Post on 13-Jan-2023
(1)
(2)
Claire Smith
Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology
10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_1394
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014
Mexico: Historical Archaeology
Patricia Fournier 1 and Verónica Velasquez S. H.2
Posgrado en Arqueología, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México, DF, Mexico
Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
Patricia Fournier (Corresponding author)Email: patricia_fournier@inah.gob.mxEmail: pat_fournier@yahoo.com
Verónica Velasquez S. H.Email: verovelash@yahoo.com
Without Abstract
Introduction
Historical archaeology is a relatively new research field in Mexico. In the past, it was overshadowed by the
archaeology of pre-Hispanic cultures, which served the State purpose of constructing a unified national identity.
Today, the archaeology of the recent past is a well-recognized research strategy and considered necessary for the
protection and investigation of the material remains dating to the Colonial and Republican periods. Initially, the
archaeology of these periods was related to restoration projects and to rescue archaeology in urban centers. Over
the years, however, the number of research projects with scientifically informed questions in both urban and rural
areas has expanded, focusing on regional studies, settlement patterns, excavations at religious and secular sites, and
the exploration of themes related to colonialism, identity, and consumerism, among others. Even though academic
interest in the archaeological study of historical periods has increased over the past decade, there is much to be
done as new research questions and topics arise which aim to contribute to a more complete narrative of Mexico’s
multicultural past and identity (Fig. 1).
Mexico: Historical Archaeology, Fig. 1
Página 1 de 14Mexico: Historical Archaeology - Springer
07/02/2014http://link.springer.com.ezproxy2.library.arizona.edu/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-...
Mexico with areas and important places mentioned in the text
Definition
The term historical archaeology in the New World and specifically in Mexico traditionally refers to the study of the
material remains that pertain to the periods that follow the cultural contact between European and Native
populations and the impact that the colonization processes had on both groups. The subject matter of historical
archaeology in Mexico comprises the archaeological remains and documentary sources of Indigenous and
European origin from the Colonial period (c.1519–1521 to 1820) and to the Republican era (1821 to the present)
(Charlton & Fournier 2008).
Historical Background
Since its early development, archaeology in Mexico has been linked to the interests of the State. The research
agenda and results derived from archaeological research have been used by the State to construct a national
ideology through the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) whose mission is to preserve,
reproduce, and study this identity. Pre-Hispanic remains pertaining to an indigenous cultural heritage have been
used by the State to reaffirm and glorify a native past, and thus, the periods predating the Spanish conquest have
been traditionally considered the subject matter of archaeology. As a result, generally the limited funding destined
for archaeological research has been granted mostly to projects that focus on pre-Hispanic sites, relegating the
study of the postconquest era to local ethnohistorians and historians. This contrasts sharply with projects conducted
by American archaeologists who may be funded with larger resources for the study of the remains pertaining to the
Mexican Colonial and Republican periods (e.g., Charlton & Fournier 2008; Charlton et al. 2009). However, the
situation has been changing in recent times.
Historical archaeology is a relatively new research strategy in Mexico. The first approach to archaeological
contexts from the colonial period dates to the 1930s, represented by studies of historic ceramics found in
excavations in downtown Mexico City designed to understand technological and stylistic changes of postconquest
Aztec ceramics (e.g., Charlton & Fournier 2008). However, it was not until the early 1970s when the archaeology
of historic sites acquired relevance in Mexico. This resulted from the discovery of the Aztec main temple (Templo
Mayor) and from several public works projects in Mexico City, such as the construction of the subway, and from
conservation projects in the Metropolitan cathedral and in the National Palace. The excavations in these sites
uncovered material culture from historical periods that had been overlooked by archaeologists in previous decades
and awoke the interest of some researchers to develop typologies of historic ceramics (e.g., Charlton et al. 2009)
(Fig. 2).
Mexico: Historical Archaeology, Fig. 2
Remnants of the Aztec Main Temple (Templo Mayor) in Mexico City
Página 2 de 14Mexico: Historical Archaeology - Springer
07/02/2014http://link.springer.com.ezproxy2.library.arizona.edu/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-...
Since 1972, Mexican legislation requires that archaeologists protect and conduct research of both pre-Hispanic and
historic remains threatened by contemporary public works. This has promoted the interest of Mexican
archaeologists to study them under a legal framework and the supervision of a government agency, the Instituto
Nacional de Antropología Historia (INAH) (Fournier & Charlton 2012). By the late 1970s, historical archaeology
was a consolidated research strategy in Mexico, and trained archaeologists were put in charge of the excavations in
buildings dating to the Colonial and Republican periods that were subject to restoration.
Through INAH’s Office of Salvage Archaeology, historical archaeology has been linked to rescue and salvage
excavations conducted in religious and secular buildings in Mexico City. An interesting case study is that of the
convent of La Encarnación where the skeletal remains of nuns were discovered in graves (e.g., Charlton et al.
2009). Some important projects have been developed in areas outside the capital, for example, at the site of El
Olimpo in the main square of Mérida, Yucatán, the city of Campeche, and in the Soconusco region in Chiapas,
where a Dominican church was explored archaeologically prior to the construction of a dam (e.g., Charlton et al.
2009; Fournier & Velasquez in press). Also, the rescue excavations at the site of Santa Inés, located in the
neighboring area of the Augustinian monastery of Zempoala, Hidalgo, revealed a late postclassic and early colonial
indigenous town inhabited by the Otomí. The archaeological materials that were recovered at this site suggest that
the life of the native inhabitants of this settlement continued after the conquest without major changes (Fournier &
Charlton 2012). Moreover, the INAH Project for urban archaeology has excavated extensively the historic center
of Mexico City. Even though the main purpose of this project is to uncover material remains from the Aztec
occupation period, research on historic ceramics and zooarchaeological and botanical remains has also been
conducted (e.g., Fournier & Velasquez in press) (Fig. 3).
