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International Journal of Management, IT & Engineering (ISSN: 2249-0558)
CONTENTS
Sr.
No. TITLE & NAME OF THE AUTHOR (S) Page
No.
1 A Study on the Job Stress in Association with Personal Attributes of University Employees in Nepal.
Shyam Bahadur Katuwal 1-23
2 A Comparative study of the Relationships between Multiple Intelligences and General Self Efficacy
among Public and Private Organizations in Maragheh.
Gholam Reza Rahimi and Mohammad Reza Noruzi
24-39
3 A STUDY TOWARDS OVERCOMING EMPLOYEE RESISTANCE TOWARDS TIMESHEET.
B. Koteswara Rao Naik and M. Kameshwara Rao 40-55
4 An Integrated Cryptographic Algorithm based on Biometric Features.
S. Sathyavathi and P. Krishnakumari 56-71
5 An Efficient Model to Improve Software Development Process and Quality Assurance.
Ajay Jangra and Sachin Gupta 72-89
6 Reliability Prediction of Fault-Tolerant Multicomputer Interconnection Networks.
N.K. Barpanda, R.K.Dash and C.R.Tripathy 90-109
7
The Moderating Role of Supporting Technology on the Relationship between Firm Integration and
Supply Chain Orientation: An Emperical Investigation of Consumer Goods Industry in SOUTH
SUMATERA INDONESIA.
Inda Sukati, Abu Bakar Abdul Hamid, Rohaizat Baharun and Huam Hon Tat
110-142
8 Searching and Integrating Query Interfaces using Domain Ontology.
Anuradha and A.K Sharma 143-161
9 Identification of Paraphrasing in the context of Plagiarism.
Nidhi Kushwaha, Deepak Kumar and Dr. P. R. Gupta 162-175
10 An efficient implementation of Triple DES (Data Encryption Standard) through Hash function.
N.Venkatesan 176-200
11 Health Education and Quality of Life: The Santal Community in Bengal.
DR. SHARMISTHA BHATTACHARJEE 201-218
12 Police Observations of the Durable and Temporary Spatial Division of Residential Burglary.
M.Vijaya Kumar and Dr .C.Chandrasekar 219-240
13 Frequency Control in Interconnected A.C. Systems through HVDC Link Using Artificial
Intelligence.
Dr. Anil Kumar Sharma and Dr. G. K. Joshi
241-255
14 Challenges and the Future Perspectives of labor Related Issues in Internationalization.
Sirous Fakhimi-Azar, Farhad Nezhad Haji Ali Irani and Mohammad Reza Noruzi 256-271
IJMIE Volume 1, Issue 4 ISSN: 2249-0558 __________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
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242
September 2011
Chief Patron Dr. JOSE G. VARGAS-HERNANDEZ
Member of the National System of Researchers, Mexico
Research professor at University Center of Economic and Managerial Sciences,
University of Guadalajara
Director of Mass Media at Ayuntamiento de Cd. Guzman
Ex. director of Centro de Capacitacion y Adiestramiento
Patron Dr. Mohammad Reza Noruzi
PhD: Public Administration, Public Sector Policy Making Management,
Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Economics and Management, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
Young Researchers' Club Member, Islamic Azad University, Bonab, Iran
Editorial Board
Dr. CRAIG E. REESE Professor, School of Business, St. Thomas University, Miami Gardens
Dr. S. N. TAKALIKAR Principal, St. Johns Institute of Engineering, PALGHAR (M.S.)
Dr. RAMPRATAP SINGH Professor, Bangalore Institute of International Management, KARNATAKA
Dr. P. MALYADRI Principal, Government Degree College, Osmania University, TANDUR
Dr. Y. LOKESWARA CHOUDARY Asst. Professor Cum, SRM B-School, SRM University, CHENNAI
Prof. Dr. TEKI SURAYYA Professor, Adikavi Nannaya University, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
IJMIE Volume 1, Issue 4 ISSN: 2249-0558 __________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering http://www.ijmra.us
243
September 2011
Dr. T. DULABABU Principal, The Oxford College of Business Management, BANGALORE
Dr. A. ARUL LAWRENCE SELVAKUMAR Professor, Adhiparasakthi Engineering College, MELMARAVATHUR, TN
Dr. S. D. SURYAWANSHI Lecturer, College of Engineering Pune, SHIVAJINAGAR
Dr. S. KALIYAMOORTHY Professor & Director, Alagappa Institute of Management, KARAIKUDI
Prof S. R. BADRINARAYAN Sinhgad Institute for Management & Computer Applications, PUNE
Mr. GURSEL ILIPINAR ESADE Business School, Department of Marketing, SPAIN
Mr. ZEESHAN AHMED Software Research Eng, Department of Bioinformatics, GERMANY
Mr. SANJAY ASATI
Dept of ME, M. Patel Institute of Engg. & Tech., GONDIA(M.S.)
