Post on 23-Jan-2023
Dr. Guy André Boy, University ProfessorDirector, Human-Centered Design Institute, Florida Institute of TechnologyChief Scientist, HCD, NASA Kennedy Space CenterSenior Research Scientist, Florida Institute for Human and Machine CognitionFellow of the Air and Space Academy
Human-Systems Integration:From Automation to Tangible Interactive Systems
– Single agent– One parameter at a time
~.5 secFlying
around Cg
AircraftFlight
Control
Yoke orSide-stick
ThrustLevers
The 4-loop approach to ATM was first provided by Etienne Tarnovski at HCI-Aero’06, Seattle, USA
Loop 1: Trajectory Control Automation
– Integrated and digital autopilot and autothrottle– High level modes (evolution)
~.5 sec
15 sec
Flyingaround Cg
Guidingon
basic trajectory
AircraftFlight
ControlGuidanceFlight
ControlUnit
Loop 2: Guidance Automation
– Integration of guidance and flight management– From control to management (1st revolution)
Glass cockpits
~.5 sec
15 sec
1 mn
Flyingaround Cg
Guidingon
basic trajectory
Guidingon Flt Plan
AircraftFlight
ControlGuidanceFlightMgmt
FMSCDU
FMS: Flight Management System
CDU: Control and Display Unit
Loop 3: Navigation Automation
Automation / Autonomy Diagram
Human-MachineSystem
Performance
Human Optimum Machine
Levelsof Autonomy
TechnologicalLimitations
Knowledge PFA
PTL
P0
Safety-Critical System Categories(from Amalberti, 2001)
10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6
‘Amateur systems’‘Artist practice’
Little regulationRisk acceptance let to indvidualau judgement
From unsafe to safe systems
Professional systemsIn-service experienceSafety departmentRegulations
Performance limited by any combination ofUncertain model of the processPoor safety culturePoor selection, education
Ultra-safe systems
Safety cultureIn-service experience
Performance limited by OverregulationPolitical managementLoss of prediction of future accidents
Adverse drug event
Mountain climbingBungee jumping
Medical errorFatal event
Road traffic
Chemical industry
Rotary wingsCharteredflight
Commercialaviation
Railways industry
Nuclear industry
Old technology
New technology
MTime
ASafety,
Efficiency,or Comfort
Metrics
Safety Maturity Curves
M: Maturity periodA: Acceptability area
Automation can be Good…… if it is human-centered:
– Situation awareness and decision-making– Flexibility à Appropriate function allocation– Error management support– Cognitive stability
R: Support reactionV: Pendulum speed
Copyright © 2013 FlightSafety International, Inc.Unauthorized reproduction or distribution is prohibited.
All rights reserved.
“The best safety device in any aircraft is a well-trained crew.”™
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
Revision 1.1
SIKORSKY S-92A
WARNING:TECHNICAL DATA SUBJECT TO THE U.S. EXPORT ADMINISTRATION REGULATIONS (EAR) 15 C.F.R.PARTS 730-774. DIVERSION CONTRARY TO U.S. LAW IS PROHIBITED.
OFFPFD NAV EICAS HLTH UTIL
BRT
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OFFPFD NAV EICAS HLTH UTIL VIDEO
BRT
CONTLUM
OFFPFD NAV EICAS HLTH UTIL VIDEO
BRT
CONTLUM
OFFPFD NAV EICAS HLTH UTIL
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CONTLUM
OFFPFD NAV EICAS HLTH UTIL
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BRT
IAS ALT HDG SBY
CRUS APP TEST
DIM
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IAS ALT HDG SBY
CRUS APP TEST
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DAVTRON
M850
SELECT CONTROL
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GMT LT FT ET
CLI MB
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PULL
CAGE TO
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2026
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098
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100
150200
25050
300
AIRSPEED
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MIN MAX
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GAIN MODE TILT
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BRG 2BRG 1
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ADF
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LNAVSPARE
BARO
HVR RA
TDP
RAMIN
REF SET
RANGE
ALTP
VTDPOFF
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CKPTCOOLCTRL