Mexico: Historical Archaeology, Fig. 3
Santa Inés site, Hidalgo. Excavation of early colonial houses and patios
Many historical archaeology projects have also developed from the need to preserve and restore monasteries,
convents, hospitals, churches, and palaces in urban centers. These projects adapt the buildings to public or private
use such as museums, universities, banks, government offices, or hotels and to promote tourism in Mexico City,
Oaxaca, Puebla, and Cuernavaca, in the State of Morelos (e.g., Charlton et al. 2009; Fournier & Charlton 2012).
These investigations have integrated archaeological, documentary, and ethnohistorical data in the study of material
remains from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries (Charlton & Fournier 2008). A good example of how
archaeological research was conducted parallel to the agenda established by architectural restoration can be
observed in the convent of San Jerónimo in Mexico City (e.g., Charlton et al. 2009). Here, the main objective of
the project was the restoration of the architectural complex, but also archaeological remains were excavated and
ceramics, glass, and human remains analyzed. Another example of how this research strategy was parallel to
restoration projects is the monastery of Santo Domingo de Guzmán in Oaxaca (Fernández Dávila & Gómez Serafín
1998) (Fig. 4).
Página 3 de 14Mexico: Historical Archaeology - Springer
07/02/2014http://link.springer.com.ezproxy2.library.arizona.edu/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-...
Mexico: Historical Archaeology, Fig. 4
Glazed earthenware bathtub excavated at one of the cells of the convent of San Jerónimo, Mexico City
Key Issues/Current Debates
Regional Studies
The most relevant regional studies of historical archaeology are those by Thomas H. Charlton in the Otumba area
in the Basin of Mexico. They include intensive surface surveys, surface collections, and excavations along with
ethnohistorical studies of the region. The project aimed at reconstructing aspects related to the cultural contact
between Indigenous and European populations, acculturation processes, demographic collapse, ecological change,
and the development of rural settlements (e.g., Charlton et al. 2005). Another important regional study attempted to
reconstruct the changes in settlement patterns, ceramic diversity, and consumption from the postconquest period to
the twentieth century in the northwest of the States of Puebla and Tlaxcala and in southern Hidalgo (e.g., Fournier
& Charlton 2012). Also in the Basin of Mexico in the case of rural Xaltocan, the work by Rodríguez-Alegría
(2010) contributed to the understanding of how indigenous groups utilized Hispanic ceramics as symbols of social
status. His research has enabled the comprehension of changes in labor patterns and demography by examining the
production of obsidian tools during the postconquest period (Rodríguez-Alegría 2008).
In the Mezquital Valley, Hidalgo, research projects with an interdisciplinary approach, addressed the construction
of Otomí indigenous identities and the emergence of resistance strategies to the Spanish conquest. These
investigations considered the agave exploitation and the consequences of the introduction of ideological and
economic systems, marked by Otomí family chapels and rural settlements, as well as the development of privately
owned rural residential estates associated with animal husbandry and agricultural activities (haciendas) and
ranches resulting in landscape transformations and the marginality of the indigenous population in this region (e.g.,
Mondragón et al. 1997; Fournier & Mondragón 2003) (Fig. 5).
Página 4 de 14Mexico: Historical Archaeology - Springer
07/02/2014http://link.springer.com.ezproxy2.library.arizona.edu/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-...
Mexico: Historical Archaeology, Fig. 5
Ruins of a nineteenth century ranch in the Mezquital Valley, Hidalgo
Other examples of regional studies integrating surface surveys, excavations, and documentary evidence were
conducted in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca (Zeitlin 2005), the Soconusco region, Chiapas (Gasco 2005), and
the Maya region (Alexander 2012). These investigations examined changes in social inequality, land tenure,
landscape, settlement patterns, and ecology to address the transformations that occurred in indigenous communities
during the colonial period. In the case of western Mexico, regional projects in the Pátzcuaro Basin, Michoacán,
have approached the political, economic, and ecological impact of colonial rule and the conflict between Tarascan
indigenous groups and Spanish settlers (Pollard 2005). In the port of San Blas, on the coast of Nayarit, a major
trading post connecting the Pacific Coast of New Spain with the California missions, surface surveys have
provided information on the daily lives of the inhabitants of this bay and aspects related to the trans-Pacific trade
networks between Mexico and Asia (e.g., Fournier & Charlton 2012).
The study of Jesuit missions, particularly the Jesuit College of San Felipe and Santiago in Sinaloa de Leyva and
towns in the neighboring region of El Fuerte, Sinaloa, has contributed significantly to the archaeology of
northwestern Mexico (e.g., Fournier & Charlton 2012). These research projects have provided information on the
changes from pre-Columbian to historic indigenous and Hispanic ceramic traditions, and on the changes in
subsistence strategies and settlement patterns during the colonial and Republican periods (Fig. 6).