Mr. G. Y. KUDALE
N.M.D. College of Management and Research, GONDIA(M.S.)
Editorial Advisory Board
Dr.MANJIT DAS Assistant Professor, Deptt. of Economics, M.C.College, ASSAM
Dr. ROLI PRADHAN Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, BHOPAL
IJMIE Volume 1, Issue 4 ISSN: 2249-0558 __________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering http://www.ijmra.us
244
September 2011
Dr. N. KAVITHA Assistant Professor, Department of Management, Mekelle University, ETHIOPIA
Prof C. M. MARAN Assistant Professor (Senior), VIT Business School, TAMIL NADU
DR. RAJIV KHOSLA Associate Professor and Head, Chandigarh Business School, MOHALI
Dr. S. K. SINGH Asst. Professor, R. D. Foundation Group of Institutions, MODINAGAR
Dr. (Mrs.) MANISHA N. PALIWAL Associate Professor, Sinhgad Institute of Management, PUNE
DR. (Mrs.) ARCHANA ARJUN GHATULE Director, SPSPM, SKN Sinhgad Business School, MAHARASHTRA
DR. NEELAM RANI DHANDA Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, kuk, HARYANA
Dr. FARAH NAAZ GAURI Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada
University, AURANGABAD
Prof. Dr. BADAR ALAM IQBAL Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, Aligarh Muslim University, UP
Associate Editors
Dr. SANJAY J. BHAYANI Associate Professor ,Department of Business Management, RAJKOT (INDIA)
MOID UDDIN AHMAD Assistant Professor, Jaipuria Institute of Management, NOIDA
Dr. SUNEEL ARORA Assistant Professor, G D Goenka World Institute, Lancaster University, NEW DELHI
IJMIE Volume 1, Issue 4 ISSN: 2249-0558 __________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering http://www.ijmra.us
245
September 2011
Mr. P. PRABHU Assistant Professor, Alagappa University, KARAIKUDI
Mr. MANISH KUMAR Assistant Professor, DBIT, Deptt. Of MBA, DEHRADUN
Mrs. BABITA VERMA Assistant Professor, Bhilai Institute Of Technology, DURG
Ms. MONIKA BHATNAGAR Assistant Professor, Technocrat Institute of Technology, BHOPAL
Ms. SUPRIYA RAHEJA Assistant Professor, CSE Department of ITM University, GURGAON
IJMIE Volume 1, Issue 4 ISSN: 2249-0558 __________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering http://www.ijmra.us
246
September 2011
Frequency Control in Interconnected
A.C. Systems through HVDC Link Using
Artificial Intelligence
Dr. Anil Kumar Sharma
Associate Professor,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Institute of Engineering and Technology, M.I.A.,
Alwar-301 030, Rajasthan, India
Dr. G. K. Joshi
Professor,
Department of Electrical Engineering
M.B.M. Engineering College, J.N.V.U.,
Jodhpur-342 011, Rajasthan, India
Title
Author(s)
IJMIE Volume 1, Issue 4 ISSN: 2249-0558 __________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
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September 2011
Abstract:
The Load frequency control in HVDC system has gained importance with the growth of
interconnected systems. Hence greater reliance is being placed on the use of special control aids
to enhance system security, facilities and economical design, and to provide greater flexibility of
the system operation. Hence the need for bulk power transmission has shifted the interest to the
HVDC transmission system viz-a-viz the EHV-AC system. Further it possesses the art of smart
and useful application of controlled rectifiers and inverters. The controlled inverter operation can
successfully modulate the power flow in HVDC link, leading to fulfillment of power demand in
A.C. network, caused by sudden rise in loads. This in turn enables the restoration of power
frequency in A.C. network. Due to frequent sudden loading and unloading of A.C. networks the
frequency in the network continues to be always away from standard power frequency value. In
this paper we have developed a controller which maintains the power frequency in A.C. network.
Further there is a rich scope of saving of energy and yet maintaining the power frequency in A.C.
networks by way of electronic switching of thyristors.
Keywords: Firing Delay Angle (α), Governor Control, HVDC Link, Power frequency, SCR.