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RH PITOT HTFUEL PROBEEMER LT CTRLSTART CTRLFAN
PWR WARN
2 2 5 5 2 71/2 3 3 20 20 3 2 2 5 5 2 5 2 5 2
2 2 2 71/2 71/2 1 2 5 5 71/2 2 5 2 4 5 2 2 2 1 10
2 2 2 20 2 1 2 3 5 1 10 71/2 5 5 2 5 5 1 1
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NO. 2 FUELDIRECT
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ROTORHEAD
WDSHLD
WDSHLD
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ON
EXTEMERG
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LOGO
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ON
NO 1
EXT LIGHTSANTI COLL LANDING
OFF
ON
NO 2
ANTI-ICE
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SRCHLT
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TEMPDSPL
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SOURCE
5
PLTOBDMFD
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PLTADC
PLTFCC
# 2 ENGAI
WARN# 2 FUEL
SEL
AC EXTPWR
WARN
51
PLTAFCS
71/2
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PSAS# 2
5
5 2
# 2HYDCTRL
BATTCTRL
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# 1HYDCTRL
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PLTDSPLCONT
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RH FWDCABICS
2
PLTIBDMFD
20
DCU# 2
3 3 222
FDR/CVR # 2
RADALT # 2
5
PLTXPDR
PLTADF
PLTDME
71/2
PAGECHIME
RSQHOISTCTRLCBN PWR CTRL
RSQHOISTCTRL
RIPSCTRL
# 1
2
PWR
20
CTRL
4
LOGO# 2LTR RTRHD CHART
125
CABUTILRCPT
71/271/252155
DOORWARN
1
ICEDET # 2
2
RIPSCTRL
# 2
2
PLTRTU
2
HEAT/VENT
71/2
LAMPTEST
5
ECSINSTPNL
55
LWRCNSL
5
OVHDCNSL
5
# 1 PBDIM
5 5
HEELS
RHCAB
OVHDDIGMAP
# 2
71/2 71/2
C/PAHRSAUX CD
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CTRMFD
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C/PIBDMFD
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C/POBDMFD
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UCD# 2
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CTRL
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R/T
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VHFFM
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MEDVAC
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WARN
1
CONV# 2
SENSE
1
PLTWSHLDAI CTRL
5
MDCFMS#2
3
BRGMON
5
CSLBUFAN
5
AVC ELECS UNIT
15
UTIL RECPT
71/2
HYD FAN # 2
5
TRDE-ICE
20
CKPT COND BLWR
20
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5
WXRADAR
2
CRGHKLTS PLT WSHLD AI PWR
10
#2 DC CONV
50
CKPT EVAP/VENT BLWR
71/2
MFD# 4
FAN
1
MFD# 3
FAN
1
5
WASH
2
WIPER
15
ESSL BUSSENSE
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S/O # 2FUEL
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CLOCK
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PRI
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# 1ENG AIBL AIR
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RH RACKFAN
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STBYPITOTWARN
1
# 1HYD
WARN
2
# 2HYD
WARN
MGBOILBYP
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LTCTRL
LTPWR
FMSDATALDR
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# 1LDG
LT PWR
20
# 1LDG
LT CTRLSATCOMDPLR
2
PASSBRIEF
WINCHCTRL
SATCOMCTRL
2 5202 5 2
OEISEL PWR
# 1ENG AIWARN
FMS# 1
LTSPOS
2
GNDCHK
PUMP
2
1B
5
2B
5
RIPSCTRL
# 2
2
BUFANLH
RACK
5 5 5
DCU# 1
3
CKPTCOOLCTRL
RIPSCTRL
# 1
2 2
C/PMASTWARN
2
PLTAHRSAUX
2
RSQHOIST
DIMPWR
RAFTPWR
71/2
RSQHOISTCTRL
BU
LHPITOT
HT PWR
15
DIGMAP# 1
ICEDET# 1
71/2 2
# 3HYDCTRL
3
T/RQUADWARN
2
C/PWSHLDAI CTRL
5
PSAS# 1
5
FLOATPWR
71/2
LH CABOVHD
71/2
PASSADV
5
FLOOREMER
# 1LTR
SIDECNSL
5 551
LTSRDG
10
LTNGDET
CONV# 1
SENSE
1
CONV# 2
WARN
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#1 ENGFIREEXTG
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LGCTRL
2
RADALT # 1
2
STBYATT
15
TCAS
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EGPWS/AWG
3
LHPITOT
HT WARN
1
UCD# 1
UCDDATALDR
C/PDSPLCONT
2
EMEREXIT
SIGNS
5
C/PRTU
2
C/PAFCS
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C/PFCC
5
C/PAHRS
PRI
2
COMM# 3
C/PDME
2
C/PVOR/ILS
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C/PADF
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C/PXPDR
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C/PADC
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CTRMFD
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C/PIBDMFD