Mexico: Historical Archaeology, Fig. 6
Excavations at the Jesuit church of Sinaloa de Leyva
Rural Settlements. Ranches and Haciendas
Studies with a regional scope and that have focused their interest on rural settlements like ranches and haciendas
are part of a growing field in the archaeology of Mexico. Several projects have been developed in the Mezquital
Valley, State of Hidalgo (Fournier & Mondragón 2003); in the hacienda of San Miguel Acocotla, Puebla (Newman
2010); and in the hacienda de Pánuco, Zacatecas, founded for smelting and refining silver (Fournier & Blackman
Página 5 de 14Mexico: Historical Archaeology - Springer
07/02/2014http://link.springer.com.ezproxy2.library.arizona.edu/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-...
2010). The research undertaken in these areas relate to the construction of ethnic identities, the economic activities,
and the life of workers, administrators, and owners at the haciendas (Fig. 7).
Mexico: Historical Archaeology, Fig. 7
Ruins of the hacienda de Pánuco, Zacatecas
Other projects have concentrated in Yucatán. These investigations aim to understand the social and economic
changes that occurred during the past 500 years related to settlement patterns, towns, and the exploitation of natural
resources. The investigations combined documentary sources with settlement patterns and household archaeology.
Major contributions to the archaeology of this region addressed the changes in the economic and political
landscape during the Caste War (1847–1901) and the correspondence regarding place, identity, agrarian practice,
and landscape since the Spanish conquest (Alexander 2012). Furthermore, in Hacienda Tabi, Sweitz (2012)
examined the lives of the workers and explored the built environment to address power relations and changes in
social status, production, and the organization of labor in the context of capitalism.
Colonialism, Production, and Consumerism
Studies that have dealt with the impact of Spanish colonialism have addressed changes in the production and
consumption of material culture, namely, ceramics and other products like salt. These investigations have focused
their attention on the changes in indigenous technologies, the introduction of European techniques, and the use
given to local and imported ceramics by colonial society.
Artifacts such as Aztec tradition ceramic figurines from the Basin of Mexico have been studied, illustrating
changes and continuities in styles and techniques as well as the appearance of European dress and facial features
substituting pre-Columbian deities in the case of anthropomorphic figurines (Charlton et al. 2005). Research on the
impact of colonialism on indigenous ceramic production and consumption is well exemplified by studies that have
considered the red wares from Cuauhtitlán. The results of these studies suggest that ceramic traditions from the late
postclassic period suffered only minor changes during Spanish rule and that this ware was popular among members
of the Hispanic elite who used it for lavish display (e.g., Charlton & Fournier 2011). Furthermore, the patterns of
consumption of this ware have enabled the exploration of the relationship between these ceramic objects and the
construction of power, social status, and ethnic identities. The changes that were introduced by the Spanish
colonizers to indigenous ceramic technologies, vessel forms, and decorative styles in central Mexico have also
been the subject of an extensive study by Hernández (2012). Other examples of this approach include studies of
indigenous plain or painted wares from Oaxaca (Zeitlin 2005) and brown wares from northern Mexico (Brown et
al. 2004) (Figs. 8 and 9).
Página 6 de 14Mexico: Historical Archaeology - Springer
07/02/2014http://link.springer.com.ezproxy2.library.arizona.edu/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-...
Mexico: Historical Archaeology, Fig. 8
Early colonial ceramic figurines from Mexico City
Mexico: Historical Archaeology, Fig. 9
Early colonial redware tripod plate depicting an Aztec Warrior, found in excavations in Mexico City
The application of archaeometric techniques through neutron activation analysis of glazed wares has provided rich
insights into the relationships between production, distribution, consumption, and technological change of Spanish
colonial wares. Another important ongoing research deals with the identification of production centers of majolica,
its commercialization in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, and aspects related to consumerism and the construction of
identities. Potters in New Spain adapted European ceramic technologies to the new environment in order to
manufacture objects in a style that emulated Spanish majolica and by the 1600s Chinese porcelain in order to
satisfy local consumers (e.g., Fournier et al. 2009). The identification of production centers in Spain and Mexico
have enabled the construction of the geographical distribution of majolica and aspects related to commercialization
and consumption, indicating that the value attached to majolica by colonial elites as a symbol of social status and
identity impacted the production of this ware (Fig. 10).
Mexico: Historical Archaeology, Fig. 10
Seventeenth-century Kraak porcelain dish and Puebla Blue-on-White majolica dish emulating Chinese patterns
In addition to these studies, the work by Gasco (1992) explored cultural continuity in Ocelocalco, Chiapas. At this
site, indigenous communities were active participants in the colonial economic system through the cacao trade. The
control exercised by these groups over cacao production enabled them to consume large quantities of majolica and
Página 7 de 14Mexico: Historical Archaeology - Springer
07/02/2014http://link.springer.com.ezproxy2.library.arizona.edu/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-...
Chinese porcelain. Gasco’s work has contested traditional views that have established a straightforward
relationship between ethnic identity and material culture of a Hispanic tradition. Also, within the field of
colonialism and consumerism, Palka (2005) examined the responses of Lacandón Maya in Chiapas to colonialism
during the nineteenth century that resulted in culture change, transformations in settlement patterns, and
consumption of local and imported material culture. Finally, Kepecs (2005) explores aspects related to the
commercialization and consumption of salt, for example, and the impact of European incipient capitalism on Maya
economy in the Peninsula of Yucatán.
Missions, Presidios, Reales, and Roads
Historical archaeology at missions (European religious foundations in indigenous settlements), presidios (forts that
housed soldiers who protected the inhabitants from Indigenous assails), reales (mining centers), and roads is
mainly concentrated in northern Mexico, including Chihuahua, Baja California, Sinaloa, Sonora, and Zacatecas.