Introduction:
Increasing load demand and widening geographical gap between the generation centre and
the load centre are posing the need for bulk power transmission and interconnection of two
and more A.C. networks. Sometimes A.C. networks with different power frequencies are
also required to be interconnected for the purpose explained above. This objective can
easily be fulfilled by using HVDC link/transmission system. Since every A.C. network is
primarily controlled by the consumer’s need for the power, the load keeps on varying every
new moment. This in turn causes frequency of power supply to deviate from standard
power frequency value. This state may lead to loss of stability and shutdown of plant
besides being uneconomical. Further there is an indispensable need of maintaining
frequency of supply at power frequency level. This kind of deviation may either be
persistent or of divergently expanding nature, if the power demand is not met with
IJMIE Volume 1, Issue 4 ISSN: 2249-0558 __________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering http://www.ijmra.us
248
September 2011
equivalent power supply. A power matching state with load variation is the prime need for
restoration of power frequency. In order to effectively utilize the generation point by point
the controller is developed which will utilize every pint of power. The aim is to achieve
firing delay angle (α) control so that governor settings are not disturbed till the power
generation corresponding to given setting find passage through HVDC link to feed the load
demand. In order to make firing angle (α) control in thyristors more dependable and
realistic it has been implemented with Neuro-Fuzzy approach. The developed controller
works successfully as proved by testing and illustration. The power matching after full
opening of D.C. power flow corresponding to αmin state is achieved by changing the
governor settings. This is enabled for (PHVDC)max< Pdemand ≤ Prated. Further when power
demand exceeds the rated power of generator the only option left is to go for load
shedding. This approach intends to provide a fine control for restoration of power
frequency with a yield of financial resource savings for addition of new plants.
State of Art:
Power engineers have the responsibility to deliver economical, adequate and standard
quality power to its consumers. The term standard power quality means the power supplied
at a specified load should have characteristics such as standard sinusoidal voltage, current
waveforms with standard frequency. But these attributes of power supply suffers sharp
deviation from their standard values due to varying nature of the load which is in the hands
of consumer. In order to overcome this, the power system must be maintained at the
desired operating level by implementing modern control strategies. The HVDC link offers
major advantages in meeting these requirements. The applications of power electronic
devices in A.C. power systems provide attractive benefits of economics and innovative
technologies. Due to unnecessary error in the past, conventional PI controller does not
provide adequate control performance. The difficulty in obtaining the optimum settling
time of previously said controller is mitigated by using Neuro-Fuzzy controller. The
requirements of an optimal control of Load Frequency Controller (LFC) system for HVDC
transmission are:
IJMIE Volume 1, Issue 4 ISSN: 2249-0558 __________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering http://www.ijmra.us
249
September 2011
Sufficient stability margins and control speed of response when the ratio be tween
A.C. networks short-circuit capacity and transmitted power is low.
Correct rectifier/inverter operation at frequency variations-very large frequency
deviations may be obtained when the HVDC transmission is the only load to a
power station.
Low amount of abnormal harmonics generated by the converters- this leads to
equidistant firing i.e. equal distances between all consecutive firing instants in
steady state.
Safe inverter operation with fewest possible commutation failures also at
distorted alternating voltages e.g. due to earth faults.
Lowest possible consumption of reactive power, i.e., operation with smallest
possible delay angle α, and extinction angle γ, without increased risk for
commutation failures.
Smooth transition from current control to extinction angle control.
The Basic HVDC System:
The most commonly used configuration of HVDC power transmission systems is the
bipolar circuit, which has two insulated conductors used as +ive and -ive poles. The two
poles can be used independently if both neutrals are grounded. This increases the power
transfer capacity. Under normal operation the currents showing in each pole are equal and
there is no ground current. In case of failure of one pole power transmission can continue
on the other pole, so its reliability is high. Most overhead line HVDC transmission systems
are bipolar. Figure 1 shows a model of Bipolar HVDC Link.
Figure 1. Bipolar HVDC Link
sys
Pdemand
=
X
Xcomm
commX
commX
Xcomm
AC Source
HVDC Link
AC
Filte
r
DC
Filte
rD
C F
ilte
r
AC
Filte
r
DC
Filte
rD
C F
ilte
r
Load
demandP
genP
Inverter Unit
Rectifier Unit
Rectifier Unit
Inverter Unit
Prated
HVDC Line (+ive Pole)
HVDC Line (-ive Pole)
IJMIE Volume 1, Issue 4 ISSN: 2249-0558 __________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering http://www.ijmra.us
250
September 2011
The HVDC converters are the heart of HVDC system. They convert A.C. into D.C. i.e.
rectification at sending end and D.C. into A.C. i.e. inversion at receiving end. The 3-phase
internal equivalent configuration of rectifier unit and inverter unit is as shown in Figure 2,
Figure 3 respectively with its 3-phase A. C. Waveform in Figure 4.