20
C/POBDMFD
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CAB EVAP/VENT BLWR
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DC ESSENTIAL
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NO. 2 AC PRI
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CRG HOOK
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LIGHTS
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RSQ HOIST
FADEC
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NO. 1 AC PRI
NO. 1 DC PRI
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TEST
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FDR
RCRD
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VOR1VOR2
MB1MB2
DME1NAV RECEIVE
DME2ADF1
ICSRADIO
ADF2
ONBRIEFING
PLAYBRIEFING
SELECTION
PBS - 250
psi 1000
800
400
200
0
600
HEADSETTEST
ERASEFAIL
CVRFDR
FDR
VIDEO VIDEO VIDEO
OFFPFD NAV EICAS HLTH UTIL
BRT
CONTLUM
VIDEOOFF
PFD NAV EICAS HLTH UTIL
BRT
CONTLUM
VIDEO
THIS HELICOPTER MUST BE OPERATED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THEOPERATING LIMITS SPECIFIED IN THE FAA APPROVED ROTORCRAFT FLIGHTMANUAL. THE AIRWORTHINESS LIMITATIONS SECTION OF THE ROTORCRAFTMAINTENANCE MANUAL MUST BE COMPLIED WITH. 3376-44867-102
RCRD
40 40
SAFE
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TEST
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TEST6$)(
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TEST
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FEETKTS09
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29.92 IN117 15102020
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P R C SG/S
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3
4
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CTL
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AFCS
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N
36
15S
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BATTERYTEST
EMER PWR
FIRE #1 ENG
ARM
FIRE APU
ARM
FIRE #2 ENG
ARM
OFF ARM
GOOD
ON
#1 ENG OUTPRESS TONE OFF
#2 ENG OUTPRESS TONE OFF
FIREPRESS TONE OFF
LO ROTOR RPMPRESS TONE OFF
LDG GEARPRESS TONE OFF
MSTR CAUTIONPRESS TO RESET
#1 ENG OUTPRESS TONE OFF
#2 ENG OUTPRESS TONE OFF
FIREPRESS TONE OFF
LO ROTOR RPMPRESS TONE OFF
LDG GEARPRESS TONE OFF
MSTR CAUTIONPRESS TO RESET
DATA NAV VNAV DTO LIST PREV 1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
BACK 0 MSG
ON / OFFDIM
FUEL FPL PERF TUNE MENU NEXT
A B C D E F GH I J K L M N
O P Q R S TU V W X Y Z ENTER
MNVR
F R INBOUND– 0 . 8 8 ° 1 5 0 0 F T– 0 . 8 8 ° 1 3 0 0 F T
T O DANDY
N X STICC
X T K ( A ) L 0 . 0 2 VDEVGSVSR
+ 6 21 1 6
- 9 1 9XWIND R 1 3WIND 1 4 2 ° / 1 4
0 6 0 ° 0 . 5 N M
K T E B R N V 0 6
0 6 0 ° 2 . 1 N M
NAV APPR 2/4
APPRCNCL
M
DATA NAV VNAV DTO LIST PREV 1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
BACK 0 MSG
ON / OFFDIM
FUEL FPL PERF TUNE MENU NEXT
A B C D E F GH I J K L M N
O P Q R S TU V W X Y Z ENTER
MNVR
F R INBOUND– 0 . 8 8 ° 1 5 0 0 F T– 0 . 8 8 ° 1 3 0 0 F T
T O DANDY
N X STICC
X T K ( A ) L 0 . 0 2 VDEVGSVSR
+ 6 21 1 6
- 9 1 9XWIND R 1 3WIND 1 4 2 ° / 1 4
0 6 0 ° 0 . 5 N M
K T E B R N V 0 6
0 6 0 ° 2 . 1 N M
NAV APPR 2/4
APPRCNCL
M
COM 1119.500 121.900
NAV 1108.90
4112 214.0
108.40ATC 1
RPLY
25 SEL
ADF
SPARE hPa/In Hg PREV NAV LNAV SPARE LBS/KG CP/SCLBS/KG CP/SC hPa/
In Hg PREV NAV LNAV
PUSHDIR
PUSHDIR
PUSHSYNC
ON
ON ONPRI PRI
ON ON ON
ON 2
ONATT
TESTWARN
CARGO HOOK RELEASE
PARK
ING
BRAK
E
EMERFLOATS
EMERFLOATS
dB
dB
DEP HVR
CRG REL
ICS/RADIOFD STBY
AFCS TRIM
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VOIC
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L
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REL
TRIM REL
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LNDG
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ARM ARM
TEST
ARM ARM
TEST
L RL RL R
L R
TL H
TER
M
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FPLN WXR TER TCASFPLN WXR TER TCAS
CTL
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14
63
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30
W 24
21
S15
12
E
DANDY
5KCDW
KEWR
JRIJRA
STICC 1300
TEBRN06
6.9 NM HCRS 060ILS2 108.90
FMS0.8 NM
ADF 214.0
TCAS-TA
WXT + 1.50
0G
ICE DETECTEDAI/INLT 2 ONAI/INLT 1 ONPITOT HEAT ON
074
NW 074° 10.66'
40° 46.43'
