data analysis and data products,

www.cms.udel.edu/woce/wocedocs/aims/aims3.htm, 1997.

Examples of Further Readings ANZLIC Policy Statement on Spatial Data Management – April 1999 –

awww.anzlic.org.au/policy/data_mgt.htm International Argo Data Management, User’s Manual – July 2002 – www.coriolis.eu.org/coriolis/cdc/argo/argo-

dm-user-manual.pdf BENEFIT Data Policy – March 2002 – www.benefit.org.na/datamgmt/policy.html Canada-JGOFS Data Submission Policy – February 1997 – www.meds-sdmm.dfo-

mpo.gc.ca/jgofs/Docs/management/policy.html CoOP Data Policy – January 2002 – www.skio.peachnet.edu/coop/datapol2.html Digital Object Identifier Handbook, Metadata – December 2002 – www.doi.org/handbook_2000/metadata.html Dublin Core Metadata Initiative, Guidelines for implementing Dublin Core in XML – September 2002 --

dublincore.org/documents/2002/09/09/dc-xml-guidelines/ GLOBEC Data Policy – February 2001 – www.pml.ac.uk/globec/Data/DataPolicy_June21st.PDF Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA), scientific access to data and information –

February 2002 – www.codata.org/data_access/index.html Joint Committee on Antarctic Data Management (JCADM) documents and reports – August 2002 –

www.jcadm.scar.org/docs1.html MAST: A Guideline for Project Data Management – March 1997 – www.sea-search.net/guidelines-

practices/welcome.html NSF-Margins Data Policy – January 2002 – www.ldeo.columbia.edu/margins/MARGINSnet4/DataPolicy.html OSDM Commonwealth spatial dataset access policy – February 2003 –

www.osdm.gov.au/osdm/data_acc_policy.html US-GCRIO Policy Statements on Data Management for Global Change Research (US-GCRIO) – July 1991 –

www.gcrio.org/USGCRP/DataPolicy.html US-JGOFS Data Policy – ioc.unesco.org/oceanteacher/resourcekit/Module1/DataPolicy/u_s_jgofs.htm WOCE Data Policy and Practices 1995 – December 2002 – www.cms.udel.edu/woce/WOCEDOCS/datapol.htm

Acronyms Used CEOS – Committee on Earth Observation Satellite – www.ceos.org/

DEU – project Data Evaluation Unit

DMC – project Data Management Committee

DMO – project Data Management Office (national or regional level)

DOE-NIH – Department of Energy - National Institutes of Health

DOI – Digital Object Identifier – www.doi.org/

GCMD – NASA’s Global Change Master Directory – gcmd.nasa.gov/

GSDI – Spatial Data Infrastructure

ICES – International Council for the Exploration of the Sea – www.ices.dk/

ICSU – International Council for Science – www.icsu.org/

IDN – CEOS’ International Directory Network – idn.ceos.org/

IDMU – International Data Management Unit

IGBP – International Geosphere Biosphere Programme – www.igbp.kva.se/

IIMO – project International Information Management Office

IOC – UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission – ioc.unesco.org

IPO – project International Project Office

NCP – project National Contact Points

NODC – National Oceanographic Data Centre – ioc.unesco.org/iode/contents.php?id=97

OCEANS – Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems Analysis – www.igbp.kva.se/obe/

PC – Publications Committee

PI – Principal Investigator

PS – project Publications Committee

SCOR – Scientific Council of Oceanic Research – www.jhu.edu/~scor/

SSC – project Scientific Steering Committee

WDC – ICSU’s World Data Center System – www.ngdc.noaa.gov/wdc/wdcmain.html

WIPO – World Intellectual Property Organization – www.wipo.org/

The JGOFS Report Series includes the following:

1 Report of the Second Session of the SCOR Committee for JGOFS. The Hague, September 1988 2 Report of the Third Session of the SCOR Committee for JGOFS. Honolulu, September 1989 3 Report of the JGOFS Pacific Planning Workshop. Honolulu, September 1989 4 JGOFS North Atlantic Bloom Experiment: Report of the First Data Workshop. Kiel, March 1990 5 Science Plan. August 1990 6 JGOFS Core Measurement Protocols: Reports of the Core Measurement Working Groups 7 JGOFS North Atlantic Bloom Experiment, International Scientific Symposium Abstracts. Washington, November 1990 8 Report of the International Workshop on Equatorial Pacific Process Studies. Tokyo, April 1990 9 JGOFS Implementation Plan. (also published as IGBP Report No. 23) September 1992