The research conducted at mission sites offers a valuable opportunity to explore the religious, economic, and social
transformations in the lives of indigenous populations as a result of the Spanish conquest. Acculturation processes,
the degree of interaction between native and Hispanic communities, the transformations in social organization,
settlement patterns, subsistence and the introduction of agricultural practices, and the development of ceramic
traditions are some of the major research topics conducted at mission sites (e.g., Brown et al. 2004; Fournier &
Charlton 2012; Fournier & Velasquez in press).
The missions and the presidios were connected with other regions of New Spain and with the reales in the north
through major roads, like the Royal Road or Camino Real de Tierra Adentro and its branches, over which the silver
extracted from the mines in the north was transported to Mexico City and the merchandises made in the
Viceroyalty or imported from Europe and Asia were distributed, supplying avid consumers all over Mexico. The
archaeological research at these sites has contributed significantly to the reconstruction of changes in the
production and commercialization of products throughout the colonial period (e.g., Brown et al. 2004; Fournier &
Velasquez in press).
The African Diaspora
There are few projects dedicated to the study of the African descendants in Mexico. This is due in part to the
difficulty encountered in the identification of the material culture of groups with African ancestry in the
archaeological record because of the interracial and cross-cultural processes among African, Indigenous, and
Hispanic groups throughout the colonial period. Despite this, Fournier and Charlton (2008) have addressed how
slaves and their offspring who served Spanish women, for example, were richly attired for public display and stood
as symbols of social status in urban settings. Other investigations have focused on the analysis of the remains of
Africans and mulattos contributing to the understanding of their lifestyles (e.g., Gallaga Murrieta 2009).
International Perspectives
Historical archaeology projects in Mexico have been confined largely to the study of sites located within the
geographical boundaries of the country, although there have been exceptions to this, where Mexican and American
archaeologists have collaborated to expand investigations into the United States. Researchers in Mexico seldom
expand their area of interest to regions that were at one time under the political control or responsibility of New
Spain, for example, Guatemala and Florida, respectively, and that were part of a complex network that connected
individuals and products. These regions have an enormous potential for exploration of processes like the
establishment of religious and secular institutions, commercial relationships, conflict, navigation, regionalism, and
the construction of ethnic identities, among others.
Since the 1970s, processualist, materialist, structuralist, and, to a lesser extent, postmodernist frameworks, derived
from American, English, and French traditions, have permeated the theoretical development of archaeology in
Mexico. However, while these approaches are familiar to most archaeologists in the country, they are seldom
applied to specific research questions or to the interpretation of the results. Moreover, as opposed to the United
States and Europe where there are important theoretical contributions, in Mexico, there is an urgent need to protect
the cultural heritage and to develop more theoretical and methodological schemes. A critical situation that has
affected the dissemination of methodological developments and the results derived from research projects
conducted by Mexican students and professional archaeologists is that their work is seldom published in languages
other than Spanish, or presented at international symposia, and thus their international impact is limited.
Página 8 de 14Mexico: Historical Archaeology - Springer
07/02/2014http://link.springer.com.ezproxy2.library.arizona.edu/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-...
Future Directions
In the future, historical archaeology in Mexico should develop investigations with specific research questions with
an emphasis on studies with a regional scope in rural areas as most projects have concentrated in urban centers,
mostly in Mexico City. The design of projects with specific research questions should provide better results that
are often not attainable through salvage and rescue excavations, as the results of these are often limited to the
production of descriptive field reports. The archaeological materials recovered at these excavations are processed
but seldom subject to further analysis and interpretation. This is a crucial task for the development of the
discipline, since it is a fertile setting where contemporary theoretical and methodological approaches can be
applied.
INAH’s need to protect the cultural heritage and construct a common past, largely based on pre-Hispanic cultures,
has relegated the study of the Colonial and Republican periods to historians and ethnohistorians. This constitutes a
major hindrance for students and scholars who are interested in conducting archaeological research of the
postconquest and modern periods. Therefore, it is necessary to emphasize the potential that this research strategy
has for the study of the recent past. This could be attained through the dissemination of the results through a wider
variety of local journals and finding new forums in which to present them to the public. While there are some
optional modules on historical archaeology offered at the National School of Anthropology and History in Mexico
City and at the University of the Americas, in Puebla, it is necessary to create compulsory theoretical and practical
modules as part of undergraduate programs to train students in this research area.
Interdisciplinary approaches have been traditionally employed in the historical archaeology of Mexico, by
integrating archaeological, ethnohistorical, historical, ethnographic, and zooarchaeological studies. Human
osteology and bioarchaeology are usually applied to the analysis of human remains pertaining to historic periods to
explore health conditions, life expectancy, nutritional aspects, and the effects of toxic agents on the populations
under study (e.g., Fournier & Charlton 2012). However, these studies are usually conducted by physical
anthropologists and done independent of archaeological studies and thus their scope is limited to understanding the
social context. In recent years, the application of GIS and geophysical techniques have been applied often in rescue
and salvage excavations and in the restoration of buildings. However, the main objective has been to recover as
much data as possible without further archaeological interpretation of the results, thus limiting the potential that
these techniques have. In the future, it will be necessary to apply them to well-defined research questions.
There are few investigations that have been conducted at industrial sites. To date, they include a paper mill in
Mexico City, leather tanneries and bottled soda factories in Puebla (e.g., Fournier & Charlton 2012), surveys,
excavations, and PIXE analyses of artifacts at the mining district of Real del Monte close to Pachuca, Hidalgo
(e.g., Oviedo Gámez et al. 2010). This research has aimed at reconstructing the productive processes and studying
in detail the artifacts associated with the end products. However, it is necessary to conduct more studies in this
field that focus on aspects related to the life of workers and artisans as these provide insights into an important
component of the past of Mexico that is seldom the subject of research projects.
