Dr. Guy André Boy, University ProfessorDirector, Human-Centered Design Institute, Florida Institute of TechnologyChief Scientist, HCD, NASA Kennedy Space CenterSenior Research Scientist, Florida Institute for Human and Machine CognitionFellow of the Air and Space Academy

Human-Systems Integration:From Automation to Tangible Interactive Systems

–Automation–Human-Machine Interface

A Distinction…

– Single agent– One parameter at a time

~.5 secFlying

around Cg

AircraftFlight

Control

Yoke orSide-stick

ThrustLevers

The 4-loop approach to ATM was first provided by Etienne Tarnovski at HCI-Aero’06, Seattle, USA

Loop 1: Trajectory Control Automation

– Integrated and digital autopilot and autothrottle– High level modes (evolution)

~.5 sec

15 sec

Flyingaround Cg

Guidingon

basic trajectory

AircraftFlight

ControlGuidanceFlight

ControlUnit

Loop 2: Guidance Automation

– Integration of guidance and flight management– From control to management (1st revolution)

Glass cockpits

~.5 sec

15 sec

1 mn

Flyingaround Cg

Guidingon

basic trajectory

Guidingon Flt Plan

AircraftFlight

ControlGuidanceFlightMgmt

FMSCDU

FMS: Flight Management System

CDU: Control and Display Unit

Loop 3: Navigation Automation

Automation / Autonomy Diagram

Human-MachineSystem

Performance

Human Optimum Machine

Levelsof Autonomy

TechnologicalLimitations

Knowledge PFA

PTL

P0

Safety-Critical System Categories(from Amalberti, 2001)

10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6

‘Amateur systems’‘Artist practice’

Little regulationRisk acceptance let to indvidualau judgement

From unsafe to safe systems

Professional systemsIn-service experienceSafety departmentRegulations

Performance limited by any combination ofUncertain model of the processPoor safety culturePoor selection, education

Ultra-safe systems

Safety cultureIn-service experience

Performance limited by OverregulationPolitical managementLoss of prediction of future accidents

Adverse drug event

Mountain climbingBungee jumping

Medical errorFatal event

Road traffic

Chemical industry

Rotary wingsCharteredflight

Commercialaviation

Railways industry

Nuclear industry

Old technology

New technology

MTime

ASafety,

Efficiency,or Comfort

Metrics

Safety Maturity Curves

M: Maturity periodA: Acceptability area

Where is the Difference?

Automation can be Good…… if it is human-centered:

– Situation awareness and decision-making– Flexibility à Appropriate function allocation– Error management support– Cognitive stability

R: Support reactionV: Pendulum speed

–Automation–Human-Machine Interface

A Distinction…

Number of displays in cockpits

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All rights reserved.

“The best safety device in any aircraft is a well-trained crew.”™

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Revision 1.1

SIKORSKY S-92A

WARNING:TECHNICAL DATA SUBJECT TO THE U.S. EXPORT ADMINISTRATION REGULATIONS (EAR) 15 C.F.R.PARTS 730-774. DIVERSION CONTRARY TO U.S. LAW IS PROHIBITED.

OFFPFD NAV EICAS HLTH UTIL

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OFFPFD NAV EICAS HLTH UTIL VIDEO

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OFFPFD NAV EICAS HLTH UTIL

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OFFPFD NAV EICAS HLTH UTIL

BRT

CONTLUM

BRT

IAS ALT HDG SBY

CRUS APP TEST

DIM

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IAS ALT HDG SBY

CRUS APP TEST

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DAVTRON

M850

SELECT CONTROL

CHRONOMETER

GMT LT FT ET

CLI MB

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PULL

CAGE TO

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2026

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IN HG

098

76

100

150200

25050

300

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OFF

DME-H

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MIN MAX

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BRG 2BRG 1

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ADF

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BARO

HVR RA

TDP

RAMIN

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RANGE

ALTP

VTDPOFF

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BRG 2BRG 1

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1 2

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CKPTCOOLCTRL

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AC GENWARN

# 2BATTHOT

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RH PITOT HTFUEL PROBEEMER LT CTRLSTART CTRLFAN

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2 2 5 5 2 71/2 3 3 20 20 3 2 2 5 5 2 5 2 5 2