AGL1510
200 RA150 HOV
1500
OAT 15°C
FEETKTS09
8
7
6 54
3
2
1
29
78 0
402000
60
40
200
80100120
140160180
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FD2
29.92 IN02020
1010
2020
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1 TGT 2
105
730 743
B/C1 109.90
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
CRS 1381 Q 2
55 55
21
CTL
0
FULL ARC HOVER COMP CAT A
ADF 214
ADF
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10 020
304050
6070 80 90
100110120
2141
AGL
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MIN
15°C
FEETKTS09
8
7
6 54
3
2
1
29
78 0
402000
60
40
200
80100120
140160180
200
GS
MIN500
FD2
29.92 IN02020
1010
2020
1010
221
1R
R
1 TGT 2
105
730 743
B/C1 109.90
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
CRS 1381 Q 2
55 55
21
CTL
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FULL ARC HOVER COMP CAT A
ADF 214
ADF
FUEL 5145 LBS
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COM 2126.700 125.950
NAV 2108.90
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TCAS-TA
LOW ALTTER INHB AUD INHB G/S CNCL
CTL
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CURSOR
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JR
E6
12
3
10
NW 074° 10.66'
40° 46.43'
86
42
TEB
14
AGL1510
200 RA150 HOV
DANDY 1500
STICC 1300
RN06
015001
FEETKTS
098
7
6 54
3
2
1
122
01 16
402000
60
40
200
80100120
140160180
200
GSAGL
200 RA
MIN210
ALT1620
ALTP1300
FD2CPL
29.92 IN116OAT
121 IAS
-1°C 15102020
1010
2020
1010
221
1R
R
1 TGT 2
105
730 743
FMS
DANDY 15000.8 NM
APPR
ADF 214.0
14 1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
DTK 061
TTG 0:00.4
ILS1 061
1 Q 2
TL HM
ICEAUTO
MODE OFFON55 55
CTL
ICE
RAD
FMS0.8 NM
06
3
N33
30
W 2421
S15
12
E
074
LOC ALTIASP R C SG/S
21
6 E074
6 E074
Managing Complexity
Situation awarenessDecision-makingRisk management
Automation vs. flexibilityLinear vs. non-linearCognitive model
Participatory designIntegrationTest, test, test…MaturityTraining à FamiliarityChange management
Solutions
Vertical DisplayDIVA project (1998-2001)
Ø Provides superior flight crewawareness with a graphical view of vertical plan
Ø Trend vector predicts vertical pathrelative to terrain and waypointconstraints
Ø Enhancements include display of the vertical navigation profile
Ø Stabilized approaches throughbetter energy awareness
Software
Electronics
Mechanics
From Hardware to SoftwareIncrementalAccumulationof ArtificialFunctions into Structure…
Automation
20th century
CDU: Control and Display UnitRMP: Radio Management PanelDCDU: Datalink Control & Display Unit
~.5 sec
15 sec
1 mn
~10 mn
Flyingaround Cg
Guidingon
basic trajectory
Guidingon Flt Plan
Air TrafficManagement
Loop
DCDU
CDU
RMP
AircraftFlight
ControlGuidanceFlightMgmtATM
ATCDataLink
Loop 4: Automation of the ATM
– Multi-agent integration– From AT control to AT management (2nd revolution)
Hardware
New Stuff…
Software
From Software to Hardware ModelingSimulationConnectivityOrchestration3D Printing…
TangibleInteractive
Systems(TISs)
21st century
From Automation…
Technology-Centered Engineering!
Human-Centered Design?
… to Tangible Interactive Systems
TISs…Properties
Structural (hardware and organizational)Functional (software and organizational)
Cognitive FunctionsRole
ContextResources
TISs as Socio-Cognitive Organs
TISs in Air Traffic Management…Flying in the early 21st century, in high density traffic, requires new competencies and TISs capable of handling complexity of the overall organization.
Complexity Science
Emergent Properties and Behaviors
Discover, model and use
TISs in Air Traffic Management…Air Show vs. Flock of birds
Manual & Automatic Control
Autonomy
Automation
TISsProtectionEnvelopes
Two main types of TIS
Predictable
Emergent
High Level TIS for high level managementFMS4D dynamic planning (traffic, weather, …)…
Low Level TIS for low level controlautopilotcollision avoidance and automated recovery…
Behaviors
People
OrganizationsTechnology
HumanCenteredDesign
Modeling and Simulation (Creativity)Human-Systems Integration (Participatory Tests)
Complexity Management (Maturity)Change management (Training)
This presentation was made thanks to
Sébastien BoulnoisJarrett ClarkGopal Jani
Thomas LaurainNicholas Kasdaglis
Lucas StephaneWei Tan