10 The JGOFS Southern Ocean Study 11 The Reports of JGOFS meetings held in Taipei, October 1992: Seventh Meeting of the JGOFS Scientific Steering

Committee; Global Synthesis in JGOFS - A Round Table Discussion; JGOFS Scientific and Organizational Issues in the Asian Region - Report of a Workshop; JGOFS/LOICZ Continental Margins Task Team - Report of the First Meeting. March 1993

12 Report of the Second Meeting of the JGOFS North Atlantic Planning Group 13 The Reports of JGOFS meetings held in Carqueiranne, France, September 1993: Eighth Meeting of the JGOFS

Scientific Steering Committee; JGOFS Southern Ocean Planning Group - Report for 1992/93; Measurement of the Parameters of Photosynthesis - A Report from the JGOFS Photosynthesis Measurement Task Team. March 1994

14 Biogeochemical Ocean-Atmosphere Transfers. A paper for JGOFS and IGAC by Ronald Prinn, Peter Liss and Patrick Buat-Ménard. March 1994

15 Report of the JGOFS/LOICZ Task Team on Continental Margin Studies. April 1994 16 Report of the Ninth Meeting of the JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee, Victoria, B.C. Canada, October 1994 and The

Report of the JGOFS Southern Ocean Planning Group for 1993/94 17 JGOFS Arabian Sea Process Study. March 1995 18 Joint Global Ocean Flux Study: Publications, 1988-1995. April 1995 19 Protocols for the Joint Global Ocean Flux studies (JGOFS) core measurements (reprint). June, 1996 20 Remote Sensing in the JGOFS programme. September 1996 21 First report of the JGOFS/LOICZ Continental Margins Task Team. October 1996 22 Report on the International Workshop on Continental Shelf Fluxes of Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus. 1996 23 One-Dimensional models of water column biogeochemistry. Report of a workshop held in Toulouse, France, November-

December 1995. February 1997 24 Joint Global Ocean Flux Study: Publications, 1988-1996. October 1997 25 JGOFS/LOICZ Workshop on Non-Conservative Fluxes in the Continental Margins. October 1997. 26 Report of the JGOFS/LOICZ Continental Margins Task Team Meeting, No 2. October 1997 27 Parameters of photosynthesis: definitions, theory and interpretation of results. August 1998 28 Eleventh meeting of the JGOFS SSC; Twelfth meeting of the JGOFS SSC; and the Second meeting of the North Pacific

Task Team. November 1998 29 JGOFS Data Management and Synthesis Workshop, 25-27 Sept. 1998, Bergen, Norway. Meeting Minutes. January 1999 30 Publications 1988-1999. January 2000 31 Thirteenth meeting of the JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee. Fourteenth meeting of the JGOFS Scientific Steering

Committee. Fifteenth meeting of the JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee. October 2001 32 Meeting of the Southern Ocean Synthesis Group, Year 1998. October 2001. 33 Joint IGBP EU-US Meeting on the Ocean Component of an integrated Carbon Cycle Science Framework. October 2001 34 First Meeting of the North Atlantic Synthesis Group, 1998; Second Meeting of the North Atlantic Synthesis Group,

1999; Third Meeting of the North Atlantic Synthesis Group, 2001. October 2001 35 Report of the Indian Ocean Synthesis Group on the Arabian Sea Process Study. January 2002 36 Photosynthesis and Primary Productivity in Marine Ecosystems: Practical Aspects and Application of Techniques. July

2002 37 Data Management Task Team Meeting Minutes; 29-30 January 2002 and 5-6 June 2000. August 2002 38 Global Ocean Productivity and the Fluxes of Carbon and Nutrients: Combining Observations and Models. July 2003 The following reports were published by SCOR in 1987 - 1989 prior to the establishment of the JGOFS Report Series:

• The Joint Global Ocean Flux Study: Background, Goals, Organizations, and Next Steps. Report of the International Scientific Planning and Coordination Meeting for Global Ocean Flux Studies. Sponsored by SCOR. Held at ICSU Headquarters, Paris, 17-19 February 1987

• North Atlantic Planning Workshop. Paris, 7-11 September 1987 • SCOR Committee for the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. Report of the First Session. Miami, January 1988 • Report of the First Meeting of the JGOFS Pilot Study Cruise Coordinating Committee. Plymouth, UK, April 1988 • Report of the JGOFS Working Group on Data Management. Bedford Institute of Oceanography, September 1988

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