2 2 2 71/2 71/2 1 2 5 5 71/2 2 5 2 4 5 2 2 2 1 10

2 2 2 20 2 1 2 3 5 1 10 71/2 5 5 2 5 5 1 1

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OFF

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BACK-UPIND

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OFFNO 2

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OFFCPLT

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FAST

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NO. 1ENG

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ROTORHEAD

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WDSHLD

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ON

EXTEMERG

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ON

LOGO

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ON

NO 1

EXT LIGHTSANTI COLL LANDING

OFF

ON

NO 2

ANTI-ICE

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SRCHLT

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OEI SEL

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1 2

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TEMPDSPL

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5

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51

PLTAFCS

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DCU# 2

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RADALT # 2

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RSQHOISTCTRLCBN PWR CTRL

RSQHOISTCTRL

RIPSCTRL

# 1

2

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CTRL

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LOGO# 2LTR RTRHD CHART

125

CABUTILRCPT

71/271/252155

DOORWARN

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2

RIPSCTRL

# 2

2

PLTRTU

2

HEAT/VENT

71/2

LAMPTEST

5

ECSINSTPNL

55

LWRCNSL

5

OVHDCNSL

5

# 1 PBDIM

5 5

HEELS

RHCAB

OVHDDIGMAP

# 2

71/2 71/2

C/PAHRSAUX CD

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CTRMFD

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C/PIBDMFD

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C/POBDMFD

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UCD# 2

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CTRL

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WARN

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CONV# 2

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PLTWSHLDAI CTRL

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MDCFMS#2

3

BRGMON

5

CSLBUFAN

5

AVC ELECS UNIT

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UTIL RECPT

71/2

HYD FAN # 2

5

TRDE-ICE

20

CKPT COND BLWR

20

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5

WXRADAR

2

CRGHKLTS PLT WSHLD AI PWR

10

#2 DC CONV

50

CKPT EVAP/VENT BLWR

71/2

MFD# 4

FAN

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MFD# 3

FAN

1

5

WASH

2

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ESSL BUSSENSE

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RH RACKFAN

71/2

STBYPITOTPWR

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# 2HYD

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# 1LDG

LT PWR

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# 1LDG

LT CTRLSATCOMDPLR

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SATCOMCTRL

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LTSPOS

2

GNDCHK

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1B

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2B

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# 2

2

BUFANLH

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DCU# 1

3

CKPTCOOLCTRL

RIPSCTRL

# 1

2 2

C/PMASTWARN

2

PLTAHRSAUX

2

RSQHOIST

DIMPWR

RAFTPWR

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RSQHOISTCTRL

BU

LHPITOT

HT PWR

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DIGMAP# 1

ICEDET# 1

71/2 2

# 3HYDCTRL

3

T/RQUADWARN

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C/PWSHLDAI CTRL

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PSAS# 1

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FLOATPWR

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C/PAFCS

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C/PFCC

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C/PAHRS

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COMM# 3

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C/PIBDMFD

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MB1MB2

DME1NAV RECEIVE

DME2ADF1

ICSRADIO

ADF2

ONBRIEFING

PLAYBRIEFING

SELECTION

PBS - 250

psi 1000

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CVRFDR

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VIDEO VIDEO VIDEO

OFFPFD NAV EICAS HLTH UTIL

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VIDEO

THIS HELICOPTER MUST BE OPERATED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THEOPERATING LIMITS SPECIFIED IN THE FAA APPROVED ROTORCRAFT FLIGHTMANUAL. THE AIRWORTHINESS LIMITATIONS SECTION OF THE ROTORCRAFTMAINTENANCE MANUAL MUST BE COMPLIED WITH. 3376-44867-102

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FIRE #1 ENG

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FIRE #2 ENG

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#2 ENG OUTPRESS TONE OFF

FIREPRESS TONE OFF

LO ROTOR RPMPRESS TONE OFF

LDG GEARPRESS TONE OFF

MSTR CAUTIONPRESS TO RESET

#1 ENG OUTPRESS TONE OFF

#2 ENG OUTPRESS TONE OFF

FIREPRESS TONE OFF

LO ROTOR RPMPRESS TONE OFF

LDG GEARPRESS TONE OFF

MSTR CAUTIONPRESS TO RESET

DATA NAV VNAV DTO LIST PREV 1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

BACK 0 MSG

ON / OFFDIM

FUEL FPL PERF TUNE MENU NEXT

A B C D E F GH I J K L M N

O P Q R S TU V W X Y Z ENTER

MNVR

F R INBOUND– 0 . 8 8 ° 1 5 0 0 F T– 0 . 8 8 ° 1 3 0 0 F T

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0 6 0 ° 2 . 1 N M

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DATA NAV VNAV DTO LIST PREV 1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

BACK 0 MSG

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FUEL FPL PERF TUNE MENU NEXT