As historical archaeology expands in Mexico and stands as a recognized research strategy, more Mexican students
and scholars can become aware of the need to conduct archaeological research on the Colonial and Republican
periods and can begin to realize that the study of the recent past is as important as that concerned with pre-Hispanic
cultures. If this is acknowledged, then historical archaeology research projects could be incorporated into the
institutional agenda. This would enable the reassessment of the national discourse that aims to construct a unified
identity, based on the ancient indigenous past, and include a more culturally diverse one. Also a larger
collaboration between Mexican scholars and scholars abroad should be aimed at developing projects with a wider
regional scope. The potential that historical archaeology has for exploring topics that are relevant to local and
international debates such as colonialism, racism, plantation archaeology, identity, gender, and conflict among
others is yet to be explored.
Cross-References
African Diaspora Archaeology
Archival Research and Historical Archaeology
Ceramics: Majolica in Colonial Latin America
Ceramics: The Ibero-American Shipping Container
Charlton, Thomas H.
Chinese Porcelain: Late Ming (1366–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) Dynasties
Página 9 de 14Mexico: Historical Archaeology - Springer
07/02/2014http://link.springer.com.ezproxy2.library.arizona.edu/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-...
Fournier, Patricia
Goggin, John M.
Industrial Archaeology
Mission Archaeology in North America
Museos de Real de Monte
New Spain: Forts and Transport Archaeology
Oral Sources and Oral History
Plantation Archaeology
References
ALEXANDER, R.T. 2012. Landscape change in the Maya region, 1450-1910 AD, in D.L. Nichols & C.A. Pool (ed.) The Oxford handbook of Mesoamerican
archaeology: 933-47. New York: Oxford University Press.
BROWN, R.B., P. FOURNIER, J.A. PETERSON, D.A. HILL & M. WILLIS. 2004. Settlement and ceramics in northern New Spain: a case study of brownware
pottery and historical change, in G. Newell & E. Gallaga (ed.) Surveying the archaeology of northwest Mexico. Provo: University of Utah Press.
CHARLTON, T.H. & P. FOURNIER. 2008. Geographic overviews, the Americas (central): historical archaeology in Mexico, in D. Pearsall (ed.) Encyclopedia
of archaeology, Volume 1: 181-92. New York: Academic Press.
- 2011. Pots and plots. The multiple roles of early colonial red wares in the basin of Mexico (identity, resistance, negotiation, accommodation, aesthetic
creativity, or just plain economics?), in M. Liebmann & M.S. Murphy (ed.) Enduring conquests. Rethinking the archaeology of resistance to Spanish
colonialism in the Americas: 127-48. New Mexico: School for Advanced Research.
CHARLTON, T.H., C.L. OTIS CHARLTON & P. FOURNIER. 2005. The basin of Mexico A.D. 1450–1620. Archaeological dimensions, in S. Kepecs & R.T.
Alexander (ed.) The postclassic to Spanish-era transition in Mesoamerica. Archaeological perspectives: 49-63. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico
Press.
CHARLTON, T.H., P. FOURNIER & C.L. OTIS CHARLTON. 2009. Historical archaeology in central and northern Mesoamerica: development and current
status, in T. Majewski & D. Gaimster (ed.) International handbook of historical archaeology: 409-28. New York: Springer.
FERNÁNDEZ DÁVILA, E. & S. GÓMEZ SERAFÍN. 1998. Metodología aplicada en el desarrollo del proyecto arqueológico del ex convento de Santo Domingo
de Guzmán, in E. Fernández Dávila & S. Gómez Serafín (ed.) Memoria del Primer congreso nacional de arqueología histórica: 107-20. México: Consejo
Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes-Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
FOURNIER, P. & M.J. BLACKMAN. 2010. Recorridos a lo largo del Camino de la Plata: el real de minas de Pánuco y la Hacienda del Buen Suceso, Zacatecas,
in P. Fournier & F. López (ed.) Patrimonio, identidad y complejidad social: 309-40. México: Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
FOURNIER, P. & T.H. CHARLTON. 2008. Negritos y pardos: hacia una arqueología histórica de la población de origen africano en la Nueva España, in F.
López Aguilar, W. Wiesheu & P. Fournier (ed.) Perspectivas de la investigación arqueológica, Volume III: 201-34. México: Escuela Nacional de
Antropología e Historia.
- 2012. Historical archaeology in central and western Mesoamerica, in D.L. Nichols & C.A. Pool (ed.) The Oxford handbook of Mesoamerican
archaeology: 916-32. New York: Oxford University Press.
FOURNIER, P. & L. MONDRAGÓN. 2003. Haciendas, ranches and the Otomí way of life in the Mezquital Valley, Hidalgo, Mexico. Ethnohistory 50: 47-68.
FOURNIER, P. & V. VELASQUEZ. In press. Historical archaeology in Mexico, in J. Symonds & L. Wilkie (ed.) The Oxford handbook of historical
archaeology: 916-32. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
FOURNIER, P., M.J. BLACKMAN & R.L. BISHOP. 2009. Empleo de análisis instrumentales de activación neutrónica (INAA) en el estudio del origen de la
mayólica en México. Arqueología 42: 151-65.
GALLAGA MURRIETA, E. (ed.) 2009. Dónde están? Investigaciones sobre Afromexicanos. México: Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas.