Figure 2. The Equivalent Rectifier Unit
Figure 3 The Equivalent Inverter Unit
Figure 4. The 3- Phase A.C. Waveform
462
5 3 1
commX
commX
(V )rdc
aV
bV
Vc
aI
bI
cI
___
Inverter Unit
3 -Phase Full Bridge Inverter
commX
commX
(V )rdc
Va
bV
cV
Ia
bI
Ic
__
Rectifier Unit
_
3-Phase, 6-Pulse Full Bridge Rectifier
264
531
IJMIE Volume 1, Issue 4 ISSN: 2249-0558 __________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering http://www.ijmra.us
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September 2011
Causes of Loss of Frequency in HVDC system:
It is due to various changes occurring in the load such as sudden increase in load within
capacity, sudden decrease in load within capacity, presence of transients due to switching
and overload beyond capacity. The loss of frequency is observed between the periods when
disturbance in the load starts and the generator resets with a new load demand. The crux of
the problem is that the source will have to reset its dynamics of operation. This can firstly
be adjusted without the source to disturb but the HVDC link to reset. It is intended that the
source is not allowed to change its supply but to use the held up power within HVDC link.
The objective is to utilize the reserve available in HVDC link without affecting the supply
level upto certain limit. Further when HVDC link transmits full power the generation can
be increased to meet the increasing load demand till its maximum capacity is reached. The
objective is therefore to make optimum utilization of generation by regularly correcting
power flow through HVDC link. This part works only till the generator works within its
capacity. However when the load changes are beyond its capacity the controlling measure
include driving of power from interconnected system where the load is quite low. This is
understood in this part that all the possibility of governor and fuel settings for increasing
the supply on the production of power demand has reached its maximum capacity, thus
supporting the generation within its capacity. The role of the control provided to HVDC
link through developed Intelligent Controller is to supplement the generator for meeting the
increased power demand without making generator to reset its parameters..
The Proposed Frequency Controller and Simulation Results:
The model of proposed frequency controller is shown in Figure 5.
Turbine
Throttle
HVDC(P )maxdemandP
Inverter UnitRectifier Unit
Load 1
Load 2
Load 10
Bus Bar
Bus Bar
Steam
demandP
ratedP
+
B= +1
Load Shedding Control
P
Boiler
rateddemandP
Water
Fuel
Air
Waste
GasesAlternator
(P )PHVDCdemand
demandP
_
ratedP
demandP
max
HVDC(P )max
Governor
Control Load
She
dder
HVDC Line
+
_Firing Delay Angle
Control
IJMIE Volume 1, Issue 4 ISSN: 2249-0558 __________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering http://www.ijmra.us
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September 2011
Figure 5. The Model of Proposed Frequency Controller
The power demand (Pdemand) is sensed at the output and compared with the generation
capacity (Prated) of the generator. If Pdemand > Prated the control gives command for load
shedding. Then If Pdemand ≤ PHVDC the controller adjust the firing delay angle ( ) to
ensure Pdemand = PHVDC. This is done to arrange power matching and therefore restoration of
power frequency. Thus the generator capacity is utilized to its optimum level thus this
facility can be employed till Pdemand is ≤ (PHVDC )max . If the power demand is such that
(PHVDC)max < Pdemand ≤ Prated , the Governor control is executed to establish power matching
leading to restoration of power frequency. The PHVDC output has been obtained for
Mathematical Model and Tested Using MATLAB. The values of Alpha Vs their
corresponding PHVDC value is shown in Table 1. and its corresponding graph in Figure 6.
The restoration of power frequency is nothing but power matching. A most practical and
significant logic for restoration of power frequency affected by load disturbance in HVDC
transmission system lies in 3-stages to provide comprehensive control. This is shown in
Table 2.
Table 1. Firing Delay Angle VS PHVDC
IJMIE Volume 1, Issue 4 ISSN: 2249-0558 __________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
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September 2011
Figure 6. The Curve between Alpha Vs PHVDC
Table 2. The 3- Stage Control of LFC
The ANN model for PHVDC vs α of proposed LFC was developed using MATLAB. For its
training and testing we had used the data of 100 samples of daily load curves on 24 hours
basis. A sample of daily load curve with its corresponding α is shown in Figure 7. The
resulting error between the α math and α ANN is shown in Figure 8.
Figure 7. A Graph of Daily Load Curve Vs Required Alpha
Stage Condition Control Action
Stage-1 Pdemand > Prated Go for load shading Control
Stage-2 Prated ≥ Pdemand < (PHVDC) max Go for - Control
Stage-3 Prated ≥ Pdemand > (PHVDC) max Go for Governor Control
IJMIE Volume 1, Issue 4 ISSN: 2249-0558 __________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
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September 2011
Figure 8. Graph showing the Actual and ANN obtained value of Alpha
Conclusions:
In the present paper the Frequency Controller has been successfully implemented and
tested with ANN tool of Simulink on MATLAB. The smooth control of power frequency
has been achieved with bulk power transmission. The results are highly encouraging.
Further the proposed model can be tested and implemented on the National/International
power grid.
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September 2011
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