A B C D E F GH I J K L M N

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M

COM 1119.500 121.900

NAV 1108.90

4112 214.0

108.40ATC 1

RPLY

25 SEL

ADF

SPARE hPa/In Hg PREV NAV LNAV SPARE LBS/KG CP/SCLBS/KG CP/SC hPa/

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PUSHDIR

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ON ONPRI PRI

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DCTR

CURSOR

ICE DETECTEDAI/INLT 2 ONAI/INLT 1 ONPITOT HEAT ON

074

KCOM

JR

E6

12

3

10

NW 074° 10.66'

40° 46.43'

86

42

TEB

14

AGL1510

200 RA150 HOV

DANDY 1500

STICC 1300

RN06

015001

FEETKTS

098

7

6 54

3

2

1

122

01 16

402000

60

40

200

80100120

140160180

200

GSAGL

200 RA

MIN210

ALT1620

ALTP1300

FD2CPL

29.92 IN116OAT

121 IAS

-1°C 15102020

1010

2020

1010

221

1R

R

1 TGT 2

105

730 743

FMS

DANDY 15000.8 NM

APPR

ADF 214.0

14 1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

DTK 061

TTG 0:00.4

ILS1 061

1 Q 2

TL HM

ICEAUTO

MODE OFFON55 55

CTL

ICE

RAD

FMS0.8 NM

06

3

N33

30

W 2421

S15

12

E

074

LOC ALTIASP R C SG/S

21

6 E074

6 E074

low-clutter

medium-clutter

high-clutter

(Doyon-Poulin et al., 2014)

Managing Complexity

Situation awarenessDecision-makingRisk management

Automation vs. flexibilityLinear vs. non-linearCognitive model

Participatory designIntegrationTest, test, test…MaturityTraining à FamiliarityChange management

Solutions

Vertical DisplayDIVA project (1998-2001)

Ø Provides superior flight crewawareness with a graphical view of vertical plan

Ø Trend vector predicts vertical pathrelative to terrain and waypointconstraints

Ø Enhancements include display of the vertical navigation profile

Ø Stabilized approaches throughbetter energy awareness

3D Navigation Display

Measuring SA with Eye Tracking

Measuring SA with Eye Tracking

What did we do so far?

UserInterface

HumanFactors EngineeringErgonomics

+ Automation

Software

Electronics

Mechanics

From Hardware to SoftwareIncrementalAccumulationof ArtificialFunctions into Structure…

Automation

20th century

CDU: Control and Display UnitRMP: Radio Management PanelDCDU: Datalink Control & Display Unit

~.5 sec

15 sec

1 mn

~10 mn

Flyingaround Cg

Guidingon

basic trajectory

Guidingon Flt Plan

Air TrafficManagement

Loop

DCDU

CDU

RMP

AircraftFlight

ControlGuidanceFlightMgmtATM

ATCDataLink

Loop 4: Automation of the ATM

– Multi-agent integration– From AT control to AT management (2nd revolution)

Loop 4: Automation of the ATM

Organize Creativity Spaces…

HCDi is a creativity space…

Tactical à Strategic

Onboard Weather Situation Awareness System

Onboard Context-Sensitive Information System

Hardware

New Stuff…

Software

From Software to Hardware ModelingSimulationConnectivityOrchestration3D Printing…

TangibleInteractive

Systems(TISs)

21st century

From Automation…… to Tangible Interactive Systems (TISs)

From Automation…

Technology-Centered Engineering!

Human-Centered Design?

… to Tangible Interactive Systems

TISs…Properties

Structural (hardware and organizational)Functional (software and organizational)

Cognitive FunctionsRole

ContextResources

TISs as Socio-Cognitive Organs

Machine cognitive function (TIO)

Human cognitive function

TISs in Air Traffic Management…

TISs in Air Traffic Management…Flying in the early 21st century, in high density traffic, requires new competencies and TISs capable of handling complexity of the overall organization.

Complexity Science

Emergent Properties and Behaviors

Discover, model and use

TISs in Air Traffic Management…Air Show vs. Flock of birds

Manual & Automatic Control

Autonomy

Automation

TISsProtectionEnvelopes

Separation

Alignment

Cohesion

Two main types of TIS

Predictable

Emergent

High Level TIS for high level managementFMS4D dynamic planning (traffic, weather, …)…

Low Level TIS for low level controlautopilotcollision avoidance and automated recovery…

Behaviors

People

OrganizationsTechnology

HumanCenteredDesign

People

OrganizationsTechnology

HumanCenteredDesign

Modeling and Simulation (Creativity)Human-Systems Integration (Participatory Tests)

Complexity Management (Maturity)Change management (Training)

This presentation was made thanks to

Sébastien BoulnoisJarrett ClarkGopal Jani

Thomas LaurainNicholas Kasdaglis

Lucas StephaneWei Tan

Thank You!…