GASCO, J. 1992. Material culture and colonial Indian society in southern Mesoamerica: The view from Coastal Chiapas, Mexico. Historical Archaeology 26:
67-74.
- 2005. The consequences of Spanish colonial rule for the indigenous peoples of Chiapas, Mexico, in S. Kepecs & R.T. Alexander (ed.) The Postclassic to
Spanish-era transition in Mesoamerica. Archaeological perspectives: 77-96. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Página 10 de 14Mexico: Historical Archaeology - Springer
07/02/2014http://link.springer.com.ezproxy2.library.arizona.edu/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-...
HERNÁNDEZ, G. 2012. Ceramics and the Spanish conquest. Leiden: Brill.
KEPECS, S. 2005. Mayas, Spaniards and salt: world system shifts in sixteenth century Yucatán, in S. Kepecs & R.T. Alexander (ed.) The Postclassic to
Spanish-era transition in Mesoamerica: archaeological perspectives: 117-37. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
MONDRAGÓN, L., P. FOURNIER & N. NOGUERA. 1997. Arqueología histórica y etnoarqueología de la comunidad Alfarera Otomí de Santa María del Pino,
México, in J. Gasco, G.Ch. Smith & P. Fournier (ed.) Approaches to the historical archaeology of Mexico, central and south America: 17-28. Los Angeles:
The Institute of Archaeology, University of California.
NEWMAN, E.T. 2010. Butchers and shamans: zooarchaeology at a central Mexican hacienda. Historical Archaeology 44: 33-50.
OVIEDO GÁMEZ, B., M. IWADARE IJIMA & M.A. HERNÁNDEZ BADILLO (ed.) 2010. Patrimonio industrial minero. Nuevas alternativas para una gran
historia. México: Archivo Histórico y Museo de Minería Asociación Civil, TICCIH.
PALKA, J.W. 2005. Unconquered Lacandon Maya: ethnohistory and archaeology of indigenous culture change. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
POLLARD, H.P. 2005. From imperial core to colonial periphery: the Lake Patzcuaro Basin 1400-1800, in S. Kepecs & R.T. Alexander (ed.) The Postclassic
to Spanish-era transition in Mesoamerica: archaeological perspectives: 65-76. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
RODRÍGUEZ-ALEGRÍA, E. 2008. Narratives of conquest, colonialism, and cutting-edge technology. American Anthropologist 110: 33-43.
- 2010. Incumbents and challengers: indigenous politics and the adoption of Spanish material culture in colonial Xaltocan, Mexico. Historical Archaeology
44: 51-71.
SWEITZ, S.R. 2012. On the periphery of the periphery. Household archaeology at hacienda San Juan Bautista Tabí, Yucatán, Mexico. New York: Springer.
ZEITLIN, J.F. 2005. Cultural politics in colonial Tehuantepec. Community and state among the Isthmus Zapotec, 1500-1750. Stanford (CA): Stanford
University Press.
Further Reading
ALEXANDER, R.T. 2004. Yaxcabá and the caste war of Yucatán: an archaeological perspective. Albuquerque: The University of New Mexico Press.
- 2012. Prohibido tocar este cenote: the archaeological basis for the titles of Ebtun. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 16: 1-24.
ALLENDE CARRERA, A. 2007. Curtiduría “La piel de tigre”: arqueología en un sitio industrial de Puebla. Dualidad 7: 8-13.
ANDREWS, A.P. & F. ROBLES CASTELLANOS. 2009. La Arqueología histórica del Noroeste de Yucatán, in J. García Targa & P. Fournier (ed.) Arqueología
colonial Latinoamericana. Modelos de Estudio (British Archaeological Reports International series 1988): 115-31. Oxford: Archaeopress.
BERISTÁIN BRAVO, F. 1996. El Templo Dominico de Osumacinta, Chiapas. México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
BERNAL FELIPE, N. & J.L. CASTREJÓN CABALLERO. 2003. Condiciones de vida y salud de los pobladores de Santa María Texcalac, Tlaxcala en los siglos
XVII y XVIII. Estudios de Antropología Biológica XI: 835-850.
BLACKMAN, M.J., P. FOURNIER & R.L. BISHOP. 2006. Complejidad e interacción social en el México colonial: la producción, intercambio y consumo de
cerámicas vidriadas y esmaltadas con base en análisis de activación neutrónica. Cuicuilco 36: 203-22.
BURGOS VILLANUEVA, F.R. 1995. El Olimpo: un predio colonial en el lado poniente de la Plaza Mayor de Mérida, Yucatán y análisis cerámico
comparativo. México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
CARPENTER SLAVENS, J.P. & G. SÁNCHEZ MIRANDA. 2007. Nuevos hallazgos arqueológicos en la región del valle del Río Fuerte, norte de Sinaloa. Diario
de Campo 93:18-29.
CHARLTON, T.H. 1996. Early colonial period ceramics: decorated red ware and orange ware types of the rural Otumba Aztec ceramic complex, in A.G.
Mastache, J.R. Parsons, R.S. Santley & M.C. Serra Puche (ed.) Arqueología Mesoamericana, homenaje a William T. Sanders: 461-79. México: Instituto
Nacional de Antropología e Historia-Arqueología Mexicana.
CHARLTON T.H. & C.L. OTIS CHARLTON. 1998. Continuidad y cambio después de la conquista. Hallazgos recientes en la ciudad-estado Azteca de Otumba,
Estado de México, in E. Fernández Dávila & S. Gómez Serafín (ed.) Memoria del primer congreso nacional de arqueología histórica: 458-67. México:
Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes-Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
CHARLTON, T.H., P. FOURNIER & C.L. OTIS CHARLTON. 2007. La cerámica del periodo colonial temprano en la Cuenca de México: permanencia y cambio
en la cultura material, in B. Merino Carrión & A. García Cook (ed.) La producción alfarera en el México antiguo V: 429-96. México: Instituto Nacional de
Antropología e Historia.
CÓRDOVA TELLO, M. 1992. El convento de San Miguel de Huejotzingo, Pue. México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
Página 11 de 14Mexico: Historical Archaeology - Springer
07/02/2014http://link.springer.com.ezproxy2.library.arizona.edu/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-...
FARRELL, M., J. MARTÍNEZ & R. SCHNEIDER. 2001. El rescate de la ex Misión Jesuita de Nuestra Señora del Pilar y Santiago de Cocóspera, Sonora. Un
trabajo interdisciplinario. Arqueología Mexicana 51: 64-9.
FERNÁNDEZ DÁVILA, E. & S. GÓMEZ SERAFÍN. (ed.) 1998. Primer congreso nacional de arqueología histórica. Memoria. México: Instituto Nacional de
Antropología e Historia.
FOURNIER, P. 1990. Evidencias arqueológicas de la importación de cerámica en México con base en los materiales del ex Convento de San Jerónimo.
México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
- 1997. Tendencias de consumo en México durante los periodos colonial e independiente, in J. Gasco, G.Ch. Smith & P. Fournier-García (ed.) Approaches to
the historical archaeology of Mexico, Central and South America: 49-58. Los Angeles: The Institute of Archaeology, University of California.
- 2003. Historical archaeology in Mexico: A reappraisal. The SAA Archaeological Record 3:18-9, 39.
FOURNIER, P. & J.J. BRACAMONTES. 2010. Matanchel, San Blas y el comercio transpacífico en Nueva Galicia: perpectivas desde la arqueología histórica, in
L. Chen & A. Saladino García (ed.) Reflexiones en torno al bicentenario de las independencias Latinoamericanas: 333-50. Taipei: University of Tamkang.
FOURNIER, P. & F. MIRANDA. 1992. Historic sites archaeology in Mexico. Historical Archaeology 26(1): 75-83.
FOURNIER, P. & W. WIESHEU. (ed.) In press. Homenaje a Thomas H. Charlton. Enfoques en torno a la arqueología histórica Mesoamericana. México:
Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
FOURNIER, P., M.J. BLACKMAN & R.L. Bishop. 2007. Los alfareros purépecha de la Cuenca de Pátzcuaro: producción, intercambio y consumo de cerámica
vidriada durante la época virreinal, in P. Fournier, W. Wiesheu & T.H. Charlton (ed.) Arqueología y complejidad social: 195-221. México: Escuela Nacional
de Antropología e Historia.
FOURNIER, P., K. CASTILLO, R.L. BISHOP & M.J. BLACKMAN. 2009. La Loza Blanca Novohispana: tecnohistoria de la Mayólica en México, in J. García
Targa & P. Fournier (ed.) Arqueología colonial Latinoamericana. Modelos de estudio (British Archaeological Reports International series 1988): 99-114.
Oxford: Archaeo Press.
GASCO, J. 2006. Soconusco cacao farmers past and present, in C. McNeil (ed.) The origins of chocolate: cacao in the Americas: 322-37. Gainesville:
University of Florida Press.
HERNÁNDEZ PONS, E. (ed.) 1997. La antigua casa del Marqués del Apartado. Arqueología e historia. México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e
Historia.
JUÁREZ COSSIO, D. 1989. El convento de San Jerónimo. Un ejemplo de arqueología histórica. México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
KEPECS, S. & R.T. ALEXANDER. (ed.) 2005. The Postclassic to Spanish-era transition in Mesoamerica. Archaeological perspectives. Albuquerque:
University of New Mexico Press.
LIND, M. 1979. Postclassic and early colonial Mixtec houses in the Nochixtlan Valley. Nashville: Vanderbilt University.
LISTER, F.C. & R.H. LISTER. 1982. Sixteenth century Maiolica pottery in the Valley of Mexico. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press.
LÓPEZ CAMACHO, L. (ed.) In press. Las contribuciones arqueológicas en la formación de la historia colonial. Primer coloquio de arqueología histórica.
México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
LÓPEZ CERVANTES, G. 1976. Cerámica colonial en la Ciudad de México. México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
- 1982. Informe preliminar sobre los materiales coloniales, in E. Matos Moctezuma (ed.) El templo mayor: excavaciones y estudios: 255-82. México:
Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
MANSILLA, J., C.M. PIJOAN, J.A. POMPA & D. VILLEGAS. 1992. Los entierros primarios del templo de San Jerónimo, Ciudad de México (Temporada 1976).
Estudios de los indicadores de las Agresiones Ambientales, in M.T. Jaen, J.L. Fernández & J.A. Pompa (ed.) Antropología física, anuario 1991: 121-9.
México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
MARTÍNEZ, J. 2006. La Misión de Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de Cosari. Arqueología e historia de un pueblo de Misión Supuestamente Destruido, in J.R.
Félix Gastélum & R. Padilla Ramos (ed.) Misiones del noroeste de México. Origen y destino: 15-35. México: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes.
MATOS MOCTEZUMA, E. (ed.) 2003. Excavaciones del programa de arqueología Urbana. México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
MEYERS, A.D. 2005. Material expressions of social inequality at a Porfirian sugar hacienda in Yucatán, Mexico. Historical Archaeology 39: 112-37.
MÜLLER, F. 1981. Estudio de la cerámica hispánica y moderna de Tlaxcala-Puebla. México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
Página 12 de 14Mexico: Historical Archaeology - Springer
07/02/2014http://link.springer.com.ezproxy2.library.arizona.edu/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-...
MEDRANO ENRÍQUEZ, A.M. 2009. Arqueología en un lugar de enfrentamiento bélico entre indígenas y españoles durante la guerra del Mixtón (1541), in J.
García Targa & P. Fournier (ed.) Arqueología colonial Latinoamericana. Modelos de estudio (British Archaeological Reports International series 1988): 53-
63. Oxford: Archaeopress.
MEZA, A. 2003. Los Angelitos de San Nicolás Ayotla, Oaxaca. Estudios de Antropología Biológica XI: 549-60.
MORENO CABRERA, M.L., J. CEDEÑO & L.F. CASTRO. 1997. Arqueología industrial en la Plaza Loreto, San Angel, Ciudad de México, in R. Manzanilla
(ed.) Umbrales y veredas: 197-213. México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
NOGUERA, E. 1934. Estudio de la cerámica encontrada donde estaba el Templo Mayor de México. Anales del Museo Nacional de Arqueología Historia y
Etnografía, 5: 267-82.
OTIS CHARLTON, C.L. 1995. Las figurillas prehispánicas y coloniales de Tlatelolco, in Presencias y encuentros. Investigaciones arqueológicas de
salvamento: 157-75. México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
OTIS CHARLTON, C.L. & T.H. CHARLTON. 2010. Figurines in the heart of the Aztec empire, in D. Gheorghiu & A. Cyphers (ed.) Anthropomorphic and
zoomorphic miniature figures in Eurasia, Africa and Meso-America. Morphology, materiality, technology, function and context (British Archaeological
Reports International series 2138): 151-58. Oxford: Archaeopress.
PALKA, J.W. 2009. Historical archaeology of indigenous culture change in Mesoamerica. Journal of Archaeological Research 17:297-346.
POHL, J.M.D. 2012. The Spanish conquest and the archaeology of the colonial and the republican periods, in D.L. Nichols & C.A. Pool (ed.) The Oxford
handbook of Mesoamerican archaeology: 895-907. New York: Oxford University Press.
REYNOSO RAMOS, C. 2005. Basura industrial: exploración arqueológica en la fabrica Latisnere, Puebla. Producción de bebidas de sabores, agua mineral y
vino?, in Memorias del II congreso nacional de patrimonio industrial. Available at: http://www.granadacollection.org/Congreso_Nacional_Citlalli.pdf
(accessed 9 November 2011).
RITTER, E.W. 2006. Historic Indian contact at Laguna Guerrero Negro, Baja California. Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology 19: 13-5.
RODRÍGUEZ-ALEGRÍA, E. 2005a. Consumption and the varied ideologies of domination in colonial Mexico City, in S. Kepecs & R.T. Alexander (ed.) The
postclassic to Spanish-era transition in Mesoamerica. Archaeological perspectives: 35-48. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
- 2005b. Eating like an Indian. Current Anthropology 46: 551-73.
ROGERS, R.C. 2011. New directions in Maya research: using history and anthropology to study the Maya site of Tíhoo, Mérida, Yucatán. International
Journal of the Humanities 9: 347-62.
SALAS CONTRERAS, C. 2006. Arqueología del ex convento de la encarnación. Edificio sede de la secretaría de educación pública. México: Instituto
Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
SANTOS RAMÍREZ, V.J. 2004. Arqueología histórica del colegio de la compañía de Jesús de Sinaloa, in J. Gaxiola López & J.C. Zazueta Majares (ed.)
Seminario sobre la religión en el noroeste novohispano: 213-42. México: El Colegio de Sinaloa.
SUÁREZ AGUILAR, V. & H. OJEDA MAS. 1996. Arqueología histórica en la ciudad de Campeche. Campeche, México: Universidad Autónoma de Campeche.
TIESLER, V., P. ZABALA & A. CUCINA (ed.) 2010. Natives, Europeans and Africans in colonial Campeche: history and archaeology. Gainesville: University
Press of Florida.
VELASQUEZ, V. 2007. La arqueología de un rancho en Sonora, in P. Fournier, W. Wiesheu & T.H. Charlton (ed.) Arqueología y complejidad social: 267-87.
México: Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
- 2008. De rancheros, apaches y artefactos: la arqueología de un rancho del siglo XIX en el desierto de Sonora. Boletín de Monumentos Históricos 13: 76-94.
- 2009. Lo que quedó del sueño de vapor. Arqueología de una utopía en Sinaloa, México. Estudio de caso, in J. García Targa & P. Fournier (ed.) Arqueología
colonial Latinoamericana. Modelos de estudio (British Archaeological Reports International series 1988): 37-52. Oxford: Archaeo Press.
VAN BUREN, M. 2010. The archaeological study of Spanish colonialism in the Americas. Journal of Archaeological Research 18: 151-201.
WILLIAMS, J.S. & P. FOURNIER. 1996. Beyond national boundaries and regional perspectives: contrasting approaches to Spanish colonial archaeology in the
Americas. World Archaeological Bulletin 7: 65-75.
Over 8.3 million scientific documents at your fingertips© Springer, Part of Springer Science+Business Media
Página 13 de 14Mexico: Historical Archaeology - Springer
07/02/2014http://link.springer.com.ezproxy2.library.arizona.edu/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-...